ivanov - vano dealing with racism. their styles differed from the simple, yet smart designs of from pat sullivan ' s 1920 ' s studio with characters like felix the cat, to the painstakingly detailed epic worlds of walt disney ' s money - eating venture in films like " fantasia ". the mid - 20th century saw the peak of animation - often referred to as the " golden age ". warner bros. animation studio led the way with timeless classics of quality not often found in your average saturday morning programming. " [ it was the ] golden age for [ warner bros. director ] chuck jones : a time for fully realized characters in ideally told tales so brief and ingenious in their structure it could take the breath away, and yet so disarmingly simple that even adults could understand them. " ( beck, 124 ). their success was attributed to their teamwork - a group of artists working together under one roof. " his team had worked so long and well together that they could very nearly finish each other ' s sentences. " ( beck ). many cartoons created during this era are heralded as the best of all time, 1957 ' s chuck jones ' short " what ' s opera, doc? " being chosen # 1 in animation historian jerry beck ' s book " the 50 greatest cartoons : as selected by 1, 000 animation professionals " in 1994. to their creators, the drawings in their cartoons were actors, not symbols ( barrier, 539. ) they all believed that what they were doing had a purpose void of material gain or profit. walt disney, founder of the walt disney company and director of many of the earlier films in their canon said, " i have had a stubborn, blind confidence in the cartoon medium, a determination to show the skeptics that the animated cartoon was deserving of a better place, that it was more than mere ' filler ' on the program, more than a novelty, that it could be one of the greatest mediums of fantasy and entertainment. " ( solomon ). to this affect, cartoons and animation had successfully saturated themselves in the imaginations of millions of americans. characters like mickey mouse, felix the cat and bugs bunny became instantaneous household names in an era when mass communication was a luxury. to this end, animation naturally began to spread beyond the borders of the united states. as early as the 1930 ' s, russia, germany and france were creating animations. by the 1960 ' s, animation was flourishing worldwide as well. in march 1956, japan ' s


naturally began to spread beyond the borders of the united states. as early as the 1930 ' s, russia, germany and france were creating animations. by the 1960 ' s, animation was flourishing worldwide as well. in march 1956, japan ' s first major animation studio toei is founded on the principal of being the " disney of the east " ( beck, 181 ). it still exists today. even further east, china ' s shanghai film studio created many award - winning animated classics that were culturally relevant and captured their society ' s imagination. many other nations housed successful studios as well, including but not limited to poland, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, estonia and the united kingdom. all these studios took their cues from american models and adapted them over time to fit their styles, cultures and methods of storytelling. however - as with all new media - as animation began to penetrate society and bring about a new way of delivering a message to people, some people felt threatened and intimidated by this sudden wave of information in a format unfamiliar to them. some also felt threatened by the people responsible for the content. while the 50 ' s and 60 ' s were the golden age for animators, it was also the beginning of a dark age. post - wwii america brought about the cold war and the fear of communism. in the 1950 ' s, the communist party of america had reached its peak of 50, 000 members. propaganda and fears of the " nuclear winter " prompted a federal breach in american political freedom as the united states government created the house representative ' s committee on un - american activities. tasked in finding high - profile communist party members, the " hollywood blacklist " was created in order to weed them out and ruin their careers. often with little or no evidence, entertainment employees would often disappear from payrolls without notice ( barrier, 539 ). one studio that suffered from this was united productions of america. major upa writers phil eastman, bill scott and john hubley were accused of being community party supporters and subsequently blacklisted. hubley was the only one with legitimate party ties. either way, the actions of the investigation severely damaged the work ethic and spirit of the studio, and upa stopped producing cartoons in 1959. another blow to the animation industry were lobbyist groups to censor and regulate the diverse animation industry. while many cartoons were for children and adults alike, rising animators like ralph bakshi were " reminding audiences that cartoons are not just for children ", creating the first x - rated animated feature films. by the 1970 '


regulate the diverse animation industry. while many cartoons were for children and adults alike, rising animators like ralph bakshi were " reminding audiences that cartoons are not just for children ", creating the first x - rated animated feature films. by the 1970 ' s, " [ the ] triumph of various parent groups in their efforts to strip all of the fun from cartoons [ had succeeded ], essentially removing all slapstick action comic violence, injecting educational and pro - social messages into the narratives. " ( beck, 246. ) cartoons had been reduced to a " saturday morning ghetto " ( beck ) with shallow, childish stories. the drop in production quality was not singularly tied to censorship. the businessman duo gone animation studio hannah barbera had begun to mass produce cartoons in a factory - line type process known today as limited animation, a practice in what animator anne joliffe described fondly as akin to " bottling pickles ". reused backgrounds, walk cycles and animated sequences saved the studios a lot of money. these major cost - cutting practices were appealing to the ever - growing broadcasting networks that distributed animated material. studios like warner brothers became less enchanted with the higher budgets they used to give their teams, and as the 3d - glasses craze swept film, wb animation quickly flickered and died. on top of the domestic money saving techniques, outsourcing most of the work overseas to japanese and australian studios kept an even tighter budget at the expense of animation jobs. because of these circumstances, the 1970 ' s had a sharp contrast to the cartoons of the previous decade. characterized by cheap production values, stiff animation and weak writing at the expense of not offending any audience, most cartoons of this era had little staying power and are long forgotten. as the mid - 1990 ' s approached, only dreamworks and disney remained from the wake of the oppression of animation, as richard william ' s 29 - years - in - the - making masterpiece thief and the cobbler was seized by warner studios and sent off to korea for a swift video release. while american animation suffered at the expense of corporate interests, foreign animation continued to thrive - especially japanese animation. the fundamental difference between american and japanese studios were the people in charge. while nbc, abc and the major broadcasting networks left artists at the mercy of corporate changes, japanese studios kept the artists in charge of the business. over time, certain directors made their way from television to theatrical releases. one of them was hayao miyazaki, arguably japan ' s most prominent director in their history. japan '


changes, japanese studios kept the artists in charge of the business. over time, certain directors made their way from television to theatrical releases. one of them was hayao miyazaki, arguably japan ' s most prominent director in their history. japan ' s film industry is dominated by anime, and it shows in box office numbers. japan did suffer from the same stereotypes of animation for a time, but miyazaki ' s films bridged the gap between general audiences of adults and children. with miyazaki on the front, anime from comic books to animation exploded in japan as the most popular medium for storytelling - and something was available for every age group. rumiko takahashi, creator of some of japan ' s top selling manga such as ranma ½ and uresei yatsura, is the prime market for young girls. yoshiyoki tomino, creator of the gundam series which sparked a mecha / space opera craze, grabbed a large audience of adult males. these are only a few examples of the explosion of modern animation and art culture in japan, which has only grown in the last 40 years - similar to the growth of american animation at its birth. unafraid to express his creativity and not bound by any restrictions, miyazaki thrived in japan as chuck jones did during the golden age of warner brothers. " how can we make films which will gain the acceptance of those people who ' ve never seen animation before? we need to get near to that universal appeal of animation when making a movie, or all our efforts will have been for nothing. " ( fuiji, 27 ). part of his and other ' s success was also the lack of creativity in the live action film industry. " i never trust the response of industry people. they ' re too conservative. they ' ve always been behind the times. if industry people knew what they were talking about, the movie business wouldn ' t be on the decline like it is. " ( fuiji ). but as time went on and the american animation industry continued to falter, as did japans. animators had fought several battles in the states to get their jobs back, turning a once stable job into a rollercoaster of stunted projects and short contracts from corporations interested in creating a product, not a film. this turned american animators from a few teams of people who worked together into a travelling band of starved talent fighting for quick fixes and a short term creative injection. like a sick patient dependent on manufactured pharmaceuticals to sustain itself,


, not a film. this turned american animators from a few teams of people who worked together into a travelling band of starved talent fighting for quick fixes and a short term creative injection. like a sick patient dependent on manufactured pharmaceuticals to sustain itself, major american broadcasting networks have made animation teams wholly dependent on their brief inoculations of cartoon projects, stifling the creative process and everything that made the studios of the golden age successful ( and profitable. ) how this affected japanese animation is simple - its existence is dependent on its predecessors. yoshiyoki tomino of gundam was inspired by american sci - fi. rumiko takahashi of ranma½, spiderman. yukito kishiro of battle angel alita, frank miller ' s batman. like toei animation ' s goal to be the " disney of the east ", japanese pioneers of anime were first inspired by american counterparts. since then, they have taken on their own look, and on the flip side american cartoons began to take on their looks as anime crept its way on the airwaves. recently, japan ' s own golden age is beginning to show signs of trouble in a different fashion. while america feels creatively bankrupt, animators in japan have felt that they are beginning to run out of ideas. mamoru oshii, an animation director, said that " animation studios are surviving, animators are getting better paid, but the quality of new works is not improving. on the surface, it ' s thriving, but in reality, there ' s very little new happening. " ( saito ). this issue is perhaps related to the aging group of japan ' s flagship of anime pioneers - similar to the plight of american animation pioneers unwillingly succumbing to mega corporations and the conveyor - belt cartoons of the 70 ' s. hayao miyazaki is now nearing 70 years old. oshii states in the same interview ; " from a directors ' viewpoint, we cannot expect anything new from miyazaki. he is like a very old man, almost retired now. " even miyazaki has expressed his doubt in the generation that precedes him - and not just in japan. " i don ' t know how much the people in hollywood actually believed in [ loving film ]. personally, they were probably more concerned with getting a home in beverly hills. but at one time, that illusion held sway throughout the world. it ' s become too difficult to even pretend you believe in that anymore. the goal now is to


]. personally, they were probably more concerned with getting a home in beverly hills. but at one time, that illusion held sway throughout the world. it ' s become too difficult to even pretend you believe in that anymore. the goal now is to throw a huge amount of money at a project, do a huge promotion, and mobilize a huge number of viewers. " while japan ' s market suffered from more of the same, american studios follow the model miyazaki explained. a good example was disney under the reigns of eisner in from the mid - 1990 ' s to the early 2000 ' s. as eisner saw disney ' s toy and product profits soar, films were chosen for production based on their value to toy manufacturers such as hasbro, instead of their appeal to audiences. as the animation became more about selling a product, disney began to struggle to captivate its audiences. roy disney, upon retiring in 2003, described eisner ' s disney as " soul - less. " after the production of " brother bear ", eisner closed disney ' s 2d florida studio and fired nearly every 2d production animator and artist, proudly boasting that " 2d is dead. " not soon after, eisner was pressured to step down as ceo, and did so. however he left in his wake the near destruction of walt disney, a company founded on the principle that animation should be treated as a gift, in the name of greed and maximizing profits. to stay afloat, disney would eventually purchase pixar studios, whose business model headed by john lasseter would save the wavering animation giant for the time being. although it is not a question of whether if cartoons will survive but how, it ' s important to see how the industry has come to this point. there are two parts to the cycle of animation - the boom of creativity when artists are free to be artists, and the busts, when money takes the reins and the artists - and their creations - suffer. and while cartoons may seem different from border to border, at their core they are the same stories, the same visions and the same artists, simply wishing to create their visions through the illusion of life through art. when one part of the body is sick and isn ' t treated, it slowly creeps its way throughout. american animation being treated as a gimmicky sideshow for advertising and web - based series reminiscent of the " bottled pickles " of the 70 ' s is slowly beginning to cripple


t treated, it slowly creeps its way throughout. american animation being treated as a gimmicky sideshow for advertising and web - based series reminiscent of the " bottled pickles " of the 70 ' s is slowly beginning to cripple cartoons big and small. those who have innovated before us are starting to see it. and while times have changed, the one thing animators today have to learn from those before them is that the animation business is not easy. if animation is as powerful as its creators believed it were, it can triumph over greed, fear and soulless mass production like it has before. in animation ' s young history, there has never been a more urgent time than now for the next generation of animation pioneers to follow in the fearless footsteps of its creators. while some are aware of this urgency, most never consider the dedication of animators and the imaginative worlds they have given to mankind. their work will never fade, but time marches on, and as they pass on they leave a void. the digital age has made it easy to take for granted the work of animation past, and those times will likely never be re - lived. but if we listen to their words and take their spirit to heart, animation will thrive and live again in a new era. - 1. fuiji, narita, ledoux, davis et al. anime interviews : the first five years of animerica. cadence books, 1997. - 2. barrier, j. michael. hollywood cartoons : american in its golden age. oxford university press, 1999. - 3. beck, jerry. animation art. harper collins, 2004. - 4. charles, solomon. enchanted drawings : the history of animation. knopf, 1989. - 5. lotman, jeff. animation art : the early years, 1911 - 1953. schiffer, 1995. - 6. kelts, ronald. japanamerica : how japanese pop culture has invaded the u. s. palgrave macmillan, 2007. - 7. " anime ' s future world : japanese filmmakers give the genre a hard look " los angeles times. 28 mar. 2005. c7 - 8. sprang, k. " history of walt disney ' s mickey mouse. " pagewise. < http : / / www. essortment. com / all / mickeymousewal _ rnnh. htm > - 9. macdonald, christopher. " silly otaku, cartoons are for kids. " anime news network. 30 oct. 2001. <


windows nt is a series of microsoft ' s windows operating systems written in the c and c + + programming languages. they were the first to use their new ' nt ' ( new technology ) core. that meant it had a brand new core to do more things than the ms - dos - based one that they used in older versions of windows. also, it was more secure and crashed less. microsoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with os / 2 and posix and supporting multiprocessing, in october 1988. when development started in november 1989, windows nt was to be known as os / 2 3. 0, the third version of the operating system developed jointly by microsoft and ibm. to ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the intel i860xr risc processor, switching to the mips r3000 in late 1989, and then the intel i386 in 1990. it is well believed that dave cutler intended the initialism ' wnt ' as a pun on vms, incrementing each letter by one. however, the project was named nt os / 2 before receiving the windows brand. one of the original os / 2 3. 0 creators, mark lucovsky, claims that the name was taken from the original target processor — the intel i860, code - named n10 ( ' n - ten ' ). various microsoft publications, including a 1998 question - and - answer session with bill gates, reveal that the letters were expanded to ' new technology ' for marketing purposes but no longer carry any specific meaning. the letters were dropped from the name of windows 2000, though microsoft described the product as ' built on nt technology. ' versions of windows nt are windows nt 3. 1, nt 3. 51, nt 4, windows 2000, windows xp, windows vista and windows 7. windows nt 3. 1 was the first release of the windows nt line. the version number 3. 1 was from the fact that it looked very much like windows 3. 1. it was released in 1993. next was windows nt 3. 5 and then 3. 51. 3. 5 was released in 1994 and 3. 51 just a few months before windows 95. the version after that was nt 4. 0, released in 1996. it was advertised as ' power of windows nt and look of windows 95 ' and included internet explorer version 2. it ' s final releases are currently windows 2000 ( nt 5. 0 ), windows xp ( nt 5. 1 ), vista ( nt 6


was advertised as ' power of windows nt and look of windows 95 ' and included internet explorer version 2. it ' s final releases are currently windows 2000 ( nt 5. 0 ), windows xp ( nt 5. 1 ), vista ( nt 6. 0 ), and the newest version, windows 7 ( nt 6. 1 ). the nt version number is not now generally used for marketing purposes, but is still used internally, and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system. - " windows nt system overview ". microsoft. com. http : / / www. microsoft. com / technet / archive / winntas / training / ntarchitectoview / ntarc _ 2. mspx. retrieved 2010 - 11 - 24. - lextrait, vincent ( january 2010 ). " the programming languages beacon, v10. 0 ". http : / / www. lextrait. com / vincent / implementations. html. retrieved 4 january 2010. - dave cutler ' s preface to mark russinovich, david a. solomon. microsoft windows internals, ( fourth edition ), microsoft press. isbn 0 - 7356 - 1917 - 4 - andrew pollack ( 1991 - 07 - 27 ). " microsoft widens its split with i. b. m. over software ". new york times. http : / / query. nytimes. com / gst / fullpage. html? res = 9d0ce0d81339f934a15754c0a967958260. retrieved 2008 - 09 - 02. - paul thurrott ( 2003 - 01 - 24 ). " windows server 2003 : the road to gold ". http : / / www. winsupersite. com / reviews / winserver2k3 _ gold1. asp. retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05. - zachary, g. pascal ( 1994 ). show stopper! : the breakneck race to create windows nt and the next generation at microsoft. free press. isbn 978 - 0029356715. - " microsoft windows nt os / 2 design workbook ". http : / / americanhistory. si. edu / collections / object. cfm? key = 35 & objkey = 124. retrieved 2008 - 11 - 15. - " paul thurrott ' s history of windows server 2003 : the road to gold ". http : / /


what ’ s abnormal in this image? here ’ s a hint. here is an example of normal. when evaluating for possible elevation in intracranial pressure, it has been shown that optic nerve sheath diameter ( onsd ) measurements correlate with elevated intracranial pressures. ( 1, 2 ) the optic nerve attaches to the globe posteriorly and is wrapped in a sheath that contains cerebral spinal fluid. the optic nerve sheath is contiguous with the dura mater and has a trabeculated arachnoid space through which cerebrospinal fluid slowly percolates. onsd normal ranges | normal adults | | < 5 mm | | children > 1 yr | | < 4. 5 mm | | infants < 1 yr | | < 4 mm | the onsd is measured 3 mm posterior to the globe for both eyes. a position of 3 mm behind the globe is recommended because the ultrasound contrast is greatest. it is best to average two measurements of each eye. an average onsd greater than 5 mm is considered abnormal and elevated intracranial pressure should be suspected. in severe cases of elevated icp, one can see an echolucent circle within the optic nerve sheath separating the sheath from the nerve due to increased subarachnoid fluid surrounding the optic nerve. ophthalmologists refer to this as the crescent sign. 40 yo female patient presents with several months of frontal headache associated with photophobia and blurry vision. symptoms have gotten much worse over the last few days and she has had difficulty reading and watching tv because of her visual symptoms. she denies fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, or focal weakness. pt is hypertensive 170 / 100. her vital signs are otherwise normal. - visual acuity - 20 / 30 od, 20 / 70 os - ct head is normal - bedside point of care ultrasound this patient had enlarged onsd ( measurements were 6 mm bilaterally ) as well as papilledema ( arrow ). lumbar puncture was performed. opening pressure was 44. 30 cc ’ s of csf was drained and the closing pressure was 11. the patient ’ s headache and visual symptoms improved. she was started on acetazolamide and admitted to the neurology service. mri brain prior to lumbar puncture showed posterior scleral flattening bilaterally with protrusion of the optic nerve in the the globes bilaterally consistent with increased icp. this patient ’ s papilledema and increased on


brain prior to lumbar puncture showed posterior scleral flattening bilaterally with protrusion of the optic nerve in the the globes bilaterally consistent with increased icp. this patient ’ s papilledema and increased onsd correlated with a markedly increased opening pressure during lumbar puncture and suggests that ocular ultrasound may play a role in the ed management of patients with suspected pseudotumor cerebri. elevated intracranial pressure in the abscence of intracranial mass lesion. most common in young, over weight women. if the diagnosis is missed, persistently elevated intracranial pressure can lead to optic atrophy and blindness. - lumbar puncture to drain csf to a normal opening pressure. - medical : diomox ( acetazolamide ), high dose steroids - surgical : optic nerve sheath fenestration, vp shunt the ability to diagnose papilledema using bedside sonography is useful to emergency physicians, as many non - ophthalmologist clinicians do not feel confident in their ability to perform an accurate nondilated fundoscopic examination. ( 3 ) ultrasound provides a useful alternative means of determining the presence or absence of papilledema in a patient in whom fundoscopy cannot be adequately performed. geeraerts t, launey y, martin l, et al. ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury. intensive care med 2007 ; 33 ( 10 ) : 1704 - 11 [ electronic publication 2007 aug 1 ]. pmid : 17668184 kimberly hh, shah s, marill k, noble v. correlation of optic nerve sheath diameter with direct measurement of intracranial pressure. acad emerg med 2008 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 201 - 4. pmid : 18275454 wu eh, fagan mj, reinert se, diaz ja. self - confidence in and perceived utility of the physical examination : a comparison of medical students, residents, and faculty internists. j gen intern med 2007 ; 22 ( 12 ) : 1725 - 30 [ electronic publication 2007 oct 6 ]. pmid : 17922165


to be clear, dandruff, true dandruff, is not a disease, nor is it a symptom of disease. it is part of the natural human condition to shed the outermost layer of skin. dandruff is an indication that new skin is rising from underneath. that old skin has to go somewhere, of course, which generally happens when we sleep, are in the shower and go about our daily lives. ( in case you didn ’ t know this, most household dust indirectly originates from human skin. dust is the dead carcasses and feces of tiny house - dust mites - - dermatophagoides farinae and related species - - which eat our skin before they depart this life and land on our coffee tables and computer screens. ) but it ’ s true that some people get more dandruff than others. and depending on the nature and relative cleanliness of the hair in your scalp, the natural sloughing off of dead scalp skin might accumulate in your hair. in the majority of cases, the fix is to shampoo more often, perhaps with a pyrithione zinc - based shampoo, the active ingredient in most over - the - counter dandruff shampoos. there are also other causes of itchy, flakey skin on the scalp. some are downright frightening, and in advanced cases the irritation can lead to spot hair loss, aka alopecia areata. the following conditions may lead to an itchy flaking on the scalp : generally considered a sensitivity to hair care products, this skin inflammation, which resembles a burn, is a reaction to an irritant or allergen. other symptoms include itching, tenderness, swelling and skin lesions ( rash, vesicles and bullae / blisters ). itchy skin that can occur anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eczema produces skin that becomes scaly, dry and thickened from scratching. ultimately, the skin oozes fluid and crusts over. it tends to run in families, coincides often with allergies and asthma and is believed to be an over - response of the immune system to soaps and detergents, heat or cold and contact with pet dander. it is not contagious. inflamed follicles ( folliculitis ) the follicles, the source of each strand of hair, can become inflamed from infection by a fungus or


pet dander. it is not contagious. inflamed follicles ( folliculitis ) the follicles, the source of each strand of hair, can become inflamed from infection by a fungus or staphylococcus bacteria. this infection is often a secondary effect of eczema or dermatitis. other causes of folliculitis might include diabetes, tight clothing ( including hats and ball caps ), poor hygiene in combination with heat and humidity, and use of hot tubs. more commonly found elsewhere on the body ( elbows and knees ), psoriasis can be found on the scalp and is often mistaken for seborrheic dermatitis. it is seen as thick, silvery scales. characterized by flakey white or yellow scales originating on red, greasy skin on the scalp, it is largely found on the scalp. seborrheic dermatitis also appears on the body where oil glands are plentiful ( eyebrows, sides of the nose, the groin area and armpits ). it may be a result of irritation from malassezia, a yeast, and can be stimulated by stress, oily skin, fatigue, extreme weather, poor hygiene and use of personal care products containing alcohol. obesity also can be a risk factor, as can hiv infection. it more often is seen in men than women. chronic itching and scratching can lead to temporary, spot hair loss and secondary fungal infections. from a preventive standpoint, three things seem consistent across all conditions : pay attention to the symptoms, particularly if other members of your family have similar symptoms and diagnosed conditions. maintain proper hygiene by shampooing frequently. and if symptoms persist over several weeks after trying mild, over - the - counter remedies, go see your doctor.


mission type : flyby launch vehicle : titan iiie - centaur ( tc - 7 / titan no. 23e - 7 / centaur d - 1t ) launch site : cape canaveral, usa, launch complex 41 nasa center : jet propulsion laboratory spacecraft mass : 2, 080 kg ( 822 kg mission module ) spacecraft instruments : 1 ) imaging system ; 2 ) ultraviolet spectrometer ; 3 ) infrared spectrometer ; 4 ) planetary radio astronomy experiment ; 5 ) photopolarimeter ; 6 ) magnetometers ; 7 ) plasma particles experiment ; 8 ) low - energy charged - particles experiment ; 9 ) plasma waves experiment and 10 ) cosmic - ray telescope spacecraft dimensions : decahedral bus, 47 cm in height and 1. 78 m across from flat to flat spacecraft power : 3 plutonium oxide radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( rtgs ) maximum power : 470 w of 30 - volt dc power at launch, dropping to about 287 w at the beginning of 2008, and continuing to decrease antenna diameter : 3. 66 m x - band data rate : 115. 2 kbits / sec at jupiter, less at more distant locations ( first spacecraft to use x - band as the primary telemetry link frequency ) total cost : through the end of the neptune phase of the voyager project, a total of $ 875 million had been expended for the construction, launch, and operations of both voyager spacecraft. an additional $ 30 million was allocated for the first two years of vim. deep space chronicle : a chronology of deep space and planetary probes 1958 - 2000, monographs in aerospace history no. 24, by asif a. siddiqi national space science data center, http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / solar system log by andrew wilson, published 1987 by jane ' s publishing co. ltd. voyager project homepage, http : / / voyager. jpl. nasa. gov an alignment of the outer planets that occurs only once in 176 years prompted nasa to plan a grand tour of the outer planets, consisting of dual launches to jupiter, saturn, and pluto in 1976 - 77 and dual launches to jupiter, uranus, and neptune in 1979. the original scheme was canceled for budgetary reasons, but was replaced by voyager 1 and 2, which accomplished similar goals at significantly lower cost. the two voyager spacecraft were designed to explore jupiter and saturn in greater detail than the two pioneers ( pioneers 10 and 11 ) that preceded them had


budgetary reasons, but was replaced by voyager 1 and 2, which accomplished similar goals at significantly lower cost. the two voyager spacecraft were designed to explore jupiter and saturn in greater detail than the two pioneers ( pioneers 10 and 11 ) that preceded them had been able to do. each voyager was equipped with slow - scan color tv to take live television images from the planets, and each carried an extensive suite of instruments to record magnetic, atmospheric, lunar, and other data about the planets. the original design of the spacecraft was based on that of the older mariners. power was provided by three plutonium oxide radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( rtgs ) mounted at the end of a boom. although launched about two weeks before voyager 1, voyager 2 exited the asteroid belt after its twin and followed it to jupiter and saturn. the primary radio receiver failed on 5 april 1978, placing the mission ' s fate on the backup unit, which has been used ever since. a fault in this backup receiver severely limits its bandwidth, but the mission has been a major success despite this obstacle. all of the experiments on voyager 2 have produced useful data. voyager 2 began transmitting images of jupiter on 24 april 1979 for time - lapse movies of atmospheric circulation. they showed that the planet ' s appearance had changed in the four months since voyager 1 ' s visit. the great red spot had become more uniform, for example. the spacecraft relayed spectacular photos of the entire jovian system, including its moons amalthea, io, callisto, ganymede, and europa, all of which had also been imaged by voyager 1, making comparisons possible. voyager 2 ' s closest encounter with jupiter was at 22 : 29 ut on 9 july 1979 at a range of 645, 000 km. voyager 1 ' s discovery of active volcanoes on io prompted a 10 - hour volcano watch for voyager 2. though the second spacecraft approached no closer than a million kilometers to io, it was clear that the moon ' s surface had changed and that six of the volcanic plumes observed earlier were still active. voyager 2 imaged europa at a distance of 206, 000 km, resolving the streaks seen by voyager 1 into a collection of cracks in a thick covering of ice. no variety in elevation was observed, prompting one scientist to say that europa was " as smooth as a billiard ball. " an image of callisto, studied in detail months later, revealed a 14th satellite, now called adrastea. it is only 30 to 40 km in diameter and


one scientist to say that europa was " as smooth as a billiard ball. " an image of callisto, studied in detail months later, revealed a 14th satellite, now called adrastea. it is only 30 to 40 km in diameter and orbits close to jupiter ' s rings. as voyager 2 left jupiter, it took an image that revealed a faint third component to the planet ' s rings. it is thought that the moons amalthea and thebe may contribute some of the material that constitutes the ring. following a midcourse correction two hours after its closest approach to jupiter, voyager 2 sped to saturn. its encounter with the sixth planet began on 22 august 1981, two years after leaving the jovian system, with imaging of the moon iapetus. once again, voyager 2 repeated the photographic mission of its predecessor, although it flew 23, 000 km closer to saturn. the closest encounter was at 01 : 21 ut on 26 august 1981 at a range of 101, 000 km. the spacecraft provided more detailed images of the ring spokes and kinks, as well as the f - ring and its shepherding moons. voyager 2 ' s data suggested that saturn ' s a - ring was perhaps only 300 m thick. it also photographed the moons hyperion, enceladus, tethys, and phoebe. using the spacecraft ' s photopolarimeter ( the instrument that had failed on voyager 1 ), scientists observed a star called delta scorpii through saturn ' s rings and measured the flickering level of light over the course of 2 hours, 20 minutes. this provided 100 - m resolution, which was 10 times better than was possible with the cameras, and many more ringlets were discovered. after voyager 2 fulfilled its primary mission goals with its flybys of jupiter and saturn, mission planners set the spacecraft on a 4. 5 - year journey to uranus, during which it covered 33 au ( about 5 billion km ). the geometry of the uranus encounter was designed to enable the spacecraft to use a gravity assist to help it reach neptune. voyager 2 had only 5. 5 hours of close study during its flyby, the first ( and so far, only ) human - made spacecraft to visit the planet uranus. long - range observations of uranus began on 4 november 1985. at that distance, the spacecraft ' s radio signals took approximately 2. 5 hours to reach earth. light conditions were 400 times less than terrestrial conditions. the closest approach took place at 17 : 59 ut on 24 january


to be more active than previously believed, with winds of 1100 km per hour. hydrogen was found to be the most common atmospheric element, although the abundant methane gives the planet its blue appearance. voyager data on triton, neptune ' s largest moon, revealed the coldest known planetary body in the solar system and a nitrogen ice volcano on its surface. the spacecraft ' s flyby of neptune set it on a course below the ecliptic plane that will ultimately take it out of the solar system. after neptune, nasa formally renamed the entire project ( including both voyager spacecraft ) the voyager interstellar mission ( vim ). approximately 56 million km past the neptune encounter, voyager 2 ' s instruments were put into low - power mode to conserve energy. in november 1998, twenty - one years after launch, nonessential instruments were permanently turned off. six instruments are still operating. data from at least some of the instruments should be received until at least 2025. sometime after that date, power levels onboard the spacecraft will be too low to operate even one of its instruments. as of march 2010, voyager 2 was about 92 au ( 13. 7 billion km ) from the sun, increasing its distance at a speed of about 3. 3 au ( about 494 million km ) per year.


who says young people don ’ t care about online privacy? photo by opensourceway 6. 2. 10 | a recent survey by the pew internet & american life project finds older generations could learn a few tips about online privacy from young people. when compared with older users, the report found, young adults are more likely to restrict what they share online and whom they share it with. for example, 71 percent of young adults age 18 to 29 who use social networking sites have changed their privacy settings vs. 55 percent of those age 50 to 64. the report also found that young adults say they are more likely to delete unwanted comments and to remove their name from photos that were tagged to identify them. in one example, marlene mcmanus, a 21 - year - old recent college grad who is now job searching, told the associated press she is very selective about what she shares on social networking sites. mcmanus has removed embarrassing college photos from her facebook page and has stopped using twitter. “ i have to present a public face that doesn ’ t have the potential to hurt my image, ” she said. in a post on her blog, researcher danah boyd says the pew study is important because it counters a lot of the myths adults have about young adults ’ online behavior : in today ’ s discussions about privacy, “ youth don ’ t care about privacy ” is an irritating but popular myth. embedded in this rhetoric is the belief that youth are reckless risk - takers who don ’ t care about the consequences of their actions. this couldn ’ t be further from the truth. interestingly, young adults are less trusting than older users of sites like facebook that host their content ; some are even hesitant to use their real names. but many young people have learned lessons about privacy the hard way. as boyd points out, many have made mistakes and watched their friends make mistakes they regret. youth are not always successful at negotiating through the confusing and ever - changing tools and privacy controls on social networking sites. it ’ s ironic, notes boyd, that it took facebook ’ s foibles to draw the public ’ s full attention to these important privacy issues. younger users are obviously paying attention. you can read the full pew report online here. plus : for more on facebook and privacy, see boyd ’ s earlier posts : “ facebook and ‘ radical transparency ’ ( a rant ) ” and “ quitting facebook is pointless ; challenging them to do better is not. ” leave a comment comments are moderated to ensure topic relevance and generally


" he was of an active, restless, indefatigable genius even almost to the last, and always slept little to his death, seldom going to sleep till two three, or four a clock in the morning, and seldomer to bed, often continuing his studies all night, and taking a nap in the day. his temper was melancholy.... " these words were intended to describe robert hooke, but have been said to equally describe isaac newton. both men played vital roles in the development of science in the seventeenth century, though at first glance newton appears to outshine and outclass robert hooke. when hooke is mentioned to this day, we usually speak of newton as well, but not the other way around. they influenced one another far more than either would ever admit and, though each deserves his own separate identity, hooke has rarely been granted his. this is largely because, though newton and hooke had much in common, they were bitter enemies, and newton was able to exert far more influence over the royal society and, thereby, over the entire scientific community of his day. robert hooke ' s genius is hidden in shadows created partly by hooke himself, but largely by isaac newton, a man who could not speak without contempt for hooke, even long after hooke ' s death, and who may well have taken steps to obliterate much of hooke ' s contributions to science. hooke ' s reputation is riddled by exaggerated accusations and misconceptions. robert hooke was a significant influence in the advancement of science as well as newton. an established physicist and astronomer, hooke was with the royal society from its inception, and served it tirelessly and loyally for over forty years ; it was he who had worded the society ' s credo " to improve the knowledge of natural things, and all useful arts, manufactures, mechanic practices, engines and inventions by experiments ( not meddling with divinity, metaphysics, morals, politics, grammar, rhetoric or logic ). " but the rancor between newton and hooke did much to tarnish hooke ' s reputation. hooke was born on the isle of wight, july 18, 1635. as a child he survived smallpox, but was scarred physically and emotionally for life. when hooke was thirteen years old, his father, john hooke, a clergyman hanged himself. young robert had much emotional pain in his youth. receiving a 100 pound inheritance from his father, robert hooke became an orphan of sorts


for life. when hooke was thirteen years old, his father, john hooke, a clergyman hanged himself. young robert had much emotional pain in his youth. receiving a 100 pound inheritance from his father, robert hooke became an orphan of sorts, being sent off to london. in london was the painter sir peter lely, and there, hooke was to develop his artistic skills. as a boy, robert hooke had shown considerable interest and skill in mechanical things, and this, along with hooke ' s intelligence, did not escape the notice of richard busby, the most feared man of westminster school. busby had a reputation for " flogging sense into them, " but there was no threat here for robert hooke. busby saw great genius in hooke, and got involved to the extent of taking the boy into his own home. hooke moved through westminster, to oxford university, working his way through as a servant as had newton in cambridge. at oxford, hooke met physicist robert boyle, becoming his paid assistant. during his time with boyle, their greatest accomplish - ment was the construction of the air pump. hooke stayed with boyle until 1662 when boyle helped hooke secure the job as curator of experiments for the royal society. no job could have suited robert hooke more, and most other scientists less, than the job of curator of experiments. his task, three to four major experiments each week to be reported on and / or demonstrated to the royal society. the experiments varied in topic greatly, some of chemical nature, some of astronomy, some of biology, all were considered natural philosophy. all had to be understood. it was not a menial task, but hooke performed it excellently for forty one years until his death. testimony to hooke ' s stamina, and ability to handle a tremendous workload lay in the endeavors of the next few years of his life after being appointed curator. in 1663, hooke was elected a fellow of the society. in 1665, he was appointed professor of geometry at gresham college. the same year he published his micrographia, a book with elaborate drawings of various things under the microscope. and while it is flamsteed, cassinni and halley who usually get the credit for getting newton involved with comets, a great deal of interest was sparked in newton by a book entitled " cometa, " published around 1666, the author, robert hooke. newton had made mention of the book in his notes, and later


credit for getting newton involved with comets, a great deal of interest was sparked in newton by a book entitled " cometa, " published around 1666, the author, robert hooke. newton had made mention of the book in his notes, and later mentioned it in his correspondences. hooke had taken close observations of the comets of 1664 and 1665, as well as collecting data from other astronomers. the only thing hooke could not decide on was what type of motion the comet would take, straight line, circular orbit, or ellipse. by 1666, hooke had put it aside for the time, apparently because of the necessity of pursuing other matters. in 1666, after the great fire of london, hooke was appointed surveyor of london, designing many buildings including montague house, the royal college of physicians, bedlam and bethlehem hospital. hooke was indeed a very busy man. in 1677, after henry oldenburg ' s death, hooke succeeded him to the post of secretary of the royal society while still maintaining his responsibilities as curator. hooke continued in this capacity until 1683 when the post of secretary was filled by richard waller who would eventually write hooke ' s biography. hooke continued as curator and with his interest in architecture, an interest he shared with christopher wren, though wren practiced it far more diligently as an occupation. the two conversed often about the subject of architecture. while wren was constructing st. paul ' s cathedral, his greatest work, hooke assisted in modifying the great arches of the structure. and when the royal observatory was under construction, references appear about hooke ' s connection with that, though precisely to what degree is not known. while hooke never married, there was only one instance where he seemed to be in love, that was with his niece, jane hooke, who took over the duties of housekeeper at gresham. but though he became obsessed with her, she would not be faithful to him. hooke was ever a lonely person. though hooke outwardly may have seemed arrogant and self assured, underlying this seemed to be a great deal of insecurity. perhaps his physical condition had much to do with it. while physical deformities and scars were far more common in those days, hooke seems to have been an extreme case. descriptions of him such as " scarred to the point of ugliness " and his condition of " twistedness, which grew worse with age " and references to a great deal of pain, seem to imply a tortured


to have been an extreme case. descriptions of him such as " scarred to the point of ugliness " and his condition of " twistedness, which grew worse with age " and references to a great deal of pain, seem to imply a tortured person. certainly there were those who avoided him because of his condition, some even mocked him, newton once made a reference to a " dwarf " that was most certainly a barb directed at hooke. hooke devoted a great deal of time to the universe and its mysteries. the search for parallax was on in the seventeenth century, and hooke made an attempt to find it using a zenith telescope. the idea of using zenith telescopes was based on atmospheric distortion being at a minimum directly overhead, and therefore making for the most accurate measurements. hooke used the star gamma draconis, but the telescope was too crude to reach any definite conclusions. hooke anticipated some of the most important discoveries and inventions of his time. among hooke ' s contributions are the correct formulation of the theory of elasticity, the kinetic hypothesis of gases and the nature of combustion. he was the first to use the balance spring for the regulation of watches and devised improvements in pendulum clocks and invented a machine for cutting the teeth of watch wheels. an expert micro - scopist, his microstudies of the composition of cork led him to suggest the use of the word cell ( meaning a tiny bare room, like a monk ' s cell ), and the word survived as the name for living cells. the publication of his micrographia in 1665, published in english, with its engraved magnifications of minute bodies, was a major milestone of english science. hooke was the first to report the great red spot of jupiter and the first to establish the rotation of the giant planet. he formulated the theory of planetary motion as a problem in mechanics, and pioneered the scientific trail that led newton to his goal in the formulation of the law of gravitation. as a scientist, hooke made useful contributions to the wave theory of light. his interests ranged from these matters to pre - daltonian atomic studies, astronomy, earthquakes and the physics of spring mechanisms. he set the thermo - metrical zero at the freezing point of water and studied the relationship of barometrical readings to changes in the weather ; he invented a land carriage, a diving bell, a method of telegraphy and he and ascertained the number of vibrations corresponding to musical notes. the first confrontation between hooke and


the relationship of barometrical readings to changes in the weather ; he invented a land carriage, a diving bell, a method of telegraphy and he and ascertained the number of vibrations corresponding to musical notes. the first confrontation between hooke and newton came in 1672. newton had written a paper on his demonstration of white light being a composite of other colours. it was presented to the royal society just prior to newton ' s reception as a fellow of the society. newton thought a great deal of his demonstration, referring to it as " the oddest if not the most considerable detection wch hath hitherto beene made in the operations of nature. " 1 but newton was met with a strong rebuff by hooke. hooke had his own wave theory of light, he had gone into some detail about it in the micrographia, and he still believed in it strongly. he claimed newton had not proven his idea clearly, and needed more detail. newton had the equivalent of a temper tantrum. the situation was made worse for newton because hooke was not the only one attacking newton ' s theory, he had been joined by christian huygens, ignace pardies and the jesuits of liege. newton had since childhood, reacted strongly to criticism. he constantly challenged authority, and to rebuff him, was to become an enemy. newton demonstrated this over and over during his lifetime ; his response was often either complete withdrawal, or open battle. on this occasion, newton chose withdrawal ( though usually for newton withdrawal was some form of manipulation in battle plans. ) in march 1673, newton wrote to henry oldenburg, the current secretary of the royal society. newton requested to withdraw from the society. it took much gushing of admiration, respect, etc. on oldenburg ' s part, as well as an offer to wave dues to the society to get newton to change his mind. oldenburg also offered an apology for the behavior of an " unnamed member. " the stage was set. newton had successfully established his place in the society, and had scored a victory, of sorts, over hooke. in many ways, the problems between hooke and newton could be attributed to the traits they had in common, rather than to their differences of opinion on scientific matters. both were short tempered. both were quick to make someone an enemy. newton once threw a colleague out of his office and refused to speak with him for years because the man had made a joke about a nun. and newton refused to speak with


matters. both were short tempered. both were quick to make someone an enemy. newton once threw a colleague out of his office and refused to speak with him for years because the man had made a joke about a nun. and newton refused to speak with flamsteed for years because flamsteed refused to surrender raw data on comet observations. ( actually it made both newton and halley mad, they needed the data for their studies and did not want to wait for " finished data, " but while newton ranted and raved, halley took matters into his own hands, literally ; he stole the data! ) hooke became enemies of henry oldenburg, secretary of the royal society, in 1658 because oldenburg had taken christian huygens side of an argument over a claim to the invention of spring balanced watches. both newton and hooke were suspicious of other people ' s motives, ( especially each other ' s ), to the point of paranoia. newton seems to have always been that way. but hooke seems have developed this trait later in life. richard waller, who knew hooke quite well, and was with him until his death wrote this of hooke : " he was in the beginning of his being made known to the learned, very communicative of his philosophical discoveries and inventions, till some accidents made him to a crime close and reserv ' d. he laid the cause upon some persons, challenging his discoveries for their own, taking occasion from his hints to perfect what he had not ; which made him say he would suggest nothing until he had time to perfect it himself, which has been the reason that many things are lost, which he affirm ' d he knew. " 2 in other ways hooke and newton were opposite, almost as if they had all the wrong things in common. while newton was a recluse, seldom dining out, hooke was gregarious and loved nothing better than the coffee house. he often dined there and stayed until one or two in the morning, drinking some, and smoking and talking to friends. when it came to experiments and work, they were opposite also. newton would work on one project relentlessly until he had defeated it. hooke, and it must be said this attribute would be required of him if he was to do a proper job as curator of experiments, flitted from one topic to another. he was, similar to halley, curious to a fault about everything. it was quite probably the demands of his job as curator of


him if he was to do a proper job as curator of experiments, flitted from one topic to another. he was, similar to halley, curious to a fault about everything. it was quite probably the demands of his job as curator of experiments that kept hooke from concentrating adequate time on any one subject. the very job at which he had worked so diligently and so faithfully would be the cause of later accusations of hooke ' s work being " broken " and " disjointed. " the next major confrontation between hooke and newton surfaced openly in 1684. it concerned newton ' s principia, and the involvement hooke had in it. newton claimed hooke had none, and quite a few historians have agreed ; but a closer look at the events prior to the principia ' s publication, leave little doubt that hooke was indeed involved. the idea of gravity and its force of attraction was a common topic of interest in those days. newton, halley, wren and hooke all played with the concept. in 1679, there were several letters exchanged between hooke and newton. both had made a slight attempt to work out their differences. hooke had suggested it was other people ( namely oldenburg ) who had made problems, and they should correspond with each other in order to avoid misunder - standings. newton seemed agreeable. the topic of the first letters between them was the old trajectory problem. what path would an object follow falling to the earth. newton had suggested an experiment to prove it. but newton made a mistake, suggesting that the trajectory would be a spiral. hooke grabbed this and ran with it. he announced to the society that newton was wrong. newton was incensed, he felt hooke had no right to take their correspondence to the society, and that the major issue was one of a conduct problem on the part of hooke. hooke had no right to announce newton wrong to the society. it is entirely possible that hooke was making the most of it, but one can hardly blame him when one considers the godlike esteem in which many people held newton. newton may have been the " giver of laws " but he often upstaged the others of his time, and was not inclined to give credit to anyone else. newton refused to correspond with hooke any further, hooke had written a third letter to newton, that newton refused to answer. and it is this third letter that is of particular interest. this letter was written january


to give credit to anyone else. newton refused to correspond with hooke any further, hooke had written a third letter to newton, that newton refused to answer. and it is this third letter that is of particular interest. this letter was written january 6, 1680, and in it, hooke spoke of his theory of gravity. hooke wrote ; " but my supposition is that the attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocal, and consequently that the velocity will be in a subduplicate proportion to the attraction and consequently as kepler supposes reciprocal to the distance. " this was the main letter hooke used as evidence when he claimed newton had robbed him of his theory, but hooke had no answer from newton acknowledging hooke ' s theory. hooke first appealed to halley saying that newton had taken all credit for the theory of gravity, when in fact, he, hooke, had given the idea to newton. this put halley in a difficult situation. halley was himself paying for the principia to be published, and the last thing he needed was for newton to get temperamental. however, halley had to know first hand, because of previous communication with hooke, that hooke was not unreasonable in his claims. halley and hooke had long before discussed the idea that the force of gravitation must diminish by the square of the distance across which it is propagated and agreed that the inverse square law could explain kepler ' s discovery that the planets move in elliptical orbits, each sweeping out an equal area within its orbit in equal time. halley wrote newton and told him, " he sais you had the notion from him, though he owns the demonstration of the curves generated thereby to be wholly your own : how much of this is so you know best, as likewise what you have to do in this matter, only mr. hooke seems to expect you should make some mention of him in the preface, which, it is possible, you may see reason to prefix. " 3 newton vehemently denied any such accusation to halley. a second letter to newton from halley pointed out that hooke had not made a formal complaint of the matter, and that he felt that others had made hooke ' s conduct seem worse than it was. halley further pointed out again that hooke was not trying to lay claim to the entire theory. it must have been a terribly uncomfortable situation for the easy going halley. newton had


had made hooke ' s conduct seem worse than it was. halley further pointed out again that hooke was not trying to lay claim to the entire theory. it must have been a terribly uncomfortable situation for the easy going halley. newton had another temper tantrum and told halley he would not write the third book of the principia. halley thought this an incredible loss to mankind, and he had already invested much of his own resources in the publication of the first two books ; he stopped at nothing to appease newton. this incident only served to further harm hooke ' s reputation. newton still maintained hooke was wrong ; newton would share his credit with no one, most certainly not with hooke, and refused to do anything for him. the principia was formally presented to the royal society in 1687 with no mention of hooke in the preface ; clearly, newton had scored another victory over hooke. the year 1687 was indeed a dark year for robert hooke. the principia was published, without recognition to hooke. as if that was not enough, hooke ' s niece also died that year. she was the niece who had captured the heart of the aging scientist. after the principia publication and the death of hooke ' s niece, his health declined at a greater rate. it is possible, judging by some descriptions, that hooke was inflicted with scoliosis, a crippling degenerative disease that causes an unnatural curvature of the spine and would account for his " incurvature " and stooping posture. but he stayed active until the last year of his life when he possibly had a stroke and was confined to bed. but waller reported that his mind stayed clear until his death, though he became increasingly melancholy and disagreeable. hooke died on march 3, 1703, having been blind and bedridden the last year of his life. there had been little justice for hooke during his life, and there would be little to follow after his death. his grave location is not even known. moreover, richard waller published some of hooke ' s works in 1705, dedicated to none other than isaac newton. this posthumous insult did little for hooke and it is quite doubtful newton appreciated it anyway. what remained of hooke ' s works then passed to the reverend william derham, who was an old friend of newton ' s and took until 1725 to publish any more of hooke ' s works. what part newton played in the


it anyway. what remained of hooke ' s works then passed to the reverend william derham, who was an old friend of newton ' s and took until 1725 to publish any more of hooke ' s works. what part newton played in the events that took place in the moving of the royal society from gresham is unknown for sure. however it was during the move, that hooke ' s portrait, the only one known, disappeared, as did most of hooke ' s instruments, papers and scientific contrivances which hooke had fashioned with his own hands. derham commented that even twenty years after hooke ' s death, newton could still not speak of him and remain calm. there may be no evidence to prove newton was responsible, but the motive is damning. it was also probably due to newton ' s spite that one of hooke ' s gifts to the society fell through. hooke had spent little of his money, keeping it locked away in an iron chest. when he was a dying man he told waller he wanted to give his money after his death, to the society, so that new quarters, meeting rooms, laboratories, and a library might be constructed. but hooke had unfortunately not made a will, or at least one was never found. it seems logical that, had newton wanted to assert the society ' s right to the money, based on waller ' s testimony, he undoubtedly would have gotten it. newton, who after becoming president of the royal society in 1703 had severed all ties that bound the society to hooke, wanted nothing of him. those who charge robert hooke with, habitually and without justification, accusing others of stealing his work need only consider that wren ' s name had been attached to the architecture of the royal college of physicians, willen church in buckingham - shire. perhaps the only justice hooke ever received, albeit posthumously, is that robert hooke was eventually recognized as the true architect. newton once wrote halley and referring to his ( newton ' s ) works, said they were a garden, and that hooke had pilfered from it. sometimes we need to take a look at the facts rather than to judge someone by a reputation his enemies helped create in order to grasp the true picture. robert hooke may have had his faults, and he may have been too quick to make assertions, but he most certainly does not deserve his fate or lack of recognition. newton ' s actions in severing all ties between hooke and the society did nothing


12. the attack by fire rather more than half the chapter ( ss. 1 - 13 ) is devoted to the subject of fire, after which the author branches off into other topics. sun tzu said : there are five ways of attacking with fire. the first is to burn soldiers in their camp ; # so tu mu. li ch ` uan says : " set fire to the camp, and kill the soldiers " ( when they try to escape from the flames ). pan ch ` ao, sent on a diplomatic mission to the king of shan - shan [ see xi. ss. 51, note ], found himself placed in extreme peril by the unexpected arrival of an envoy from the hsiung - nu [ the mortal enemies of the chinese ]. in consultation with his officers, he exclaimed : " never venture, never win! [ 1 = " unless you enter the tiger ' s lair, you cannot get hold of the tiger ' s cubs. " ] the only course open to us now is to make an assault by fire on the barbarians under cover of night, when they will not be able to discern our numbers. profiting by their panic, we shall exterminate them completely ; this will cool the king ' s courage and cover us with glory, besides ensuring the success of our mission. ' the officers all replied that it would be necessary to discuss the matter first with the intendant. pan ch ` ao then fell into a passion : ' it is today, ' he cried, ' that our fortunes must be decided! the intendant is only a humdrum civilian, who on hearing of our project will certainly be afraid, and everything will be brought to light. an inglorious death is no worthy fate for valiant warriors. ' all then agreed to do as he wished. accordingly, as soon as night came on, he and his little band quickly made their way to the barbarian camp. a strong gale was blowing at the time. pan ch ` ao ordered ten of the party to take drums and hide behind the enemy ' s barracks, it being arranged that when they saw flames shoot up, they should begin drumming and yelling with all their might. the rest of his men, armed with bows and crossbows, he posted in ambuscade at the gate of the camp. he then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the front and rear of the hsiung - nu, who rushed out pell - mell in frantic disorder


of the camp. he then set fire to the place from the windward side, whereupon a deafening noise of drums and shouting arose on the front and rear of the hsiung - nu, who rushed out pell - mell in frantic disorder. pan ch ` ao slew three of them with his own hand, while his companions cut off the heads of the envoy and thirty of his suite. the remainder, more than a hundred in all, perished in the flames. on the following day, pan ch ` ao, divining his thoughts, said with uplifted hand : ' although you did not go with us last night, i should not think, sir, of taking sole credit for our exploit. ' this satisfied kuo hsun, and pan ch ` ao, having sent for kuang, king of shan - shan, showed him the head of the barbarian envoy. the whole kingdom was seized with fear and trembling, which pan ch ` ao took steps to allay by issuing a public proclamation. then, taking the king ' s sons as hostage, he returned to make his report to tou ku. " hou han shu, ch. 47, ff. 1, 2. ] the second is to burn stores ; # tu mu says : " provisions, fuel and fodder. " in order to subdue the rebellious population of kiangnan, kao keng recommended wen ti of the sui dynasty to make periodical raids and burn their stores of grain, a policy which in the long run proved entirely successful. the third is to burn baggage trains ; # an example given is the destruction of yuan shao ` s wagons and impedimenta by ts ` ao ts ` ao in 200 a. d. the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines ; # tu mu says that the things contained in " arsenals " and " magazines " are the same. he specifies weapons and other implements, bullion and clothing. cf. vii. ss. 11. the fifth is to hurl dropping fire amongst the enemy. # tu yu says in the t ` ung tien : " to drop fire into the enemy ' s camp. the method by which this may be done is to set the tips of arrows alight by dipping them into a brazier, and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy ' s lines. " in order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. # t ` sao kung thinks that " traitors in the enemy ' s camp "


brazier, and then shoot them from powerful crossbows into the enemy ' s lines. " in order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. # t ` sao kung thinks that " traitors in the enemy ' s camp " are referred to. but ch ` en hao is more likely to be right in saying : " we must have favorable circumstances in general, not merely traitors to help us. " chia lin says : " we must avail ourselves of wind and dry weather. " the material for raising fire should always be kept in readiness. # tu mu suggests as material for making fire : " dry vegetable matter, reeds, brushwood, straw, grease, oil, etc. " here we have the material cause. chang yu says : " vessels for hoarding fire, stuff for lighting fires. " there is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for starting a conflagration. # the proper season is when the weather is very dry ; the special days are those when the moon is in the constellations of the sieve, the wall, the wing or the cross - bar ; # these are, respectively, the 7th, 14th, 27th, and 28th of the twenty - eight stellar mansions, corresponding roughly to sagittarius, pegasus, crater and corvus. for these four are all days of rising wind. # in attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developments : # ( 1 ) when fire breaks out inside to enemy ' s camp, respond at once with an attack from without. # ( 2 ) if there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy ' s soldiers remain quiet, bide your time and do not attack. # the prime object of attacking with fire is to throw the enemy into confusion. if this effect is not produced, it means that the enemy is ready to receive us. hence the necessity for caution. ( 3 ) when the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an attack, if that is practicable ; if not, stay where you are. # ts ` ao kung says : " if you see a possible way, advance ; but if you find the difficulties too great, retire. " ( 4 ) if it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment. # tu mu says that the previous paragraphs had reference to the fire breaking out ( either accidentally,


is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait for it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment. # tu mu says that the previous paragraphs had reference to the fire breaking out ( either accidentally, we may suppose, or by the agency of incendiaries ) inside the enemy ' s camp. " but, " he continues, " if the enemy is settled in a waste place littered with quantities of grass, or if he has pitched his camp in a position which can be burnt out, we must carry our fire against him at any seasonable opportunity, and not await on in hopes of an outbreak occurring within, for fear our opponents should themselves burn up the surrounding vegetation, and thus render our own attempts fruitless. " the famous li ling once baffled the leader of the hsiung - nu in this way. the latter, taking advantage of a favorable wind, tried to set fire to the chinese general ' s camp, but found that every scrap of combustible vegetation in the neighborhood had already been burnt down. on the other hand, po - ts ` ai, a general of the yellow turban rebels, was badly defeated in 184 a. d. through his neglect of this simple precaution. " at the head of a large army he was besieging ch ` ang - she, which was held by huang - fu sung. the garrison was very small, and a general feeling of nervousness pervaded the ranks ; so huang - fu sung called his officers together and said : " in war, there are various indirect methods of attack, and numbers do not count for everything. [ the commentator here quotes sun tzu, v. ss. 5, 6 and 10. ] now the rebels have pitched their camp in the midst of thick grass which will easily burn when the wind blows. if we set fire to it at night, they will be thrown into a panic, and we can make a sortie and attack them on all sides at once, thus emulating the achievement of t ` ien tan. ' [ see p. 90. ] that same evening, a strong breeze sprang up ; so huang - fu sung instructed his soldiers to bind reeds together into torches and mount guard on the city walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and huang - fu sung


walls, after which he sent out a band of daring men, who stealthily made their way through the lines and started the fire with loud shouts and yells. simultaneously, a glare of light shot up from the city walls, and huang - fu sung, sounding his drums, led a rapid charge, which threw the rebels into confusion and put them to headlong flight. " [ hou han shu, ch. 71. ] ( 5 ) when you start a fire, be to windward of it. do not attack from the leeward. # chang yu, following tu yu, says : " when you make a fire, the enemy will retreat away from it ; if you oppose his retreat and attack him then, he will fight desperately, which will not conduce to your success. " a rather more obvious explanation is given by tu mu : " if the wind is in the east, begin burning to the east of the enemy, and follow up the attack yourself from that side. if you start the fire on the east side, and then attack from the west, you will suffer in the same way as your enemy. " a wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls. # cf. lao tzu ' s saying : " a violent wind does not last the space of a morning. " ( tao te ching, chap. 23. ) mei yao - ch ` en and wang hsi say : " a day breeze dies down at nightfall, and a night breeze at daybreak. this is what happens as a general rule. " the phenomenon observed may be correct enough, but how this sense is to be obtained is not apparent. in every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days. # tu mu says : " we must make calculations as to the paths of the stars, and watch for the days on which wind will rise, before making our attack with fire. " chang yu seems to interpret the text differently : " we must not only know how to assail our opponents with fire, but also be on our guard against similar attacks from them. " hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence ; those who use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. # by means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings. # ts ` ao kung ' s note is : " we can merely obstruct


as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength. # by means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belongings. # ts ` ao kung ' s note is : " we can merely obstruct the enemy ' s road or divide his army, but not sweep away all his accumulated stores. " water can do useful service, but it lacks the terrible destructive power of fire. this is the reason, chang yu concludes, why the former is dismissed in a couple of sentences, whereas the attack by fire is discussed in detail. wu tzu ( ch. 4 ) speaks thus of the two elements : " if an army is encamped on low - lying marshy ground, from which the water cannot run off, and where the rainfall is heavy, it may be submerged by a flood. if an army is encamped in wild marsh lands thickly overgrown with weeds and brambles, and visited by frequent gales, it may be exterminated by fire. " unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise ; for the result is waste of time and general stagnation. # this is one of the most perplexing passages in sun tzu. ts ` ao kung says : " rewards for good service should not be deferred a single day. " and tu mu : " if you do not take opportunity to advance and reward the deserving, your subordinates will not carry out your commands, and disaster will ensue. " for several reasons, however, and in spite of the formidable array of scholars on the other side, i prefer the interpretation suggested by mei yao - ch ` en alone, whose words i will quote : " those who want to make sure of succeeding in their battles and assaults must seize the favorable moments when they come and not shrink on occasion from heroic measures : that is to say, they must resort to such means of attack of fire, water and the like. what they must not do, and what will prove fatal, is to sit still and simply hold to the advantages they have got. " hence the saying : the enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead ; the good general cultivates his resources. # tu mu quotes the following from the san lueh, ch. 2 : " the warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, kits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. if faith decays, there


. # tu mu quotes the following from the san lueh, ch. 2 : " the warlike prince controls his soldiers by his authority, kits them together by good faith, and by rewards makes them serviceable. if faith decays, there will be disruption ; if rewards are deficient, commands will not be respected. " move not unless you see an advantage ; use not your troops unless there is something to be gained ; fight not unless the position is critical. # sun tzu may at times appear to be over - cautious, but he never goes so far in that direction as the remarkable passage in the tao te ching, ch. 69. " i dare not take the initiative, but prefer to act on the defensive ; i dare not advance an inch, but prefer to retreat a foot. " no ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen ; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique. # if it is to your advantage, make a forward move ; if not, stay where you are. # this is repeated from xi. ss. 17. here i feel convinced that it is an interpolation, for it is evident that ss. 20 ought to follow immediately on ss. 18. anger may in time change to gladness ; vexation may be succeeded by content. # but a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being ; # the wu state was destined to be a melancholy example of this saying. nor can the dead ever be brought back to life. # hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution. this is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact. # blog comments powered by disqus


when you sit down at your computer and do a google search, you ' re almost instantly presented with a list of results from all over the web. how does google find web pages matching your query, and determine the order of search results? in the simplest terms, you could think of searching the web as looking in a very large book with an impressive index telling you exactly where everything is located. when you perform a google search, our programs check our index to determine the most relevant search results to be returned ( " served " ) to you. the three key processes in delivering search results to you are : - crawling : does google know about your site? can we find it? - indexing : can google index your site? - serving : does the site have good and useful content that is relevant to the user ' s search? crawling is the process by which googlebot discovers new and updated pages to be added to the google index. we use a huge set of computers to fetch ( or " crawl " ) billions of pages on the web. the program that does the fetching is called googlebot ( also known as a robot, bot, or spider ). googlebot uses an algorithmic process : computer programs determine which sites to crawl, how often, and how many pages to fetch from each site. google ' s crawl process begins with a list of web page urls, generated from previous crawl processes, and augmented with sitemap data provided by webmasters. as googlebot visits each of these websites it detects links on each page and adds them to its list of pages to crawl. new sites, changes to existing sites, and dead links are noted and used to update the google index. google doesn ' t accept payment to crawl a site more frequently, and we keep the search side of our business separate from our revenue - generating adwords service. googlebot processes each of the pages it crawls in order to compile a massive index of all the words it sees and their location on each page. in addition, we process information included in key content tags and attributes, such as title tags and alt attributes. googlebot can process many, but not all, content types. for example, we cannot process the content of some rich media files or dynamic pages. when a user enters a query, our machines search the index for matching pages and return the results we believe are the most relevant to the user. relevancy is determined by over 200 factors, one of which is the pagerank for a given page. pagerank is


a query, our machines search the index for matching pages and return the results we believe are the most relevant to the user. relevancy is determined by over 200 factors, one of which is the pagerank for a given page. pagerank is the measure of the importance of a page based on the incoming links from other pages. in simple terms, each link to a page on your site from another site adds to your site ' s pagerank. not all links are equal : google works hard to improve the user experience by identifying spam links and other practices that negatively impact search results. the best types of links are those that are given based on the quality of your content. in order for your site to rank well in search results pages, it ' s important to make sure that google can crawl and index your site correctly. our webmaster guidelines outline some best practices that can help you avoid common pitfalls and improve your site ' s ranking. google ' s did you mean and google autocomplete features are designed to help users save time by displaying related terms, common misspellings, and popular queries. like our google. com search results, the keywords used by these features are automatically generated by our web crawlers and search algorithms. we display these predictions only when we think they might save the user time. if a site ranks well for a keyword, it ' s because we ' ve algorithmically determined that its content is more relevant to the user ' s query.


time to save the western arctic reserve of alaska posted september 27, 2012 in saving wildlife and wild places last month, secretary of the interior ken salazar announced the bureau of land management ’ s preferred alternative, the “ b - 2 ” alternative, for the first area - wide integrated activity plan developed for western arctic reserve, formally known as the national petroleum reserve - alaska. the reserve is the nation ’ s largest tract of public land — the size of indiana — covering nearly 23 million acres of america ’ s most wild and remote region. the b - 2 alternative is a major step toward achieving long - sought, responsible management of the reserve and is consistent with the federal land management mandate for the reserve provided by the naval petroleum reserves production act ( nprpa ) of 1976. in nprpa, congress explicitly recognized that the reserve contains subsistence, recreational, fish, wildlife, historical, and scenic values that should be protected and directed the secretary of the interior to establish “ conditions, restrictions, and prohibitions ” to protect significant surface resources of the reserve ( 42 usc § 6506a ). nprpa expressly cites the teshekpuk lake and utukok river as examples of areas warranting “ maximum protection ” under the law ( 42 usc § 6504 ). these provisions of nprpa were included partly due to the work i did as a lobbyist. the b - 2 alternative would protect approximately 11 million acres of the highest - value habitats found in america ’ s arctic by recognizing these habitats as ‘ special areas ’. the nprpa also closed the entire western arctic reserve to hard rock mining claims, land selections by the state of alaska and native corporations and oil and gas leasing — although it did allow oil and gas exploration. only through a sneaky amendment to the interior appropriations bill in 1980 by senator ted stevens ( r - ak ) was the area opened to oil and gas leasing. the teshekpuk lake special area is vital habitat for countless shorebirds, waterfowl, and seabirds, including the rare yellow - billed loon and the threatened spectacled eider. the lake is the centerpiece of the world ' s largest arctic wetland and the heart of an international migration of waterfowl, important to subsistence users, birdwatchers, and waterfowl hunters alike. many of these species migrate to places across the nation from coast to coast, and some travel much farther, to central or south america, asia, africa, or even antarctica. the b - 2 alternative would also protect the utukok river uplands


many of these species migrate to places across the nation from coast to coast, and some travel much farther, to central or south america, asia, africa, or even antarctica. the b - 2 alternative would also protect the utukok river uplands special area, core caribou calving, insect - relief, and migration areas of the state ’ s largest caribou herd – the western arctic caribou herd, which provides a vital subsistence resource for more than 40 communities in northern and western alaska. this area also provides vital habitat for various predators including grizzly bear, wolves and wolverine. the uplands serve as a wildlife highway – connecting interior alaska to the arctic coastal plain. going back to the late 1960 ’ s and early 1970 ’ s the u. s fish and wildlife service recommended that both the greater teshekpuk lake and utukok areas be protected as national wildlife refuges. rep. dingell ( d - mi ) sponsored bills to so protect them. when the alaska national interest lands conservation act of 1980 ( anilca ) passed the house of representatives, it provided for the entirety of the western area reserve to be a national wildlife refuge. coastal area protections, kasegaluk lagoon and peard bay special areas, would benefit polar bears, walrus, beluga whales, and other marine mammals. incorporating these protections for wildlife habitat into the reserve ’ s preferred alternative has generated broad public support. at least 27 resolutions representing 90 villages have been adopted in the region, calling for protection of critical areas, wildlife, and the subsistence way of life in the reserve. approximately 400, 000 public comments were submitted supporting strong conservation protections from several sportsmen and conservation organizations. despite the outpouring of public support for these conservation efforts, this plan does not include all the conservation lands it should. unfortunately, concessions were made to oil and gas interests. portions of the proposed utukok river uplands special area and teshekpuk lake special area were not included with full protection. major portions of the ikpikpuk river and lower utukok rivers were not included in the special areas. although the significant parts of kasegaluk lagoon, peard bay, and the majority of the teshekpuk lake special areas are unavailable to leasing, some of these areas are not unavailable to new non - subsistence infrastructure — this leaves the door open these areas to be carved up with roads and pipelines. roads between individual oil fields should be absolutely prohibited. in the last year the usgs


o. henry in 1909. he may even be drunk here. new york city has a fine, macabre tradition of harboring famous artists, writers, musicians and actors on the cusp of an alcohol or drug - fueled demise. the city naturally attracts the creative, oddballs and innovators looking for like minds amid the flourishing artistic communities of the city. many of these also tragically detoured into the city ' s equally impressive collection of taverns, saloons, opium dens, speakeasies, nightclubs, coke dens and crackhouses. countless have drank and drugged themselves to ruin in the city ' s 400 - year history, either unintentionally or with suicidal design. if you ' re looking to pinpoint the first major instance of this trend among the major icons of american history, look back in new york city history exactly one hundred years ago to the death of one of this country ' s most iconic writers, o. henry. henry ( real name william sydney porter ) is not the first american writer to die of the effects of alcoholism. probably the most infamous was one - time new yorker edgar allen poe, who died in a baltimore gutter in 1849. i ' m not even going to claim that o. henry was even the first notable alcoholic death in new york city. for instance, jewish poet naphtali herz imber collapsed and died in the lower east side from an alcohol binge in 1909. but o. henry was an undisputed american star at the time of his death, one of the country ' s most famous writers and the pioneer of the short story. artists at the height of their success in 1910 do not die of alcohol abuse, at least officially. in fact, his death by cirrhosis on june 5, 1910, is heavily glossed over in contemporary sources. porter first became o. henry in 1899, in an article for mcclure ' s magazine. it should be noted he wrote that particular story while in an ohio prison, serving a five year stint for embezzlement. he moved to new york city in 1902 where he flourished, writing hundreds of stories and becoming america ' s most prolific and most popular writers. many of his stories are set in new york, although his popular ' the ransom of red chief ' ( one of favorite stories as a kid ) is a kidnapping yarn that takes place in alabama. probably his most famous tale, the 1906 ' gift of the magi ', was written, according to legend, at pete


the ransom of red chief ' ( one of favorite stories as a kid ) is a kidnapping yarn that takes place in alabama. probably his most famous tale, the 1906 ' gift of the magi ', was written, according to legend, at pete ' s tavern near gramercy park. so yes, like many writers, porter wrote and drank, both prolifically and magnificently. in fact, he kept drinking even though his body began deteriorating from the effects of cirrhosis and diabetes. on june 3, 1910, porter collapsed after writing a letter and was taken to the new york polyclinic hospital at 218 east 34th street ( today near the entrance of the queens midtown tunnel ), checking in under a false name to throw off the newspaper reporters. he died two days later, his last words reportedly, " turn up the lights. i don ' t want to go home in the dark. " biographies of the day barely mentioned porter ' s drinking problem and the cirrhosis which killed him. the writer was buried in asheville, nc, the hometown of his wife sara. for the next hundred years, troubled celebrities would follow his morbid example - - from dylan thomas to billie holiday, heath ledger, gg allin, lorenz hart, sid vicious, jean - michel basquiat, montgomery clift, julia bruns, and many more. " it couldn ' t have happened anywhere but in little old new york. " - - o. henry


consider : in 1985, according to a boston redevelopment authority ( bra ) study, blacks made up 25 percent of boston ' s total population – 76 percent of whom were concentrated in the adjoining, and predominantly black, neighborhoods of roxbury, mattapan, and south dorchester. and while another 17 percent of the city ' s blacks lived, according to the bra study, in the mostly white neighborhoods of hyde park, north dorchester, and the more evenly integrated jamaica plain, that can be attributed less to integration than to an expansion of boston ' s growing minority population into areas that border the city ' s established black core. meanwhile, six of boston ' s 16 neighborhoods were found to be more than 90 percent white. four of them – south boston, charlestown, east boston, and downtown – had zero percent blacks living in them ; allston - brighton, roslindale, and west roxbury all had black populations of two percent or less. and according to 1980 census data of 22 cities and towns surrounding boston, 19 had black populations of less than 3 percent. and in 13 of those communities, blacks actually made up less than one percent of the population. part of that disparity, some sources say, is a result more of economics than of outright housing discrimination. " i think the whole affordable - housing issue overshadows discrimination, " says wilson henderson, director of the massachusetts housing finance agency ' s ( mhfa ) equal - opportunity division. a full third of black families live in poverty, according to henderson, who argues that persons with low incomes tend to be less mobile than their wealthy counterparts, and therefore prefer to live closer to a familiar social structure. and the perception that housing costs in communities of color are so much cheaper may also convince many minorities that moving into white neighborhoods is economically impossible. ( according to a 1981 neighborhood - by - neighborhood survey of rents conducted by the massachusetts tenants organization, however, that perception is highly overstated. the then - median $ 383 monthly rent in roxbury, mission hill, and mattapan was only four percent lower than the city - wide average of $ 402. and it was more expensive than prices in white neighborhoods such as roslindale and east boston, and at least a dozen largely white suburbs. ) others argue that many people of color have no desire to leave their communities. many who could afford to live elsewhere are perfectly content to stay, say these observers, and resent the implication that moving into white areas should be some sort of innate desire. others


the current state of arctic sea ice ( see graph below ) sends a chill down my spine. so what it says is that the ice is melting furiously, and looks like it ’ s not yet slowing down even though the days have started to draw in. however, any scientist will tell you that no single data point can be used as evidence of global warming, there are simply too many fluctuations for anything to be concluded over anything but the longest timescales. we cannot simply look at the mean temperature for a hot year and say, there you go, global warming! now, the issue is, there are well - known cycles over pretty much all timescales – this pretty much undermines all serious attempts at prediction. so, what to do? well all is not lost ; there are still some clever little leading indicators we can look at to give us that sobering wake up call. firstly, we know co2 concentration is up, no doubt or argument, this can be seen in the famous hawaii data above, complete with the seasonal ‘ breathing ’ by global plant - life. the argument is about whether the greenhouse models that say this will result in warming will turn out right. i honestly don ’ t know, but i wouldn ’ t even have to wonder if the co2 levels weren ’ t going up, would i? # 2 : a record breaking rate of record breaking secondly, rather looking at averages or ‘ new records ’, we can look at the frequency of records. so rather than saying, “ we just had the hottest summer ever in some parts of the us, there ’ s the proof ” we can look at how often records are set all over the world – hottest, coldest, wettest, dryest and so on. this approach creates a filter ; if it shows there are more records being broken on the hot side than the cold side, could this be an indicator? i hope not, because there are. again, it could be part of a long - term cycle that could bottom out any time now. but on the other hand, if it was going the other way, i wouldn ’ t have to hope, would i? # 3 : sea ice now the sea ice. the sea ice is another proxy for temperature. the reason it ’ s interesting to climatologists is because it is a natural way to ‘ sum - up ’ the total warmth for the year and longer ; if ice is reducing over several years, it means that there has been a net surplus of warmth. today we are seeing


climatologists is because it is a natural way to ‘ sum - up ’ the total warmth for the year and longer ; if ice is reducing over several years, it means that there has been a net surplus of warmth. today we are seeing a new record set for minimal northern sea ice. and not only is there less area of ice, but it is thinner than previously realized and some models now suggest we could be ice - free in late summer in my lifetime. now if that does not strike you cold, then i didn ’ t make myself clear. this is not some political posturing, not some ‘ big - business ’ spin, nor greeny fear mongering. it ’ s a cold clean fact you can interpret for yourself, and it could not be clearer. so is it time to panic? well it can still be argued the melting is part of a cycle, it could of course reverse and hey, no biggy. after all, what does it matter how much ice there is? well, yet again, i hate to rely on the ‘ hope ’ that it ’ s a cycle. because if it continues, the next effect will be felt much closer to home … sea level is the ultimate proxy for warming. indeed, sea level change can be so serious, maybe it is the problem rather than the symptom. if the ice on greenland and antarctica melt, the rise in sea level would displace hundreds of millions of people and change the landscape so dramatically it ’ s a fair bet wars and famine will follow. now that is serious. so have we seen sea level rise? well, yes. here ’ s the plot : now, it looks pretty conclusive but hold the boat. some say ’ s it ’ s proof of warming but not everyone agrees. it ’ s true it could again be a cycle. also, the sea level rise is fairly gradual ; what people are really arguing about is whether we should expect it to speed up. if temperature goes up a few degrees it could go up 5 or 10 times faster. the speed is the issue. humanity can cope if the level goes up slowly enough, sure, countries like tuvalu will be in big trouble either way, but countries like bangladesh and cities like new york and london will only be in real trouble if the rate increases. canaries taken into mines in order to detect poisonous gases ; the idea being they would suffer the gas faster than the people and if the canary dropped, it was time to vacate. do we have systems