10 recommended rounds. redoc ii is interesting in that it uses data masks to select the values in the s - boxes. redoc ii uses a 160 - bit key and works on an 80 - bit block. redoc iii was an attempt to make the painfully slow redoc ii faster. redoc iii, like redoc iii, operates on an 80 - bit block, but can accept keys up to 20480 bits. however, redoc iii falls to differential cryptanalysis, as described in this rijndael is an aes winner by joan daemen and vincent rijmen. the cipher has a variable block and key length, and the authors have demonstrated how to extend the block length and key length by multiples of 32 bits. the design of rijndael was influenced by the square algorithm. the authors provide a rijndael specification and a more theoretical paper on their design principles. the authors have vowed to never patent rijndael. safer was developed by robert massey at the request of cylink corporation. there are several different versions of safer, with 40, 64, and 128 - bit keys. a weakness in the key schedule was corrected, with an s being added to the original safer k designation to create safer sk. there are some attacks against reduced round variants of safer. safer is secure against differential and linear cryptanalysis. however, bruce schneier, author of applied cryptography, recommends against using safer because, " safer was designed for cylink, and cylink is tainted by the nsa. " safer sk - 128 is implemented in kremlin. serpent is an aes submission by ross anderson, eli biham, and lars knudsen. its authors combined the design principles of des with the recent development of bitslicing techniques to create a very secure and very fast algorithm. while bitslicing is generally used to encrypt multiple blocks in parallel, the designers of serpent have embraced the technique of bitslicing and incorporated it into the design of the algorithm itself. serpent uses 128 bit blocks and 256 bit keys. like des, serpent includes an initial and final permutation of no cryptographic significance ; these permutations are used to optimize the data before encryption. serpent was released at the 5th international workshop on fast software encryption. this iteration of serpent was called serpent 0 and used the original des s - boxes. after comments, the key schedule of sperpent was changed slightly and the s - boxes were changed ; this new iteration of serpent


workshop on fast software encryption. this iteration of serpent was called serpent 0 and used the original des s - boxes. after comments, the key schedule of sperpent was changed slightly and the s - boxes were changed ; this new iteration of serpent is called serpent 1. serpent 1 resists both linear and differential attacks. the serpent paper is available here. square is an iterated block cipher that uses a 128 - bit key length and a 128 - bit block length. the round function of square is composed of four transformations : a linear transformation, a nonlinear transformation, a byte permutation, and a bitwise round - key addition. square was designed to be resistant to linear and differential cryptanalysis, and succeeds in this respect. the designers of square have developed an attack on square, but it cannot be extended past 6 rounds. a paper on square is and there are links to the paper and source code on the designers ' web in what surely signals the end of the clipper chip project, the nsa released skipjack, its formerly secret encryption algorithm, to the public. skipjack uses an 80 bit key. a fuzzy scan of the official nsa paper is available here at the nist web site, but it has been transcribed by the folks over at jya. com. a reference implementation ( in c ) is available here, and an optimized version is available here. eli biham and adi shamir have published some initial cryptanalytic results ( which are growing more and more interesting as time progresses ). tiny encryption algorithm ( tea ) tea is a cryptographic algorithm designed to minimize memory footprint, and maximize speed. however, the cryptographers from counterpane systems have discovered three related - key attacks on tea, the best of which requires only 223 chosen plaintexts and one related key query. the problems arise from the overly simple key schedule. each tea key can be found to have three other equivalent keys, as described in a paper by david wagner, john kelsey, and bruce schneier. this precludes the possibility of using tea as a hash function. roger needham and david wheeler have proposed extensions to tea that counter the above attacks. twofish is counterpane systems ' aes submission. designed by the counterpane team ( bruce schneier, john kelsey, doug whiting, david wagner, chris hall, and niels ferguson ), twofish has undergone extensive analysis by the counterpane team. there is a paper available from the twofish web page and source


. sha1 is similar in design to md4. the original published algorithm, known as sha, was modified by nsa to protect against an unspecified attack ; the updated algorithm is named sha1. it produces a 160 - bit digest - - large enough to protect against " birthday " attacks, where two different messages are selected to produce the same signature, for the next decade. the official fips description of sha1 can be found sha1 is implemented in kremlin. snefru is a hash function designed by ralph merkle, the designer of the khufu and khafre encryption algorithms. 2 - round snefru has been broken by eli biham. snefru 2. 5, the latest edition of the hash algorithm, can generate either a 128 - bit or a 256 - bit digest. tiger is a new hash algorithm by ross anderson and eli biham. it is designed to work with 64 - bit processors such as the digital alpha and, unlike md4, does not rely on rotations ( the alpha has no such rotate instruction ). in order to provide drop - in compatibility with other hashes, tiger can generate a 128 - bit, a 160 - bit or a 192 - bit digest. the tiger home page contains more information. want to add to the list of algorithms ( or found a mistake )? please


atp hydrolysis in f1 - atpase why is f1fo - atp synthase so important? f1fo - atp synthase, or atp synthase for short, is one of the most abundant proteins in every organism. it is responsible for synthesizing the molecule adenosine tri - phosphate ( atp ), the cells ’ energy currency. atp is depicted in fig. 1 and used to power and sustain virtually all cellular processes needed to survive and reproduce. even when at rest, the human body metabolizes more than half its body weight in atp per day, this figure rising to many times the body weight under conditions of physical activity. what do we know about f1fo - atp synthase? researchers have been trying to uncover the " secret " behind atp synthase ’ s very efficient mode of operation for quite some time. unfortunately, even after more than 30 years of study, we still don ’ t fully understand how f1fo - atpase really works. the protein consists of two coupled rotary molecular motors, called fo and f1, respectively, the first one being membrane embedded and the latter one being solvent exposed. one of the most important breakthroughs in the field was the determination of an atomic resolution x - ray crystal structure for the f1 part of atp synthase. this allowed researchers, for the first time, to connect biochemical data to the three dimensional structure of the protein ( abrahams et al., nature 370 : 621 - 628, 1994 ). the x - ray structure beautifully supported paul boyer ’ s " binding change mechanism " ( boyer, bioch. bioph. acta 215 - 250, 1993 ) as the modus operandi for atp synthase ’ s rotational catalytic cycle and lead to the 1997 nobel prize in chemistry for boyer and walker. f1 - atpase in its simplest prokaryotic form ( shown schematically in fig. 2 ) consists of a hexameric assembly of alternating α and β subunits arranged in the shape of an orange. the central cavity of the hexamer is occupied by the central stalk formed by subunits γ, δ and ε. due to a lack of high resolution structures for the fo part of atp synthase, much less is known about this subunit. it is currently thought that a transmembrane proton gradient drives rotation of the c - subunit ring of fo which is then coupled to movement of the central stalk. the rotation of the latter eventually causes conformational changes in the catalytic sites located in f1 leading to the synthesis of atp


and the catalytic core region as well as several computational mutation studies identified the " arginine finger " residue αr373 as the most significant element involved in this change in energetics. several important conclusions can be drawn from our simulations : efficient catalysis proceeds via a multi - center proton pathway and a major factor for atpase ’ s efficiency is, therefore, the ability to provide the proper solvent environment by means of its catalytic binding pocket. furthermore, the sidechain of the arginine finger residue αr373 is found to be a major element in signaling between catalytic sites to enforce cooperation since it controls the reaction barrier height as well as the reaction equilibrium of the atp hydrolysis / synthesis reaction. zooming in on atp hydrolysis in f1. markus dittrich and klaus schulten. journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes, 37 : 441 - 444, 2005. atp hydrolysis in the btp and bdp catalytic sites of f1 - atpase. markus dittrich, shigehiko hayashi, and klaus schulten. biophysical journal, 87 : 2954 - 2967, 2004. on the mechanism of atp hydrolysis in f1 - atpase. markus dittrich, shigehiko hayashi, and klaus schulten. biophysical journal, 85 : 2253 - 2266, 2003. other qm / mm projects this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. 0234938. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation.


what it means for you if you follow discussions about the rising costs of serials or the “ crisis ” in scholarly communication, you may have heard the term “ open access ” applied to either journals or publishing in general. and if you are like many people, you can barely keep up with developments in your field, let alone those that may be considered tangential. this article will explain the open access publishing model, and help you understand why it matters to you and how you can participate. open access refers to a publication that meets two conditions according to the bethesda statement on open access publishing. the first condition is that the author ( s ) and / or copyright holder ( s ) of an article grants all readers “ free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access ” to the article as well as the right to “ distribute, transmit and display ” the work with proper attribution of authorship. the second condition is that a complete version of the article be included in a stable online repository set up for the purpose of enabling open access. open access can be the property of an individual article or it can be the policy of a specific journal. in plain language, this means that the authors retain copyrights to their work, so that no second or third party may profit from it, and the work immediately goes into a publicly accessible archive. the goal of the open access movement is to decrease the obstacles between the discovery of scientific information and the application of it to our lives. under the traditional model of publishing, scientific discoveries were published in journals owned and operated by outside parties, who then assumed all copyrights to the articles, and could turn around and profit from them. based on the traditional model, publishers were able to profit from the research of the scientific community by essentially charging scientists for access to their own work via library subscriptions. during the 1980 ’ s and 1990 ’ s, the publishing industry experienced significant consolidation through a flurry of corporate mergers. the result of this was not only diminished diversity in the marketplace, but inflation in journal prices. for example, in 1991 reed - elsevier acquired pergamon, which resulted in a 10 percent price increase for reed - elsevier journals. similar increases have been documented in relation to other mergers. most striking, however, is the fact that between 1986 and 2000 inflation rates for journal subscriptions surpassed that of both college tuition and medical care! inflation in journal prices ultimately sucked money away from other areas of the library budget ; students and faculty suffered as librarians made excruciating decisions


that between 1986 and 2000 inflation rates for journal subscriptions surpassed that of both college tuition and medical care! inflation in journal prices ultimately sucked money away from other areas of the library budget ; students and faculty suffered as librarians made excruciating decisions to cancel journal subscriptions. finally, scientists, consumers, librarians, and other interested parties banded together to figure out how to leverage the flexibility of the internet to their advantage. thus the open access movement was born. the national institutes of health ( nih ) and the national library of medicine have led the movement to make quality information available over the internet. pubmed, the publicly accessible interface for searching medline, became freely available to users worldwide in 1997. this was followed in 1998 by the creation of medlineplus, a consumer oriented website that aims to take the science of pubmed and arrange it in a way that consumers can understand. the use of the internet to provide quality information was taken to a new level in 2003 when the national library of medicine partnered with the american college of physicians - american society of internal medicine foundation to provide clinicians with information prescription pads they could give their patients. the pads contained internet resources culled from medlineplus that patients could use to get more information on their condition. to further the cause of open access, the nih recently introduced proposed rules stating that the results of the research they fund must be disseminated through open access journals and included in pubmed central, the archive they maintain. but the nih initiative is not the only one out there. currently there are many projects underway to help expand access to scholarly research. examples include the directory of open access journals ( doaj ), biomed central, highwire press ( partial open access ), and the public library of science ( plos ). many open access sources include an “ embargo ” period for some journals ; typically a three to six month delay before the articles are available for free. this provision is designed to help publishers retain their competitiveness, as the most recent editions still require payment for use. each of these initiatives includes many journals on a variety of topics. pubmed central alone contains 161 full text open access biomedical journals, all of which meet the criteria for scholarly journals. the embargo period for pubmed central ranges from 0 to 24 months. the doaj archive currently has 60, 090 articles from 1266 journals covering topics from agriculture to zoology. some open access archives, like biomed central, require that authors pay the fees associated with publishing


##med central ranges from 0 to 24 months. the doaj archive currently has 60, 090 articles from 1266 journals covering topics from agriculture to zoology. some open access archives, like biomed central, require that authors pay the fees associated with publishing. if author pay plans become the predominant model for open access journals, it is likely that the cost of publishing will be included in the grant funds. the scholarly publishing and academic resources coalition ( sparc ) is an organization of academic libraries and others who are working together to address and correct publishing “ market dysfunction ”. sparc has helped academic librarians to formulate strategies for dealing with skyrocketing journal prices and the challenge of communicating with faculty about the crisis in publishing. jmu libraries is supporting open access by making a number of open access journal collections available to our students and faculty alongside the rest of the scholarly literature. users can use our periodical locator to search for these titles by choosing the option to “ browse by online collection ” and choosing an open access provider. faculty at jmu can support open access by publishing in, editing for, and peer reviewing for open access journals. while this may be impractical in some cases, we encourage scholars to help support publishers who are making a transition to open access. when evaluating your colleagues ’ tenure and promotion materials, consider inclusion in open access journals as a criterion. preliminary research has shown that articles published in open access journals are cited more often than those published in traditional journals. scholars who intentionally choose open access journals as a means of disseminating their findings are making a significant contribution to society as a whole. additionally, sparc has written an “ author ’ s addendum ” that can be attached to a publisher ’ s copyright form, to assure that authors retain copyright to their own work. if you do research that is funded by the national institutes of health it is likely that you will be hearing a lot about open access in the coming months. and if the nih rule requiring that sponsored research be published in open access journals goes into effect, it is possible that other agencies will follow suit. open access publishing benefits scholars by making research findings more widely available, libraries by making journal subscription prices more reasonable and the public by making research findings more accessible. illustration source : open access now website at http : / / www. biomedcentral. com / openaccess /. copyright © 2002. jmu libraries. all rights reserved.


what is chiropractic treatment? is an alternative medicine to treat back pain through manipulation of the spine. chiropractic technique involves use of the practitioners ’ hands to press, pull and otherwise adjust the spine, neck, joints and surrounding soft tissues. spinal manipulation is thought to correct misaligned vertebrae, helping lessen back pain and reduce muscle spasms. insurance companies typically cover visits to the chiropractor. the hypothesis behind how chiropractic treatment works maintains that disorders of the spine adversely affect overall health and that chiropractic can help improve overall health. however, no evidence has conclusively proven this hypothesis. chiropractors believe the vertebra becomes out of normal alignment, which interferes with the nervous system. this misalignment is called “ subluxation. ” the u. s. agency for health care policy and research recognizes chiropractic treatment as being effective for lower back pain. who are chiropractors and what do they do? chiropractors are health professionals who diagnose, treat and seek to prevent spine disorders or back pain. chiropractors are considered part of the alternative health care field and focus on improving patients ’ health and well - being without resorting to drugs or surgery. chiropractic treatment typically includes not only spinal manipulation, but also a regimen of exercise and counseling about health and lifestyle. chiropractors typically attend college for a bachelor ’ s degree – or obtain a two - year degree – and attend four postgraduate years in a doctor of chiropractic school. the last year of school, students practice chiropractic techniques while being supervised. students graduate as doctors of chiropractic ( d. c. ). some states require additional exams to practice. some chiropractors focus on musculoskeletal adjustments, while others are also trained in physical therapy, electrical stimulation, soft - tissue therapy and ultrasound. what should i expect during an initial chiropractor appointment? a first visit to a chiropractor takes an hour or longer. the chiropractor will compile a complete medical history and may perform tests, such as x - rays, mris or neurological tests. once a problem is detected, subsequent visits to a chiropractor typically take a few minutes to complete the spinal manipulations and adjustments. from appointment to appointment, a chiropractor will monitor changes in a patient ’ s spine and level of back pain using tests, observation,


journal of scientists, physicists, mathematicians, engineers, inventors, nature, biology, technology, animal kingdoms, and science projects. kids to 12 if you have questions concerning this website, contact firstname. lastname @ example. org make a gas balloon by jeanette cain 2. baking soda 3. soft drink bottle when a volcano erupts, it gives off gases. this experiment shows how the buildup of gas pressure can inflate a balloon. caution : you will need an adult to help. there is also the possibility that putting too much gas - making mixture in the bottle can cause the balloon to explode! this is what happens inside a volcano : gas pressure builds up causing an ernormous explosion to take place. this explosion often releases a deadly, hot gas cloud. place the funnel in the top of the bottle. add some baking soda. ( the funnel needs to be dry or the baking soda will stick to it. ) using the funnel, pour vinegar into the bottle. this part requires steady, but quick hands : remove the funnel and quickly slip the balloon over the bottle ' s top. by now, the soda and vinegar are fizzing because they are giving off gas bubbles. your balloon begins to inflate due to the pressure ( force ) of the gas in the bottle ; the more gas, the more the balloon inflates. caution : don ' t pop the balloon! please visit our affiliate partners that keeps our site up.


| vii. why is the progress of evolution cyclic? question is one which necessarily appalls us and makes us wonder. let us, therefore, deal with it as follows : certain ideas are involved in the thought of cyclic progression, and these ideas it might pay us well to contemplate. 1. the idea of repetition this repetition involves the following factors : - repetition in time : the thought of cyclic activity necessitates periods of time of differing length - greater or lesser cycles - but ( according to their length ) of uniform degree. a manvantara, or day of brahma, is always of a certain length, and so is a mahamanvantara. the cycles wherein an atom of any plane revolves upon its axis are uniform on its own plane. - repetition in fact : this involves the idea of a key measure, or sound of any particular group of atoms that go to the composition of any particular form. this grouping of atoms will tend to the makeup of a particular series of circumstances and will repeat the measure or sound when an animating factor is brought to bear upon them. when the vitalizing force is contacting at stated periods a certain set of atoms, it will call forth from them a specific sound which will demonstrate objectively as environing circumstances. in other words, the interplay of the self and the not - self is invariably of a cyclic nature. the same quality in tone will be called forth by the self as it indwells the form, but the key will ascend by gradual degrees. it is similar to the effect produced in striking the same note in different octaves, beginning at the base. - repetition in space : this concept is involved deep in the greater concept of karma, which is really the law that governs the matter of the solar system, and which commenced its work in earlier solar systems. we have, therefore, cycles in order, and repetition in an ever - ascending spiral, under definite law. the thoughts thus conveyed might be expressed likewise as follows : chain repeating its activity - repetition in time. consecutive reverberation of a plane note, of a subplane note, and of all that is called into objectivity by that note - plane repetition. of atoms to perpetuate their activity, and thus produce similarity of circumstance, of environment, and of vehicle - form repetition. - the solar system repeating its activity - repetition in space. carry these ideas on to every plane in the solar system, and from thence to the cosmic planes, we have opened up for


cancer cells in bloodstream show great diversity : study tuesday, may 8 ( healthday news ) - - there is a great deal of genetic diversity in cells shed by cancerous tumors into the bloodstream, a new study has found. some cells have genes that enable them to lodge themselves in new locations, helping the cancer spread between organs, while other cells have different patterns of gene expression that might make them more benign or less likely to survive in other locations in the body. some circulating tumor cells even express genes that could predict their response to a specific cancer treatment, the researchers said. " within a single blood draw from a single patient, we ' re seeing [ varied ] populations of circulating tumor cells, " senior study author dr. stefanie jeffrey, chief of surgical oncology research at the stanford university school of medicine, said in a university news release. the researchers said their findings highlight how multiple types of treatment may be needed to cure what appears to be a single kind of cancer and suggest that the current cell - line models of human cancers need to be improved upon. the study, which used blood samples from breast cancer patients, is the first to look at circulating tumor cells one by one instead of taking the average of many of the cells. it also is the first to show the extent of genetic differences between circulating tumor cells, the researchers said. scientists have long known that circulating tumor cells move through the bloodstreams of cancer patients. over the past five years, though, many cancer researchers have begun to think the cells could be the key to tracking tumors noninvasively. the study appears online tuesday in the journal plos one. the u. s. national cancer institute has more about cancer. source : stanford university, news release, may 7, 2012


full pantry plus too little sleep is recipe for weight gain monday, march 11 ( healthday news ) - - too little sleep with unlimited food availability leads to too much eating and weight gain, according to a small new study. " i don ' t think extra sleep by itself is going to lead to weight loss, " kenneth wright, director of the sleep and chronobiology laboratory at the university of colorado, boulder, said in a university news release. " problems with weight gain and obesity are much more complex than that. but i think it could help. " wright and colleagues monitored 16 young, lean, healthy male and female adults who lived for about two weeks at the university of colorado hospital, which has a sleep suite. for the first three days, all the participants had the opportunity to sleep nine hours a night and were given meals that contained only enough calories to maintain their weight. for the next five - day period, the participants were split into two groups. one group ' s sleep was limited to five hours a night, while the other group could sleep for nine hours. both groups were offered larger meals and had access to healthy and unhealthy snacks throughout the day. after those five days, the groups switched. on average, participants whose sleep was limited to five hours burned 5 percent more energy than those who could sleep for nine hours, but they consumed 6 percent more calories. participants who got less sleep also tended to eat smaller breakfasts but binged on after - dinner snacks. the total number of calories they consumed in evening snacks was larger than the calories in any single meal, according to the study, which is scheduled for march publication in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences. that finding adds to growing evidence that overeating at night may contribute to weight gain, the researchers said. men and women responded differently to having as much food as they wanted, the study found. men gained some weight even with sufficient sleep, while women maintained their weight. both men and women gained weight when their sleep was limited to five hours. " if we can incorporate healthy sleep into weight - loss and weight - maintenance programs, our findings suggest that it may assist people to obtain a healthier weight, " wright said. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention explains how to prevent weight gain. source : university of colorado, boulder, news release, march 11, 2013


kids and obesity : a growing problem by kenneth cooper obesity rates in children continue to climb. eating more and exercising less are the two most commonly mentioned culprits, but what are the best ways to reverse this trend? on may 25 at 4 p. m. et ( 1 p. m. pt ), come discuss managing your child ' s weight, when to be concerned about health problems, and who to turn to for help with our guest, kenneth cooper, md, founder of the cooper clinic. if you have questions about your health, you should consult your personal physician. this event is meant for informational purposes onlymoderator : welcome back to webmd live, dr. cooper. please give us an overview of the growing obesity problem in our younger population. it ' s estimated that 10 % of children, or at least 155 million youngsters, are overweight or obese. it is most severe in the united states, where the prevalence of obese children aged 5 to 17 is about 10 % and more than 30 % are overweight. ten percent to 20 % of children in northern europe have prevalence to being overweight, and once a health problem for the industrialized world, is now spreading to developing countries. along with the increase in childhood obesity we ' re beginning to see an epidemic of adult onset, or type 2, diabetes in children 9 to 12. if that child develops diabetes before they ' re 14 years of age they are shortening their life span by 17 to 27 years. this has reached such a state that this may be the first generation in which the parents outlive the children. i believe the reasons for obesity are as follows : so the question is, is my child obese? for adults, we use the body mass index, which is your weight in pounds multiplied by 703, divided by the height and inches squared. in adults, a body mass index of 18 to 25 is normal weight, 25 to 30 is overweight, and above 30 is obese. we now have an estimated 64. 5 % of adults who are overweight, of which some 31 % are obese. projections are by the year 2010 more than 50 % american adults will be considered obese. two hours is a safe limit for tv ; greater than two hours increases the risk for weight gain. " unfortunately, most adults don ' t consider their child obese. studies released from london said that parents are so accustomed to seeing overweight youngsters that many fail to realize when their own children are obe


two hours increases the risk for weight gain. " unfortunately, most adults don ' t consider their child obese. studies released from london said that parents are so accustomed to seeing overweight youngsters that many fail to realize when their own children are obese. a third of the mothers and 57 % of dads actually saw their obese child as being normal weight. three - hundred 7 - year - old children and their parents were asked about their perception of body size. in one - third of mothers and half of fathers who were either overweight or obese rated themselves " about right. " when the child was a normal weight according to the bmi, most of their parents, regardless of their own size, knew there was no problem, but when the child was overweight, only a quarter of the parents knew it, and when the children were obese, 40 % of the parents were not concerned about their child ' s weight. tell us more about the background for these recommendations, and what we can do to implement them. for example, it ' s easy to say cut back on juice and high - sugar drinks, but kids seem to get a taste for them so early in life! what ' s a parent to do? kids naturally like sweet and salty foods. they reject the unknown, the unfamiliar. " it may be good for me, but if the taste doesn ' t taste good, i ' m not going to eat it, " is the attitude of most children. use a low - key approach. children want what mom and dad are eating. don ' t eat junk food yourself. set a good example. put balanced meals on the table, and offer foods 15 times, not just two or three. control food in the house ; pack the refrigerator and pantry with healthy options. keep undesirable foods out of the house ; restricting foods leads to thinking " i better eat it now, it ' s my only chance. " those are just some things that have been suggested by dr. berenson, from the tulane university bogalusa heart study. in this longitudinal study following 14, 000 children for more than 30 years, he made this comment : grownup problems begin in childhood. fatty streaks are seen in the aorta as early as 3 years of age. damaged coronary arteries are seen by 10 years of age. so obesity in children is a major health problem that is getting worse, not better. as recently as may 4, 2004, in the journal of the american medical association, two different


age. damaged coronary arteries are seen by 10 years of age. so obesity in children is a major health problem that is getting worse, not better. as recently as may 4, 2004, in the journal of the american medical association, two different studies pointed out that u. s. kids suffer blood pressure rises ( showing an increase in blood pressure ). these were more than 5, 000 children 8 to 17 years of age, followed from 1988 to 1994 and again from 1999 to 2000. they found that the systolic, or upper, pressure increased 1. 4 millimeters, and the diastolic, or lower, pressure increased 3. 3 millimeters. increases occurred in both readings among black, mexican - american, and white boys and girls of all ages, but the mexican - american and black children recorded average levels two to three points higher compared with the whites. another study showed that caffeinated soft drinks and other beverages might play a role in pushing up blood pressure levels among black youths, but for mexican americans the higher readings were due largely to a sharper increase in the numbers who were overweight. so diet and exercise are both extremely important if we ' re going to be solving the problem of obesity in children. so obesity in children is a major health problem that is getting worse, not better. " let ' s talk about tv viewing, since it ' s a major problem with obesity. what about other problems, such as attention deficit in children? this comes from the april 4, 2004, issue of the journal of pediatrics. they point out very young children who watch television face an increased risk of attention deficit problems by school age, suggesting that tv might overstimulate and permanently " rewire " the developing brain. for every hour of television watched daily, two groups of children, aged 1 and 3, faced a 10 % increased risk of having attention problems at age 7. the american academy of pediatrics says that children younger than 2 should not watch television. not only is it related to attention deficit problems, but it ' s also associated with obesity and aggressiveness. in this one study, 36 % of 1 - year - olds watched no tv, while 37 % watched one to two hours daily and had a 10 % to 20 % increased risk of attention problems. these are 1 - year - olds! fourteen percent watched three to four hours daily and had a 30 % to 40 % increased risk of attention problems. among 3 - year - olds, only 7 % watched no tv, 44 % watched one


the previous discussion of entertainment as a world paradigm only hinted at the origin of that paradigm. more to the point, it dabbled in connections between music as art and entertainment, and suggested that such a duality could be relatively recent in origin. in some sense, this distinction is about upper - and lower - class activity, and the simplest historical narrative involves a flip - flop of power between the two. in the current economic climate, the lower classes, by virtue of number ( i. e. democracy ), have achieved " artistic " control. one can construct a basic linear progression of this type, from the utter dominance of ancient tyrants to the mass - market politics of today. a progression of that sort can be rather illuminating with regard to the balancing act which established the classical style. however, such a naive progression makes a basic underlying assumption, namely that popular music of earlier centuries was rather distinct from — even contemptuous of, as it is today — elite music. in fact, many people take very strong views on this point, related especially to what they retrospectively view as religious & other oppression. they are certain, often on whim alone, that a lively & distinct popular culture existed in the medieval era, and might even ( paradoxically ) associate some surviving songs with it. they reconstruct today ' s divisions in their minds. fundamentally, the survival of sources is about writing, an elite activity, so that associations with a distinct popular culture can only be considered fanciful — at least insofar as one presumes a distinct or even hostile relation. what sort of historical relation can we find between " popular " & elite music? moreover, can we trace art - or entertainment - based musical priorities? any answers must be fairly tentative, given the relative lack of information. working backward in time somewhat to the fringe of the modern era, we know that sacred & secular music intermingled closely. themes — even forms themselves — were freely borrowed in the franco - flemish era. i have immediately side - stepped some important terminological concerns, by introducing a sacred - secular juxtaposition. we have no real reason to believe that the polyphonic courtly chanson was related to what we would recognize as popular music today. however, this era also presents us with the survival of manuscripts ( bayeux, say ) which we conclude to have represented the popular music of the time. these themes then intermingle directly in courtly secular and sacred music. as near as we can believe, and by the 1500s


the survival of manuscripts ( bayeux, say ) which we conclude to have represented the popular music of the time. these themes then intermingle directly in courtly secular and sacred music. as near as we can believe, and by the 1500s the survival of narrative writing becomes fairly substantial, there was no real barrier between popular & elite music at that time. the same composers were certainly involved in both sacred & secular music, and we have at least some reason to believe that prominent composers were behind some popular tunes. of course, the hardcore democrat might continue to assert that such composers were leaching the basic tunefulness of the general populace, which remained oppressed and unable to articulate its resentment of elite culture. more extreme views of that sort aside, the close intermingling of elite & popular in the early renaissance does not necessarily mean that such a situation existed earlier. one might speculate wildly that the great creativity of the era was facilitated by the breaking of such barriers, just as the classical era was facilitated by the rise of the middle class. perhaps to some degree, but what we know of earlier eras also suggests intermingling : juxtaposition of sacred & secular themes ( and even texts ) in the early motet, and work in all forms by individual composers such as machaut. the earliest secular music we know arose directly from the aristocracy, but the class distinction between troubadour & jongleur is not believed to have been reflected in a significant distinction in repertory or activity. note, in fact, that this little historical survey directly conflates the distinction originally sought. indeed, as far as we know, the aristocracy invented " music for entertainment. " after all, they had the leisure time — the need — to be filled. in these terms, the " classical flip - flop " becomes about which class ( es ) could demand entertainment. in turn, it becomes about the sophistication of that entertainment. returning to the previous fifteenth century context, it is very clear that music for art was music for entertainment and vice versa, at least for the most part. it is essentially impossible to make a distinction. the significant component of musical life removed from the foregoing equation is sacred music, i. e. music for ritual. before that era, however, all indications are that there was less distinction between music for entertainment and music for ritual. speculating about prehistory, the mere act of creating a song must have been cathartic, as vocal ritual helped to tame the psychological traumas


however, all indications are that there was less distinction between music for entertainment and music for ritual. speculating about prehistory, the mere act of creating a song must have been cathartic, as vocal ritual helped to tame the psychological traumas of nature. the courtly love song was created as a sort of ritual, albeit a non - or even anti - religious one. from there, we find some evidence of intellectual divergence in the church ' s protestations regarding increasingly elaborate ars nova liturgical music. presumably there were conservative theologians at several points in medieval history who frowned upon a new artistic license entering the domain of sacred music. nonetheless, if nothing else, surviving protestations prove that these concerns were frequently combined, even as their differing goals were prescribed. again returning to a fifteenth century orientation, sacred works made heavy use of secular ( art ) material. ritual mixed closely with art. to return to our underlying question, given uncertainties regarding earlier eras, we cannot necessarily know if there was a divergence between art & entertainment, but nonetheless i will accept that there was not, and look for such a bifurcation in the modern era. at the very least, one can reasonably suppose that there was a bifurcation after the 1500s. the more unsteady distinction in those earlier eras was between sacred & secular music. one might even hypothesize that ritual music was the basic stuff of lower - class music - making before the arrival of secular literature, seeing as it was intended to provide protection from the hazards of the world. communion was a real need. from this point of extreme historical uncertainty on our part, there are various points at which sacred & secular music - making seem more or less close — a cyclical pattern which maintained after the 1500s as well, with differing religious or artistic movements sometimes increasing or decreasing that distance. today we cannot necessarily separate art and religious music. for the most part, though, we can separate them from entertainment, at least as i have contrasted aesthetic & entertainment paradigms. jumping ahead from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, we can again observe clearly that music for art & music for entertainment operated in the same space, indeed were basically interchangeable. so the bifurcation we seek did not occur until the establishment of the composer as supreme alongside the distinct popular markets of the nineteenth century, and was not consummated until the unprecedented technological revolution of the twentieth. with it, we see bifurcations of complexity, masterpieces, and then the dissolution of a mainstream reference


boston, dec. 19 - - an experimental lab - on - a - chip can accurately detect cancer cells circulating in the blood, researchers here said. the chip - - slightly more than 1. 5 square inches in area - - detected circulating cancer cells in 115 of 116 blood samples from patients with metastatic cancer for a sensitivity of 99. 1 %, according to daniel haber, m. d., director of the massachusetts general hospital cancer center, and colleagues. and it found no cancer cells in the blood of healthy volunteers, for a specificity of 100 %, the researchers reported in the dec. 20 issue of nature. " clearly this has tremendous potential for early diagnosis, " dr. haber said, but it also has the potential to allow physicians to monitor the success or failure of treatment more closely and to begin to solve some of the puzzles that surround metastasis. circulating tumor cells are found in patients even before a cancer has begun to spread, but they are rare - - as few as one in a billion hematologic cells even in the metastatic case - - and hard to isolate, the researchers said. current approaches use complicated analytic techniques - - including centrifuging and washing samples - - that generate very low yield and purity, they said. in contrast, their " microfluidics " approach is highly sensitive, has a 99 % yield, and a purity approaching 50 %, compared with less than 1 % for other methods, the researchers said. the development of the chip " bring [ s ] us closer to having a fully automated instrument that can detect circulating tumor cells with exquisite sensitivity, " said jonathan uhr, m. d., of the university of texas southwestern medical center in dallas, writing in an accompanying comment. dr. uhr said such a device " would allow routine monitoring of blood for tumor cells as part of a medical examination, and could result in early detection and treatment. " the researchers said that a number of engineering challenges remain before the system can be used for clinical applications, although it could be used now for research. microchips have been used for a range of analytic chores, such as flow cytometry, but have not been applied to tasks where milliliter - sized samples of whole blood must be analyzed, he and colleagues noted. on theoretical grounds, they concluded that a microchip array of 78, 000 tiny silicon posts - - coated with an antibody to a molecule specific to tumor cells - - would overcome that barrier. the posts were coated with an antibody


and colleagues noted. on theoretical grounds, they concluded that a microchip array of 78, 000 tiny silicon posts - - coated with an antibody to a molecule specific to tumor cells - - would overcome that barrier. the posts were coated with an antibody to anti - epithelial - cell adhesion - molecule, or epcam, which is found on tumor cells, but not on blood cells. tests showed that when the researchers processed blood samples spiked with tumor cells, the epcam - coated posts captured them easily, although the posts also captured some white blood cells. to test the chip in the real world, the researchers tested 116 blood samples from 68 patients with metastatic epithelial cancers including non - small - cell lung, prostate, pancreatic, breast, and colon, as well as 20 samples from healthy volunteers. except for one sample that was smaller than average - - 0. 9 milliliters compared with 2. 7 milliliters - - the system found circulating tumor cells in all samples from patients, but none in the samples from healthy volunteers. in addition, circulating tumor cells were isolated in seven out of seven patients with early - stage prostate cancer. in a separate analysis, dr. haber and colleagues tested sequential samples from nine patients undergoing treatment and found that the percentage change in the number of tumor cells they captured correlated well with percentage change in tumor size. ( the pearson ' s correlation coefficient was 0. 68, which was significant at p = 0. 03. ) " much of cancer [ drug ] treatment now is trial and error, " dr. haber said. the chip might potentially allow doctors to find the correct treatment more quickly. one advantage of the system, dr. haber said, is that captured cells remain alive, opening the door to more detailed understanding of how they function and perhaps what causes some to become the root of new cancers while the majority commit cell suicide. " we ' d like to study exactly what they are, " he said. | the study was supported by the nih and a doris duke distinguished clinical scientist award. dr. haber reported no conflicts. | primary source : nature nagrath s, et al " isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology " nature 2007 ; 450 : 1235 - 41.


definition of aging aging : the process of becoming older, a process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated. research into aging : to sum up the state of research into aging is well beyond the confines of this space ( and this writer ' s talents ). however, here is one type of research into the genetics of aging. a gene has been discovered that helps determine the life - span of the fruit fly drosophila. when the gene is mutated ( altered ), it can extend the life - span of fruit flies. it doubles their life - span. the gene has been named indy ( for i ' m not dead yet ). it appears that the protein encoded by this gene transports and recycles metabolic byproducts. defects in the gene may lead to production of a protein that renders metabolism less efficient so that its body functions as if the fruit fly were dieting, even though its eating habits are unchanged. mutations in indy thus appear to create a metabolic state that mimics caloric restriction, which has been shown to extend life - span. reference : rogina b, reenan ra, nilsen sp, and helfand sl. extended life - span conferred by cotransporter gene mutations in drosophila. science dec 15 2000 : 2137 - 2140. some useful suggestions for extending life : no known substance can halt aging or extend life, but here are some useful tips for improving the chances of living a long time and staying healthy : last editorial review : 6 / 14 / 2012 back to medterms online medical dictionary a - z list need help identifying pills and medications? get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox free!


fasting girls is a victorian term for young females, usually preadolescent, who, it was claimed, were capable of surviving over indefinitely long periods of time without consuming any food or other nourishment. fasting girls were not only girls who refused food but who also drew attention to their fast by claiming to have special religious and / or magical powers. the ability to survive without nourishment was attributed to some saints during the middle ages, including catherine of siena and lidwina of schiedam, and regarded as a miracle and a sign of sanctity. numerous cases of fasting girls were reported in the late 19th century. believers regarded such cases as miraculous. in some cases, the fasting girls also exhibited the appearance of stigmata. doctors, however, ascribed the phenomenon to fraud and to hysteria on the part of the girl. joan jacobs brumberg believes it to be an earlier incarnation of anorexia nervosa. mollie fancher, otherwise known as the " brooklyn enigma, " was extremely well known for her claim of not eating, or eating very little for extended periods of time. she attended a reputable school and by all reports was an excellent student. at age 16, she was diagnosed with dyspepsia. at around the age of 19, reports came out that she had abstained from eating for seven weeks. it was after two accidents in 1864 and 1865 that she became famous for her ability to abstain from food. as a result of the accidents mollie fancher lost her ability to see, touch, taste, and smell. she claimed to have powers that involved her being able to predict events as well as to read without the ability of sight. by the late 1870s she was claiming to eat little or nothing at all for many months. her claim to abstinence from food lasted for 14 years. doctors and people in the public began to question her abilities and wished to perform tests to determine the truthfullness of her claims. the claims to abstinence were never verified, and she died in february 1916. a tragic case was that of sarah jacob ( may 12, 1857 - december 17, 1869 ), the " welsh fasting girl, " who claimed not to be eating any food at all after the age of twelve. a local vicar, initially skeptical, became convinced that the case was authentic. she enjoyed a long period of publicity, during which she received numerous gifts and donations from people who believed she was miraculous ; but doctors were


at all after the age of twelve. a local vicar, initially skeptical, became convinced that the case was authentic. she enjoyed a long period of publicity, during which she received numerous gifts and donations from people who believed she was miraculous ; but doctors were becoming increasingly skeptical about her claims. doctors eventually proposed that she be monitored in a hospital environment to see whether her claims about fasting were true. in 1869, her parents agreed for a test to be conducted under strict supervision by nurses from guy ' s hospital. the nurses were instructed not to deny sarah jacob food if she asked for it, but to see that any she got was observed and recorded. after two weeks, she was showing clear signs of starvation. the vicar told the parents that she was failing and that the nurses ought to be sent away so that she could get food. the parents refused. they continued to refuse even when informed that the girl was dying, insisting that they had frequently seen her like this before and that lack of food had nothing to do with her symptoms. sarah jacob died of starvation a few days later because she had actually been consuming very little amounts of food, which she could no longer do under medical supervision. another tragic case was that of new jersey ' s lenora eaton in 1881. reputable citizens in eaton ' s town promoted her as someone who had " lived without eating ". during these times, eaton was marked as a " special person and symbol of faith in the miraculous ". when these claims were investigated and doctors were sent to help her, eaton continued to refuse to eat and died after forty - five days. in 1889, the boston globe ran a story, " who took the cold potato? dr. mary walker says the fasting girl bit a doughnut. " dr. walker reported that josephine marie bedard, known as the tingwick girl, was a fraud. the evidence was circumstantial : " at the hotel i searched her clothing and found in one of her pockets a doughnut with a bite taken out of it.... on fast day i had a lunch served to me... i left a platter with three pieces of fried potato on it. i went there and one of the pieces was gone... when i returned, josephine had her handkerchief to her mouth. " asked whether that was all the evidence, she said " after i accused her of it she broke down and cried. " writing in 1954, bergen evans called therese neumann ( 1898 - 1962 ) " the most famous of contemporary non -


her mouth. " asked whether that was all the evidence, she said " after i accused her of it she broke down and cried. " writing in 1954, bergen evans called therese neumann ( 1898 - 1962 ) " the most famous of contemporary non - eaters. the number of ecclesiastical and medical dignitaries who have vouched for the truth of her claims is impressive.... millions of sober, sensible people believe beyond doubt that this woman does not eat or drink. " she claimed that after 1927, nothing but the eucharist had passed her lips. she was also a stigmatic. evans said " the roman catholic church has never, officially, recognized her claims as true. " because fasting girls were such a curiosity in the victorian era, many companies and individuals rushed to put them on display. in the case of josephine marie bedard, two different boston - based enterprises, the nickelodeon and stone and shaw ' s museum, competed in court for the right to " exhibit the girl " publicly. still, even as she was used for blatant commercial gain, there was also an element of scientific inquiry in regarding bedard as a medical phenomenon. this shows the general shift throughout the victorian era from seeing the fasting girls as pious figures to seeing them as diseased ones, and from regarding religion as the ultimate authority to putting that faith in science and medicine. saturday, may 9, 2009 wasting away - posted by m. christian


a group of individuals agreeing in common attributes, and designated by a common name ; a conception subordinated to another conception, called a genus, or generic conception, from which it differs in containing or comprehending more attributes, and extending to fewer individuals. thus, man is a species, under animal as a genus ; and man, in its turn, may be regarded as a genus with respect to european, american, or the like, as species. in science, a more or less permanent group of existing things or beings, associated according to attributes, or properties determined by scientific observation. a sort ; a kind ; a variety ; as, a species of low cunning ; a species of generosity ; a species of cloth. an officinal mixture or compound powder of any kind ; esp., one used for making an aromatic tea or tisane ; a tea mixture. a group of living things that appear to have common ancestry so closely related that their characteristics definitely separate them all from any other group ; a further division of a genus. n. ( l. species, particular kind ) a group of interbreeding individuals, not interbreeding with another such group, being a taxonomic unit including two names in binomial nomenclature, the generic name and specific epithet, similar and related species being grouped into a genus. a group of organisms that differ from all other groups of organisms and that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring. this is the smallest unit of classification for plants and animals. a group of closely related plants under the same genus. the lowest group of creatures in the tree of life. the hierarchy is as follows : kingdom ; phylum ; class ; order ; family ; genus ; species. the species is the group of creatures which share a great number of similarities and share a common name with other groups. a group of animals or plants of the same kind....... back a group of organisms ( individuals ) that can interbreed and reproduce with each other. used to distinguish sexually reproducing organisms into groups. individuals from two different species cannot have offspring. they are said to be reproductively isolated. the biologist ernst mayr formulated this definition of a species advancing our understanding of the mechanism of evolution of higher organisms. for microbes, the species definition does not properly apply, because they do not reproduce sexually, but have an efficient mechanism to exchange genetic material even between evolutionarily distant forms. this exchange of genes is known as horizontal gene transfer. unlike sexual reproduction, it usually involves only a


definition does not properly apply, because they do not reproduce sexually, but have an efficient mechanism to exchange genetic material even between evolutionarily distant forms. this exchange of genes is known as horizontal gene transfer. unlike sexual reproduction, it usually involves only a fraction of an organisms genome that is being transferred and is a mechanisms of increasing genetic variability among microorganisms that does not depend on cellular reproduction ( cell division ). the scientific name of a plant ; the genus name and the specific epithet together ; also equal to the latin name or binomial a reproductively isolated aggregate of interbreeding organisms. in chemistry, a distinct kind of molecule, ion, or other structure. groups of actually ( or potentially ) interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. reproductive isolation implies that interbreeding between individuals of two species normally is prevented by intrinsic factors. in biological systematics, group of organisms of common ancestry that are able to reproduce only among themselves and that are usually geographically distinct. see nt chemical species. group of living things that share many common traits. each species is different from every other species in one or more ways. term used to describe the group of like individuals. classically species were defined as organisms that share certain characteristics. kind or sort a group of animals or plants that have one or more characteristics in common.............. back a certain type of plant or animal the division of animal classification below genus. a group of animals having common attributes, designated by a common name, that has the same structure, and that can breed together. a group of organisms that are very much alike and reproduce in their natural environment. we belong to the human species. a cohesive historical lineage of ancestral - descendant populations of organisms that maintains its identity from other such lineages. a species comes into being at a branching event ( when one lineage becomes one or more lineages ), and ceases to exist either at a branching event ( when it gives rise to new species ) or when the lineage is terminated through extinction. a group of animals or plants, whose members breed naturally only with each other. a single kind of organism ; white - tail and mule are different species of deer more information for scientifically naming a plant. the species name follows the genus. caesalpinia ( genus ) pulcherrima ( species ). red bird - of - paradise ( common name ). level of taxonomy below genus. the second part of a bird ' s scientific name


the species name follows the genus. caesalpinia ( genus ) pulcherrima ( species ). red bird - of - paradise ( common name ). level of taxonomy below genus. the second part of a bird ' s scientific name is the species name. the species name is never capitalized. a group of similar individuals that can breed among themselves. a biological category used to classify organisms. a group of plants or animals that are uniquely distinguished from others, sharing various characteristics, and usually that are able to reproduce. species are often broken down into additional subcategories, such as sub - species or varieties. one of the major classifying categories of taxonomy, representing divisions of a genus, and sometimes further classified into subspecies. used when naming plants. designates a specific species of the ' genus ' and is best described as the plant worlds equivalent to our christian names ( or first names ). will follow the genus name and is usually in latin. note : once a plants full name is used, i. e. hedera helix, future listings will abbreviate the genus name and follow it with the species name. an example would be, h. helix, as the next plant in a listing. group of organisms which interbreed and are reproductively isolated from all other such groups. the basic unit of taxonomic classification, designating a group of closely related individuals that are capable of interbreeding. a group of organisms defined by their ability to interbreed with only each other. a segment of a population - level lineage that is evolving separately from other such lineage segments as indicated by one or more lines of evidence ( e. g., distinguishability, reproductive isolation, monophyly, etc. ). the most specific taxonomic classification ; an interbreeding population of individual organisms ; often abbreviated as ' sp. ' in reference to a single species or ' spp. ' when referencing several species the fundamental biological classification consisting of very similar plants or animals. genetically distinct population ( s ) that interbreed but are reproductively isolated from other such groups. a group of individuals that share features and are able to interbreed under natural conditions to yield fertile offspring. a group of populations capable of successfully interbreeding and reproductively isolated from other such populations ( the white - tailed deer is a common species of mammal found in the pinelands. ) a biological type ; on msdss, species refers to the test animals - - usually rats, mice, or rabbits - - which were used to obtain


( the white - tailed deer is a common species of mammal found in the pinelands. ) a biological type ; on msdss, species refers to the test animals - - usually rats, mice, or rabbits - - which were used to obtain the toxicity test data reported. a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name ; a category of biological classification ranking immediately below the genus or subgenus ; comprising related organisms or populations potentially capable of interbreeding. 1. freely interbreeding population of organisms. the organisms in a species usually share a large number of characters. their offspring are fertile. ( some species can interbreed, but their offspring are infertile. ) 2. generally the lowest level in a taxonomy. a category of animals or plants below a genus. sometimes breed is specified below it, such as for cultivated plants. a group of organisms that are closely related a taxonomic category of individuals or populations capable of breeding among themselves, but not usually with other individual or populations a group of organisms with many common characteristics ; a collection of closely related strains sufficiently different from all other strains to be recognized as a distinct unit. animals, plants or micro - organisms that are so similar that they are able to have offspring. group of similar individuals having a number of correlated characteristics and sharing a common gene pool. the species is the basic unit of taxonomy on which the binomial system has been established. the scientific name of a plant or animal gives the genus first and then the species as in abies ( genus ) grandis ( species ). species is both the singular and plural form of the word. groups or individuals of closely connected plants within a genus. a natural population that can breed and produce fertile offspring. a distinct population that tends, in nature, not to mix reproductively with other populations. a group of organisms that can breed or produce offspring taxonomic designation for the unique name of a living organism. a group of individuals of common ancestry that closely resemble each other structurally and physiologically and that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring. part of the plant classification system. this is used to describe closely related plants. see also genus and family. a class of individuals having some common characteristics or qualities. the taxonomic unit ( the most specific taxonomic category ). it designates individuals with similar morphologic structures, who can reproduce with each other. a particular kind of plant or animal ; all members of a species share certain characteristics and are known by a specific name. a subspecies is a division of a species. it


individuals with similar morphologic structures, who can reproduce with each other. a particular kind of plant or animal ; all members of a species share certain characteristics and are known by a specific name. a subspecies is a division of a species. it is hard to define a species absolutely because the process of one species becoming two or changing into another species is so slow that there is no point at which one can say ' now! it ' s a different species from yesterday! '. the most simple definition is a group of organisms that can breed together to produce fertile offspring. species are the smallest unit of biological taxonomy, and are grouped together with similar species to form a genus. the name given to a single kind of organism. species can be divided into sub - species. a group of interbreeding organisms that can produce offspring with the capacity for viable reproduction. the smallest unit in biological classification. members of the same species are able to breed among themselves successfully. similar species are grouped within one genus. a group of individuals with certain common characteristics a group of individuals or populations that are similar in structure and physiology and are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. separate species typically are different in structure and / or physiology from each other and normally do not interbreed. a species name is the second word of a scientific name and is not capitalized. living things such as plants and animals. a genetic subdivision whose numbers are capable of mating and producing fertile progeny group of animals or plants subordinate in classification to genus that can interbreed and differ only in minor details. a population of individuals that are more or less alike and that are able to breed and produce fertile offspring. a category of biological grouping just below the genus or subgenus level. a group of biologically distinct organisms that are self - perpetuating a naturally occurring population or group of potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated ( i. e., cannot exchange genetic material ) from such other groups. this definition does not apply to asexually reproducing forms such as many types of monera or protista, etc. individuals of the same type which are able to interbreed to produce fertile offspring under natural conditions contributing to a common gene pool. living things that are grouped by their common attributes and can reproduce only among themselves. human beings are one species ; dogs are another. distinct kinds of individual plants or animals that have common traits and share a common name. population of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring that can also reproduce with one


can reproduce only among themselves. human beings are one species ; dogs are another. distinct kinds of individual plants or animals that have common traits and share a common name. population of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring that can also reproduce with one another. a closed gene pool. taxon for biological species based on binomial nomenclature, italicized and using genus and trivial name ; e. g., triceratops horridus, tyrannosaurus rex. a group of related plants or animals that can interbreed to produce offspring. ( spe · cies ). a population of interbreeding organisms that are capable of, and do under natural conditions, reproduce fertile offspring. a group of organisms that are similar and can interbreed. a group of animals that can have young who can also have young ( this word should really be in a science glossary ) a group of animals and plants that have many things in common, and are different in at least one other way from all others. a group of similar creatures that produce viable young when breeding. a population or group of populations that are in reproductive contact but are reproductively isolated from all other populations. a group of interbreeding plants or animals. subspecies and races are subgroups of individuals of the same species in the process ( called speciation ) of becoming a separate species. a distinct kind of wood. plants or animals that are the same as each other and breed only with one another. a population of plants whose members are potentially able to breed with each other and which is reproductively isolated from other populations. living things of the same kind that are potentially able to breed together and produce fertile offspring ( i. e., offspring that themselves can reproduce ). usually, different species cannot interbreed but this rule is not absolute ( for example, a horse and donkey can interbreed to produce a mule, although this animal cannot reproduce, see hybrid ). even within one species, interbreeding may not always occur because of natural barriers. among some plants and many micro - organisms, the concept of a species does not always work. in these groups, species that appear different may be able to successfully create offspring under certain circumstances. a group of similar organisms that have a shared origin and the ability to breed freely with one another. the basic category in the linnaean sequence. a species may best be defined as a group of inter - breeding individuals with so many features in common that they form a distinct, and generally recognisable, group


breed freely with one another. the basic category in the linnaean sequence. a species may best be defined as a group of inter - breeding individuals with so many features in common that they form a distinct, and generally recognisable, group. in practice, the interbreeding criterion cannot always be used, for example with fossils, so species can often only be defined subjectively. one or more species are included in a genus. more on the species concept a group of individuals taxonomically ordered according to common attributes and designated by a common name. a single type of plant or animal, not a group like genus or family. each species has a two - word scientific name that includes the name of the genus it belongs to and then the name of the species. another way to think of this is the genus is the " generic " name and the species is the " specific " name. a specific kind of something ; " a species of molecule " ; " a species of villainy " a breeding population that can produce fertile offspring among its members, but not outside its group a classification of life forms that share enough genetic traits that they can interbreed to produce offspring that are still able to breed a collection of genetically similar individuals a collection of organisms that evolved according to darwin ' s five laws a collection of populations, all genetically related a constant succession of similar individuals that can reproduce together a diagnosable cluster of individuals within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent, beyond which there is not, and which exhibits a pattern of phylogenetic ancestry and descent among units of like kind a distinct, qualitatively definite state of living matter a freely interbreeding population whose members do not interbreed with those of other populations a grouping of individuals that interbreed successfully a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such populations a group of animals or plants all of which are similar enough in form to be considered as minor variations of the same organism a group of animals which can breed together, but who can ' t breed with others a group of animals which have a number of features in common and which are not shared by any other group of animals a group of animals with similar physical characteristics that can and do interbreed and share the same gene pool a group of freely interbreeding individuals that will not interbreed with other members of the same genus in its natural environment a group of individuals that can reproduce together a group of insects having many characteristics in common which differ from all other forms in one or


group of freely interbreeding individuals that will not interbreed with other members of the same genus in its natural environment a group of individuals that can reproduce together a group of insects having many characteristics in common which differ from all other forms in one or more ways a group of living organisms ( plants, animals, or microbes ) that breed under natural and to which many human cultures have become adapted a group of living organisms ( plants, animals, or microbes ) that breed under natural conditions and are reproductively isolated from other populations a group of morphologically similar organisms that can and do interbreed, thus sharing the same gene pool a group of morphologically similar organisms which can and do reproduce with one another a group of organisms - plant, animal, or microbe - of a single kind a group of organisms sharing a closely related common gene pool because of frequent interbreeding a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can interbreed a group of organisms that a ) have the same evolutionary ancestor a group of organisms that are so genetically similar that they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring a group of organisms that can interbreed and create viable offspring a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature to a group of organisms that can willingly and successfully interbreed, creating reproductively capable offspring of a similar type a group of organisms that have structural, functional, and developmental similarities and that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring a group of organisms that interbreed naturally among themselves but not with individuals from other groups a group of organisms that look alike and can breed among themselves and a genus is a broader division of classification a group of organisms that normally interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring a group of organisms that recognize each other for the purpose of mating and fertilization a group of organisms whose members can interbreed in nature and produce viable, offspring, though this concept cannot apply to organisms or to fossils a group of organisms with a unique set of characteristics ( body shape and behavior, for example ) that distinguishes them from other organisms a group of plants or animals that are genetically similar and so are able to reproduce with each other a group of plants or animals that breed together but do not breed outside the group a group of plants or animals whose genes are so similar that they can breed together and produce fertile offspring a group of populations through which genes can flow and whose offspring have a fitness equal to the parents a group of population s whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed a group


so similar that they can breed together and produce fertile offspring a group of populations through which genes can flow and whose offspring have a fitness equal to the parents a group of population s whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed a group of populations whose individual members would, if given the opportunity, interbreed with individuals of other populations of that group a group of related individuals or populations which are potentially capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring a group of sexually - reproducing, interbreeding individuals that under normal conditions are unable to interbreed with another group a group of similar organisms that can mate to produce fertile, viable offspring a group or population of similar organisms that reproduce among themselves but do not naturally reproduce with any other kinds of organisms a life form that cannot breed successfully other than with its own kind a lineage ( an ancestor descendant sequence ) of populations or organisms that maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies a more finely tuned group whose members share the same general characteristics an actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with other such populations when there is opportunity to do so an arbitrary class or cluster of organisms given a name as a handle an array of populations which are actually or potentially interbreeding, and which are reproductively isolated from other such arrays under natural conditions ' an article from the business ( international ) category an assemblage of individuals agreeing with each other in all essential characters of vegetation and fructification, capable of reproducing perfect seed from which progeny can be reared an evolved or evolving, genetically distinctive, reproductively isolated, natural population an excellent diagnostic characteristic for s an important biological grouping of organisms whose members have similar structures, normally interbreed, and produce fertile offspring an intrabreeding population, which rarely breeds with a different breeding population an isolated group of individuals whose sum of characters tends to keep constant by natural inbreeding an organic form which, for periods of great and indefinite length as compared with the duration of human life, fluctuates only within narrow limits a particular kind of organism a pool of organisms that can exchange their genetic information a population of beings that can reproduce sexually and produce fertile offspring a population of individual organisms that can interbreed in nature, mating and producing fertile offspring in a natural setting a population of indiviuals who interbreed, as opposed to a population of organisms who merely share the same environment a population of organisms that can interbreed with eachother, not not


mating and producing fertile offspring in a natural setting a population of indiviuals who interbreed, as opposed to a population of organisms who merely share the same environment a population of organisms that can interbreed with eachother, not not other populations a population of organisms which are capable, under natural conditions, of interbreeding and producing viable offspring, and which are reproductively isolated from other similar groups a population that interbreeds and is reproductively isolated from other populations a set of individuals who can interbreed and have fertile progeny a set of populations capable of combining with each other but not with other similar sets of populations on the basis of affinity and co - direction in ecological speciation a single lineage of ancestral descendant populations of organisms which maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate a single organism, not a group a single type of organism a special group a specific name given to a plant or animal a subjective unit insofar as it is based on only a sample of the population and insofar as the point of separation where there is some overlap must be arbitrary a group of related living things that have characteristics in common a group of animals that mate together successfully ; a naming classification a unique group of animals, different from other groups. a class of individuals or objects grouped by virtue of their common attributes and assigned a common name. populations of organisms that may interbreed and produce fertile offspring having similar structure, habits, and functions. a group of related animals or plants that differ only in minor attributes ; able to interbreed among themselves a group of individuals that are capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring under natural conditions. a basic taxonomic group consisting of individuals of common ancestry who strongly resemble each other physiologically and who interbreed, producing fertile offspring. the sub - genus classification of salmonids being sampled. a kind of organism ; organisms that are very similar to one another ; they usually reproduce only among themselves one of the lowest principal biological classification units, which recognizes distinct ( non - interbreeding ) groups of similar organisms. a particular group of plant or animal that can only reproduce with others of the same kind. usually, the smallest unit of classification ; includes individuals which can breed with each other, produce viable offspring, have the same chromosome number, and share a common gene pool. group of similar plants which can freely interbreed. a group of similar plants or animals which will interbreed a group of living things that is very closely related and can interbre


have the same chromosome number, and share a common gene pool. group of similar plants which can freely interbreed. a group of similar plants or animals which will interbreed a group of living things that is very closely related and can interbreed. a gem with distinctive characteristics that are well defined. a group of very similar plants that can freely interbreed and are signified by the second word of the botanical name. see genus. the smallest taxonomic unit defining a group of animals or plants that are unable to breed to produce fertile offspring. the smallest taxonomic unit defining a group of animals that are unable to breed to produce fertile offspring. ( see classification ) a certain kind of animals within a closely related group subordinate classification to a genus ; reproductively isolated organisms that have common characteristics, such as eastern white pine or white - tailed deer. generally regarded as a group or organisms that resemble each other to a greater degree than members of other groups and that form a reproductively isolated group that will not normally breed with members of another group. the lowest - ranking common taxonomic rank. these names are not capitalized. the lowest major level of classification. a group of organisms that form an interbreeding population that is reproductively isolated from other populations all the individuals in a population that can breed and produce fertile young. a group of organisms different from all others in that they do not interbreed with any others. a group of individuals or populations that are similar and are able to mate and have offspring. a group of plants ( or animals ) showing intergradation among its individuals and having in common one or more characteristics which definitely separate it from any other group ; a kind of plant distinct from other plants. a group of similiar animals, reproductively isolated from all other such groups and able to breed and produce viable offspring. a group of plants or animals that share common characteristics a classification ranking just below the genus and made up of closely related plants that possibly can cross with one another. organisms that can reproduce their own kind ( see also genus ) ( a distinct animal or plant group that shares similar characteristics and can produce offspring within its group. ) a population of organisms which are able to interbreed freely under natural conditions. ( singular or plural ) : a group of plants or animals whose members breed naturally only with each other and resemble each other more closely than they resemble members of any similar group. a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name ; a logical division of a genus or more comprehensive class ( merriam - webster


breed naturally only with each other and resemble each other more closely than they resemble members of any similar group. a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name ; a logical division of a genus or more comprehensive class ( merriam - webster 1996 ). most specific level of scientific classification ; below genus the basic unit of classification which usually refers to one or several groups of plants or other living organisms that interbreed and maintain their distinctive identity through successive generations a class of individual plants or animals having some common characteristics or qualities which makes them distinct from other classes of plants or animals. the basic category of biological classification, ranking below the genus ; a species consists of related organisms or populations potentially capable of interbreeding ; a species is designated by a two part name consisting of its genus and a specific epithet ; see also subspecies a group of organisms ( living things ) capable of reproducing to give fertile off - spring. momo organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. a group of individuals biologically capable of interbreeding and which have a common ancestor. organisms that are genetically related, similar physically, and can reproduce viable offspring. this is the most useful taxonomical name because every living creature is assigned a unique species name, which is composed of two parts. a class of plants or animals having common attributes and designated by a common name. theoretically, plants or animals of different species cannot interbreed. however, occasionally this does not hold true. espece familienbezeichnung, f especie a population or series of populations whose individuals have the potential to freely breed with one another and that is discontinuous in variation from other populations or series of populations ; a fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking a kind of plant that is distinct from other plants. a group of organisms that are biologically capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring. it is the lowest normal taxonomic unit in use. meagher, 1991 a population of morphologically similar organisms that can reproduce sexually among themselves but that cannot produce fertile offspring when mated with other organisms. a group of organisms that have similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. this is the defining identification of a living organism. based upon taxonomy it is usually a latinised adjective or noun and is never capitalised and is usually italicised. species may only have varieties after it, although the specific name may also be double - barreled. the basic unit of biological classification. generally defined as an aggregation of individuals similar in appearance


noun and is never capitalised and is usually italicised. species may only have varieties after it, although the specific name may also be double - barreled. the basic unit of biological classification. generally defined as an aggregation of individuals similar in appearance and structure, mating freely and producing young that themselves mate freely and bear fertile offspring. abbreviated to sp. for one species and spp. for two or more species. a group of organisms with a unique set of characteristics ( like beak shape and behaviour ) that distinguishes them from other organisms. if they reproduce, individuals within the same species can produce offspring that can make more offspring. groups of plant or animal organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. in the taxonomic hierarchy, ' species ' joins with the higher level ' genus ' to give the binomial term ' genus species '. a taxonomic category ranking which is beneath genus. individuals of the same species are genetically, morphologically, and physiologically differentiated from any other population. the specific name is designated by an uncapitalized latin noun or adjective, and it constitutes the second term in a scientific name. group of related organisms or populations capable of interbreeding. a group of organisms capable of interbreeding freely with each other but not with members of other species ( this is a simplified definition ; species concept is much more complex ). - a taxonomic rank below a genus, consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes ( gene ) or interbreeding. creatures that are extremely similar to one another belong to the same species. a group of organisms which are biologically capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring with each other but not with members of other species the fundamental category of biological classification, ranking below the genus and in some species composed of subspecies or varieties ; of various definitions, the most common is the " biological species concept " " species are actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. " numbers of domains present in a variety of selected taxa ( animal, archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants and protozoa ) are shown in annotation pages. all plants and animals are divided into groups with similar characteristics. the basic building block for this division is the species. organisms of the same species can interbreed. species with common characteristics are grouped into a genus ( plural genera ). genera with similar characteristics are grouped into a family. each species is given a scientific name of two words, the genus and species. these names are latin so they can be recognized worldwide. common names


characteristics are grouped into a genus ( plural genera ). genera with similar characteristics are grouped into a family. each species is given a scientific name of two words, the genus and species. these names are latin so they can be recognized worldwide. common names, on the other hand, vary from nation to nation, and even within a nation. examples : species : mallard scientific name : anus platyrhynchos species : northern pintail scientific name : anus acuta both the mallard and pintail are in the same genus anus and are also grouped into the family of ducks, geese, and swans. individual plants bearing certain characters in common. the fundamental and unique category in the classification of all living things, for example, the song sparrow, the bluebird, the monarch butterfly, the azure butterfly, the lion, the tiger, etc. a taxonomic level above genotype. all creatures in a species are similar on a functional and structural level, but not necessarily in all instruction positions on their genome. species can be used to study clouds around an archetype ( quasispecies ) in genome space. a biological classification that combines organisms sharing common characteristics and are able to mate and produce fertile offspring. a subdivision of a genus — second word in a plant ' s botanical name such as rosa moschata — musk rose a population of individuals that are more or less alike, and that breed and produce fertile offspring under natural conditions. one or more animals which closely resemble one another. a group of them together forms a genus. the category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding. organisms that are capable of interbreeding and is designated by a binomial term in latin. the species designation of timber wolf or gray wolf is canis lupus. a group of organisms which resemble each other to a greater degree than members of other groups and which form a reproductively isolated group that will not normally breed with member of another group. similar species are grouped into genera, genera are grouped into families, families into orders, orders into classes, classes into phyla ( for animals ) and divisions ( for plants ), these are grouped into kingdoms. a group of individuals that share certain physical characteristics and are capable of producing fertile offspring. a group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring. a category of biological classification ; a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name. " species " is always properly used with the " s " when referring


. a group of living organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring. a category of biological classification ; a class of individuals having common attributes and designated by a common name. " species " is always properly used with the " s " when referring to trees or other biological classifications. a biological species is a group of individuals that can actually or theoretically interbreed successfully with one another but not with members of other groups or species. a class of individual organisms having some common characteristics or qualities ; usually similar or alike in appearance ; always able to breed among themselves ; by some defintions unable to breed with members of other species. the following papers by kenneth cumming provide more information : on the changing definition of the term " species " | patterns of speciation | reticulate evolution a group of organisms that is formally recognized as distinct from other groups ; also a taxon of the rank of species, i. e., a category below genus. species is a group of living things that can mate to produce fertile offspring. groups of animals with shared characteristics that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring red - headed and red - bellied woodpeckers are two different species of woodpeckers. one or more populations of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated in nature from all other organisms. populations of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring. the least inclusive taxonomic category commonly used. picture one kind of organism. of sexually reproducing organisms, one or more natural populations in which individuals are interbreeding and are reproductively isolated from other such groups. a population or series of populations whose individuals have the potential to freely breed with one another and that is discontinuous in variation from other populations or series of populations ; a fundamental category of taxonomic classification that ranks below genus. a group containing all the individulas of a particular kind of plant. the basic lower unit of classification. biological species refers to individuals capable of interbreeding. a " kind " of bird, usually referring to a group of interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups ; a species represents a unique evolutionary lineage a distinction for a specific type of animals. for example, geese are a species and ducks are a species. there may be many breeds of each species. typically species cannot interbreed successfully, for example a duck and a goose can not produce offspring together. if species can cross the offspring are typically sterile like a mule ( horse x donkey ). the