program priority : women ' s health in many parts of the world, women ’ s health is neglected in research, budget, and policy priorities. among the most critical areas is maternal mortality. the world health organization estimates that approximately 500, 000 women die in pregnancy and childbirth each year. millions more suffer lasting injuries or disability. maternal mortality is the leading cause of early death and disability among women of reproductive age in many developing countries ; often, women die because technology that has been available for decades is not present when they are pregnant and when they give birth. the world bank reports that there is no single cause of death for men that comes close to the scale of maternal mortality. a myriad of reasons exist for this, one of which is the failure to fulfill women ’ s right to health information, education, and services. women are often unable to exert control over their own reproductive health in part because they are uninformed about available services as well as the health risks and benefits of procedures or practices. in other cases, the infrastructure and training to deliver essential maternal care have not been developed, and few mechanisms exist to make it easier for women in rural or poor areas to access essential care. often, the lack of community - based data means that the number of maternal deaths and disabilities is not accurately measured. healthright international ’ s response : saving lives through education, information, and health system capacity healthright international is committed to lowering maternal and infant mortality rates, expanding access to health care for women, providing education and services addressing reproductive health, and empowering women to advocate for appropriate health services for themselves and their communities. healthright programs work to build lasting access to health for women through a comprehensive set of approaches, including : - building and improving health system infrastructure, such as maternity wards and systems for gathering data - building provider capacity – at facilities and in the community – to provide quality maternal and reproductive health care - disseminating accurate and comprehensive information on healthy practices as well as services available for women ’ s health, and empowering women to make decisions to promote their and their family ’ s health - raising community awareness about women ’ s health needs and challenges, engaging women, men, and community leaders ranging from government officials to village chief successes and recent initiatives in kosovo, healthright developed a model for and constructed women ’ s wellness centers, providing women with access to a continuum of reproductive health services and counseling under one roof. since 2005, the centers – now owned and operated by the kosovo ministry of health – have provided services to tens of thousands of


and constructed women ’ s wellness centers, providing women with access to a continuum of reproductive health services and counseling under one roof. since 2005, the centers – now owned and operated by the kosovo ministry of health – have provided services to tens of thousands of women in kosovo. in the northern rift valley of kenya, healthright ’ s partnership for maternal and neonatal health, working in collaboration with the local ministry of health staff, has taken a multi - pronged approach to improving women ’ s access to maternal health care, including renovating facilities for delivery and emergency obstetric care, developing mobile clinics to reach isolated communities, and training hundreds of health providers and community members. in russia, ukraine, and most recently in viet nam, healthright ’ s mama + project is a comprehensive model for ensuring access to information, services, and support for hiv - positive pregnant women and mothers, and empowering them to care for their children in the family environment. the model takes a client - centered approach to treating and caring for those living with hiv. since 2005, the mama + project has provided a continuum of services to hundreds of women, their children, and other family members. in nepal, healthright has partnered with local organizations serving women and girls who are survivors of trafficking and gender - based violence. healthright established health clinics at six locally - run shelters across nepal, providing access to quality on - site health services and counseling to thousands of shelter residents and community members.


is world war ii bringing the same result? on the night of september 1, 1939, hitler sent his legions thundering over the polish border. two years later, with virtually all of europe engulfed, the war spread to the pacific as well. as before, our allies found increasing need for the products of our farms, forests, and factories, our mills and mines. as a result, the united states entered upon the greatest era of prosperity it has ever known. and farmers shared fully in it as agricultural prices soared to record levels and production rose by leaps and bounds. let us see exactly what the war has done. great britain, cut off from the food resources of continental europe, turned to us as in 1914 – 18 for more and more of her food imports. the soviet union, some of its fertile cropland, such as the ukraine, occupied by the nazis for almost three years, sought food from us to help sustain the red armies and to eke out the scanty diet of its civilian population. we shipped huge amounts under lend - lease - 2, 144 million dollars ’ worth of food to great britain and 915 million dollars ’ worth to the soviets in the period from march 11, 1941, to june 30, 1944. there is a basic distinction, however, between the foods sought by our allies in 1914 – 18 and in the present war. in the last war, there was a demand for bulky foods. in this war ; there has been emphasis on prepared foods ( dehydrated eggs, canned fish, and the like ) and on processed meats. the slogan in this war has been “ food is a weapon of war — as important as guns and ammunition! ” in response american farmers have planted more acreage, especially to high - nutrient crops like soybeans and peanuts, raised more livestock, particularly hogs, and produced more dairy products — cheese, butter, and eggs needed by our allies. despite a shortage of labor and machinery, but with the help of very favorable weather, 1942 agricultural production, including crops, livestock, and livestock products, rose 24 per cent and 1943 production 29 per cent above that of the average years 1935 – 39. what will follow this war — boom or depression? will the present high prices and extraordinary demands for farm products continue after the war or will the balloon burst swiftly, as it did in 1920? what do the experts think? it is generally agreed that the two main requirements for a. healthy agriculture in the united states are : ( 1 ) full employment and high national income


the war or will the balloon burst swiftly, as it did in 1920? what do the experts think? it is generally agreed that the two main requirements for a. healthy agriculture in the united states are : ( 1 ) full employment and high national income to provide people with the money to buy the bulk of our farm output at prices profitable to the producer and ( 2 ) a large volume of foreign trade — both imports and exports — which would take care of agricultural surpluses. the first without the second will not bring farm prosperity. thus, a united states department of agriculture report on “ the farmer and war, ” issued in january 1944, says that “ if improved farm returns are to continue after the war, ways will have to be found to keep industry producing for our needs in times of peace somewhat comparable to the way we produce... in time of war, so that consumers of farm products retain their employment and can earn enough to buy the food and other things they need and want. ”. this report urges a freer international trade and suggests that the united states buy enough foreign goods to permit other countries to obtain the exchange — the dollars — needed to purchase our agricultural products. marion clawson, an economist of the united states department of agriculture, writing in the antioch review in the summer of 1944, says that after the war our capacity to produce farm commodities will be greatly increased. farms will be more mechanized. land now used to grow feed for work horses and mules will be released for the production of human food. better methods of cultivation and plant breeding will increase the yields from the same acreage and often from the same amount of labor. will acreage in cultivation decline? after every war plans have been made for settling veterans on the land. frequently, and especially after world war i, these plans fell short of success. this time, it is urged, we ought not to make the same mistakes. as dr. raphael zon, an eminent student of land - use problems, says, “ there should be no helter - skelter settlement in remote regions away from existing social and recreational facilities. new land settlement should not be developed simply as a haven of refuge for the unemployed... such settlements should be located on good land that has not been inflated in value, and the individual farms should be of sufficient size to provide a reasonably good income. ” it may be, as some students of the land problem declare, that farm acreage will have to be reduced after the war in order not to flood the market with surplus


the individual farms should be of sufficient size to provide a reasonably good income. ” it may be, as some students of the land problem declare, that farm acreage will have to be reduced after the war in order not to flood the market with surplus farm products. in the crop year 1944, some 354 million acres were in crops. dr. bushrod allin of the united states department of agriculture estimates that after the war, if the national income stays at 150 billion dollars per year, overseas demand for american produce is sharply curtailed from wartime levels, and better farming methods and increased mechanization bring greater yields, 327 million crop acres will be sufficient to supply our own population. such a reduction would be difficult and painful. it would mean that thousands of farmers, especially those on poor land, would have to seek other ways of making a living, and some acreage now in crops would have to be put in pasture or allowed to revert to forest. on the other hand, some students believe that, in order to meet the nutritional needs of all our people, considerable areas must be added to our present cropland, and that such acreage is still available. an expansion can be justified, however, only if the demand for agricultural products increases, and if people who cannot now afford proper diets have enough, income to buy more adequate food. whatever happens, it is clear that opportunities for new farmers after the war will depend in some measure on expansion of acreage in cultivation. if there is an actual over - all reduction, not many new farmers will be needed. regardless of the general situation, a certain number of developed farms will be offered for sale or rent each year. there are a good many over - age farmers on the farms of the united states at the present time. many of them have done pretty well financially during the past few years and probably will want to retire soon after the war. if they do, they will make room for a good many young farmers. judging by the record of the last five prewar years and other factors, it is estimated that from 250, 000 to 350, 000 good family - size farms may come on the market in the first five years after the war. also, desirable farms of various sizes will become available if and when new lands are developed. their volume and location will depend on what kind of public work programs are undertaken, on the general condition of agriculture, and on the demand for additional farms. some private capital, of course, will be forthcoming for these land developments.


on this day in 1944, french general jacques leclerc enters the free french capital triumphantly. pockets of german intransigence remained, but paris was free from german control. two days earlier, a french armored division had begun advancing on the capital. members of the resistance, now called the french forces of the interior, proceeded to free all french civilian prisoners in paris. the germans were still counterattacking, setting fire to the grand palais, which had been taken over by the resistance, and killing small groups of resistance fighters as they encountered them in the city. on august 24, another french armored division entered paris from the south, receiving an effusion of gratitude from french civilians who poured into the streets to greet their heroes — but still, the germans continued to fire on french fighters from behind barricades, often catching civilians in the crossfire. but on august 25, after gen. dwight eisenhower was assured by gen. charles de gaulle, leader of the french resistant forces, that allied troops could now virtually sweep into paris unopposed, ike ordered gen. jacques philippe leclerc ( a pseudonym he assumed to protect his family while under german occupation ; his given name was philippe - marie, vicomte de hauteclocque ) to enter the capital with his 2nd armored division. the remnants of german snipers were rendered impotent, and many german soldiers were led off as captives. in fact, the animus toward the germans was so great that even those who had surrendered were attacked, some even machine - gunned, as they were being led off to captivity. more than 500 resistance fighters died in the struggle for paris, as well as 127 civilians. once the city was free from german rule, french collaborators were often killed upon capture, without trial.


editorial : home non - energy - preparing homes for future blackouts we all have stories about losing power in our home for several hours — or days — and many people suspect that power interruptions are becoming more frequent. they may be right ; unfortunately, the utility data are so sketchy that nobody can say for certain. but declining investment in maintenance on the part of utilities, plus the increased frequency of extreme weather caused by climate change, are almost certain to keep the blackouts coming. one response is to buy a home generator. that ’ s understandable, and it ’ s justified for homes with critical needs. after hurricane sandy, generator sales are booming. but on - site generators are expensive, dangerous, and dirty. they are also unreliable, which consumers discover only when they actually need one. that ’ s the supply - side solution ; but it ’ s also worth considering how greater energy efficiency might play a role in dealing with the problem of blackouts. insulating a home beyond code makes it more blackout survivable. power outages have an unfortunate habit of happening when it ’ s hot, cold, or unpleasant outside ; indeed, extreme weather is often the cause of the outage. so a reasonable precaution is to enable the home to maintain habitable conditions for as long as possible without heating or cooling. that is best accomplished with more insulation and tighter construction. installing windows that ensure natural ventilation ( without compromising the home ’ s security ) also makes the home more livable during both extreme and normal conditions. building codes typically require insulation levels suitable for average weather, not for the exceptional cold snap or heat storm. also, building codes assume that the heating and cooling systems are functioning. that ’ s not the case when the power is out. modest thermal upgrades may be all that is needed to carry a home through a second night without power ( and avoid spending a night in a motel or shelter ). these upgrades may also prevent the pipes from freezing for a few critical hours. a superefficient refrigerator will prevent food from spoiling for a few more hours, too. unlike generators, these measures provide benefits all the time, not just during emergencies. maintaining operation of sump pumps is key to preventing irreversible damage in low - lying homes during a wet power outage. many people buy generators first and foremost to power their sump pumps. an especially efficient sump pump makes sense, because it can run longer off a battery, perhaps avoiding the need for a generator altogether. adding a dc power option


power outage. many people buy generators first and foremost to power their sump pumps. an especially efficient sump pump makes sense, because it can run longer off a battery, perhaps avoiding the need for a generator altogether. adding a dc power option — and linking that to a pv unit — would make a home even more self - reliant. it ’ s also essential to maintain emergency lighting and communications during a power outage. rapid progress in led lighting technologies now allows a superefficient primary lighting system to also function as a backup, possibly with an alternative dc supply. communications are more challenging. during hurricane sandy, subscribers to verizon ’ s fios network found that their internet and telephone systems quickly died because the backup batteries failed before the promised eight hours. network equipment could be designed to switch into more energy - saving modes ( mostly by operating at lower rates of data transfer ) during blackouts to extend battery life. these modes could also save energy during normal conditions. can these upgrades be sold? yes, if they are packaged as a new category of home performance based on resistance to extreme weather events and extended power interruptions. the package would include both supply - and demand - side measures. it would be selling peace of mind and security rather than payback time. ( people use different parts of their brain for those kinds of decisions. ) and even if there is no emergency, these homes will be saving more energy 99. 9 % of the time. - first page - previous page enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting. )


january 09, 2008 global warming is a hot topic in today ’ s news. people are seeking ways to save energy and protect the environment. reducing household energy consumption is one effective way to slow the trend toward global warming. utilities have successfully implemented demand response programs for commercial and industrial consumers. now more and more energy companies, such as san diego gas & electric ( sdg & e ) and burbank power and water ( bpw ), are switching residential consumers ’ old mechanical meters to new smart digital meters, in order to implement demand response programs in the residential sector ( see “ developing affordable smart thermostats, ” p. 16 ). these smart meters connect the utility to the home over a network. they can help consumers monitor and control their energy consumption, and help utilities decrease peak demand, reducing the need to use or build more inefficient and dirty power plants that come online only to meet peak loads. to read complete online articles, you need to sign up for an online subscription. once an order has been placed there is an automatic $ 10 processing fee that will be deducted with any cancellation. the home energy online articles are for personal use only and may not be printed for distribution. for permission to reprint, please send an e - mail to firstname. lastname @ example. org.


the previous post discussed why kalawao county, hawaii may not really be the smallest county in the united states because it is not actually a county except in name only. the next two smallest by area, new york county in new york and bristol county in rhode island are similarly problematic. if you are to believe no less of an authority than the beverage company snapple and their real fact # 146, you might consider what they ’ ve published on the inside of countless ice tea lids : “ the smallest county in america is new york county, better known as manhattan. ” this is flat - out wrong. if new york county is to be considered a functional entity then so does kalawao county, which is clearly smaller. at 22. 96 square miles, new york county is indeed small. but it ’ s not the smallest. view larger map new york county is roughly analogous to manhattan along with roosevelt island plus some outlying spots. it is part of a 1898 city - county consolidation that created a unified new york city with its five famous boroughs : the bronx, brooklyn, manhattan, queens and staten island. it is sometimes described as a sui generis arrangement ( “ one that is of its own kind ” ) as it is truly a unique creation. new york county is governed by the new york city charter. the 1898 consolidation did create the office of borough president which until recently had a meaningful influence on city budgets and land use. however this was declared unconstitutional by a 1989 united states supreme court case, board of estimate of city of new york v. morris. basically it was held to violated the “ one man, one vote ” doctrine due to population differences between the boroughs. today the borough president serves in a largely powerless advocacy position. therefore it can be logically concluded that new york county is a non - governing entity within greater new york city. manhattan is no doubt one of the most meaningful and influential places on the planet but new york county has been transformed into a county without stature. view larger map so now we ’ re forced to move on to the next larger county in an attempt to determine whether it might be the right candidate or whether it ’ s just another plot of land masquerading as a county. this is bristol county, rhode island with a landmass of 24. 68 miles. it is a pretty clear - cut case. rhode island disestablished its county structure as confirmed both by the office of the secretary of state of rhode island and the national association of counties. rather it has 39 self - governing municipalities. the


by imraan baccus ( hn, november 29, 2011 ) - as durban welcomes the world for the cop 17 meeting, the air is filled with some of the excitement that we all felt during the world cup last year. but the debates around environmentalism and the need to take serious action against climate change are often tending to the superficial. there is a lot of self - righteousness and hallmark style sentimentality around, when what we need is a clear look at the realities of the situation. climate change is a reality and for a low - lying country like bangladesh, it could be a very serious problem. there is no doubt that serious action needs to be taken and that it needs to be taken quickly. but when the debate slips, as it often does, into a sort of ' we are the world ' sentimentality it forgets some essential facts. one of these facts is that it is north america and western europe that have caused this problem. they industrialised first and they became rich countries. here in durban this morning, a debate around the north, civil society and who should be paying for clean energy alternatives emerged in a civil society discussion. what is clear is that the current crisis was caused by the north ' s industrialisation over the last two hundred years and they are therefore the ones with the moral responsibility to sort it out. they are also the ones with the resources to be able to afford clean alternatives to fossil fuels. when it is suggested that we must all sacrifice in the fight against climate change there is a slippage into the assumption that we are all equally responsible when that is clearly not the case. we are not all equally responsible and the industrialised north needs to pay climate reparations along with reparations for colonialism and slavery. when green technologies and energy sources are more expensive, countries in the global south must not be forced to use them. venezuela has a right to use its oil to meet the needs of its people. the rich countries in the north can afford to shift to clean energy and if it is necessary for the global south to follow suit, then this must be subsidised by the north. some governments in latin america have made this point very strongly and the logic of their argument is clear. but countries in the south cannot allow themselves to be bullied into shifting towards technologies that they cannot afford when the masses of their people remain in poverty. there is also a longstanding colonial tendency to assume that modern civilisation rightly belongs in the white west but should not corrupt the rest of


to be bullied into shifting towards technologies that they cannot afford when the masses of their people remain in poverty. there is also a longstanding colonial tendency to assume that modern civilisation rightly belongs in the white west but should not corrupt the rest of the world. this romantic nonsense is just a ploy to keep the people in the global south in their place, and their countries attractive playgrounds for the global elite. all countries have the same right to modernise and to meet their people ' s needs. when environmentalists in the global south echo this colonial language that says that the natives are best left to their traditional ways they are often feted in the north. the indian environmentalist vandana shiva is a good example of this. but we should not forget that many progressive indian academics and activists are extremely critical of her romantic anti - modernism, which they see as being deeply complicit with colonial ideas about the noble savage. marxists, who are committed to modern forms of economic development, are often appalled by her ideas. the fact that china and india are now rapidly industrialising is sending all kinds of shock waves through the west, which is rapidly losing its position of dominance over the rest of the world. when the language of environmentalism is used in the north to question the rapid advance of india and china it often masks a desire to reserve industrialisation, and the economic power it brings, to the west. but the discomfort that many of us feel with the green agenda on the global scale is also replicated at home. many black south africans are deeply suspicious of the green agenda and there is good reason for this. conservation was historically used to evict africans from their land and the practise of evicting people in the name of ' eco - tourism ' has continued after apartheid. so called ' eco - estates ', in rural areas and in cities ', are very often nothing other than zones in which the more extreme edge of white privilege uses a green language to make its exclusionary privilege seem like some sort of ethical commitment. it ' s not unusual for middle class environmentalists that want to get rid of unsightly pollution, rubbish dumps or industrialisation in their areas to also want to get rid of poor african people from these areas. there is often a clear connection between environmentalism and racism in south africa and its quite unusual for the green agenda to take questions of social justice seriously. in fact its quite clear that for many white people, and some wealthy black people too, the language of environmentalism is


clear connection between environmentalism and racism in south africa and its quite unusual for the green agenda to take questions of social justice seriously. in fact its quite clear that for many white people, and some wealthy black people too, the language of environmentalism is attractive because its gives its users the appearance of holding the ethical high ground without them having to question their own privilege with regard to other south africans – most of whom are black and poor. of course there are some real attempts to link environmental questions to social questions. here in durban the south durban community environmental alliance and the work of people like des d ' sa and bobby peek is deservedly famous. the struggle against pollution in south durban is a struggle lead by working class black people and it demands a clean environment for the people of wentworth, merebank and the bluff. it does not see poor or working class black people as ' pollution ', which is often a key assumption in much white environmentalism and much middle class black environmentalism. if the green agenda is to have a future in south africa it must face up to the historical responsibility of the north when it comes to climate change and it must find ways to, as has been done in south durban, link environmental questions to social questions. in latin america mass movements have been built that successfully link environmental questions to social questions but there in south africa it remains a field that is dominated by white and middle class interests and often carries a deep hostility to poor black people. buccus is research fellow in the school of politics and at the democracy development programme. the views expressed are his own and should not be attributed to any of his institutional affiliations. this commentary first appeared on the website of the south african civil society information service ( sacsis ).


hydroponics is the method of growing plants sans soil under controlled environment. starting a hydroponic garden is not hard, as long as you plan and prepare for the task. a few weeks before planting, you need to decide what you want to grow with your system and accordingly you have to prepare seedlings for your hydroponic growing. moreover, you have to decide how many plants you want to grow and estimate the size of the area according to your needs. to set your own garden, you need pump, garden watering system, and 100 to 150 liter drum to house the nutrient solution. to start your garden, you need to take out the seedlings from their respective pots and wash them carefully to remove the soil from roots. next, place your clean seedlings in the growing medium such as perlite, rockwool, coir clay balls, or nft channeling. prepare a hydroponic solution of nutrients and water by maintaining ph level between 5. 5 and 6. maintain the grow room temperature between 75 to 80 degree f. always try to place your plants somewhere they can get sufficient amount of light and air, otherwise it is essential to supply plenty of artificial lights. you need to create an ideal environment for your hydroponic plants by maintaining the humidity level properly. the ideal humidity for a normal hydroponic plant should be around 50 percent. you need to keep the pests away from your hydroponic plants with the help of hydroponic gardening supplies to get a healthy garden. hydroponic gardening supplies are mostly pest free and therefore there is no need to use any chemical pesticides. the growth rate on a hydroponic plant is 30 to 50 percent faster than a soil plant, grown under the same conditions. hydroponic crops are fed with all essential nutrients required for growth without exposing them to harmful toxins, pesticides, and pathogens.


' even the smallest person can change the course of the future. ' the prophetic words of galadriel, addressed to frodo as he prepared to travel from lothlorien to mordor to destroy the one ring, are just as pertinent to j r r tolkien ' s own fiction. for decades, hobbits and the other fantastical creatures of middle - earth have captured the imaginations of a fiercely loyal tribe of readers, all enhanced by the immense success of peter jackson ' s films : first " the lord of the rings ", and now his new " the hobbit ". but for all tolkien ' s global fame and the familiarity of modern culture with gandalf, bilbo, frodo and sam, the sources of the great mythmaker ' s own myth - making have been neglected. mark atherton here explores the chief influences on tolkien ' s work : his boyhood in the west midlands ; the landscapes and seascapes which shaped his mythologies ; his experiences in world war i ; his interest in scandinavian myth ; his friendships, especially with the other oxford - based inklings ; and the relevance of his themes, especially ecological themes, to the present - day. " there and back again " offers a unique guide to the varied inspirations behind tolkien ' s life and work, and sheds new light on how a legend is born. ‘ generations of readers have responded to the power, precision, and delicacy of j r r tolkien ’ s linguistic imagination. this absorbing new study of the hobbit brings a philologist ’ s eye to that work ’ s creation, structure, and expression, positioning it within the broader development of tolkien ’ s professional thinking about the evolving mythography of his creative writings. ’ – vincent gillespie, j r r tolkien professor of english literature and language, university of oxford ‘ mark atherton is that ideal combination : a reader and critic deeply appreciative of tolkien ’ s literary artistry, his imaginative scope and his linguistic invention, who is also, like tolkien himself, a distinguished scholar of medieval language and literature. in this highly readable and accessible study, atherton brings his own scholarship to bear on tolkien ’ s sources for the hobbit, and in the process illuminates the whole of tolkien ’ s remarkable oeuvre. essential reading for all tolkien fans. ’ – heather o ’ donoghue, vigfusson rausing reader in ancient icelandic literature and antiquities, university of oxford ‘ mark atherton


book authors : warren g. bennis, robert j. thomas book review by : anil kumar kartham faculty associate, icmr ( ibs center for management research ) dleadership, cross - generational leadership, wisdom, skill, era, changing the world, organization, how people become leaders, crucible, individual factors, iq, self - grooming, adaptive capacity, leadership competencies the theory of leadership attempts to describe the process of leadership making. era is an important aspect of their theory of leadership. thus, it is relevant to ask how is " era " different in case of geeks and geezers? at the age of 25 - 30, geeks are more ambitious and have larger goals compared to geezers at the same age. they dream of " changing the world " and " making history. " the geezers on the other hand, were concerned more about making a living. the geeks seek to balance their lives by giving enough importance to both work and family. the geezers hardly bothered about balance at this age. the geezers worshiped heros. they chiseled their image of successful leader based on these heroes. the geeks had none of that sort. their parents or teachers or even their friends were their heroes. the authors point to " era " as the creator of these differences. this doesn ' t mean they had no commitment to their jobs. they were dedicated as long as they were with the company. and they were ready to leave whenever they found greener pastures. the loyalty described by whyte in organization man lost favor in 1980s. the geeks valued " balanced life " more than the geezers did. they were persistent in maintaining the balance. the following quote of a geek makes it clear : if i can ' t do it with balance, then i don ' t want to do it. or i ' m not buying into your model of success. they were not shy in acquiring wealth, unlike the geezers. they did not see money as evil. rather the love of it as evil. the geeks and the geezers are not as dissimilar as they appear on the surface. they are made of the same stuff and in the same process. they are similar in their learning. both groups of leaders are highly enthusiastic about learning. and they yearn and struggle to go beyond limits : individual limits such as strength or learning ability or institutional limits such as racial and / or sexual discrimination. more important similarity, the authors say they uncovered, is a


national household survey on drug abuse, 1998 ( icpsr 2934 ) alternate title : nhsda 1998 principal investigator ( s ) : united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies summary : the national household survey on drug abuse ( nhsda ) series measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), halluci... ( more info ) this data is freely available. warning : this study is over 150mb in size and may take several minutes to download on a typical internet connection. united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies. national household survey on drug abuse, 1998. icpsr02934 - v4. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2013 - 05 - 06. doi : 10. 3886 / icpsr02934. v4 persistent url : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 3886 / icpsr02934. v4 this survey was funded by : - united states department of health and human services. substance abuse and mental health services administration. office of applied studies ( 283 - 97 - 9007 ) scope of study summary : the national household survey on drug abuse ( nhsda ) series measures the prevalence and correlates of drug use in the united states. the surveys are designed to provide quarterly, as well as annual, estimates. information is provided on the use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco among members of united states households aged 12 and older. questions include age at first use as well as lifetime, annual, and past - month usage for the following drug classes : marijuana, cocaine ( and crack ), hallucinogens, heroin, inhalants, alcohol, tobacco, and nonmedical use of prescription drugs, including psychotherapeutics. respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, substance abuse treatment history, illegal activities, problems resulting from the use of drugs, need for treatment for drug or alcohol use, criminal record, and needle


including psychotherapeutics. respondents were also asked about personal and family income sources and amounts, substance abuse treatment history, illegal activities, problems resulting from the use of drugs, need for treatment for drug or alcohol use, criminal record, and needle - sharing. questions on mental health and access to care, which were introduced in the 1994 - b questionnaire ( see national household survey on drug abuse, 1994 [ icpsr 6949 ] ), were retained in this administration of the survey. also retained was the section on risk / availability of drugs that was reintroduced in 1996, and sections on driving behavior and personal behavior were added ( see national household survey on drug abuse, 1996 [ icpsr 2391 ] ). the 1997 questionnaire ( national household survey on drug abuse, 1997 [ icpsr 2755 ] ) introduced new items that the 1998 nhsda continued on cigar smoking, people who were present when respondents used marijuana or cocaine for the first time ( if applicable ), reasons for using these two drugs the first time, reasons for using these two drugs in the past year, reasons for discontinuing use of these two drugs ( for lifetime but not past - year users ), and reasons respondents never used these two drugs. both the 1997 and 1998 nhsdas had a series of questions that were asked only of respondents aged 12 to 17. these items covered a variety of topics that may be associated with substance use and related behaviors, such as exposure to substance abuse prevention and education programs, gang involvement, relationship with parents, and substance use by friends. demographic data include gender, race, age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, job status, income level, veteran status, and current household composition. subject terms : alcohol, alcohol abuse, alcohol consumption, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, demographic characteristics, drug abuse, drug use, drugs, hallucinogens, health care, health insurance, heroin, households, inhalants, marijuana, mental health, mental health services, methamphetamine, prescription drugs, sedatives, smoking, stimulants, substance abuse, substance abuse treatment, tobacco use, tranquilizers, youths geographic coverage : united states date of collection : unit of observation : individual universe : the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling


the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the united states aged 12 and older, including residents of noninstitutional group quarters such as college dormitories, group homes, shelters, rooming houses, and civilians dwelling on military installations. data types : survey data data collection notes : data were collected and prepared for release by research triangle institute, research triangle park, nc. the national household survey on drug abuse questionnaire and estimation methodology changed with the implementation of the 1994 - b survey. therefore, estimates produced from the 1998 survey are not comparable to those produced from the 1994 - a and earlier surveys. this version of the 1998 nhsda public release file does not contain data collected on the parenting experiences answer sheet ( # 21 ) or the questionnaire roster ( qd - 47 ) contained in the " non - core " demographics section, nor does this file include various recoded variables that are typically created from the roster data and have been included in past public release files. all the necessary processing of these data and weight calculations for use of these data had not been completed by the data producers at the time of the data deposit. the data producers anticipate release at a later date of an updated version of the 1998 nhsda public use file, containing additional questionnaire data, variables derived using these data, and additional weights. for selected variables, statistical imputation was performed following logical imputation to replace missing responses. these variables are identified in the codebook as "... logically imputed " and "... imputed " for the logical procedure or by the designation " imputation - revised " in the variable label when the statistical procedure was also performed. the names of statistically imputed variables begin with the letters " ir ". for each imputation - revised variable there is a corresponding imputation indicator variable that indicates whether a case ' s value on the variable resulted from an interview response or was imputed by the hot - deck technique. hot - deck imputation is described in the codebook. the " basic sampling weights " are equal to the inverse of the probabilities of selection of sample respondents. to obtain " final nhsda weights, " the basic weights were adjusted to take into account dwelling unit - level and individual - level nonresponse and then further adjusted to ensure consistency with intercensal population projections from the united states bureau of the census. to protect the privacy of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been encrypted or collapsed in


##response and then further adjusted to ensure consistency with intercensal population projections from the united states bureau of the census. to protect the privacy of respondents, all variables that could be used to identify individuals have been encrypted or collapsed in the public use file. these modifications should not affect analytic uses of the public use file. users who wish to replicate results published in the nhsda main findings report or other samhsa reports should use the 1998 nhsda imputed data for prevalence estimates rather than raw data from the questionnaire or drug answer sheets. for some drugs that have multiple names, questions regarding the use of that drug may be asked for each distinct name. for example, even though methamphetamine, methedrine and desoxyn are the same drug, their use was measured in three separate variables. sample : multistage area probability sample design involving five selection stages : ( 1 ) primary sampling unit ( psu ) areas ( e. g., counties ), ( 2 ) subareas within primary areas ( e. g., blocks or block groups ), ( 3 ) listing units within subareas, ( 4 ) age domains within sampled listing units, and ( 5 ) eligible individuals within sampled age domains. the 1998 nhsda used the same 115 psus selected for the 1995 through 1997 nhsdas, 6 supplemental psus from arizona and california, and an additional 16 noncertainty psus from 13 purposely selected states. the 115 psus were selected to represent the nation ' s total eligible population, including areas of high hispanic concentration. these psus were defined as metropolitan areas, counties, groups of counties, and independent cities. of the 115 psus, 43 were selected with certainty and 72 were randomly selected with probability proportional to size ( pps ). the national sample was supplemented by a pps selection of 14 noncertainty psus from arizona plus 4 noncertainty psus from california. because the national sample provided representation for certainty psus in each state, no additional certainty psus were added to either sample. the 1998 nhsda used all available segments that had adequate listing units from the 1997 nhsda. only 24 percent of the 1998 sample, or 640 segments, consisted of a new segment sample selected for the 1998 nhsda. the remaining 76 percent, or 2, 030 segments, overlapped with the 1997 survey year. the five age groups were : ages 12 - 17, 18 - 25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and


1998 nhsda. the remaining 76 percent, or 2, 030 segments, overlapped with the 1997 survey year. the five age groups were : ages 12 - 17, 18 - 25, 26 - 34, 35 - 49, and 50 and older. the three race / ethnic groups were : whites / others, non - hispanic blacks, and hispanics. blacks and hispanics were oversampled in the 115 psus that comprised the national study component. there was no oversampling of hispanics in the arizona / california supplement because each state ' s hispanic allocation in the national study component was large enough to satisfy state - level precision requirements. consequently, the three racial / ethnic groups were sampled in the supplement so that the combined national study and supplemental samples would result in a proportionally allocated sample. mode of data collection : personal interviews and self - enumerated answer sheets ( drug use ) response rates : the study yielded an 85. 4 percent completion rate for screening sample households and 93. 0 percent for screening eligible households. the interview response rates for the three racial / ethnic groups were : 74. 1 percent for whites / others, 79. 7 percent for blacks, and 80. 5 percent for hispanics. the overall interview response rate was 77 percent. a completed interview had to contain, at a minimum, data on the recency of use of marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. extent of processing : icpsr data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. icpsr also routinely creates ready - to - go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. in addition to these procedures, icpsr performed the following processing steps for this data collection : - performed consistency checks. - created online analysis version with question text. - performed recodes and / or calculated derived variables. - checked for undocumented or out - of - range codes. original icpsr release : 2000 - 06 - 21 - 2013 - 05 - 06 data collection instrument released. - 2008 - 04 - 25 new files were added. these files included one or more of the following : stata setup, sas transport ( cport ), spss system, stata system, sas supplemental syntax, and stata supplemental syntax files, and tab - delimited ascii data file. - 2000 - 08 - 04 erroneous codes for missing values were deleted for the variable irage2 in the sas and spss setup files


a new kind of computer interface, combining advantages of a computer mouse, a touchpad and a touch screen. introduction - current state and proposed solutionthe advantages of touch screens are commonly known and include, inter alia, simplicity and comfort of use. however, such screens are at the same time not free from defects. these include above all provoking painful fatigue of the operator ’ s hand, especially when the display is situated in the position close to vertical, which is common while working on a notebook pc for instance ( so - called gorilla arm ). another drawback is the very limited precision of pointing caused by relatively big sizes of human fingers. also, this type of interface results in fingering the screen of the computer device and making it opaque. the possibility of working with a hand resting on a basis / mouse and greater precision are the main merits of a computer mouse. but yet, the necessity to move the whole device as well as the pointing system ’ s incompatibility with the spreading prevalence of the touch technique ( e. g. windows 8 ) are on the minus side. by contrast, although a touchpad eliminates the necessity to move the whole device, its week point is - like in a mouse - the limited compatibility with the touch technology. generally speaking, the touch technique is being widely implemented as the most intuitive and comfortable. on the other hand it is not fully functional in certain situations. the proposed device is supposed to eliminate these shortcomings. it introduces a new quality in non - keyboard computer handling. the interface combines the feature of a computer mouse, that makes it possible to work with a hand supported by a basis, with the feature of a touch screen, which is the possibility to point with fingers ; it also brings additional benefits such as no need to move the whole hand ( just the fingers ) and the more accurate - than in touch display - pointing. the system of precise pointing has been named the “ virtual finger ”. device description and principle of operationthe device is a kind of a “ sensor ” in the shape of a flat plate with applicable software. it is used for “ scanning ” the movements of the operator ’ s fingers, wireless “ transmitting ” of the movements to the computer system, their visualization on the screen, and for activating the right action after touching the surface of the device ( called “ sensory surface ” hereinafter ). the device recognizes and follows the movement of the fingers above the “ sensory surface ” starting with certain boundary distance and transmits it to the computer display


right action after touching the surface of the device ( called “ sensory surface ” hereinafter ). the device recognizes and follows the movement of the fingers above the “ sensory surface ” starting with certain boundary distance and transmits it to the computer display in the form called “ shadow ” hereinafter. while bringing one or a few fingers at the sufficient distance to the device ( shorter than 3 cm ), a “ shadow ” / “ shadows ” of the finger / fingers appear on the screen. bringing the fingers closer to the sensory surface diminishes the circumferences of the “ shadows ” and increases their intensity ( concurrently the “ shadows ” remain translucent, so that the icons under them are still visible ). at the last stage of pointing an even more distinct pointer emerges ( e. g. index finger icon ). when the operator finally touches the “ sensory surface ” of the device, it reacts as if there was a click on the mouse. the proposed name of the device : “ shad - pad ” ( from shadow pad ). it would be nice if alienware offered higher - gamut or ips matte screens. many potential customers require the gpu power of an alienware and use their laptops outside or for professional work. alienware ' s competitors offer high - quality matte screens, and such screens are already available for dell ' s xps and precision models. good anti - glare screens would remove the need for customers to create costly, risky modifications to replace the glossy lcd or remove the plexiglass above. even if alienware offered matte screens as optional upgrades to the glossy panels now available, the option would provide much additional value for alienware laptops. the flip design is an awesome idea. however, i would like a bigger screen. why does a tablet have to be so small? please make one of these with a 15 " or bigger screen with more power and memory - and i will buy 3 of them : 1 for each of my student children and one for my wife and i. beef it up! please, please, please! the " dot " key on all keyboards is one of the most used. make the " dot " key white, so it will stand out, with a black dot on it for easier identification.... i do this on my keyboards with a small piece of adhesive white tape. in past we have seen os which runs all kind of softwares, then comes os for mobile which limits to selected and lightwait software


easier identification.... i do this on my keyboards with a small piece of adhesive white tape. in past we have seen os which runs all kind of softwares, then comes os for mobile which limits to selected and lightwait software. current market and products : market is fragmented between os that run everything ( locally e. g. windows or cloud e. g. google book ) and os that runs on mobile. cost and size of machine and os depends upon where they are for everything or for mobile. new market and product : idea here is to have an os which run only browser i. e. machine which run only browser. so we need to have os and machine which is trimmed to run only browser. benefit : its a new market and product lineit will bring down costlarge community which need gadget only for internetmore use cases, i will be providing based on further request. i hope if we can share other the cinima from our laptop just by switch the screen from work resolution into cinma resolution by include the projector beside the whole of camera and it could be reflected on the wall from the laptop a website where home gardners and small farmers can put up their crops that they are planning, planting, growing, harvesting - and see, by " locality, " what others are planting in their neighbourhood. the idea is that they can then perhaps change their minds and plant something no - one else is growing, leading to greater diversity of foods available in their region. people can then either opt to buy these direct from the grower, or trade them for something that they grow themselves, and the idea is to make every region able to grow good local food. the " locality " should be an area that makes sense for local food, i. e. not much more than 20 - 50 miles, to encourage people to use less fuel transporting food around. people should be able to " pledge " either a certain percentage of a planted or harvested crop, or pledge some labour on the grower ' s property ( sort of like community gardening ) or tools and materials ( wire netting, compost scraps, etc ) in exchange for some of the crop. additionally, users should be encouraged to share their experiences of what grows well locally, what needs special techniques, and so forth. within a few years, a site such as this should be able to even out local food production, provide detailed, locality - based advice on what can be grown and how to grow it, and ( if advertiser


techniques, and so forth. within a few years, a site such as this should be able to even out local food production, provide detailed, locality - based advice on what can be grown and how to grow it, and ( if advertisers are chosen carefully and with relevance, i. e. home handyman, gardening, nursery, and so forth ) be able to produce an income by presenting locally - targeted advertising to users, who can use these ads to find the best local services and materials. it would be a crowdsourced agricultural and gis database, as well. this can be stripped of identifying data, and sold / donated to research foundations and government departments to provide detailed knowledge of soil and weather and local plants etc on an ongoing basis. the information provided would give valuable knowledge to such organisations about the health of the ecosphere and the weather systems. on the purely humane side, it would allow a much wider audience to have access to local food, thus strengthening local economies and reducing food miles and handling costs. i think an idea such as this is one of theose things where a large company has nothing to lose by devoting a few resources to it and advertising / publicising it, and then if the site doesn ' t take off, it ' s a relatively small loss. if it does take of though, it would establish the green credentials of the company and give them some very good publicity! in any type education, it is essential the use of interactive notebooks, it would be helpful that electronic notebooks were invented or manufactured, allowing manual writing and connection with books related to the level of education without letting use different programs or applications. with the fulfilment of these conditions it would be avoided the situation of carrying both notebooks and books in a backpack use the same account login and password for ideasstorm as the store. dell. com. why have two accounts? i have a chair and a desk combination in mind that is adjustable and ergonomic so folks using laptops can be more comfortable and we can prevent carpel tunnel syndrome. dell can add this to their product line up.


saint thomas aquinas was a catholic priest in the dominican order and one of the most important medieval philosophers and theologians. he was immensely influenced by scholasticism and aristotle and known for his synthesis of the two aforementioned traditions. although he wrote many works of philosophy and theology throughout his life, his most influential work is the summa theologica which consists of three parts. the first part is on god. in it, he gives five proofs for god ’ s existence as well as an explication of his attributes. he argues for the actuality and incorporeality of god as the unmoved mover and describes how god moves through his thinking and willing. the second part is on ethics. thomas argues for a variation of the aristotelian virtue ethics. however, unlike aristotle, he argues for a connection between the virtuous man and god by explaining how the virtuous act is one towards the blessedness of the beatific vision ( beata visio ). the last part of the summa is on christ and was unfinished when thomas died. in it, he shows how christ not only offers salvation, but represents and protects humanity on earth and in heaven. this part also briefly discusses the sacraments and eschatology. the summa remains the most influential of thomas ’ s works and is mostly what will be discussed in this overview of his philosophy. the birth - year of thomas aquinas is commonly given as 1227, but he was probably born early in 1225 at his father ’ s castle of roccasecea ( 75 m. e. s. e. of rome ) in neapolitan territory. he died at the monastery of fossanova, one mile from sonnino ( 64 m. s. e. of rome ), mar. 7, 1274. his father was count landulf of an old high - born south italian family, and his mother was countess theodora of theate, of noble norman descent. in his fifth year he was sent for his early education to the monastery of monte cassino, where his father ’ s brother sinibald was abbot. later he studied in naples. by about 1243 he determined to enter the dominican order ; but on the way to rome he was seized by his brothers and brought back to his parents at the castle of s. giovanni, where he was held a captive for a year or two and besieged with prayers, threats, and even sensual temptation to make him relinquish his purpose. finally the family yielded


and brought back to his parents at the castle of s. giovanni, where he was held a captive for a year or two and besieged with prayers, threats, and even sensual temptation to make him relinquish his purpose. finally the family yielded and the order sent thomas to cologne to study under albertus magnus, where he arrived probably toward the end of 1244. he accompanied albertus to paris in 1245, remained there with his teacher, continuing his studies for three years, and followed albertus at the latter ’ s return to cologne in 1248. for several years longer he remained with the famous philosopher of scholasticism, presumably teaching. this long association of thomas with the great polyhistor was the most important influence in his development ; it made him a comprehensive scholar and won him permanently for the aristotelian method. around 1252 thomas went to paris for the master ’ s degree, which he found some difficulty in attaining owing to attacks, at that time on the mendicant orders. ultimately, however, he received the degree and entered ceremoniously upon his office of teaching in 1257 ; he taught in paris for several years and there wrote certain of his works and began others. in 1259 he was present at an important chapter of his order at valenciennes at the solicitation of pope urban iv. therefore not before the latter part of 1261, he took up residence in rome. in 1269 - 71 he was again active in paris. in 1272 the provincial chapter at florence empowered him to found a new studium generale at any place he should choose, and he selected naples. early in 1274 the pope directed him to attend the council of lyons and he undertook the journey, although he was far from well. on the way he stopped at the castle of a niece and became seriously ill. he wished to end his days in a monastery and not being able to reach a house of the dominicans he was carried to the cistercian fossanova. there he died and his remains were preserved. the writings of thomas may be classified as : ( 1 ) exegetical, homiletical, and liturgical ; ( 2 ) dogmatic, apologetic, and ethical ; and ( 3 ) philosophical. among the genuine works of the first class were : commentaries on job ( 1261 - 65 ) ; on psalms, according to some a reportatum, or report of speeches furnished by his companion raynaldus ; on isaiah ; the catena aurea, which is


of the first class were : commentaries on job ( 1261 - 65 ) ; on psalms, according to some a reportatum, or report of speeches furnished by his companion raynaldus ; on isaiah ; the catena aurea, which is a running commentary on the four gospels, constructed on numerous citations from the fathers ; probably a commentary on canticles, and on jeremiah ; and wholly or partly reportata, on john, on matthew, and on the epistles of paul ; including, according to one authority, hebrews i. - x. thomas prepared for urban iv : officium de corpore christi ( 1264 ) ; and the following works may be either genuine or reportata : expositio angelicce salutationis ; tractatus de decem praeceptis ; orationis dominico expositio ; sermones pro dominicis diebus et pro sanctorum solemnitatibus ; sermones de angelis, and sermones de quadragesima. of his sermons only manipulated copies are extant. in the second division were : in quatitor sententiarum libros, of his first paris sojourn ; questiones disputatce, written at paris and rome ; questiones quodlibetales duodecini ; summa catholicce fidei contra gentiles ( 1261 - c, 4 ) ; andthe summa theologica. to the dogmatic works belong also certain commentaries, as follows : expositio in librum beati dionysii de divinis nominibits ; expositiones primoe et secundce ; in boethii libros de hebdomadibus ; and proeclare quoestiones super librum boethii de trinitate. a large number ofopuscitla also belonged to this group. of philosophical writings there are cataloged thirteen commentaries on aristotle, besides numerous philosophical opuscula of which fourteen are classed as genuine. the greatest work of thomas was the summa, and it is the fullest presentation of his views. he worked on it from the time of clement iv ( after 1265 ) until the end of his life. when he died he had reached question ninety of part iii, on the subject of penance. what was lacking was afterward added from the fourth book of his commentary on the “ sentences ” of peter lombard as a supplementum, which is not found in manuscripts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. the sum


iii, on the subject of penance. what was lacking was afterward added from the fourth book of his commentary on the “ sentences ” of peter lombard as a supplementum, which is not found in manuscripts of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. the summa consists of three parts. part i treats of god, who is the “ first cause, himself uncaused ” ( primum movens immobile ) and as such existent only in act ( actu ), that is pure actuality without potentiality and, therefore, without corporeality. his essence is actus purus et perfectus. this follows from the fivefold proof for the existence of god ; namely, there must be a first mover himself unmoved, a first cause in the chain of causes, an absolutely necessary being, an absolutely perfect being, and a rational designer. in this connection the thoughts of the unity, infinity, unchangeableness, and goodness of the highest being are deduced. the spiritual being of god is further defined as thinking and willing. his knowledge is absolutely perfect since he knows himself and all things as appointed by him. since every knowing being strives after the thing known as end, will is implied in knowing. inasmuch as god knows himself as the perfect good, he wills himself as end. but in that everything is willed by god, everything is brought by the divine will to himself in the relation of means to end. therein god wills good to every being which exists, that is he loves it ; and, therefore, love is the fundamental relation of god to the world. if the divine love be thought of simply as act of will, it exists for every creature in like measure : but if the good assured by love to the individual be thought of, it exists for different beings in various degrees. in so far as the loving god gives to every being what it needs in relation practical reason, affording the idea of the moral law of nature, so important in medieval ethics. the first part of the summa is summed up in the thought that god governs the world as the universal first cause. god sways the intellect in that he gives the power to know aid impresses the species intelligibileson the mind ; and he ways the will in that he holds the good before it as aim, and creates the virtus volendi. to will is nothing else than a certain inclination toward the object of the volition which is the universal good. god works all in all,


will in that he holds the good before it as aim, and creates the virtus volendi. to will is nothing else than a certain inclination toward the object of the volition which is the universal good. god works all in all, but so that things also themselves exert their proper efficiency. here the areopagitic ideas of the graduated effects of created things play their part in thomas ’ s thought. the second part of the summa ( consisting of two parts, namely, prima secundae and secundae, secunda ) follows this complex of ideas. its theme is man ’ s striving after the highest end, which is the blessedness of the visio beata. here thomas develops his system of ethics, which has its root in aristotle. in a chain of acts of will man strives for the highest end. they are free acts in so far as man has in himself the knowledge of their end and therein the principle of action. in that the will wills the end, it wills also the appropriate means, chooses freely and completes the consensus. whether the act be good or evil depends on the end. the “ human reason ” pronounces judgment concerning the character of the end, it is, therefore, the law for action. human acts, however, are meritorious in so far as they promote the purpose of god and his honor. by repeating a good action man acquires a moral habit or a quality which enables him to do the good gladly and easily. this is true, however, only of the intellectual and moral virtues, which thomas treats after the mariner of aristotle ; the theological virtues are imparted by god to man as a “ disposition ” from which the acts here proceed, but while they strengthen, they do not form it. the “ disposition ” of evil is the opposite alternative. an act becomes evil through deviation from the reason and the divine moral law. therefore, sin involves two factors : its substance or matter is lust ; in form, however, it is deviation from the divine law. sin has its origin in the will, which decides, against the reason, for a changeable good. since, however, the will also moves the other powers of man, sin has its seat in these too. by choosing such a lower good as end, the will is misled by self - love, so that this works as cause in every sin. god is not the cause of sin, since, on the contrary, he draws all things to himself. but from


such a lower good as end, the will is misled by self - love, so that this works as cause in every sin. god is not the cause of sin, since, on the contrary, he draws all things to himself. but from another side god is the cause of all things, so he is efficacious also in sin as * - ctio but not as ens. the devil is not directly the cause of sin, but he incites by working on the imagination and the sensuous impulse of man, as men or things may also do. sin is original. adam ’ s first sin passes upon himself and all the succeeding race ; because he is the head of the human race and “ by virtue of procreation human nature is transmitted and along with nature its infection. ” the powers of generation are, therefore, designated especially as “ infected. ” in every work of god both justice and mercy are united, and his justice always presupposes his mercy since he owes no one anything and gives more bountifully than is due. as god rules in the world, the “ plan of the order of things ” preexists in him ; i. e., his providence and the exercise of it in his government are what condition as cause everything which comes to pass in the world. hence follows predestination : from eternity, some are destined to eternal life ; while others “ he permits some to fall short of that end. ” reprobation, however, is more than mere foreknowledge ; it is the “ will of permitting anyone to fall into sin and incur the penalty of condemnation for sin. ” the effect of predestination is grace. since god is the first cause of everything, he is the cause of even the free acts of men through predestination. determinism is deeply grounded in the system of thomas ; things with their source of becoming in god are ordered from eternity as means for the realization of his end in himself. on moral grounds thomas advocates freedom energetically ; but, with his premises, he can have in mind only the psychological form of self - motivation. nothing in the world is accidental or free, although it may appear so in reference to the proximate cause. from this point of view miracles become necessary in themselves and are to be considered merely as inexplicable to man. from the point of view of the first cause all is unchangeable ; although from the limited point of view of the


from this point of view miracles become necessary in themselves and are to be considered merely as inexplicable to man. from the point of view of the first cause all is unchangeable ; although from the limited point of view of the secondary cause miracles may be spoken of. in his doctrine of the trinity, thomas starts from the augustinian system. since god has only the functions of thinking and willing, only twoprocessiones can be asserted from the father. however, these establish definite relations of the persons of the trinity to each other. the relations must be conceived as real and not as merely ideal ; for, as with creatures relations arise through certain accidents, since in god there is no accident but all is substance, it follows that “ the relation really existing in god is the same as the essence according to the thing. ” from another side, however, the relations as real must be really distinguished one from another. therefore, three persons are to be affirmed in god. man stands opposite to god ; he consists of soul and body. the “ intellectual soul ” consists of intellect and will. furthermore the soul is the absolutely indivisible form of man ; it is immaterial substance, but not one and the same in all men ( as the averrhoists assumed ). the soul ’ s power of knowing has two sides ; a passive ( the intellectus possibilis ) and an active ( theintellectus agens ). it is the capacity to form concepts and to abstract the mind ’ s images ( species ) from the objects perceived by sense. however, since the abstractions of the intellect from individual things is a universal, the mind knows the universal primarily and directly, and knows the singular only indirectly by virtue of a certain reflection. as certain principles are immanent in the mind for its speculative activity, so also a “ special disposition of works, ” or the synderesis ( rudiment of conscience ), is inborn in the scholastics. held to creationism, they therefore taught that the souls are created by god. two things according to thomas constituted man ’ s righteousness in paradise - the justitia originalis or the harmony of all man ’ s powers before they were blighted by desire, and the possession of the gratia gratum faciens ( the continuous indwelling power of good ). both are lost through original sin, which in form is the “ loss of original righteousness. ” the consequence of this loss is the disorder and


the gratia gratum faciens ( the continuous indwelling power of good ). both are lost through original sin, which in form is the “ loss of original righteousness. ” the consequence of this loss is the disorder and maiming of man ’ s nature, which shows itself in “ ignorance, malice, moral weakness, and especially in concupiscentia, which is the material principle of original sin. ” the course of thought here is as follows : when the first man transgressed the order of his nature appointed by nature and grace, he, and with him the human race, lost this order. this negative state is the essence of original sin. from it follow an impairment and perversion of human nature in which thenceforth lower aims rule contrary to nature and release the lower element in man. since sin is contrary to the divine order, it is guilt, and subject to punishment. guilt and punishment correspond to each other ; and since the “ apostasy from the invariable good which is infinite, ” fulfilled by man, is unending, it merits everlasting punishment. the way which leads to god is christ : and christ is the theme of part iii. it can not be asserted that the incarnation was absolutely necessary, “ since god in his omnipotent power could have repaired human nature in many other ways ” : but it was the most suitable way both for the purpose of instruction and of satisfaction. the unio between the logos and the human nature is a “ relation ” between the divine and the human nature which comes about by both natures being brought together in the one person of the logos. an incarnation can be spoken of only in the sense that the human nature began to be in the eternal hypostasis of the divine nature. so christ is unum since his human nature lacks the hypostasis. the person of the logos, accordingly, has assumed the impersonal human nature, and in such way that the assumption of the soul became the means for the assumption of the body. this union with the human soul is the gratia unionis which leads to the impartation of the gratia habitualis from the logos to the human nature. thereby all human potentialities are made perfect in jesus. besides the perfections given by the vision of god, which jesus enjoyed from the beginning, he receives all others by the gratia habitualis. in so far, however, as it is the limited human nature which receives these perfection


jesus. besides the perfections given by the vision of god, which jesus enjoyed from the beginning, he receives all others by the gratia habitualis. in so far, however, as it is the limited human nature which receives these perfections, they are finite. this holds both of the knowledge and the will of christ. the logos impresses the species intelligibiles of all created things on the soul, but the intellectus agens transforms them gradually into the impressions of sense. on another side, the soul of christ works miracles only as instrument of the logos, since omnipotence in no way appertains to this human soul in itself. furthermore, christ ’ s human nature partook of imperfections, on the one side to make his true humanity evident, on another side because he would bear the general consequences of sin for humanity. christ experienced suffering, but blessedness reigned in his soul, which, however, did not extend to his body. concerning redemption, thomas teaches that christ is to be regarded as redeemer after his human nature but in such way that the human nature produces divine effects as organ of divinity. the one side of the work of redemption consists herein, that christ as head of humanity imparts perfection and virtue to his members. he is the teacher and example of humanity ; his whole life and suffering as well as his work after he is exalted serve this end. this is the first course of thought. then follows a second complex of thoughts which has the idea of satisfaction as its center. to be sure, god as the highest being could forgive sins without satisfaction ; but because his justice and mercy could be best revealed through satisfaction he chose this way. as little, however, as satisfaction is necessary in itself, so little does it offer an equivalent, in a correct sense, for guilt ; it is rather a “ super - abundant satisfaction, ” since on account of the divine subject in christ in a certain sense his suffering and activity are infinite. with this thought the strict logical deduction of anselm ’ s theory is given up. christ ’ s suffering bore personal character in that it proceeded out of love and obedience. it was an offering brought to god, which as personal act had the character of merit. thereby christ “ merited ” salvation for men. as christ still influences men, so does he still work in their behalf continually in heaven through the intercession ( interpellatio ). in this way christ as head of humanity effects the forgiveness of their


“ merited ” salvation for men. as christ still influences men, so does he still work in their behalf continually in heaven through the intercession ( interpellatio ). in this way christ as head of humanity effects the forgiveness of their sins, their reconciliation with god, their immunity from punishment, deliverance from the devil, and the opening of heaven ’ s gate. but inasmuch as all these benefits are already offered through the inner operation of the love of christ, thomas has combined the theories of anselm and abelard by joining the one to the other. the doctrine of the sacraments follows the christology ; for the sacraments “ have efficacy from the incarnate word himself. ” the sacraments are signs which not only signify sanctification, but also effect it. that they bring spiritual gifts in sensuous form, moreover, is inevitable because of the sensuous nature of man. the res sensibles are the matter, the words of institution are the form of the sacranieits. contrary to the franciscan view that the sacraments are mere symbol, whose efficacy god accompanies with a directly following creative act in the soul, thomas holds it not unfit to say with hugo of st. victor that “ a sacrament contains grace, ” or to teach of the sacraments that they “ cause grace. ” thomas attempts to remove the difficulty of a sensuous thing producing a creative effect by a distinction between the causa principalis et instrumentalism. god as the principal cause works through the sensuous thing as the means ordained by him for his end. “ just as instrumental power is acquired by the instrument from this, that it is moved by the principal agent, so also the sacrament obtains spiritual power from the benediction of christ and the application of the minister to the use of the sacrament. there is spiritual power in the sacraments in so far as they have been ordained by god for a spiritual effect. ” this spiritual power remains in the sensuous thing until it has attained its purpose. thomas distinguished the gratia sacramentalis from the gratia virtutum et donorum in that the former in general perfects the essence and the powers of the soul, and the latter in particular brings to pass necessary spiritual effects for the christian life. although, later this distinction was ignored. in a single statement the effect of the sacraments is to infuse justifying grace into men. christ ’ s humanity was the instrument for the operation of his divinity ;


spiritual effects for the christian life. although, later this distinction was ignored. in a single statement the effect of the sacraments is to infuse justifying grace into men. christ ’ s humanity was the instrument for the operation of his divinity ; the sacraments are the instruments through which this operation of christ ’ s humanity passes over to men. christ ’ s humanity served his divinity as instrumentum conjuncture, like the hand ; the sacraments are instruments separate, like a staff ; the former can use the latter, as the hand can use a staff. of thomas ’ eschatology, according to the commentary on the “ sentences, ” only a brief account can here be given. everlasting blessedness consists for thomas in the vision of god ; and this vision consists not in an abstraction or in a mental image supernaturally produced, but the divine substance itself is beheld. in such a manner, god himself becomes immediately the form of the beholding intellect ; that is, god is the object of the vision and at the same time causes the vision. the perfection of the blessed also demands that the body be restored to the soul as something to be made perfect by it. since blessedness consist in operation, it is made more perfect in that the soul has a definite opcralio with the body. although, the peculiar act of blessedness ( that is, the vision of god ) has nothing to do with the body. the author of this article is anonymous. the iep is actively seeking an author who will write a replacement article last updated : may 6, 2009 | originally published : may / 6 / 2009 article printed from internet encyclopedia of philosophy : http : / / www. iep. utm. edu / aquinas / copyright © the internet encyclopedia of philosophy. all rights reserved.


unlike drugs, which are used to treat sick people, vaccines are used in healthy people to prevent certain illnesses. before a vaccine can be used in the united states, it must be shown to be safe and effective. to make these determinations, the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) conducts a rigorous review of data regarding the vaccine ’ s safety and efficacy. because healthy children are typically the recipients of vaccines, safety requirements are especially stringent. many federal agencies and private organizations are involved in ensuring the safety of vaccines and for promoting the health of the population : the fda regulates vaccines that are used in the united states, ensuring that they are shown to be safe and effective before they are approved for use. the vaccine first undergoes laboratory studies, then studies with animals, and then with humans. the results of the studies at every step in the process must show that the vaccine does what it is supposed to do, and that it does not harm people who receive it. the fda also inspects the manufacturing plant and makes sure the vaccine is made in a safe and consistent manner. vaccine licensure is a lengthy process that may last up to 10 years. vaccines must go through three phases of clinical trials in human beings before they are licensed for public use. to establish basic safety, phase one trials are small, involving only 20 - 100 volunteers and lasting only a few months. to continue to gather information on efficacy and safety of each vaccine, phase two trials are larger ( with several hundred volunteers ), and last anywhere from a few months to a few years. phase three trials have several hundred to several thousand participants and typically last many years. if the fda approves the vaccine for use in humans, the manufacturer can market the vaccine. each batch of vaccine made by the manufacturer must be tested for safety, potency, and purity before being put on the market. a sample from each lot must be sent to the fda. in addition, the fda requires that doctors report reactions that occur after vaccination. more on this program may be found in the “ monitoring vaccine safety ” section below. after a new vaccine is approved by the fda, committees of experts decide whether it should be recommended for use in the general population. these committees evaluate the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. they also determine how the vaccine should be used, estimate how new recommendations would affect other health care issues, and consider cost - effectiveness issues. in addition to making recommendations on new vaccines, the committees of experts also review and update recommendations on existing vaccines. the policies for


how the vaccine should be used, estimate how new recommendations would affect other health care issues, and consider cost - effectiveness issues. in addition to making recommendations on new vaccines, the committees of experts also review and update recommendations on existing vaccines. the policies for vaccines change along with the changes in the threat of disease. the committees of experts include : acip is a scientific advisory committee with 10 to 15 members. although acip is federally chartered, the experts are chosen from outside of government. for each vaccine, the acip reviews a broad range of materials : the acip considers how the use of the new vaccine might fit into existing child and adult immunization programs. the committee also considers how the vaccine is stored and administered, cost - effectiveness, how the vaccine might affect other health care delivery systems, and other factors. members of the coid are selected on the basis of their knowledge of infectious disease and their expertise in vaccines. in addition to the 12 core committee members, liaisons represent the fda, cdc, and other organizations. coid works closely with these federal agencies and private organizations in an effort to avoid conflicting recommendations. committees of experts make recommendations on the use of vaccines in the united states, but it is the responsibility of the individual states to determine which vaccines are required by law. it is up to states to pass and enforce compulsory immunization statutes. school immunization laws are established to prevent epidemics of certain contagious diseases, such as measles. currently, all 50 states have school immunization laws. all 50 states allow children to be exempted from mandated immunizations for medical reasons. nearly all ( 48 ) states allow religious exemptions and 20 allow philosophical exemptions. if an outbreak of a vaccine - preventable disease occurs, those children who are not vaccinated may be prohibited from going to school until the outbreak is resolved. for further information, read indications, recommendations and immunization mandates.


a spice commonly used in indian foods could also double as a powerful weapon to fight against cancer, diabetes, and inflammation. if recent studies on the spice ’ s effect to continue producing promising results are any indication, dr. saraswati sukumar of johns hopkins university hopes curcumin, which gives turmeric its yellow color, will help people fight off or prevent diseases such as diabetes and cancer. in an interview with india - west, sukumar explained how she and a colleague, dr. anirban maitra, are paying close attention to promising clinical trials of curcumin. curcumin is the extract of turmeric and may soon be used in pill form. the spice is commonly integrated into many indian dishes. sukumar will be giving a presentation jan. 24 in west palm beach, florida, about the positive health benefits of curcumin. while more clinical trials are still needed to further understand how the common spice is beneficial to the human body, sukumar believes a curcumin pill currently in experimental format could have a dramatic impact in fighting certain diet - induced diseases that are becoming more commonplace. “ the talk i am going to be giving in palm beach, florida, really covers the field to let people know what ’ s involved with this, what does curcumin do, what are the positive effects, so on and so forth, ” sukumar told india - west in a telephone interview earlier this week. in addition to being a strong weapon against diabetes and inflammation, steady consumption of curcumin can also counteract skin damage that result from cancer - based radiation treatment. “ it has very strong anti - inflammatory activity, ” sukumar told india - west of curcumin ’ s health benefits. “ is that the only activity that ’ s really causing it to be this effective? we don ’ t think so. we think it has effects on multiple other pathways that are just beginning to be understood. ” with an estimated 26 million people diagnosed with diabetes, sukumar said curcumin can also be a great benefit in fighting the metabolic disease. sukumar explained how an experiment where mice with obesity - induced diabetes were given doses of curcumin and experienced glucose levels returning to near normal levels within 20 days, thanks to an increased production of “ good fat ” hormones. when a follow - up clinical trial was performed in a double - blind study with pre - diabetic patients, sukumar cited that none of the 119 subjects who were given curcumi


thanks to an increased production of “ good fat ” hormones. when a follow - up clinical trial was performed in a double - blind study with pre - diabetic patients, sukumar cited that none of the 119 subjects who were given curcumin developed the disease. however, 19 out 116 pre - diabetic patients in that same trial who were given a placebo did develop the disease. “ it has an effect, indirectly, on the fat content as well as … diabetes, ” the indian american researcher told india - west, adding that the clinical trial tested patients over a nine - month period, and another follow - up study with more time passed would be needed to further validate the promising results. both sukumar and maitra hope to eventually have a water - soluble curcumin pill available on the market sometime soon. however, early clinical trials of the experimental pill have not yet yielded the desired results. in current trials, sukumar pointed out several grams of curcumin need to be consumed in order to be effective. whether small doses of the spices can be consumed in pill format in order to have the desired effect on the body remains to be seen. nevertheless, sukumar expressed her excitement about further discovering the health benefits of turmeric and curcumin. “ i really feel extremely positive about setting out, spending energy, and telling the world about what curcumin can do. and it ’ s just a spice off your rack, ” sukumar said. she added that the spice can still be used in its natural state, similar to how it is mixed into many indian food dishes. to incorporate curcumin into one ’ s lifestyle, sukumar simply suggests obtaining large portions of turmeric. “ get a bag of turmeric and use it lavishly in your food, ” sukumar told india - west. “ it adds some flavor but it ’ s not going to hurt you. ” she also suggested adding turmeric to the grilling of foods such as garlic, mushrooms, and onions. it is also best combined with warm oil. sukumar will be speaking at an annual women ’ s health symposium, “ a woman ’ s journey, ” next week at the palm beach county convention center.


it ' s the 40th anniversary of title ix of the education amendments of 1972, which prohibits discrimination in educational settings on the basis of sex, and while the landmark legislation has done much to level the playing field in academics and athletics, there remains work to be done. that ' s what the national coalition for women and girls in education, an alliance of more than three dozen national organizations including the american association of university women and the american civil liberties union, says in a lengthy new report analyzing the state of title ix at 40. there ' s still room for improvement in how universities and the government apply and enforce title ix in athletics, sexual harassment, the stem fields and other areas, the report says. but it also identifies a handful of recommendations that span all the areas covered by title ix. in short, they are : improved public awareness of title ix with active education efforts on the part of all stakeholders, including advocacy groups and the federal government ; continued and enhanced enforcement by the u. s. education department ' s office for civil rights, including compliance reviews in areas not currently monitored, such as the treatment of pregnant and parenting students ; a requirement by congress for schools and colleges to provide " enhanced " education data collection and reporting, including more detailed cross - tabulation by campus sub - groups ; better identification, training, communication and transparency regarding title ix coordinators ; and restored federal funding to state education agencies for gender equity work, including funding state title ix coordinators and programs and for technical assistance with compliance.


what is it? a friction blister is a soft pocket of raised skin filled with clear fluid caused by irritation from continuous rubbing or pressure. friction blisters usually occur on the feet, where tight or poor - fitting shoes can rub and irritate delicate toes and heels for long periods. this type of irritation causes minor damage to the skin and the tissue just beneath the skin, then fluid accumulates just beneath the outermost layer of skin. if the irritation is enough to damage small blood vessels, the blister also may contain blood, and is then called a blood blister. a friction blister is a small pocket of puffy, raised skin containing clear fluid. it is usually painful when touched. a blister can appear anywhere. blisters can be diagnosed by looking at them. in short, if it looks like a blister and feels like a blister, and if it ' s in a place that could have been irritated by pressure or rubbing, it likely is a blister. friction blisters typically drain on their own within days. a new layer of skin forms beneath the blister, and eventually the blistered skin peels away. if pressure or friction continues in the same area, the blister may last two weeks or longer. continued friction may rub away the delicate top skin layer, and the blister may break open, ooze fluid and run the risk of becoming infected or developing into a deeper wound. if the irritation is mild, the blister may heal despite continued irritation, and eventually a callus will form. the best way to prevent friction blisters is to wear shoes that fit your feet well, so that the shoe is not tight anywhere and does not slide up and down your heel when you walk. wear socks with shoes to protect your feet and prevent irritation, and try to keep your feet dry. if another activity is causing blisters - - for example, if learning to play golf is causing blisters on your hands - - ask an instructor to point out other ways to perform the same activity in a nonirritating way, and take advantage of protective devices, such as gloves. because blisters typically get better on their own in just a few days, generally no special treatment is required other than to keep the blisters clean and dry. because the skin provides a natural protection against infection, a blister should be left intact if possible. do not try to drain the blist


few days, generally no special treatment is required other than to keep the blisters clean and dry. because the skin provides a natural protection against infection, a blister should be left intact if possible. do not try to drain the blister or pierce or cut away the overlying skin. try to avoid further irritation, or protect the blister with a sterile bandage if continued irritation is unavoidable. if the blister breaks on its own, wash the area with soap and water, gently pat dry, use an antibacterial ointment and cover it with a bandage. people with diabetes and people who cannot reach blisters easily ( because of a physical disability or other ailment ) may need to have their blisters evaluated by a foot specialist ( podiatrist ) or other health care professional. people with diabetes often have nerve or circulation problems that make it more difficult to recognize wounds, and that cause wounds to heal more slowly. in these people, a simple foot blister might go unrecognized and could become infected. people with diabetes need to care for their feet daily and examine them for sores or blisters. when to call a professional widespread blistering, itchy blisters or blistering in a place that has not been exposed to rubbing or pressure should be evaluated by a physician. these are signs of an illness, not friction blisters. for typical blisters, medical care is needed only if an infection develops. this is more likely to occur if the skin over the blister has been pierced, broken or popped. these types of blisters need to be watched for a few days to make sure they heal properly. see your doctor immediately if you think you have an infection, see significant redness, notice drainage that is not clear fluid or develop a fever. also, seek professional help if the blister is so large or painful that walking or other activities become difficult. people with diabetes who get blisters frequently or have blisters that don ' t seem to heal should see a health care professional. most blisters heal on their own in a few days. if there is continued pressure or friction to the area, it may take two weeks or longer for the blister to go away. american diabetes association attn : customer service 1701 n. beauregard st. alexandria, va 22311 american academy of podiatric sports medicine 4414 ives st. rockville, md