experts from around the country gathered at the aspen ideas festival this past week to tackle some difficult issues — the economic crisis, overpopulation, threats to democracy. but the panel i sat on asked perhaps the thorniest of questions, and one that we seem to return to again and again : what is the goal of parenting? every society worries about its children, and the recent media storm over the bullied school bus monitor focused our attention on children who appear unmoored in the school system. but the problem of youthful misbehavior is an old one. as aspen presenter michael thompson, author of raising cain : protecting the emotional life of boys, pointed out, mark twain ’ s tom sawyer was probably the best illustration, real or fictional, of the frustrating “ push - and - pull of boys and schools. ” not that we should fall into the sex differences trap. michael kimmel, author of guyland : the perilous world where boys become men, said that the “ big social science story of the 21st century, ” is not the difference between girls ’ and boys ’ brains, but rather their similarities. there is more variation among boys than there is variation between boys and girls, kimmel and thompson argued. fostering resilience in children was another common theme. we heard about experimental research that shows children perform better on problem - solving tasks when their effort is praised, rather than their intelligence. we heard about the intellectual capacities that predict success — traits such as optimism, flexibility, curiosity and the ability to assume the perspective of others — that are not captured by our current measures of academic performance. and we discussed how to attend better to the developmental needs of young kids : slowing down and giving them the space, physical and mental, to learn through play, to daydream, to experience struggle and disappointment, and to cultivate their passions. larry cohen, a co - panelist, urged parents to understand the virtues of being ordinary. above all, we emphasized the importance of relationships for the social and cognitive growth of children. we even heard the voices of american children and what they want most from their parents : de - stressed emotional engagement. “ if you ’ re tired, take a little nap, ” one child suggested. “ but not too long. ” but is any of this new or unique to our times? certainly, the 21st century presents particular parenting challenges : the rise of social media and the 24 / 7 day, globalization, changing demographics and adult roles, high - stakes testing in earlier and earlier grades.


any of this new or unique to our times? certainly, the 21st century presents particular parenting challenges : the rise of social media and the 24 / 7 day, globalization, changing demographics and adult roles, high - stakes testing in earlier and earlier grades. even children ’ s bodies have changed, with earlier puberty and growing rates of obesity. and anxiety is in the drinking water, everywhere. amy chua noted that the firestorm ignited by her book, the battle hymn of the tiger mother, probably stemmed, in part, because it tapped into two of american ’ s deepest worries : the fear of being bad parents, and the fear of china. we haven ’ t really had time to make sense of what these changes portend for schools and families, and the easiest route — as always — is to blame parents. no matter where the child - rearing pendulum swings, we inevitably wring our hands : parents are too permissive! they ’ re too authoritarian! and we start worrying all over again, which begs the question : can we do anything right where kids are concerned? ellen galinsky, president of the families and work institute, argued forcefully that we need to overcome our society - wide “ parentism ” — the kneejerk parent - blaming that keeps us from identifying systemic solutions to children ’ s problems. she even suggested that if we substituted the word “ women, ” or any ethnic or racial minority, for the word “ parent ” in our endless critical commentary, we ’ d be accused of prejudice and wouldn ’ t be allowed in polite company. putting child rearing on a par with national security and the global economy, as the aspen ideas festival did, reaffirms that it ’ s not only parents, but also society as a whole, that should concern themselves with children. let ’ s stop leaping to call out parents ’ every misstep and examine the kinds of societal forces that have always made childhood such a precarious enterprise.


these energy saving tips will show you how to reduce your impact on both the environment and your energy bills. 1. turn out the lights when you leave a room. this is probably the easiest thing you can do to save energy – just flip the switch on your way out. 2. turn off electronic devices when you are not using them. this includes tvs, computers, dvd players, stereos, and any other electronic devices. if you ’ re not using it, why leave it on? to take this one step further, you can also unplug devices like cell phone chargers when they are not in use. they still use a small amount unless they are completely unplugged, even if they do not appear to be in use. 3. invest in energy - efficient light bulbs, such as compact fluorescent bulbs. these are slowly replacing regular incandescent bulbs, and they use significantly less energy. 4. in the winter, wear extra layers around the house. simply turning up the thermostat seems so easy, but putting on a sweater uses a lot less energy. try to have an extra - comfy sweater or sweatshirt handy that you can throw on over anything when you get cold. wearing long underwear, tights or leggings under your pants can also be helpful if it is particularly chilly. 5. during the winter, open shades during the day ; during the summer, close them. sunlight can have a powerful effect on the temperature of a room, especially if that room faces south and receives more sun. use this to your advantage by keeping your living space warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer. 6. block the bottoms of doors in winter to prevent heat from escaping. you can buy a door draft snake or make one yourself. 7. hang clothes to dry rather than use a dryer. this is very easy to do and will even make your clothes last longer ; using a dryer causes clothes to shrink and lose their shape. you can buy a rack to hang them on at places like bed bath and beyond. be careful about using hangers to dry clothes, as they may stretch some fabrics. hope these tips help you to save energy!


what is the basic foundation for a family unit? a family is more than a household unit. in the bible, every family represented a microcosm of the community within which it lived. therefore, when families failed, the community itself failed. in times of crisis, families were relied upon to support and strengthen the community. for example, moses was charged to offer the following order to his followers : " make sure there isn ' t a man or woman among your families or tribes who turns away from the lord our god ( deuteronomy 29 : 18 ). " the family served as a keeper of the core values of the community in which it lived. thus, family is something more than a household unit. a family is more than a political or religious concept. according to the bible, " family " is not a man - made concept. rather, it originates from the mind of god. as recorded in the book of genesis, family is an intentional creation of the creator, and it is directly blessed by god. no sooner after god create man and woman that he blessed them and told them to create a family : " god blessed them, " states genesis 1 : 28, continuing, " he said to them, ' have children and increase your numbers. ' " the concept of family predates politics and organized religions. so, rather than simply being a political or religious concept, family is an undeniably divine concept. a family is more than an old testament biblical teaching. even deep into the new testament, the concept of family is valued as a foundation that was especially designed by god. paul verifies this fact in his letter to the ephesians, commenting, " i bow my knees unto the father of our lord jesus christ, from whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named ( ephesians 3 : 14 - 15 ). " the new testament reminds us that you will find families in heaven and earth, and in ancient and modern day times. families are a universal concept that supersedes the old testament. what is a family? it is an important part of today ' s society. family is more than a domestic unit that is only defined by the number of parents and children. it connects us to others outside of our households. your bloodline is only one part of your family construct. although your family unit is defined by you, it is measured by your community. your culture, religion, and language are also important ingredients and they will bind you with others of like conviction. family is natural and spiritual


giuseppe donati invented the modern 10 - hole ocarina. although oceanography has been recognized as a formal scientific discipline for only 150 years, the quest for this understanding and its practical application to commerce and war - often unwitting - goes back much further. history of the odometer. in the late 19th century, commercial offices for conducting business first appeared in the united states. see also - office machinary ellen ochoa invented the optical analysis system. tuan vo - dinh invented optical diagnostic equipment. vo - dinh ' s patents were for a badge worn on a worker ' s shirt that recorded exposure to toxic chemicals and for a optical scanner that would read that badge. david paul gregg first envisioned the optical or laser disc in 1958 and patented it in 1969. the inventors behind the first oral contraceptives. dr wilhelm reich invented the orgone accumulator. today ' s dynamic o - ring was the result of experimental work done in the early 1930 ' s by mr. niels christensen. ole evinrude invented the outboard motor. the first historical record of an oven being built refers to a stove built in 1490 made entirely of brick and tile. if you cannot find what you want by invention, try by the inventor.


an introduction to the nature and needs of students with mild disabilities : mild mental retardation, behavior disorders, and learning disabilities includes bibliographical references ( p. 257 - 275 ) and index. - language : eng - physical description : xvi, 283 p. ; 27 cm. - edition info : ( paper ) - behavior disorders in children - - united states - learning disabled children - - education - - united states - children with mental disabilities - - education - - united states - problem children - - education - - united states buying this book we query many merchants so that you can instantly compare prices and availability. you can even check historic prices and subscribe for notifications. for a manual check, clicking on a link will open a new window with a search for this book on the merchant ' s site of your choice. - amazon. com by title or by isbn - widest selection, reliable service, good prices - abebooks. com by title or by isbn - good source for rare and out - of - print books - textbooks. com by title or by isbn - large inventory of new & used textbooks - alibris. com by title or by isbn - their slogan is " books you thought you ' d never find " - ecampus. com by title or by isbn - they specialize in textbooks, used and new - bn. com by title or by isbn - barnes & noble has a wide selection of new and used books


world wetlands day – healthy forests, healthy wetlands 01 february 2011 | news story wetlands, such as mangroves, peat forests and freshwater swamp forests, are home to a wealth of biodiversity. to mark this year ’ s world wetlands day on wednesday 2 february, iucn is highlighting the role and importance of forests in wetlands, of particular poignancy as 2011 is the international year of forests. this year ’ s world wetlands day also marks the 40th anniversary of the ramsar convention. ramsar protected wetland sites cover an area of 186 million hectares, about the size of mexico, the largest protected area network in the world. wetlands provide many services, such as food, fresh water and fuel, and fulfill vital roles in carbon storage, pollution control and protection from natural hazards, such as floods and storms. water supplies are dependent on healthy wetlands ; healthy forests help to support and protect wetlands. yet, there are worrying signs that wetlands are being lost at a higher rate than any other ecosystem. according to the ramsar convention on wetlands of international importance, 50 % of our wetlands globally have been lost over the last century. widespread degradation and loss is triggered by the development of infrastructure, land conversion, deforestation and the introduction of invasive species. investing in forests within wetlands goes a long way. for example, new york city found that it could avoid spending us $ 4 - 6 billion on water treatment plants ( plus annual maintenance costs ) by investing just us $ 1 billion on protecting forests in water catchment areas. switzerland saves around us $ 64 million a year by using untreated groundwater, naturally filtered through forested watersheds. forests function as a filter, storage and purifier in water catchments. • “ water is the irreplaceable source of life and wetlands are the source of water for the vast majority of the world ' s people, ” says julia marton - lefevre, iucn director general. “ wetlands are not only natural infrastructure that store and clean water, regulate flows and protect coasts. they are also food bowls for millions of people around the world and their major source of livelihood – farming, fisheries and food security all depend on healthy wetlands. ” • “ investment needs to be made to secure the water resources we currently have and, as part of this, decision makers need to recognize the vital services that a healthy natural environment provides, particularly as communities adapt to the effects of climate change, ” says mark smith, head iucn water programme. “ demand for energy and food is growing as populations expand, driving up the demand for water.


creator of hank d and the bee. environmental cartoons found in / on : yes! magazine, pbs ' s urban conversion, center for media and democracy, greenpeace, planetsave, naturalpapa, elephant journal and more … originally posted on redgreenandblue. org on 1 / 20 / 09 between 2006 and 2007, the southern nevada water authority in las vegas screened tap water from 19 us water utilities for 51 different compounds. the 11 most frequently detected compounds are highlighted in the cartoon and described below. 1. used to treat cardiovascular disease, 2. an herbicide banned in the european union ( still used in the us ) has been implicated in the decline of fish stocks and in changes in animal behaviour, 3. a mood - stabilising drug used to treat bipolar disorder, 4. an oestrogen hormone blamed for causing gender - bending changes in fish, 5. an anti - cholesterol drug, 6. a tranquiliser used in psychiatric treatment, 7. a painkiller and anti - inflammatory linked to increases in asthma incidence, 8. an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy, 9. an antibiotic used against the “ strep ” bacteria, 10. a reducing agent used in molecular biology, 11. an antibiotic christian daughton of the epa ’ s national exposure research laboratory says that neither this nor other recent water assessments give cause for health concern. “ but several point to the potential for risk – especially for the fetus and those with severely compromised health. ”


job interview questions overview interview questions are based on skills contained in the job criteria. interviews are designed to get a complete, integrated analysis of each candidate. candidates are expected to demonstrate their skills to the required standard for each of the job criteria in their answers. there are several classes of job interview questions : • skills based questions • knowledge based questions • technical questions • problem solving questions • experience related questions • interpersonal skills questions skills based questions these job interview questions are related to specific job skills outlined in essential criteria. candidates are asked to give examples of their work, or outline their duties and performance in key roles. knowledge based questions many jobs have a required knowledge base. interview questions are used to find out the depth of knowledge, and to check and confirm candidates have the essential information required to do the work involved. these are a different type of knowledge based job interview questions, and they relate to the technical issues of the position. in some job interviews, a person on the interview panel is appointed to ask these questions, and give expert evaluation of answers to the panel. problem solving questions the problem solving job interview questions are now standard practice. problem solving questions are used to define skill levels and the ability to deal with difficulties. experience related questions this is a range of job interview questions designed to test prior experience across the range of job skills contained in the position. they include additional questions to clarify the scope of candidates? experience. they also deal with issues related to the job, particularly where levels of experience relate directly to the complexity of the work. interpersonal skills questions these are job interview questions which explore workplace relationships, team roles, leadership, and other personal characteristics of candidates. questions can range from dealing with stress to contributing to a team. assessing job interview questions interview assessments use the merit principle to decide successful applicants based on their answers to the job interview questions. a panel discussion and consensus, or a formal evaluation process using an ‘ evaluation grid ’, ( a step by step analysis of answers ) is conducted. the selection process interviewers select the candidate who meets all job criteria to an acceptable standard. the panel then makes a recommendation for appointment to management


the bavli, chulin 60 : 2, says ( in my own loose translation ) : rabbi shim ' on ben pazi noted a contradiction : [ b ' reshis 1 : 16 ] says, " god made the two big luminaries " and " the big luminary … and the small luminary ". the moon said to god : " master of the world, is it possible for two kings to use one crown? " he told her : " go diminish yourself. " she told him : " master of the world, because i said something proper to you i have to diminish myself? " he told her : " go and rule [ = shine ] by day and night. " ( and the conversation continued further. ) presumably this midrash is not meant literally. ( moons don ' t talk, for one thing. ) but my question will assume it ' s literal. in other words, my question will be about the storyline of the midrash, assuming its premise. my question is : in what sense was the moon diminished? here are the two most reasonable possibilities i can see : - the sun and moon were the same size ( say, a million kilometers ' diameter, like the sun is now ), and the moon shrank to the 3500 kilometers ' diameter it is now. - the sun and moon were the same apparent size as viewed from earth ( same angular diameter ) — as they are in fact now! — and the moon shrank in the sense that now it wanes.


“ throughout the history of the united states, public officials have used the rule of law to deny equal opportunities to african americans. ” strong language, almost shocking in its clarity. it ’ s how elaine gross of erase racism begins her january “ message from the president. ” erase racism is a regional organization ( based in nassau county on long island, ny ) that leads public policy advocacy campaigns to promote racial equity in areas such as housing, community development, public school education and public health. its m. o. is to work directly against the formal, legalized barriers to equity and the disparate impacts of seemingly benign policies and actions. if public officials have used the rule of law to deny equal opportunities to african americans, as her introductory statement charges, one must direct efforts to re - design the rules of law to be more equitable. sometimes the problem is badly conceived law, other times it ’ s badly implemented law enforcement, but the two together have led to wide disparities in housing, community development, public school education, and public health. working with data and the power of persuasion, “ we expose forms of racial discrimination and advocate for laws and policies that help eliminate racial disparities, ” ms. gross says. three important victories : through its participation in a governor - appointed regional economic development council, erase racism was a leader in inserting policy language that “ increases the diversity of long island housing stock by producing affordable non - age restricted rental housing, affirmatively marketed, and without residency requirements. ” its research report, “ long island fair housing : a state of inequity, ” along with a press conference and coverage from newsday, long island ’ s daily newspaper, educated a largely - surprised long island audience on the extent of housing segregation throughout nassau and suffolk counties. momentum was created and co - operation gained from nassau county leadership at the highest levels, resulting in new “ fair housing ” laws that provide an administrative enforcement system and strong civil penalties for violations. in marking the 50th anniversary of the groundbreaking supreme court school desegregation case, erase racism brought together local colleges and universities, developed a conference and monograph, “ brown v. board of education : the unfinished agenda, ” which attracted over 600 people. it increasingly engages those in the region about the need for structural changes in the public education system. one current project : developing an index to monitor disparities on the input side of public education, such as disparate college readiness curriculum, disparate teacher quality, and disparate levels of poverty


hot weather gets scientists ' attention originally published on wed july 11, 2012 5 : 30 am renee montagne, host : across america people are sweltering through extreme heat this year, continuing a long - term trend of rising temperatures. inevitably, many are wondering if the scorching heat is due to global warming. scientists are expected to dig into the data and grapple with that in the months to come. they ' ve already taken a stab at a possible connection with last year ' s extreme weather events, like the blistering drought in texas. npr ' s richard harris reports. richard harris, byline : weather researchers from around the world are now taking stock of what happened in 2011. it was not the hottest year on record, but it was still in the top 15. jessica blunden from the national climatic data center says 2011 had its own memorable characteristics. jessica blunden : people may very well remember this year as a year of extreme weather and climate. harris : there were devastating droughts in africa, mexico, and texas. in thailand, massive flooding kept people ' s houses underwater for two months. blunden : here in the united states, we had one of our busiest and most destructive seasons on record in 2011. there were seven different tornado and severe weather outbreaks that each caused more than a billion dollars in damages. harris : so what ' s going on here? federal climate scientist, tom karl, said one major feature of the global weather last year was a la nina event. that ' s a period of cooler pacific ocean temperatures and it has effects around the globe, primarily in producing floods in some parts of the world and droughts in others. tom karl : by no means did it explain all of the activity in 2011, but it certainly influenced a considerable part of the climate and weather. harris : karl and blunden are part of a huge multinational effort to sum up last year ' s weather and say what it all means. they provided an update by conference call. clearly, long - term temperature trends are climbing as you ' d expect as a result of global warming. tom peterson from the federal climate data center says the effort now is to look more closely at individual events. tom peterson : you ' ve probably all heard the term you can ' t attribute any single event to global warming, and while that ' s true, the focus of the science now is evolving and moving onto how is the probability of event change. harris : and there researchers report some progress. for example, last year ' s record -


single event to global warming, and while that ' s true, the focus of the science now is evolving and moving onto how is the probability of event change. harris : and there researchers report some progress. for example, last year ' s record - breaking drought in texas wasn ' t simply the result of la nina. peter stott from the british meteorology office says today ' s much warmer planet played a huge role as well, according to the study the group released on tuesday. peter stott : the result that they find is really quite striking, in that they find that such a heat wave is now about 20 times more likely during a la nina year than it was during the 1960s. harris : a second study found that an extraordinary warm spell in london last november was 60 times more likely to occur on our warming planet than it would have been over the last 350 years. but that ' s not to say everything is related to climate change. there ' s no clear link between the spate of tornadoes and global warming, and devastating floods in thailand last year, turn out to be the result of poor land use practices. even so, kate willett of the british weather service says there is a global trend consistent with what scientists expect climate change to bring. kate willett : so, in simple terms, we can say that the dry regions are getting drier and the wet regions are getting wetter. harris : this year ' s extreme events are different from last year ' s, but they all fit into a coherent picture of global change. richard harris, npr news. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.


you can ' t touch it, but it affects how you feel. you can ' t see it, but it might be there when you look at yourself in the mirror. you can ' t hear it, but it ' s there when you talk about yourself or when you think about yourself. what is this important but mysterious thing? it ' s your self - esteem! what is self - esteem? self - esteem can have a big part to play in how you feel about yourself and also how much you enjoy things or worry about things. to understand self - esteem, it helps to break the term into two words. let ' s first take a look at the word esteem ( say : ess - teem ), which means that someone or something is important, special, or valuable. for example, if you really admire your friend ' s dad because he volunteers at the fire department, it means you hold him in high esteem. and the special trophy for the most valuable player on a team is often called an esteemed trophy. this means the trophy stands for an important accomplishment. and self means, well, yourself! so put the two words together and it ' s easier to see what self - esteem is. it ' s how much you value yourself and how important you think you are. it ' s how you see yourself and how you feel about the things you can do. self - esteem isn ' t about bragging, it ’ s about getting to know what you are good at and not so good at. a lot of us think about how much we like other people or things, but don ' t really think much about whether we like ourselves. it ' s not about thinking you ' re perfect, because nobody is perfect. even if you think some other kids are good at everything, you can be sure they have things they ' re good at and things that are difficult for them. the most important thing to know about self - esteem is that it means seeing yourself in a positive way that ' s realistic, which means that it ' s the truth. so if you know you ' re really good at piano but can ' t draw so well, you can still have great self - esteem! self - esteem isn ' t like a cool pair of sneakers you really want but can wait until your next birthday to get. all kids have self - esteem, and having healthy or positive self - esteem is really important. it can help you hold your head high and feel proud of yourself and what you can do, even when things


can wait until your next birthday to get. all kids have self - esteem, and having healthy or positive self - esteem is really important. it can help you hold your head high and feel proud of yourself and what you can do, even when things don ' t seem to be going so well. self - esteem gives you the courage to try new things and the power to believe in yourself. it lets you respect yourself, even when you make mistakes. and when you respect yourself, adults and other kids usually respect you, too. having positive self - esteem can also help you can learn to make healthy choices about your mind and body. if you think you ' re important, you ' ll be less likely to follow the crowd if your friends are doing something wrong or dangerous. if you have positive self - esteem, you know you ' re smart enough to make your own decisions. you value your safety, your feelings, your health — your whole self! positive self - esteem helps you know that every part of you is worth caring for and protecting. how kids get self - esteem babies don ' t see themselves in a good or bad way. they don ' t think " i ' m great! " when they let out a big burp or worry " oh, no, this diaper makes my legs look weird! " instead, people around a baby help him or her develop self - esteem. how? by encouraging the baby when he or she learns to crawl, walk, or talk. they often say, " good job. good for you! " or, they might just smile and look proud. when people take good care of a baby, that also helps him or her feel loved and valuable. as kids get older, they can have a bigger role in developing their own self - esteem. working hard to finish a project or assignment, getting a higher grade on a math test, or trying out for a new sport are all things kids can be proud of for trying. some kids are not very athletic, but they might be good readers or know how to do magic tricks or are really good friends or help other people out — these are all accomplishments that help kids feel good about themselves. a kid ' s family and other people in his or her life — like coaches, teachers, and classmates — also can boost self - esteem. they can help a kid figure out how to do things or notice his or her good qualities. they can believe in the kid and encourage him or her to try again when something doesn ' t go right the


classmates — also can boost self - esteem. they can help a kid figure out how to do things or notice his or her good qualities. they can believe in the kid and encourage him or her to try again when something doesn ' t go right the first time. it ' s all part of kids learning to see themselves in a positive way, to feel proud of what they ' ve done, and to be confident that there ' s a lot more they can do. maybe you know kids with low self - esteem who don ' t think very highly of themselves or seem to criticize themselves too much. this can also be called negative self - esteem, and it ' s the opposite of positive self - esteem. maybe you have low self - esteem sometimes and don ' t always feel very good about yourself or think you ' re important. sometimes a kid will have low self - esteem if his mother or father doesn ' t encourage him enough or if there is a lot of yelling at home. other times, a kid ' s self - esteem can be hurt in the classroom. a teacher or other kids might make a kid feel like he or she isn ' t smart, or maybe there are mean kids who say hurtful things about the way a kid looks or acts. for some kids, classes at school can seem so hard that they can ' t keep up or get the grades they ' d hoped for. this can make them feel bad about themselves and hurt their self - esteem. when some kids do well and win prizes and awards, other kids might feel like they ’ re not as good or there ' s something wrong with them. some kids have positive self - esteem but then something happens in their lives to change that. for example : if a kid moves and doesn ' t make friends right away at the new school, he or she might start to feel bad and think they are not a good friend. kids whose parents divorce might find that this can affect self - esteem. they may feel bad when a parent can ' t give them attention or come to their game, or they might feel that if they had behaved better or kept their room clean, their parents would not have split up. kids who look different from other kids may not feel good about themselves because they feel " different " or someone makes fun of them. a kid who ' s dealing with an illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, might feel different and less confident than before. kids who have learning differences or know they have trouble reading a book report aloud might start


makes fun of them. a kid who ' s dealing with an illness, such as cancer, diabetes, or asthma, might feel different and less confident than before. kids who have learning differences or know they have trouble reading a book report aloud might start losing confidence and focus too much on things they ' re not good at. even going through the body changes of puberty — something that everybody does — can affect a kid ' s self - esteem. of course it ' s ok to have ups and downs in your feelings, but having low self - esteem isn ' t ok. feeling like you ' re not important can make you sad and can keep you from trying new things. it can keep you from making friends or affect how hard you try at school. having strong self - esteem is also a very big part of growing up. as you get older and face tough decisions — especially under peer pressure — the more self - esteem you have, the better. it ' s important to like yourself. if you think you might have low self - esteem, try talking to an adult you trust about it. he or she may be able to help you come up with some good ideas for building your self - esteem. self - esteem can improve when you start trying things you thought were too hard and then do well at them, or when a parent, family member, or other adult encourages you, is patient, and helps you get back on track. when you start to do well, self - esteem will skyrocket! here are a few other things that you can try to increase your self - esteem : make a list of the stuff you ' re good at. it can be anything from drawing or singing to playing a sport or telling a good joke. if you ' re having trouble with your list, ask your mom or dad to help you with it. then add a few things to the list that you ' d like to be good at. your mom or dad can help you plan a way to work on those skills or talents. give yourself three compliments every day. don ' t just say, " i ' m so great. " be specific about something good about yourself, like, " i was a good friend to jill today " or " i did better on that test than i thought i would. " while you ' re at it, before you go to bed every night, list three things in your day that really made you happy or that you feel thankful for. remember that your body is your own, no matter what shape,


i would. " while you ' re at it, before you go to bed every night, list three things in your day that really made you happy or that you feel thankful for. remember that your body is your own, no matter what shape, size, or color it is. if you are worried about your weight or size, you can check with your doctor to make sure you ' re healthy. remind yourself of things about your body that are cool, like, " my legs are strong and i can skate really well. " remember that there are things about yourself you can ' t change. you should accept and love these things — such as skin color and shoe size — because they are part of you. when you hear negative comments in your head, tell yourself to stop. remind yourself of things you ' re good at and if you can ' t think of anything, ask someone else! you can also learn a new skill ( for example, karate, dance, a musical instrument ) so you can feel good about that! by focusing on the good things you do and all your great qualities, you learn to love and accept yourself — the main ingredients for strong self - esteem! even if you ' ve got room for improvement ( and who doesn ' t? ), knowing what you ' re good at and that you ' re valuable and special to the people that care about you can really help you deal with growing up. part of growing up is learning to focus on your strengths and to accept and work on your weaknesses — and that, in a nutshell, is self - esteem!


many things just seem to come naturally to some people. maybe you know a girl who ' s a natural at sports — put her in a uniform and she ' s off and running. some people are naturals at playing an instrument ; it ' s like they were born knowing how to count in 4 / 4 time. others are naturals at math ; give them a test on theorems or equations and they ' re happy. but some people have a problem with something that you ' d think would come naturally to everyone : breathing. when someone has asthma, it can make breathing very difficult. and when it ' s hard to breathe, it can affect a person ' s game, that trumpet solo, and even the all - important geometry test. what is asthma? asthma ( pronounced : az - muh ) is a lung condition that causes difficulty breathing. asthma is a common condition : about 7 million kids and teens in the united states have it. asthma affects the bronchial ( pronounced : brahn - kee - ul ) tubes, also known as airways. when a person breathes normally, air is taken in through the nose or mouth and then goes into the trachea ( windpipe ), passing through the bronchial tubes, into the lungs, and finally back out again. but people with asthma have airways that are inflamed. this means that they swell and produce lots of thick mucus. they are also overly sensitive, or hyperreactive, to certain things, like exercise, dust, or cigarette smoke. this hyperreactivity causes the smooth muscle that surrounds the airways to tighten up. the combination of airway inflammation and muscle tightening narrows the airways and makes it difficult for air to move through. in most people with asthma, the difficulty breathing happens periodically. when it does happen, it is known as an asthma flare - up also known as an asthma attack, flare, episode, or exacerbation. someone having an asthma flare - up may cough, wheeze ( make a whistling sound while breathing ), be short of breath, and feel an intense tightness in the chest. many people with asthma compare a flare - up to the sensation of trying to breathe through a straw — it feels extremely hard to get air in and out of their lungs. an asthma flare - up can last for several hours or longer if a person doesn ' t use asthma medication. when an asthma flare - up is over, the person usually feels better. between flare - ups, breathing can seem completely normal


their lungs. an asthma flare - up can last for several hours or longer if a person doesn ' t use asthma medication. when an asthma flare - up is over, the person usually feels better. between flare - ups, breathing can seem completely normal, or a person may continue to have some symptoms, such as coughing. some people with asthma feel as if they are always short of breath. others may only cough at night or while exercising and they might never have a noticeable flare - up. what causes it? no one knows exactly what causes asthma. it ' s thought to be a combination of environmental and genetic ( hereditary ) factors. a teen with asthma may have a parent or other close relative who has asthma or had it as a child. teens who are overweight may be more likely to have asthma, although a person doesn ' t have to be overweight to have it. asthma isn ' t contagious, so you can ' t catch it from someone who has it. asthma symptoms can be brought on by dozens of different things, and what causes asthma flare - ups in one person might not bother another at all. the things that set off asthma symptoms are called triggers. these are some common triggers : allergens. some people with asthma find that allergens — certain substances that cause an allergic reaction in some people — can be a major trigger. common allergens are dust mites ( microscopic bugs that live in dust ), molds, pollen, animal dander, and cockroaches. airborne irritants and pollutants. certain substances in the air, such as chalk dust or smoke, can trigger asthma because they irritate the airways. cigarette smoke is a major cause of asthma symptoms, and not just for smokers — secondhand smoke can trigger asthma symptoms in people who are around smokers. scented products such as perfumes, cosmetics, and cleaning solutions can trigger symptoms, as can strong odors from fresh paint or gasoline fumes. and high levels of air pollutants such as ozone may irritate the sensitive tissues in the bronchial tubes and can aggravate the symptoms of asthma in some people with the condition. exercise. some people have what ' s called exercise - induced asthma, which is triggered by physical activity. although it can be especially frustrating, most cases of exercise - induced asthma can be treated so that people can still enjoy the sports they love. weather. cold or dry air can sometimes trigger asthma symptoms in certain people, as can extreme heat or humidity


. although it can be especially frustrating, most cases of exercise - induced asthma can be treated so that people can still enjoy the sports they love. weather. cold or dry air can sometimes trigger asthma symptoms in certain people, as can extreme heat or humidity. respiratory tract infections. colds, flu, and other viral infections can trigger asthma in some people. lots of other things can trigger asthma symptoms. for example, a girl ' s asthma can get worse just before her period. and even laughing, crying, and yelling can sometimes cause the airways to tighten in sensitive lungs, triggering an asthma flare - up. many people with asthma are diagnosed with the condition when they ' re kids, but some don ' t find out that they have it until their teen years or even later. in diagnosing asthma, a doctor will ask about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family ' s health, any medications you ' re taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. this is called the medical history. the doctor will also perform a physical exam and may recommend that you take some tests, such as spirometry ( pronounced : spye - rah - muh - tree ) and peak flow meter tests, which involve blowing into devices that can measure how well your lungs are performing. your doctor may also recommend allergy tests to see if allergies are causing your symptoms, or special exercise tests to see whether your asthma symptoms may be brought on by physical activity. doctors occasionally use x - rays in diagnosing asthma, but these are usually only to rule out other possible problems. your family doctor may refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment. doctors who specialize in the treatment of asthma include those who have been trained in the fields of allergy, immunology ( how the immune system works ), and pulmonology ( affecting the lungs ). there ' s no cure for asthma, but it can usually be managed and flare - ups can be prevented. asthma is treated in two ways : by avoiding potential triggers and with medication. teens who have asthma need to avoid the things that can cause their symptoms. of course, some things that can cause symptoms can ' t be completely avoided ( like catching a cold! ), but people can control their exposure to some triggers, such as pet dander, for example. in the case of exercise - induced asthma, the trigger ( physical activity ) needs to be managed rather than avoided. exercise can help a person stay healthier overall


people can control their exposure to some triggers, such as pet dander, for example. in the case of exercise - induced asthma, the trigger ( physical activity ) needs to be managed rather than avoided. exercise can help a person stay healthier overall, and doctors can help athletes find treatments that allow them to them participate in their sports. doctors treat every asthma case individually because the severity of each person ' s asthma and what triggers the symptoms are different. for this reason, doctors have a variety of treatment medications at their disposal. most asthma medications are inhaled ( which means that a person takes the medication by breathing it into the lungs ), but asthma medications can also take the form of pills or liquids. they fall into two categories : rescue medicationsthat act quickly to halt asthma symptoms once they start. some medications can be used as needed to stop asthma symptoms ( such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath ) when a person first notices them. these medications act fast to stop the symptoms, but they ' re not long lasting. they are also known as " reliever, " " quick - relief, " or " fast - acting " medications. controller medicationsto manage asthma and prevent symptoms from occurring in the first place. many people with asthma need to take medication every day to control the condition overall. controller medications ( also called " preventive " or " maintenance " medications ) work differently from rescue medications. they treat the problem of airway inflammation instead of the symptoms ( coughing, wheezing, etc. ) that it causes. controller medications are slow acting and can take days or even weeks to begin working. although you may not notice them working in the same way as rescue medications, regular use of controller medications should lessen your need for the rescue medications. doctors also prescribe controller medications as a way to minimize any permanent lung changes that may be associated with having asthma. some people with asthma rely only on rescue medications ; others use rescue medications together with controller medications to keep their asthma in check overall. each person needs to work closely with a doctor to create an asthma action plan that ' s right for them. in addition to avoiding triggers and treating symptoms, people with asthma usually need to monitor their condition to prevent flare - ups and help their doctors adjust medications if necessary. two of the tools doctors give people to do this are : peak flow meter. this handheld device measures how well a person can blow out air from the lungs. a peak flow meter reading that falls in the meter ' s green ( or good ) zone


two of the tools doctors give people to do this are : peak flow meter. this handheld device measures how well a person can blow out air from the lungs. a peak flow meter reading that falls in the meter ' s green ( or good ) zone means the airways are open. a reading in the yellow zone means there ' s potential for an asthma flare - up. a reading in the red zone means the flare - up is serious and could mean that a person needs medication or treatment immediately — maybe even a trip to the doctor or emergency room. teens who take daily medicine to control their asthma symptoms should use a peak flow meter at least one to two times a day and whenever they are having symptoms. asthma diary. keeping a diary can also be an effective way to help prevent problems. a daily log of peak flow meter readings, times when symptoms occur, and when medications are taken can help a doctor develop the most appropriate treatment methods. dealing with asthma the best way to control asthma is prevention. although medications can play an essential role in preventing flare - ups, environmental control is also very important. here are some things you can do to help prevent coming into contact with the allergens or irritants that cause your asthma flare - ups : keep your environment clear of potential allergens. for example, if dust is a trigger for you, vacuum ( or remove ) rugs and drapes where dust mites can hide. placing pillows and mattresses in dust - proof covers can help. if pets trigger your symptoms, keep a pet - free household. if you can ' t part with fido or fluffy, keep certain rooms pet free and bathe your pet frequently to get rid of dander. pay attention to the weather and take precautions when you know weather or air pollution conditions may affect you. you may need to stay indoors or limit your exercise to indoor activities. don ' t smoke ( or, if you ' re a smoker, quit ). smoking is always a bad idea for the lungs, but it ' s especially bad for someone who has asthma. be smart about exercise. it ' s a great way to keep the body and mind healthy, so if you ' re prone to exercise - induced asthma flare - ups, talk to your doctor about how to manage your symptoms. if you get flare - ups during a game or workout, stop what you ' re doing until the flare - up has cleared or you ' ve taken rescue medication. when the symptoms have gone, you can start exercising again. asthma doesn ' t


kottke. org posts about pimovie pi, god, and apartment supercomputers jul 18 2005 the new yorker recently ran a feature on how a couple of mathematicians helped the met photograph a part of the hunt of the unicorn tapestries. that same week, they ran from their extensive archives a 1992 profile of the same mathematicians, brothers david and gregory chudnovsky. the chudnovskys were then engaged in calculating as many digits of pi as they could using a homemade supercomputer housed in their manhattan apartment. there ' s some speculation that director darren aronfsky based his 1998 film, pi, on the chudnovskys and after reading the above article, there ' s little doubt that ' s exactly what he did : they wonder whether the digits contain a hidden rule, an as yet unseen architecture, close to the mind of god. a subtle and fantastic order may appear in the digits of pi way out there somewhere ; no one knows. no one has ever proved, for example, that pi does not turn into nothing but nines and zeros, spattered to infinity in some peculiar arrangement. if we were to explore the digits of pi far enough, they might resolve into a breathtaking numerical pattern, as knotty as " the book of kells, " and it might mean something. it might be a small but interesting message from god, hidden in the crypt of the circle, awaiting notice by a mathematician. the chudnovsky article also reminds me of contact by carl sagan in which pi is prominently featured as well. according to wolfram research ' s mathworld, the current world record for the calculation of digits in pi is 1241100000000 digits, held by japanese computer scientists kanada, ushio and kuroda. kanada is named in the article as the chudnovskys main competitor at the time. ( oh, and as for patterns hidden in pi, we ' ve already found one. it ' s called the circle. just because humans discovered circles first and pi later shouldn ' t mean that the latter is derived from the former. )


principal proposed natural treatments bruising and bleeding both occur because of damage to blood vessels. when a vein, artery, or capillary is torn or cut, blood flows out into the vessel ' s surroundings ; if the escaped blood is contained within the tissues directly under the skin, we see a bruise. while all of us bruise from time to time, some people bruise particularly easily. a number of factors, besides being accident - prone, can make this occur. one factor contributing to easy bruising is thinning skin, caused by aging or by medications such as corticosteroids. easy bruising can also be due to fragile blood vessel walls. finally, difficulties with blood clotting, including problems with platelets or clotting factors, can also increase bruising. for this reason, strong blood - thinning drugs such as heparin and warfarin ( coumadin ) can lead to excessive bruising. warning : if you ’ re taking these or other anticoagulant drugs and notice increased bruising, contact your doctor, as this situation could be dangerous. aspirin or natural remedies, such as policosanol, ginkgo, garlic, and high - dose vitamin e, may also thin the blood, possibly raising the risk of bruising and other bleeding problems ; and if you combine two blood - thinning substances, these effects might multiply. rarely, severe bruising from minor or unnoticed injuries can be a sign of leukemia or another serious health problem. especially if this is a new development, discuss your symptoms with a doctor. however, in most cases, there is no identifiable medical cause for easy bruising, and no conventional treatment. furthermore, once you have a bruise, there is no conventional therapy to help speed its resolution. principal proposed natural treatments a number of natural substances might be helpful for easy bruising, including citrus bioflavonoids, the related substances opcs and bilberry, and vitamin c. in addition, if you already are bruised, you may find some help with a combination of two proteolytic enzymes, trypsin and chymotrypsin or a topical preparation, of escin ( an extract of horse chestnut ). citrus bioflavonoids and related substances bioflavonoids ( or flavonoids ) are plant substances that bring color to many fruits and vegetables. citrus fruits are a rich source of bioflavonoids, including diosmin, hesperidin, rutin


substances bioflavonoids ( or flavonoids ) are plant substances that bring color to many fruits and vegetables. citrus fruits are a rich source of bioflavonoids, including diosmin, hesperidin, rutin, and naringen ; studies have found these bioflavonoids may help decrease bruising. two types of natural compounds related to bioflavonoids — opcs ( oligomeric proanthocyanidins ) and anthocyanosides — have also shown promise for decreasing the tendency to bruise. anthocyanosides, which are present in high concentrations in bilberry, may also strengthen capillaries through their effects on collagen. some european physicians believe that these vessel - stabilizing properties make bilberry useful as a treatment for easy bruising, but the evidence as yet is only suggestive. vitamin c is essential for healthy collagen ; severe vitamin c deficiency, called scurvy, can lead to easy bruising. fortunately, scurvy is extremely rare in western countries today — but marginal vitamin c deficiency is not rare, and might lead to increased risk of bruising. if your diet is low in fresh fruits and vegetables, you may wish to supplement it with vitamin c. in the study mentioned above, bruising in elderly people decreased significantly with 1 g of oral vitamin c given daily for 2 months. for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full vitamin c article. trypsin and chymotrypsin for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full proteolytic enzymes article. for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full horse chestnut article. other proposed natural treatments for more information, including dosage and safety issues, see the full bromelain article. other herbs used for bruising the herbs comfrey, arnica, and sweet clover are widely used externally on bruises and other minor injuries, but despite this traditional use, there is no real scientific evidence that they work. note : there are various safety concerns involved in using comfrey, arnica, and sweet clover internally. for the treatment of bruising, they are used as topical ointments and salves. for a discussion of homeopathic approaches to easy bruising, see the chapter on bruises in the homeopathy database - reviewer : ebsco cam review board - review date : 07 / 2012 - - update date : 07 / 25


mind - body medicine and stress management tradition - tested therapies for modern lives by marcia murphy, lcsw what is mind - body medicine? mind - body medicine explores the influence of the mind and emotions on the body and immune system, and vice versa. mind - body specialists are typically therapists or other mental health professionals who examine the effects of the mind – thoughts, attitudes and beliefs – on physical health and well - being. specialists use a variety of techniques to promote health, such as talk therapy, deep breathing, guided imagery, relaxation therapy, meditation and yoga. using these techniques, mind - body medicine helps direct energies toward healing and health. psychoneuroimmunology ( pni ), according to dr. kenneth pelletier, is “ the study of the intricate interaction of consciousness ( psycho ), brain and central nervous system ( neuro ), and the body ’ s defenses against external infection and internal aberrant cell division ( immunology ). ” dr. pelletier serves as a medical and business consultant to the united states department of health and human services, the world health organization and major corporations, such as ibm and disney. when we are under stress, our immune system becomes suppressed and our natural ability to fight disease is compromised unless we take steps to manage the stress in our lives. mental strength and physical strength are interconnected. dr. candace pert, the author of molecules of emotion and a research professor in the department of physiology and biophysics at georgetown university medical center in washington, d. c., expressed it well when she wrote, “ the body isn ’ t there simply to carry the head. ” her research has shown that “ when emotions are expressed, that is to say, when the biochemicals that are the substrate of emotion are flowing freely, all systems are united and made whole. when emotions are repressed, denied or not allowed to be whatever they may be, our network pathways get blocked, stopping the flow of the vital, “ feel - good, ” unifying chemicals that run both our biology and our behavior. ” “ stress makes you physically sick, ” explains steven maier, professor of psychology at the university of colorado. researchers know that behavioral and psychological events can influence the immune system. the immune system sends signals to the brain “ that potently alter neural activity and, thereby, alter everything that flows from neural activity, mainly behavior, thought and mood, ” said maier. the immune system also activates a classic stress response, releasing stress hormones such as


to the brain “ that potently alter neural activity and, thereby, alter everything that flows from neural activity, mainly behavior, thought and mood, ” said maier. the immune system also activates a classic stress response, releasing stress hormones such as cortisol. not only does stress produce the expected biochemical stress response, it also produces predictable behavioral changes, including decreased food and water intake. ancient wellness traditions have understood the mind - body interaction for centuries and have incorporated it into their approaches and therapies. in india for example, the yogic philosophy teaches that the body, breath, emotion and mind are inextricably linked. the chinese systems of qi gong and tai chi have also taught this principle for centuries. mind - body medicine can benefit a cancer patient by ensuring that the patient understands that he / she is not defined by the illness. at cancer treatment centers of america® patients are treated as whole persons, and are surrounded by a multi - disciplinary team of experts, including a medical oncologist, registered dietician, naturopathic physician, chiropractor and mind - body therapist. we encourage our patients who participate in our mind - body therapies to take advantage of the stress management techniques we offer. some of those techniques include : allowing an objective third party to listen to a patient ’ s feelings can be life changing. a therapist may be able to point out distorted thinking and re - orient the patient toward a more positive and helpful direction. dr. andrew weil said, “ improper breathing is a common cause of ill health. if i had to limit my advice on healthier living to just one tip, it would be simply to learn how to breathe correctly. there is no single more powerful – or more simple – daily practice to further your health and well - being than breath work. ” this is one of the greatest and quickest activities for reducing stress. laughter works because it gets your brain thinking and working in a different way. it distracts you from having a stressed mindset. as you start to smile and chuckle, the stress begins to dissipate. keep taking the laughter medicine until you feel relaxed and recharged. rest is essential for a healthy life - balance. adults need seven to nine hours of sleep each night. only in very recent times have modern heating, lighting, and communication and entertainment technologies enabled and encouraged us to keep unnatural waking and working hours. this behavior is at odds with our biological preferences. this strategy builds on deep breathing, and takes it a step further


in very recent times have modern heating, lighting, and communication and entertainment technologies enabled and encouraged us to keep unnatural waking and working hours. this behavior is at odds with our biological preferences. this strategy builds on deep breathing, and takes it a step further. when you meditate, your brain initiates a sort of functioning that is similar to sleep, but carries some added benefits that aren ’ t achieved in any other state, such as the release of certain hormones. the practice of guided imagery is somewhat more time - consuming, but is a great way to reduce stress and relax the body. some people find it easier to practice guided imagery than meditation, because it is easier to focus on something rather than on nothing. playing natural sounds in the background during guided imagery promotes a more immersive experience. progressive muscle relaxation : tensing, then releasing, all the muscle groups in the body can produce feelings of increased relaxation in minutes, with no special training or equipment. start by tensing all the muscles of the face, hold a tight grimace for ten seconds, then completely relax for ten seconds. repeat this procedure in the neck area, then the shoulder area, and so on, throughout the rest of the body. listening to music results in numerous health benefits for people with a range of conditions, both mild and severe. studies have shown that listening to certain classical music can help lower blood pressure, relieve muscle tension and promote deep breathing. the array of stress management techniques – from acupuncture to walking – is extensive enough to provide something that will appeal to, and work for, just about everyone. marcia murphy, lcsw, is a mind - body therapist at cancer treatment centers of america ( ctca ) at western regional medical center. murphy joined the mind - body medicine department at ctca in 2010 after a deeply personal experience with cancer.


when the crusaders came to latvian land they had to look for a suitable place to establish a base of operations. since the mouth of river daugava was a perfect place for merchants and port making they first landed on the shores of riga bay and sailed in the inner waters of the daugava. the place around the mouth of daugava was perfect because it was located in the center between territories of four latvian tribes and could be supported from germany by supply ships. the christian missionary meinard came along with merchants who knew the land before and brought him to the livonian town of ikskile. ikskile is located further from riga, the german could not get the permission to establish a trade base there because they had to deal with trade rivals from the duchy of polock. the local livonians had to pay fees to polock or risk bloody attack. this was not a full time enslavement and the annexation of livonian lands from polock. it was rather close to protection payment as practiced by criminal gangs to extract money from weak shopkeepers. the russians did not interfere much in local livonian politics or their religion. the germans on the other hand wanted more power on livonians mainly their land. meinard became the first bishop on the ikskile he built the stone first church and stone palace in latvia. there was records of scandinavian built wooden church in courland but its remains were never found. there was a wooden orthodox church in jersika but no stone buildings built by latvians themselves are not found until this day. the church of ikskile now lies in ruins and is located on the separate island in the result of flooding done by the riga hydroelectric power plant. as already mentioned in some previous post the mission of baptizing local livonians was not successful. when livonians discovered that germans will be another oppressor far worse than russians, they rejected the christianity by simply “ washing it away ” in daugava. meinard was forced to ask to the pope for permission to organize crusade. but he died in 1196 giving his job to his heir bishop berthold. he started to organize crusade and managed to get justification for his war by getting a bulla ( the sacred church delclaration against its enemies ) against livonian issued by the pope. in year 1198 he on the horseback accompanied by knights approached livonian castle of sala. he demanded livonians to baptize immediately. the livonians refused and berth


its enemies ) against livonian issued by the pope. in year 1198 he on the horseback accompanied by knights approached livonian castle of sala. he demanded livonians to baptize immediately. the livonians refused and berthold returned at the “ spot of riga ” ( ad locum rige ), because the castle was located on the island and berthold needed ships to attack it. livonians realising the danger decided to make preventive attack by joining forces and surprise the crusaders at their weakspot. the battle resulted in defeat on both sides - livonians were forced to flee, but the berthold was killed. livonians were forced to pay fees but crusaders needed a new much better leader. in year 1198 the new more greater and powerful leader came to latvian lands. the new bishop albert had everything to manage crusade against latvian pagans. at this same year the new roman pole innocent iii recognized as the most glorious middle age pope was elected. they both had much in common - they willed for supreme power, they both organized crusades and were far better diplomats than secular kings of their time. however they both suffered a crucial failure ; pope innocent iii was swindled by greedy venetian merchants who diverted the fourth crusade ( 1204 ) from the holy land to constantinople compromising the whole idea of crusades because a christian capitol was destroyed in the name of holy war. same thing happened to albert when he was forced to give protection rights to the greedy knights of the brothers of the sword. albert outlived innocent iii by 14 years ( innocent iii died in 1216 ) dying in 1229. the last resting place of both great church leaders is unknown until this day. albert did not rush to latvian land ; he wanted to “ study the circumstances without the help of army first ”. he first went to gotland where he recruited men for his crusade and then came back to germany where he looked for more crusaders. the pope innocent iii issued bulla against livonian barbarians “ who gives the god ’ s honour to dull creatures and bushes ”. in 1200 he finally entered the latvian land visiting crusader outposts at ikskile and sala. he was attacked by livonians on the way and escaped defeat with difficulty because according to chronicle of henry he was not supported by german knights. this however doubtful giving question where the 500 german knights whom albert brought with him were hiding when albert was in danger? that can be more a propagandist claim by chronicler henry making albert ’


of henry he was not supported by german knights. this however doubtful giving question where the 500 german knights whom albert brought with him were hiding when albert was in danger? that can be more a propagandist claim by chronicler henry making albert ’ s achievements too great. the historian indrikis sterns insists that the story of bishop albert recruiting more than hundred men to latvian land is a propagandist claim. he rather entered the river daugava alone without crusaders or with smaller amount of them. albert at year 1200 already started to move to the site of riga. the german merchants already may have even a wooden settlement there. albert knowing that this is the best spot decided to establish his base there. the site of riga was not first settled by germans - there were small livonian villages there already. he requested the pope innocent iii for giving monopoly rights to the port of riga. it was done but the document is not preserved until this day, giving no details about it. but it sure was the juridical basis for albert to start “ building the city of riga ” in 1201 as claimed in chronicle of henry. so the year 1201 is officially considered as the founding date of latvia. at year 2001 riga celebrated the 800 year birthday. albert moved his residence from ikskile to riga. the first citizens of riga were german merchants, russian merchants, clergyman and crusader knights as well as local livonians. riga started as a small german trade settlement absorbing nearby livonian villages, gaining more emigrants from germany and western europe and becoming a strong natural center of latvian land. riga has no clear date of founding because there were settlements before 1201 and there is no official founding document. the bishop albert also cannot be clearly called as the founder of riga because he in reality just moved his residence to riga were first settlements were already built. as indrikis sterns insists riga can be compared to rome which also started as an group of small settlements joined by the romans, and founded with no documents and claimed to be built by two brothers romulus and rem. however this does not prevent us from considering that riga founded in 1201 by bishop albert because the every good legend has the legacy of making history. sterns, indrikis. ( 2002 ) latvijas vesture, 1180 - 1290 : krustakari. riga : latvijas vestures instuta apgads. zeids, teodors ( ed. ) ( 1978 ). feodala riga


stewart brand talks about reviving the passenger pigeon at ted2013 bringing back extinct species — this friday, tedxdeextinction discusses how we ’ ll do it and whether we should an endangered species is like a very sick person : it needs help, desperately. an extinct species is like a dead person : beyond help, beyond hope or at least it has been, until now. for the first time, our own species — the one that has done so much to condemn those other 795 to oblivion — may be poised to bring at least some of them back. — national geographic, “ species revival : should we bring back extinct animals? ” this process, the process of bringing an extinct species back from once - certain oblivion, is called de - extinction. as reported on the ted blog, “ the first de - extinction happened on the bucardo, a type of wild mountain goat. the last bucardo died out in 2000, but its ear was preserved, and in 2009 dna from the ear was planted in a mother goat. the engineered bucardo died after 10 minutes due to a defect in its lungs. ” but is there hope for de - exintction to continue? with other animals? new techniques? could we someday see the wooly mammoth in the flesh? at ted2013, scientist stewart brand gave a introduction to the possibilities, and now he wants us to talk about it. this month, along with his foundation revive & restore, with the support of ted and tedster ryan phelan, and in partnership with national geographic society, brand is convening a day - long conference — called tedxdeextinction — to showcase the prospects of bringing extinct species back to life, along with a discussion of the ethical issues involved. on friday, march 15, 2013, tedxdeextinction will bring 25 renowned experts together at national geographic headquarters to contribute ideas to these four sessions : - who : who among extinct species should be revived first? - how : how can extinct species be revived? - why and why not : should we bring back extinct species? - wild again : could resurrected species ever be wild again? - george church, professor of genetics at harvard medical school and director of personalgenomes. org, the world ’ s only open - access information source for the human genome. - president of the american ornithologists ’ union susan haig, whose specialization is working with species facing the brink of extinction. - director of genetics at the san diego zoo institute for


from airport food that is roughly 100 percent sodium to the roof of the plane potentially coming off to a sleeping air traffic controller guiding a plane, you ’ d think air travel is getting dangerous. a new study says it may be. although not in the convertible - plane or narcoleptic - controller sort of way. the study, released monday in the journal of occupational health and environmental medicine, says that frequent business travelers were more likely to describe their health as “ fair ” or “ poor. ” more than 13, 000 subjects were studied from data supplied by a corporate wellness program. it looked at three groups : non - travelers, occasional travelers ( 80 percent of those surveyed ) and “ extensive travelers ” who run at the george clooney in “ up in the air ” pace of 20 or more nights a month on the road. those clooney - esque road warriors are not a healthy bunch. and they certainly don ’ t look like him. they are 92 percent more likely to be obese, with high blood pressure and unfavorable cholesterol levels. several factors could contribute to this, the researchers said, including poor sleep, fattening foods and long periods of inactivity. we ’ re no scientists, but we ’ d guess that doubles - for - $ 1 - extra, migraine - inducing flight delays and blood - pressure - raising bag fees also have something to do with it. how do you try to stay healthy on the road?


city of lincoln fire & rescue department warning signs of heart attacks : brain death! remember that the american heart association stresses that brain death occurs after 4 to 6 minutes with a lack of oxygen to the brain!!! early detection / notification is critical! call 9 - 1 - 1 sudden vs. slow onset of warning signs - some heart attacks are sudden and intense, " where no one doubts what ' s happening. but most heart attacks start slowly, with mild pain or discomfort. often people affected aren ' t sure what ' s wrong and wait too long before getting help. here are signs that can mean a heart attack is happening : chest discomfort. most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away and comes back. it can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain. discomfort in other areas of the upper body. symptoms can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw or stomach. shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort. other signs may include breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness learn the signs, but remember this : even if you ' re not sure it ' s a heart attack, have it checked out. minutes matter! fast action can save lives — maybe your own. don ’ t wait more than five minutes to call 9 - 1 - 1. calling 9 - 1 - 1 is almost always the fastest way to get lifesaving treatment with the exception of bystander cpr and when available aed. emergency medical services staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. the staff are also trained to revive someone whose heart has stopped. if you can ' t access the emergency medical services ( ems ), have someone drive you to the hospital right away. if you ' re the one having symptoms, don ' t drive yourself, unless you have absolutely no other option. aed and bystander cpr works. these are reasons why the city of lincoln and our medical community have such a great percentage of heart attack saves! may is stroke awareness month in 2006 - there were 387 strokes / tia calls stroke is the third leading cause of death in america and the no. 1 cause of adult disability. 80 % of strokes are preventable ; you can prevent a stroke! warnings signs of strokes : the american stroke association says these are the warning signs of stroke : act f. a. s. t.


the no. 1 cause of adult disability. 80 % of strokes are preventable ; you can prevent a stroke! warnings signs of strokes : the american stroke association says these are the warning signs of stroke : act f. a. s. t. ( assessment ) ( aka cincinnati scale ) immediately call 9 - 1 - 1 - if you or someone with you has one or more of these signs, don ' t delay! immediately call 9 - 1 - 1 or the emergency medical services ( ems ) number so an ambulance ( ideally with advanced life support ) can be sent for you. also, check the time so you ' ll know when the first symptoms appeared. it ' s very important to take immediate action. if given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clot - busting drug can reduce long - term disability for the most common type of stroke. stroke alerts - the lincoln system has implemented the stroke alert system. if any of the signs and symptoms and any of the results of the fast initial assessment are present, and the onset was within a four hour period, lfr will initiate a stroke alert! all lincoln hospitals participate in the stroke alert program. 9 - 1 - 1 dispatch center - trained in cpr and emd to assist in providing instructions to assist the caller to help provide life saving care prior to lfr arrival. 9 - 1 - 1 dispatch center - trained in cpr and emd to assist in providing instructions to assist the caller to help provide life saving care prior to lfr arrival.


summer ’ s relationship with fat loss is a rough one. barbecues and pools usually mean bathing suits, and for someone who is on the path of fat loss, their anticipation is based on their judgement of their own progress, usually negative. for the more opportunistic though, summer is a motivator to reach health related goals, as well as the perfect environment for primal eating. the primal blueprint eating plan, or what some may know as the related eating pattern, the paleo diet, is an eating pattern based around meats, vegetables, and fruit primarily. it is based on certain affirmations also [ source ], - 80 percent of body composition is based on diet, or what food and drink you consume - lean body mass is the key indicator of health ; it is the muscle and non - fat tissue of your body - excess body fat and excess insulin are related and both bad within the primal philosophy is the central goal to be free of the physical limits which excess body fat and excess insulin cause. to do this efficiently, mark sisson, and others who have contributed to the philosophy in their own unique ways, studied the past of human digestive history, paleolithic ancestors of humans, to record and research how the human digestive system and human nutrition adapted. grains and agriculture go back in history as far as 11, 500 years, according to researchers, and an eating pattern based on meats, fruits, vegetables and their specific contents and ancestors goes back much further, because before agriculture, getting nutrition meant getting what was available. what was available was animals, and trees and plants with vegetables and fruit, similar to primal eating. i ’ m not a doctor, but it just so happens that primal eating could be a way to avoid excess insulin, because of the lack of grains and starch, and presence of vitamins, minerals, and nutrition in meats, vegetables, and fruit. without the large flood of carbohydrates and resulting wave of insulin, insulin receptors are likely to not become over - stimulated over a long period of time, avoiding ineffective and in - receptive receptors, also known as insulin resistance. insulin resistant receptors cannot receive and allocate nutrients, and because of this scenario where glucose is left circulating, more insulin hormone is produced and more and more their receptors become resistant. body fat, being an organ of storage, eventually receives the calories unable to be delivered by other insulin receptors. and as more and more calories are stored in fat, new fat cells are created


produced and more and more their receptors become resistant. body fat, being an organ of storage, eventually receives the calories unable to be delivered by other insulin receptors. and as more and more calories are stored in fat, new fat cells are created and the cycle continues. the primal eating plan prioritizes protein, which comes from a greek root meaning “ of prime importance ”, because of its role in cellular repair, cellular health, and muscular growth and maintenance. there are varying sources and opinions on the quantity of protein an individual “ should ” take in everyday, but among sources which i read and trust, it is generally accepted that 1 gram of protein per pound of lean body mass ( lbm ) is a good aim, while recommendations range from. 8 grams per pound of lbm to 1 gram per pound of mass. these are good ranges to just keep in mind when thinking of what to eat on a weekly basis and what major foods to consider at the grocery store. lean body mass is calculated by determining your body fat percentage and total weight, and subtracting that body fat percentage in pounds of total mass from total mass. the number of pounds left over after body fat pounds have been subtracted from total weight is lean body mass, or the muscle and non - fat tissue of the body. there are various professional services available, which should be researched first, that can help determine these numbers for an individual. fat is also of prime importance within the primal blueprint eating plan. dietary fat plays an important role in every process of the body, being necessary for brain health, where it constitutes estimates of 60 - 70 percent of the brain, necessary for cellular generation, and necessary for organ and hormonal health. fats do provide 9 calories per gram, which is where the notorious “ fat makes you fat ” arose from, among other chemical reactions within the body. but with an individual gram of fat ’ s nine calories, comes nutrition necessary for the aforementioned functions, necessary fat - soluble vitamins, and satiety that limits excess caloric consumption and “ sweet tooth ” expenditures. carbohydrate may come off as the enemy of all things healthy in preliminary discussion of the primal eating plan, but further reading, discussion, and research will explain the importance of even carbohydrate in the diet. it is not carbohydrate that is the enemy, it is the excess of it, and the consequential unique reactions of its excess ( possibly insulin resistance ) that are of concern.


carbohydrate in the diet. it is not carbohydrate that is the enemy, it is the excess of it, and the consequential unique reactions of its excess ( possibly insulin resistance ) that are of concern. additionally, it can be said that there tends to be an unhealthy nature trait that correlates with high amounts of carbohydrate in a food, although the same may be said of fat in some instances, and correlation is not causation. sugary cereals and synthetic vitamin bread do not constitute the type of carbohydrate categorized under primal eating, but, fruits of many types that deliver unique nutrients and unique taste and refreshment, and vegetables that require little complimentary spices to bring out taste and deliver nutrients and satiety are categorized as primal or paleo. there are of course other fundamental principles of the primal blueprint eating plan and primal plan in general, such as moving and exercising in a way that maximizes time spent in the gym and muscles used during exercise, and attaining not just enough sleep, but restful sleep, and managing stress by valuing hard work and achievement. these are topics of information which i find of interest and recommend, and which are discussed within the primal blueprint eating plan, similarly the paleo diet, and at mark sisson ’ s popular and resourceful mark ’ s daily apple. mark sisson has a primal cookbook & grocery list, which can be checked out to help deliver better understanding for primal eating.


the documentary explores taino history & the contemporary indigenous caribbean identity dance of the mountain people : indigenous taino music by roberto mukaro borrero traditional rhythms and melodies, ancient language, the sounds of the tropical forest - indigenous peoples music from the caribbean island region. a boriken taino, mukaro uses wood ( maiohuakan ), turtle shell ( hikotea ), and skin drums as well as flutes ( bahio, okarina ), rattle ( maraka ), sea shell horns ( guamo ), gourd rasps ( guahei ), chants, and the natural sounds of mother earth ( atabeira / kaguana ) to lead listeners on a musical journey to the indigenous caribbean... this is the traditional style music of the taino people, the very first " native americans " to meet columbus in 1492. buy cd - $ 12. 97 writer jose barreiro shares insights and his personal journey in the making of “ taino ” a novel. this novel, based on a true story, penetrates the historical veil that still enshrines the " discovery. " music cd : taino log drumming by edwin maguey cedeno - taino tel : ( 203 ) 296 - 0944 we need to listen to a wider range of voices. we need to hear from those whose lands and rights were taken away by those who " discovered " them. their stories, too often suppressed, tell of 500 years of courageous struggle, and the lasting wisdom of native peoples. understanding what really happened to them in 1492 is key to understanding why people suffer the same injustices today. before the day is over, an indigenous person will be killed or displaced, simply because he or she has a different culture. taino revival - critical perspectives on puerto rican identity and cultural politics. read - roberto mukaro agueibana borrero - " rethinking taino : a taino perspective. indigenous resurgence in the contemporary caribbean - amerindian survival and revival full circle : a taino story by travis neff mr. neff has embarked on an exploration on the lost people of the lucayan - taino indians. based on the poetic novel " the lucayans " by sandra riley ; combined with the interviews of research scholars throughout south florida, the bahamas, and puerto rico, this new film blends the scientific study and dramatic portrayal of their way of life. this website was first launched on august 4, 2008 – it has


riley ; combined with the interviews of research scholars throughout south florida, the bahamas, and puerto rico, this new film blends the scientific study and dramatic portrayal of their way of life. this website was first launched on august 4, 2008 – it has come a long way thanks to you – the community. the premise for this website from its very beginning and which still applies today is to tell the story of my ancestors, the taino people, in the form of a documentary. i have relied and still depend on you to share your stories and your thoughts to help shape this documentary. you have taught me a lot and we ’ ve only scratched the surface. this experience – this website – has become much more than i expected and i hope you feel the same as well. it has been a place of trials and tribulations, a place to have a voice sometimes filled with frustration, tears and anger but for the most part a place to rejoice, to contemplate, to think at peace whether you identify as a taino or not. i believe that for the most part people do not generally take time to celebrate their successes, big or small …. milestones. let me offer our community some things to celebrate – we have now over a thousand members ( think of all the other thousands of people we have yet to meet! ), we have been able to bring our opinions respectfully to the table – and its seems like we are actually listening! i celebrate - realizing that my sole mission isn ’ t just to complete a documentary – it ’ s to continue a journey with you. although we may not meet eye - to - eye or face - to - face – but destiny has brought us here - together. you have been patient with me – you have nourished me – you have guided me – you have literally taken me into your arms and welcomed me into your hearts – i am blessed and i celebrate. este sitio web fue puesto en marcha el 4 de agosto de 2008 – y a tenido exito gracias a ustedes la comunidad. la idea de este sitio web era y sigue siendo un lugar donde se puede contar las historias de mis antepasados, los tainos, con el fin de produccir un documental. he confiado y todavia dependo de ustedes para compartir sus historias y sus pensamientos para ayudar a form


tainos, con el fin de produccir un documental. he confiado y todavia dependo de ustedes para compartir sus historias y sus pensamientos para ayudar a formar este documental. ustedes me han ensenado mucho y apenas hemos rasgunado la superficie. este experiencia - este web site - se ha convertido en mucho mas para mi y espero que a sido igual para usteds. ha sido un lugar de ensayos y tribulaciones, un lugar donde sus voces han sido llenos de frustracion y lagrimas pero en general un lugar para disfrutar, comtemplar, pensar en la paz - sea usted identificado como taino o no. creo yo que en general la gente no celebraran sus trabajos de exitos, sean grandes o pequenos. dejeme ofrecer a nuestra comunidad algunas cosas para celebrar - ahora tenemos sobre mil miembros ( piense en el resto de millares de gente que tenemos todavia encontrarse! ) ¡, hemos podido traer nuestras opiniones respetuoso a la mesa - y se parece que si estamos escuchando realmente! celebro - realizando que mi unica mision no es solamente terminar este documental - pero continuar y siguir este viaje de amistad con ustedes. aunque a veces no hemos visto ojo - a - ojo o cara a cara – se que el destino nos ha traido aqui – juntos por un razon. ustedes han sido paciente conmigo - ustedes han sido mis guias - ustedes me han tomado literalmente en sus brazos y me han dado la bienvenida en sus corazones - me bendicen y celebro. las reglas del foro simple - ¡ respeto! respete a todos la personas en este foro. ¡ recuerde! no en este web site …. es inace


bendicen y celebro. las reglas del foro simple - ¡ respeto! respete a todos la personas en este foro. ¡ recuerde! no en este web site …. es inaceptable atacar personas / o gentes por su ideas, religion, sexualidad, capacidades fisicas, etc. falta de respeto a las personas de este foro – su participacion sera terminada. codigo de conducta - no utilice las areas publicas para sus propios promociones es decir no spam a la comunidad. en su pagina del perfil usted puedeser sus promociones, siempre y cuando no son pornografia libre y se adhieren a los terminos del servicio de ning. there are forum rules that boil down to one thing : respect! please respect each others ' right to opinion. be open minded to those who are different from you. this includes any and all subjects whether it be religion, gender, sexuality, physical abilities, etc. as with all guidelines failure to comply makes the moderators unfriendly.... remember! not on this website.... which means your participation in these forums will be terminated. code of conduct don ’ t use the public areas for promotions. in other words don ’ t spam the community with links to your site. if you offer a service or have a website that is relevant to a conversation or piece of content then you may mention it, but please use discretion. on your profile page you can go nuts with the promotions, so long as they are porn free and adhere to the ning terms of service. all content submissions must be taino related. if your submission does not deal directly with our goals then chances are we ’ ll pull it down. if you think we ’ ve pulled something of yours down unjustly let us know. we ’ re only human and we make mistakes sometimes. thank you community! dr. osvaldo garcia - goyco las colecciones arqueologicas caribenas del smithsonian el proyecto smithsonian de legado indigena del caribe the smithsonian ’ s caribbean indigenous legacies project explores the culture, history and legacy of the native peoples of the caribbean. dr. juan martinez cruzado, geneticist " our study showed there was assimilation,


de legado indigena del caribe the smithsonian ’ s caribbean indigenous legacies project explores the culture, history and legacy of the native peoples of the caribbean. dr. juan martinez cruzado, geneticist " our study showed there was assimilation, but the people were not extinguished. their political and social structure was but the genes were not. ” watch video below “ an 80 - 90 % loss is a significant and horrifying loss. it is so horrifying that it obscures the fact that 10 to 20 % of the tainos survived. ” dr. lynne guitar, independent scholar “ reclaiming indigenous heritage in the dominican republic ” proyecto smithsonian de legado indigena del caribe beyond extinction : caribbean indigeneity ( watch video below ) ( see video below ) " it is an appropriate time to spotlight the need for research about ourselves as caribbean people. " - dr. joseph palacio shares insights about the garifuna, the taino and the myth of extinction as part of the caribbean indigenous legacies project - proyecto legado indigena en el caribe being conducted by the smithsonian latino center, national museum of the american indian, smithsonian institution. aug. 10, 2010 thank you to my supporters & to all who were able to attend the film screening it was a great success!! un headquarters celebrates indigenous filmmaking. secretary - general ban ki - moon ( fourth from right ) and sha zukang ( fourth from left ), under - secretary - general for economic and social affairs, pose for a group photo with participants of un headquarters ' event to celebrate indigenous filmmaking, in honour of the international day of the world ' s indigenous peoples. pictured from left : roberto mukaro agueibana borrero, kevin tarrent, andrew okpeaha maclean, reaghan tarbell, alex zacarias, and per - josef idivuoma. jayuya 2010 - the boriken 2010 peace and dignity run began on the 17th of july with the sounding of many guamo ( conch shell horns ) at sunrise in the yunke rainforest. alex zacarias, director de la pelicula - produccion : rocio started by roberto mukaro borrero apr 13. started by alex zacarias apr 2. started by wilson yukiyu rivera feb 26. started by filip ancientnative rosario feb 21. started by roberto mukaro borrero feb 20. started by hiram dec 15, 2012. started by


by alex zacarias apr 2. started by wilson yukiyu rivera feb 26. started by filip ancientnative rosario feb 21. started by roberto mukaro borrero feb 20. started by hiram dec 15, 2012. started by guataubayayel. last reply by guataubayayel apr 16. started by scv sep 24, 2012. posted by natalie hartmann on may 14, 2013 at 11 : 03pm agradecemos de corazon a la encargada del bosque estatal susua sra. weetsy cordero. por toda su cooperacion en esta actividad de areyto concilio taino guatu - ma - cu a boriken " " nosotros somos los descendientes del pueblo nativo … posted by iris antongiorgi concepcion on april 4, 2013 at 2 : 04pm comunicacion de los tainos con el mas alla. sebastian robiou lamarche, ph. d posee un doctorado en historia de puerto rico y el caribe del centro de estudios avanzados de puerto rico y el caribe. es fundador y presidente de fundacion educativa, inc. organiza encuentros y coloquios de tema cultural e historicos. ha publicado trabajos sobre temas arqueologicos e … continue posted by iris antongiorgi concepcion on april 4, 2013 at 1 : 47pm seems like i never am home. i keep getting dreams of things i hav ner seen, but i don ' t feel strange about them. i have had the same dreams all my life. now i have a way to express these dreams and they are leading me on the road home. i don ' t know why i feel this is so, but it is easier to accept it than to ignore it. it will not go away. so i decided to look into the past. i have to know where i came from. searching my family i find that the documents are confusing. my great … continue posted by sonia martinez ortiz on march 15, 2013 at 9 : 47pm the map above is an incomplete list of known tainos, some of which were caciques ( male tribal chiefs ) or cacicas ( female tribal chiefs ) and the locations are not specific but general areas. taino society was divided into two classes : naborias ( commoners ) and ni


, some of which were caciques ( male tribal chiefs ) or cacicas ( female tribal chiefs ) and the locations are not specific but general areas. taino society was divided into two classes : naborias ( commoners ) and nitainos ( nobles ). both were governed by chiefs known as caciques ( male ) or cacicas / caciquesa ( female ), who was the maximum authority in a yucayeque ( village ). the chiefs were advised by priests / healers known as bohiques. el mapa demuestra una lista incompleta de tainos conocidos, algunos cuyo eran los caciques ( jefes de la tribu de sexo masculino ) o cacicas ( jefes de la tribu de sexo femenino ) y las localizaciones son areas no especificas sino generales. below incomplete list of caciques de boriken / puerto rico lista de caciques de boriken agueybana : puerto rico ' s head cacique who was chief over all the other caciques of boriken at the time of discovery. his yucayeque or village was on the guayanilloa bay area. abey : yucayeque in salinas alonso : minor cacique in otoao ( utuado ). aramana : yucayeque around the rio coa ( toa ) arasibo : yucayeque in the area of rio abacoa ( rio grande de arecibo ) aymamon : yucayeque on the rio culebrinas / western puerto rico cacimar : of caribe ancentry, his yucayeque was in vieques. caguax : yucayeque by the rio turabo canobana : yucayeque by the rio cayniabon ( rio grande de loiza ) caguana : minor cacique in utuado area cayey : yucayeque in cayey daguao : yucayeque at rio santiago ( naguabo ) dona maria : daughter of cacique bagnamanay, her taino name is unkown guamani : yucayeque possibly around guayama o manati guarionex : one of the more important caciques, his yucayeque was in utuado