of exile is not deepened by poverty and destitution, it must also discourage chronic dependency - by helping them to regularize their status and obtain access to all possible benefits, entitlements and rights. in 2000, to address these problems, the standing committee of unhcr approved its policy on older refugees. based on the 1991 united nations principles for older persons, the policy stresses that older refugees should not be seen solely as passive recipients of assistance ; on the contrary, they should be seen as a valuable resource with much to offer. these are people with a wealth of accumulated experience and knowledge, and they are well able to participate in decisions and activities that affect their own lives and those of their families and communities. older refugees often serve as formal and informal leaders of communities. they provide guidance and advice, and they transmit traditions, skills and crafts to other generations, thus preserving the culture of the dispossessed and displaced. they make active contributions to the well - being of their family members, and only become totally dependent in the final stages of frailty, disability and illness. older persons have taken the lead in returning to countries as far afield as croatia and liberia, and once back home they are often able to contribute to peace and reconciliation measures. making full use of the capabilities and talents of older refugees and realizing their potential is an essential component of the programmes of unhcr. although older refugees may have specific needs, unhcr has found that they can best be assisted within overall protection and assistance programmes rather than through the establishment of separate services. for example, older refugees may need food that is easily digestible, but that need can better be met through appropriate planning within existing programmes. the needs of older refugees are also met most effectively within the context of family and the community. therefore the capacity of families and communities to meet their own needs and incorporate older people within them should be strengthened. " migrants... tend to be paid low wages, receive few or no benefits, and work without even minimal safety and health protection.... clearly, we must work together to ensure that migrants live in dignity and safety. " - united nations secretary - general kofi annan they migrated from their homes, usually in the countryside, when they were younger, in search of new jobs and opportunities. but after spending years working in low - paying positions, many older migrants find themselves living anonymously in crowded apartments in growing cities, with little support from either their families or from the government. according to available data, one in


new jobs and opportunities. but after spending years working in low - paying positions, many older migrants find themselves living anonymously in crowded apartments in growing cities, with little support from either their families or from the government. according to available data, one in every 50 persons - some 150 million total - live permanently or temporarily outside their country of origin. this number includes 80 to 97 million workers and their dependants, some 14 million recognized refugees, and permanent immigrants. according to estimates by the international monetary fund, migrant worker earnings sent back to home countries accounted for $ 77 billion in 1997, second only to world petroleum exports in international trade monetary flows. where the extended family network once helped older people in the rural community, older migrants find that these traditional social networks are non - existent, and there are few alternatives to replace them in the cities. the situation becomes critical, especially when the older migrant becomes ill or disabled. the problems that older migrants face are generally the problems that most older poor people have, and efforts to assist the older poor will help migrants as well. these efforts include providing better access to social protection, designing measures to sustain economic and health security, establishing community centres for older persons, and helping families share living spaces with older family members who are in need. for older migrants who have moved to another country, the situation is different, often depending on how well they have integrated into their new country. as legal international migrants from earlier decades grow older, governments can assist them, for example, by extending social protection and ensuring pension rights. they can help them become part of their new communities by breaking down language barriers and ensuring that they receive services. the situation of ageing migrants who perform illegal work is different since they fall outside the realm of social protection and have no access to pension schemes or adequate health services. the international labour organization ( ilo ) has identified the plight of these migrants as a significant cause for concern. the ilo is working to ensure that older migrants receive treatment equal to that of national workers, and that the rights that they have acquired are maintained after transfer of residence from one country to another. this article was based on information provided by the office of the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) and the international labour organization ( ilo ). for further information, please contact : un department of public information tel : ( 212 ) 963 - 0499 published by the united nations department of public information dpi / 2264 march 2002back to table of contents


- date submitted : 25 oct 2011 - stakeholder type : member state - name : canada - submission document : download millennium development goals ( 1 hits ), mdg canada ' s national submission twenty years after the earth summit much has been done to address the environmental and development challenges identified in 1992. however, many of the challenges still exist, others have grown more acute and new issues have emerged. it is clear that progress needs to be more comprehensive and effective. the un conference on sustainable development ( uncsd ) in june 2012 in brazil is an opportunity to reinvigorate efforts towards sustainable development through an international renewal of political commitment that highlights the economic importance of the sustainable use of natural resources and raises awareness of the economic and social costs of environmental damage and its associated impact on human well - being. the government of canada ' s approach to sustainable development emphasizes transparency and accountability in the integration of sustainability into government planning, reporting, programming and decision - making within the federal government. the cornerstone to this approach is canada ' s federal sustainable development strategy ( fsds ), which is an integrated, whole - of - government, results - based approach to achieve sustainability. a key component of the fsds is the effective monitoring and reporting on goals and targets using indicators in order to track effectively and report on progress. the government of canada considers sustainability issues through its cabinet committee structure. canada has many national institutions that address various aspects of sustainable development and that are part of the overall supportive framework for sustainable development in canada. over the last ten years, canada has provided important contributions to the efforts of developing countries towards meeting the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). canadian development assistance has been significantly increased and canada is working to make its assistance more effective, accountable and responsive to the needs and priorities of developing countries. canada doubled its international assistance from 2001 to 2010, with assistance to africa doubling from 2003 / 04 to 2008 / 09. canada has been a first - mover on announcing and disbursing against its 2009 g8 l ' aquila summit commitments to support sustainable agricultural development. as of april 2011, canada has fully disbursed its $ 1. 18 billion l ' aquila commitment and is the first g8 country to do so. canada has launched significant new initiatives to support maternal, newborn and child health ( the 2010 g8 muskoka initiative ), education and food security in developing countries, with a clear focus on sustainability of effort and impacts. a critical component of canada ' s aid effectiveness agenda in support of the


maternal, newborn and child health ( the 2010 g8 muskoka initiative ), education and food security in developing countries, with a clear focus on sustainability of effort and impacts. a critical component of canada ' s aid effectiveness agenda in support of the paris declaration is ensuring that aid is effective, accountable and responsive to the needs and priorities of its developing country partners. one means of achieving this is through the establishment of gender equality, governance and environmental sustainability as cross - cutting themes that are integrated into development assistance. canada believes that countries need to focus and strengthen efforts on the management of their natural resources in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. these efforts should include policies that improve natural resource management, environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibility. particular attention should be given to assisting countries that face significant capacity challenges. canada has taken a leadership role in corporate social responsibility ( csr ) by launching in 2009 its csr strategy for the canadian extractive sector operating abroad. the strategy includes support for host country resource governance capacity - building initiatives such as the extractive industries transparency initiative ; endorsement and promotion of widely - recognized international csr performance guidelines such as the voluntary principles on security and human rights ; and the creation of the office of the extractive sector csr counsellor. part i? conference objective securing renewed political commitment for sustainable development is in the interest of all countries. sustainable development requires conscious effort, priority and planning at all levels in order to be effective. national priorities need to support and align with local action and actors in order to achieve tangible results. in canada ' s view, this requires a focus on practical steps for implementation which avoid duplication and overlap, harness broad support internationally and make a difference in the lives of citizens. the conference can help make the case that a transition to a green economy can be consistent with the environmental, economic and social objectives underpinning sustainable development and poverty eradication. canada sees the conference as an opportunity to identify ( a ) policy tools and best practices to facilitate the transition and ( b ) a balanced suite of voluntary indicators for measuring progress towards a green economy. the conference could also propose practical strategies to improve the existing institutional framework for sustainable development, with the objective of enhancing coherence and co - ordination, while reducing inefficiency and duplication. with the current global economic situation, priority needs to be given to the effective use of existing resources for sustainable development, and improving the quality and effectiveness of programs, more than ever. canada would like the outcome document to be strategic, concise and focused on highlighting progress on


economic situation, priority needs to be given to the effective use of existing resources for sustainable development, and improving the quality and effectiveness of programs, more than ever. canada would like the outcome document to be strategic, concise and focused on highlighting progress on the two conference themes. part ii? a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication transitioning towards a green economy is a long - term process that requires the active engagement and leadership of many actors including industry and civil society as well as all levels of government. the engagement of the private sector, especially small and medium enterprises, is critical. the conference could examine the means by which industry, civil society and government can work together to leverage their potential to create jobs, support workers through training and skills development, access financing, advance innovative technologies, and influence the supply chain towards greener methods of production. the five thematic priorities of canada ' s international development assistance are sustainable economic growth, security and stability, democracy, children and youth and food security. canada believes that the conference should explore the opportunities associated with a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. using both regulatory and non - regulatory instruments according to national circumstances can enable the wide range of sectors and actors whose participation is necessary to successfully achieve a green economy. well - designed regulations provide predictability for business, thus supporting innovation and economic growth while meeting environmental objectives. in canada, a number of policy tools and practices developed and implemented over the years have contributed to greening our economy. in that vein, a number of policy tools and best practices are included in annex i for consideration as part of a green economy toolkit which canada believes would be a useful contribution of the conference towards sustainable development efforts. examples include canadian initiatives in the fields of chemicals management, corporate social responsibility and green accounting. in order to provide evidence of progress towards a green economy, indicators will be needed that can be applied flexibly to demonstrate the effectiveness of regulatory and non - regulatory actions, as well as provide the data needed for evidence - based decision - making. canada believes that a balanced suite of indicators, adaptable to national circumstances, can assist governments to measure progress as they transition to a green economy but their interpretation should consider differences in national circumstances to avoid inappropriate comparisons. ( see annex b ). part iii? institutional framework for sustainable development transparent, democratic and accountable systems of governance at the local and national level are vital to achieving sustainability globally and directly influence the ability of states to achieve sustainable economic, environmental and social development and security for their citizens


. part iii? institutional framework for sustainable development transparent, democratic and accountable systems of governance at the local and national level are vital to achieving sustainability globally and directly influence the ability of states to achieve sustainable economic, environmental and social development and security for their citizens. there is significant scope for improvement with regard to the un ' s ability to foster the integration of economic, social and environmental considerations into its support for sustainable development. canada believes that the international framework for sustainable development could be enhanced through greater integration and coherence among economic, social and environmental objectives in the existing un institutional system and on - the - ground programs of member states. the existing un structure includes many important bodies in which member states can discuss pressing sustainable development issues. these include the general assembly, as well as the un economic and social council and its functional and regional commissions. the programmes and funds, such as undp and unep also have a vital role to play, as well as the secretariats of the multilateral environmental agreements ( meas ). canada considers that the conference can serve as an opportunity to improve the current institutional arrangements for sustainable development to bring more cohesion and effectiveness and avoid duplication. a number of ideas have been advanced for mainstreaming sustainable development within the un. these have included enhancing unep, strengthening the integrative role of the undp, especially at the country - level, a new umbrella organization for sustainable development, a specialized agency such as a world environment organization, possible reforms to the economic and social council ( ecosoc ) and the commission on sustainable development, and enhanced institutional reforms and streamlining of present structures. while remaining open to discussing all options that could promote better integration of sustainable development, in the current challenging global economic context, it is not possible in canada ' s view to envisage the creation of new agencies such as a world environment organization. canada would like to explore options related to improving the effectiveness, coherence and coordination of unep and undp, as well as whether a more focused agenda and streamlined format at the un commission on sustainable development is feasible so that the outcomes make a more effective contribution to achieving sustainable development and the implementation of agenda 21. canada is also open to a discussion on whether ecosoc could play a more integrative role with regard to international sustainable development. in addition to these, another option that could also be considered as part of a " package " of institutional reforms is the elaboration of a framework that better enables the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations ( i. e., economic


sustainable development. in addition to these, another option that could also be considered as part of a " package " of institutional reforms is the elaboration of a framework that better enables the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations ( i. e., economic, social and environmental considerations ) across the un system, with a particular emphasis on the un ' s programming activities at the country level. this approach would include efforts to support sustainable development considerations identified within national partners ' development priorities as a core element of an enhanced sustainable development partnership. the framework could be focused on improving existing mechanisms and structures and program delivery at the country level rather than the creation of new institutions ( for further details see annex iii ). canada looks forward to working constructively towards a successful conference with concrete and practical results. canada would like to see a concise outcome document that, on the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication theme, fosters the sharing of best practices, encourages the exchange of information, improves the capacity to measure progress and provides support for the active engagement of the private sector ; and on the institutional framework for sustainable development theme, promotes better coherence and coordination of existing mechanisms and structures for addressing sustainable development issues in the united nations system, in particular at the country level where the impact in people ' s lives is greatest. annex i - policy tools and best practices for a green economy toolkit the government of canada believes that the elaboration of a green economy toolkit would be a useful contribution of the conference towards sustainable development efforts. practical solutions would assist in securing renewed political commitment for sustainable development, and would help bring local actions in line with national priorities in a manner applicable to local circumstances. the sharing of policy tools and best practices reinforces canada ' s interest to duplication and overlap and achieve concrete results in the pursuit of sustainable avoid development. canada has identified a number of policy tools and best practices that could be considered for the toolkit, which are outlined below. decision - making and results green accounting ( or integrated environmental and economic accounting ) measures linkages between the environment and the economy. statistics canada has played a leadership role in the development of green accounting since the first rio conference. this tool has garnered increasing attention worldwide as governments and international organizations recognize the need to reconcile social and economic development with environmental sustainability. variables measured in the canadian accounts include greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, water flows and stocks of natural resources, and research is underway to develop accounts on ecosystem goods and services. as much as possible, the accounts include both physical and


with environmental sustainability. variables measured in the canadian accounts include greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, water flows and stocks of natural resources, and research is underway to develop accounts on ecosystem goods and services. as much as possible, the accounts include both physical and monetary measures, are complementary with the national economic accounts, and are based on internationally agreed concepts and methods. strategic environmental assessment ( sea ) is a systematic and comprehensive process of examining the environmental and socio - economic effects of policies, plans and programs in order to influence decisions - making towards more sustainable paths. in canada ' s experience, seas can alert decision makers to risks, incorporate community engagement and traditional knowledge, and facilitate cooperation across sectors and boundaries. the use of integrated strategic environmental assessment, which can incorporate other critical themes like gender equality and governance, can be a particularly good tool for furthering sustainable development and moving towards a green economy. as per a 2004 cabinet directive, all canadian federal departments must complete a sea of a policy, plan or program proposal, including free trade agreements, when the proposal may result in important environmental impacts, either positive or negative. the results of the sea are then integrated into the development of the proposal and inform ongoing decision making. the integration of corporate social responsibility ( csr ) practices and principles into business operations can help companies contribute to the realization of a green economy. canada has funded the development of a csr implementation guide, a csr tool kit for business, and a small and medium enterprise ( sme ) sustainability road map. these free on - line tools provide practical guidance on why and how to integrate sustainability - oriented practices into business operations. themes include : governance, decision - making, human resources, purchasing and marketing, waste management, buildings, transportation, product design and development, and resource use. in march 2009, the government of canada announced building the canadian advantage : a corporate social responsibility strategy for the canadian international extractive sector. the four pillars of the strategy are : 1 ) continuing support for host country capacity - building initiatives related to resource governance ; 2 ) promotion of widely - recognized international corporate social responsibility performance guidelines ; 3 ) the creation of the office of the extractive sector corporate social responsibility counsellor to assist in the resolution of issues pertaining to the activities of canadian companies abroad ; and 4 ) support for the development of a centre for excellence in corporate social responsibility to develop and disseminate high - quality csr tools and training to stakeholders. well - designed regulations provide predictability for business thus supporting innovation and economic growth while meeting environmental performance objectives. an example


development of a centre for excellence in corporate social responsibility to develop and disseminate high - quality csr tools and training to stakeholders. well - designed regulations provide predictability for business thus supporting innovation and economic growth while meeting environmental performance objectives. an example of canadian environmental policies and regulations that support these goals include canada ' s approach to managing chemical substances through the chemicals management plan ( cmp ), designed to protect the environment and human health by setting stringent standards, while also spurring innovation and investment in the economy by being flexible, predictable, and cost effective. canada was the first country in the world to categorize the thousands of chemical substances in use before comprehensive environmental protection laws were created. this has facilitated priority setting for those substances suspected to have the most dangerous properties and those requiring further research. canada ' s risk - based approach relies on sound science, assessment, and monitoring, combined with a variety of tools to manage the potential risks posed by chemicals. the goal is to safeguard human health and our environment while supporting economic growth. the air quality health index ( aqhi ) is a public information tool that provides current conditions and daily forecasts about air quality levels. it is the first of its kind to communicate the short - term health risks posed by the air pollutant mixture ( ground level ozone, particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide ) which are known to harm human health including cardiovascular and respiratory effects. aqhi forecasts are currently available across canada through environment canada ' s airhealth. ca website and disseminated by a private broadcaster. the success of the aqhi can be attributed to strong partnerships between environment canada, health canada, provincial governments and key stakeholder groups who share a common interest in ensuring that canadians have access to information that can help them protect their health. it demonstrates environment - health linkages and as such can contribute to the green economy by influencing the behaviour of canadians. sustainable development technology canada ( sdtc ) was created by canada to finance and support the development and demonstration of clean technologies which provide solutions to issues of climate change, clean air, water quality and soil, and which deliver economic, environmental and health benefits to canadians. sdtc, which unep ' s sustainable energy finance initiative ( sefi ) has called " a carefully crafted hybrid between grant and venture capital ", targets the gap in earlystage venture capital financing, as well as the risk of proving a technology worthy of private investment. sdtc operates two funds aimed at the development and demonstration of innovative technological solutions. the $ 590 million


and venture capital ", targets the gap in earlystage venture capital financing, as well as the risk of proving a technology worthy of private investment. sdtc operates two funds aimed at the development and demonstration of innovative technological solutions. the $ 590 million sd tech fundtm supports projects that address climate change, air quality, clean water, and clean soil. the $ 500 million nextgen biofuels fundtm supports the establishment of first - of - kind large demonstration - scale facilities for the production of next - generation renewable fuels. since 2002, sdtc has completed seventeen funding rounds and allocated a total of $ 515 million to 210 projects. that amount has been leveraged with an additional $ 1. 2 billion in funding from other project partners for a total project value of $ 1. 8 billion. sdtc has been recognized as a model by the oecd, which has stated that " sdtc plays a very positive role in enhancing canada ' s competitive position in the environmental field. " sefi has noted that " sdtc ' s strategy exemplifies how taking aspects of different financial mechanisms can be very to help support sustainable development initiatives and spur green innovation at the local level, the canada endowed the federation of canadian municipalities ( fcm ) with $ 550 million to establish the green municipal fund ( gmf ), which is co - managed by natural resources canada and environment canada at arm ' s length ( the fcm board of directors, the decision - making body for the gmf, is advised by a 15 member council with five appointees from the federal government ). the fund supports municipal initiatives to improve local air, water and soil quality and promote renewable energy with grants and below - market loans. through gmf, fcm provides funding to three types of initiatives : plans, studies and projects. grants are available for sustainable community plans, feasibility studies and field tests, while a combination of grants and loans are available for capital projects. funding, for which all canadian municipalities and their partners are eligible, is allocated in five sectors of municipal activity : brownfields, energy, transportation, waste and water. the fund promotes partnerships between, and leverages funds from, the public and private sectors. further, support for community investment in clean energy is also available from the gmf as well as the ecoenergy for aboriginal and northern communities program, which funds energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in first nations, inuit, metis and northern communities agriculture is vital to addressing climate change, food security, poverty reduction and sustainable development. the objective of the


the ecoenergy for aboriginal and northern communities program, which funds energy efficiency and renewable energy projects in first nations, inuit, metis and northern communities agriculture is vital to addressing climate change, food security, poverty reduction and sustainable development. the objective of the global research alliance on agricultural greenhouse gases is to increase international collaboration and investment in public and private research activities to improve knowledge sharing, access to and application by farmers of sustainable practices and technologies. the exchange of existing and new science - based knowledge and practices can provide an opportunity for farmers to contribute to addressing the global challenges of climate change and food security, while pursuing sustainable livelihoods. canada has initiated a $ 25 million agricultural greenhouse gases program to increase the development and adoption of sustainable practices that mitigate agricultural greenhouse gases, which can be shared domestically and internationally. sustainable resource management the international model forest network ( imfn ) was introduced by canada at unced in 1992, with the aim of sharing best practices with the world. model forests are large, forest - based landscapes where a wide variety of stakeholders work together to address social, environmental and economic issues in a sustainable manner. model forests provide a practical and flexible approach to sustainable forest management, with a focus on enabling local communities to address challenges specific to their landscapes for their benefit. canada demonstrates its global commitment to issues such as biodiversity conservation, climate change and local economic development through support of the imfn, a robust international network unique in bridging policy - making and on - the - ground delivery. with 58 model forests in nearly 30 countries, the imfn provides the framework for exchanging innovative ideas between sites. canada ' s green mining initiative ( gmt ), launched in 2009, brings together stakeholders to develop green technologies, processes and knowledge for sustainable mining. the gmi objectives are to improve the mining sector ' s environmental performance, promote mining innovation and position canadian mining companies and suppliers as global leaders in green mining in an emerging market. natural resources canada invests $ 8m annually on the gmi with an additional $ 3m in direct industry funding. the green mining initiative has spurred green mining innovation across canada, which led to significant progresses on a number of key r & d projects and new projects being launched. examples include developing and testing, in collaboration with a canadian equipment manufacturer, the first worldwide electric - diesel hybrid loader in a canadian mine. additional funding from sustainable development technology canada will result in the bringing to market of a new hybrid loader with over twice the production capacity of the first prototype. a green mining vehicle? green energy


worldwide electric - diesel hybrid loader in a canadian mine. additional funding from sustainable development technology canada will result in the bringing to market of a new hybrid loader with over twice the production capacity of the first prototype. a green mining vehicle? green energy roadmap is being developed to provide a strategy for selecting clean alternatives to diesel. meeting strength requirements for a unique alternative binder process that could be used for mining backfill was also undertaken. patenting is underway for this technology as well as for a technology developed to successfully recover gold without the use of cyanide. results of a third year of monitoring on mine sites as part of the green mines green energy initiative continue to demonstrate that the growth of biomass crops on mine tailings is feasible. gmi is a striking example of good governance in sustainable mining and of what can be achieved throughout collaboration and partnerships. benefits of increasing collaboration at the international level could be significant. canada ' s integrated oceans management program ( iom ) supports regional processes through which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development and protection of canada ' s marine ecosystem and resources. the iom program provides federal, provincial and territorial authorities, industry and canadians with the science and risk - based tools and governance fora needed to collaboratively develop integrated management plans for defined ocean spaces. these plans, which incorporate social, economic and environmental considerations in decision making, are informed by the identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas ; species and community properties ; the mapping of human uses ; and the assessment of potential interactions between uses and key functional and structural aspects of marine ecosystems. outcomes of the iom process also include the identification of conservation measures, including networks of marine protected areas needed to support the sustainable development of ocean resources contributing to canada ' s continuing fulfillment of international ocean - related commitments. sustainable consumption and production significant canadian advancement in green building and sustainable community planning has been accelerated, in part, by federal programs such as the equilibriumtm sustainable housing demonstration initiative. led by the canada mortgage and housing corporation ( cmhc ) and supported by natural resources canada ' s canmet energy expertise, this initiative will result in the design, construction and demonstration of 12 highly sustainable homes across the country which produce as much energy as they consume on an annual basis. this cooperation between the public and private sectors has informed, inspired and accelerated the adoption of net zero energy healthy housing concepts nationally. building on this successful initiative, the $ 4. 2m equilibrium tm communities initiative supports research, monitoring and showcasing of selected high performance neighbourhood projects. equilibrium tm


has informed, inspired and accelerated the adoption of net zero energy healthy housing concepts nationally. building on this successful initiative, the $ 4. 2m equilibrium tm communities initiative supports research, monitoring and showcasing of selected high performance neighbourhood projects. equilibrium tm communities aims to provide measurable improvements over current practices in energy and water consumption, environmental protection, financial viability, land use and transportation. canada has put in place a strategy for the environmentally sound and secure disposal of all of its surplus electronic and electrical equipment. the federal e - waste disposal strategy emphasizes reuse prior to recycling, where possible. reuse options include donation to computers for schools ( cfs ), interdepartmental transfer, charitable donation and sale to the public. the strategy provides recycling options for equipment that cannot be reused including disposal through provincial recycling programs and a standing offer for e - waste recycling services. the strategy is contributing to the realization of the green economy in canada by creating green jobs, diverting e - waste from landfill, supporting provincial recycling infrastructure and providing computer - based educational and learning opportunities. technology roadmaps ( trms ) are effective tools to enhance the coordination and development of innovative industries and technologies, with benefits to sustainability and the green economy. since 2002, canada has used trms as forecasting tools that aim to determine future market needs, promote collaboration, and advance promising technologies. trm processes allow government, industry and academia to work together to predict needs. many trms focus on advancing emerging renewable and clean energy industries, or to address sustainability issues of other industrial sectors. industry canada and natural resources canada have completed trms for sustainable fuels and chemicals from biomass, hydrogen fuel cell commercialization, clean coal, and carbon capture and storage. work continues on trms for marine energy and sustainable housing. among canada ' s newer initiatives are green patents, or patent applications related to environmental technologies. accelerating such patent applications can foster investment and expedite commercialization of technologies that could help to resolve or mitigate environmental impacts or to conserve the natural environment and resources. in 2011, the canadian intellectual property office implemented a new regulation to expedite the examination of green patents, and no fee is required. annex ii - proposed green growth / green economy indicators as part of canada ' s commitment to further dialogue and identify a balanced approach to measuring progress towards green growth, canada believes there would be value in an international discussion on a suite of green growth indicators that countries could voluntarily choose to compile. in support of a constructive discussion at rio + 20, canada is in


a balanced approach to measuring progress towards green growth, canada believes there would be value in an international discussion on a suite of green growth indicators that countries could voluntarily choose to compile. in support of a constructive discussion at rio + 20, canada is in favour of a process for the creation of a voluntary set of indicators. in this spirit, canada has identified an illustrative set of indicators for international consideration building upon the oecd ' s ongoing work on green growth. using the oecd ' s towards green growth framework as a lens, canada ' s draft indicators have been groupedby the themes identified by the oecd. the policy rationale for the indicators selected in each theme is summarized below : i. environmental and resource productivity indicators in this theme reflect the need for natural capital to be used efficiently. sustainable growth will require the decoupling of economic growth and environmental impacts. ii. natural asset base indicators in this theme reflect that traditional markets and accounting frameworks do not always properly reflect the risks associated with declining natural capital stocks. further, longer - term economic prosperity requires an adequate asset base. iii. environmental quality of life indicators in this theme reflect that environmental considerations can be particularly important to people when they have a direct impact on their lives. indicators in this theme can be an effective bridge across the economic, social, and environmental pillars of sustainable development. iv. economic opportunities and policy responses indicators in this theme reflect that policies can help shape and define new opportunities. innovative markets and technologies can spur productivity and job growth while minimizing the environmental footprint of goods and services. work is required to ensure that the proposed indicators can overcome challenges in data, methodology, and comparability across countries. canada looks forward to continuing to collaborate closely with the un, the oecd, member countries, and other partners to further develop this important work. proposed green growth indicators i. environmental and resource efficiency and productivity 1. production - based co2 intensity 2. demand - based co2 intensity 3. energy intensity 4. share of renewable energy ( by type ) in total primary energy supply and in electricity production 5. non - ghg emitting sources as a share of total primary energy supply and in electricity 6. material intensity 7. waste intensity 8. nutrient flows and balances 9. multi - factor productivity reflecting environmental services ii. natural asset base physical and monetary ( where possible ) measures of key natural capital stocks : 10. energy resources 11. freshwater resources 12. forest resources 13. fish resources 14. mineral resources 15. land resources (


- factor productivity reflecting environmental services ii. natural asset base physical and monetary ( where possible ) measures of key natural capital stocks : 10. energy resources 11. freshwater resources 12. forest resources 13. fish resources 14. mineral resources 15. land resources ( land use and quality ) iii. environmental quality of life 17. environmentally induced health problems & related costs 18. population - weighted exposures to air pollution iv. economic opportunities and policy responses 19. r & d expenditure of importance to green growth 20. patents of importance to green growth 21. environment - related innovation in all sectors 22. value of environmental goods and services produced in the economy 23. value - added in environmental goods and services production 24. imports and exports of environmental goods and services 25. employment in environmental goods and services production ( direct and indirect ) 26. capital and operating expenditures on environmental protection ( remediation andmitigation ) annex iii - institutional framework for sustainable development proposal better integration of sustainable development considerations in the un system : a potential outcome for rio + 20 this is a proposal for the elaboration of a framework that better enables the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations ( i. e., economic, social and environmental considerations ) across the un system, with a particular emphasis on the un ' s programming activities at the country level. this approach would include efforts to support developing countries to integrate sustainable development considerations into their national development plans and priorities as a core element of an enhanced sustainable development partnership. this proposal is focused on improving existing mechanisms and structures and program delivery at the country level rather than the creation of new institutions and agencies. it is meant to serve as a contribution to the overall effort to improve the institutional framework for sustainable development this proposal is focused on establishing sustainable development as a mainstream priority within un programming in developing countries. as such, it seeks to address a gap in the context of the institutional framework for sustainable development, which includes efforts at strengthening sustainable development at the local, national, regional and international levels. to achieve the integration of sustainable development considerations, a two - pronged approach could be adopted. at the country level : the first element is inspired by the delivering as one initiative as an example of how to achieve greater coherence and coordination among un activities at the country level. un programming within the delivering as one framework is based on the un development assistance framework ( undaf ). it is the role of the resident coordinator to ensure its implementation. following the principle of national ownership, whereby the un development assistance framework ( undaf ) is built upon the national priorities


framework is based on the un development assistance framework ( undaf ). it is the role of the resident coordinator to ensure its implementation. following the principle of national ownership, whereby the un development assistance framework ( undaf ) is built upon the national priorities set out by the host country under the principles elaborated by the paris declaration and the accra agenda for action, there would be the need for program countries to identify sustainable development within their national plans or poverty reduction strategies. an opportunity for this is presented by the rio + 20 conference, the objective of which is to secure renewed political commitment for sustainable development. one possible outcome of the conference could be for member states to commit to identifying sustainable development as a priority within their national development plan, perhaps with the formal relabelling of undaf as the un sustainable development assistance framework, or something comparable. once identified as a national priority, the resident coordinator would coordinate the mainstreaming of sustainable development considerations and their implementation by the various un agencies active within the country while ensuring their coherence and consistency in accordance with national priorities. the resident coordinator would rely on the input of those agencies with mandates related to the three pillars of sustainable development : unep and undp, among others, with respect to the environmental pillar ; the un regional economic commissions with respect to the economic pillar ; and a combination of agencies including inter alia undp, un women, unesco and unicef with respect to the social pillar. at the headquarters level : the second element could involve calling for all un entities to mainstream sustainable development considerations across all areas of their work. while many of these entities already incorporate sustainable development considerations within their activities, there is a need to ensure both the priority and the coherence of the un system ' s engagement and activities related to sustainable development on an ongoing basis. one possible method of achieving this could be through the inclusion of a call for the un system and for each un entity governing body to do so within the rio + 20 outcome document. the rio + 20 document could call on the un secretary - general to provide high - level guidance to un entities to mainstream sustainable development considerations as a top priority for operational activities. consideration could be given to updating the mandate of the united nations development group ( undg )? the un body supporting the resident coordinator and the un country teams in the delivery of coherent programming and the attainment of internationally agreed development goals? so that its focus on sustainable development is made explicit. consideration could also be given to providing a formal, permanent role for unep within theundg advisory group


disparities affecting children cloud economic good news story despite widespread economic upturn in south - eastern europe and the commonwealth of independent states ( see / cis ) since the late ‘ 90s, one in four children under 15 is still living in extreme income poverty according to a unicef report. the innocenti social monitor 2006 : understanding child poverty in south - eastern europe and the commonwealth of independent states finds that while the number of children under 15 living in extreme poverty has decreased from 32 million to 18 million, stark disparities in child well - being and opportunities exist : the share of children now living in extreme poverty ranges from 5 per cent in some see countries to a startling 80 per cent in the poorest central asia countries. analysis of data from rural and urban settings, from households of different sizes and structures, throws up disparities within countries that particularly affect children in families where there are more than two siblings. official data for bosnia and herzegovina say that extreme poverty ( persons with annual consumption bellow 772 bam per capita ) is not reported, but that because of statistical probability can be supposed that it is less than 5 per cent. based on absolute poverty line ( persons with annual consumption bellow 2223 bam per capita ), among the poorest group in bih, as reported in the official government report from 2004, are families with three and more siblings ( 66 % households are poor ), refugees and displaced persons ( 37 % families are poor ), households with two children ( 32 % families are poor ), families in which the head of the household is younger than 25 ( 29 of them are poor ), unemployed and families in which the head of the household has only primary education ( 25 % ). direct income support in the form of state transfers for households with children are widespread in the region, much occurring in the form of pensions. however, income support targeted on children is often of too low value to have a significant impact on poverty reduction “ child poverty should be the number one concern of governments in the region, ” said maria calivis, unicef regional director for central and eastern europe and the commonwealth of the fact that increase of family leads a family to poverty in bih is alarming. additionally alarming is the fact that the risk of falling into poverty, for families with two or more children, is increasing in the last several years. in 2005 / 2006, economic policy and planning unit ( eppu ) bih, together with unicef and save the children uk, have undertaken a research on socio - economic policy impact to child rights


more children, is increasing in the last several years. in 2005 / 2006, economic policy and planning unit ( eppu ) bih, together with unicef and save the children uk, have undertaken a research on socio - economic policy impact to child rights. the first step was to assess the impact of eventual increase in electricity price to benefit of children and families. in the research the parents agreed that increase of price of electricity would predominantly affect habits and living standards of children. ” in our everyday life, everything affects children. they feel the irresponsibility and immaturity of adults who decide on their behalf. ” “ the increase in price of electricity affect young people the most, because parents, maybe not knowingly, begin economizing on clothing, schooling, even provisions. ” “ children suffer because of poverty... chidren already do not have normal conditions for development ( education, nutrition, hygiene, leisure time and similar ) “ – these are some statements of parents who participated in the research. one of the boys who participated in the focus groups discussion told a story about his schoolmate who had to leave the school after the first year because he couldn ' t afford to buy books, shoes, transportation and other necessities. he went to visit him in his village and he found him keeping sheep. one of the fathers in mostar, who has a child with special needs said in the research that in case of increase in price of electricity „ he couldn ' t afford the hearing device for his child, which would affect him significantly. his schooling would be questionable, because he couldn ' t hear, and all progress so far would be diminished. “ interviewed representatives of educational institutions believe that changes in using electricity caused by increase in price would affect quality and duration of classes. in some elementary schools, school representatives even mentioned effects of economizing electricity expenditure, for example through shortening the classes. the unicef ’ s social monitor 2006 report argues that the future of the region depends on a healthy and educated generation, which will require a better use of resources and more generous support from the international community. to address the challenges posed by the persistence of child poverty in the region, the report calls on governments to work towards : • more and better public spending on social services ( health, education and social infrastructure ) ; reforms of the budget allocation principles to ensure adequately resources targeted in those regions and population groups most in need ; • better targeting and higher levels of social transfers to families with young children in order to provide effective protection from poverty


there are more than 4. 2 million teenagers in mozambique. for many, poverty, hiv / aids and limited education opportunities have made adolescence a particularly challenging period. yet, an increasing number of them are getting involved in finding solutions to their own problems and in creating new opportunities to voice their concerns through media programmes, youth groups or community theatre. however, access to secondary school is limited and remains the privilege of mostly urban children. only eight per cent of children of secondary school age attend high school. there are not enough secondary schools in the country and most are located in towns. to cope with overcrowding, schools have introduced morning, afternoon and evening shifts in both secondary and primary schools. it is not uncommon to see students in class at 10 pm. pressure to leave school, especially for girls, comes from different fronts. girls often have to drop out to take care of younger siblings or sick family members. many also drop out when they get married at an early age – around 18 per cent of 20 to 24 year - old women have been married before the age of 15. adolescence also carries other risks. by the age of 14, a third of mozambican children have become sexually active but knowledge of hiv prevention methods is low. twelve per cent of young women and 27 per cent of young men aged 15 – 24 reported using condoms during their last sexual relation. girls and young women are three times more likely to be hiv - positive than boys and young men.


want to stay on top of all the space news? follow @ universetoday on twitter at 54. 6 million km away at its closest, the fastest travel to mars from earth using current technology ( and no small bit of math ) takes around 214 days — that ’ s about 30 weeks, or 7 months. a robotic explorer like curiosity may not have any issues with that, but it ’ d be a tough journey for a human crew. developing a quicker, more efficient method of propulsion for interplanetary voyages is essential for future human exploration missions … and right now a research team at the university of alabama in huntsville is doing just that. this summer, uahuntsville researchers, partnered with nasa ’ s marshall space flight center and boeing, are laying the groundwork for a propulsion system that uses powerful pulses of nuclear fusion created within hollow 2 - inch - wide “ pucks ” of lithium deuteride. and like hockey pucks, the plan is to “ slapshot ” them with plasma energy, fusing the lithium and hydrogen atoms inside and releasing enough force to ultimately propel a spacecraft — an effect known as “ z - pinch ”. “ if this works, ” said dr. jason cassibry, an associate professor of engineering at uah, “ we could reach mars in six to eight weeks instead of six to eight months. ” the key component to the uah research is the decade module 2 — a massive device used by the department of defense for weapons testing in the 90s. delivered last month to uah ( some assembly required ) the dm2 will allow the team to test z - pinch creation and confinement methods, and then utilize the data to hopefully get to the next step : fusion of lithium - deuterium pellets to create propulsion controlled via an electromagnetic field “ nozzle ”. although a rocket powered by z - pinch fusion wouldn ’ t be used to actually leave earth ’ s surface — it would run out of fuel within minutes — once in space it could be fired up to efficiently spiral out of orbit, coast at high speed and then slow down at the desired location, just like conventional rockets except … better. “ it ’ s equivalent to 20 percent of the world ’ s power output in a tiny bolt of lightning no bigger than your finger. it ’ s a tremendous amount of energy in a tiny period of time, just a hundred billionths of a second. ” – dr. jason cassibry on the z - pinch effect in fact, according to a uahuntsville news release


the aftenposten newspaper in norway reports that earlywednesday morning, the country was struck by a meteor thathad theexplosive force of the atomic bomb that was dropped onhiroshima in 1945. the meteor hit the side of a mountain. there are no reportsof damage or casualties, but if the impact was as great asit appears, it is one of the most significant such events indecades. aftenposten quoted norwegian astronomer knut j? rgen r? ed? degaard as saying, " there were ground tremors, a houseshook and a curtain was blown into the house. this is simplyexceptional. i cannot imagine that we have had such apowerful meteorite impact in norway in modern times. if themeteorite was as large as it seems to have been, we cancompare it to the hiroshima bomb. of course the meteorite isnot radioactive, but in explosive force we may be able tocompare it to the ( atomic ) bomb. "? degaard seemed surprisedby the fact that no astronomer anywhere in the world wasaware that this meteor was on its way.? degaard said the meteorite was visible for over 100 miles. despite the fact that in summer, the midnight sky in norwaystays lit up by the sun, the meteor flash was witnessed byalmost everyone in the country. residents of the northernpart of norway, especially, reported seeing a " ball of fire " that took several seconds to streak across the sky. peter bruvold, who caught the meteor on camera, says, " i sawa brilliant flash of light in the sky, and this became alight with a tail of smoke. " he then heard an enormouscrash. he says, " i heard the bang seven minutes later. itsounded like when you set off a solid charge of dynamite akilometer ( over half a mile ) away. " at unknowncountry. com, we regularly tell you what ' sreally goingon. at this website, you can get information youjust won ' tfind anywhere else. that ' s what we do for you ; now there ' ssomethingyou can do for us : subscribe today. that way you can be surewe ' ll behere for you tomorrow! to learn more, clickhere andhere. note : this news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.


chapter 9 - submerged orifices 12. orifice check structures occasionally, at a given site, the canal water surface level should be checked up to a specified elevation while simultaneously measuring the rate of flow. the combined checking and measuring functions can be provided by orifice check structures which are built into the canals as in - line structures ( figure 9 - 7 ). one or more orifice openings of the necessary size are constructed in the lower portion of a wall that extends across the canal at the upstream end of the check - type structure. these orifices are used to measure the discharge. a second wall with one or more gated openings is constructed at the downstream end of the structure. this downstream control is used to check the canal water surface to the desired elevation. two stilling wells are located outside of the structure. one is connected to a piezometer in the canal upstream from the orifice wall, and the other is connected to a piezometer in the basin between the upstream and downstream walls. in small orifice check structures, staff gages are used in place of piezometer and stilling wells. in either case, the differential head acting across the orifice can be determined, and with knowledge of the orifice dimensions and characteristics, the rate of flow can be determined. the coefficients of discharge that should be used to compute the rate of flow are difficult to determine analytically because of different degrees of suppression at the bottom and sides and between the orifice openings. computed discharge tables are ordinarily provided for each structure, but usually a statement is included that a field rating is necessary to ensure accurate results. in general, the recommended practice is that field ratings be made by current meter data and that discharge curves be prepared. for maximum potential accuracy, care must be exercised to prevent either excessively small gate openings or small differential head readings that cause large errors of precision of head or gate opening effects on discharge measurement.


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the two witnesses. 1 * a then i was given a measuring rod like a staff and i was told, “ come and measure the temple of god and the altar, and count those who are worshiping in it. 2but exclude the outer court * of the temple ; do not measure it, for it has been handed over to the gentiles, who will trample the holy city for forty - two months. 3i will commission my two witnesses * to prophesy for those twelve hundred and sixty days, wearing sackcloth. ” 4b these are the two olive trees and the two lampstands * that stand before the lord of the earth. 5 * if anyone wants to harm them, fire comes out of their mouths and devours their enemies. in this way, anyone wanting to harm them is sure to be slain. 6they have the power to close up the sky so that no rain can fall during the time of their prophesying. they also have power to turn water into blood and to afflict the earth with any plague as often as they wish. c 7when they have finished their testimony, the beast that comes up from the abyss * will wage war against them and conquer them and kill them. d 8their corpses will lie in the main street of the great city, * which has the symbolic names “ sodom ” and “ egypt, ” where indeed their lord was crucified. 9 * those from every people, tribe, tongue, and nation will gaze on their corpses for three and a half days, and they will not allow their corpses to be buried. 10the inhabitants of the earth will gloat over them and be glad and exchange gifts because these two prophets tormented the inhabitants of the earth. 11but after the three and a half days, a breath of life from god entered them. when they stood on their feet, great fear fell on those who saw them. e 12then they heard a loud voice from heaven say to them, “ come up here. ” so they went up to heaven in a cloud as their enemies looked on. f 13at that moment there was a great earthquake, and a tenth of the city fell in ruins. seven thousand people * were killed during the earthquake ; the rest were terrified and gave glory to the god of heaven. the seventh trumpet. * 15then the seventh angel blew his trumpet. there were loud voices in heaven, saying


city fell in ruins. seven thousand people * were killed during the earthquake ; the rest were terrified and gave glory to the god of heaven. the seventh trumpet. * 15then the seventh angel blew his trumpet. there were loud voices in heaven, saying, “ the kingdom of the world now belongs to our lord and to his anointed, and he will reign forever and ever. ” 16the twenty - four elders who sat on their thrones before god prostrated themselves and worshiped god 17and said : “ we give thanks to you, lord god almighty, who are and who were. for you have assumed your great power and have established your reign. 18the nations raged, but your wrath has come, and the time for the dead to be judged, and to recompense your servants, the prophets, and the holy ones and those who fear your name, the small and the great alike, and to destroy those who destroy the earth. ” g 19then god ’ s temple in heaven was opened, and the ark of his covenant could be seen in the temple. there were flashes of lightning, rumblings, and peals of thunder, an earthquake, and a violent hailstorm. * [ 11 : 1 ] the temple and altar symbolize the new israel ; see note on rev 7 : 4 – 9. the worshipers represent christians. the measuring of the temple ( cf. ez 40 : 3 – 42 : 20 ; 47 : 1 – 12 ; zec 2 : 5 – 6 ) suggests that god will preserve the faithful remnant ( cf. is 4 : 2 – 3 ) who remain true to christ ( rev 14 : 1 – 5 ). * [ 11 : 2 ] the outer court : the court of the gentiles. trample … forty - two months : the duration of the vicious persecution of the jews by antiochus iv epiphanes ( dn 7 : 25 ; 12 : 7 ) ; this persecution of three and a half years ( half of seven, counted as 1260 days in rev 11 : 3 ; 12 : 6 ) became the prototype of periods of trial for god ’ s people ; cf. lk 4 : 25 ; jas 5 : 17. the reference here is to the persecution by the romans ; cf. introduction. * [ 11 : 3 ] the two witnesses, wearing sackcloth symbolizing lamentation and repentance, cannot readily be identified. do they represent moses and elijah, or the law and the prophets, or peter and paul? most probably


introduction. * [ 11 : 3 ] the two witnesses, wearing sackcloth symbolizing lamentation and repentance, cannot readily be identified. do they represent moses and elijah, or the law and the prophets, or peter and paul? most probably they refer to the universal church, especially the christian martyrs, fulfilling the office of witness ( two because of dt 19 : 15 ; cf. mk 6 : 7 ; jn 8 : 17 ). * [ 11 : 5 – 6 ] these details are derived from stories of moses, who turned water into blood ( ex 7 : 17 – 20 ), and of elijah, who called down fire from heaven ( 1 kgs 18 : 36 – 40 ; 2 kgs 1 : 10 ) and closed up the sky for three years ( 1 kgs 17 : 1 ; cf. 18 : 1 ). * [ 11 : 8 ] the great city : this expression is used constantly in revelation for babylon, i. e., rome ; cf. rev 14 : 8 ; 16 : 19 ; 17 : 18 ; 18 : 2, 10, 21. “ sodom ” and “ egypt ” : symbols of immorality ( cf. is 1 : 10 ) and oppression of god ’ s people ( cf. ex 1 : 11 – 14 ). where indeed their lord was crucified : not the geographical but the symbolic jerusalem that rejects god and his witnesses, i. e., rome, called babylon in rev 16 – 18 ; see note on rev 17 : 9 and introduction. * [ 11 : 9 – 12 ] over the martyrdom ( rev 11 : 7 ) of the two witnesses, now called prophets, the ungodly rejoice for three and a half days, a symbolic period of time ; see note on rev 11 : 2. afterwards they go in triumph to heaven, as did elijah ( 2 kgs 2 : 11 ). * [ 11 : 13 ] seven thousand people : a symbolic sum to represent all social classes ( seven ) and large numbers ( thousands ) ; cf. introduction. by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or


- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb the story of jonah has great theological import. it concerns a disobedient prophet who rejected his divine commission, was cast overboard in a storm and swallowed by a great fish, rescued in a marvelous manner, and returned to his starting point. now he obeys and goes to nineveh, the capital of israel ’ s ancient enemy. the ninevites listen to his message of doom and repent immediately. all, from king to lowliest subject, humble themselves in sackcloth and ashes. seeing their repentance, god does not carry out the punishment planned for them. at this, jonah complains, angry because the lord spares them. this fascinating story caricatures a narrow mentality which would see god ’ s interest extending only to israel, whereas god is presented as concerned with and merciful to even the inhabitants of nineveh ( 4 : 11 ), the capital of the assyrian empire which brought the northern kingdom of israel to an end and devastated jerusalem in 701. the lord is free to “ repent ” and change his mind. jonah seems to realize this possibility and wants no part in it ( 4 : 2 ; cf. ex 34 : 6 ). but the story also conveys something of the ineluctable character of the prophetic calling. the book is replete with irony, wherein much of its humor lies. the name “ jonah ” means “ dove ” in hebrew, but jonah ’ s character is anything but dove - like. jonah is commanded to go east to nineveh but flees toward the westernmost possible point ( 1 : 2 – 3 ), only to be swallowed by a great fish and dumped back at this starting point ( 2 : 1, 11 ). the sailors pray to their gods, but jonah is asleep in the hold ( 1 : 5 – 6 ). the prophet ’ s preaching is a minimum message of destruction, while it is the king of nineveh who calls for repentance and conversion ( 3 : 4 – 10 ) ; the instant conversion of the ninevites is greeted by jonah with anger and sulking ( 4 : 1 ). he reproaches the lord in words that echo israel ’ s traditional praise of his mercy ( 4 : 2 ; cf. ex 34 : 6 – 7 ). jonah is concerned about the loss of the gourd but not about the possible destruction of 120, 000 ninevites ( 4 : 10


’ s traditional praise of his mercy ( 4 : 2 ; cf. ex 34 : 6 – 7 ). jonah is concerned about the loss of the gourd but not about the possible destruction of 120, 000 ninevites ( 4 : 10 – 11 ). unlike other prophetic books, this is not a collection of oracles but the story of a disobedient, narrow - minded prophet who is angry at the outcome of the sole message he delivers ( 3 : 4 ). it is difficult to date but almost certainly is postexilic and may reflect the somewhat narrow, nationalistic reforms of ezra and nehemiah. as to genre, it has been classified in various ways, such as parable or satire. the “ sign ” of jonah is interpreted in two ways in the new testament : his experience of three days and nights in the fish is a “ type ” of the experience of the son of man ( mt 12 : 39 – 40 ), and the ninevites ’ reaction to the preaching of jonah is contrasted with the failure of jesus ’ generation to obey the preaching of one who is “ greater than jonah ” ( mt 12 : 41 – 42 ; lk 11 : 29 – 32 ). the book of jonah may be divided as follows : by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or


the usb to serial adapter - generally a usb to serial adapter, also referred to as a usb serial converter or usb rs232 adapter is a small electronic device which can convert a usb signal to serial rs232 data signals. rs232 is the type which is in many older pcs and is referred to as a serial com port. a usb to serial adapter typically converts between usb and either rs232, rs485, rs422 or tcp signals, however some usb to serial adapter / usb rs232 serial converter designs have other special conversion features. even the usb to serial adapter rs232 standard is an older communication protocol it is still used by many modern usb to serial adapter devices in both business and consumer markets and is also often used for personal and office usb to serial adapter devices. more recently most new computers do not have a com port so a usb serial adapter is often used to connect many types of devices. a usb to serial adapter is a very useful device for connecting equipment such as usb to serial adapter printers, scanners, scales and gps devices, but also most usb to serial business and consumer equipment. a usb to serial adapter is typically either a rs232 usb serial adapter, a rs485 usb serial adapter or a rs422 usb serial adapter. many new usb to serial adapter devices are today designed with a multiple usb to serial adapter rs232 / rs485 and even usb to serial adapter rs422 interface, which makes it very convenient since you then can use it for both rs232 and rs485 products. the usb serial adapter protocol has been around for many years and is a very reliable protocol. the usb serial adapter is usually used in industrial, office and business environments however also often as a consumer product for connecting usb serial products to personal computers. the rs485 usb to serial adapter is most often only used in industrial environments, labs and similar facilities since the rs485 usb to serial adapter protocol is very useful in these environments. the usb to serial adapter is made in a variety of models and types, the standard non - isolated usb to serial adapter is most commonly used in business, office and laboratory environments. the isolated usb to serial adapter is often used in industrial environments due to its resistance to voltage spikes and ground loops.


when the invader appears honest citizens must choose sides. forced at length to defend their own homes and firesides, massachusetts and connecticut now felt the recoil of unpatriotic behavior. instead of trusting their governors with the local defense as the administration had done with states which upheld the war, the president now insisted upon retaining the exclusive control of military movements. because massachusetts and connecticut had refused to subject their militia to the orders of the war department, monroe declined to pay their expenses. the cry was raised by peace men in consequence that the national government had abandoned new england to the common enemy. upon this false assumptionfor false, candor must pronounce it, inasmuch as government was maturing all the while a consistent plan of local defensethe massachusetts loaders made hasty proclamation that no choice was left between submitting to the enemy, which could not be thought of, and appropriating to the defense of the states the revenues derived from her people, which had hitherto been spent elsewhere. the massachusetts legislature appropriated $ 1, 000, 000 to support a state army of 10, 000 men. and otis, who inspired these measures, brought massachusetts to the point of instituting a delegate convention of eastern statesthis convention to meet at hartford. a hartford convention was no new project to otis ' s own mind. the day for assembling was fixt at december 15th. twelve delegates were appointed by the massachusetts legislature, men of worth and respectability, chief of whom were cabot and otis. in connecticut, whose legislature was not slow to denounce monroe ' s conscription plan as barbarous and unconstitutional, a congenial delegation of seven was made upgoodrich and hillhouse, hoary men of national renown, at the head. rhode island ' s legislature added four more to the list. so deep - rooted, however, was the national distrust of this movement that vermont and new hampshire shrank from giving the convention a public sanction. new hampshire had a republican council ; while in vermont the plattsburg victory stirred the union spirit ; chittenden himself having changed in official tone after the war became a defensive one. violent county conventions representing fractions of towns chose, however, three delegates, two in new hampshire and one in vermont, whose credentials being accepted by the convention, the whole number of delegates assembled at hartford was twenty - six. this hartford convention remains famous in american history only as a powerful menstruum in national politics. what its most earnest projectors had hoped for was left


being accepted by the convention, the whole number of delegates assembled at hartford was twenty - six. this hartford convention remains famous in american history only as a powerful menstruum in national politics. what its most earnest projectors had hoped for was left but half done ; but that half work condemned to political infamy twenty - six gentlemen highly respectable. lawyers, they were, of state eminence, for the most part, and all of high social character, but inclined, like men of ability most used to courts than conventions, to treat constituencies like clients, and spend great pains over phraseology. perhaps, indeed, these had been selected purposely to play the lion ' s part, that moderate fellow - citizens, unionists at heart, whose conversion was essential, might not quake at the roar of the convention. quincy was not there, nor the stout - hearted pickeringof whose readiness to become a rebel unless the constitution could be altered, flagrante bello, to suit his views, there can be little doubt. delegates like the present were prudent rather than earnest, better talkers than actors ; men by no means calculated for bold measures. what bold measures were possible? one may ask. pickering ' s confederacy of 18042 would have embraced new york, perhaps pennsylvania. but these eastern federalists, with that clannishness at which hamilton himself had marveled, were now circumscribed within the limits of new england, and of that section, moreover, but three states out of five had delegations at hartford worthy of the name. the first effort to assemble a new england convention was, we have seen in 1808 - 9. the second, if john quincy adams may be believed, was in 1812, immediately after the declaration of war against great britain, and that project dexter defeated by a speech in faneuil hall. the third, and present, tho partially successful, by bringing delegates into conference, was, like the stamp act congress, or the annapolis conference of 1786, an instrument necessarily for later and riper designs. the american confederacy, the american union, are each the product of begetting conventions ; nor without prudence were states now forbidden to enter into agreements or compacts with one another without the consent of congress. the hartford convention may well have justified dire forebodings, for it did not dissolve finally, as a mass - meeting might have done, upon a full report, but contingently adjourned to boston. organized on the appointed day in hartford, then a town


well have justified dire forebodings, for it did not dissolve finally, as a mass - meeting might have done, upon a full report, but contingently adjourned to boston. organized on the appointed day in hartford, then a town of four thousand inhabitants, by the choice of george cabot as president, and theodore dwight as secretary, the present convention remained in close session for three continuous weeks. of irregular political assemblies the worst may be suspected when proceedings are conducted in secrecy ; and never, certainly, were doors shut more closely upon a delegate, and professedly a popular convention, than upon this one ; not even doorkeeper or messenger gaining access to the discussion. inviolable secrecy was enjoined upon every member, including the secretary, at the first meeting, and once more before they dispersed, notwithstanding the acceptance of their final report. the injunction was never removed. not before a single state legislature whose sanction of this report was desired, not to any body of those constituents whose votes were indispensable to the ultimate ends, if these ends were legally pursued, was that report elucidated. four years afterward, when the hartford convention and its projectors bent under the full blast of popular displeasure, cabot delivered to his native state the sealed journal of its proceedings, which had remained in his exclusive custody ; but that when opened was found to be a meager sketch of formal proceedings, and no more ; making no record of yeas and nays, stating none of the amendments offered to the various reports, attaching the name of no author to a single proposition, in fine, carefully suppressing all means of ascertaining the expression or belief of individual delegates. casual letters of contemporaries are preserved sufficient to show that representative federalists labored with these delegates to procure a separation of the states, but how many more of the same strain president cabot may have torn up one can only conjecture. that twenty - six public men should have consented to leave no ampler means of vindicating to their own age, and to posterity, themselves and their motives, may evince a noble disinterestedness, sublime confidence in the rectitude of their own intentions, a comforting reliance upon " the searcher of hearts, " but certainly an astonishing ignorance of human nature in this our inquisitive republic. assembling amid rumors of treason and the execration of all the country west of the hudson, its members watched by an army officer who


of hearts, " but certainly an astonishing ignorance of human nature in this our inquisitive republic. assembling amid rumors of treason and the execration of all the country west of the hudson, its members watched by an army officer who had been conveniently stationed in the vicinity, the hartford convention, hardening into stone, preserves for all ages a sphinxlike mystery. the labors of this convention, whatever they were, ended with a report and resolutions, signed by the delegates present, and adopted on the day before final adjournment. report and resolutions disappointed, doubtless, both citizens who had wished a new declaration of independence, and citizens who had feared it. neither virginia nor kentucky could, with propriety, condemn the heresies of state sovereignty which supplied the false logic of this report, and an imperfect experience of this federal union may excuse in otis and his associates theoretical errors which jefferson and madison while in the opposition had, first inculcated. constitutional amendments were here proposed which, not utterly objectionable under other circumstances, must have been deemed at this time an insult to those officially responsible for the national safety, and only admissible as a humiliation of the majority. it requires little imagination to read, in report and resolutions, a menace to the union in its hour of tribulation, a demand for the purse and sword, to which only a craven congress could have yielded, and a threat of local armies which, with the avowed purpose of mutual aid, might in some not remote contingency be turned against foes american not less than british. 1 from schouler ' s " history of the united states. " by permission of the author and of his publishers, dodd, mead & company. copyright, 1880 - 1891. 2 timothy pickering, secretary of state in adams ' s cabinet, and afterward senator from pennsylvania, is here referred to. he came into serious disagreement with adams and was summarily removed. out of this rupture and the bad feeling that ensued, came what is known as pickering ' s confederacy. the battle of new orleans


previously just the worry of climate scientists, environmentalists, doomsday prognosticators, and gas - price watchers, climate change is starting to worry some others — public health specialists, who say that global warming could affect large swaths of the population. in a paper published in the journal plos medicine tuesday, a group of european public health experts write that climate change could alter " patterns of physical activity and food availability, and in some cases [ bring ] direct physical harm. " slight temperature increases could also change disease distribution in colder regions and make hotter regions less hospitable to humans. " certain subgroups are at more risk — mainly the young, the old, and the poor, " says peter byass, director of the umea centre for global health research in sweden. " the middle age and wealthy will be better off. it ' s a crude way of looking at it, but it ' s not so far off the mark. " that means more prevalence of diseases that affect the poor, such as malaria and dengue fever, and heat stroke in drought - afflicted areas. for years, scientists have warned about more extreme hurricanes and weather patterns, but until recently, not much emphasis was put on less noticeable changes. " i don ' t think there ' s a big gang of global health experts saying [ climate change ] is unimportant, " he says. " but i don ' t think people have been making the connections that need to be made between public health and climate change. " byass ' paper isn ' t the first time health officials have pondered the human toll of climate change. in march, a group of doctors suggested that the incidence of asthma and other lung respiratory illnesses could increase, due to longer pollen seasons and increasing ranges of disease - causing molds and mosquitoes. " at this point, we might not be able to stop climate change, but we can be a bit prepared as to what the consequences might be, " he says. it ' s something people in his field are increasingly worried about. at last year ' s " durban climate meeting, " a united nations convention to discuss climate change, people focused on health issues had their say. the unpredictability of climate change — there are many models of what might happen over the next century — makes byass ' and his colleagues ' jobs much harder, he says. " i think it ' s pretty clear that things won ' t stay the same, so we can talk about the what - ifs of different


happen over the next century — makes byass ' and his colleagues ' jobs much harder, he says. " i think it ' s pretty clear that things won ' t stay the same, so we can talk about the what - ifs of different climate change [ theories ], but it ' s hard to say for sure what will happen, " he says. the united nations has been placing more of an emphasis on climate change, with many of its member countries asking the world ' s largest carbon producers — china, india, and the united states — to enter legally - binding agreements to reduce emissions. this year, government officials will meet in doha to continue negotiating. late last year, officials from around the world met in durban, south africa at what is now known as the " durban climate meeting, " in which officials from india, the united states, and china agreed to continue negotiating legally - binding carbon emission rules. " it ' s about behaving in a way that ' s responsible for the planet. one would hope the united nations could help get everyone together, " byass says. countries must be willing to take an economic hit in becoming more energy efficient. " protecting the future of the planet has a price tag, there ' s no doubt about that. "


researching the history of agriculture in vermont you can get a good background on the general agricultural history of vermont by reading a short history of vermont barns [ link ] and looking at the barn census powerpoint presentation ( click here to open the presentation in a new window. if the presentation does not display correctly, click here to download the presentation as a ppt file. the file is large ; 54 megabytes. ) barn design was influenced by local tradition, availability of materials, and the specific demands of different types of farming in different periods of history. with a little background you can decipher the clues that the building gives you. depending on your time and interest, you can also consult the long history of vermont agriculture [ link ] and the other publications listed in the resources section. doing a little reading before you look at your first barn will make it easier to understand what you are looking at, how it functioned, and when it was built. the visual glossary [ link ] and vermont agricultural property types [ link ] give more detailed information on the whole array of historic agricultural buildings in vermont, from corn cribs to silos, to mink sheds and potato barns. researching the history of your community although the majority of your time will be spent out and about, exploring the different parts of your community while looking for barns and other agricultural structures, it is worthwhile to first spend some time researching your community ’ s history to become familiar with the influences that shaped its agricultural past. this isn ’ t as difficult as it sounds. historical research is a great way to really get a feel for the way your community developed and may provide clues as to what barns ( either general types or specific instances ) may hold special significance in your community. historical research can answer questions such as : what crops and livestock were common in the area? at one time were there especially large or significant farming operations nearby? if so, what were their names and locations? what ethnic groups settled and farmed the area? what influences did they have on the way different agricultural structures were designed? how did agriculture cause the community to grow and change? how did technologies ( like railroads and electricity ) or events ( like wars or the great depression ) change agriculture in your community? to conduct research, a good place to start is your town library or community historical society. you may want to look for county, town, or other local histories that have been published. also interesting are historic photograph files that may have images of older farms and newspaper clipping folders that may contain historical agricultural


town library or community historical society. you may want to look for county, town, or other local histories that have been published. also interesting are historic photograph files that may have images of older farms and newspaper clipping folders that may contain historical agricultural news of the community. two widely available 19th century map sources, the wallings maps and beers atlases, include symbols that indicate properties with buildings, including owner names. the division for historic preservation has been conducting inventories of historic buildings since the early 1970 ’ s. the information for two counties – addison and rutland - has been published in book form. offprints of single town sections are available for free upon request, while supplies last. please call 828 - 1220 to request a copy of your town section ( only available for addison and rutland county towns ; for more information see the ' related information ' section of the website. ) the division ’ s office in montpelier has a resource room with files on over 40, 000 historic buildings in vermont, and the public is welcome to visit and use the records. copies of those records are available on cd, and the division is working on distributing them to libraries, starting with the larger libraries in each region. town clerks and local libraries often have a binder with paper copies of the records for their town. other sources of information can include town clerks, local historians, college and university libraries and history departments, and the vermont historical society www. vermonthistory. org. the vermont landscape images project [ link ] contains an on - line archive of historic photos, organized by town. part of the fun of historical research is playing detective – finding out who might have the type of information you ’ re looking for and talking with them to see how their insight applies to the questions you have. don ’ t be afraid to be creative in where you look for information. when researching your community ’ s agricultural history, you can ’ t go wrong if you always keep in mind the six basic questions ; who, what, when, where, why, and how. farmers who own or used to own the barn you are surveying will undoubtedly be the best source of specific information about the age and evolution of the structure. they may know dates of construction, how the barn was used and how it changed over time. they will often know the family history of the farm, including stories that bring the history of the barn alive. in the field – what you ’ ll need now that you have a better understanding of the agricultural history of your community, it ’


time. they will often know the family history of the farm, including stories that bring the history of the barn alive. in the field – what you ’ ll need now that you have a better understanding of the agricultural history of your community, it ’ s time to get out there and find some barns! a little organization at this step can make things run very smoothly, so here are some suggestions about supplies you may need and ways to conduct your piece of the census. first, get some good road maps of the area you ’ ll be surveying. you can contact your town office or the agency of transportation to see what free maps are available. you can also download maps from the vermont center for geographic information website [ link ]. vcgi offrs a variety of maps, including maps of town highways [ link ]. plan a route that covers all the roads in the area you ’ ve chosen. barn census volunteers can work individually or in groups. if you are working in a group that is going to split up to divide the work, each smaller group should be assigned their own sector on the map so that it ’ s less likely that work will be duplicated. next, you should gather the supplies that you ’ ll want to bring with you. we recommend : - blank survey worksheets [ link ] ( you ’ ll need one sheet for every barn you survey, so make sure to print and bring extras! ) - a hard writing surface, like a clipboard or notebook - a digital camera - letter of introduction [ link ] ( please open the file, fill in your name and print it out. you may want multiple copies ) - a dashboard sign [ link ] identifying your vehicle as participating in the vermont barn census - a copy of this manual you may also want to bring : - cell phone


treatment for malocclusion topic overview back to top orthognathic surgery treats malocclusion ( " poor bite " ) by restructuring the jaw through cutting the bone and repositioning the bone segments. adults who have jaw - related malocclusion are sometimes offered a choice between simple orthodontic treatment and orthodontic treatment combined with orthognathic surgery. adults who have severe jaw problems may need surgery to improve their looks and how the jaw works. severe jaw problems can include upper jaws that don ' t match with the lower jaws. oral and maxillofacial surgeons or plastic surgeons perform this surgery using general anesthesia. recovery takes several weeks. while the bone slowly heals, the jaw is held in place with wires or plates and screws. the most common problem after this surgery is numbness of the upper or lower lip ( paresthesia ). other risks include infection, bleeding ( hemorrhage ), swelling, muscle spasm, and temporomandibular disorder. for most people, orthognathic surgery is elective, based on personal choice. because orthognathic surgery requires a long and difficult recovery period, you should carefully weigh the benefits against the hardship and expense of the surgery. for those few people who also have serious functional problems, such as problems with chewing or closing the mouth, orthognathic surgery may be a necessity. credits back to top | primary medical reviewer | | adam husney, md - family medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | william f. hohlt, dds - orthodontics | | last revised | | january 2, 2013 | to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated.


nasa ' s curiosity landing blazes trail for humans on mars the most technologically advanced space robot ever built - - the 5 foot tall curiosity contains a total of 10 scientific instruments, including a robotic arm with a power drill - - landed on mars last night, beginning a mission eight years in the making to search for signs of past life on the red planet. an image taken by rover curiosity on august 6, 2012 of mount sharp on mars. image credit : nasa / jpl - caltech. us president barack obama praised nasa ’ s successful landing of the car - sized rover curiosity that travelled 570 million - km over eight months to reach our neighbour planet. " tonight, on the planet mars, the united states of america made history, " obama said. equipped with ten instruments, including a laser that can zap rocks from a distance and a mobile organic chemistry lab, curiosity gives scientists the opportunity to learn more than they ever have about mars. it also furthers the possibility of one day sending humans to mars to investigate first - hand. nasa administrator charles bolden noted that obama wants to be able to send humans to mars by the 2030s. the curiosity mars descent imager ( mardi ) captured the rover ' s descent to the surface of the red planet. the instrument shot 4 fps video from heatshield separation to the ground. source : youtube. “ today, the wheels of curiosity have begun to blaze the trail for human footprints on mars, ” bolden said at a press conference immediately following the release of the first few images from a new, and until now, unexplored part of mars. secrets of a martian mountain curiosity landed next to a strip of dunes in gale crater, a desirable destination given signs that water, a key requirement for life as we know it, once carved channels along the crater ’ s wall. at the centre of the 154 - km - wide crater rests mount sharp, a 5. 8 kilometre mountain that rivals mount kilimanjaro in height. scientists believe the mountain ’ s layers of sediment could hold clues to the planet ’ s ancient history, including whether it held microbial life. able to roll over obstacles 2 feet high and travel up to about 200 metres per day, the nuclear powered mobile laboratory will eventually be digging, drilling and investigating the martian landscape for at least the next two years in search of the building blocks of life : carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen. but before the exploration begins, scientists at nasa intend to perform a few weeks of health checks