only made in quite calm seas ( beaufort 2 or lower ). a large local population of dolphins offered plenty of data, and the population is generally stable in place, engaging in a series of regular behaviors over relatively prolonged timeframes. behavior " without " boats present was noted when no boats ( other than the observation inflatable ) were within 350m ; behavior " with " boats present was noted when tour boats came within 150m. ( ed. note : it would be interesting to consider the data when tour boats were 150 - 350m distant, to assess whether the observed effects extend to greater distances ). over the course of 65 hours of observation by a single observer, 1028 3 - minute behavioral samples were taken, 781 with no boat ( average duration 69 min. ), and 247 with a tour boat present ( average duration 47 min. ). as usual with such studies, several behavioral states were analyzed : traveling, socializing, resting, milling, feeding, and diving. all showed some change in the presence of boats, with traveling, milling, and diving all increasing in the presence of boats, and socializing, feeding, and resting decreasing. of these, the most relevant to an animal ' s energy budget all were negatively affected : traveling increased from 27 % of the time to 46 %, resting decreased from 31 % to 20 %, and by far the largest energetic impact was seen in feeding, which reduced from 20 % of the time to just 7. 6 % of the time. this is the most dramatic decrease in feeding seen in such studies ( others have tended to find a 25 - 35 % decrease in foraging ). this may indicate that the relatively localized population had plenty of time to eat when the boats were not present, and chose to either leave or play with the boats when they were present. the study did look at attraction / deterrence, finding that in in 20 % of cases, dolphins moved closer to the boats, while in 28 % of encounters, they moved away ( about half the time, there was no spatial difference, though behaviors may still have changed ). the discussion section of this paper includes an unusually detailed comparison of the findings and the contexts of this and several similar studies, as well as consideration of the ways that in other settings, were human activity is more prevalent, these behavioral changes could have longer - term, population - level impacts. excellent review of the effects of human - generated sound on fish popper and hastings. the effects of human - generated sound on fish. integrative zoology


activity is more prevalent, these behavioral changes could have longer - term, population - level impacts. excellent review of the effects of human - generated sound on fish popper and hastings. the effects of human - generated sound on fish. integrative zoology 2009 ; 4 : 43 - 52 this recent review is a great place to get up to speed on the current state of our knowledge regarding the effects of human sound on fish. it begins by sketching a sense of the " natural " and 21st - century aquatic world ' s acoustic nature, and proceeds to review various possible physiological and behavioral effects of human sounds ranging from sonars to pile - driving, seismic surveys, shipping, and even research vessels themselves. the authors note that a significant challenge to improving our understanding of the behavioral effects of noise sources is our inability to observe wild fish over large enough areas ( fish - finding sonars can only see fish out to a few hundred meters, not enough to observe possible avoidance of noise sources ). as is usually the case with ocean noise issues, the concerns about noise and fish far exceed the ability of our limited data to discern possible effects. as the authors note, " because of a striking paucity of well - designed and controlled experimental data, very little is actually known... human - generated sounds, even from very high intensity sources, might have no effect in some cases or might result in effects that range from small and temporary shifts in behavior all the way to immediate death. " following are some highlights of the 2008 research summaries ; see archive pages linked above for more entries pinger study illustrates extreme variability of real - world sound propagation shapiro, tougaard, jorgensen, kyne, balle, bernardez, fjalling, karlsen, wahlberg. transmission loss patterns from acoustic harassment and deterrent devices do not always follow geometrical spreading predictions. marine mammal science, 25 ( 1 ) : 53067 ( january 2009 ) this study was designed to investigate why acoustic harassment devices, or pingers, on fishing nets do not always succeed in keeping dolphins away. the researchers did a series of recordings around pingers of several different styles, and found that the received sound levels did not simply increase as they came closer, but fluctuated dramatically ; thus, animals approaching the nets may not have clear sense of how far away they are. while the results here are somewhat mixed for pingers ( overall, the average sound level does go up as the animals approach, albeit mixed with large variations ), the study offers a fascinating glimpse


may not have clear sense of how far away they are. while the results here are somewhat mixed for pingers ( overall, the average sound level does go up as the animals approach, albeit mixed with large variations ), the study offers a fascinating glimpse into the real - world factors that will often confound simple geometric or spherical - spreading models generally used to predict sound exposure levels around any sound source. the researchers suggest that many factors likely contribute to the variation : changes in directivity of the source, subtle differences in source level for each ping, and, most influentially, as a result of the constructive and destructive interference of direct, surface - reflected, and bottom - reflected sound waves. ed. note : this graph is a great picture of the degree of variation seen. note a routine variation of 10 - 15db, with some more dramatic shifts : at 400m, the sound shifted from around 127db to over 150db ; and again, at just under 200m, from just above 130db to over 160db ( around a general average at that distance of perhaps 150db ). given the increasing concern among biologists about behavioral disruptions triggered by noise, it is extremely important to acknowledge that real - world exposures can vary to this degree ; many more animals respond behaviorally at 150db and above, than down at 120 - 140db. related : beaked whales very sensitive to pingers ; by - catch reduced to zero over 11 years carretta, barlow, enriquez. acoustic pingers eliminate beaked whale bycatch in a gill net fishery. marine mammal science, 24 ( 4 ) : 956 - 961 ( october 2008 ). this study documents a dramatic shift in beaked whale bycatch by gill nets set for sharks and swordfish in the california current. over the first 6 years of data, 1990 - 1996, 33 beaked whales died in the nets ; after installation of pingers in 1996, no beaked whales were caught by the nets over the succeeding 11 years, though 260 cetaceans of 11 other species did drown in the nets. ed. note : this result seems to dovetail well with observed reactions of beaked whales to other sounds ; it appears they are especially sensitive to noise, perhaps at a wide range of frequencies. passive acoustic detection of beaked whales : easy within 1km, nearly impossible beyond 4km zimmer, harwood, tyack, johnson, madsen. passive acoustic detection of deep - diving beaked whales. the journal of the acoustical


passive acoustic detection of beaked whales : easy within 1km, nearly impossible beyond 4km zimmer, harwood, tyack, johnson, madsen. passive acoustic detection of deep - diving beaked whales. the journal of the acoustical society of america, november 2008, volume 124, issue 5, pp. 2823 - 2832. beaked whales spend very little time at the surface, with foraging dives that last an hour or more, including about 30 minutes of active echolocation at the feeding depth. visual detection is very difficult, so the possibility of using passive acoustic detection ( pad ) is an attractive complement to visual spotting. however, these high - frequency clicks attenuate rapidly. according to this paper, acoustic modeling suggests that in " good conditions, " e. g. wind speed of 2 m / s, a hydrophone close to the surface should detect beaked whales with a high probability within. 7km. at the other end of the detection range, no whales would be detected at distances greater than 4km, except in very low ambient noise or unusually good propagation conditions. the detection curve generated by the models, drops steeply as distance increases, with a relative leveling off that suggest roughly 50 % detection when whales are 1. 5 - 3. 5km distant. additionally, the researchers substituted some actual dive profile data obtained in d - tag studies, and found that in these instances, detection probability may rise somewhat, with 80 % detection being possible at distances of 1. 5 - 2. 5 km. actual detection of real whales is complicated by the fact that the sound of the clicks is highly directional ; only clicks directed nearly directly toward the receiver will be heard at the modeled distances, but echolocating whales do scan in many directions, so at least some clicks from any whale should be detected. finally, the relatively quiet interval between deep foraging dives can be as long as 110 minutes, meaning that listening time should be roughly 140 minutes to have a high probability of detecting if beaked whales are present. this, in turn, suggests that a slow - moving vessel ( such as gliders or drifting buoys ) will be more successful than a fast - moving active sonar vessel. ( that is, if detections are only going to occur within roughly 4km, the listening platform should not move out of a relatively similar area during the 2 - hour - plus pad session. ) ed. note : while it has still not been confirmed to all observers ' satisfaction, there is some evidence that beak


roughly 4km, the listening platform should not move out of a relatively similar area during the 2 - hour - plus pad session. ) ed. note : while it has still not been confirmed to all observers ' satisfaction, there is some evidence that beaked whales affected by mid - frequency active sonar may well have been tens of km from sonar vessels. thus, pad may be useful for avoiding nearby exposure, but may not fully mitigate for effects that could occur at greater distances, including fleeing in ways that disrupt the whales ' post - dive recovery and oxygen / nitrogen rebalancing. detailed review of sound exposure impacts on puget sound orcas released by noaa marla holt, sound exposure and southern resident killer whales ( orcinus orca ) : a review of current knowledge and data gaps. noaa technical memorandum nmfs - nwfsc - 89, february 2008. 77pp. [ download report ( pdf ) ] this review includes summaries of most of the studies of ambient and shipping noise in the range of the southern resident orca pods of the pacific northwest. topics covered include ambient sound patterns, shipping noise, whale watching noise, orca auditory capabilities and auditory effects of sound exposure, including masking and hearing loss, and behavioral changes in the presence of excess sound. an important section looks at the emerging concept of " zones of influence " of sound : the zones of audibility, response, masking, and hearing loss or injury. the report concludes with a section that assesses the likelihood of acoustic impacts and suggestions for future research. the report is a treasure - trove of clear information on noise / sound impacts. among the points that stood out in my reading are the following. ambient noise is generally elevated at least 10 - 15db by small boats, and 20 - 25db by large ships ( another study indicates increases more in the range of 50 - 70db in the presence of various boats ). the section on hearing sensitivity makes a point about captive animal testing that is rarely noted : when animals receive negative reinforcement for reporting a " false positive " ( i. e. responding as if hearing a sound, when no sound was played ), they may well become conditioned to be conservative in their response to faint sounds, and so the results can easily underestimate the hearing sensitivity of the species ( for orcas, only two studies have been done on captive whales to assess hearing sensitivity curves ). tentative measurements of the critical ratios for orcas ( tentative because, again, there are few test subjects ) suggest that they


hearing sensitivity of the species ( for orcas, only two studies have been done on captive whales to assess hearing sensitivity curves ). tentative measurements of the critical ratios for orcas ( tentative because, again, there are few test subjects ) suggest that they are more affected by masking than many other toothed whales : to hear a target sound in noise, the target sound must be 20db louder than ambient at 10khz, and 20db louder than the noise levels at 80khz. there are some indications that orcas spend less time feeding and more time traveling or resting when boats are nearby ( within 100m or 400m ) ; likewise, they may travel in less direct paths in the presence of boats within 1000m ( though interestingly, one study suggests that when there are many boats present, paths are more direct ; perhaps there is little use in trying to avoid boats in this instance ). an interesting study ( based on models, not measured / observed results in the field ) suggest that the presence of boats can significantly decrease the detection range for an orca echolocating on a salmon : boats at 400m decreased the detection range by roughly 35 - 90 %, and boats at 100m decreased the detection range to as little as 0 - 20m, or 90 - 100 %. european cetacean society workshop addresses offshore wind turbine impacts on marine mammals evans, p. g., ed. ascobans / ecs workshop : offshore wind farms and marine mammals : impacts and methodologies for assessing impacts. ecs special publication series no. 49, february 2008. 70pp. [ download report ] prospect of widespread offshore development requires cumulative impact analysis simmonds, dolman. all at sea : renewable energy production in the context of marine nature conservation. this survey of potential conservation impacts of offshore wind development quotes several previous studies that address specific concerns. madsen et al. ( 2006 ) comment that “ if the very large offshore wind farms are realised... this could involve construction activities at several locations in the area [ of the german bight ] simultaneously every summer for the next decade. ” madsen, p. t., wahlberg, m., tougaard, j., lucke, k. and tyack, p. 2006. wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals : implications of current knowledge and data needs. mar ecol prog ser., 309 : 279 - 295. wahlberg and westerberg ( 2005 ) concluded that fish behaviour could be affected at ranges of several


wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals : implications of current knowledge and data needs. mar ecol prog ser., 309 : 279 - 295. wahlberg and westerberg ( 2005 ) concluded that fish behaviour could be affected at ranges of several kilometres. wahlberg, m. and westerberg, h. 2005. hearing in fish and their reactions to sounds from offshore wind farms. mar ecol prog ser., 288 : 295 - 309. carstensen et al. ( 2007 ) commented that ‘ given the extensive plans for expanding the offshore wind energy sector, it is important to know the effect of single wind farms and well as the cumulative affects of several wind farms within the range of each marine mammal species ”. indeed, it would make good sense to consider the cumulative impact of all new developments on populations and yet, in our experience, this rarely seems to happen. carstensen, j., henriksen, o. d. and teilmann, j. 2007. impacts on harbour porpoises from offshore wind farm construction : acoustic monitoring of echolocation activity using porpoise detectors ( t - pods ). marine ecology progress series 321 : 295 – 308. uk offshore development scaling rapidly to much larger facilities prior, mcmath. marine mammals and noise form offshore renewable energy projects — uk developments. this paper notes that offshore wind farm development in the uk has taken place in licensing " rounds, " with rapid increases in the size of wind farms being built. round 1 was an initial demonstration phase, with eleven projects permitted so far ( and five in operation ), each relatively small in scale ( less than 30 turbines ) and relatively short construction phases ( as short as one month ). fifteen round 2 projects have been proposed ( with four approved so far ) ; these are larger developments often including hundreds of turbines. round 2 construction will likely take place over a number of seasons, so construction disturbance will be longer and the impacts could be different than those seen in round 1. in addition, piles of up to 6 feet in diameter have been proposed to support larger turbines ; this will lead to substantially increased noise during construction, with disturbance impacts extending over tens of kilometers. proposals for round 3 are currently undergoing strategic environmental assessment ; however, the proposed capacity of development may be as much as four times the eventual level built out under rounds 1 and 2 combined. concern over cumulative impacts may be prominent during the consenting process, particularly if construction operations on adjacent sites takes place concurrently, giving rise to the potential for longer term and


as much as four times the eventual level built out under rounds 1 and 2 combined. concern over cumulative impacts may be prominent during the consenting process, particularly if construction operations on adjacent sites takes place concurrently, giving rise to the potential for longer term and geographically widespread increases in underwater noise. porpoises numbers in wind farms can vary dramatically teilmann, tougaard, carstensen. effects from offshore wind farms on harbour porpoises in denmark. included in : in a paper summarizing the results from acoustic monitoring at two danish offshore wind farms, results clearly show a dramatic difference in harbour porpoise responses. at one wind farm, horns reef, porpoises numbers decreased modestly during construction ( both inside the farm in in monitoring sites 10km away ), and decreased a bit more during early start - up, when maintenance activity was highest, but rebounded to baseline ( pre - construction ) levels early in the first year of normal operations. however, at the nysted wind farm, the decrease in porpoise numbers that likewise began during construction was not reversed during the first two years of operations : porpoises mostly avoid the wind farm ( though numbers were slowly increasing by the end of the second year ), while they returned to the areas 10km away once construction ended. the authors note two possible explanations for the different long - term impacts of the wind farms. the area around horns reef is an important harbour porpoise habitat, with a larger natural population density ; it is possible that the " the porpoises around nysted are not particularly interested in the area and will simply avoid it if disturbed. " in addition, the area around nysted is relatively sheltered, whereas horns reef has higher wind and waves, and thus a higher background natural ambient noise level, so that " the relative noise level from the turbines is higher and audible to the porpoises at greater distances at nysted than at horns reef. " the authors conclude that " it can be concluded that the same species may react differently to similar types of disturbance ( wind farms ) in different localities. this is an important conclusion for future monitoring programmes of wind farms and other offshore installations. " orcas avoid mid - frequency sonar signals, but not lfas ; herring unaffected kvadsheim, benders, miller, doksaeter, knudsen, tyack, nordlund, lam, samarra, kleivane, godo. herring ( slid ), killer whales ( spekknogger ) and sonar - the


, miller, doksaeter, knudsen, tyack, nordlund, lam, samarra, kleivane, godo. herring ( slid ), killer whales ( spekknogger ) and sonar - the 3s - 2006 cruise report with preliminary results. norwegian defence research establishment ( ffi ). 30 april 2007 this paper reports preliminary results from an ambitious multi - national controlled exposure experiment using acoustic d - tags, which allow researchers to record received sound levels while charting dive patterns. six orcas were tagged, with 17 hours of data collected, with one animal exposed to lfas signals, two to mid - frequency active sonar signals, and one used as a control, fewer samples than hoped. the whale exposed to lfas signal did not change its behavior, nor did its companions. however, the group exposed to mid - frequency sonar signals ceased feeding and moved rapidly away ; in addition, they exhibited an unusual dive pattern, diving roughly twice as deep ( over 60m ) as normal ( 20 - 45m ), including a highly unusual reversal of their ascent ( coming up to 15m from the surface, then retreating again to 60m ). [ ed. note, not part of the report narrative, based on observation of included diagrams : four other dives during the 35 - minute sonar transmission were within the normal range of depth ( the deep dive was the third of five dives during sonar transmission ), with three longer than normal rest periods at the surface during the hour after sonar transmission ceased. ] received levels did not exceed 150db re 1upa. looking at longer - term responses, while the experimental use of sonar in the herring trials did not seem to deter orcas from the general area, by contrast, no orcas were seen during three days of a planned navy exercise in the area that included mid - frequency sonar use. the herring trials used bottom - mounted sensors to chart the mean depth of a school of herring as a sonar vessels passed nearby. herring at shallow depths ( 25 - 50m ) tended to show a minor downward reaction as the sonar source ship passed overhead, while herring located deeper, or in less dense schools, showed no detectable reaction ; no horizontal avoidance was seen. while herring hearing curves suggest they should be able to clearly hear lfas signals, but not mid - frequency signals, the responses were the same for all signals ( including ship - only, no sonar ), suggesting that the herring may have been responding to the sound of the ship, rather


able to clearly hear lfas signals, but not mid - frequency signals, the responses were the same for all signals ( including ship - only, no sonar ), suggesting that the herring may have been responding to the sound of the ship, rather than the sonar signal ; such reactions to ships have been seen for many fish species. a related trial using orca echolocation signals on the herring showed more of a response, suggesting that the herring could distinguish between the mid - frequency sonar and the orca sounds, but the three trials all produced slightly different response patterns, suggesting the need for further study. review of possible ways that increasing ocean noise may affect marine mammals peter l. tyack. implications for marine mammals of large - scale changes in the marine acoustic environment. journal of mammalogy, 89 ( 3 ) : 549 - 558, 2008. [ download paper ( pdf ) ] in this wide - ranging literature review, peter tyack of woods hole oceanographic institute sketches the history of research into the effects of noise on marine life, with some references as well to effects seen in terrestrial creatures. he begins by noting that while acute disturbance of individuals attracts the most attention, the likely more profound effects of chronic disturbance on population vitality ( success in foraging and mating ) are much harder to discern. several examples are presented of studies that documented both temporary and long - term abandonment of key habitat when loud noise was present ( including gray whales abandoning a birthing lagoon for several years, then returning when the salt production facility was abandoned, and dolphins moving away from foraging habitat when shipping traffic is heavy ). next, tyack turns to a detailed examination of the question of whether global shipping may be dramatically decreasing the area within which whales can hear each other ' s calls, beginning with the thought that the unintentional consequences of increased shipping noise may be creating unexpected problems analogous to those created by the introduction of industrial - waste gasses into the atmosphere, which went unnoticed for decades. following on models created in the 1970s, updated to take into account the hundred - fold increase in shipping noise since then, he notes that " the increase in ambient noise from shipping seems to have reduced the detectable range of low frequency whale calls from many hundreds of kilometers in the prepropeller ocean down to tens of kilometers in many settings today. " ( for example, the finback whale range shrank from at least 400km in the pre - engine ocean to 90km in the 1960s, down to 32km today. ) he notes that, as populations


of kilometers in many settings today. " ( for example, the finback whale range shrank from at least 400km in the pre - engine ocean to 90km in the 1960s, down to 32km today. ) he notes that, as populations of great whales fall, the separation between them may increase, with these increases in shipping noise compounding the challenge of finding mates or sharing information about active feeding grounds. however, he then goes on to point out that there is, so far, no clear evidence that the great whales do indeed communicate over long distances ; clear responses to the calls of other whales have been seen only at ranges of 10km or less ; the fact that a human acoustic sensor can detect a signal at 400km does not necessarily mean that the whales themselves rely on hearing signals at such distances. he suggests that acoustic tags may help to clarify whether distant, faint signals from conspecifics ( whales of the same species ) do in fact trigger any discernable reaction ( calling in response, or moving toward the distant whale ). while noting that it may be impossible to design scientifically valid studies to uncover the possible cost of " lost opportunities " when communication is drowned out by shipping noise, an indirect way to get at this question is within reach of researchers : if animals alter their calls in noisy conditions, we can infer that the noise is disrupting their normal communication channels. and indeed, tyack notes a long list of studies that show such changes, such as beluga whales and manatees increasing the volume of their calls in noisy conditions, and an apparently dramatic increase in the frequency ( pitch ) of right whale calls in sections of the ocean where low - frequency shipping noise is more intense. while noting that these and other studies " suggest that vessel noise clearly does interfere with communication in marine mammals, " tyack also notes that we do not know how costly these adaptations are, or what noise level would preclude such compensation. also, he asks, " when does noise so degrade the usefulness of a habitat that animals leave? can this level be predicted by the compensation behavior? " as of yet, these are unanswered, and difficult to answer, questions. finally, tyack turns to research that show clear disturbance reactions to ocean noise, including killer whales staying 4km away from acoustic harassment signals near fish farms, dolphin numbers dropping to 8 % of normal within 3. 5 km of similar noise - makers on other fish farms ( with those small numbers implying that the avoidance distance was far greater )


killer whales staying 4km away from acoustic harassment signals near fish farms, dolphin numbers dropping to 8 % of normal within 3. 5 km of similar noise - makers on other fish farms ( with those small numbers implying that the avoidance distance was far greater ). he notes that the degree of displacement or behavioral response is not necessarily a direct indicator of the severity of impact, suggesting that " if an animal is in bad enough condition that the risk of altering behavior is high, then it may be less likely to show a disturbance response. " for example, hungry animals will linger in a feeding area the longest. he also notes that some responses to noise may be caused by noise sources that resemble a predator ' s call ( as in recent modeling tyack has done that suggests beaked whale decompression sickness may result from a long series of near - surface dives as the whales flee sonar signals that they mistake for orca calls ). he cites some compelling studies on terrestrial animals showing that repeated disturbance exacts high costs in reproductive success and overall health ( including a study of geese that showed that when undisturbed, geese increased their body mass and had a 46 % breeding success, whereas in nearby areas where farmers scared them off their fields, they did not gain mass and had a breeding success of only 17 % ). to conclude, tyack suggests that there are several lines of research that have so far received little attention, which could help to move key understanding of noise impacts forward, including : focusing on the most vulnerable animals as subject of study into the effects of disturbance, further study of the possibility that predator responses underlay key behavioral impacts ( including fleeing, increased vigilance, and avoiding habitats ), and following up on the recent theory of allostasis ( behavioral changes that allow an animal to maintain equilibrium in the face of external environmental changes or stressors ) as a way of understanding the costs and benefits of changing behavior in the face of noise. workshop report : encouraging establishment of noise - free zones in and around marine protected areas agardy, aguilar, canadas, engel, frantzis, hatch, hoyt, kashner, labrecque, martin, notarbartolo di sciara, pavan, servidio, smith, want, weilgart, wintle, wright. 2007. a global scientific workshop on spatio - temporal management of noise. report of the scientific workshop. 44 pages. [ download ( pdf ) ] in june 2007, a workshop was held in the canary


weilgart, wintle, wright. 2007. a global scientific workshop on spatio - temporal management of noise. report of the scientific workshop. 44 pages. [ download ( pdf ) ] in june 2007, a workshop was held in the canary islands to consider the potentials for extending the management principles used in marine protected areas to provide some protection from anthropogenic noise. fundamental to the purpose and effectiveness of mpas are " spatio - temporal restrictions " ( strs ) of specific human activities : for example, excluding fishing, from a specific area ( spatial restriction ), or sometimes at times of special biological importance, such as spawning ( temporal restriction ). few of today ' s mpas are large enough to provide protection from " elevated levels of ensonification : " buffers of tens of kilometers would be necessary for protection from mid - frequency sound, and a hundred or more kilometers from low - frequency sound. of today ' s 350 mpas that include some cetacean habitat, 64 are large enough to provide some mid - frequency protection, 20 are large enough to provide at least some low - frequency protection ( e. g. shipping ), and only the 6 largest are probably sufficient to protect from shipping noise. ( of course, shipping is not generally excluded from mpas : this is merely a hint at the scale of noise strs that would be useful. ) the workshop report includes several key sections : - descriptions of some existing attempts to provide strs focused on noise : in 2003, brazil established a large buffer zone around a small existing mpa, to exclude the sounds of seismic survey airguns from entering the mpa ( the buffer was withdrawn by a court due to jurisdictional issues ; attempts are underway to re - establish it ). in the canary islands, a 50 nautical mile buffer zone has been established around the islands, in which active sonar is not allowed ( there have been some subsequent strandings that raise questions whether this is large enough a buffer ). - recommendations for mpa managers, centered on a framework for making management decisions regarding possible noise - related strs. - recommendation that noise - producers provide more information, and longer lead times prior to operations near mpas, to allow for analysis of effects of proposed noise. a far - reaching element of this is a call for use of " detectability curves " to reflect how easy it is to find various species of whales, and to insure that more effort is made to find hard - to - detect whales, rather than assuming that they are


of this is a call for use of " detectability curves " to reflect how easy it is to find various species of whales, and to insure that more effort is made to find hard - to - detect whales, rather than assuming that they are not present if none are found using standard observational techniques. - recommended measures that could reduce the noise impacts of the primary noise producing activities. - suggested mpas or proposed mpas where noise - oriented strs could be introduced, as case studies for future mpa management protocols. these include the pelagos sanctuary in the northwestern mediterranean, off france, italy, and monaco, the alborian sea / strait of gibraltar, the bay of bengal, and east asian waters off japan, china, and the philippines. ocean fish vary widely in startle response to noise kastelein, van der heul, verboom, jennings, van der veen, de haan. startle response of captive north sea fish species to underwater tones between 0. 1 and 64khz. marine environmental research 65 ( 2008 ) 369 - 377. this study exposed eight marine fish species to pure tones ranging from 100hz to 64khz. the tests took place in specially designed quiet tanks ; species were chosen in part due to their economic importance to fisheries. some species did not respond to the sound at all, even at the highest db levels that could be produced, while others exhibited very clear startle responses to a relatively narrow range of frequencies ( generally 100 - 700hz ), at received levels of about 100db ( re 1upa, rms ) for the lowest frequencies, with the startle threshold increasing to the range of 160db as frequency increased to 700hz. only one species responded to higher frequencies than this : horse mackerel responses extended up to 2khz. the species that did not startle at all were atlantic cod, pollack, common eel, and atlantic herring. horse mackerel startled to the widest range of frequencies, with sea bass also quite responsive ; thicklip mullet and pout both startled to a narrower range of frequencies. interestingly, for fish that have established audiograms, it appears that the startle response does not begin until the noise is 10 - 30db above the hearing threshold ; and, again, some fish showed no startle even at levels up to 45db above their presumed hearing threshold. the researchers note that these results on captive fish to pure tones can not be reliably extrapolated to wild


the hearing threshold ; and, again, some fish showed no startle even at levels up to 45db above their presumed hearing threshold. the researchers note that these results on captive fish to pure tones can not be reliably extrapolated to wild fish in varied contexts or to more complicated sounds, but suggest that the extreme variability seen here is an important consideration in more natural situations as well. they suggest further study using " sounds more similar to anthropogenic noise, to more complicated sounds, such as sweeps, and to the actual broad - band noise of, for instance, wind turbines and shipping... " related research : some fish affected by sound of pingers r. a. kastelein et al. effects of acoustic alarms, designed to reduce small cetacean bycatch in gillnet fisheries, on the behavior of north sea fish species. marine environmental research 64 ( 2007 ) 160180 pingers are used in large fishing nets, to alert dolphins so they avoid entanglement and drowning. this study found that some pinger signals seem to affect he behavior of sea bass, mullet, and herring ( increased swimming speeds and / or movement toward or away from surface ). the researchers note that " pingers developed to reduce odontocete bycatch should not deter the fisheries ’ target species from the gillnets, and should not deter target or non - target fish from ecologically important areas such as feeding and breeding grounds, or mask their communication sounds "


update on this story : as of this morning, a shift in the winds and an opening in the ice created a passageway for the trapped whales. as of 8 : 00 am quebec time, they were well on their way. two scouts sent to check on the killer whales around 8 a. m. local time found a passage of water had been created in hudson bay all of the way to the open sea – nearly 25 miles away — and the ice hole that the animals had been trapped in was empty, said petah inukpuk, mayor of inukjuak, an inuit village home to 1, 800, in quebec. “ they are free. they are no longer here. when there is a new moon, the water current is activated. it could have helped … completely trap them, but in this case it caused an open passage out to the open water, ” he told nbc news, adding that they probably freed themselves overnight. “ it was mother nature that helped them. … they are no longer icelocked. ” [ source ] original story posted last night : the famed orca, commonly known as the killer whale, has long captured the imagination of animal lovers the world over. from the whimsy of free willy, to the outrage of japan ’ s brutal capture of orca pods, and certainly the horror of a trainer ’ s accidental death by an orca at florida ’ s sea world, this majestic beast ( in truth, a dolphin, though the largest of the species ) has inspired both terror and fascination. still on the endangered list in some parts of the world ( a status currently being argued in washington state ’ s puget sound ), the survival and well - being of the killer whale is important to many from the perspective of wildlife and marine preservation. which is why the news of a family pod of twelve killer whales ( some stories say the number is eleven ) trapped in the rapidly closing ice of the eastern top of the hudson bay in quebec, a death sentence for the group, has created such an outpouring of concern. cbc news covered the story : twelve orcas were spotted at the breathing hole at the eastern top of hudson bay by an inukjuak hunter tuesday. the federal government is sending a team of experts tomorrow to evaluate whether they can be saved. earlier wednesday, peter inukpuk, mayor of the small inuit village, called on the department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo ) to send out an icebreaker to help the whales. he conjectured that the pod, consisting


be saved. earlier wednesday, peter inukpuk, mayor of the small inuit village, called on the department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo ) to send out an icebreaker to help the whales. he conjectured that the pod, consisting of two adults and a number of younger whales, could be a single family. he said it ’ s clear that the whales are in trouble. “ it appears from time to time that they panic, ” said inukpuk. “ other times they are gone for a long time, probably looking for another open space, which they are not able to find. ” it is believed that should the icebreakers get there in time, they would be capable of opening up a route for the jeopardized orca family. but getting them there is expensive, and their assignments are encumbered by logistics : there are currently three commercial ships stuck in ice on quebec ’ s saint lawrence river and it ’ s likely they will be considered the priority, dooming the pod to imminent death. however, there are other methods of rescue that bear consideration. according to an article at worldnews, sometimes the low - tech methods even work better : geoff carroll, a wildlife biologist with the who helped release two california gray whales in a similar situation that made international headlines in 1988, said his experience in the effort known as “ operation breakthrough ” also showed the power of other methods. “ our experience up here was that it seemed like the local knowledge and the low - tech approaches to working with the whales were the ones that worked best, ” carroll said. “ it seemed like there were lots of high - tech efforts made to get those whales out and they kind of failed one after the other. what really worked was when we got local guys with chainsaws cutting one hole after another and we could kind of walk the whales out that way. ” while this event is tragic in its own right, the disturbing fact is that it ’ s not as rare as we ’ d like to think. the reason? yep … global warming. whale expert christian ramp, a researcher with the mingan island cetacean study of quebec, says orcas are not an “ ice - loving species, ” more typically moving north in pursuit of prey during the summer months but retreating from colder waters long before the ice moves in. in this circumstance? he said with climate change, it appears the animals are straying further and further north — and perhaps, staying too long. “ it seems the ice dynamics are changing very


but retreating from colder waters long before the ice moves in. in this circumstance? he said with climate change, it appears the animals are straying further and further north — and perhaps, staying too long. “ it seems the ice dynamics are changing very quickly, ” said ramp. “ suddenly a huge expanse of open water is clogged up, and they miss the chance to get to open water. “ the risk is that the hole freezes up, and they basically just drown. ” [ … ] “ ice entrapment is the main cause of mortality in many species, ” ramp said. deborah giles, a graduate student researcher at the university of california — davis, agrees. she says clearly the biggest obstacle to the whales ’ survival is if the hole ultimately closes ; if they can keep it open, they have a fighting chance : giles said food would likely not yet be a problem because the larger orcas should be able to survive on their fat stores for several weeks. but survival is less certain for the smaller mammals, including one that appeared to be nursing. while mayor peter inukpuk believes the whales ’ behavior indicates stress and panic, giles thinks their leaping out of the water may also have other purposes : she noted that the animals may not be in distress, as the adult males could be seen engaging in the normal behavior of “ spyhopping ” — or shooting straight out of the water. “ it ’ s possible that they are doing that not necessarily to get a bigger breath as somebody had indicated but rather to look around, ” giles said, adding that killer whales can see equally well above water as below. “ it ’ s also possible that they coming up as often as there is ( is ) a way to keep that ice open, ” she said. “ they certainly, i would say, are smart enough to recognize that this is their breathing hole and they … don ’ t want to have that close up. ” [ source ] while the number of whales in this trapped group may be in dispute and the reasons for their actions a matter of interpretation, what cannot be argued is why this event occurred and why the unfolding story is of global importance : simply put, climate change affects us all – animal, vegetable, mineral. as scientists and politicians continue to debate its solution, as republicans here in this country dismiss and dispute even the reality of climate change despite the abundant proof of its inexorable expansion, it seems important to pay close attention to real - life examples of its impact. to watch, with our own


not only does it have over 800 illustrations and photographs but it ' s jam packed, full of information for your homeschool or any supplement to your children ' s learning. in my opinion it would make a great " summer project " book to keep the kiddos on their toes and help them learn while having fun! the world of science is broken down into 7 different sections covering topics entitled : matter and chemicals - energy, motion and machines - electricity and magnetism - light and sound - earth and life - space and time - and includes over 60 science experiments. the photographs and diagrams are just right to help you teach your budding scientists. my 3 scientists range in age from 6 years old to 10 years and the information is shared in such a way that from my kindergartner to my 5th grader, they were able to learn, understand, and enjoy what we ' ve done so far. we ' ve been studying the atmosphere, covered in the earth and life section. one of the things we learned about is the greenhouse effect. the boys are looking forward to doing more and i have a feeling we ' ll have conquered all the experiments by the end of the summer. they love this type of learning and it sticks with them so much better than plain questions and answers! the world of science is a wonderful addition to our homeschool curriculum. i highly recommend it. we are using it as a supplement to our main course and it covers enough topics that it would make a nice addition to any curriculum. it reads much like an encyclopedia, thorough yet made for children to easily understand. the introduction begins with, " in the beginning god created the heavens and the earth. " it goes on to explain about the scientific method, talks about real science, various fields of science, and even an explanation as to why we should do science. i think every home could benefit by having such a well rounded resource. we used a tin tray i had on hand with a plastic lid that attaches recycled toilet paper / or paper towel rolls for the seed cups sand and soil from outside & seeds from the dollar store ( you could also use grass with roots or flowers from outside ) 1. place about 1 inch of sand in the bottom of container tray 2. cut paper rolls down to 2 inches - 2 1 / 2 inches 3. places cups in tray and push them down into the sand 4. fill individual cups with soil 5. use a finger to make a little hole to drop seeds into 6. cover back up with the soil - water them in


in situ measurement and equalization of sound reproduction systems the concept of frequency response is of basic importance to audio reproduction equipment. when analyzing electronic equipment, this characteristic is seldom a problem of measurement or interpretation. it is a problem, however, for acoustical transducers such as loudspeakers. unlike electronic equipment which has both electrical input and output terminals, the loudspeaker has an electrical input terminal but an acoustical output. this acoustical output is further complicated by the fact that a room is always interposed between the loudspeaker and the acoustical measuring device. with the human as the ultimate evaluation instrument, various measurement and interpretation questions arise regarding frequency response, variations among listeners, and effect of program material. the major question, however, is just what the frequency response of a particular sound reproduction system should be. in order to answer these questions, several psychoacoustical experiments were devised, based upon a listener ' s ability to detect differences. these experiments and their results are described in detail as they relate to the following types of sound reproduction systems : 1 ) sound reinforcement systems, 2 ) studio monitoring systems, 3 ) home high - fidelity systems. click to purchase paper or login as an aes member. if your company or school subscribes to the e - library then switch to the institutional version. if you are not an aes member and would like to subscribe to the e - library then join the aes! this paper costs $ 20 for non - members, $ 5 for aes members and is free for e - library subscribers.


smart phones are changing real world privacy settings thursday, may 10, 2012 tau research finds that smart phone users develop new concepts of privacy in public spaces with endless applications, high - speed wireless internet access, and free messaging services, smart phones have revolutionized the way we communicate. but at what cost? according to researchers at tel aviv university, the smart phone is challenging traditional conceptions of privacy, especially in the public sphere. dr. tali hatuka of tau ' s department of geography and dr. eran toch of tau ' s department of industrial engineering have teamed to measure the impact of the smart phone phenomenon on privacy, behavioral codes, and the use of public space. their early results indicate that although spaces such as city squares, parks, or transportation were once seen as public meeting points, smart phone users are more and more caught up in their technology - based communications devices than their immediate surroundings. smart phone users are 70 percent more likely than regular cellphone users to believe that their phones afford them a great deal of privacy, says dr. toch, who specializes in privacy and information systems. these users are more willing to reveal private issues in public spaces. they are also less concerned about bothering individuals who share those spaces, he says. inside a private bubble dr. hatuka says that smart phones create the illusion of " private bubbles " around their users in public spaces. she also believes that the design of public spaces may need to change in response to this technology, not unlike the ways in which some public areas have been designated as " smoking " and " non - smoking. " dr. toch also notes that smartphones and personal computing devices are becoming more " context - aware, " adjusting themselves in terms of brightness and volume to the user ' s location and activity. to examine how smart phones have impacted human interactions in public and private spaces, the researchers designed an in - depth survey. nearly 150 participants, half smart phone users and half regular phone users, were questioned about how telephone use applied to their homes, public spaces, learning spaces, and transportation spaces. while regular phone users continued to adhere to established social protocol in terms of phone use — postponing private conversations for private spaces and considering the appropriateness of cell phone use in public spaces — smart phone users adapted different social behaviors for public spaces. they were 50 percent less likely to be bothered by others using their phones in public spaces, and 20 percent less likely than regular phone users to believe that their private phone conversations were irritating to those around them, the researchers found.


behaviors for public spaces. they were 50 percent less likely to be bothered by others using their phones in public spaces, and 20 percent less likely than regular phone users to believe that their private phone conversations were irritating to those around them, the researchers found. feeling lost without a phone according to the researchers, smart phone users were also more closely " attached " to their mobile devices. when asked how they felt when they were without their phones, the majority of smart phone owners chose negative descriptors such as " lost, " " tense, " or " not updated. " regular phone users were far more likely to have positive associations to being without their phones, such as feeling free or quiet. the next phase of the study will be a more in - depth analysis of how smart phone users incorporate this technology into their daily lives. it requires users to install an application that the researchers developed called smart spaces. the application is designed to track where the participants go over a three - week period and how they use their phones while there. this will give researchers a better idea of how smart phone users interact in both public and private spaces during the course of a typical day. dr. hatuka and dr. toch believe that their complete findings can reveal clues about the future of public space and how it will be designed in order to meet the needs of those it serves. " we are entering a new phase of public and private spaces, " says dr. hatuka, suggesting that physical spaces need to be redesigned as arenas which could enhance personal interaction. for more technology news from tel aviv university, click here.


the organic vegetable industry is flourishing due to consumers preference for organically grown produce over traditionally produced vegetables. as a result, an increase in the variety and selection of many vegetables in retail supermarkets and restaurants throughout many countries has occurred recently. with the new regulation ( october 2000 ) requiring organic seed sources for organically labeled vegetables, many organic growers are searching for certified organic seed. smaller seed companies have produced the majority of organically produced seed to date. the commercial seed sector is starting to provide a more diverse selection of cultivars, yet there are still many hybrids that are not yet available. organic farmers must use organic seed material if such seed are available. if not available, conventional seeds can be used. this request exists in all accredited standards for organic farming. in the eu - regulation on organic production methods, the derogation from the use of organic seed material will only exist until the end of 2003. after this date only organic seed material may be used according to the present formulation. only a few countries in the eu have an organic seed production able to supply the market for organic seed material. it takes many years to develop a well functioning market for organic seeds. it is therefore unlikely that the derogation for the use of organic seed material will not be extended, since a majority of countries in the eu will still have a need for conventional propagated seeds. however, it will be needed to have standards and control procedures ensuring that organic seeds will be used if available. this includes definitions of “ availability ”. there is a need in both eu and in accession countries to develop criteria for seeds health in organic seeds and other seeds not treated with fungicides and to implement inspection procedures to control that conventional seeds are only used when organic seeds are not available. there are 251 different varieties of organic seed commercially available to organic farmers and growers, 98 % of which are vegetable varieties and 1 % are cereal varieties. there are no grasses or herbage legumes available. of the major crops, only few of the varieties most commonly used by organic producers are currently available as organic seed. in general view that organic seed was in short supply. based on 1997 data, demand for organic cereal seed is likely to double, demand for vegetable seed will triple, and demand for grassland seed will increase 7 or 8 times. with the current trend in organic seed production, these demands will not be met at the end of the derogation period unless a massive increase in production takes place. the problems associated with organic seed production could be broadly placed within three


celebrate american diabetes alert day on tuesday, march 24, the administration on aging ( aoa ) joins the american diabetes association ( ada ) in its annual nationwide effort to educate the american public about the seriousness of diabetes and to encourage people of all ages to get tested for diabetes. diabetes has become the greatest public health crisis of the next quarter century. to address the burden of this disease, the ada is issuing an urgent call - to - action for americans to find out their risk for type 2 diabetes during the 21st annual american diabetes alert® day. nearly 6 million americans have diabetes, but don ’ t even know it. another 57 million americans have pre - diabetes, placing them at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes. on american diabetes alert day, the ada encourages people who are overweight, physically inactive, and over the age of 45 years to take the diabetes risk test. the diabetes risk test requires users to answer simple questions about weight, age, family history and other potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes. the diabetes risk test will show users whether they are at low, moderate, or high risk for pre - diabetes or diabetes. the diabetes risk test is available in english and spanish by calling the association at 1 - 800 - diabetes ( 1 - 800 - 342 - 2383 ) or by visiting www. diabetes. org / alert. among the primary risk factors for type 2 diabetes are being overweight, sedentary, over the age of 45 and having a family history of diabetes. african americans, latinos, native americans, asian americans and pacific islanders are at an increased risk, as are women who have had babies weighing more than nine pounds at birth. unfortunately, people with type 2 diabetes can live for years without realizing that they have the disease. while people with diabetes can exhibit noticeable symptoms, such as frequent urination, blurred vision and excessive thirst, most people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes do not show these overt warning signs at the time that they develop the disease. often, type 2 diabetes only becomes evident when people develop one or more of its serious complications, such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye damage, or nerve damage that can lead to amputations. to obtain a copy of the diabetes risk test or for more information about diabetes ( in english or spanish ), please visit www. diabetes. org / alert or call 1 - 800 - diabetes ( 1 - 800 - 342 - 2383 ). # # #


obligation to examine the follower of any belief system has an obligation to examine whether what they suppose to be true, actually is true. theologian and educator john locke ( 1632 – 1704 ) once said that, “ he that examines, and upon a fair examination embraces an error for a truth, has done his duty more than he who embraces the profession of the truth without having examined whether it be true or no. ” locke ’ s statement is based on the logical assumption that if someone really has given a fair examination to any supposition they will discover the truth ( or at least come closer to it ) and embrace it, replacing that which was erroneous or what might be called only half true. it is not intelligent to say that something is believed, though it may be true, unless it has been thoroughly examined for its accuracy. deviation from the truth usually happens very gradually and unless one has an inclination to give fair analysis to theological propositions, deviation from the truth in favor of opinions and creeds will take place. nothing good comes from a lack of an honest examination regarding theological premise. however, many have placed a lack of scholastic review under the banner of faith. some have even gone so far as to say that such intellectual examination is a bane to faith. in fact, those that do not fully pursue intellectual confirmation for what they suppose is true do not understand the nature of faith. religion should be passionate if it is to be believed, but that passion must always be bridled by that which is known and can be understood within the mental capacities of man or else it is of little use. john caird ( 1820 – 1898 ) was a professor of divinity at the university of glasgow. professor caird said that the way to elevate religion above subjective caprice and waywardness and to distinguish between that which is true and false in religion, we must appeal to an objective standard. that which enters the heart must first be discerned by the intelligence to be true. caird said that, “ feeling is necessary in religion, but it is by the content or intelligent basis of a religion, and not by feeling, that its character and worth are to be determined. ” those that subscribe to the bible as the objective standard referred to by dr. caird, are, if the scriptures are understood and applied properly, on solid ground for advocating a system that is at least worthy of consideration. the gospel of matthew, chapter 17 ( vv. 1 - 13 ) depict what has come to be called the “


are, if the scriptures are understood and applied properly, on solid ground for advocating a system that is at least worthy of consideration. the gospel of matthew, chapter 17 ( vv. 1 - 13 ) depict what has come to be called the “ transfiguration. ” three of christ ’ s disciples ( peter, james and john ) are with jesus on what was probably mount hermon. christ is “ transfigured, ” ( v. 2 ) before them and moses and elijah appear with him. while this is taking place, a voice from a bright cloud said, “ this is my beloved son, in whom i am well pleased ; hear ye him. ” it is important that the wording does not say, “ obey him ” or “ worship him. ” blind, unknowing obedience or unwarranted worship is never advocated in the bible. the word “ hear ” as used in matthew 17 : 5 means to hear with the ear of the mind. this is a vitally important point. the message conveyed was that if people really thoughtfully considered what christ had to say they would come to know that it was logical, common sense and practical. “ he that takes upon the opinions of any church in the lump, without examining them, has truly neither searched after nor found truth, but has only found those that he thinks have found the truth, and so receives what they say with an implicit faith ( so called ), and so pays them the homage that is due only to god, ” says locke. the truth is far too precious and scarce a commodity in the present world to treat its discovery with such a cavalier attitude. those that follow christ are to generate more answers than questions. that means being clear on why something is believed and being willing to share a well examined truth with a world that is desperately looking for reliable answers and solutions to its problems. this column is the opinion of dr. m. hildon guy, president of the university of christian studies and seminary in eagle river. he has earned doctorates in theology, counseling education and apologetics. ( www. universityofcss. org )


black elk speaks : being the life story of a holy man of the oglala sioux the most famous native american book ever written, " black elk speaks " is the acclaimed story of lakota visionary and healer nicholas black elk ( 1863... show synopsis the most famous native american book ever written, " black elk speaks " is the acclaimed story of lakota visionary and healer nicholas black elk ( 1863 - 1950 ) and his people during the momentous, twilight years of the nineteenth century. black elk grew up in a time when white settlers were invading the lakotas ' homeland, decimating buffalo herds and threatening to extinguish their way of life. black elk and other lakotas fought back, a dogged resistance that resulted in a remarkable victory at the little bighorn and an unspeakable tragedy at wounded knee. beautifully told through the celebrated poet and writer john g. neihardt, " black elk speaks " offers much more than a life story. black elk ' s profound and arresting religious visions of the unity of humanity and the world around him have transformed his account into a venerated spiritual classic. whether appreciated as a collaborative autobiography, a history of a native american nation, or an enduring spiritual testament for all humankind, " black elk speaks " is unforgettable. this special edition features all three prefaces to " black elk speaks " that john g. neihardt wrote at different points in his life, a map of black elk ' s world, a reset text with lakota words reproduced using the latest orthographic standards, and color paintings by lakota artist standing bear that have not been widely available for decades.


so if corn - fed cows tend to be less healthy in life, does that mean their beef is less healthy for us to eat? would eating grass - fed beef be healthier for us in more ways than we think? well that ' s one topic to ponder, but this blog post isn ' t actually about that. i came here today to make a different point entirely. read that article again. read this paragraph again : studies have shown that corn fed beef ( this includes meat and dairy ) has lower nutritional value. it often contains more total fat, saturated fat, calories, and cholesterol. at the same time, it has a decreased amount of essential nutrients, such as vitamin e, vitamin c, beta - carotene, and omega - 3 fatty acids. grass fed beef, on the other hand, is lower in fat and calories. it has been shown that grass fed beef can have as much as 1 / 3rd less fat than corn fed beef. additionally, it also contains more omega - 3 fatty acids, which are the " good " fats. omega - 3 accounts for 60 % of the fat found in grass fed beef. now make a parallel comparison between cows and humans. cows that eat an unnatural diet are fatter and unhealthier. cows that eat the foods that they were intended to eat are healthier. humans that eat unnatural diets are fatter and unhealthier. humans that eat foods that they were intended to eat are healthier. take it one step further and say that humans are supposed to eat meat. ( i know there is some debate, but guess what, we wouldn ' t have been born with incisors if we weren ' t supposed to eat meat! ) therefore, healthy humans should eat healthy cows! that ' s actually a side note. the point i ' m trying to make here is that we should be eating what our bodies were intended to eat. all the crap that sits on grocery store shelves is not healthy, no matter what the " made with whole - grains " or " healthy choice " labels say. and i ' m not just preaching to you all, i ' m talking to myself too. you can argue until the cows come home that you can ' t afford or don ' t have time to eat healthy but guess what, you can and do. do your homework, plan your meals, you will not break the bank by eating the right way. and the benefits you ' ll see and feel in your body will make it all


over the counter ( otc ) drug abuse teens are abusing some over - the - counter ( otc ) drugs, such as cough and cold remedies, to get high. many of these products are widely available and can be purchased at supermarkets, drugstores, and convenience stores. many otc drugs that are intended to treat headaches, sinus pressure, or cold / flu symptoms contain the active ingredient dextromethorphan ( dxm ) and are the ones that teens are using to get high. when taken in high doses, dxm can produce a " high " feeling and can be extremely dangerous in excessive amounts. over - the - counter drug abuse also occurs with laxatives, diuretics, emetics, and diet pills, as teens try to achieve an idealized weight. young people may start taking just a few diet pills but then graduate to full addiction and dependence. ephedrine, caffeine, and phenylpropranolamine are just some of the dangerous and addictive substances found in diet pills. herbal, sometimes referred to as " natural ", weight loss products can be just as dangerous as diet pills. all of these substances act as stimulants to the central nervous system and much like speed, can have serious and potentially fatal side effects. is your teen using otc drugs to get high? a recent study found that six percent of 12th graders reported past year abuse of cough or cold medicines to get high. that amounts to about one in every 16 high school seniors. where do teens get them? in many parts of the country, teens can easily buy otc cough and cold remedies at any supermarket, drugstore, or convenience store where these products are sold. they can also get them from home, or order them over the internet. and even if they do not order otc drugs online, they can surf the web to find information and videos on what drugs to try and mix together. how do teens abuse otc drugs? teens take large doses to get high, sometimes mixing these drugs with prescription drugs, street drugs, or alcohol. some teens crush pills and snort them for an intensified effect. could your teen overdose on otc drugs? yes. the point at which teens may overdose on otc drugs varies depending on the amount of the drugs they took, over what time period, and if other drugs were mixed. some otc drugs are weak and cause minor distress, while others are very strong and can cause more serious


may overdose on otc drugs varies depending on the amount of the drugs they took, over what time period, and if other drugs were mixed. some otc drugs are weak and cause minor distress, while others are very strong and can cause more serious problems or even death. if you suspect your teen has overdosed on otc drugs, take them to the emergency room or call an ambulance immediately for proper care and treatment by a medical doctor. other drug and alcohol interactions mixing alcohol with certain medications can cause nausea and vomiting, headaches, drowsiness, fainting, and loss of coordination. it can put users at risk for internal bleeding, heart problems, and difficulties in breathing. alcohol also can decrease the effectiveness of many needed medications or make them totally ineffective. some of these medications can be purchased over the counter - at a drugstore or grocery store - without a prescription, including herbal remedies and others you may never have suspected of reacting negatively with alcohol. before you or your teen take any prescription or otc medication, carefully read the label, and / or consult with your family physician or local pharmacist. and never mix medications with alcohol. parents should set clear rules and consistently enforce those rules against any underage drinking. think that drug abuse among teens is limited to illegal substances like marijuana and club drugs such as ecstasy? think again. if you ' re like most parents, you ' re probably not aware that a number of over - the - counter ( otc ) products can potentially be abused by teens looking to get high. but it ' s important to educate yourself about the potential abuse of consumer products found right in your home. it is important to know the facts about otc product and medication abuse and make a habit of closely monitoring the use of certain household substances. talk with preteens and teens about the proper use of all medications ( including those that are available over the counter ) and the health risks associated with their abuse. one category of products sometimes abused by teenagers that few parents know about is otc cough and cold remedies. the otc cough and cold medications available in your local pharmacy, supermarket or convenience store are safe and effective when used as directed. but some youth are drawn to an ingredient found in nearly half of these medications called dextromethorphan, or dxm. when taken in excessive doses, dextromethorphan can produce a high or cause psychoactive effects. what is dextromethorphan or dxm? dextromethorpha


these activities deadly. what else can i do? talking with teens and staying in touch with their lives are the first steps to keeping them free from abusing consumer products and medications. following are a few basic preventative steps that you can take to help your child understand the importance of using otc medications responsibly and help discourage abuse of dextromethorphan. • talk to your child. speak with your children often about the importance of carefully following directions on the labels of all otc medications. help them understand the dangers of abusing otc cough and cold medications. • be mindful of the season. your child can benefit from medicinal relief of cough, cold, and flu symptoms by taking otc cough and cold preparations according to the instructions on the manufacturer ' s label. but be aware if your child is using cough and cold medications outside of cold and flu season or if he or she continues to self - medicate after symptoms have subsided. • check your home. take a quick inventory of all consumer products kept in your home. be aware of the products in your medicine cabinet, and ask questions if you notice that any products are used frequently or disappear. • monitor your child ' s internet use. unfortunately, there are internet sources that sell dextromethorphan in a bulk powder form or encourage teens to share their experiences with abusing dextromethorphan. these individual sites are not regulated so it becomes increasingly imperative that you be aware of where your child is getting information on the internet, what sites he / she is spending time on, or with whom he / she may be communicating. ask them why they think the information that appears there is true or false. do they think the source is credible? ensure your child ' s internet time is properly supervised.


science fair project encyclopedia pressure cooking is a method of cooking in a sealed vessel that does not permit air or liquids to escape below a preset pressure. because water ' s boiling point increases as the pressure increases, the pressure built up inside the cooker allows the liquid in the pot to rise to a temperature higher than 100 °c ( 212 °f ) before boiling. the higher temperature causes the food to cook faster. cooking times can be reduced by a factor of three or four. for example, shredded cabbage is cooked in one minute, fresh green beans take about five, small to medium - sized potatoes ( up to 200 g ) may be ready in five minutes or so and a whole chicken takes no more than twenty - five minutes. it is often used to simulate the effects of long braising or simmering in shorter periods of time. a safety valve releases steam when the pressure exceeds the safety limit for the cooker ; usually the steam pressure lifts a weighted stopper allowing excess pressure to escape. there is usually a backup pressure release mechanism, in the form of a hole in the lid blocked by a plug of low melting - point alloy. if internal temperature ( and hence pressure ) gets too high, the metal plug will melt, resulting in a release of the pressure. a pressure cooker is often used by mountain climbers to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at high altitude. without it, water boils off before reaching 100 °c, leaving the food improperly cooked, as described in charles darwin ' s voyage of the beagle : at the place where we slept water necessarily boiled, from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere, at a lower temperature than it does in a less lofty country ; the case being the converse of that of a papin ' s digester. hence the potatoes, after remaining for some hours in the boiling water, were nearly as hard as ever. the pot was left on the fire all night, and next morning it was boiled again, but yet the potatoes were not cooked. i found out this, by overhearing my two companions discussing the cause, they had come to the simple conclusion, " that the cursed pot [ which was a new one ] did not choose to boil potatoes. " a larger scale version of a pressure cooker, used by laboratories and hospitals to sterilise biological waste materials, surgical instruments etc. is known as an autoclave. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


the convention recognized collective rights and deals, among other issues, with fundamental matters for indigenous peoples, like their rights over their territories, promotion of their culture and values, education in their own language, consultation and participation or the validity of their customary laws. despite the limited number of ratifications, convention 169 is a key instrument because it has had a great influence in the drafting of regulations, policies and programmes relating to indigenous peoples, both in the international and in the national level, and also because its binding nature created specific obligations for the ratifying countries. in the case of spain, ratification of the convention implies a relevant step in the process of supporting indigenous peoples, with consequences that go beyond the frame of international cooperation for development. ratification gives rise to internal obligations, as national legislation needs to be adapted to the convention. pursuant to the principle of good faith in compliance with international treaties and obligations arising from the ilo constitution, any state being party to a convention is bound to adopt the necessary measures to make such convention ’ s provisions effective. thus, the convention is transformed into an internal law which needs to be respected, promoted and guaranteed by all public institutions, and binding on all private actors, regardless of their purposes or activities. the provisions of convention 169 are reinforced by those of the declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. both instruments are clearly complementary, and provide a specific legal frame which needs to be taken into account when dealing with any actions having an impact on the lives and rights of indigenous peoples. documents relating to the convention can be accessed through the following links. text of the convention. web page of pro - 169 very useful materials can be found at pro169 ’ s web page. the following stand out : practice guide on convention 169, “ the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples in practice ” ; and the publication “ implementation of convention 169 by national courts in latin america ” ( both in spanish ). you can also request ilo to deliver a “ tool box ” regarding the convention ’ s implementation.


restrictions of freedom the reasons for involuntary internment according to § 6 of act no. 576 on healthcare, health - related services and on the amendment and supplementing of certain laws of 22 september 2004 ( hhs ), inpatient care can be provided without informed consent if : - the person has a mental illness or symptoms of a mental defect and - poses a threat to him / herself or to his / her environment, or - there is a risk of serious deterioration of his / her state of health. the procedure for involuntary internment if a patient is admitted to hospital for inpatient care without his / her informed consent, the healthcare provider must notify a court covering the territory of the inpatient health care facility within 24 hours. the court then rules on the legitimacy of the reasons for taking the person into inpatient care. until the court has made a decision, only life - saving medical care or measures to protect the person ’ s surroundings are permitted ( § 9 ( 4 ) ). duration of involuntary internment as soon as the reasons for involuntary admission cease to exist, either the patient must be released or s / he ( or his / her legal representative / tutor ) must consent to the further provision of health care ( § 9 ( 5 ) ). in the case of a person who is unable to consent, their legal representative must be notified before they are released. there does not seem to be any mention of a set time limit after which the involuntary admission must be reviewed. last updated : mercredi 14 mars 2012


dementia in parkinson ' s disease ( pdd ) by kurt jellinger while people with parkinson ’ s disease have a higher risk of developing dementia than those without parkinson ’ s disease, the majority will remain unaffected. parkinson ’ s disease is known as a movement disorder. the movement disorder is due to dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra. motor symptoms always precede cognitive impairment by several years. cognitive impairment is usually due to degenerative changes in limbic or neocortical structures, superimposed alzheimer - type lesions and / or presence of cortical lewy bodies, while degenerative lesions in subcortical neurotransmitter - specific loops are less important for the development of cognitive impairment. idiopathic parkinsonism plus dementia symptoms and course symptoms of dementia associated with parkinson ’ s disease will vary from person to person. the most common are memory loss and the loss of the ability to reason and to carry out normal everyday tasks ( planning, organising, solving problems ). patients may become obsessional, and there may be a loss of emotional control with sudden outbursts of anger or distress. medications may cause or aggravate visual hallucinations. language problems ( slower speech, not word finding difficulties ). symptoms often fluctuate so that the person will seem better or worse at different times. gradually progressive, symptoms accumulate progressively. duration of the disease : 4 - 5 years. parkinson ’ s disease plus dementia has shorter survival than parkinson ’ s disease without dementia ( average between 5 to 10 years ). with movement disorder, slowness in information processing ( difficulty of communication ) may lead to carer frustration. causes and risk factors abnormal aggregation of alpha synuclein in lewy bodies. it is more than lewy bodies accumulation ( often associated with alzheimer pathology ). families with familial pd ( several chromosomes involved ) there are inherited form of parkinson ’ s disease associated with mutation on chromosomes xxx. parkinson ’ s disease is not rare ; however, only 10 - 30 % of the patients develop cognitive impairment / dementia. prevalence 41 : 100, 000 care and treatment the movement disorder is treated by compounds augmenting dopamine transmission ( dopaminergic substances and da agonists ). medication may cause or aggravate hallucinations and psychotic symptoms. antidementive drugs like in ad. european parkinson ’ s disease association ( epda ) lizzie graham epda liaison / project manager 4 golding road sevenoaks kent tn13 3n


senate oil savings ’ greatest hits the best provisions to cut our consumption source : ap / mark humphrey oil, oil, everywhere, but not a drop for fuel. this is the stark view of gulf coast residents who see a 24, 500 square mile oil slick menacing their shores. the devastating bp oil disaster has clearly increased the urgency to dramatically reduce america ’ s oil consumption ; and cutting our consumption would save consumers money, reduce foreign oil imports, help our economy, increase national security, and reduce global warming pollution. senate majority leader harry reid ( d - nv ) has indicated that oil use reduction ( or “ oil savings ” ) provisions would be a central element of the clean energy legislation he plans to bring to the senate floor in mid july. and a number of other senators have introduced legislation that would either reduce oil use from many sources or focus on a specific sector. by selecting the best provisions from each bill it ’ s possible to craft a program that would reduce oil use by one - third or more by 2030. there are three primary ways to reduce oil use : make cars much more fuel efficient, launch cleaner alternative fuels such as electricity for cars and natural gas for trucks, and invest in public transportation. cap evaluated the major oil savings proposals in senators ’ bills that address all three of these needs and chose the provisions with the most oil savings in each category ( see chart (. xls ) ). these provisions could form the basis for an oil savings section of a comprehensive clean energy and global warming bill. proposed oil savings provisions that will make a difference establish an oil savings goal : sen. jeff merkley ’ s ( d - or ) national oil independence program is in discussion draft form. it would establish a goal of reducing oil use by eight million barrels - per - day in 2030, which equals current imports from every major nation except canada. improve fuel economy for cars and light trucks : sen. merkley ’ s plan would increase fuel economy requirements by 6 percent annually from 2017 to 2030. this would increase fuel economy standards to 44. 8 miles - per - gallon for model year 2020, and to 60 mpg for model year 2025. these fuel economy standards are realistic. sen. merkley noted that “ china will be requiring its vehicles to achieve 42. 2 mpg by 2015. " president barack obama also ordered the environmental protection agency and the department of transportation to develop new fuel economy and greenhouse pollution standards for model years 2017 to 2021. begin fuel economy standards for medium and heavy - duty trucks : fuel economy standards have


by 2015. " president barack obama also ordered the environmental protection agency and the department of transportation to develop new fuel economy and greenhouse pollution standards for model years 2017 to 2021. begin fuel economy standards for medium and heavy - duty trucks : fuel economy standards have never existed for these size trucks even though they ’ re gas guzzlers. medium trucks get an average of 9. 7 miles per gallon, while heavy trucks get 6. 5 miles per gallon. sen. merkley ’ s plan would set the first standard for these vehicles of 15. 8 mpg and 10. 4 mpg, respectively, by 2030. this would save an estimated 400, 000 barrels of oil per day. the obama administration is also developing the first - ever fuel economy standards for these vehicles. establish a “ fee bate ” program to encourage the purchase of fuel - efficient cars : a “ fee bate ” program encourages drivers to buy more efficient vehicles by providing cash back for buying cars that are more fuel efficient than the average vehicle in that class. this program is paid for by levying a surcharge on vehicles that are below average in fuel economy in a particular class. two bills would establish a fee bate system to boost the purchase of high - efficiency cars. the efficient vehicle leadership act, s. 1620, sponsored by sen. jeff bingaman ( d - nm ), and the practical energy and climate plan, s. 3464, sponsored by sen. richard lugar ( r - in ), both have fee bate programs. bingaman ’ s bill would provide $ 2, 500 and $ 3, 500 rebates for cars that are 50 percent and 75 percent more fuel efficient than the average car in their class. sen. lugar ’ s provision is very similar to s. 1620, which he has cosponsored. charge up the electric car industry : one way to dramatically reduce oil use is by developing, producing, and using cars completely or primarily powered by electric batteries rather than gasoline. these cars also produce less global warming and other pollution compared to conventional gasoline vehicles, and are cheaper to operate too. the chevrolet volt, which is the first plug - in hybrid electric vehicle, or phev, should be available later this year, and it could get 230 mpg. president obama set a goal of 1 million phevs by 2015. incentives for purchasing electric vehicles and creation of the infrastructure to recharge them are essential to meeting this goal. the electric vehicle deployment act, s. 3442, sponsored by sen


president obama set a goal of 1 million phevs by 2015. incentives for purchasing electric vehicles and creation of the infrastructure to recharge them are essential to meeting this goal. the electric vehicle deployment act, s. 3442, sponsored by sens. byron dorgan ( d - nd ), lamar alexander ( r - tn ), and merkley, would establish a comprehensive program to boost electric vehicle use. in addition to providing incentives for the purchase of electric vehicles, it would also provide $ 800 million to five as yet unselected communities to deploy 700, 000 electric vehicles by 2016. fill up more trucks and buses with natural gas : electricity is an excellent alternative fuel for passenger vehicles, but unfortunately it won ’ t work for heavier trucks and buses. the large amounts of energy needed to power these weightier vehicles would require too many batteries that would add too much weight and take up too much space. instead, natural gas — in the form of liquefied natural gas, or lng, or compressed natural gas, or cng — is an ideal alternative fuel for these vehicles. because many of these vehicles are short haul, centrally fueled vehicles, only a limited number of natural gas refueling stations are necessary. lng or cng produces one - quarter of the global warming pollution compared to oil - based fuels. and cap analysis shows that by 2035 natural gas heavy trucks could reduce oil use by 1. 2 million barrels per day, or 45 percent of the projected oil consumption of heavy trucks by 2035. these fuels are cheaper per mile compared to diesel fuel as well ( if oil is more than $ 31 per barrel ). the nat gas act, s. 1408, sponsored by sens. robert menendez ( d - nj ), harry reid ( d - nv ), and orrin hatch ( r - ut ), would create incentives for trucking companies and bus fleets to purchase trucks and buses powered by natural gas. it would also provide incentives for investments in natural gas fueling infrastructure. versions of this proposal are also included in the american power act discussion draft sponsored by sens. john kerry ( d - ma ) and joe lieberman ( i - ct ), as well as in the merkley proposal. implement fuel - efficiency measures for off - road vehicles and other transportation : off - road and construction vehicles, planes, trains, and boats all use oil - based fuels. airplanes, for instance, consume about 15 percent of all finished petroleum products. the american power act and american clean energy


- road vehicles and other transportation : off - road and construction vehicles, planes, trains, and boats all use oil - based fuels. airplanes, for instance, consume about 15 percent of all finished petroleum products. the american power act and american clean energy and security act, h. r. 2454, include very similar provisions to identify nonroad vehicles and engines that contribute to global warming pollution and provide cost effective solutions. sen. merkley ’ s plan, however, seems to have the most specific requirements. invest in more efficient transportation infrastructure : investments in public transit, high - speed rail, and other low - oil infrastructure are essential to reducing oil use after tackling vehicles and fuels. transportation for america estimates that the efficiency measures in its “ ‘ route to reform ’ could reduce oil consumption by more than a million barrels a day by 2030. ” the american power act, or apa, would invest $ 6 billion annually in “ transportation infrastructure to increase efficiency and decrease oil consumption …. [ including ] almost $ 2 billion for state and local projects that reduce oil consumption and greenhouse gases. ” apa would fund other transit projects, too, and it would pay for these investments with revenue from the auction or sale of greenhouse gas pollution allowances. boost renewable fuel use : the energy independence and security act of 2007 includes a renewable fuel standard that requires the production of 22 billion gallons of advanced biofuels by 2022, which would save over half a million barrels of oil daily. nonetheless, the production of these cleaner fuels could easily fall short of this requirement. the practical energy and climate bill would include advanced biofuels as part of a reverse auction established by the energy policy act of 2005 that will create significant incentives to encourage low - cost innovation and commercial scale deployment of advanced biofuels to push these u. s. - based fuels from the laboratory to the road. paying for reduction programs admittedly, funding for these and other programs may be difficult to come by during this era of trillion - dollar deficits. only the american power act ’ s provisions come with their own revenue - generating mechanism : the funds from auctioning pollution allowances to the largest carbon emitters under a carbon limitation program. cap estimates that the funds from apa ’ s limit on carbon pollution from coal - fired power plants alone could generate $ 80 billion annually for investment in these and other clean energy technologies. eliminating $ 45 billion worth of tax loopholes for big oil companies could also provide revenue to fund oil savings programs. these taxpayer handouts are unnecessary in an


power plants alone could generate $ 80 billion annually for investment in these and other clean energy technologies. eliminating $ 45 billion worth of tax loopholes for big oil companies could also provide revenue to fund oil savings programs. these taxpayer handouts are unnecessary in an industry where the five largest companies made nearly a trillion dollars in profits in the past decade. sen. mary landrieu ( d - la ) noted that, “ in all of the climate bills, there are significant revenues generated, so that is a possibility. but if we did an energy - only bill, we ’ re going to be struggling about how to provide revenues. ” this means that setting a shrinking limit on global warming pollution, closing tax loopholes, or creating some other reliable revenue stream is essential for funding the programs to significantly reduce our oil use. there ’ s a bipartisan theme to the oil savings measures listed here — the six different bills are sponsored by progressive and moderate democrats and conservative republicans. taken together, they would jumpstart our nation ’ s effort to reduce our oil use while creating jobs and enhancing our national security. and the less oil we need, the less likely we are to search for it a mile deep below the surface where a bp - type blowout could devastate our health, economy, and environment. the american people overwhelmingly support efforts to cut our oil addiction and slash global warming pollution. now they ’ re looking to the senate for action this summer as part of comprehensive clean energy and global warming pollution reduction legislation. to speak with our experts on this topic, please contact : print : katie peters ( economy, education, health care, gun - violence prevention ) 202. 741. 6285 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : anne shoup ( foreign policy and national security, energy, lgbt issues ) 202. 481. 7146 or email @ example. com print : crystal patterson ( immigration ) 202. 478. 6350 or firstname. lastname @ example. org print : madeline meth ( women ' s issues, poverty, legal progress ) 202. 741. 6277 or email @ example. com print : tanya arditi ( spanish language and ethnic media ) 202. 741. 6258 or firstname. lastname @ example. org tv : lindsay hamilton 202. 483. 2675 or email @ example. com radio : madeline meth 202. 741. 6277 or firstname. lastname @ example. org web : andrea peterson 202. 481.


backward and forward both run to need may they, faster run to are computers if a turing machine is fine for reasoning about computers, but it ' s not an ideal model for building them. some more practical components of reversible logic were introduced in the 1980s by edward f. fredkin and tommaso toffoli, who were then working together at mit. ( fredkin is now at carnegie mellon university, toffoli at boston university. ) the components are logic gates, somewhat like and and or gates but designed for reversibility. in any reversible gate the number of inputs must equal the number of outputs. moreover, each possible set of inputs must yield a distinct set of outputs. if this were not the case — that is, if two or more input patterns had the same output — then the reverse action of the gate would be ambiguous. the devices now known as the fredkin gate and the toffoli gate ( see illustration on page 109 ) both have three inputs and three outputs ; and, as required for reversibility, each input pattern maps to a unique output. in the fredkin gate, one signal controls whether the other two data lines pass straight through the gate or else have their positions swapped. in the toffoli gate, two of the signals control the third ; if the first two bits are both 1, then the third bit is inverted. like the not gate, both the fredkin and the toffoli gates are their own inverses : no matter what the values of the three input signals, running them through two successive copies of the same gate will return the signals to their original values. both gates are also computationally universal, meaning that a computer assembled from multiple fredkin or toffoli gates ( and no other components ) could simulate a turing machine or any other device of equivalent computational power. thus the gates might be considered candidates for a real reversible computer. of course logic gates are still just abstract devices ; they have to be given some physical implementation with transistors or other kinds of hardware. starting in the early 1990s, several groups have been designing and building prototypes of reversible ( or nearly reversible ) digital circuits. for example, at mit a group including michael frank and thomas f. knight, jr., fabricated a series of small but complete processor chips based on a reversible technology ; frank continues this work at florida state university. at the university of gent in belgium, alexis de vos and his colleagues have built several reversible


., fabricated a series of small but complete processor chips based on a reversible technology ; frank continues this work at florida state university. at the university of gent in belgium, alexis de vos and his colleagues have built several reversible adders and other circuits. it ' s important to note that building a computer according to a reversible logic diagram does not guarantee low - power operation. reversibility removes the thermodynamic floor at kt ln 2, but the circuit must still be designed to attain that level of energy savings. the current state of the art is far above the theoretical floor ; even the most efficient chips, reversible or not, dissipate somewhere between 10, 000 and 10 million times kt ln 2 for each logical operation. thus it will be some years before reversible technology can be put to the ultimate test of challenging the three - zeptojoule barrier. in the meantime, however, it turns out that some concepts derived from reversible logic are already useful in low - power circuits. one of these is charge recovery, which attempts to recycle packets of electric charge rather than let them drain to ground. another is adiabatic switching, which avoids wasteful current surges by closing switches only after voltages have had a chance to equalize. » post comment