article posted april 11, 2013 at 08 : 30 pm gmt • comment ( 1 ) • reads 4267 we ended our sound unit by making recycled instruments. each student was taped while he / she presented their instrument to the class. the students also wrote a paragraph about the instrument and took a photo of it using an ipad. the students created a glog ( an interactive poster ) incorporating all of the components. click on the glogster image below to see all of the recycled instrument glogs. the slideshow gives you a front row seat to the " 3h jam session. " enjoy! article posted march 8, 2013 at 08 : 19 pm gmt • comment • reads 1427 this is it, the last set of clues. the clock is ticking and we need to figure out where these landmarks are! it ' s research time 3h crew! good luck! landmark primary clues 2013 - week 3 ( 1a ) abanskaya school ( world explorers ) aban, russia 1. the head of all landmarks 2. the oldest in the city 3. northern hemisphere 4. named in honor of the builder 5. there is the legend about a thing in it 6. lighting of this place change in december 7. chinese room 8. about 122. 3 longitude 9. opened on the independence day ( 2a ) abanskaya school 3 ( team kazakova ) aban, russia 1. tatar burial mound 2. metal, metal 3. black snow, no grass 4. the leader lies at it 5. 40 - 50 n 6. the bloodiest battle 7. world war ii 8. was the largest when it was built 9. the woman on the top ( 3a ) abanskaya school 3 ( team vinokurova ) aban, russia 1. it was founded in a cave. 2. there is a museum there. 3. there was a big fire in 1718 4. 500 people were killed there by the nazi soldiers. 5. it is one of 7 wonders of its country. 6. it is inscribed as a unesco world heritage site. 7. northern hemisphere 8. you can find this landmark between 29 and 31 degrees east longitude. 9. its area is 2, 533, 825 sq ft ( 4a ) aginskaya secondary 2 ( siberian experts ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. it is a unique place in the world 2. it is situated in the eastern siberia 3. it was founded in 1925 4. it is a nice place for animals to live, for


( siberian experts ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. it is a unique place in the world 2. it is situated in the eastern siberia 3. it was founded in 1925 4. it is a nice place for animals to live, for plants to grow, for citizens to have rest and for alpinists to climb rocks. if you visited this place at least once you will never forget your impressions. 5. the taiga flora includes dark green fir, pine - tree, siberian cedar, white birches, mountain ash, bird cherry tree, larch, …. you can meet taiga animals ( sable, musk deer, hazel hen ) and forest - steppe gopher, polecat and roe deer. 6. it is situated between the mana and bazaikha rivers 7. the square of it is about 47hectares 8. there are more than 100 of syenite rocks 9. you can find there very interesting names of rocks : d ’ ed ( grandfather ) and perya ( feathers ). ( 5a ) american community school ( team 5a ) beirut, lebanon 1. located in the northern hemisphere around 35n. 2. important to at least seven ( 7 ) ancient civilizations. 3. gilgamesh is said to have ventured here. 4. sometimes thought to be a dwelling of the gods, but humans said to enter the area 4, 700 years ago. 5. one of the most prized building materials in ancient times. 6. described as the oldest of its kind in the world. 7. began to disappear in the early 6thcentury. 8. once named an “ imperial domain ” and destruction was halted. 9. can be up to 40 m ( 130 ft. ) high. ( 6a ) american community school ( team 5b ) beirut, lebanon 1. sculpted by erosion. 2. this landmark has had five ( 5 ) previous names. 3. open air museum 4. made of volcanic rock. 5. not located in the southern hemisphere. 6. added to the world heritage list in 1985. 7. has had a population exchange between greece. 8. the name of a place within it relates to fairies. 9. can be found at about 40 n. ( 7a ) american community school ( team 5c ) beirut, lebanon 1. many legends, but the most popular gives the landmark this name. 2. the site is featured in films ( hitman, the world is not enough ). 3. red or white flash every 3 seconds. 4. featured


beirut, lebanon 1. many legends, but the most popular gives the landmark this name. 2. the site is featured in films ( hitman, the world is not enough ). 3. red or white flash every 3 seconds. 4. featured on the back of the host country ’ s bank note. 5. from 1829 was used as a quarantine station. 6. today, there is a restaurant on the 1st floor and a cafe at the top. 7. octagonal prism with a cupola. 8. located in the eastern hemisphere at about 30e. 9. part of the structure was destroyed in an earthquake in 1509. ( 8a ) american community school ( team 5d ) beirut, lebanon 1. location of several military campaigns 2. not in the southern hemisphere 3. once a center of community life ; now a war memorial 4. sickness, especially malaria, was rampant 5. at least seventy - five miles ( 121km ) in length 6. built over a 25 - year period, but begun in the 1940s 7. latitude is about 10n 8. free - strike zone 9. helped achieve ultimate military success. ( 9a ) alexander doniphan elem. ( team campbell ) liberty, mo 1. our landmark is in the northern hemisphere 2. our landmark is between 25 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude. 3. nicknames for our landmark include bear ’ s lair, bear ’ s house, and bear ’ s lodge. 4. our landmark is columnar. 5. spend your time hiking at our landmark - there are 13 + miles of trails. 6. 1906 is an important year for our landmark. 7. our landmark is 865 feet or 264 meters in height. 8. it is sacred. 9. our landmark made its movie debut in 1977. ( 10a ) alexander doniphan elem. ( team kesner ) liberty, mo 1. our landmark is in the northern hemisphere. 2. our landmark is between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude. 3. approximately 5000 people a day and 6 to 7 million a year visit our landmark. 4. our landmark is made of iron. 5. our landmark is 1050 feet high. 6. at one time, our landmark was the tallest in the world. 7. our landmark shares the same name as his builder. 8. the idea for our landmark was conceived in 1884. 9. our landmark was in danger of being destroyed 20 years after its construction. ( 11a ) barnveld school ryan world whizzes


shares the same name as his builder. 8. the idea for our landmark was conceived in 1884. 9. our landmark was in danger of being destroyed 20 years after its construction. ( 11a ) barnveld school ryan world whizzes ) barnveld, wi 1. it is very colorful, but don ' t bring your camera 2. if you live there, you go in one way. if you don ’ t, you go in the other 3. about 1000 people could fit inside. 4. although it is millions of years old, it was only rediscovered in the 1940 ' s. 5. it is in the northern hemisphere 6. it is about 30 degrees north 7. it was once used as an emergency shelter and hospital area during a war. 8. it has a palace, and a dragon and santa claus 9. it is named for a plant ( 12a ) bolshesosnovskaya school, ( salnikova ) bolshaya sosnova, russia 1. some parts of the landmark look like ruins of pompeii but there wasn ’ t any volcano eruption. 2. it is neither in europe nor in asia. 3. there are about 70 lakes. 4. there is a " big ring " and a " small ring " there. 5. the legend says if a young girl falls down on one of its ways it will get married soon. 6. its length is about 5. 7 km. 7. you can find this landmark between 57 and 58 degrees east longitude. 8. its first plan appeared 310 years ago. 9. it is called " ice queen ". ( 13a ) cathedral st. raymond ' s school ( team kabellis307 ) joliet, il 2. designed by winning sculptor 3. cultural events 4. controversy was created over its building 5. not in the southern hemisphere 6. the building was started in 1948 and still in progress 7. sacred ground 8. 43 degrees n 9. a million visitors a year ( 14a ) cathedral st. raymond ' s school ( team kabellis308 ) joliet, il 2. took almost 200 years to build 3. gothic architecture 4. started in 1163 5. it is not in the western hemisphere 6. 48 degrees n 7. crown of thorns 9. 5 bells ( 15a ) comprehensive lyceum # 3 ( team yenisey ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1 it ' s in a picturesque place in russia. 2 there is fog everywhere,


n 7. crown of thorns 9. 5 bells ( 15a ) comprehensive lyceum # 3 ( team yenisey ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1 it ' s in a picturesque place in russia. 2 there is fog everywhere, because there is a lot of water. 3 it ' s 1065 meters long. 4 it is manmade but it doesn ' t pollute the air. 5 almost 6 million tones of concrete was used to build it. 6 it started working before it was finished. 7 it sometimes looks like a waterfall. 8 there is a big lake but it ' s fake. 9 there is a ship ' s lift there. ( 16a ) eugene field elem. ( team huseman ) hannibal, mo 1. readers digest 2. built in 2001 3. not in the southern hemisphere 4. weighs 5 tons 5. 24 feet high, 40 feet long 6. guinness book of world records 7. north 40 degrees 8. " get your kicks on route 66 " 9. exit # 126 ( 17a ) eugene field elem. ( team mcguire ) hannibal, mo 1. third part of seven 2. 786 square feet atop 45, 000 pounds 3. inspiration came from 1888 4. part of a project 5. 101 degrees west 6. began in 2000 7. northern hemisphere 8. completed in 2001 9. has connection with canada and australia ( 18a ) fithian tatem elem ( tatem tigers ) haddonfield, nj 1. the creator of this landmark was born in iran. 2. this landmark involves beethoven. 3. it is in the same hemisphere as the eiffel tower. 4. the inspiration of this landmark was originally made from the stomach of a sheep or a goat. 5. it cost more than $ 1, 000, 000 to build. 6. you can only visit this landmark during daylight hours. 7. the landmark involves something that you put on your food. 8. this landmark was dedicated in 1986. 9. its location is about 3. 6 degrees off of area 51 ' s latitude. ( 19a ) gimnazia 3 ( explorers of the world ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. it is situated on the left bank of the river yenissey in the city of krasnoyarsk. 2. it is a part of a big building. this building has got a lot of rooms. 3. it is 90 metres high. 4. it has a very famous nickname. 5. people can listen to


of krasnoyarsk. 2. it is a part of a big building. this building has got a lot of rooms. 3. it is 90 metres high. 4. it has a very famous nickname. 5. people can listen to its sound twice an hour. 6. it looks like a well - known english sight. 7. it took 31 years to build it, because the city didn ' t have enough money. 8. finally it was opened to the public in 2001. 9. this landmark won the competition " gold rouble " in 2002. ( 20a ) gymnazia 2 ( siberian balls ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. this river is situated in siberia and devides it into eastern and western siberia 2. it ' s the full flowing river in russia 3. the length of this river is 3487 km 4. krasnoyarsk, abakan and divnogorsk are situated on the banks of this river 5. very often the russians call this river " batyushka " ( " father - river " ) 6. 36 fish species live in this river, you can find most of them only in it 7. in some areas : the width of this river is about 40 km 8. because of hydropower the river has stopped freezing over 9. the greatest russian artist vasiliy surikov and a modern russian writer victor astafyev were born on the banks of this river ( 21a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 5a ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it is a church. 2. it is on the main square 3. it was repaired many times 4. north hemisphere 5. you can find this landmark between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude 6. it has nine domes 7. it was founded in 1516 8. there is a monument next to it 9. it is unesco world heritage site ( 22a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 6b ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it is on the water 2. it is the most photographed building in the world 3. the doors were opened by queen elisabeth ii 4. it is 185 meters in length 5. you can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees south latitude 6. south hemisphere 7. more than 100, 000, 000 was spent to build it 8. it was founded in 1973 9. it was built by danish architect. ( 23a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 7a ) kalachinsk, omsk


hemisphere 7. more than 100, 000, 000 was spent to build it 8. it was founded in 1973 9. it was built by danish architect. ( 23a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 7a ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it is an ideal place for picnics 2. it depends on water and rains 3. its height is 9 meters 4. it is in the park 5. you can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees north latitude 6. it is in the western hemisphere 7. it is under natural gas leak 8. you should use a footpath to get there 9. this is a fire by itself. ( 24a ) gymnasia 1 ( team 8a ) kalachinsk, omsk, russia 1. it was reconstructed several times 2. it is situated on the bank of the river 3. it was a prison 4. you can find this landmark between 30 and 50 degrees north latitude 5. it is in the northern hemisphere 6. it is nearly 2000 years old 7. there was only the one person who managed to escape from it 8. it was founded as a mausoleum 9. it was a place of refuge of clement viii in 1527 ( 25a ) gymnazium dr. a. hrdlicky ( team tercie ) czech republic 1. i am man - made. 2. i am situated in a country which lies in the both hemispheres. 3. i have not been finished yet. 4. i am financed by the donations and charity. 5. i hope i will be completed at the 100th anniversary of the death my creator. 6. i could be visited by the winners of the summer olympic games. 7. i was born in 1882. 8. my creator was a vegetarian. 9. the best football player in the world plays home matches near me. ( 26a ) kalachinsk - gym1 ( team phoenix ) kalachinsk, russia 1. our landmark is in the northern hemisphere. 2. it is in the city of great museums. 3. a famous artist lived next door to the landmark. 4. nearby there is madame tussaud ’ s museum. 5. 55 degrees north. 6. the landmark is closed for visitors but you can see it from the swimming cafes. 7. it has a famous broken clock. 8. it was built exactly three centuries before the battle of borodino. 9. its nick - name is the ‘ local tower of pisa. ’ ( 27a ) kalachinsk


swimming cafes. 7. it has a famous broken clock. 8. it was built exactly three centuries before the battle of borodino. 9. its nick - name is the ‘ local tower of pisa. ’ ( 27a ) kalachinsk - gym1 ( team cross ) kalachinsk, russia 1. it is in the northern hemisphere. 2. the landmark is made of three kinds of materials. 3. it is one of the most photographed landmarks. 4. it is used as an entrance to the building. 5. it is about 10 meters high. 6. 40 degrees n. 7. there was an unusual wedding ceremony in 2010. 8. there is a symbol of a famous company in the landmark. 9. opposite of this landmark there is a building which appeared in the film " home alone ". ( 28a ) kalachinsk - gym1 ( hand in hand ) kalachinsk, russia 1. many copies 2. northern hemisphere 5. 40 degrees n 8. it was damaged 9. 17 meters ( 29a ) manor hill elem. ( team green 5 ) liberty, mo 1. many people come to this landmark to get married. 2. it was finished in the same year as a series of bomb attacks in london. 3. it ' s frame is made of concrete and steel. 4. it lights up in different colors. 5. it is found in the northern hemisphere. 6. you can find black cabs in this country. 7. it can be found at 50 degrees north latitude. 8. it receives over 600, 000 visitors yearly. 9. you can view the sights from 3 different decks. ( 30a ) oberthur primary ( searchers ) bull creek, w. australia, 1. not always part of same country 2. hollowed sides 3. birds nest 4. southern hemisphere 7. attempted invasion 8. close to 10 degrees latitude 9. migration wonder ( 31a ) st. oswald primary ( sizzling sausages ) burneside, uk 1. it ' s in the northern hemisphere 2. anagram of ebyab wrenttimess 3. begun by henry iii 4. it ' s the final resting place of 17 monarchs 5. an architectural masterpiece developed from the 13th to 16th century 6. started building in 12 45 7. 60, 000 sandbags used to protect the tombs in the world war ii 8. over 600 people buried here 9. longitude 0. 1275 west ( 32a ) secondary school5 ( siberian stars ) krasno


building in 12 45 7. 60, 000 sandbags used to protect the tombs in the world war ii 8. over 600 people buried here 9. longitude 0. 1275 west ( 32a ) secondary school5 ( siberian stars ) krasnoyarsk, russia 1. i am located in the same hemisphere as the arctic. 2. i am between 40 and 60 degrees north latitude. 3. you can also find me between 75 and 100 degrees east longitude. 4. i am part of a big family. 5. i have two heads. 6. the biggest one is about 14, 784 feet high. 7. in the 1990s i was included to unesco world heritage list. 8. i am a sacred centre for spiritual travellers. 9. nicholai roerich, the mystic russian artist, found the entrance of the mystical shambhala. ( 33a ) voyager academy ( voyager blue ) durham, north carolina 1. it was built with an automatic flushing system which was something new for that time. 2. in the summer, it has 6000 visitors a day. 3. i t has an artificial cave. 4. it is located in the northern hemisphere. 5. it is a symbol of romantic architecture. 6. it was built in 1869. 7. it is one of the most frequently photographed things in its country. 8. there was a room in gold and blue in the byzantine style. 9. it is located at 10. 7 degrees e longitude. ( 34a ) voyager academy ( voyager green ) durham, north carolina 1. it is made of concrete. 2. it is home to a large instrument. 3. it is named after a poet. 4. the object in front of it was a gift from another country. 5. you can see mountains from an observation area. 6. it is over 240 feet tall. 7. construction began in 1945. 8. it is in the northern hemisphere. 9. located at 64 degrees n latitude article posted march 8, 2013 at 08 : 19 pm gmt • comment • reads 1427 article posted february 27, 2013 at 08 : 17 pm gmt • comment • reads 592 here is a video by kristina schenck about similes and metaphors. can you think of a way to include similes and metaphors in your writing? i ' d be as happy as a clam to see at least one in the next story you write! article posted february 27, 2013 at 08 : 17 pm gmt • comment • reads 592


mr. gonzalez ' s science classes we have three 6th grade science classes and two 8th grade science classes blogging here from the pacific northwest in chimacum, wa! sixth graders are learning a bit about mt saint helens, environmental science through fresh water ecology, and physical science this year. eighth graders are learning about life science this year. please join us as we learn science by exploring our world. mr. g ' s blog mr. g ' s class facebook page here ' s what the creator of this graph wrote, " i tried to come up with the reason for the daylight saving time change by just looking at the data for sunset and sunrise times. the figure represents sunset and sunrise times thought the year. it shows that the daylight saving time change marked by the lines ( dls ) is keeping the sunrise time pretty much constant throughout the whole year, while making the sunset time change a lot. the spread of sunrise times as measured by the standard deviation is 42 minutes, which means that the sunrise time changes within that range the whole year, while the standard deviation for the sunset times is 1 : 30 hours. whatever the argument for doing this is, it ' s pretty clear that reason is to keep the sunrise time constant. " article posted january 31, 2013 at 07 : 27 am gmt - 8 • comment ( 4 ) • reads 85400 " the acoustic levitator uses two small speakers to generate sound waves at frequencies slightly above the audible range – roughly 22 kilohertz. when the top and bottom speakers are precisely aligned, they create two sets of sound waves that perfectly interfere with each other, setting up a phenomenon known as a standing wave. at certain points along a standing wave, known as nodes, there is no net transfer of energy at all. because the acoustic pressure from the sound waves is sufficient to cancel the effect of gravity, light objects are able to levitate when placed at the nodes. " about the blogger i started my teaching career in south central los angeles teaching in modified to full bilingual 4th and 5th grade classes. then i moved to wa state where i have taught mainly 6th through 8th grade. i have enjoyed the culture clash but notice that kids are the same everywhere : o ) my areas of interest are science and technology but i also love studying ancient cultures and learning about different peoples and cultures.


what is chiropractic chiropractic health care : what is chiropractic? chiropractic is a health care profession that focuses on disorders of the musculoskeletal system and the nervous system, and the effects of these disorders on general health. chiropractic care is used most often to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints, including but not limited to back pain, neck pain, pain in the joints of the arms or legs, and headaches. doctors of chiropractic – often referred to as chiropractors or chiropractic physicians – practice a drug - free, hands - on approach to health care that includes patient examination, diagnosis and treatment. chiropractors have broad diagnostic skills and are also trained to recommend therapeutic and rehabilitative exercises, as well as to provide nutritional, dietary and lifestyle counseling. the nerves in the spine can become irritated or pinched and can cause pain and dysfunction in any part of the body as the following chart shows. the most common therapeutic procedure performed by doctors of chiropractic is known as “ spinal manipulation ”, also called “ chiropractic adjustment ”. the purpose of manipulation is to restore joint mobility by manually applying a controlled force into joints that have become hypo mobile – or restricted in their movement – as a result of a tissue injury. tissue injury can be caused by a single traumatic event, such as improper lifting of a heavy object, or through repetitive stresses, such as sitting in an awkward position with poor spinal posture for an extended period of time. in either case, injured tissues undergo physical and chemical changes that can cause inflammation, pain, and diminished function for the sufferer. manipulation, or adjustment of the affected joint and tissues, restores mobility, thereby alleviating pain and muscle tightness, and allowing tissues to heal. each muscle, tissue and organ in your body has a nerve supply, just like it has a blood supply. if there is interference in the nervous system it can affect the function of the organs, just as if there is a decreased blood supply, the organs can not be fully functional and healthy. dysfunction leads to illness. chiropractic is not a cure all, but a system of health care that helps the body to heal itself by helping to balance the autonomic nervous system. not every condition can be helped on every patient. not every patient is accepted for treatment, only those whose examination shows their condition is likely to respond to our treatment protocols. our office


analyzing and interpreting literature description of the examination the analyzing and interpreting literature examination covers material usually taught in a general two - semester undergraduate course in literature. although the examination does not require familiarity with specific works, it does assume that candidates have read widely and perceptively in poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. the questions are based on passages supplied in the test. these passages have been selected so that no previous experience with them is required to answer the questions. the passages are taken primarily from american and british literature. the examination contains approximately 80 multiple - choice questions to be answered in 90 minutes. some of these are pretest questions that will not be scored. any time candidates spend taking tutorials and providing personal information is additional to actual testing time. because writing about literary texts is central to the study of literature, some colleges may require candidates to take an optional essay section in addition to the multiple - choice section. the essay section is 90 minutes long and is made up of two 45 - minute questions. one question asks candidates to analyze a short poem, the other asks them to apply a given generalization about literature ( such as the function of a theme or a technique ) to a novel, short story, or play that they have read. the essay section is still administered in a paper - and - pencil format ; the essay responses are graded by the institution, not by the college board. knowledge and skills required questions on the analyzing and interpreting literature examination require candidates to demonstrate the following abilities. - ability to read prose, poetry, and drama with understanding - ability to analyze the elements of a literary passage and to respond to nuances of meaning, tone, imagery, and style - ability to interpret metaphors, to recognize rhetorical and stylistic devices, to perceive relationships between parts and wholes, and to grasp a speaker ' s or author ' s attitudes - knowledge of the means by which literary effects are achieved - familiarity with the basic terminology used to discuss literary texts the examination emphasizes comprehension, interpretation, and analysis of literary works. a specific knowledge of historical context ( authors and movements ) is not required, but a broad knowledge of literature gained through reading widely and a familiarity with basic literary terminology is assumed. the following outline indicates the relative emphasis given to the various types of literature and the periods from which the passages are taken. the approximate percentage of exam questions per classification is noted within each main category. 35 % – 45 % prose ( fiction and nonfiction ) 50 % – 65 % british literature 30 % – 45 % american literature 5 % – 15 % works


tuesday, june 26, 2012 running in the woods twice as good as running in a gym for mental health the study showed that the positive effect on people ' s mental health was 50 per cent more than they might expect from going to the gym. the researchers at glasgow university found that being around trees and grass lowered brain stress levels. the study, led by prof richard mitchell, polled nearly 2000 physically active people. in an interview, prof mitchell said he was " surprised " by the scale of the results, adding : " there was around a 50 per cent improvement in people ’ s mental health if they were physically active in the natural environment, compared to those who weren ' t. these aren ' t serious mental health issues, more struggles in general life, things like mild depression, not being able to sleep, high stress levels or just feelings of not being able to cope. it seems that woodland and forest seem to have the biggest effect on helping to lower mental health problems. that makes sense with what we thought we knew. that is, the brain likes to be in the natural environment and it reacts to being there by turning down our stress response. being in areas that have lots of trees and grassy areas help to calm us down, and obviously a forest has this. i wasn ' t surprised by the findings that exercise in natural environments is good for your mental health, but i was surprised by just how much better it is for your mental health to exercise in a green place like a forest, than in other places like the gym. the message to doctors, planners and policy makers is that these places need protecting and promoting. " he added that taking a decision to exercise in a natural environment once a week could be enough to gain some benefit, and any additional use could have a bigger effect. posted by john desmond at tuesday, june 26, 2012


productivity depends on your workers being at their sharpest. such factors result in fatigue, which is a potential workplace epidemic. sleep habits suffer, physical activity is often pushed aside, and too many hours at work take a toll on overall wellness. all of these factors may lead to burnout and worse. depression and anxiety can spring from an overload of stress. fatigue is multifaceted, and whether your employees are dealing with the physical kind or the mental incarnation, their ability to bring their best performance to work will be limited to some degree. your efforts to promote wellness are your best defense against fatigue ’ s worst effects, stress overload, burnout, and other productivity killers. finding out what ’ s the biggest drain at your office is the first step in solving the problem and improving your workers ’ ability to focus and perform, as well as avoiding accidents, injuries, and costly mistakes. webmd offers these common causes of fatigue and tips for fighting them : tags : a culture of wellness, company wellness programs, coping with stress, corporate health and wellness, corporate wellness initiatives, creating a culture of wellness, depression, employee health promotion programs, employee health wellness, employees health programs, health and wellness in the workplace, healthy behavior, how to increase employee productivity, improve productivity, improve workplace health, improve workplace productivity, information, job stress, mental health in the workplace, mental health in workplace, mental health issues in the workplace, productivity at the workplace, productivity strategy, tips, wellness health


over the last ten thousand years, virtually every aspect of human culture has changed. the food we eat, the homes and shelters we live in, the clothes we wear, our language, music, stories, science, technology, social organization have all changed in fundamental ways that make modern cultures unrecognizably different from hunter - gatherer cultures. one aspect of human culture has remained unchanged over the last ten thousand years – all humans have retained a basic ability to recognize and interpret footprints on a beach. when you look at footprints on a beach, what you see and the way you interpret them is essentially exactly what a hunter - gatherer would have seen and interpreted a hundred thousand years ago. we still use the same reasoning to understand what we are looking at. the hunter - gatherer may have been a more sophisticated tracker, but looking at human footprints on a beach may be one of the few aspects, perhaps the only aspect, of human culture that links us with hunter - gatherer cultures more than a hundred thousand years ago. the art of tracking is the one aspect of hunter - gatherer culture that can be applied in a modern context. it is also the one aspect of hunter - gatherer culture that all modern humans can identify with. not only can traditional trackers benefit by working as trackers in a modern economy. by sharing their tracking expertise, people from other modern cultures can benefit by learning more about the roots of science. the implications for community participation in science are far - reaching. imagine communities throughout the world gathering data... from remote villages in the kalahari, the congo, australia and mongolia,... to school children in new york ' s central park, to london, paris, tokyo, new delhi and beijing... citizens gathering data on birds, animals, plants... millions of people all over the world sharing their data on the internet ( the cloud ), creating a worldwide network to monitor the global ecosystem in real time. the origin of science looks at practical applications of the art of tracking in a modern context. these examples demonstrate continuity between " indigenous knowledge " and modern western science. it demonstrates the ease with which traditional trackers, who cannot read or write, can adopt and take ownership of modern computer technology. these examples break down barriers between conventional notions of " science " and " indigenous knowledge " and between literate and pre - literate cultures. breaking down these barriers challenges us to redefine the boundaries of science.


by sophia murphy institute for agriculture and trade policy march 1, 2013 iatp has always argued that trade agreements need to respect and promote human rights, not drive a process of globalization that privileges commercial interests and tramples on public interests. in a new paper on land grabs, we reaffirm that position. “ land grabs ” are large - scale purchases or leases of agricultural or forested land on terms that violate the rights of the people who live on or near that land. the problem has commanded enormous public policy and media attention for the last few years. in our paper, iatp sets some context for the land grabs phenomenon. we focus on two forces that have contributed significantly to the problem : - globalization, or the deregulation of trade and foreign investment laws, which has greatly eased cross - border capital flows ; relaxed the limits on foreign land ownership ; and, opened markets to agricultural imports. - the food price crisis of 2007 - 08, which highlighted how fragile food systems in many parts of the world have become, and which shattered the confidence of net - food importing countries in international markets as a source of food security. the situation is compounded by climate change and the resulting destabilization of weather patterns, which in turn has made agricultural production less predictable. climate change has made domestic food supplies less certain and exports, too. the united states, still a huge source of grains for international markets, lost 40 percent of a record large number of acres planted with corn to drought in 2012. the sense of food insecurity has driven some of the richer net - food importers — countries such as saudi arabia and kuwait — to invest in growing food abroad for import to their domestic markets. that is one driver of land grabs. the sense that our food systems are fragile and that supplies are scarce, where for decades they have been abundant, is another driver — companies such as south korea ’ s daewoo are looking to source raw materials directly, rather than buying them on the market. it ’ s not that investment in agriculture is a bad thing. indeed, it ’ s sorely needed. but unless we have the conversation about what kind of investment, in what kind of agriculture, and in whose interests, then the investment does more harm than good. land grabs, as the label implies, have been overwhelmingly negative. they are associated with weak institutional capacity ( and sometimes corruption ) in the recipient country governments, as well as authoritarian governments in the investors ’ home countries, making it hard to bring pressure there for better practices. the communities whose


, have been overwhelmingly negative. they are associated with weak institutional capacity ( and sometimes corruption ) in the recipient country governments, as well as authoritarian governments in the investors ’ home countries, making it hard to bring pressure there for better practices. the communities whose land is leased or bought are not adequately protected. iatp proposes four linked policy shifts to create a more stable and transparent international food system : reformed trade rules that ensure export restrictions in times of crisis are subject to transparency and predictability requirements and that allow all countries policy space for food security policies ; publicly - managed grain reserves to dampen the effects of supply shocks ; readily accessible funding for the poorest food importers, which would be triggered automatically when prices increase sharply in international markets ; and, the development of strong national and international laws to govern investment in land, respecting the principles and guidelines set out in the voluntary guidelines on land tenure. tanzania ’ s recently announced limits on how much land foreign and domestic investors can lease is a hopeful example of a national government taking the initiative to get serious about regulation. the world, and agricultural production along with it, is only getting less predictable. in thinking through how to manage demand given our planetary boundaries and the imperative of social justice, the scale and pace of land investment now underway is a threat to food security and a threat to sane and just outcomes for our planet and its people. let ’ s change the rules that make land grabs possible. this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3. 0 unported license. filed under : corporations really suck, dandelion salad posts news politics and - or videos 2, environment, food, global warming on dandelion salad, globalization, politics, trade tagged : | agriculture, food on dandelion salad, sophia murphy


proceedings of the 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference kplu ( npr ) : marine conference seattle, wa ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) the puget sound is in trouble and hundreds of scientists are gathering this week in seattle to discuss why and what can be done to fix the problem. kplu environment reporter steve krueger has this preview of what lies ahead. also posted on : by peggy andersen seattle - during the great annual gray whale migrations between feeding grounds in the north pacific and breeding spots off mexico, about 200 individuals apparently take up " seasonal residence " in the pacific northwest, scientists say. six gray whales, for example, have been spotted around whidbey island nearly every spring since 1991, says biologist john calambokidis of olympia - based cascadia research. other small groups of gray whales return annually to preferred spots along the coasts of oregon and british columbia. " in recent years, we ' ve done a much better job identifying these seasonal resident animals, " calambokidis said. in some cases, " we have evidence they don ' t go to alaska. they migrate south to the breeding grounds but seem to make this their primary feeding area. " also, he said, unusually high numbers of beached grays reported in the spring of 1999 and 2000 apparently did not mark the start of a population decline for gray whales. " the mortality since then has been very low, " he said. calambokidis presented recent research about grays as the puget sound georgia basin research conference got under way tuesday at the downtown washington state convention center. the three - day session, featuring scores of scientists on a range of topics, is sponsored by the state ' s puget sound action team and environment canada. in a brief luncheon address, gov. christine gregoire said she ' s making " real science " a priority in making decisions about the environment. there need not be a conflict between business and the environment, she said - businesses are drawn to the region for its quality of life. historically, calambokidis said, gray whales that ventured inland were likely more vulnerable to shore - based hunters than those that swam farther offshore, churning all the way north to the bering and beaufort seas of alaska and the chukchi sea off siberia. a gray whale calf emerges to be touched by tourists in ojo de liebre lagoon in baja california sur, mexico, in march 1999 during the great annual gray whale migration between feeding grounds in the north pacific and breeding spots off mexico. ( associated


. a gray whale calf emerges to be touched by tourists in ojo de liebre lagoon in baja california sur, mexico, in march 1999 during the great annual gray whale migration between feeding grounds in the north pacific and breeding spots off mexico. ( associated press file photo ) the ones that stop in the northwest tend to not have as many young as the larger population, he said. determining the gender of the seasonal residents is a work in progress, but females with calves tend to start the migration late and inland stops " may not be advantageous " for them, calambokidis said. some of the returnees move on in early summer and may in fact head north, he said. some only drop in once or twice. grays seen farther inland, in central and south puget sound, tend to be stragglers foraging for food - sometimes desperately - that rejoin the migration if they can. there was a surge in reports of dead, beached gray whales five years ago, when population estimates peaked at about 27, 000 and the makah indian tribe moved to reaffirm its whaling rights under an 1855 treaty. while most whale deaths occur in the ocean, the 50 carcasses found on washington state shores alone in 1999 - 2000 may have marked a converging of two extremes, calambokidis said : the whale population reaching its maximum carrying capacity and a natural downturn in the cyclical availability of food and prey. many researchers believe both the high population number and the big die - off were " blips, " calambokidis said. " that ' s why there was a dramatic event, instead of a gradual tapering off. " records from around the northwest indicate that the " major mortality event " was a very isolated incident, he said. on average, washington state has four gray whale beachings a year, based on reports from the regional stranding network that has been in place since the 1970s, calambokidis said. " we haven ' t really changed our response to strandings, " he said. a beached whale carcass as long as 40 feet is hard to miss in a populated area, while dead whales on remote stretches of beach may go unnoticed. gray whales, the first creature listed for protection under the endangered species act, were decimated by commercial whaling that peaked in the late 19th century. recent gray whale counts conducted along the migration route suggest the population may have settled at about 17, 000 animals - roughly the pre - whaling total, calambo


endangered species act, were decimated by commercial whaling that peaked in the late 19th century. recent gray whale counts conducted along the migration route suggest the population may have settled at about 17, 000 animals - roughly the pre - whaling total, calambokidis said. the grays ' removal from the endangered species list in 1994 prompted the makah to reclaim whaling rights after 70 years. the issue has been bogged down in federal court appeals since the tribe killed a single whale in may 1999. antiwhaling activists characterized " resident " gray whales as a separate population that warranted special protection. some definitions of makah whaling grounds limited the tribe to offshore whales, while others allowed whaling some distance into the strait of juan de fuca, the waterway that divides the united states and canada before making a sharp right into puget sound. " now that we have accurate evidence of their abundance... it would allow someone to make estimates of what level of kills could come from that group, " calambokidis said. " we have a much more solid basis of information for either side in that debate. " on the net : by susan gordon gov. christine gregoire promised monday to take action to protect and restore puget sound. she told a gathering of 600 environmental scientists and others at a u. s. - canadian research conference that the sound ' s health is both central to washington ' s future prosperity and a legacy important to future generations. " only if we redouble our efforts will we succeed, " she said. gregoire wants to boost spending on what she described as scientifically based solutions to problems such as pollution and environmental degradation. she proposes to spend $ 31. 5 million over the next two years to clean up mercury contamination, control the spread of toxic flame retardants, restore polluted shellfish beds and remove spartina, an invasive beach grass, among other things. her proposal includes $ 7. 5 million for continuing scientific monitoring. " we are going to invest and we are going to deliver, " she said. gregoire has already proposed spending $ 5 million on the hood canal, where pollution has been blamed for an oxygen imbalance that has killed fish. gregoire ' s pledge to save the sound came during luncheon speech at the puget sound georgia basin research conference, a three - day event at the washington state trade & convention center in seattle. the annual conference brings together u. s. and canadian scientists who present new scientific findings on some of the most pressing environmental problems facing the region


sound georgia basin research conference, a three - day event at the washington state trade & convention center in seattle. the annual conference brings together u. s. and canadian scientists who present new scientific findings on some of the most pressing environmental problems facing the region. kathy fletcher, executive director of the environmental group people for puget sound, was in the audience. " it ' s music to my ears, " she said of gregoire ' s promise of action. " she ' s been around this issue long enough to know we need to do a lot more than studies and research. " the governor described the state ' s continuing population boom as a threat. " we have met the enemy and the enemy is us, " gregoire said. " our robust population leads directly to the health problems of the sound, " over the past decade, washington ' s population has grown by about 1 million, a 20 percent increase that means more sewage, more road runoff and more pressure on sensitive resources, she said. perhaps anticipating objections from the business community, gregoire underscored the value of washington ' s quality of life as a lure to enterprise. she praised the work of scientists who have focused on both problems and solutions. " real science has got to be the key to our decisions with respect to the environment, " she said. " every time we make decisions based on science, the environment is always the winner. " also monday, she announced the reappointment of brad ack as director of the puget sound action team, which sets the state ' s environmental protection priorities for puget sound. during her speech, she endorsed the team ' s seven - point plan for 2005 - 2007, which was released last december. gregoire told the seattle audience her first brush with international environmental controversy came in 1988 when she was in charge of the state department of ecology. the barge " nestucca " spilled 230, 000 gallons of fuel oil that contaminated beaches from grays harbor county to vancouver island. the oil spill roused the state ' s attention to the damage associated with the risks of oil transport. it also affected gregoire ' s family, she said. the governor recalled bringing her daughter michelle, now 20, along when she visited a bird rescue operation. it was " heart - wrenching, " gregoire said. but the grim scene also influenced michelle, who is now a college student majoring in environmental science. what the plan would do to view the strategy endorsed by gov. christine gregoire to restore and conserve puget sound, go to www.


to washington because they love the quality of life here, she said. but the challenge is for everyone to work together to improve the environment and leave things better for the next generation. gregoire told the scientists that research is essential. because of dedicated scientific work, " we have a grasp today of the problems and some of the solutions. " she has called on the legislature to create a new washington academy of sciences to bring together the best minds in the state to provide answers to vexing questions. " there were bright people who preceded me, " she said, " and they couldn ' t solve the problem. we need new thinking... when we make our decisions based on science, the environment is always the winner. " but gregoire does not want to wait for the scientists to answer all the questions - which is why she demanded that the " action plan " for hood canal include projects for reducing nitrogen, believed to be at the heart of the problem. the research conference, held at the washington state convention and trade center, has been one of the few venues to bring together a cross - section of the scientific community studying puget sound. issues range from killer whale behavior to the chemistry of sewage. one group of researchers at tuesday ' s session described an intensive effort to characterize the existing ecosystem in the elwha river on the olympic peninsula. it will be important, they said, to study the changes after two dams on the river are removed in 2007. one thing the research has revealed, said jonathan warrick of the u. s. geological survey, is that the river above the dams is starved for nutrients, essential to the entire food chain. in rivers without blockages, adult salmon carry nutrients in their bodies from the ocean to the upper watershed. when salmon die, they feed organisms from the bottom of the food chain, as well as eagles and bears that then distribute the nutrients over a broader area. other sessions on tuesday included a discussion of how climate change could alter salmon populations, a talk about gray whales and humpback whales visiting puget sound in recent years, and a presentation about an advanced computer model used to describe the movement of pollutants in bremerton ' s sinclair inlet. reach christopher dunagan at ( 360 ) 792 - 9207 or e - mail email @ example. com. copyright 2005, kitsapsun. com. all rights reserved. by larry pynn the shared waters of the strait of georgia and puget sound are home to 63 marine species at risk, with over - harvesting,


mail email @ example. com. copyright 2005, kitsapsun. com. all rights reserved. by larry pynn the shared waters of the strait of georgia and puget sound are home to 63 marine species at risk, with over - harvesting, habitat loss, and pollution rated as the biggest threats, according to a research study being released at an international conference starting today. the study by joseph gaydos and nicholas brown also finds that the four jurisdictions responsible for protecting marine species - - b. c., washington state, and the canadian and u. s. governments - - cannot reach consensus on the level of threat facing all of those 63 species. of the 63 species, washington officially considered 73 per cent of them at risk, b. c. 50 per cent, the canadian government 36 per cent, and the u. s. government 31 per cent. as an example, b. c. lists 12 seabirds that neighbouring washington state does not list, even though it is common for various species to fly back and forth across the international boundary. the high number of species at risk in the region ' s marine waters are evidence of " ecosystem decay, " the report ' s authors conclude, and reflect the need for the various levels of governments to work harder on conservation and to adopt an international ecosystem approach. gaydos and brown are with the seadoc society, a marine ecosystem health program administered through the university of california, davis, wildlife health centre, and based in washington ' s san juan islands. as of september 2004, the 63 species at risk consisted of 27 fish, 23 birds, nine mammals ( including the grey whale, harbour porpoise, humpback whale, and killer whale ), three invertebrates, and one reptile. within the puget sound - georgia basin marine ecosystem, the number of invertebrate species is much greater than vertebrate species, yet only three invertebrates are listed at risk - - newcomb ' s littorine snail, olympic oyster, and northern abalone - - suggesting the category is not receiving as much attention as it should. the results of the study are being presented at the puget sound georgia basin research conference running today through thursday in seattle and co - sponsored by environment canada. commenting on the study, tony pitcher, a professor at the university of b. c. fisheries centre, said in vancouver that governments have been slow to adopt an ecosystem approach to marine management. and while states and provinces can have different mandates, he agreed that the international border poses a political obstacle to good management of


university of b. c. fisheries centre, said in vancouver that governments have been slow to adopt an ecosystem approach to marine management. and while states and provinces can have different mandates, he agreed that the international border poses a political obstacle to good management of marine species, not just between b. c. and washington, but between b. c. and alaska on our north coast. pitcher also agreed that more research is needed on invertebrate species such as crabs, squid and octopus, and the roles they play in the greater ecosystem. he added that despite the need for more work by canadian and american authorities to reverse a decline in the health of our marine ecosystem, local waters are still in relatively good shape compared with other coastal areas in the pacific rim, including china, vietnam, and indonesia. risk to species by jurisdiction : the shared waters of puget sound and the strait of georgia are home to 63 marine species that are at risk, with overharvesting, habitat loss and pollution rated as the biggest threats, according to a study being released at an international conference today. the results show " ecosystem decay " and reflect the need for b. c., washington state, canada and the u. s. to work together to adopt an international, cooperative ecosystem approach. the statistics below show the differing levels of risk to some species, assigned by just two of those jurisdictions. source : the seadoc society, the vancouver sun fish, reptiles, birds and mammals on the at - risk list : also posted on : march 24, 2005 tacoma, wa, mar. 24 ( upi ) - - concentrations of the banned chemical pcb are at least three times higher in puget sound chinook salmon than in that from other areas, a report says. that finding, from sandie o ' neill, a scientist with the washington state department of fish and wildlife, measured chinook salmon from alaska, british columbia, oregon, coastal washington and the columbia river. her report prompted the state to begin its own research. officials say there is no immediate cause for alarm, the tacoma news - tribune said thursday. o ' neill presented preliminary data to the state fish & wildlife commission last october and plans to unveil more comprehensive research at the 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference next week in seattle. " the food chain in puget sound is significantly contaminated with pcbs and flame retardants, " said jim west, another state scientist. pcbs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds that build up in the


food chain in puget sound is significantly contaminated with pcbs and flame retardants, " said jim west, another state scientist. pcbs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds that build up in the food chain and can cause developmental and behavioral problems in children. susan gordon ; the news tribune concentrations of banned chemicals that are particularly threatening to children are at least three times higher in puget sound chinook salmon than in chinook from other areas. in light of that finding by a state department of fish and wildlife scientist, state health department officials are conducting their own research. while they say there is no cause for alarm, health officials acknowledge they might revise fish consumption warnings in a few months. " i don ' t think the data is clear enough yet, " said rob duff, the health department ' s environmental health director. sandie o ' neill, a state department of fish and wildlife scientist, has found pcb concentrations in puget sound chinook are three times higher than what others have measured in chinook salmon from alaska, british columbia, oregon, coastal washington and the columbia river. o ' neill has studied pcbs in salmon since 1992. but comparable data from other researchers weren ' t available until recently, she said. she first presented preliminary data to the state fish & wildlife commission last october and plans to unveil more comprehensive research at the 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference next week in seattle. o ' neill ' s results underscore the persistence of dangerous contaminants in puget sound. " the food chain in puget sound is significantly contaminated with pcbs and flame retardants, " said jim west, another state fish and wildlife department scientist. he recently discovered both pollutants in herring, a key component of the salmon diet. pcbs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are banned industrial compounds found worldwide that build up in the food chain and can cause developmental and behavioral problems in children. testing store - bought fish although pcbs are found in meat and dairy products, some health experts believe humans are most at risk from eating contaminated fish. however, because fish are nutritious and contain fatty acids that lower cholesterol, many experts are reluctant to suggest consumption limits based on pcbs. " these contaminants are in every fish and every person on the planet, " duff said. current state health department advisories warn about contaminated fish or shellfish in eight tainted locations around puget sound, including tacoma ' s commencement bay.


. " these contaminants are in every fish and every person on the planet, " duff said. current state health department advisories warn about contaminated fish or shellfish in eight tainted locations around puget sound, including tacoma ' s commencement bay. but that advice, which doesn ' t mention salmon, is complicated and might not be sufficient, duff said. so health department researchers are testing store - bought fish for pcbs, mercury and flame retardants. the sampling list includes chinook salmon, catfish, pollack, red snapper, halibut, cod and flounder, duff said. after that analysis, due in about three months, state health officials could revise statewide fish consumption recommendations, duff said. pcbs, which cause cancer, are highly toxic compounds that can be transferred from mothers to children through breast milk. once used to cool and insulate transformers and other electrical equipment, pcbs have been banned in the united states since 1977. because pcbs don ' t break down over time, they persist in air, water and soil. the pcbs also build up in the food chain, so top predators harbor high concentrations. because of pcbs, orca whales are some of the world ' s most contaminated marine mammals. in puget sound chinook, o ' neill measured average pcb concentrations of 53 parts per billion. that ' s like a spoonful of poison in a railroad tanker car full of water, but scientists believe the toxicity of the compound makes it notable. in puget sound coho, o ' neill measured average pcb concentrations of 31 parts per billion. " these are not screamingly high levels, " duff said. concentrations found in great lakes salmon have been many times higher. but puget sound chinook, also known as king salmon, are far more contaminated than other types of salmon, such as pinks, sockeye and chum, o ' neill said. that might be because young chinook spend more time in the estuaries than other young salmon, which also feed lower on the food web. also, o ' neill said concentrations of pcbs in puget sound chinook are comparable to what others have measured in farmed atlantic salmon from norway and scotland. for years, scientists have known about excessive concentrations of pcbs in bottom - dwelling puget sound fish, particularly those inhabiting polluted industrial areas such as commencement bay in tacoma and the seattle waterfront. for example, state researchers have found pcbs in concentrations of 121 parts per billion in rockfish and 62 parts per billion in english


dwelling puget sound fish, particularly those inhabiting polluted industrial areas such as commencement bay in tacoma and the seattle waterfront. for example, state researchers have found pcbs in concentrations of 121 parts per billion in rockfish and 62 parts per billion in english sole. both were caught in seattle. harbor seals also are contaminated. the new research suggests that efforts to confine contaminated sediments in polluted areas such as commencement bay might not prevent pcbs from recycling through plankton and fish, said west, o ' neill ' s colleague at the fish and wildlife department. " we need to better understand the dynamic between contaminants trapped in sediments and those entrained in the ( salmon ) food web, " o ' neill said. bill sullivan, environmental director for the puyallup tribe of indians, said he wouldn ' t be surprised if contaminants leak out of disposal sites. " obviously, we have something very wrong in the interior puget sound, " he said. if state officials revamp fish consumption recommendations, duff said special outreach efforts will be made to tribes and immigrant groups of asians and pacific islanders. they often eat lots of fish and might be more vulnerable to injury than the mainstream population, he said. most washington residents eat no more than two fish meals a week, and that ' s probably not enough to cause harm, he said. on the net : for state health department fish consumption recommendations, visit www. doh. wa. gov / ehp / oehas / eha _ fish _ adv. htm. susan gordon : 253 - 597 - 8756 march. 23 - 29, 2005 puget sound georgia basin research conference : literally hundreds of scientists and scholars converge on the washington convention and trade center for this environmental confab. the wednesday evening forum, led by a panel of researchers and policymakers, is open to the public. 800 convention pl., 206 - 694 - 5000. free. 7 - 9 p. m. wed., march 30. by warren cornwall a prolific and potentially toxic fire retardant is showing up in puget sound marine life ranging from tiny herring to massive killer whales, raising alarms among scientists who warn it could become the next big toxic threat to underwater animals. " we ' ve got fireproof killer whales, " said peter ross, a research scientist with the institute of ocean sciences in canada and an expert in toxic chemicals in marine animals. " we ' re concerned about this. " the problem appears greatest in south and central puget sound - where


killer whales, " said peter ross, a research scientist with the institute of ocean sciences in canada and an expert in toxic chemicals in marine animals. " we ' re concerned about this. " the problem appears greatest in south and central puget sound - where fish, seals and whales had higher levels of chemicals called polybrominated diphenyl ethers, or pbdes. since the early 1980s, levels of those chemicals in southern puget sound harbor seals have soared, a sign of an emerging threat to local killer whales that also feed on fish, ross said. the whales are on the verge of being listed as a threatened species under the federal endangered species act. " i ' m surprised at the rate of increase [ of contamination ], " said sandie o ' neill, a research scientist with the state department of fish and wildlife. " this is definitely an increasing concern, and that ' s what ' s getting everybody ' s attention. " scientists are unsure how the chemicals are affecting marine life, or what threat is posed to people who eat contaminated fish. the state department of health hasn ' t established safety thresholds for food containing pbdes. a bromine - industry spokesman questioned whether the presence of pbdes was cause for concern. production of some versions of the chemicals ended in 2004 because of health concerns. the most widespread version now is considered far less toxic, or not toxic at all, said john kyte, executive director of the industry - backed bromine science and environmental forum. " to simply say, ' we ' ve found pbdes '... it ' s hard to make any meaningful judgment about whether this means anything. " but marine biologists worry the chemicals, used to fireproof everything from computers to mattresses, could interfere with neurological development or throw off an animal ' s hormones or immune system. pbdes can linger in the environment for years, increasing the risk they will travel up the food chain as one animal eats another. toxic chemicals are considered one of the chief threats to the southern orcas. their numbers have fallen from 99 in 1999 to 85 in 2004. new research suggests those orcas may absorb much of the chemicals through the chinook salmon they eat. puget sound chinook had between three and five times higher levels of pbdes and pcbs, a longstanding contaminant, compared with chinook from elsewhere, o ' neill said. this puget sound hot spot affects a number of marine creatures, according to studies by state, federal and canadian agencies discussed yesterday at the puget


pcbs, a longstanding contaminant, compared with chinook from elsewhere, o ' neill said. this puget sound hot spot affects a number of marine creatures, according to studies by state, federal and canadian agencies discussed yesterday at the puget sound georgia basin research conference, a seattle meeting of scientists studying the waters shared by washington and british columbia. the fire retardant may wind up in puget sound through storm - water runoff ; or after floating into the air and then falling into the water, where they can be absorbed by animals scouring the sediment for food ; or by plankton, o ' neill said. pbdes also have been found in house dust and in women ' s breast milk. the state department of ecology last year called for a ban on pbdes, except in cases where no replacement flame retardant is available. but the ban proposal has stalled in the state legislature this year. warren cornwall : 206 - 464 - 2311 or firstname. lastname @ example. org scientists find high concentrations of harmful flame retardants in puget sound fish and marine mammals. they say action is needed now. susan gordon ; the news tribune u. s. and canadian scientists have found abnormal levels of harmful flame retardants in puget sound fish and marine mammals, including orca whales. scientists who presented their findings at the puget sound georgia basin research conference in seattle on wednesday said the results confirm the region ' s vulnerability to contamination from the unstable but increasingly common chemical compounds. the findings also underscore the need for a safe substitute for the flame retardants frequently used in consumer electronics, upholstery and carpeting, they said. the problem is polybrominated diphenyl ethers, also known as pbdes. the chemicals cause learning and behavioral problems in laboratory rats and mice and might have a similar effect on people, health officials say. peter ross, a canadian marine mammal toxicologist, and sandie o ' neill, a washington fish biologist, said new research highlights the need for government action. o ' neill and ross compared flame retardants to polychlorinated biphenyls, or pcbs, a banned industrial compound that poses similar health threats. similar research, first reported last week by the news tribune, will be presented today at the conference that shows unusually high concentrations of pcbs in puget sound chinook salmon. " it ' s a no - brainer. we banned pcbs and it ' s time to do something about pb


news tribune, will be presented today at the conference that shows unusually high concentrations of pcbs in puget sound chinook salmon. " it ' s a no - brainer. we banned pcbs and it ' s time to do something about pbdes. if we wait to see health effects on fish, whales or people, it ' ll be too late, " o ' neill said after her presentation. " we ' ve got to turn off the tap now. " pbdes break down over time, don ' t stick to the products in which they are used, attach to dust particles and wind up in foods such as fish and meat. ross, for his part, commended washington state ' s effort to reduce the risks, saying action is necessary to protect the health of the region ' s dwindling population of orca whales, already heavily contaminated by pcbs. last year, then - gov. gary locke ordered the state department of ecology to work with health experts to reduce the threat of harm from flame retardants. recently, state lawmakers introduced bills to ban pbdes, but the measures have failed to move beyond legislative committees. earl tower, a lobbyist for a coalition of chemical manufactures, said the two most controversial forms of the chemical - penta and octa - are no longer manufactured. the third, deca - bde, is used in the casings for computers, tvs and wiring. it is required by federal law to be used in airplanes and automobiles. " deca is not toxic. it ' s not bioaccumulative. there are no cases noted of any ill effects related to deca, " said tower, who represents the industry - funded bromine science and environmental forum. the proposal to ban deca is " based on the precautionary principle that we don ' t know if it ' s a problem but it might be, " tower said, adding, " it ' s the most understood and most tested flame retardant. " o ' neill and ross on wednesday shared new evidence of abnormal levels of pbdes in puget sound harbor seals, english sole, rockfish, herring, coho and chinook salmon. o ' neill said she didn ' t find excessive amounts of the chemical in chum or pink salmon, which spend more time in the open ocean than in the sound. ross presented results of research on harbor seals done in conjunction with steven jeffries, a state fish and wildlife department marine mammal expert. harbor seal pups captured on


##m or pink salmon, which spend more time in the open ocean than in the sound. ross presented results of research on harbor seals done in conjunction with steven jeffries, a state fish and wildlife department marine mammal expert. harbor seal pups captured on gertrude island, near tacoma, also show higher levels of pbde contamination than samples collected from other groups of seals in the north puget sound and british columbia, ross said. ross and o ' neill said their pbde findings are consistent with a pattern of bioaccumulation high in the food chain previously seen in research on pcbs. the united states banned pcbs almost 30 years ago because of the health risks. flame retardants are troublesome in part because they are unstable, said denise laflamme, a state department of health toxicologist who also spoke at the conference. flame retardants accumulate in fat, have been found in human breast milk and can be passed from mothers to their babies. since locke ' s call for action in january 2004, ecology department officials have proposed a pbde ban, but have not put it into place. one lingering question is what would substitute for pbdes now on the market, said cheri peele, an ecology department official working on the problem. flame retardant - to - human path unclear human health experts believe people are not exposed to the same high levels of flame retardants as have been proved to harm laboratory mice and rats, said denise laflamme, a state department of health toxicologist. but toxicologists also haven ' t figured out how the chemicals get into people, she said. polybrominated diphenyl ethers, known as pbdes, are present in many consumer products. because flame retardants easily bind to dust, good housekeeping can reduce exposure, laflamme said. while fish is the most likely dietary source of flame retardants, they also have been found in meat and dairy products, she said. and despite the presence of flame retardants in breast milk, health officials still recommend breast feeding. health officials are studying the presence of flame retardants and other chemicals in fish and say they might change their advisories about fish consumption in the next few months. on the net susan gordon : 253 - 597 - 8756


- active driver a device driver that implements advanced power management tasks, such as determining device idleness and performing pre - shutdown tasks. see also passive driver - base class in c + +, the class from which another class ( a subclass ) inherits. it can also be used to specify a class from which all classes in a hierarchy ultimately derive ( also known as a root class ). berkeley software distribution. formerly known as the berkeley version of unix, bsd is now simply called the bsd operating system. the bsd portion of darwin is based on 4. 4bsd lite 2 and freebsd, a flavor of 4. 4bsd. a directory in the file system that typically stores executable code and the software resources related to that code. ( a bundle can store only resources. ) applications, plug - ins, frameworks, and kernel extensions are types of bundles. except for frameworks, bundles are file packages, presented by the finder as a single file instead of a folder. see also kernel extension a transmission path on which signals can be dropped off or picked up by devices attached to it. only devices addressed by the signals pay attention to them ; the others discard the signals. buses both exist within the cpu and connect it to physical memory and peripheral devices. examples of i / o buses on darwin are pci, scsi, usb, and firewire. - bus master a program, usually in a separate i / o controller, that directs traffic on the computer bus or input / output paths. the bus master actually controls the bus paths on which the address and control signals flow. dma is a simple form of bus mastering where the bus master controls i / o transfers between a device and system memory and then signals to the cpu when it has done so. see also dma a driver object that consumes services of some kind supplied by its provider. in a driver stack, the client in a provider / client relationship is farther away from the platform expert. see also provider - command gate a mechanism that controls access to the lock of a work loop, thereby serializing access to the data involved in i / o requests. a command gate does not require a thread context switch to ensure single - threaded access. iocommandgate event - source objects represent command gates in the i / o kit. another name for the os x core operating system, or kernel environment. the darwin kernel environment is equivalent to the os x kernel plus the bsd libraries and commands essential to the bs


event - source objects represent command gates in the i / o kit. another name for the os x core operating system, or kernel environment. the darwin kernel environment is equivalent to the os x kernel plus the bsd libraries and commands essential to the bsd commands environment. darwin is open source technology. ( direct memory access ) a capability of some bus architectures that enables a bus controller to transfer data directly between a device ( such as a disk drive ) and a device with physically addressable memory, such as that on a computer ' s motherboard. the microprocessor is freed from involvement with the data transfer, thus speeding up overall computer operation. see also bus master computer hardware, typically excluding the cpu and system memory, which can be controlled and can send and receive data. examples of devices include monitors, disk drives, buses, and keyboards. - device driver a component of an operating system that deals with getting data to and from a device, as well as the control of that device. a driver written with the i / o kit is an object that implements the appropriate i / o kit abstractions for controlling hardware. - device file in bsd, a device file is a special file located in / devthat represents a block or character device such as a terminal, disk drive, or printer. if a program knows the name of a device file, it can use posix functions to access and control the associated device. the program can obtain the device name ( which is not persistent across reboots or device removal ) from the i / o kit. - device interface in the i / o kit, a mechanism that uses a plug - in architecture to allow a program in user space to communicate with a nub in the kernel that is appropriate to the type of device the program wishes to control. through the nub the program gains access to i / o kit services and to the device itself. from the perspective of the kernel, the device interface appears as a driver object called a user client. - device matching in the i / o kit, a process by which an application finds an appropriate device interface to load. the application calls a special i / o kit function that uses a “ matching dictionary ” to search the i / o registry. the function returns one or more matching driver objects that the application can then use to load an appropriate device interface. also referred to as device discovery. see device driver - driver matching in the i / o kit, a process in which a nub, after discovering a specific hardware device,


driver objects that the application can then use to load an appropriate device interface. also referred to as device discovery. see device driver - driver matching in the i / o kit, a process in which a nub, after discovering a specific hardware device, searches for the driver or drivers most suited to drive that device. matching requires that a driver have one or more personalities that specify whether it is a candidate for a particular device. driver matching is a subtractive process involving three phases : class matching, passive matching, and active matching. see also personality - driver stack in an i / o connection, the series of driver objects ( drivers and nubs ) in client / provider relationships with each other. a driver stack often refers to the entire collection of software between a device and its client application ( or applications ). - event source an i / o object that corresponds to a type of event that a device driver can be expected to handle ; there are currently event sources for hardware interrupts, timer events, and i / o commands. the i / o kit defines a class for each of these event types, respectively iointerrupteventsource, iotimereventsource, and iocommandgate. a collection of software abstractions that are common to all devices of a particular category. families provide functionality and services to drivers. examples of families include protocol families ( such as scsi, usb, and firewire ), storage families ( disk drives ), network families, and families that describe human interface devices ( mouse and keyboard ). in the virtual - memory system, faults are the mechanism for initiating page - in activity. they are interrupts that occur when code tries to access data at a virtual address that is not mapped to physical memory. see also page ; virtual memory a type of bundle that packages a dynamic shared library with the resources that the library requires, including header files and reference documentation. note that the kernel framework ( which contains the i / o kit headers ) contains no dynamic shared library. all library - type linking for the kernel framework is done using the mach _ kernelfile itself and kernel extensions. this linking is actually static ( with vtable patch - ups ) in implementation - idle sleep a sleep state that occurs when there has been no device or system activity for the period of time the user specifies in the energy saver pane of system preferences. see also system sleep - information property list a property list that contains essential configuration information for bundles such as kernel extensions. a file named info.


or system activity for the period of time the user specifies in the energy saver pane of system preferences. see also system sleep - information property list a property list that contains essential configuration information for bundles such as kernel extensions. a file named info. plist ( or a platform - specific variant of that filename ) contains the information property list and is packaged inside the bundle. an asynchronous event that suspends the currently scheduled process and temporarily diverts the flow of control through an interrupt handler routine. interrupts can be caused by both hardware ( i / o, timer, machine check ) and software ( supervisor, system call, or trap instruction ). - interrupt handler a routine executed when an interrupt occurs. interrupt handlers typically deal with low - level events in the hardware of a computer system, such as a character arriving at a serial port or a tick of a real - time clock. - i / o catalog a dynamic database that maintains entries for all available drivers on a darwin system. driver matching searches the i / o catalog to produce an initial list of candidate drivers. - i / o kit a kernel - resident, object - oriented environment in darwin that provides a model of system hardware. each type of service or device is represented by one or more c + + classes in a family ; each available service or device is represented by an instance ( object ) of that class. - i / o kit framework the framework that includes iokitlib and makes the i / o registry, user client plug - ins, and other i / o kit services available from user space. it lets applications and other user processes access common i / o kit object types and services. see also framework - i / o registry a dynamic database that describes a collection of driver objects, each of which represents an i / o kit entity. as hardware is added to or removed from the system, the i / o registry changes to accommodate the addition or removal. the complete os x core operating - system environment, which includes mach, bsd, the i / o kit, drivers, file systems, and networking components. the kernel resides in its own protected memory partition. the kernel includes all code executed in the kernel task, which consists of the file mach _ kernel ( at file - system root ) and all loaded kernel extensions. also called the kernel environment. - kernel extension ( kext ) a dynamically loaded bundle that extends the functionality of the kernel. a kext can contain zero or one kernel modules as well as other ( sub ) kexts


loaded kernel extensions. also called the kernel environment. - kernel extension ( kext ) a dynamically loaded bundle that extends the functionality of the kernel. a kext can contain zero or one kernel modules as well as other ( sub ) kexts, each of which can contain zero or one kernel modules. the i / o kit, file system, and networking components of darwin can be extended by kexts. see also kernel module - kernel module ( kmod ) a binary in mach - o format that is packaged in a kernel extension. a kmod is the minimum unit of code that can be loaded into the kernel. see also kernel extension a data structure used to synchronize access to a shared resource. the most common use for a lock is in multithreaded programs where multiple threads need access to global data. only one thread can hold the lock at a time ; by convention, this thread is the only one that can modify the data during this period. see also mutex a central component of the kernel that provides such basic services and abstractions as threads, tasks, ports, interprocess communication ( ipc ), scheduling, physical and virtual address space management, virtual memory, and timers. to translate a range of memory in one address space ( physical or virtual ) to a range in another address space. the virtual - memory manager accomplishes this by adjusting its vm tables for the kernel and user processes. - memory cursor an object that lays out the buffer ranges in a memory descriptor in physical memory, generating a scatter / gather list suitable for a particular device or dma engine. the object is derived from the iomemorycursor class. see also dma ; memory descriptor - memory descriptor an object that describes how a stream of data, depending on direction, should either be laid into memory or extracted from memory. it represents a segment of memory holding the data involved in an i / o transfer and is specified as one or more physical or virtual address ranges. the object is derived from the iomemorydescriptor class. see also dma ; memory cursor - memory protection a system of memory management in which programs are prevented from being able to modify or corrupt the memory partition of another program. although os x has memory protection, mac os 8 and 9 do not. a mutual - exclusion locking object that allows multiple threads to synchronize access to shared resources. a mutex has two states : locked and unlocked


partition of another program. although os x has memory protection, mac os 8 and 9 do not. a mutual - exclusion locking object that allows multiple threads to synchronize access to shared resources. a mutex has two states : locked and unlocked. once a mutex has been locked by a thread, other threads attempting to lock it will block. when the locking thread unlocks ( releases ) the mutex, one of the blocked threads ( if any ) acquires ( locks ) it and uses the resource. the thread that locks the mutex must be the one that unlocks it. the work - loop lock ( which is used by a command gate ) is based on a mutex. see also lock ; work loop a programmatic mechanism for alerting interested recipients ( sometimes called observers ) that an event has occurred. an i / o kit object that represents a detected, controllable entity such as a device or logical service. a nub may represent a bus, disk, graphics adaptor, or any number of similar entities. a nub supports dynamic configuration by providing a bridge between two drivers ( and, by extension, between two families ). see also device ; driver ( 1 ) the smallest unit ( in bytes ) of information that the virtual memory system can transfer between physical memory and backing store. in darwin, a page is currently 4 kilobytes. ( 2 ) as a verb, page refers to the transfer of pages between physical memory and backing store. refer to kernel. framework / headers / mach / machine / vm _ params. hfor specifics. see also fault ; virtual memory - passive driver a device driver that performs only basic power - management tasks, such as joining the power plane and changing the device ’ s power state. see also active driver a set of properties specifying the kinds of devices a driver can support. this information is stored in an xml matching dictionary defined in the information property list ( info. plist ) file in the driver ’ s kext bundle. a single driver may present one or more personalities for matching ; each personality specifies a class to instantiate. such instances are passed a reference to the personality dictionary at initialization. - physical memory electronic circuitry contained in random - access memory ( ram ) chips, used to temporarily hold information at execution time. addresses in a process ’ s virtual memory are mapped to addresses in physical memory. see also virtual memory ( programmed input / output ) a way to move data between a device and system memory in which each byte


used to temporarily hold information at execution time. addresses in a process ’ s virtual memory are mapped to addresses in physical memory. see also virtual memory ( programmed input / output ) a way to move data between a device and system memory in which each byte is transferred under control of the host processor. see also dma a subset of driver ( or service ) objects in the i / o registry that have a certain type of provider / client relationship connecting them. the most general plane is the service plane, which displays the objects in the same hierarchy in which they are attached during registry construction. there are also the audio, power, device tree, firewire, and usb planes. - platform expert a driver object for a particular motherboard that knows the type of platform the system is running on. the platform expert serves as the root of the i / o registry tree. a module that can be dynamically added to a running system or application. core foundation plug - in services uses the basic code - loading facility of core foundation bundle services to provide a standard plug - in architecture, known as the cfplugin architecture, for mac apps. a kernel extension is a type of kernel plug - in. a heavily overloaded term which in darwin has two particular meanings : ( 1 ) in mach, a secure unidirectional channel for communication between tasks running on a single system ; ( 2 ) in ip transport protocols, an integer identifier used to select a receiver for an incoming packet or to specify the sender of an outgoing packet. the portable operating system interface. an operating - system interface standardization effort supported by iso / iec, ieee, and the open group. - power child - power parent - preemptive multitasking a type of multitasking in which the operating system can interrupt a currently running program in order to run another program, as needed. a phase of active matching in which a candidate driver communicates with a device and verifies whether it can drive it. the driver ’ s probemember function is invoked to kick off this phase. the driver returns a probe score that reflects its ability to drive the device. see also driver matching a bsd abstraction for a running program. a process ’ resources include a virtual address space, threads, and file descriptors. in os x, a process is based on one mach task and one or more mach threads. a driver object that provides services of some kind to its client. in a driver stack, the provider in a provider / client relationship is closer to the


. in os x, a process is based on one mach task and one or more mach threads. a driver object that provides services of some kind to its client. in a driver stack, the provider in a provider / client relationship is closer to the platform expert. see also client decrementing the reference count of an object. when an object ’ s reference count reaches zero, it is freed. when your code no longer needs to reference a retained object, it should release it. some apis automatically execute a release on the caller ’ s behalf, particularly in cases where the object in question is being “ handed off. ” retains and releases must be carefully balanced ; too many releases can cause panics and other unexpected failures due to accesses of freed memory. see also retain incrementing the reference count of an object. an object with a positive reference count is not freed. ( a newly created object has a reference count of one. ) drivers can ensure the persistence of an object beyond the present scope by retaining it. many apis automatically execute a retain on the caller ’ s behalf, particularly apis used to create or gain access to objects. retains and releases must be carefully balanced ; too many retains will result in wired memory leak. see also release a service is an i / o kit entity, based on a subclass of ioservice, that has been published with the registerservicemethod and provides certain capabilities to other i / o kit objects. in the i / o kit ’ s layered architecture, each layer is a client of the layer below it and a provider of services to the layer above it. a service type is identified by a matching dictionary that describes properties of the service. a nub or driver can provide services to other i / o kit objects. in bsd - derived systems such as darwin, a socket refers to different entities in user and kernel operations. for a user process, a socket is a file descriptor that has been allocated using socket ( 2 ). for the kernel, a socket is the data structure that is allocated when the kernel ’ s implementation of the socket ( 2 ) call is made. - system sleep a sleep state that occurs when the user chooses sleep from the apple menu or closes the lid of a laptop computer. see also idle sleep in mach, the unit of cpu utilization. a thread consists of a program counter, a set of registers, and a stack pointer. see also task a kernel resource that triggers an event at a specified interval. the event can occur


see also idle sleep in mach, the unit of cpu utilization. a thread consists of a program counter, a set of registers, and a stack pointer. see also task a kernel resource that triggers an event at a specified interval. the event can occur only once or can be recurring. timers are one of the event sources for work loops. - user client an interface provided by an i / o kit family, that enables a user process ( which can ’ t call a kernel - resident driver or other service directly ) to access hardware. in the kernel, this interface appears as a driver object called a user client ; in user space, it is called a device interface and is implemented as a core foundation plug - in services ( cfplugin ) object. see also device interface - user space virtual memory outside the protected partition in which the kernel resides. applications, plug - ins, and other types of modules typically run in user space. - virtual address a memory address that is usable by software. each task has its own range of virtual addresses, which begins at address zero. the mach operating system makes the cpu hardware map these addresses onto physical memory only when necessary, using disk memory at other times. - virtual memory the use of a disk partition or a file on disk to provide the same facilities usually provided by ram. the virtual - memory manager in os x provides 32 - bit ( minimum ) protected address space for each task and facilitates efficient sharing of that address space. - wired memory a range of memory that the virtual - memory system will not page out or move. the memory involved in an i / o transfer must be wired down to prevent the physical relocation of data being accessed by hardware. in the i / o kit memory is wired when the memory descriptor describing the memory prepares the memory for i / o ( which happens when its preparemethod is invoked ). - work loop a gating mechanism that ensures single - threaded access to the data structures and hardware registers used by a driver. specifically, it is a mutex lock associated with a thread. a work loop typically has several event sources attached to it ; they use the work loop to ensure a protected, gated context for processing events. see also event source © 2001, 2007 apple inc. all rights reserved. ( last updated : 2007 - 05 - 17 )


capital punishment has been the law in oklahoma since 1804 when congress made the criminal laws of the united states applicable in the louisiana purchase, which included present oklahoma. these legal codes included the crime of " willful murder, " carrying the death penalty. through the years congress found other offenses, including rape, that merited capital punishment as well. until oklahoma 1907 statehood, capital crimes committed in indian territory were tried in the federal courts for arkansas, kansas, and texas. however, the u. s. federal district court for the western district of arkansas, presided over by notorious judge isaac c. parker, was indian territory ' s most famous criminal venue, with seventy - nine men going to the gallows under sentence of his court. in 1889 congress established a u. s. district court at muskogee, the first federal court resident in indian territory. however, the court did not have jurisdiction of capital offenses, which continued to be tried in the federal courts for arkansas, kansas, and texas. in 1890 aterritorial government, with its own judicial structure, was established for oklahoma territory. until statehood, capital crimes committed in oklahoma territory were prosecuted in the territorial courts. in 1895 congress gave the muskogee court, as of september 1, 1896, exclusive jurisdiction of all offenses committed against the laws of the united states in indian territory and repealed the jurisdiction of the arkansas, kansas, and texas federal courts. one man was hanged under sentence of the oklahoma territory courts, and nine men and one woman went to the gallows under sentence of the indian territory court. from statehood until 19l5 executions were by hanging in the county of conviction. the records are not perfect, but the number of people hanged between statehood and 1915 is probably six, all men accused of murder. the fact that the number was not higher is because of lee cruce, oklahoma ' s second governor. cruce was an inveterate foe of the death penalty. the best information is that only one person was executed during his term in office ( 1911 - 15 ), while at least twenty - two murderers escaped the hangman ' s noose. cruce ' s successor, robert l. williams, did not share cruce ' s view on capital punishment, and executions began again when williams took office. the first year of williams ' s term also saw oklahoma change from hanging to electrocution as a method of execution. in 1915 henry bookman, convicted in mcintosh county for murder, was the first person to be electrocuted in oklahoma. the first execution


year of williams ' s term also saw oklahoma change from hanging to electrocution as a method of execution. in 1915 henry bookman, convicted in mcintosh county for murder, was the first person to be electrocuted in oklahoma. the first execution for an offense other than homicide occurred in 1930. james edward forrest was put to death for rape, and subsequently there were executions for robbery with firearms and for kidnapping. in the late 1920s and during the 1930s there were as many as three on the same day. in 1972, when the u. s. supreme court declared the death penalty, as then administered, unconstitutional, eighty - two persons, all male, had died in oklahoma ' s electric chair. after the supreme court ' s ruling, states began attempting to enact constitutional death penalty statutes. gov. david boren convened a special session of the legislature in july 1976 to restore the capital punishment in oklahoma. the legislators overwhelmingly voted in favor, 45 to1 in the senate, and 93 to 5 in the house. the first execution under the new law occurred in 1990. from 1915 to march 2004, oklahoma had executed 156 individuals, including three women. between 1915 and 1966 eighty - two died by electrocution, and one was hanged. seventy - three died from lethal injection between september 1990 and march 2004. bibliography : ruth fisk bowman, " death by hanging : the crimes and execution of arthur gooch, " the chronicles of oklahoma 62 ( summer 1984 ). " capital punishment, " vertical file, oklahoma room, oklahoma department of libraries, oklahoma city, oklahoma. " capital punishment, oklahoma, " vertical file, jan eric cartwright memorial library, capitol building, oklahoma city, oklahoma. louis coleman, " ' we are making history ' : the execution of william going, " the chronicles of oklahoma 76 ( 1998 ). von russell creel, " capital punishment and the united states court for the indian territory, " the chronicles of oklahoma 81 ( summer 2003 ). bob gregory, " they died for their sins, " oklahoma monthly ( december 1976 ). von russell creel © oklahoma historical society