by dr. ellen r. jordan texas a & m extension college station, texas – the use of waste milk to feed calves is a common practice on many dairy farms, but it comes with risk. along with the milk, calves may ingest pathogens that cause disease ( mycoplasma, salmonella and johne ’ s disease, etc. ). to minimize the risk, pasteurize the waste milk. mycobacterium paratuberculosis, the pathogen caused johne ’ s disease, is not easily destroyed. however, researchers at the national animal disease center in ames, iowa and at other locations have shown that pasteurization can destroy it and other pathogens provided the milk is heated to the correct temperature and held for a specified time. there are two general types of on - farm pasteurizers available. the first type is frequently referred to as a batch pasteurizer. milk is put into this pasteurizer, heated to 150° f ( 65. 5° c ) and held for 30 minutes. the second type is a commercial high - temperature, short - time pasteurizer or a htst pasteurizer. when using a htst pasteurizer, heat milk to 161° f ( 71. 7° c ) and hold for 15 seconds. since both types of pasteurizers have been shown to effectively destroy pathogens, either can be used. the critical point is to use the correct temperature and time for the type of pasteurizer chosen. because some of these same pathogens can be transferred in colostrum, there is interest in what happens to immunoglobulins if colostrum is pasteurized. in a recent study using the htst pasteurizer, there was a 25 % reduction in immunoglobulins, thus consider alternative methods to protect calves from disease found in colostrum. if you pasteurize colostrum, use the batch pasteurizer as the htst tends to clog with colostrum. for example, to control johne ’ s disease use only colostrum from cows that have recently been tested negative for johne ’ s. commercial colostrum supplements or replacements can also be fed if insufficient colostrum is available. waste milk can be used for feeding calves, however pasteurize it first to reduce the risk associated with this cost - saving practice. ■ to contact dr. ellen r. jordan at texas a & m extensiion, call 972


5. 8 magnitude earthquake. there was a lot of chatter generated by it, probably disproportionate to the magnitude of the event. there were a few news items that might be of interest to some of you. first, contrary to initial reports, there was some building damage in virginia and the dc area, including the collapse of finials on the national cathedral ' s main tower. second, physorg explains why the earthquake was felt over such a large area, from georgia north to quebec and west to wisconsin. scientific american has a list of the top ten east coast earthquakes. finally, here is an interesting bird - related note from the national zoo : the first warnings of the earthquake may have occurred at the national zoo, where officials said some animals seemed to feel it coming before people did. the red ruffed lemurs began “ alarm calling ” a full 15 minutes before the quake hit, zoo spokeswoman pamela baker - masson said. in the great ape house, iris, an orangutan, let out a guttural holler 10 seconds before keepers felt the quake. the flamingos huddled together in the water seconds before people felt the rumbling. the rheas got excited. and the hooded mergansers — a kind of duck — dashed for the safety of the water.


word origin & history o. e. cocc, o. fr. coq, o. n. kokkr, all of echoic origin. o. e. cocc was a nickname for " one who strutted like a cock, " thus a common term in the middle ages for a pert boy, used of scullions, apprentices, servants, etc. a common personal name till c. 1500, it was affixed to christian names as a pet diminutive, cf. wilcox, hitchcock, etc. slang sense of " penis " is attested since 1618 ( but cf. pillicock " penis, " from c. 1300 ) ; cock - teaser is from 1891. a cocker spaniel ( 1823 ) was trained to start woodcocks. cock - and - bull is first recorded 1621, perhaps an allusion to aesop ' s fables, with their incredible talking animals, or to a particular story, now forgotten. french has parallel expression coq - a - l ' ane. in various mechanical senses, such as cock of a faucet ( late 15c. ) is of uncertain connection with cock ( n. 1 ), but ger. has hahn " hen " in many of the same senses. the cock of an old matchlock firearm is 1560s, hence half - cocked " with the cock lifted to the first catch, at which position the trigger does not act. " seeming contradictory senses of " to stand up " ( as in cock one ' s ear ), c. 1600, and " to bend " ( 1898 ) are from the two cock nouns. the first is probably in reference to the posture of the bird ' s head or tail, the second to the firearm position. to cock ones hat carries the notion of " defiant boastfulness " also in m. e. cocken ( c. 1150 ) " to fight. "


adjective, un · ru · li · er, un · ru · li · est. not submissive or conforming to rule ; ungovernable ; turbulent ; intractable ; refractory ; lawless : an unruly class ; an unruly wilderness. origin : 1350 – 1400 ; middle english unruely, related forms equivalent to un - un - 1 + ruly, ruely governable, controllable ; see rule disobedient, unmanageable, uncontrollable, stubborn, disorderly, riotous. unruly, intractable, recalcitrant, refractory describe persons or things that resist management or control. unruly suggests persistently disorderly behavior or character in persons or things : an unruly child, peevish and willful ; wild, unruly hair. intractable suggests in persons a determined resistance to all attempts to guide or direct them, in things a refusal to respond to attempts to shape, improve, or modify them : an intractable social rebel ; a seemingly intractable problem in logistics. recalcitrant and refractory imply not only a lack of submissiveness but also an open, often violent, rebellion against authority or direction. recalcitrant the stronger of the two terms, suggests a stubborn and absolute noncompliance : a recalcitrant person, openly contemptuous of all authority. refractory implies active, mulish disobedience, but leaves open the possibility of eventual compliance : refractory students, resisting efforts to interest them in their studies.


date : august 2007 creator : sarasti, israel a. description : reciprocal teaching comprehension - monitoring is a reading comprehension instructional procedure that combines four instructional strategies : predicting, summarizing, questioning, and clarifying to enhance students ' comprehension of text. the procedure is a dialogue between the teacher and the students. during reciprocal teaching instruction, the teacher and students take turns leading the dialogue in order to enhance the students ' comprehension - monitoring skills. the research on reciprocal teaching has included meta - analyses, group designs, qualitative designs, and single - subject research designs. these studies have identified gaps in the literature to include the measurement of treatment fidelity and treatment acceptability, as well as the psychometric properties of the instruments used to measure daily reading comprehension growth. these gaps were investigated in this study. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of reciprocal teaching comprehension - monitoring with a group of fifteen 3rd grade students reading at grade level. specifically, this study investigated the use of curriculum - based measurement maze probes ( cbm - maze probes ) to formatively assess the reading comprehension growth of the students. additionally, this study implemented treatment integrity procedures and investigated the acceptability of reciprocal teaching and the cbm - maze probes through a treatment acceptability rating scale. a multiple baseline across groups with three phases ( baseline, intervention, follow - up ) was employed.... contributing partner : unt libraries


| skip navigation links | | exit print view | | man pages section 1m : system administration commands oracle solaris 11 information library | - create an ntfs file system mkntfs [ options ] device [ number _ of _ sectors ] mkntfs [ - c ] [ - c cluster - size ] [ - f ] [ - f ] [ - h heads ] [ - h ] [ - i ] [ - l volume - label ] [ - l ] [ - n ] [ - p part - start - sect ] [ - q ] [ - q ] [ - s sectors - per - track ] [ - s sector - size ] [ - t ] [ - v ] [ - v ] [ - z mft - zone - multiplier ] [ - - debug ] device [ number - of - sectors ] the mkntfs utility is used to create an ntfs file system on a device, usually a disk partition, or file. the device operand is the special file corresponding to the device ; for example, / dev / dsk / c0d0p0. the number - of - sectors operand is the number of blocks on the device. if omitted, mkntfs automatically figures the file system size. supported options are listed below. most options have both single - letter and full - name forms. multiple single - letter options that do not take an argument can be combined. for example, - fv is the equivalent of - f - v. a full - name option can be abbreviated to a unique prefix of its name. options are divided among basic, advanced, output, and help options, as listed below. enable compression on the volume. perform quick ( fast ) format. this option skips both zeroing of the volume and bad sector checking. set the volume label for the filesystem to string. causes mkntfs to not actually create a file system, but display what it would do if it were to create a file system. all formatting steps are carried out except the actual writing to the device. specify the size of clusters in bytes. valid cluster size values are powers of two, with at least 256, and at most 65536, bytes per cluster. if omitted, mkntfs uses 4096 bytes as the default cluster size. note that the default cluster size is set to be at least equal to the sector size, as a cluster cannot be smaller than a sector. also, note that values greater than 4096 have the side effect


zone is the area at the beginning of the volume reserved for the mft, which stores the on - disk inodes ( mft records ). it is noteworthy that small files are stored entirely within the inode ; thus, if you expect to use the volume for storing large numbers of very small files, it is useful to set the zone multiplier to a higher value. although the mft zone is resized on the fly as required during operation of the ntfs driver, choosing an optimal value reduces fragmentation. valid values are 1, 2, 3, and 4. the values have the following meaning : mft zone mft zone size multiplier ( % of volume size ) 1 12. 5 % ( default ) 2 25. 0 % 3 37. 5 % 4 50. 0 % includes the verbose output from the - v option, as well as additional output useful for debugging mkntfs. verbose execution. errors are written to stderr, no output to stdout occurs at all. useful if mkntfs is run in a script. show a list of options with a brief description of each one. display the mkntfs licensing information and exit. display the mkntfs version number and exit. see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes : mkntfs was written by anton altaparmakov, richard russon, erik sornes and szabolcs szakacsits.


sign the resolution contents | feedback | search drcnet home | join drcnet drcnet library | schaffer library | cocaine according to ex - new york police commissioner raymond kelly, " colombia has probably the best cocaine, the best heroin, and the best marijuana in the world. and the best coffee ". typically, coca thrives in warm, moist valleys between 1500 and 6000 metres above sea level. the plant grows to a height of up to eight feet. the leaves are rich in vitamins, protein, calcium, iron and fiber. the cocaine content of the leaves ranges from o. 1 % to 0. 9 % ; like the user, it tends to get higher with altitude. chewing coca also counters the symptoms of ' mountain sickness ' and oxygen - deprivation. the daily dose of the average coquero is around 200mg. chewing coca leaves with a dash of powdered lime is a nutritious and energising way to induce healthy mood without causing an unsustainable high. unfortunately, it is not very good for one ' s teeth. stictly speaking, the leaves aren ' t actually chewed. typically, the dried coca leaf is moistened with saliva. the wad is placed between the gum and cheek and it is gently sucked. the invigorating juices are swallowed. lime - rich materials such as burnt seashells or a cereal are used to promote the separation of the leaf ' s active alkaloid. shamans from some traditional indian tribes still smoke coca leaves for magical purposes. inhaling the sacred vapors induces a trance - like state. coca enables a shaman to cross ' the bridge of smoke ', enter the world of spirits, and activate his magical powers. alas the leaves don ' t travel well ; and this ancient usage is uncommon in the urban industrial west.


in 1996, the forest service described the 1. 8 million acre rio grande national forest, which rings the san luis valley in southern colorado, as " large … and … essentially undeveloped. " the agency expected things to stay that way, at least as far as petroleum extraction was concerned. an analysis of the management plan the forest adopted that year concluded " development of oil and gas is not likely " by 2011. and for the dozen years since that analysis, not a single acre of the rio grande nf was leased for oil development. that ’ s about to change. on may 8, the bureau of land management ( which manages federally - owned minerals ) will put up for bid 144, 000 acres of the forest for oil and gas drilling. that ’ s more than 225 square miles, or about half the size of rocky mountain national park. areas to be leased to industry include tens of thousands of acres of roadless lands, deer and elk winter range, lynx habitat, watersheds of the rio grande a few miles upstream from two national wildlife refuges and agricultural land, and steep slopes prone to erosion and landslides. while some of those areas may be " protected " by lease conditions that restrict the amount of bulldozing, road construction, logging, pipeline building, and other surface disturbance that petroleum development requires, the forest service could waive these conditions, essentially rendering them meaningless. back in ' 96, when the domestic oil bidness was slow, the forest service predicted only 9 wells would be drilled and less than 130 acres disturbed in the area where blm proposes its enormous sale. now, with the price of oil through the roof and natural gas prices nothing to sneeze at, far more development seems possible. previous lease sales in and around the san luis valley have run into significant opposition. the public has until april 23 to file official " protests " of each lease parcel. we ’ ll see what happens with this one.


( cnn ) - - one year before the day of his death, an ailing sen. ted kennedy electrified a crowd of thousands at the democratic national convention. sen. ted kennedy was an early supporter of barack obama ' s presidential campaign. " there is a new wave of change all around us, and if we set our compass true, we will reach our destination - - not merely victory for our party, but renewal for our nation, " kennedy said on august 25, 2008. " and this november, the torch will be passed again to a new generation of americans, so with barack obama and for you and for me, our country will be committed to his cause. " two months later, the election of the united states ' first black president marked the actualization of decades of work for kennedy, who was a champion of civil rights throughout his nearly 50 - year tenure in the senate. in the 1960s, as civil rights battles raged across the country, it was kennedy ' s brother, president john f. kennedy, who sought passage of a landmark bill to ban discrimination. and when jfk was assassinated, ted kennedy, already filling his older brother ' s senate seat, filled his shoes, too, helping to push the legislation through. democratic rep. john lewis of georgia, who worked closely with kennedy on civil rights issues, said kennedy was " our shepherd, he was our champion, he was our leader. " watch lewis talk about kennedy ' s civil rights legacy » the first major speech kennedy made on the senate floor was in support of the 1964 civil rights act, which banned discrimination based on race or gender in public places, schools and places of employment. " he didn ' t have to do it. he was not from the heart of the american south... but i think because of his upbringing, his faith, his passion, he would say over and over again, ' we must do what is right. it ' s the right thing to do. we have a moral obligation, ' " lewis said. and even as his 1980 presidential bid came to an end, kennedy kept his focus on equal rights. " and we can be proud that our party stands plainly and publicly and persistently for the ratification of the equal rights amendment, " he said in the keynote address at the democratic convention that year. " women hold their rightful place at our convention, and women must have their rightful place in the constitution of the united states. on this issue we will not yield ; we will not equivocate ; we will not rationalize


convention that year. " women hold their rightful place at our convention, and women must have their rightful place in the constitution of the united states. on this issue we will not yield ; we will not equivocate ; we will not rationalize, explain or excuse. we will stand for e. r. a. and for the recognition at long last that our nation was made up of founding mothers as well as founding fathers. " while the white house eluded his grasp, the longtime massachusetts senator was considered one of the most effective legislators of the past few decades. in addition to the civil rights act, kennedy played a key role in passing the voting rights act of 1965, the 1990 americans with disabilities act and the 1993 family and medical leave act. he earned a reputation as an outspoken liberal standard - bearer during a conservative - dominated era from the 1980s to the early 2000s. the senator pulled no punches when he felt civil rights might be in danger. in 1987, kennedy led the opposition to president reagan ' s nominee for the supreme court, robert bork. the senator was quick to warn that he thought bork ' s conservative ideology would be dangerous for the country. " in robert bork ' s america, there is no room at the inn for blacks and no place in the constitution for women. and in our america, there should be no seat on the supreme court for robert bork, " kennedy charged. his effort was successful, as reagan ' s nominee was rejected. sen. chris dodd, a close friend and colleague, said kennedy spent his life fighting for justice for all. " the issue was people in the shadows, people who don ' t have lawyers and lobbyists, people who don ' t have advocates, " said dodd, d - connecticut. " and so his biggest issue were those millions of people - - and that includes everyone, because everyone at some point or another in our lives needs an advocate. and you never could have a better one than ted kennedy. when he was in your corner, he was in it forever. " kennedy made life different - - and better, lewis said. " during the ' 60s, i saw those signs that said ' white men, colored men ; white women, colored women ; white waiting, colored waiting. ' he helped to bring those signs down. " for many, it was fitting that kennedy became an early supporter of obama ' s presidential campaign, reaching out to all the groups he championed in the past to carry his civil rights legacy to the future. " the work begins


do schools begin too early? the effect of start times on student achievement what time should the school day begin? school start times vary considerably, both across the nation and within individual communities, with some schools beginning earlier than 7 : 30 a. m. and others after 9 : 00 a. m. districts often stagger the start times of different schools in order to reduce transportation costs by using fewer buses. but if beginning the school day early in the morning has a negative impact on academic performance, staggering start times may not be worth the cost savings. proponents of later start times, who have received considerable media attention in recent years, argue that many students who have to wake up early for school do not get enough sleep and that beginning the school day at a later time would boost their achievement. a number of school districts have responded by delaying the start of their school day, and a 2005 congressional resolution introduced by rep. zoe lofgren ( d - ca ) recommended that secondary schools nationwide start at 9 : 00 or later. despite this attention, there is little rigorous evidence directly linking school start times and academic performance. in this study, i use data from wake county, north carolina, to examine how start times affect the performance of middle school students on standardized tests. i find that delaying school start times by one hour, from roughly 7 : 30 to 8 : 30, increases standardized test scores by at least 2 percentile points in math and 1 percentile point in reading. the effect is largest for students with below - average test scores, suggesting that later start times would narrow gaps in student achievement. the primary rationale given for start times affecting academic performance is biological. numerous studies, including those published by elizabeth baroni and her colleagues in 2004 and by fred danner and barbara phillips in 2008, have found that earlier start times may result in fewer hours of sleep, as students may not fully compensate for earlier rising times with earlier bedtimes. activities such as sports and work, along with family and social schedules, may make it difficult for students to adjust the time they go to bed. in addition, the onset of puberty brings two factors that can make this adjustment particularly difficult for adolescents : an increase in the amount of sleep needed and a change in the natural timing of the sleep cycle. hormonal changes, in particular, the secretion of melatonin, shift the natural circadian rhythm of adolescents, making it increasingly difficult for them to fall asleep early in the evening. lack of sleep, in turn, can interfere with learning. a


population has grown, the school district has changed the start times for many individual schools in order to maintain a balanced bus schedule, generating differences in start times for the same school in different years. the only nationally representative dataset that records school start times indicates that, as of 2001, the median middle - school student in the u. s. began school at 8 : 00. more than one - quarter of students begin school at 8 : 30 or later, while more than 20 percent begin at 7 : 45 or earlier. in other words, middle school start times are somewhat earlier in wake county than in most districts nationwide. the typical wake county student begins school earlier than more than 90 percent of american middle - school students. data and methods the data used in this study come from two sources. first, administrative data for every student in north carolina between 2000 and 2006 were provided by the north carolina education research data center. the data contain detailed demographic variables for each student as well as end - of - grade test scores in reading and math. i standardize the raw test scores by assigning each student a percentile score, which indicates performance relative to all north carolina students who took the test in the same grade and year. the second source of data is the start times for each wake county public school, which are recorded annually and were provided by the wcpss transportation department. about 39 percent of wcpss students attended magnet schools between 2000 and 2006. since buses serving magnet schools must cover a larger geographic area, ride times tend to be longer for magnet school students. as a result, almost all magnet schools during the study period began at the earliest start time. because magnet schools start earlier and enroll students who tend to have higher test scores, i exclude magnet schools from my main analysis. my results are very similar if magnet school students are included. the data allow me to use several different methods to analyze the effect of start times on student achievement. first, i compare the reading and math scores of students in schools that start earlier to the scores of similar students at later - starting schools. specifically, i control for the student ’ s race, limited english status, free or reduced - price lunch eligibility, years of parents ’ education, and whether the student is academically gifted or has a learning disability. i also control for the characteristics of the school, including total enrollment, pupil - to - teacher ratio, racial composition, percentage of students eligible for free lunch, and percentage of returning students. this approach compares students with similar characteristics who attend schools that are similar


also control for the characteristics of the school, including total enrollment, pupil - to - teacher ratio, racial composition, percentage of students eligible for free lunch, and percentage of returning students. this approach compares students with similar characteristics who attend schools that are similar, except for the fact that some schools start earlier and others start later. the results produced by this first approach could be misleading, however, if middle schools with later start times differ from other schools in unmeasured ways. for example, it could be the case that more - motivated principals lobby the district to receive a later start time and also employ other strategies that boost student achievement. if that were the case, then i might find that schools with later start times have higher test scores, even if start times themselves had no causal effect. to deal with this potential problem, my second approach focuses on schools that changed their start times during the study period. fourteen of the district ’ s middle schools changed their start times, including seven schools that changed their start times by 30 minutes or more. this enables me to compare the test scores of students who attended a particular school to the test scores of students who attended the same school in a different year, when it had an earlier or later start time. for example, this method would compare the test scores of students at a middle school that had a 7 : 30 start time from 1999 to 2003 to the scores of students at the same school when it had an 8 : 00 start time from 2004 to 2006. i still control for all of the student and school characteristics mentioned earlier. as a final check on the accuracy of my results, i perform analyses that compare the achievement of individual students to their own achievement in a different year in which the middle school they attended started at a different time. for example, this method would compare the scores of 7th graders at a school with a 7 : 30 start time in 2003 to the scores of the same students as 8th graders in 2004, when the school had a start time of 8 : 00. as this suggests, this method can only be used for the roughly 28 percent of students in my sample whose middle school changed its start time while they were enrolled. my first method compares students with similar characteristics who attend schools that are similar except for having different start times. the results indicate that a one - hour delay in start time increases standardized test scores on both math and reading tests by roughly 3 percentile points. as noted above, however, these results could be biased by unmeasured differences between early - and late - starting


that a one - hour delay in start time increases standardized test scores on both math and reading tests by roughly 3 percentile points. as noted above, however, these results could be biased by unmeasured differences between early - and late - starting schools ( or the students who attend them ). using my second method, which mitigates this bias by following the same schools over time as they change their start times, i find a 2. 2 - percentile - point improvement in math scores and a 1. 5 - point improvement in reading scores associated with a one - hour change in start time. my second method controls for all school - level characteristics that do not change over time. however, a remaining concern is that the student composition of schools may change. for example, high - achieving students in a school that changed to an earlier start time might transfer to private schools. to address this issue, i estimate the impact of later start times using only data from students who experience a change in start time while remaining in the same school. among these students, the effect of a one - hour later start time is 1. 8 percentile points in math and 1. 0 point in reading ( see figure 1 ). these estimated effects of changes in start times are large enough to be substantively important. for example, the effect of a one - hour later start time on math scores is roughly 14 percent of the black - white test - score gap, 40 percent of the gap between those eligible and those not eligible for free or reduced - price lunch, and 85 percent of the gain associated with an additional year of parents ’ education. the benefits of a later start time in middle school appear to persist through at least the 10th grade. all students in north carolina are required to take the high school comprehensive test at the end of 10th grade. the comprehensive exam measures growth in reading and math since the end of grade 8 and is similar in format to the end - of - grade tests taken in grades 3 – 8. controlling for the start time of their high school, i find that students whose middle school started one hour later when they were in 8th grade continue to score 2 percentile points higher in both math and reading when tested in grade 10. i also looked separately at the effect of later start times for lower - scoring and higher - scoring students. the results indicate that the effect of a later start time in both math and reading is more than twice as large for students in the bottom third of the test - score distribution than for students in the top third


lower - scoring and higher - scoring students. the results indicate that the effect of a later start time in both math and reading is more than twice as large for students in the bottom third of the test - score distribution than for students in the top third. the larger effect of start times on low - scoring students suggests that delaying school start times may be an especially relevant policy change for school districts trying to meet minimum competency requirements ( such as those mandated in the no child left behind act ). why do start times matter? the typical explanation for why later start times might increase academic achievement is that by starting school later, students will get more sleep. as students enter adolescence, hormonal changes make it difficult for them to compensate for early school start times by going to bed earlier. because students enter adolescence during their middle - school years, examining the effect of start times as students age allows me to test this theory. if the adolescent hormone explanation is true, the effect of school start times should be larger for older students, who are more likely to have begun puberty. i therefore separate the students in my sample by years of age and estimate the effect of start time on test scores separately for each group. in both math and reading, the start - time effect is roughly the same for students age 11 and 12, but increases for those age 13 and is largest for students age 14 ( see figure 2 ). this pattern is consistent with the adolescent hormone theory. to further investigate how the effect of later start times varies with age, i estimate the effect of start times on upper elementary students ( grades 3 – 5 ). if adolescent hormones are the mechanism through which start times affect academic performance, preadolescent elementary students should not be affected by early start times. i find that start times in fact had no effect on elementary students. however, elementary schools start much later than middle schools ( more than half of elementary schools begin at 9 : 15, and almost all of the rest begin at 8 : 15 ). as a result, it is not clear if there is no effect because start times are not a factor in the academic performance of prepubescent students, or because the schools start much later and only very early start times affect performance. of course, increased sleep is not the only possible reason later - starting middle - school students have higher test scores. students in early - starting schools could be more likely to skip breakfast. because they also get out of school earlier, they could spend more ( or less ) time playing sports, watching television,


later - starting middle - school students have higher test scores. students in early - starting schools could be more likely to skip breakfast. because they also get out of school earlier, they could spend more ( or less ) time playing sports, watching television, or doing homework. they could be more likely to be absent, tardy, or have behavioral problems in school. other explanations are possible as well. while my data do not allow me to explore all possible mechanisms, i am able to test several of them. i find that students who start school one hour later watch 12 fewer minutes of television per day and spend 9 minutes more on homework per week, perhaps because students who start school later spend less time at home alone. students who start school earlier come home from school earlier and may, as a result, spend more time at home alone and less time at home with their parents. if students watch television when they are home alone and do their homework when their parents are home, this behavior could explain why students who start school later have higher test scores. in other words, it may be that it is not so much early start times that matter but rather early end times. previous research tends to find that students in early - starting schools are more likely to be tardy to school and to be absent. in wake county, students who start school one hour later have 1. 3 fewer absences than the typical student — a reduction of about 25 percent. fewer absences therefore may also explain why later - starting students have higher test scores : students who have an early start time miss more school and could perform worse on standardized tests as a result. later school start times have been touted as a way to increase student performance. there has not, however, been much empirical evidence supporting this claim or calculating how large an effect later start times might have. my results indicate that delaying the start times of middle schools that currently open at 7 : 30 by one hour would increase math and reading scores by 2 to 3 percentile points, an impact that persists into at least the 10th grade. these results suggest that delaying start times may be a cost - effective method of increasing student performance. since the effect of later start times is stronger for the lower end of the distribution of test scores, later start times may be particularly effective in meeting accountability standards that require a minimum level of competency. if elementary students are not affected by later start times, as my data suggest ( albeit not definitively ), it may be possible to increase test scores for middle school students at no cost


in meeting accountability standards that require a minimum level of competency. if elementary students are not affected by later start times, as my data suggest ( albeit not definitively ), it may be possible to increase test scores for middle school students at no cost by having elementary schools start first. alternatively, the entire schedule could be shifted later into the day. however, these changes may pose other difficulties due to child - care constraints for younger students and jobs and afterschool activities for older students. another option would be to eliminate tiered busing schedules and have all schools begin at the same time. a reasonable estimate of the cost of moving start times later is the additional cost of running a single - tier bus system. the wcpss transportation department estimates that over the 10 - year period from 1993 to 2003, using a three - tiered bus system saved roughly $ 100 million in transportation costs. with approximately 100, 000 students per year divided into three tiers, it would cost roughly $ 150 per student each year to move each student in the two earliest start - time tiers to the latest start time. in comparison, an experimental study of class sizes in tennessee finds that reducing class size by one - third increases test scores by 4 percentile points in the first year at a cost of $ 2, 151 per student per year ( in 1996 dollars ). these calculations, while very rough, suggest that delaying the beginning of the school day may produce a comparable improvement in test scores at a fraction of the cost. finley edwards is visiting assistant professor of economics at colby college. sign up to receive notification when the latest issue of education next is posted in the meantime check the site regularly for new articles, blog postings, and reader comments


set aside what may have been portrayed about bullying on family - hour television. data being collected about the longstanding behavior indicates it is not a conflict. it ’ s victimization. “ make no mistake. bullying is out there ( in surry county ), ” said kimberly spencer, a behavioral health counselor for northern pediatrics with more than 15 years experience working with families and individuals in outpatient, inpatient and community mental health treatment facilities. she explained the unwanted, aggressive behavior among school - aged children is repeated or has the potential to be repeated over time. “ at its core, the definition of bullying is an imbalance of power either real or perceived, ” said spencer. “ kids who bully use their strength, for instance, to physically control someone ’ s behavior or use access to embarrassing information to control someone and it ’ s not just one person, it is a pattern. ” spencer said the topic of bullying is an umbrella subject with other issues including date violence and cyber bullying falling interconnected with it. she explained that cyber bullying is where a person uses social media on the internet such as facebook and my space and controls someone by posting pictures and status information to control another. she said social media users need to be aware how information they post about themselves could be used against them later on. some information also can be obtained by pedophiles resulting in physical harm to children. “ parents should be aware of all social media used by their children, ” said spencer. “ they should have access to all their children ’ s social accounts and use the parental controls on their computers. ” she said one important source of information about bullying is the website www. stopbullying. gov. spencer said times also have changed regarding date violence. now this violence can affect boys as well as girls. “ girls can be abusers as well as boys, ” said spencer, who added data indicates this behavior is remaining prevalent just like other forms of bullying. spencer said one helpful website to gain more information on date violence is www. loveisrespect. com. she said often victims of date violence don ’ t have to have physical marks like bruises. she said issues concerning her are school systems using only zero tolerance policies and conflict resolution and peer mediation as a means to stop bullying. zero tolerance policies suspend or expel children who bully others. spencer said this may be necessary but only in a small number of cases and should not be a standard prevention policy. spencer cited recent surveys of elementary and middle school students that show about one in five students


policies suspend or expel children who bully others. spencer said this may be necessary but only in a small number of cases and should not be a standard prevention policy. spencer cited recent surveys of elementary and middle school students that show about one in five students admit to occasionally bullying their peers. she said the threat of expulsion or suspension may discourage children and adults from reporting bullying. often bullying is an indicator of poor role models in the home and suspension just sends bullies back into an environment encouraging bad behavior. she indicated conflict resolution and peer mediation, common strategies for dealing with issues between students, are misdirected because it sends the wrong message to students that both parties are partly right or wrong. “ the message should be that no one deserves to be bullied, ” said spencer. “ the message for children who bully should be their behavior is inappropriate and must stop. ” spencer also said mediation may upset victims because facing the child who bullied them may make them feel worse. she said group treatment for children who bully also can have the opposite effect because group members tend to serve as role models and reinforce bullying behavior as the group becomes like a gang. she said she favors using comprehensive plans where school staff model correct behavior and are trained on spotting, reporting and preventing bullying. “ my concern is that school systems educate their staff about preventing bullying and how to report it so victims don ’ t get victimized again, ” said spencer. “ it ’ s important that parents show in a healthy way they value their children ’ s opinions. not allowing children to run the house but making sure they have a say in age appropriate activities. ” she also favors assertiveness training for victims. “ this cuts down on victimization when children feel good about themselves, ” continued spencer. “ another powerful thing is bystanders to bullying not just walk away. there is power in numbers in defense of a person being bullied. don ’ t give a bully an audience. be a part of helping the victim get away and reporting it to responsible adults and not just watching. ” spencer said teachers, who typically rush in and separate the children to keep them from harm, must be aware of modeling correct behaviors. she said an example of this is not yelling at someone to stop yelling. surry county schools director of elementary curriculum and instruction jennifer scott and mount airy city schools assistant superintendent bryan taylor confirm both systems use positive behavior support to change the culture in schools with the goal to prevent bullying. “ bullying in the mount airy school system is taken very seriously, ”


constitution of malta | this article is part of the series : politics and government of the current constitution of malta was adopted as a legal order on september 21, 1964, and is the self - declared supreme law of the land. therefore, any law or action in violation of the constitution is null and void. being a rigid constitution, it has a three - tier entrenchment basis in order for any amendments to take place. constitutional development since independence the constitution has been amended twenty - four times, most recently in 2007 with the entrenchment of the office of the ombudsman. the constitution is typically called the constitution of malta and replaced the 1961 constitution, dating from october 24, 1961. george borg olivier was its main instigator and negotiator. under its 1964 constitution, malta became a parliamentary democracy within the british commonwealth. queen elizabeth ii was sovereign of malta, and a governor general exercised executive authority on her behalf, while the actual direction and control of the government and the nation ' s affairs were in the hands of the cabinet under the leadership of a maltese prime minister. on december 13, 1974, the constitution was revised, and malta became a republic within the commonwealth, with executive authority vested in a maltese president. the president is appointed by parliament. in turn, the president appoints as prime minister the leader of the party that wins a majority of parliamentary seats in a general election for the unicameral house of representatives. the president also nominally appoints, upon recommendation of the prime minister, the individual ministers to head each of the government departments. the cabinet is selected from among the members of the house of representatives. the constitution provides for general elections to be held at least every five years. candidates are elected by the single transferable vote system. the entire territory is divided into thirteen electoral districts each returning five mps to a total of 65. since 1987, in case a party obtains an absolute majority of votes without achieving a parliamentary majority a mechanism in the constitution provides for additional seats to that party to achieve a parliamentary majority ( act iv of 1987 ). to date this mechanism, intended to counteract gerrymandering, came into effect twice : for the sixth and the eight parliaments. a similar mechanism was introduced in 1996 so that additional seats would be given to that party obtaining a relative majority of votes but not a parliamentary majority with only two parties achieving parliamentary representation. this mechanism was first applied in the 2008 general election. the nature of the constitution the independence constitution of malta of 1964 established malta as a


given to that party obtaining a relative majority of votes but not a parliamentary majority with only two parties achieving parliamentary representation. this mechanism was first applied in the 2008 general election. the nature of the constitution the independence constitution of malta of 1964 established malta as a liberal parliamentary democracy. it safeguarded the fundamental human rights of citizens, and forced a separation between the executive, judicial and legislative powers, with regular elections based on universal suffrage. this constitution was developed through constitutional history and its evolution. the constitutions of malta fell under three main categories. these were : - those over which the british possessed total power ; - the intermediate genres of constitutions ( 1921 - 1947 ), where malta had self government ( the 1961 constitution was very similar to these constitutions ) ; - the independence constitution of 1964. on july 27, 1960, the secretary of state for the colonies declared to the british house of commons the wish of her majesty ’ s government to reinstate representative government in malta and declare that it was now time to work out a new constitution where elections could be held as soon as it was established. the secretary, iain macleod, also notified the house of the appointment of a constitutional commission, under the chairmanship of sir hilary blood, to devise thorough constitutional schemes after consultation with representatives of the maltese people and local interests. the commissioners presented their report on december 5, 1960. the report was published on march 8, 1961. that same day, the secretary of state declared to the house of commons that her majesty ’ s government had taken a decision. the commissioner ’ s constitutional recommendations to be the basis for the subsequent malta constitution were to be granted. the 1961 constitution was also known as the blood constitution. it was enclosed in the malta constitution order in council 1961 and it was completed on 24 october of that same year. the statement that the order makes provision for a new constitution where malta is given self - government is found on the final page of the order in council. the 1961 constitution provided the backbone for the independence constitution. a date was provided to guarantee this legal continuity. an indispensable characteristic of this constitution is the substitution of the diarchic system, which was no longer practicable, by system of only one government, the government of malta, with full legislative and executive powers. at that time malta was still a colony and responsibility for defence and external affairs were referred to her majesty ’ s government. there was a clear indication that the road towards independence continued and now was at a highly developed stage. it is imperative to recognise that the 1961


time malta was still a colony and responsibility for defence and external affairs were referred to her majesty ’ s government. there was a clear indication that the road towards independence continued and now was at a highly developed stage. it is imperative to recognise that the 1961 constitution established most of the features of the 1964 constitution. the british recognised malta as a state. another important characteristic of this constitution was an innovative introduction of a chapter covering the safeguarding of fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. this is fairly significant because fundamental human rights are a protection for the individual by the state. in the 1961 constitution, fundamental human rights and freedoms are found in chapter iv. the protection of freedom of movement was introduced only in the 1964 constitution. the declaration of rights of the inhabitants of the islands of malta and gozo dated june 15, 1802, gives a collective declaration of rights. the 1961 constitution gave birth to what was recognised as a parliament in the 1964 independence constitution. the cabinet had the general direction and management of the government of malta. it consisted of the prime minister. the prime minister alone might summon it and it was this office which presided over it. not more than seven other ministers were members of the legislative assembly, and they were collectively responsible to it. this was one of the first attempts to restate some of the more important british constitutional conventions in the constitution. in the exercise of his powers, the governor was to act on the advice of the cabinet, except where he was directed to act in his discretion or on the recommendation or advice of a person other than the cabinet. three elections of the promulgation of the 1961 constitution existed. this constitution included the presence of a cabinet for the first time in malta. the legislature was unicameral. the legislative assembly ’ s normal life span was of four years. it consisted of fifty members and they were elected by universal suffrage from ten electoral divisions on the system of proportional representation by the single transferable vote. the 1961 constitution constructed a firm foundation for a future achievement of independence. when in 1964 malta did in fact become independent, because the government chose to avoid breaking all ties with the united kingdom, there was legal continuity of the legislation, as a result of which parliament remained functional. to a certain extent the same situation existed as regards to the legislation by the british parliament for malta. the malta independence order itself developed into the subject of an entrenchment, since here it is declared that this evolved into an extension to the 1961 constitution even in the sense of an amendment. even though malta acquired independence, there was


for malta. the malta independence order itself developed into the subject of an entrenchment, since here it is declared that this evolved into an extension to the 1961 constitution even in the sense of an amendment. even though malta acquired independence, there was an ongoing presence of continuity. one of them is the monarchy pre - 1964 and prior 1964. the malta independence order 1964 was subject to the malta independence act of that same year and it is a document that holds the chief regulations that govern the constitution of a state. this document is supreme over each and every other document and all legislation is subject to it. throughout malta ' s constitutional history, the nation acquired its own constitution, and to a certain extent, the independence constitution is made up of certain principles that arose for the first time in previous constitutions. it can be said that the independence constitution has evolved from the constitution which preceded it. but one must not ignore the fact that changes have taken place in this process of evolution. the statement that the 1964 constitution is in fact a replica of the 1961 constitution with sovereignty added might be criticised by saying that some factors differ between the two constitutions. the 1964 constitution is not merely what can be defined as an improvement. it is more like another stepping - stone in constitutional history being the final step in a long series of constitutions. in fact, even though it may seem that some provisions were altered from the 1961 constitution to the 1964 constitution, some of those provisions remained unchanged until the amendments of the 1964 constitution were made. the malta independence order, 1964, as amended by acts : - xli of 1965, xxxvii of 1966 - ix of 1967 - xxvi of 1970 - xlvii of 1972 - lvii, lviii of 1974 - xxxviii of 1976 - x of 1977 - xxix of 1979 - iv of 1987 - xxiii of 1989 - proclamations nos. ii and vi of 1990 - acts xix of 1991 - ix of 1994 - proclamations iv of 1995 and iii of 1996 - acts : xi of 1996, xvi of 1997 - acts : iii of 2000 and xiii of 2001 past constitutions malta has had numerous past constitutions. - the 1813 constitution - the 1835 constitution - the 1849 constitution - the 1887 constitution - the 1903 constitution - the 1921 constitution - the 1936 constitution - the 1939 constitution - the 1947 constitution - the 1959 constitution - the 1961 constitution further reading - frendo, henry, the origins of maltese statehood - a case study of decolonization in the mediterranean - malta : peg


constitution - the 1936 constitution - the 1939 constitution - the 1947 constitution - the 1959 constitution - the 1961 constitution further reading - frendo, henry, the origins of maltese statehood - a case study of decolonization in the mediterranean - malta : peg publications, isbn 99932 - 0 - 015 - 8. see also - supplement of the malta government gazette, no. 11688 of september 18, 1964 - supplement of the government gazette 31 october 1961 no. 11, 346 - section 2 : 1961 constitution – “ the state of malta ” - articles 5 - 17 : 1961 constitution - article 45 : 1961 constitution - article 50 : malta independence order - j. j. cremona - the maltese constitution and constitutional history since 1813 ( publishers enterprises group ltd ( peg ) – 1994 ) isbn 99909 - 0 - 086 - 8 - royal instructions of july 16, 1813, ( c. o. 159 / 4 ) as supplemented by despatch at pp 124 - 125, infra - cremona, j. j, the malta constitution of 1835 and its historical background ( malta, 1959 ), ( appendix ) - ordinances and other official acts published by the government of malta and its dependencies, malta, 1853, vol x, pp70 - 77 - law, letters patent and other papers in relation to the constitution of the council of fovernment of malta, malta, g. p. o., 1889, pp 113 - 132 - malta government gazette no. 4603, june 22, 1903, pp 614 - 621 - malta government gazette no. 6389, may 4, 1921, pp 326 - 366 - malta government gazette no. 8206, september 2, 1936, pp 804 - 812 - malta government gazette no. 8534, february 25, 1939, pp 244 - 257 - the malta constitution 1947, malta, g. p. o. 1947 - the malta ( constitution ) order in council 1959, malta, department of information, 1959 - the malta constitution 1961, malta, department of information, 1961 | wikisource has original text related to this article : | - il - kostituzzjoni tar - repubblika maltija ministeru tal - gustizzja u l - intern. ( maltese ) - the constitution of the republic of malta ministry for justice and home affairs. ( english ) - the constitution of the republic of malta ministry for justice and home affairs. ( english )


nahum ( pron. : / / or / / ; hebrew : נחום nahum ) was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the hebrew bible. his book comes in chronological order between micah and habakkuk in the bible. he wrote about the end of the assyrian empire, and its capital city, nineveh, in a vivid poetic style. little is known about nahum ’ s personal history. his name means " comforter, " and he was from the town of alqosh, ( nah 1 : 1 ) which scholars have attempted to identify with several cities, including the modern ` alqush of assyria and capharnaum of northern galilee. he was a very nationalistic hebrew however and lived amongst the elkoshites in peace. nahum ' s writings could be taken as prophecy or as history. one account suggests that his writings are a prophecy written in about 615 bc, just before the downfall of assyria, while another account suggests that he wrote this passage as liturgy just after its downfall in 612 bc. the book was introduced in calvin ' s commentary as a complete and finished poem : no one of the minor prophets seems to equal the sublimity, the vehemence and the boldness of nahum : besides, his prophecy is a complete and finished poem ; his exordium is magnificent, and indeed majestic ; the preparation for the destruction of nineveh, and the description of its ruin, and its greatness, are expressed in most vivid colors, and possess admirable perspicuity and fulness. — rev. john owen, translator, calvin ' s commentary on jonah, micah, nahum nahum, taking words from moses himself, have shown in a general way what sort of " being god is ". the reformation theologian calvin argued, nahum painted god by which his nature must be seen, and " it is from that most memorable vision, when god appeared to moses after the breaking of the tables. " the tomb of nahum is supposedly inside the synagogue at alqosh, although there are other places outside iraq that lay claim also to being the original “ elkosh ” from which nahum hailed. alquosh was abandoned by its jewish population in 1948, when they were expelled, and the synagogue that purportedly houses the tomb is in a poor structural state, to the extent that the tomb itself is in danger of destruction. the tomb underwent basic repairs in 1796. when all jews were compelled to flee alq


they were expelled, and the synagogue that purportedly houses the tomb is in a poor structural state, to the extent that the tomb itself is in danger of destruction. the tomb underwent basic repairs in 1796. when all jews were compelled to flee alqosh in 1948, the iron keys to the tomb were handed to a chaldean man by the name of sami jajouhana. few jews visit the historic site, yet jajouhana continues to keep the promise he made with his jewish friends, and looks after the tomb. a team of us / uk construction engineers, led by huw thomas, is currently planning ways to save the building and the tomb. money has been allocated for proposed renovation in 2008. liturgical commemoration the prophet nahum is venerated as a saint in eastern christianity. on the eastern orthodox liturgical calendar, his feast day is december 1 ( for those churches which follow the traditional julian calendar, december 1 currently falls on december 14 of the modern gregorian calendar ). he is commemorated with the other minor prophets in the calendar of saints of the armenian apostolic church on july 31. - " the chronology of biblical prophets ", adapted from hauer, c. e. & young, w. a., an introduction to the bible : a journey into three worlds, p. 123, englewood cliffs, nj : prentice - hall, 1994 - introduction to nahum at the international bible society website - nahum at the catholic encyclopedia - heaton, e. w., a short introduction to the old testament prophets, p. 35, oneworld publications, p. o. box 830, 21 broadway, rockport, na 01966, isbn 1 - 85168 - 114 - 0 - nahum at aboutbibleprophecy. com - " commentaries on twelve minor prophets ". - calvin ; commentary on jonah, micah, nahum http : / / onetenthblog. wordpress. com / readings / 780 - 2 / - chaldean man keeps promise with jewish friends - renovation - al qush synagogue and the tomb of nahum at tombofnahum. com - great synaxaristes : ( greek ) ο προφητης ναουμ. 1 δεκεμβριου. μεγασ συναξαριστησ. - prophet nahum. oca - feasts and saints. - december 1. the roman martyrology. | wikisource has original text


in 1779, ludd is supposed to have broken two stocking frames in a fit of rage. after this incident, attacks on the frames were jokingly blamed on ludd. when the " luddites " emerged in the 1810s, his identity was appropriated to become the folkloric character of captain ludd, also known as king ludd or general ludd, the luddites ' alleged leader and founder. supposedly, ludd was a weaver from anstey, near leicester. in 1779, either after being whipped for idleness, or after being taunted by local youths, he smashed two knitting frames in what was described as a " fit of passion ". this story is traceable to an article in the nottingham review on 20 december 1811, but there is no independent evidence of its truth. john blackner ' s book history of nottingham, also published in 1811, provides a variant tale, of a lad called " ludnam " who was told by his father, a framework - knitter, to " square his needles ". ludnam took a hammer and " beat them into a heap ". news of the incident spread, and whenever frames were sabotaged, people would jokingly say " ned ludd did it ". nothing more is known about the life of ludd. by 1812, the organized frame - breakers who became known as the luddites had begun using the name king ludd or captain ludd for their mythical leader. letters and proclamations were signed by " ned ludd ". in popular culture - the character of ned ludd is commemorated in the folk ballad " general ludd ' s triumph. " chumbawamba recorded a version of this song on their 2003 release, english rebel songs 1381 – 1984. - robert calvert wrote and recorded another song " ned ludd, " which appeared on his 1985 album freq ; which includes the lyrics : they said ned ludd was an idiot boy that all he could do was wreck and destroy, and he turned to his workmates and said : death to machines they tread on our future and they stamp on our dreams. - steeleye span ' s 2006 album bloody men has a five - part section on the subject of ned ludd. - the heaven shall burn song " the final march " has a direct reference to captain ludd. - alt - country band the gourds affectionately refer to ned ludd as " uncle ned " in the song " luddite juice " off their 2009 release, hay


song " the final march " has a direct reference to captain ludd. - alt - country band the gourds affectionately refer to ned ludd as " uncle ned " in the song " luddite juice " off their 2009 release, haymaker. - the scottish folk musician alasdair roberts sings of ned ludd in his song " ned ludd ' s rant ( for world rebarbarised ) " on his 2009 album, spoils. - theo simon has written a song entitled " ned ludd ", commemorating the machine - breakers of 1811 - 13 and praising current direct action protest as a continuation of his ethos. - san diego punk band the night marchers included a song called " ned lud " on their 2013 release " allez, allez. " - edmund cooper ' s alternative - history the cloud walker is set in a world where the luddite ethos has given rise to a religious hierarchy which dominates english society and sets carefully prescribed limits on technology. a hammer – the tool supposedly used by ned ludd – is a religious symbol, and ned ludd is seen as a divine, messianic figure. - the novel the monkey wrench gang ( 1975 ), by edward abbey, is dedicated to ned ludd. - anne finger wrote a collection of short stories titled call me ahab about famous disabled historical and literary figures, which included the story " our ned " about ned ludd. - ecodefense : a field guide to monkeywrenching was published by ned ludd books. much of the content came from the " dear ned ludd " column in the newsletter of the group earth first!. see also - anstey at welcome to leicester ( visitoruk. com ) according to this source, " a half - witted anstey lad, ned ludlam or ned ludd, gave his name to the luddites, who in the 1800s followed his earlier example by smashing machinery in protest against the industrial revolution. " - palmer, roy ( 1998 ) the sound of history : songs and social comment, oxford university press, isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 215890 - 1, p. 103 - chambers, robert ( 2004 ) book of days : a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar, part 1, kessinger, isbn 978 - 0 - 7661 - 8338 - 4, p. 357 - hammond, j. l. ; hammond, barbara ( 1919 ), the skilled labour


violence against women act the violence against women act of 1994 ( vawa ) is a united states federal law ( title iv, sec. 40001 - 40703 of the violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994, h. r. 3355 ) signed as pub. l. 103 – 322 by president bill clinton on september 13, 1994. the act provides $ 1. 6 billion toward investigation and prosecution of violent crimes against women, imposes automatic and mandatory restitution on those convicted, and allows civil redress in cases prosecutors chose to leave unprosecuted. the act also establishes the office on violence against women within the department of justice. its coverage extends to male victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. vawa was drafted by the office of senator joe biden ( d - de ), with support from a broad coalition of advocacy groups. the act passed through congress with bipartisan support in 1994, clearing the house by a vote of 235 – 195 and the senate by a vote of 61 – 38, although the following year house republicans attempted to cut the act ' s funding. in the 2000 supreme court case united states v. morrison, a sharply divided court struck down the vawa provision allowing women the right to sue their attackers in federal court. by a 5 – 4 majority, the court overturned the provision as an intrusion on states ' rights. vawa was reauthorized by congress in 2000, and again in december 2005. the act ' s 2012 renewal was opposed by conservative republicans, who objected to extending the act ' s protections to same - sex couples and to provisions allowing battered undocumented individuals to claim, also known as u - visas, temporary visas. in april 2012, the senate voted to reauthorize the violence against women act, and the house subsequently passed its own measure ( omitting provisions of the senate bill that would protect gays, american indians living in reservations, and undocumented individuals who are victims of domestic violence ). reconciliation of the two bills was stymied by procedural measures, leaving the reauthorization in question. the senate ' s 2012 reauthorization of vawa was not brought up for a vote in the house. in february 2013, the senate passed an extension of the violence against women act by a vote of 78 - 22, and the house of representatives passed it by a vote of 286 - 138, with unanimous democratic support and 87 republicans voting in the affirmative. the extension was signed by president barack obama


extension of the violence against women act by a vote of 78 - 22, and the house of representatives passed it by a vote of 286 - 138, with unanimous democratic support and 87 republicans voting in the affirmative. the extension was signed by president barack obama. the world conference on human rights, held in vienna in 1993, and the declaration on the elimination of violence against women in the same year, concluded that civil society and governments have acknowledged that domestic violence is a public health policy and human rights concern. the violence against women act was developed and passed as a result of extensive grassroots efforts in the late 80 ' s and early 1990s, with advocates and professionals from the battered women ' s movement, sexual assault advocates, victim services field, law enforcement agencies, prosecutors ' offices, the courts, and the private bar urging congress to adopt significant legislation to address domestic and sexual violence. since its original passage in 1994, vawa ' s focus has expanded from domestic violence and sexual assault to also include dating violence and stalking. it funds services to protect female adult and teen victims of these crimes, and supports training on these issues, to ensure consistent responses across the country. one of the greatest successes of vawa is its emphasis on a coordinated community response to domestic violence, sex dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking of women ; courts, law enforcement, prosecutors, victim services, and the private bar currently work together in a coordinated effort that had not heretofore existed on the state and local levels. vawa also supports the work of community - based organizations that are engaged in work to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking against women, particularly those groups that provide culturally and linguistically specific services. additionally, vawa provides specific support for work with tribes and tribal organizations to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking against native american women. many grant programs authorized in vawa have been funded by the u. s. congress. the following grant programs, which are administered primarily through the office on violence against women in the u. s. department of justice have received appropriations from congress : - stop grants ( state formula grants ) - transitional housing grants - grants to encourage arrest and enforce protection orders - court training and improvement grants - research on violence against indian women - national tribal sex offender registry - stalker reduction database - federal victim assistants - sexual assault services program - services for rural victims - civil legal assistance for victims - elder abuse grant program - protections and services for disabled victims - combating abuse in public housing - national resource center on


offender registry - stalker reduction database - federal victim assistants - sexual assault services program - services for rural victims - civil legal assistance for victims - elder abuse grant program - protections and services for disabled victims - combating abuse in public housing - national resource center on workplace responses - violence on college campuses grants - safe havens project - engaging men and youth in prevention debate and legal standing the american civil liberties union had originally expressed concerns about the act, saying that the increased penalties were rash, the increased pretrial detention was " repugnant " to the us constitution, the mandatory hiv testing of those only charged but not convicted is an infringement of a citizen ’ s right to privacy and the edict for automatic payment of full restitution was non - judicious ( see their paper : " analysis of major civil liberties abuses in the crime bill conference report as passed by the house and the senate ", dated september 29, 1994 ). however, the aclu has supported reauthorization of vawa on the condition that the " unconstitutional dna provision " be removed. the aclu, in their july 27, 2005 ' letter to the senate judiciary committee regarding the violence against women act of 2005, s. 1197 ' stated that " vawa is one of the most effective pieces of legislation enacted to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. it has dramatically improved the law enforcement response to violence against women and has provided critical services necessary to support women in their struggle to overcome abusive situations. " some activists oppose the bill. a spokeswoman for concerned women for america called the act a " boondoggle " which " creates an ideology that all men are guilty and all women are victims. " conservative activist phyllis schlafly denounced vawa as a tool to " fill feminist coffers " and argued that the act promoted " divorce, breakup of marriage and hatred of men. " in 2000 the supreme court of the united states held part of vawa unconstitutional in united states v. morrison on federalism grounds. only the civil rights remedy of vawa was struck down. the provisions providing program funding were unaffected. in 2011 the law expired. in 2012 the law was up for reauthorization in congress. different versions of the legislation have been passed along party lines in the senate and house, with the republican - sponsored house version favoring the reduction of services to undocumented immigrants and lgbt individuals. another area of contention is giving native american tribal authorities jurisdiction over sex crimes involving non - native americans on tribal lands. this


senate and house, with the republican - sponsored house version favoring the reduction of services to undocumented immigrants and lgbt individuals. another area of contention is giving native american tribal authorities jurisdiction over sex crimes involving non - native americans on tribal lands. this is considered to have constitutional implications as non - tribes people are under the jurisdiction of the united states federal government and granted the protections of the us constitution, protections that tribal courts do not often have. the two bills were pending reconciliation, and a final bill did not reach the president ' s desk before the end of the year, ending the act after 18 years as the 112th congress. in 2013, the question of jurisdiction over offenses in indian country continued to be at issue over the question of whether defendants who are not tribal members would be treated fairly by tribal courts or afforded constitutional guarantees. on february 11, 2013, the senate passed an extension of the violence against women act by a vote of 78 - 22. the measure went to the house of representatives where jurisdiction of tribal courts and inclusion of same - sex couples were expected to be at issue. possible solutions advanced were permitting either removal or appeal to federal courts by non - tribal defendants. the senate had tacked on the trafficking victims protection act which is another bone of contention due to a clause which requires provision of reproductive health services to victims of sex trafficking. on february 28, 2013, in a 286 to 138 vote, the house passed the senate ' s all - inclusive version of the bill. house republicans had previously hoped to pass their own version of the measure — one that substantially weakened the bill ' s protections for certain categories. the stripped down version, which allowed only limited protection for lgbt and native americans, was rejected 257 to 166. the renewed act expanded federal protections to gays, lesbians and transgender individuals, native americans and immigrants. the us conference of catholic bishops opposed the act because it addressed the categories " sexual orientation " and " gender identity ". programs and services the violence against women laws provide programs and services, including : - federal rape shield law. - community violence prevention programs - protections for victims who are evicted from their homes because of events related to domestic violence or stalking - funding for victim assistance services, like rape crisis centers and hotlines - programs to meet the needs of immigrant women and women of different races or ethnicities - programs and services for victims with disabilities - legal aid for survivors of domestic violence see also - domestic violence - international violence against women act - office on violence against women - violence against women - violence against men - article


women of different races or ethnicities - programs and services for victims with disabilities - legal aid for survivors of domestic violence see also - domestic violence - international violence against women act - office on violence against women - violence against women - violence against men - article sec. ( 3 ) ( b ) ( 8 ), violence against women and department of justice reauthorization act of 2005, act no. h. r. 3402 of 2005 ( in english ). retrieved on february 12, 2013. " nonexclusivity. — nothing in this title shall be construed to prohibit male victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking from receiving benefits and services under this title. " - cooper, kenneth ( july 15, 1995 ). " house gop budget cutters try to limit domestic violence programs ". washington post. retrieved april 19, 2012. - bierbauer, charles ( may 18, 2000 ). " supreme court strikes down violence against women act ". cnn. retrieved april 19, 2012. - greenhouse, linda ( may 16, 2000 ). " women lose right to sue attackers in federal court ". new york times. retrieved april 19, 2012. - " president signs h. r. 3402, the " violence against women and department of justice reauthorization act of 2005 " " ( press release ). george w. bush white house archives. january 5, 2006. - weisman, jonathan ( march 14, 2012 ). " women figure anew in senate ’ s latest battle ". new york times. retrieved april 19, 2012. - steinhauer, jennifer ( july 31, 2012 ). " the caucus ; g. o. p. push on domestic violence act ". new york times. retrieved october 13, 2012. - " senate votes to reauthorize violence against women act ". usa today. retrieved 12 february 2013. - " house reauthorizes violence against women act ". npr. retrieved 28 february 2013. - " tell congress to support the violence against women act ". american civil liberties union. archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 06. - " aclu letter to the senate judiciary committee regarding the violence against women act of 2005, s. 1197 ". aclu. july 27, 2005. - united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598, 627 ; " for these reasons, we conclude that congress ' power under § 5 does not extend to the enactment of §


. aclu. july 27, 2005. - united states v. morrison, 529 u. s. 598, 627 ; " for these reasons, we conclude that congress ' power under § 5 does not extend to the enactment of § 13981.... the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed. " ( at end of opinion section iii ) - bolduan, kate ( 16 may 2012 ). " house passes gop version of violence against women act renewal ". cnn ( washington ). - jonathan weisman ( february 10, 2013 ). " measure to protect women stuck on tribal land issue ". the new york times. retrieved february 10, 2013. " if a native american is raped or assaulted by a non - indian, she must plead for justice to already overburdened united states attorneys who are often hundreds of miles away. " - jonathan weisman ( february 12, 2013 ). " senate votes overwhelmingly to expand domestic violence act ". the new york times. retrieved february 13, 2013. - editors, the new york times ( february 15, 2013 ). " renew the violence against women act " ( editorial ). the new york times. retrieved february 16, 2013. " what should be an uncontroversial bill has been held up by republicans over the obama administration ’ s proper insistence that contractors under the act afford victims access to a full range of reproductive health services. " - " vawa victory shows that house gop needs democrats ". the washington post. retrieved 28 february 2013. - " congress sends violence against women act to obama ". usa today. retrieved 28 february 2013. - letrent, sarah ( march 14, 2013 ). " violence against women act shines a light on same - sex abuse ". retrieved may 2, 2013. - " usccb committees express concerns over domestic violence legislation ". united states conference of catholic bishops. march 6, 2013. retrieved may 2, 2013. - factsheet : the violence against women act from the white house. - violence against women act - office on violence against women - privacy provisions of the violence against women act - world health organization multi - country study on women ' s health and domestic violence against women 2005 - vawa 2005 fact sheet - what is the violence against women act, and why is congress playing politics? - violence against women act is on life support


the westerlies, anti - trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, blowing from the high pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the poles. these prevailing winds blow from the west to the east and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner. tropical cyclones which cross the subtropical ridge axis into the westerlies recurve due to the increased westerly flow. the winds are predominantly from the southwest in the northern hemisphere and from the northwest in the southern hemisphere. the westerlies are strongest in the winter hemisphere and times when the pressure is lower over the poles, while they are weakest in the summer hemisphere and when pressures are higher over the poles. the westerlies are particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, or become more north - south oriented, which slows the westerlies down. the strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes can come in the roaring forties, between 40 and 50 degrees latitude. the westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm, equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents, especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse. if the earth were a non - rotating planet, solar heating would cause winds across the mid - latitudes to blow in a poleward direction, away from the subtropical ridge. however, the coriolis effect caused by the rotation of earth causes winds to steer to the right of what would otherwise be expected across the northern hemisphere, and left of what would be expected in the southern hemisphere. this is why winds across the northern hemisphere tend to blow from the southwest, but they tend to be from the northwest in the southern hemisphere. when pressures are lower over the poles, the strength of the westerlies increases, which has the effect of warming the mid - latitudes. this occurs when the arctic oscillation is positive, and during winter low pressure near the poles is stronger than it would be during the summer. when it is negative and pressures are higher over the poles, the flow is more meridional, blowing from the direction of the pole towards the equator, which brings cold air into the mid - latitudes. throughout the year, the westerlies vary in strength with the polar cyclone. as the cyclone reaches its maximum intensity in winter, the westerlies increase in strength. as the cyclone reaches its weakest intensity in summer, the


- latitudes. throughout the year, the westerlies vary in strength with the polar cyclone. as the cyclone reaches its maximum intensity in winter, the westerlies increase in strength. as the cyclone reaches its weakest intensity in summer, the westerlies weaken. an example of the impact of the westerlies is when dust plumes, originating in the gobi desert combine with pollutants and spread large distances downwind, or eastward, into north america. the westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the progression of west to east winds to slow down. in the southern hemisphere, because of the stormy and cloudy conditions, it is usual to refer to the westerlies as the roaring forties, furious fifties and shrieking sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude. impact on ocean currents due to persistent winds from west to east on the poleward sides of the subtropical ridges located in the atlantic and pacific oceans, ocean currents are driven in a similar manner in both hemispheres. the currents in the northern hemisphere are weaker than those in the southern hemisphere due to the differences in strength between the westerlies of each hemisphere. the process of western intensification causes currents on the western boundary of an ocean basin to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary of an ocean. these western ocean currents transport warm, tropical water polewards toward the polar regions. ships crossing both oceans have taken advantage of the ocean currents for centuries. the antarctic circumpolar current ( acc ), or the west wind drift, is an ocean current that flows from west to east around antarctica. the acc is the dominant circulation feature of the southern ocean and, at approximately 125 sverdrups, the largest ocean current. in the northern hemisphere, the gulf stream, part of the north atlantic subtropical gyre, has led to the development of strong cyclones of all types at the base of the westerlies, both within the atmosphere and within the ocean. the kuroshio ( japanese for " black tide " ) is a strong western boundary current in the western north pacific ocean, similar to the gulf stream, which has also contributed to the depth of ocean storms in that region. extratropical cyclones an extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure weather system that has neither tropical nor polar characteristics, being connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as " baroclinic zones ". the descriptor "


extratropical cyclone is a synoptic scale low pressure weather system that has neither tropical nor polar characteristics, being connected with fronts and horizontal gradients in temperature and dew point otherwise known as " baroclinic zones ". the descriptor " extratropical " refers to the fact that this type of cyclone generally occurs outside of the tropics, in the middle latitudes of the planet, where the westerlies steer the system generally from west to east. these systems may also be described as " mid - latitude cyclones " due to their area of formation, or " post - tropical cyclones " where extratropical transition has occurred, and are often described as " depressions " or " lows " by weather forecasters and the general public. these are the everyday phenomena which along with anti - cyclones, drive the weather over much of the earth. although extratropical cyclones are almost always classified as baroclinic since they form along zones of temperature and dewpoint gradient, they can sometimes become barotropic late in their life cycle when the temperature distribution around the cyclone becomes fairly uniform along the radius from the center of low pressure. an extratropical cyclone can transform into a subtropical storm, and from there into a tropical cyclone, if it dwells over warm waters and develops central convection, which warms its core and causes temperature and dewpoint gradients near their centers to fade. interaction with tropical cyclones when a tropical cyclone crosses the subtropical ridge axis, normally through a break in the high - pressure area caused by a system traversing the westerlies, its general track around the high - pressure area is deflected significantly by winds moving towards the general low - pressure area to its north. when the cyclone track becomes strongly poleward with an easterly component, the cyclone has begun recurvature, entering the westerlies. a typhoon moving through the pacific ocean towards asia, for example, will recurve offshore of japan to the north, and then to the northeast, if the typhoon encounters southwesterly winds ( blowing northeastward ) around a low - pressure system passing over china or siberia. many tropical cyclones are eventually forced toward the northeast by extratropical cyclones in this manner, which move from west to east to the north of the subtropical ridge. an example of a tropical cyclone in recurvature was typhoon ioke in 2006, which took a similar trajectory. - robert fitzroy ( 1863 ). the weather book : a manual of practical meteorology. longman, green, longman, roberts, & green.


cyclone in recurvature was typhoon ioke in 2006, which took a similar trajectory. - robert fitzroy ( 1863 ). the weather book : a manual of practical meteorology. longman, green, longman, roberts, & green. p. 63. - glossary of meteorology ( 2009 ). westerlies. american meteorological society. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15. - nathan gasser ( 2000 - 08 - 10 ). solar heating and coriolis forces. university of tennessee at knoxville. retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 31. - ralph stockman tarr and frank morton mcmurry ( 1909 ). advanced geography. w. w. shannon, state printing, pp. 246. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15. - national snow and ice data center ( 2009 ). the arctic oscillation. arctic climatology and meteorology. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 11. - halldor bjornsson ( 2005 ). global circulation. veðurstofu islands. retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 15. - james k. b. bishop, russ e. davis, and jeffrey t. sherman ( 2002 ). " robotic observations of dust storm enhancement of carbon biomass in the north pacific ". science 298. pp. 817 – 821. retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20. - walker, stuart ( 1998 ). the sailor ' s wind. w. w. norton & company. p. 91. isbn 0 - 393 - 04555 - 2, 9780393045550 check - wunsch, carl ( november 8, 2002 ). " what is the thermohaline circulation? ". science 298 ( 5596 ) : 1179 – 1181. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 1079329. pmid 12424356. ( see also rahmstorf. ) - national environmental satellite, data, and information service ( 2009 ). investigating the gulf stream. north carolina state university. retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 06. - ryan smith, melicie desflots, sean white, arthur j. mariano, edward h. ryan ( 2005 ). the antarctic cp current. the cooperative institute for marine and atmospheric studies. retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 11. - s. businger, t. m. graziano, m. l. kaplan, and r. a. rozumalski ( 2004 ). cold - air cyclogenesis along the gulf - stream front :


04 - 11. - s. businger, t. m. graziano, m. l. kaplan, and r. a. rozumalski ( 2004 ). cold - air cyclogenesis along the gulf - stream front : investigation of diabatic impacts on cyclone development, frontal structure, and track. meteorology and atmospheric physics, pp. 65 - 90. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. - david m. roth ( 2000 ). p 1. 43 a fifty year history of subtropical cyclones. american meteorological society. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. - d. k. savidge and j. m. bane ( 1999 ). cyclogenesis in the deep ocean beneath the gulf stream. 1. description. journal of geophysical research, pp. 18111 - 18126. retrieved on 2008 - 09 - 21. - dr. decaria ( 2007 - 05 - 29 ). " esci 241 – meteorology ; lesson 16 – extratropical cyclones ". department of earth sciences, millersville university, millersville, pennsylvania. archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 29. retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31. - robert hart and jenni evans ( 2003 ). " synoptic composites of the extratropical transition lifecycle of north atlantic tcs as defined within cyclone phase space " ( pdf ). american meteorological society. retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03. - ryan n. maue ( 2009 ). chapter 3 : cyclone paradigms and extratropical transition conceptualizations. florida state university. retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 15. - atlantic oceanographic and meteorological laboratory, hurricane research division ( 2004 ). " frequently asked questions : what is an extra - tropical cyclone? ". noaa. retrieved 2006 - 07 - 25. - joint typhoon warning center ( 2009 ). section 2 : tropical cyclone motion terminology. united states navy. retrieved on 2007 - 04 - 10. - powell, jeff, et al. ( may 2007 ). " hurricane ioke : 20 – 27 august 2006 ". 2006 tropical cyclones central north pacific. central pacific hurricane center. retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09.


catholic encyclopedia ( 1913 ) / friar [ from lat. frater, through o. fr. fredre, frere, m. e. frere ; it. frate ( as prefix fra ) ; sp. fraile ( as prefix fray ) ; port. fret ; unlike the other romance languages french has but the one word frere for friar and brother ]. a friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders. use of the word in the early church it was usual for all christians to address each other as fratres or brothers, all being children of the one heavenly father, through christ. later, with the rise and growth of the monastic orders, the appellation began gradually to have a more restricted meaning ; for obviously the bonds of brotherhood were drawn more closely between those who lived under the rule and guidance of one spiritual father, their abbot. the word occurs at an early date in english literature with the signification of brother, and from the end of the thirteenth century it is in frequent use referring to the members of the mendicant orders, e. g. c. 1297, " frere prechors " ( r. glouc. 10105 ) ; c. 1325, " freres of the carme and of saint austin " ( pol. songs, 331 ), c. 1400, " frere meneours " ( maunder, xxxi, 139 ) ; c. 1400, " sakked freres " ( rom. rose ). shakespeare speaks of the " friars of orders gray " ( tam. shr., iv, i, 148 ). the word was also loosely applied to members of monastic and military orders, and at times to the convent of a particular order, and hence to the part of a town in which such a convent had been located. the word friar is to be carefully distinguished in its application from the word monk. for the monk retirement and solitude are undisturbed by the public ministry, unless under exceptional circumstances. his vow of poverty binds him strictly as an individual but in no way affects the right of tenure of his order. in the life of the friar, on the contrary, the exercise of the sacred ministry is an essential feature, for which the life of the cloister is considered as but an immediate preparation. his vow of poverty, too, not only binds him as an individual to the exercise of that virtue, but, originally at least, precluded also the right of tenure in common


of the cloister is considered as but an immediate preparation. his vow of poverty, too, not only binds him as an individual to the exercise of that virtue, but, originally at least, precluded also the right of tenure in common with his brethren. thus originally the various orders of friars could possess no fixed revenues and lived upon the voluntary offerings of the faithful. hence their name of mendicants. this second feature, by which the friar ' s life differs so essentially from that of the monk, has become considerably modified since the council of trent. in session xxv, ch. iii, " de regular. ", all the mendicant orders — the friars minor and capuchins alone excepted — were granted the liberty of corporate possession. the discalced carmelites and the jesuits have availed themselves of this privilege with restrictions ( cf. wernz, jus decretal., iii, pt. ii, 262, note ). it may, however, be pertinently remarked here that the jesuits, though mendicants in the strict sense of the word, as is evident from the very explicit declaration of st. pius v ( const. " cum indefessæ ", 1571 ), are classed not as mendicants or friars, but as clerics regular, being founded with a view to devoting themselves, even more especially than the friars, to the exercise of the sacred ministry ( vermeersch, de relig., i, xii, n. 8 ). orders of friars the orders of friars are usually divided into two classes : the four great orders mentioned by the second council of lyons ( can. xxiii ) and the lesser orders. the four great orders in their legal precedence are : ( 1 ) the dominicans ( st. pius v, const. " divina ", 1568 ) ; ( 2 ) the franciscans ; ( 3 ) the carmelites, ( 4 ) the augustinians. - the dominicans, or friars preachers, formerly known as the black friars, from the black cappa or mantle worn over their white habit, were founded by st. dominic in 1215 and solemnly approved by honorius iii, in dec., 1216. they became a mendicant order in 1221. - the franciscans, or friars minor ( grey friars ), were founded by st. francis of assisi, who is rightly regarded as the patriarch of the mendicant orders. his rule


became a mendicant order in 1221. - the franciscans, or friars minor ( grey friars ), were founded by st. francis of assisi, who is rightly regarded as the patriarch of the mendicant orders. his rule was orally approved by innocent iii in 1209 and solemnly confirmed by honorius iii in 1223 ( const. " solet " ). it is professed by the friars minor, the conventuals, and the capuchins. - the carmelites, or white friars, from the white cloak which covers their brown habit, were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. they received the approbation of honorius iii ( const. " ut vivendi ", 30 jan., 1226 ) and later of innocent iv ( const. " quæ honorem ", 1247 ). the order is divided into two sections, the calced and discalced carmelites. - the augustinians, or hermits of st. augustine ( austin friars ), trace their origin to the illustrious bishop of hippo. the various branches which subsequently developed were united and constituted from various bodies of hermits a mendicant order by alexander iv ( const. " iis, quæ ", 31 july, 1255, and const. " licet ", 4 may, 1256 ). these four orders are called by canonists the quatuor ordines mendicantes de iure communi. the fourth lateran council ( " de relic. dom. ", iii, tit. xxxvi, c. ix ) had forbidden in 1215 the foundation of any new religious orders. in face of this prohibition a sufficient number of new congregations, especially of mendicants, had sprung up to attract the attention of the second council of lyons. in canon xxiii, the council, while specially exempting the four mendicant orders above mentioned, condemns all other mendicant orders then existing to immediate or to gradual extinction. all orders established since the council of lateran, and not approved by the holy see, were to be dissolved at once. those since established with such approval were forbidden to receive new members. the illustrious order of servite, founded in 1233 and approved by alexander iv in 1256 ( const. " deo grata " ), happily survived this condemnation. concerning the four greater orders, the council concludes