building electrical system design phase, are shown in the construction documents ’ respective equipment schedules in va or kva. a general approach to determining transformer capacity and selecting the proper rating for the design application is to obtain the calculated design load from the respective electrical schedule and add 20 % spare capacity for future load growth to be shown in the equipment schedule, unless otherwise directed by the facility based on design parameters. for example, the code - based demand load of a 208 y / 120 v, 3 - phase, 4 - wire panelboard is 42 kva, which does do not include spare capacity for future growth. therefore, the transformer size required for converting the system voltage from 480 v, 3 - phase, 3 - wire to 208 y / 120 v, 3 - phase, 4 - wire is : transformer size in kva = 42 kva x 1. 25 = 52. 5 kva therefore, a 75 kva transformer would be selected for this application out of the available standard ratings for a 480 v primary to 208 y / 120 v secondary. the most common building industry standard ratings are 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, 37. 5, 45, 75, 112. 5, 150, 225, 300, 500, 750, and 1, 000 kva. the above simple calculation meets the intent to achieve the normal life expectancy of a transformer, which is based on the following basic conditions : - the transformer is equal to or less than its rated kva and rated voltage. - the average temperature of the cooling air during a 24 - hour period is 86 f. - the temperature of the cooling air at no time exceeds 104 f. transformer selection starts with the kva rating required to supply the loads connected in the electrical system. another consideration for indoor distribution transformers is the type of load : linear or nonlinear. linear loads include resistive heating and induction motors ; nonlinear loads are produced by electronic equipment that contributes to the distortion of the electrical power signals by generating harmonics. the harmonics resulting from nonsinusoidal currents generate additional losses and heating of the transformer coils, which reduce the transformer life expectancy. indoor transformers for nonlinear loads can be selected with a k rating, which allows the transformer to withstand nonlinear conditions in the electrical system. k - rated transformers do not mitigate or eliminate harmonics. however, they do protect the transformer itself from damage caused by harmonics. for harmonic mitigation, k - rated transformers can be combined with harmonic filters or choke


electrical system. k - rated transformers do not mitigate or eliminate harmonics. however, they do protect the transformer itself from damage caused by harmonics. for harmonic mitigation, k - rated transformers can be combined with harmonic filters or chokes. for linear load applications, transformers should be selected with lower core losses. other factors that should be considered in selecting transformers are voltage ratings for both primary and secondary, voltage taps, efficiency, impedance value, type of cooling and temperature rise, voltage insulation class, basic impulse level, and sound level. in the past two years, two large projects in miami dade county have been built : the florida international university football stadium and miami international airport south terminal. both projects included dry - type 480 v, 3 - phase to 208 y / 120v v step - down transformers ( in nema 2 enclosures ), ranging from 15 kva to 112. 5 kva in the electrical system distribution design. the 18, 688 - seat fiu football stadium was designed with about 12 transformers as part of the electrical system distribution in order to supply general - use receptacles, small motors, and other loads in the stadium building structure and the attached field house building. the mia south terminal expansion was designed with about 50 transformers with similar intent as the stadium ’ s but a more diverse group of loads for the 208 y / 120 v 3 - phase, 4 - wire system, which also included lighting loads, signage, telecommunication, security systems, and other loads part of this building project ( figure 1 ). the installation of power transformers and transformer vaults must comply with the requirements of national electrical code ( nfpa 70 ) article 450 and specific local authority having jurisdiction requirements. some principles to consider for transformer installation include locating them in isolated rooms with proper ventilation, clearances, and accessibility. otherwise, they can be installed on open walls or steel columns or above suspended ceilings. in addition, there are other specific requirements based on the transformer type, such as weatherproof enclosures for dry - type transformers installed outdoors or a transformer vault room for oil - insulated transformers installed indoors. in addition, a good design and installation require the proper transformer feeder and overcurrent protection device size based on nec articles 240, 250, 450, and applicable sections of article 310 ( figure 2 ). transformers remain a fundamental component of electrical distribution systems. equipment operation characteristics will continue to change. however, their operating principles will remain with the same. the industry trend is to continue building transformers


the easiest way to avoid consuming too much sodium is to choose fresh, whole foods that are as close to their natural state as possible, says steve g. aldana, ph. d., who is professor of health and human performance at brigham young university in provo, utah. the reason : although small amounts of sodium are naturally found in whole foods, they are infinitesimal compared to the amounts found in many processed foods. that doesn ' t mean you have to forgo convenience in the kitchen, however. many canned vegetables are available in sodium - free or reduced - sodium versions. independent of sodium intake, fruit and vegetable consumption also has a positive effect on blood pressure. a diet that is rich in whole, unprocessed foods provides a healthy balance of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. " the closer we get to foods in their natural forms, the better, " aldana says. another mineral that plays a key role in a low - sodium diet is potassium. found in substantial levels in root vegetables, leafy greens, and fruits, potassium helps balance the effects of sodium in the body. in fact, when the usda lowered the dietary guidelines for sodium, it raised the recommendations for potassium - from 3, 500 to 4, 700mg per day, a figure most of us miss. ( average potassium intakes for women hover between 2, 100 to 2, 300mg, while men consume between 2, 900 and 3, 200mg. ) in a review of 33 clinical trials, researchers from tulane university health science center in new orleans found that increasing intake of potassium - rich foods may lower systolic blood pressure by an average of 3 points and diastolic by 2 points. some of us are physiologically sensitive to salt, and thus respond better and faster to a reduction in sodium intake. " salt - sensitive people will experience a greater reduction in blood pressure than salt - resistant people, " linn says. researchers estimate that 10 to 25 percent of the population may be salt - sensitive. among those with diagnosed hypertension, the number rises to 60 percent. for now, there ' s no way to test for salt sensitivity ; the best indication may be heredity. to learn more about a possible genetic connection to salt sensitivity, di rienzo tested more than 1, 000 people from 52 ethnic groups and discovered a variation in a salt - regulating gene called cyp3a5. the gene was most common in natives of sub - saharan africa. as the distance from the


di rienzo tested more than 1, 000 people from 52 ethnic groups and discovered a variation in a salt - regulating gene called cyp3a5. the gene was most common in natives of sub - saharan africa. as the distance from the equator increased, so did subjects ' likelihood of a mutation in the gene that causes salt to be retained. however, experts warn this discovery shouldn ' t provide license to load up on salt if you aren ' t sodium sensitive. " while certain traits may tip us off as to who faces the greatest risk from too much dietary sodium, it ' s difficult to predict who can get away with excess consumption, " says tedd mitchell, m. d., medical director for the cooper wellness program at the aerobics center in dallas, texas. other factors, such as age, also play a role. systolic blood pressure rises an average of four points per decade of life naturally, so all adults should reduce the amount of sodium they consume as they age - regardless of sensitivity levels, linn says. for people over 50, the 2005 dietary guidelines recommend an upper limit of 1, 500mg sodium per day. for those over 70, the daily limit drops to 1, 200mg. simply controlling for the natural rise in blood pressure that occurs over a lifetime could have far - reaching effects. sources : usda dietary guidelines for americans 2005 ; centers for disease control and prevention ' s national health and nutrition examination survey peggy j. noonan is a health and nutrition writer in denver, colorado.


ask the physical therapist : rotator cuff injuries michael s. comes to the physical therapist after seeing his orthopaedic physician. he has a script for physical therapy and has a diagnosis of rotator cuff impingement. michael s : what is my rotator cuff and what does it do? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : the rotator cuff is a group of 4 small muscles in the shoulder. they are often referred to as the " sits " muscles : supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles ( see figures 1 - 4 ). the rotator cuff stabilizes the shoulder joint ( refer to figure 1 and 4 and note where the humerus ( arm bone ), meets the scapula ( shoulder blade. ) in addition, the muscles assist in moving the arm in abduction ( moving the arm sideways away from the body, and in external rotation ( with elbow bent, at your side, forearm straight forward, and moving the hand outwards. michael s : how could i have injured my rotator cuff? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : first of all let ’ s take a look at the shoulder joint. it is a ball and socket joint, much like the hip. however, it moves much more freely than the hip. because it has greater mobility than the hip, it is not as stable as the hip. the previous predisposes the shoulder for injury. injury to the rotator cuff can occur from the following : - trauma : most likely occurs from either a forceful and sudden contraction of the rotator cuff, or from falling on an outstretched arm. throwing has been shown to be one of the movements that most consistently produces rotator cuff tears. - overuse or impingement : occurs when the rotator cuff and one of the shoulder bursa are pinched underneath the front aspect of the scapula. this area is referred to as the coracoacromial arch ( fig. 5. ) there are different stages of impingement. they are based on the age of the patient and the severity of symptoms. stage i usually occurs in individuals under age 25, and swelling is the most common symptom. stage ii usually occurs in patients 25 - 40 years old. the condition is now chronic, and thickening of the bursa, and fibrosis of the rotator cuff occur. in stage iii, there is degeneration, and often tears in the rotator cuff. - aging


40 years old. the condition is now chronic, and thickening of the bursa, and fibrosis of the rotator cuff occur. in stage iii, there is degeneration, and often tears in the rotator cuff. - aging and attrition ( wear and tear ) : aging causes progressive degeneration of the entire rotator cuff, decreasing its ability to adapt to stresses, and to heal after injuries. michael s : how does one determine that my rotator cuff is injured? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : first of all, most patients complain of pain in their shoulder area. an orthopaedic physician and physical therapist will notice abnormal shoulder movements and weakness. an mri is an effective means to evaluate the shoulder. michael s : how do i treat my condition? physical therapist ( p. t. ) : depending on what stage your impingement is, will determine the treatment. for all stages, some sort of rest is required. this means the patient needs to avoid any movements that aggravate their symptoms. ice, heat, ultrasound, electrical stimulation, and specific exercises may be recommended by a physical therapist. a physician may prescribe anti - inflammatories, and / or local steroid injections. surgery is indicated when all forms of conservative treatment fail ( e. g. physical therapy. ) donnatelli, robert and wooden, michael. orthopaedic physical therapy. churchill livingstone, philadelphia, pa, 2001. hoppenfeld, stanley. physical examination of the spine and the extremities. appleton century crofts, east norfolk, va, 1976. netter, frank. atlas of human anatomy. ciba - geigy corporation, summit, nj, 1989. sieg, kay and adams, sandra. illustrated essentials of musculoskeletal anatomy. megabooks, gainesville, fl 1985.


testing your soil for healthier crops jun 27, 2011 read more about tips and tricks on how to test your soil for healthier crops. does your garden need a little help compared to your neighbor ’ s bountiful yard? the answer might be right under your feet : the ph of your soil. few people realize that the ph of the soil affects plant growth. to help, we recommend visiting your local garden center. most carry inexpensive kits for testing the ph of your soil. what ’ s ph, you ask? simple : it ’ s the degree of acidity. a ph reading of 7 is considered to be neutral ; below 7 means your soil is acidic and above 7 means it ’ s alkaline. most plants thrive in a soil ph of around 6 to 7. 5, but some are more sensitive than others. for example, lettuce barely grows once the ph is over 7, while tomatoes are significantly more adaptable, growing in a ph range of 5. 5 to 7. 5. make sure to test each bed separately, as conditions can vary significantly, even within a single garden. you ’ ll also want to test your water since many deep wells are alkaline heavy and city water can vary widely. if your soil is too acidic, the most common remedy is lime. but use it sparingly, since overcorrection is a common problem and can take months to reverse. the best approach is to add very small amounts to the soil and retest in a few weeks. if the soil ’ s ph is too alkaline, it generally means its lacking in organic matter. start a compost pile ; your garden will thank you! or you can try adding sulfur, but again a light touch is necessary and retesting is key. once you ’ ve got your garden ’ s ph balanced, sit back and enjoy the results. you ’ ll be keeping up with the joneses ( or at least their tomatoes ) in no time at all.


posted by : loren coleman on june 20th, 2008 the goverment of ukraine intends to introduce a threatened species, the european bison or wisent ( bison bonasus ), into the exclusion zone around the stricken chernobyl nuclear reactor. the plan is to create a nature reserve where the bison can thrive in the absence of humans. the minister in charge of chernobyl, volodomir shandra, says there are clean areas within the 30 - kilometre radius where the pilot scheme could work. the wisent is the heaviest surviving land animal in europe, a relic of the pleistocene megafauna of eurasia. a forest dwelling species, wisent were first scientifically described by carolus linnaeus in 1758. the last wild wisent in poland was killed in 1919 and the last wild wisent in the world was killed by poachers in 1927 in the western caucasus. by that year fewer than 50 remained, all in zoos. schleich wisent replica. wisent were reintroduced successfully into the wild, beginning in 1951. they are found living free - ranging in forest preserves such as the western caucasus in russia and the białowieza forest in poland and belarus. zoos in 30 countries house about 3000 wisents ( as of 2000 ), all descended from only 12 individuals. if the chernobyl scheme is successful, tourists could be invited inside the exclusion zone to view these remarkable animals. but will they glow?


about the renminbi ( yaun ) the renminbi is the official currency of the people ' s republic of china. however, it is more commonly known by its primary unit, the yuan. renminbi is a decimalized currency system with subunits in tenths called jiao and subunits in hundredths called fen. although hong kong and macau are politically parts of china, these two locations use a separate currency. therefore, the renminbi is not legal tender in hong kong and macau. the renminbi is issued and managed by the people ' s bank of china, which was established in 1948. it remained the only legal bank in the country until 1978. the renminbi was introduced in the same year the people ' s bank was founded. after introduction, the currency maintained its value by being pegged to the us dollar, but as china progressed to a free - market economy, it was devalued on several occasions in an attempt to increase china ' s industries. today, many economists and international financial experts claim that the exchange rate of the renminbi is undervalued compared to its buying power by as much as 37. 5 per cent. as of 2005, the renminbi has been floating on the foreign exchange market in a narrow margin that is determined by a basket of leading world currencies. the basket includes the us dollar, euro, japanese yen, south korean won and several other currencies in a smaller proportion. after being removed from the us dollar peg, the renminbi immediately increased in value on the foreign exchange by two per cent. in 2008, the peg to the us dollar was reinstituted. in 2010, it was announced by china that the restrictions placed on the renminbi will be relaxed so the renminbi will once again have market flexibility. china is also working to internationalize the renminbi with the goal of it being used widespread as a foreign reserve currency. deals have already been struck with russia, vietnam and thailand that allows trade to be settled directly in renminbi. although the yuan has been the primary unit of currency in china for decades before, the renminbiyuan was not introduced until the communist party of china gained control of the country. the renminbi, or " people ' s currency, " was introduced to bring a unified currency system to the nation at the end of its civil war. currency is circulated through coins and banknotes, which are minted and printed by the china banknote printing and minting corporation


nazis secretly developed plot to drop radioactive bomb on new york from supersonic space rocket - hermann goering was tasked with overcoming long - range bombing problem - much of the research would later pave the way for modern space travel nazi chief hermann goering plotted to attack new york in a bizarre plot involving a manned space rocket dropping a dirty bomb over the manhattan skyline. vying for hitler ' s attention, the head of the german air - force, hermann goering, set up a lab and a team of leading scientists to explore the possibility of the radioactive attack on american soil. goering read the work of maverick austrian engineer, eugen saenger and particularly his belief that a space plane could be built. new york : the nazis wanted to attack the u. s. but they lacked long - range bombers capable of covering the distance. they explored a rocked - propelled spacecraft as a way to reach and bomb new york ( pictured ) the head of the luftwaffe commissioned him and other leading physicists to explore the plane, which he then wanted to arm with a radioactive bomb capable of doing untold damage to america ' s most populous city. leading historians told the daily express that goering may have been gullible for believing the far - fetched plan would work, but much of the research which went into the project paved the way for modern space travel research and the space shuttle program. ' saenger would greatly influence post - war thinking about space travel in the united states, ' dr david baker, a space historian, told the british newspaper. ' a whole series of highly classified space - plane concepts were developed based on his theories. ' silverbird : eugen saenger ( left ) devised plans for the aircraft known as the silverbird ( right ) that could reach america via space. goering wanted the craft to be capable of dropping a ' dirty bomb ' on new york ' his work certainly had an influence on aspects of the space shuttle programme. ' goering believed the rocket plan would enable the third reich to overcome the issue of flying across the atlantic and ultimately avenge america ' s entry into the war. saenger completed a 900 - page plan and called the craft the silverbird. he believed it would be able to clear the lower reaches of space after being fired with rocket engines. anti - american : the nazis sought a way to punish the u. s. for entering world war two. one of the schemes they looked at was a plane which would reach america via space in order to bomb new york it was expected to reach 13,


- american : the nazis sought a way to punish the u. s. for entering world war two. one of the schemes they looked at was a plane which would reach america via space in order to bomb new york it was expected to reach 13, 000 miles per hour, would have a 100 - tonne thrust motor and would reach more than 80 miles above earth. ' the plan was to wrap the bomb with radioactive sand and have it explode high above new york casting a radioactive cloud over the city, ” aviation historian david myhra ' it was a kind of prototype dirty bomb. ' losing control : goering was particularly keen to promote his airforce and saw the plot to bomb new york as an ideal way to win hitler ' s favor ' the standard aircraft of the day could not fly from europe to the us because they could not carry enough fuel. ' ' but by reaching sub - orbital altitude the silverbird ’ s fuel life would be extended allowing it to bomb anywhere in the world. ' ' it was wild science fiction ' ' but saenger had worked out all the mathematics. he was certain it would work. ' ' post - war analysis indicated that the space - plane would have burnt up during re - entry but this could have been overcome with thermal shielding. ' the underlying concept was sound but it was many years ahead of its time. ' goering finally dismissed the plan and the nazis looked at other ways to bomb the u. s. but never succeeded. saenger fled to france and was later sent for by josef stalin who was also interested in the silverbird concept. he was never found by the soviet union and died in 1964. dr asif siddiqi, an assistant professor in space history at fordham university said : ' saenger was the first to look into the technicalities of building a winged, reusable sub - orbital vehicle. ' ' his work was extremely far - sighted. ' failure to launch : the silverbird, pictured, was devised by austrian engineer eugen saenger so the nazis could bomb new york. the ambitious space rocket design wasn ' t developed beyond planning stage


2 flight zone. cattle are herd animals and are classified as a prey species. they have natural defenses against predators, such as escape or flight behaviors. the flight or escape zone is generally referred to as the area around them that, when invaded by the unwelcome, will cause them to move away. as cattle interact more with their handlers and regular surroundings, the flight zone can become smaller and they can be approached more readily. 3 stimulus area. this is the buffer area outside the flight zone in which controlled stimulus, when applied efficiently, will cause the cow to move as intended by the handler. “ stimulus ” here refers to human presence and action only, not prods, whips or any other physical tools. it is also more successful when only one person applies stimulus at a time. 4 depth perception. cows have limited close - up depth perception, making stepping over a curb, onto a shadow, or walking off the edge of a bedded pack potentially new to them. if those conditions are present in their environment, they will need to be handled repeatedly in order for them to learn not to over - react. 5 hearing. cattle have a broader hearing range than humans in frequency of kilohertz and will respond to quieter noises and higher pitches that humans cannot hear. reducing or eliminating loud noises, including shouting, whistling and clanging gates, will help reduce stress and adrenaline production. 6 stage of life. regular, calm interaction with humans should begin with newborn calves. young animals of all species ( including humans ) have “ brain plasticity, ” which means they have a tremendous ability to absorb and retain knowledge when they are very young. the transition period between hutches and group housing is a critical time to practice stockmanship to help them interact more calmly with humans, find out where their feed and water are, and become acclimated to having pen mates. calving time is another period that requires careful stockmanship, because maternal instincts can cause cows to become more aggressive and more easily startled. as a stockman, always leave yourself an escape route when handling close - up animals. 7 flow of movement. once a cow is moving in the intended direction, it is ideal to keep her moving and not interrupt that positive flow. facility design plays an important role here. placing cows in holding areas before they enter the parlor is not ideal, and crowd gates and “ cow pushers ” can cause severe stress. an example of constant, positive flow is the rotary parlor, which promotes positive flow and provides a very calming, regular routine


engineering & construction degrees and programs offered in california ( ca ) engineering and construction careers require you to have a high level of technical knowledge and formal training. a bachelor ' s degree plus a license from the california board for professional engineers, land surveyors and geologists is required for most engineers, while construction managers typically have a bachelor ' s degree plus certification and work experience. an associate ' s degree in engineering can prepare you for entry level technician jobs. earning engineering and construction degrees in california train to work in engineering and construction and you could enjoy a healthy salary for a career that fascinates you. the bureau of labor statistics reports the following 2009 mean annual wages for popular construction and engineering jobs in california : - aerospace engineers : $ 107, 710 - civil engineers : $ 91, 910 - industrial engineers : $ 86, 200 - managers of construction trades and extraction workers : $ 74, 500 - electricians : $ 56, 840 engineering and construction degrees in california can lead to a growth career in the state. the california employment development department projects an 8. 9 percent growth in job opportunities for construction managers between 2008 and 2018, a 7 percent growth for engineering managers, an 80. 6 percent growth for biomedical engineers, and a 21. 4 percent growth for environmental engineers. learn more about your degree options and start your commitment to training in california today.


55 and older you can contract hiv even though pregnancy may not be an issue, sexually active people over 55 are still at risk for contracting hiv and other stds. with new male enhancement drugs on the market, std rates among older americans are increasing. in 2007, persons aged 50 and older accounted for approximately 16 % of new hiv / aids diagnosis. you can protect yourself it is imperative that you continue to use protection such as condoms and dental dams to prevent unwanted diseases. use protection whenever you engage in any kind of sexual activity. make sure you : - know how to use a condom. don ' t know how? practice putting one on a banana or cucumber. you can get free condoms and help at desert aids project. - always use latex condoms with water - based lube like ky lubricant, id glide, and others. remember : only use water - based lube – anything else will break the condom. - use a condom, even when performing oral sex! you ' ll be safer and cleaner. - carry and store condoms in a cool, dry place. that means your car is not a location, especially during the summer months when anything left in a car will melt! if you have any questions about how put on condoms, what lube is, or where to keep either one of these, please contact ralph gonzalez at ( 760 ) 323 - 2118 ext. 703 or.


prepare for spring by diving into late - winter chores in the garden. remove leaf litter from a pond, especially if you have fish. decomposing leaves can have an adverse effect on water quality. turn off the pump to make it easier to collect the leaves. while removing the leaves, you can also scoop out algae that may have formed. when you ' re finished removing the leaves, turn the pump back on. if weeds have sprouted in the path that surrounds the water feature, remove them by hoeing or pulling. never use herbicides near a pond, especially if it contains fish, because nearly all herbicides are toxic to fish. they may also destroy aquatic plants in and around the pond. wait to remove or transplant overgrown or misplaced plants in or around the pond until the temperatures are warmer. late winter is not an ideal time to transplant herbaceous plants, and the water may be too cold or even frozen to work in. late winter is the ideal time to cut back ornamental grasses. although it can be fairly easy to cut back grasses with a pair of pruners, loppers or shears, you can also secure the top growth with a bungee cord or piece of twine and cut grasses back with electric or gas powered hedge trimmers. this method can be particularly useful on cutting back large sized grasses. late winter is a good time to prune runaway vines because you can visibly see where the vines are growing and remove them from nearby plants. if you wait until spring has sprung and the leaves are already on the trees and shrubs, you may miss an overgrown vine that could potentially be choking nearby plants. did you know... using a clothes line instead of a dryer will save a lot of energy. it ' s difficult to find hard numbers, but the environmental protection agency ' s energy star website indicates the average family does about 300 loads of laundry per year. pacific gas and electric ' s website estimates that it costs about $. 33 - $. 56 per load for gas dryers and about $. 12 - $. 15 per load for electric dryers. based on these numbers, hanging clothes on a clothes line will save you about $ 40 - $ 45 per year if you own an electric dryer and about $ 100 - $ 170 per year if you own a gas dryer. - - rebecca matulka, energy. gov home selling tip when preparing for a showing, pay attention to details! little things mean a lot in the big picture because they pull the house ' s


merriam - webster ’ s dictionary define the word extortion as obtaining ( as money ) from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or unlawful use of authority or power. in order for musicians to get paid copyright collectives began to appear in the 19th century. these collecting societies were formed to ensure that those who create copyrighted material are able to collect the money they are due. in its simplest form the member musician hands over control of his / her economic rights to the collecting society. the collecting society then has the mandate to collect the dues. once collected these funds are dispersed among the members. in most ( at least european ) countries the collecting societies have established themselves as a central part of the socio - economic system. they are powerful interest groups which ensure that they ( and in extention their members ) are catered to by the political - legal system. by entering into agreements with trade organisations the collecting societies now have established the right to collect money from all businesses that play music, show tv etc to their customers. rasmus at copyriot has written an interesting piece on the way in which collecting societies manage to collect money. in sweden the most active collecting societies are sami and stim which are able to collect money for any music played in places of business where customers gather. so large everything from : hotels with music in the lifts, small pizzerias whose music annoys you while you wait for your delivery, hairdressers, businesses that play cheesy music while you are on hold and cafa©s with music nobody listens to. they are all required to pay to the collecting societies. rasmus even relates an event where a policeman at a demonstration in germany wrote down all the songs played and sent the list to the german collecting societies who promptly sent the organiser a bill. swedish law would work in the same way. the policemana?? s superior stated that the policeman had gone too far but the bill still has to be paid. ( link to story in german ). the spanish case in 2005 the main spanish collecting society ( sociedad general de autores y editores – sgae ) a?? sued ricardo andra©s utrera ferna ¡ ndez, the owner of metropol, a disco bar located in in badajoz for not paying sgaea?? s license fee of 4. 816, 74 a? ¬ for the period from november 2002 to august 2005 for the public performance of music. on february 17th, 2006, the lower court


in in badajoz for not paying sgaea?? s license fee of 4. 816, 74 a? ¬ for the period from november 2002 to august 2005 for the public performance of music. on february 17th, 2006, the lower court number six of badajoz, a city in extremadura, spain, rejected the collecting societya?? s claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society. the music performed in the bar was licensed under cc licenses that allows that public display since the authors have already granted those rights. specifically, the judge said : a?? the author possesses some moral and economic rights on his creation. and the owner of these rights, he can manage them as he considers appropriate, being able to yield the free use, or hand it over partially. “ creative commons ” licenses are different classes of authorizations that the holder of his work gives for a more or less free or no cost use of it. they exist as a? ¦ different classes of licenses of this type a? ¦ they allow third parties to be able to use music freely and without cost with greater or minor extension ; and in some of these licenses, specific uses require the payment of royalties. the defendant proves that he makes use of music that is handled by their authors through these creative commons licenses. a?? ( quote from cc ) the full text of the decision ( in spanish ) is available here. the spanish case sets a new precedent in that it confirms that the collecting societies can only collect if the music played is made by members of collecting societies. copyright activists needed what needs to be done? hairdressers and cafa© owners are probably not the most tech or internet savvy. so to help them the basic idea is to set up a website filled with cc licensed music and easy howto instructions on how to use the music either online or by downloading and creating cda?? s. aside from music arranged by genre, technical information on how to use it, the site should include legal information explaining why the users will no longer have to pay money to the collecting societies. this copyright civil disobedience could potentially become the most important method for affecting change in the copyright system since it attacks the purse of the collecting society. in addition to this the scheme is legal. this last point does not make it less civil disobedience since the organisation of the site is a form of protest against the extortionary powers which the collecting societies


one of the most significant events in norman waterford and ireland was the marriage of strongbow and aoife which took place in christ church cathedral as it symbolised the long and sometimes tortuous birth of a new ireland. in 1171 the king of england, henry ii, arrived in waterford and anxious to exercise his control over a process of conquest that was taking place almost despite him, began to demand the submissions of the anglo - norman knights. the submission of strongbow and his followers was received by henry at waterford. henry ii recognised strongbow as mcmurrough ’ s heir to leinster but the strategically important port cities of dublin and waterford, which strongbow had captured, were retained by the king. henry ii elevated waterford to the status of a royal city - a status that was to change the course of the city ’ s history lace front wigs dramatically. consequently in the years after the invasion, many english and french merchants settled in waterford. this new merchant class with its ’ trading contacts in england and on the continent was to make waterford medieval ireland ’ s chief port for the import of wine and a major exporter of wool and hides. the city flourished during the 13th century and many new monasteries, friaries and churches were built. new stone - built defences protected its ’ citizens and a sophisticated form of local government developed whereby the citizens elected a mayor on an annual basis to rule over the city. the 14th century saw the beginning of the breakdown of anglo - norman power in ireland. however waterford ’ s close connections with cities such as bristol and chester ensured that it remained very much part of the english political scene. this century also saw the plague known as the ’ black death ’ wipe out a third of the city ’ s population. this decline in population, which was experienced all over europe, had an adverse effect on trade. the subsequent decline in demand caused the city fathers to become even more tenacious in protecting the city ’ s monopoly on shipping entering waterford harbour. traditionally, all ships entering the harbour, with the exception of those originating in leinster, were obliged to unload at waterford. in 1372 waterford city council commissioned the decoration of the great charter roll, an illuminated manuscript measuring 14 feet in length, in an attempt to strengthen their legal case against the burgesses of new ross who were working to nullify waterford ’ s monopoly. the manuscript thus produced has fortunately been preserved in waterford and is regarded as the most important irish illuminated manuscript from the late medieval period and can be seen in the waterford museum of treasures. during the 14th and


were working to nullify waterford ’ s monopoly. the manuscript thus produced has fortunately been preserved in waterford and is regarded as the most important irish illuminated manuscript from the late medieval period and can be seen in the waterford museum of treasures. during the 14th and 15th centuries, waterford was surrounded by hostile neighbours — the o ’ driscolls, sea pirates from co. cork, who were the scourge of the city ’ s shipping, while their allies the powers, an anglo - norman family who controlled county waterford, were often known to attack the city and plunder the nearby countryside in search of booty. yet despite the problems waterford was by the end of the 15th century a strong and well - fortified city with an international reputation for good quality woollen shawls which were known on the continent as ’ waterford rugs ’. in 1495 an attack on the city by perkin warbeck, a pretender to the throne of henry vii was repulsed. canon mounted on the ringworks in front of reginald ’ s tower saved the city and gave waterford the distinction of being the first irish city to use artillery in its defence. in recognition of the city ’ s loyalty, the king gave the city its ’ own motto : ’ urbs intacta manet ’ — waterford, the loyal city.


more in outdoors arguably the biggest mistake you can make is with " topping " your tree. it ' s considered something of a dirty word in horticulture circles. topping means cutting a tree back so severely that only the stumps of large branches are left. it ' s done in an attempt to control the size of the tree. this stresses the tree because it takes away the leaves, its food sources. the tree will send out many smaller branches in an effort to produce more leaves quickly but they are not as strong as the previous branches and can break off easily in the wind. tree topping also results in a pretty unattractive tree. the way to properly bring a tree down in height is to make your cuts at a joint. a joint is the place where either a leaf or a branch grows out from the stem. cut down the tallest branches at a joint, which will reduce the height significantly, instead of leaving a bunch of stubs. this way, the tree will be able to heal itself, growing a new branch in that spot. if you have a dense tree that ' s completely blocking a view, you may want to thin it out. this involves removing entire branches that are too overgrown by making the proper cuts at a joint. this will allow you to see through the tree by taking some of the heaviness out of the canopy. it ' s always a good idea to have a pruning partner whenever you prune, but this especially helps when thinning. before you cut, have someone stand back and look at the tree to make sure you ' re not chopping off an important part of the tree or taking so much as to ruin the shape. you don ' t want to turn your pruning tools into weapons, so you better know how to use them. pruners and pruning saws should always be sharp and disinfected when you use them. this will help you to make a smooth, clean cut and the tree will be able to recover faster from it. for branches larger than 1 - 1 / 2 " in diameter, you ' ll want to use a special technique called the " 1, 2, 3 method. " this will protect the bark on your tree by preventing the branch from splitting. if you just started cutting downward on a larger branch, the weight of that branch would bring it down faster than you can cut. this would cause the branch to split and the bark would tear, making it harder for the tree to recover and more susceptible to pests or disease


what four factors influence the severity of allergy season? ( bpt ) - while many people rejoice when the weather gets warmer, it ' s not always a pleasant time for everyone. those who suffer from seasonal allergies know to expect difficulties around this time of year, but the severity of allergy season can vary. the presence of the common causes of spring allergies - pollen and mold - can fluctuate depending on a number of weather - related factors. here are some of the conditions that can affect pollen counts, according to the experts at the american college of allergy, asthma and immunology ( acaai ). * length of the growing season. longer growing seasons might be a good thing for farmers and gardeners, but it can mean increased misery for allergy sufferers, as it increases the time pollen and mold are present as well. * erratic weather. a warmer - than - usual winter season, as experienced this year, makes trees pollinate earlier. if spring weather fluctuates greatly between warm and cold spells, it can result in more intense periods of pollen release during the warm spells, when plants take the cue to grow and release pollen. * rainfall. rain can be either a good thing or a bad thing for allergy sufferers, depending on when it happens. the worst allergy seasons are often preceded by a wet spring, which promotes rapid plant growth later on. but rain can also provide a much - needed respite for those with allergies, as a heavy rainfall can help clear the air of pollen. * wind. dry and windy weather is not kind to people with allergies, as the wind spreads pollen and mold. since so many factors contribute to high pollen counts, it ' s all but impossible to predict how intense an allergy season will be. however, in addition to taking steps to limit your exposure to allergens that affect you, seeing an allergist before the season starts can also help ensure you find relief. why see an allergist? allergists are not only trained to treat your systems, but can identify the source of your allergies and develop a treatment plan to address your symptoms. a doctor who is also a certified allergist can teach you how to avoid potential triggers for your allergies, and recommend treatment options that may go beyond over - the - counter medications. an allergist may also recommend allergy shots, also known as immunotherapy, which can alter the progression


dover, del. – august 11, 2003 at a press conference held this morning at the delaware department of education, secretary of education valerie a. woodruff announced school and school district accountability ratings for more than 170 public schools and 19 school districts under delaware ’ s recently revised accountability system. as a result of the no child left behind ( nclb ) act of 2001, delaware was required to modify its existing accountability system to meet the requirements of the far - reaching federal law. according to nclb, all states are required to conduct an annual assessment of all students in grades 3 - 8 and one high school grade. the results of the annual assessment are then used as the primary means to determine school and school district accountability ratings. adequate yearly progress ( ayp ) is designed to measure academic performance of not only all students in a particular school but of subgroups within the student population. one of the key changes to delaware ’ s existing system, and for all states across the country, is that 100 % of all students must be proficient in english language arts ( reading and writing ) and mathematics by the 2013 - 2014 school year. the federal formula for determining ayp is based upon all students and required subgroups of students meeting proficiency at an established annual target. that target will continually increase towards the 2013 - 2014 school year when 100 % of students across the u. s. must be proficient. including all students, the subgroups are : american indian ; asian american ; african american ; hispanic ; white ; low income ; special education ; and limited english proficient. by applying the federal formula, delaware ’ s target this year for english language arts is at 57 %. students must meet the standard. in mathematics, the target has been calculated at 33 %. additionally, a fixed target of 95 % of students must participate in the delaware student testing program ( dstp ) each spring in ela and math in each school or ayp will not have been attained. lastly, an elementary or middle school and school districts must maintain or show progress in another target called “ other indicator ” in the area of science and social studies. for high schools and school districts, the graduation rate is the “ other indicator. ” a school or school district is classified as “ under school improvement ” if it does not make ayp in the same content area ( percent proficient or participation rate ) for two consecutive years, or the school or school district does not maintain or show progress on the “ other indicator ” for two consecutive years. a school or district can be moved out of “ under school


same content area ( percent proficient or participation rate ) for two consecutive years, or the school or school district does not maintain or show progress on the “ other indicator ” for two consecutive years. a school or district can be moved out of “ under school improvement ” if all targets are met for two consecutive years in the same content area or “ other indicator ” that placed the school or district “ under school improvement ” and the school or district must not fall below targets in the other content area or “ other indicator ” target for two consecutive years. under delaware ’ s revised accountability system, schools and districts are classified in one of five categories : - superior means that the school or district has met ayp, is not under improvement and has met additional, rigorous state criteria. - commendable indicates that ayp has been met while the school or district is not “ under improvement. ” - academic review means ayp is not met for one year while the school or district is not “ under improvement. ” - academic progress means ayp is met for one year while the school or district is “ under improvement. ” - academic watch means ayp is not met for two or more years. the school or school district goes into or remains in “ under improvement. ” consequences for schools not meeting ayp differ depending on whether the school is a non - title 1 school or a title 1 ( receives federal funding for low income students ) school. title 1 school : - 1 year = no consequences - 2 years = under school improvement ( usi ) – begin choice option for title i schools - 3 years = remain under school improvement – begin supplemental services option for low - income students in title i schools - 4 years = corrective action – select one or more nclb corrective action options - 5 years = restructuring plan – select one or more nclb restructuring options - 6 years = restructuring implementation - 1 year = no consequences - 2 years = under school improvement ( usi ) - 3 years = remain under school improvement – begin prioritization of extra time services for subgroups not meeting target - 4 years = corrective action – select one or more corrective action options - 5 years = restructuring plan – select one or more restructuring options - 6 years = restructuring implementation today ’ s announcement by secretary woodruff identifies that two school districts — caesar rodney and smyrna — have been rated “ superior ” while the remaining 17 school districts have been rated as “ academic review. ” in the individual school ratings, 61 schools have been rated “ superior ; ” 12 are rated


two school districts — caesar rodney and smyrna — have been rated “ superior ” while the remaining 17 school districts have been rated as “ academic review. ” in the individual school ratings, 61 schools have been rated “ superior ; ” 12 are rated “ commendable ; ” 86 are rated “ academic review ; ” and 12 schools ( all title 1 ) are rated “ academic watch. ” the 12 schools rated “ academic watch ” are now required to offer choice options to parents. according to nclb, school districts must notify parents that they can choice their children to other schools within the district that are not under improvement providing there is another elementary, middle or high school within that district. the districts must send letters to parents explaining the choice options available to them. four of the schools under “ academic watch ” must also offer supplemental services to their low income students. this includes extra time programs, tutoring and other academic services designed to improve student achievement. secretary woodruff stated that the ratings applied to the schools and school districts do not totally reflect what is being accomplished in delaware ’ s public schools. “ delaware has been engaged in education reform for the past 12 years. during that time, we have seen our students meet tougher, higher standards and achieve greater academic success. we have seen a steady increase in our reading, writing and math scores at our early grades ; we have seen increases in our sat9 scores. ” added secretary woodruff, “ our naep scores in reading and writing are among the best in the country. i am proud of the diligent, hard work of all of our educators and what they continue to do to provide a quality education for all students. ” “ nclb requires all schools and districts to meet many targets. not meeting just one of 20 targets or just one of 35 targets means that the school doesn ’ t meet adequate yearly progress and is rated as ‘ academic review, ’ ” said secretary woodruff. “ the important thing to do is look at the total picture of what a school or district is doing. did not meeting one target cause the rating? or were several targets the cause? ” on friday, august 15th, online school profiles will be available for viewing on doe ’ s website. the profiles will identify each school ’ s accountability rating as well as show what targets were and were not met. “ parents can also look at school profiles to view student achievement data, staff information and a school ’ s demographics, ” said secretary woodruff. “ the profiles also provide a reader with school climate information


intel corporation ( intc ) is an american multinational semiconductor chip maker corporation headquartered in santa clara, california, united states and the world ' s largest semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. it is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. intel was founded on july 18, 1968, as int egrated el ectronics corporation ( though a common misconception is that " intel " is from the word intel ligence ). intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network interface controllers and integrated circuits, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors and other devices related to communications and computing. founded by semiconductor pioneers robert noyce and gordon moore and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of andrew grove, intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading - edge manufacturing capability. though intel was originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, its " intel inside " advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its pentium processor household names. intel was an early developer of sram and dram memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until 1981. although intel created the world ' s first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer ( pc ) that this became its primary business. during the 1990s, intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. during this period intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for pcs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes illegal tactics in defense of its market position, particularly against advanced micro devices ( amd ), as well as a struggle with microsoft for control over the direction of the pc industry. the 2011 rankings of the world ' s 100 most powerful brands published by millward brown optimor showed the company ' s brand value at number 58. intel has also begun research in electrical transmission and generation. intel has recently introduced a 3 - d transistor that may improve performance and energy efficiency. intel will be mass producing this 3 - d transistor, called tri - gate transistors, with their upcoming 22nm process in the near future. in 2011, spectrawatt inc., a solar cell spinoff of intel, filed for bankruptcy under chapter 11.


1. a northbound hurricane hurricane sandy is moving very slowly toward the north - northeast and is expected to continue its current path parallel to the carolinas over the weekend, forecasters say. at some point, it ’ s expected to become what ’ s known as an extratropical storm. unlike a tropical system like a hurricane, which gets its power from warm ocean waters, extratropical systems are driven by temperature contrasts in the atmosphere. at some point, probably monday, sandy will begin to turn back toward the coast and eventually make landfall over delaware or new jersey. although sandy is currently a hurricane, it ’ s important not to focus too much on its official category or its precise path. it ’ s a massive system that will affect a huge swath of the east coast, regardless of exactly where it hits or its precise wind speed. 2. early winter storm sandy is expected to merge with a wintry system from the west, at which point it will become the powerful superstorm that has forecasters and officials all along the eastern seaboard on edge. one of the other systems is an early winter storm from the west — the product of a low pressure system. winds from that system will pull sandy back toward the u. s. mainland. 3. arctic air from the north frigid air coming south from canada also is expected to collide with sandy and the wintry storm from the west, creating a megastorm that is expected to park over the northeast for days. forecasters are expecting residents from florida to north carolina to feel the peripheral effects. but the brunt of the storm will hit states farther north once sandy collides with the winter storm and frigid air. officials are bracing for the worst : nearly a foot of rain, high winds and up to 2 feet of snow. 4. high tides could worsen flooding further complicating matters is the possibility for dangerous storm surges : a full moon means the tides will be higher than usual, which will make it easier for the storm ’ s powerful winds to push water into low - lying areas. that, coupled with the threat of several inches of rain, has officials working to shore up flood defenses. 5. increased risk for power outages storms in recent years have left hundreds of thousands of people along the east coast without power, sometimes for days at a time. utilities have been bringing in extra crews and lining up tree trimmers so they ’ re prepared, and with good reason. the superstorm brings two possibilities for knocking out electricity. for one, hurricane -


it is still perplexing to note that although german - speaking countries had been the birthplace of many great musicians and composers before 1700, only in the 18th century did germany fully realize how important its role was on the musical stage and it is no small paradox that the new cultural nationalism, rather than fiercely opposing the presence of foreign elements, chose instead to embrace the two dominant musical styles of the times, italian and french. for over a century, italians favored the voice and the violin. sensitive and expressive vocal lines were the norm, as was an unbridled, and at times extravagant virtuosity. the french, who had perfected the flute and the oboe, offered a lively, tender and concise music driven by the characteristic and varied rhythmic patterns of the dance. in other european countries, composers espoused one style or the order according to taste of circumstance. around 1710, however, the idea that these various styles could coexist within a single work became the core of a large - scale aesthetic project. the so - called “ reunion des gouts ” had long been dear to the heart of french composers such as couperin, bernier and campra. the full realization of the project, however, was left to german composers, and it is well aware of this accomplishment that quantz, in his 1752 treatise, wrote : “ if one has the necessary discernment to choose the best from the styles of different countries, a mixed style results which, without overstepping the bounds of modesty, could well be called the german style, not only because the germans came upon it first, but because it has already been established at different places in germany for many years, flourishes still, and displeases in neither italy or france, nor in other lands. ” german composers were therefore writing italian sonatas and concertos, as well as dance suites in the french manner, which were preceded by an overture in the style of lully, a form that features a majestic, dotted - rhythm introduction, followed by a swift fugato. in its infancy, the “ mixed style ” simply allowed its various elements to overlap. soon, however, standard compositions began to integrate the more intrinsic features of the rival genres : the concerto borrowed from the suite and became more “ symphonic, ” while in the suite, solo instruments began to assert themselves with concerto - like authority. inevitably, such a process affected formal development : as the french, for example, progressively discarded the overture, the germans gave the genre new breadth and scope


symphonic, ” while in the suite, solo instruments began to assert themselves with concerto - like authority. inevitably, such a process affected formal development : as the french, for example, progressively discarded the overture, the germans gave the genre new breadth and scope. moreover, rhythmic and melodic elements borrowed from german and polish folk music often added a much sought for — and appreciated — local color. original models, in the end, lost their prestige, to such a degree that, in 1758, wilhelm hertel could state that “ in our music, we have come to rely solely upon ourselves ; and we know how to treat the beauties of french and italian music in a more skillful and profound manner. ” georg philipp telemann — who in one of his autobiographies expressed his gratitude for “ having had the chance to meet many of the most renowned musicians of the different nations ” — was one of the chief architects of the new aesthetic program. the greater part of his musical life, from 1721 to his death in 1767, was spent in hamburg. there, his creative energy seemed limitless : he taught at the johanneum, was director of the opera and of musical activities in five of the town ’ s principal churches, composed for different venues, regularly sent music to the courts of eisenach and bayreuth, and engraved, advertised and sold himself most of the forty collections of work he published between 1725 and 1740. in 1732, the citizens of hamburg could read in one of their newspapers : “ music lovers can expect in the following year a great instrumental work called musique de table, penned by telemann. ( … ) subscriptions are accepted every quarter. an annex will list the names of all subscribers. ” telemann ’ s musique de table, supported by strong publicity and the composer ’ s contacts with booksellers and distributors from berlin, leipzig, nuremberg, frankfurt, london and amsterdam, was immediately and immensely successful : nearly 250 subscribers responded, people from the bourgeoisie, magistrates, ministers, clergymen, kapellmeisters, professional and amateur musicians. among the german subscribers were georg pisendel and joachim quantz — the latter ordering six copies. more than twenty subscribers came from denmark, norway, spain, holland and switzerland ( italy was the sole absentee ). from england, it listed “ mr hendel, doctor of music. ” it was in france, however, that the greatest interest for the collection was shown : 33 names ( among them that of flautist michel blavet ) were listed in


from england, it listed “ mr hendel, doctor of music. ” it was in france, however, that the greatest interest for the collection was shown : 33 names ( among them that of flautist michel blavet ) were listed in the first edition. the work was presented in three “ productions, ” i. e., three volumes that shared the same design : an overture followed by a suite of dances and characteristic pieces, a quartet, a concerto, a trio, a solo ( in fact a sonata with continuo ) and a “ conclusion. ” this closing piece had the same instrumentation as the overture, and thus not only closed the suite, but also substantiated the cyclical aspect much desired by telemann for each of his three productions. that telemann, at a time when the convention was to publish by groups of six or twelve works belonging to the same genre, choose to break with tradition is only further testimony of his interest in the mixed style ( bach later voiced similar aesthetic beliefs when he devoted the second part of his clavier - ubung to a concerto nach italianische gusto and an overture nach franzosische art ). the title telemann gave his publication, “ table music, ” may lead us to believe that the work only served as pleasant background to various gastronomic activities. apart from the fact that the music, as was often the case with chamber works, may have performed such a duty, a title such as overtures, concertos or sonatas would have probably had less impact from a publicity point of view. indeed, musical works written and published with a reference to the table had been legion since the beginning of the 17th century. the taffel - consort published by thomas simpson in hamburg in 1621, the partitas of heinrich biber ’ s mensa sonora ( 1680 ) or the simphonies pour les souper du roy of michel - richard delalande, among other examples, were all written in accordance with the idea, typical of baroque aesthetics, that all human activities should coincide and that life ’ s delights should meet, but were also conceived with the aim elevating the arts to princely heights. in telemann ’ s musique de table we find the usual baroque pedagogical intent : the work presents itself first and foremost as a school for instrumental performance where telemann, as he states in one of his writings, lovingly chose a part “ suited for each instrument, ” so that every musician can find pleasure. tel


##gical intent : the work presents itself first and foremost as a school for instrumental performance where telemann, as he states in one of his writings, lovingly chose a part “ suited for each instrument, ” so that every musician can find pleasure. telemann, perhaps here more than in any other of his compositions, reaches great heights of invention : the melodic richness, the variety and the ingenuity are astonishing and transcend established forms. of this first “ production, ” offered here by the ensemble arion — without the quartet — many features should be praised : the free and generous dialogue between the two violins in the trio - sonata, the delicacy of the slow movements of the flute sonata, to name a few, are in themselves remarkable, but it is the extraordinary orchestral and motivic proprieties of the concerto for flute, violin and cello — who, although not mentioned in the title, does perform a few solos — combined with a nearly - classical elegance, that make this one of the most beautiful concertos of its time. a work of such quality no doubt contributed to the emergence of german artistic and intellectual pride, and surely helped germans realize how great was their talent in musical matters. in a letter to a friend, telemann wrote : “ i do hope this work will one day contribute to my fame. ” considering its place in history and how often performed it is today, we can easily state that his wish has indeed been granted. © francois filiatrault translation alex benjamin. 1730 - 1760 : never did a third of a century witness from a nation such a burst, such unearthing and bringing forth : a staggering tete - a - tete with all the spiritual possibilities of neighboring worlds, established, crowned, in full control of their being. ( … ) in less than twenty - five years, the german bourgeois became aware, through fundamental works, not only of his life, but also of his musical philosophy. he has cleared out his garden. he has taken his critical stance. beyond faith or family - linked activities, music now enters the very script of his spiritual life. in the german philosophy of life that develops against the welsche, the place of music is now precisely defined : at the foreground. ” marcel beaufils, comment l ’ allemagne est devenue musicienne ( 1942 ), 1983.


this week ’ s top news story has been hiding in plain sight on the internet for two years. even so, a september, 2010 report from deutsche bank group entitled “ climate change : addressing the major skeptic arguments, ” is big news. in earth preservers ’ opinion, the report has the potential to be a game - changer because it has the clearest, simplest explanation for why man - made climate change is real. “ ( this report ’ s ) clear conclusion is that the primary claims of the skeptics do not undermine the assertion that human - made climate change is already happening and is a serious long term threat. “ to us, ” report continues, “ the most persuasive argument in support of climate change is that the basic laws of physics dictate that increasing carbon dioxide levels in the earth ’ s atmosphere produce warming. ( this will be the cause irrespective of other climate events. ) the only way that warming can be mitigated by natural resources is if there are countervailing ‘ feedback mechanisms ’, such as cooling from increased cloud cover caused by the changing climate. “ a key finding of the current research is that there has far been no evidence of such countervailing factors. in fact, most observed and anticipated feedback mechanisms are actually working to amplify the warming process, not cool it. ” the report goes on to answer each argument skeptics make in the often rancorous public debate in the us over whether climate change is real, among them : * global average temperatures have not risen since 1998 * climate models are defective and therefore cannot provide reliable projections of future climate trends. what makes the deutsche bank report compelling reading isn ’ t so much that the information is new. rather, it ’ s the way mark fulton, global head of climate change investment research, and his team at db climate change advisors, have presented the information, the source of which is the columbia climate center at the earth institute, columbia university. each of the skeptics ’ arguments is answered simply and directly.


the blackfriars bridge over the river thames was constructed back in victorian times, and now it ’ s getting a distinctly steampunk facelift with the addition of 4, 400 photovoltaic panels. when complete, this installation is expected to be not only the largest solar power array in the united kingdom, but also the world ’ s largest solar bridge. the bridge, constructed in 1886, forms the foundation for the new blackfriars station, which is being upgraded by network rail to meet the needs of more passengers and an improved train service. as part of these improvements, a new roof will be added to the historic structure with over 6, 000 square meters ( around 19, 685 square feet ) of solar panels. all this renewable energy will be delivered directly to the blackfriars rail station, covering 50 percent of the station ’ s energy needs and reducing co2 emissions by an estimated 511 tons per year. the station will also be pursuing such eco - improvements as a rain harvesting system and solar tubes to allow for more natural lighting throughout the building. london ’ s solarcentury is behind the project ’ s solar engineering, working in conjunction with engineers from jacobs to incorporate solar generation into the station design ; the high - efficiency solar modules utilized by the project come courtesy of sanyo.


alternative power sources are able to do more than just save the planet. now, they can help save people, too. spectra watermakers, inc. of san rafael, calif. has introduced the new solar cube, a portable water treatment machine powered by solar and wind that can provide clean drinking water in disaster situations. powered by 24 - volt batteries, which are charged by integrated photovoltaic panels and a wind - powered generator on the machine, the solar cube is portable and easily assembled on - site in less than an hour. by placing a pump, which is also attached to the machine, into a polluted or saltwater source, the solar cube captures the water and pumps it through a series of filters, including a reverse osmosis membrane in the final stage, which eliminates microscopic bacteria, viruses, salts and dangerous chemicals. the solar cube can provide up to 3, 500 gallons of clean drinking water a day, enough to sustain hundreds of families during a disaster. it can provide enough energy to power other vital emergency functions, such as refrigeration equipment, laptops and communications equipment. it can be used also to provide water and electricity to remote locations or for developers working in rural areas. spectra watermakers manufactured the solar cube in cooperation with trunz metallchnik ag of switzerland. ec


last week, los angeles became the largest city in the nation to enact a ban against one of the most widely polluted items in history – the plastic bag. over the next 12 months, the use of plastic bags in the city will be phased out gradually. larger stores will have sixmonths to phase them out, while smaller stores will have a year. the ban will affect paper bag usage too : in a year, retailers will be required to charge 10 cents per bag. in addition to reducing waste in landfills and on streets, the ban will help decongest the city ’ s waterways, rivers, and ocean, which have become clogged with the bags in recent years. the ban is also expected to help conserve fossil fuels. it ’ s estimated that the 380 billion plastic bags consumed annually in the u. s. eat up 12 million barrels of oil. the city of los angeles reportedly uses 2. 7 billion plastic bags a year, making the recent ban no small drop in the barrel when it comes to scaling back our fossil fuel use. to get a better idea of its wide - ranging effects, here ’ s a quick rundown of the potential economic and environmental impacts of the plastic bag ban in los angeles. the plastic bag ban is estimated to save the city, and the taxpayer, a significant amount of money each year in cleanup fees. the county of los angeles flood control district spent over $ 24 million ( pdf ) in 2008 - 2009 ( the most recent year for which data are available ) on litter prevention, cleanup, and disposal. and that ’ s not counting the $ 12 million ( pdf ) the state ’ s department of transportation ( caltrans ) district 7 spent on cleaning up the 50, 000 cubic yards of litter and debris along the city ’ s highways. with plastic bags being a major contributor to litter on the streets, the ban will save the city a lot of money in cleanup fees alone. however, there is an economic con to this decision, and it falls on plastic bag manufacturers. many employees from manufacturing plants protested the city council ’ s decision, citing fears of unemployment. according to an industry group, the decision to ban the bags threatens the jobs of over 2, 000 workers. although the trend of banning plastic bags has had an effect on large retailers across the united states, many are taking adaptive measures and are joining the fight against plastic bags. in addition, the ban is not expected to put any stores out of business. marine pollution is one of the most pressing environmental concerns facing the world


large retailers across the united states, many are taking adaptive measures and are joining the fight against plastic bags. in addition, the ban is not expected to put any stores out of business. marine pollution is one of the most pressing environmental concerns facing the world today, and plastics amount to 90 % of the trash on the ocean ’ s surface. it harms marine life and breaks down into microscopic plastic dust, which attracts more debris and compounds the problem. a ban on plastic bags, especially in a place like los angeles with vital rivers, waterways and access to the ocean, is a critical effort to tempering the pollution problem in the world ’ s oceans. banning plastic bags also helps conserve non - renewable fossil fuels. plastic production is responsible for roughly 8 % of the world ’ s oil production. any reduction in plastic use will help decrease greenhouse gas emissions and overall energy consumption. finally, plastic bags take up room in landfills. although nobody likes the idea of a landfill, waste in a landfill is cut off from air and water, which prevents contamination. another one to three percent of the hundreds of billions bags produced each year end up as “ strays, ” which can be found around the globe. the plastic bag ban in los angeles is part of a growing trend of cities, states, and even countries banning or taxing their use. with a wide array of positive economic and environmental effects, this ban and similar initiatives are leading the way to cleaner and healthier communities and ecosystems. top image : courtesy flickr user frankservayge


consumption and saving review for ap economics review questions for this study guide can be found at : main topics : consumption and saving functions, marginal propensity to consume and save, changes in consumption functions the circular flow model illustrates the importance of consumption in the production of goods and the employment of resources. a better understanding of consumption allows us to build a model of the macroeconomy and see the role of policy in affecting macroeconomic indicators like gdp, employment, and inflation. consumption and saving functions though not the only factor, the most important element affecting consumption ( and savings ) is disposable income. disposable income ( di ) is what consumers have left over to spend or save once they have paid out their net taxes. with no government transfers or taxation, di = c + s. though not all consumers save part of their income, typical consumers spend the majority of their disposable income and save whatever is left over. to see the relationship between disposable income and consumption we create a consumption function. consumption and saving schedules the consumption and saving schedulesare the direct relationships between disposable income and consumption and savings. as di increases for a typical household, cand sboth increase. table 13. 1 provides an example. even with zero disposable income, households still consume as they liquidate wealth ( sell assets ), spend some savings, or borrow ( dissavings ). for every additional $ 100 of disposable income, consumers increase their spending by $ 80 and increase saving by $ 20. we can convert the above consumption schedule to a linear equation or consumption function : c = 40 +. 80 ( di ) the constant $ 40 is referred to as autonomous consumptionbecause it does not change as di changes. the slope of the consumption function is. 80. this function is plotted in figure 13. 1. at every level of di, the consumption function tells us how much is consumed. both table 13. 1 and figure. 13. 1 tell us that at incomes below $ 200, the consumer is consuming more than his income ; as a result saving is negative and this is referred to as dissaving. but at incomes above $ 200, the consumer is spending less than his income ; and so saving is positive. the saving schedule above can also be converted into a linear equation, or saving function : s = – 40 +. 20 ( di ) the constant $ – 40 is referred to as autonomous savingbecause it does not change as di changes


positive. the saving schedule above can also be converted into a linear equation, or saving function : s = – 40 +. 20 ( di ) the constant $ – 40 is referred to as autonomous savingbecause it does not change as di changes. with zero disposable income, the household would need to borrow $ 40 to consume $ 40 worth of goods. the slope of the saving function is. 20. this function is plotted in figure 13. 2 marginal propensity to consume and save an important lesson from the study of microeconomics is the marginal concept. you can think of it in two equivalent ways. marginal always means an incremental change caused by an external force, or it is always the slope of a " total " function. the same is true here. the marginal propensity to consume ( mpc ) is the change in consumption caused by a change in disposable income. another way to think about it is the slope of the consumption function. mpc = δc / δdi = slope of consumption function using table 13. 1, we see that for every additional $ 100 of di, cincreases by $ 80 so the mpc =. 80. the marginal propensity to save ( mps ) is the change in saving caused by a change in disposable income. another way to think about it is the slope of the saving function. mps = δs / δdi = slope of saving function using table 13. 1, we can see that for every additional $ 100 of di, sincreases by $ 20 so the mps =. 20. there is a nice relationship between the mpc and the mps. for every additional dollar not consumed, it is saved. so if the consumer gains $ 100 in disposable income, he increases his consumption by $ 80 and increases saving by $ 20. in other words, mpc + mps = 1. if you know one, you can find the other. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! activitiesget outside! 10 playful activities - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - bullying in schools - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - should your child be held back a grade? know your rights - first grade


a thyroid scan uses a radioactive tracer and a special camera to measure how much tracer the thyroid gland absorbs from the blood. the tracer can be swallowed or can be injected into a vein. it travels through your body, giving off radiation signals. the camera " sees " the signals and can measure how much tracer the thyroid absorbs from the blood. a thyroid scan can show the size, shape, and location of the thyroid gland. it can also find areas of the thyroid gland that are overactive or underactive. the camera takes pictures of the thyroid gland from three different angles. the radioactive tracer used in this test is either iodine or technetium. a radioactive iodine uptake ( raiu ) test may also be done to find problems with how the thyroid gland works, such as hyperthyroidism. for more information, see the medical test radioactive iodine uptake test. another type of thyroid scan, a whole - body thyroid scan, may be done for people who have had thyroid cancer that has been treated. the whole - body scan can check to see if cancer has spread to other areas of the body. why it is done a thyroid scan is done to : how to prepare tell your doctor if you : before a thyroid scan, blood tests may be done to measure the amount of thyroid hormones ( tsh, t3, and t4 ) in your blood. to prepare for a thyroid scan : your doctor may ask you to eat a low - iodine diet for several days if this test is being done to check for thyroid cancer. for a thyroid scan, you will either swallow a dose of radioactive iodine or be given technetium in a vein ( intravenously ) in your arm. when and how you take the radioactive tracer depends on which tracer is used. just before the test, you will remove your dentures ( if you wear them ) and all jewelry or metal objects from around your neck and upper body. before a thyroid scan, you need to sign a consent form that says you understand the risks of the thyroid scan and agree to have it done. talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done a thyroid scan is done in the nuclear medicine section of a hospital ' s radiology department by a


to help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form ( what is a pdf document? ). how it is done a thyroid scan is done in the nuclear medicine section of a hospital ' s radiology department by a person trained in nuclear medicine ( nuclear medicine technologist ). the tracer used in this test is either radioactive iodine or technetium. you will either swallow a dose of iodine 4 to 24 hours before the scan or be given technetium in a vein ( intravenously ) in your arm 15 to 30 minutes before the scan. for this test, you will lie on your back with your head tipped backward and your neck extended. it is important to lie still during this test. a special camera ( called a gamma scintillation camera ) takes pictures of your thyroid gland from three different angles. the test takes about 30 minutes. for a whole body thyroid cancer scan, the camera will scan your body from head to toes. after a thyroid scan, you can do your regular activities. but you will be asked to take special precautions when you urinate. this is because your body gets rid of the radioactive tracer through your urine. this takes about 24 hours. it is important to flush the toilet and wash your hands thoroughly after each time you urinate. how it feels you may find it uncomfortable to lie still with your head tipped backward. there is always a slight chance of damage to cells or tissue from radiation, including the low levels of radiation used for this test. but the chance of damage from the radiation is usually very low compared with the benefits of the test. this test is not done for pregnant women because of the chance of exposing the baby ( fetus ) to radiation. this test is also not recommended for breast - feeding women or young children. a thyroid scan uses a radioactive tracer and a special camera to make a picture of the thyroid gland. the radioactive tracer used in this test is usually iodine or technetium. a thyroid scan is done to help find problems with the thyroid gland. a whole - body scan will show whether iodine is in bone or other tissue ( iodine uptake ) after the thyroid gland has been removed for cancer. the whole - body scan can check to see if cancer has spread to other areas of the body. what affects the test reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include : what to think about emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn


the anatomy of anxiety the anatomy of anxiety buried deep in the brain is an area known as the limbic system. the limbic system connects to key parts of the brain such as the amydala and the hippocampus, where all memories begin and are stored for later playback. the limbic system is the emotional storehouse of the brain where anxiety is born. when you are under stress, the limbic system acts like an alarm, sending message of anxiety, fear and panic. as a storehouse of emotional memories, it also plays back painful traumas or stressful episodes of the past. if the stress is chronic, the unceasing signals can break down the master controller of the brain ' s reasoning and decision making centers, resulting in anxiety, panic, insomnia, chronic fatigue and phobias. one out of five children and adults suffer from anxiety in the united states alone. according to the national institute of mental health, some twenty - four million americans will suffer from an anxiety disorder at some time in their life. in children, constant anxiety, can contribute to attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity. thousands of children are given this diagnosis and ritalin is prescribed, yet the problem is anxiety related. major symptoms of anxiety : pounding heart, skipping, racing heart unable to relax, constant tension, nervousness feeling of loss of control, uncertainty mental confusion, memory problems restless sleep, restlessness neck and shoulder pain, muscle spasms difficulty breathing, cannot take a deep breath. rush of panic and fear, adrenaline rush bottomless stomach, diarrhea, constipation loss of sex drive knots in the stomach there are medical disorders that may provoke anxiety symptoms. they include : cardiovascular - cardiac arrythmias, congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, heart attack. respiratory - asthma, emphysema, hyperventilation, hypoxia endocrine cushing ' s syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, hypoglycemia, hyperthyroidism. neurological - epilepsy, huntington ' s disease, migraine headaches, multiple headaches, wilson ' s disease, vertigo, chronic pain. many times the drugs that are given for the medical problems can cause rebound anxiety, some of these are stimulants, sedatives, tranquilizers, mao ' s ( monoamine oxidase inhibitors ), tricyclics and antidepressants. there are numerous anxiety symptoms, those related to panic are physical. those with anxiety


1536 act of unionthe 1536 act of union combined england and wales into a single state. it was passed during the reign of king henry viii of england. his father, henry vii was welsh - born and very conscious of it, and henry viii declared himself proud of his welsh blood. his motive in merging the two countries was not mere domination ; wales benefited in many ways from the legislation. although the native welsh rulers had long since been subdued, the english king remained concerned about the power of the marcher lords and his government ' s general lack of control over the principality. he therefore instructed his chief administrator, thomas cromwell, to seek a solution. the effect of the act was to make wales as an integral part of england : the country of wales justly and righteously is … incorporated, annexed, united and subject to and under the imperial crown of the realm, as a very member and joint of the same. it was not unpopular with the welsh, who recognised that it would help give them equality with their neighbours in law. under the act, the marcher lordships were abolished and replaced by counties. for the first time, wales was entitled to send members to the parliament at westminster. justices of the peace were created to administer the law and justice at a local level, in line with the english practice. another effect of the act was to outlaw the welsh language from official use, replacing it with english. this did not trouble the landed gentry, who were already largely anglicised, but it made life difficult for the common people, who were no longer able, for example, to understand court proceedings.


think green, act green. this message is not limited to governments alone any more. it has become everyone ’ s concern to take measures to save the environment as much as we can before it is too late. each one of us can contribute to make the planet eco - friendly by doing small things on an everyday basis – for example, turning off the computer when it is not in use, switching lights off when no one is in the room, or using recycled paper. read on to find more measures you can take. these steps will also save you money. 5. using recycled paper using recycled paper is a big way to save trees. business cards can be printed on recycled paper. you can also print using a green printer. and you should print only when required and use two - sided printouts. though these are small steps, if everyone were to follow them across the globe, think how many trees could be saved. turn off your computer when it ' s not in use for a long time. the monitor uses around 90 % percent of the power used to run the machine. if nothing else, turn off the monitor and put the computer in sleep mode. when you turn off the machine, switch off the main plug as well because it also uses energy. also, use lcd monitors if you want to save energy. the initial cost may be high but they use a fraction of the energy guzzled by crt screens. only use a monitor, ups and cpu that are standardized by the government in your country. there is much software available that can be used to save the battery and to better manage power. software like granola and batterycare, for example. help in saving your battery. 3. car pooling car pooling is practiced by people who are environmentally friendly. you too can join the team. when going to the office, a party or anywhere for that matter, accommodate more people who have the same route in a single vehicle. this way, many can save fuel. take turns when car pooling. this way you not only spread less co2 into the air but you can also save a few bucks. 2. virtual vs. paper use less paper. this is among the best ways to be eco - friendly. in our modern times, make use of your computer to take notes instead of writing them down on paper. using word processing software will make your task even simpler as you can use the spell check option. also, avoid relying on paper bills ; instead, make all your payments online. 1. recycling e - waste all


the future of toxicity testing is here epa tox21 partnership taps high - tech robots to advance toxicity testing. today there are around 80, 000 chemicals that exist in food and consumer products, and 1, 500 new synthetic chemicals are introduced into the marketplace every year. most of these chemicals, both new and old, have not been tested for toxicological information, presenting a serious challenge to those tasked with protecting human health from potentially harmful chemical exposures. epa researchers are working to change that. they and their partners are advancing the scientific basis for hazard identification and risk assessment by helping usher in innovative new fields of study and by tapping powerful modern technologies such as super computers and other emerging technologies — including robots. as part of the agency ’ s computational toxicology research program ( comptox ), epa has partnered with the national institute of environmental health sciences ( niehs ) national toxicology program, the national institute of health ( nih ) chemical genomics center, and the food and drug administration ( fda ) in a collaboration known as tox21. by combining their collective expertise and pooling existing resources — including research results, funding, and testing tools — tox21 aims to revolutionize chemical toxicity test methods by advancing high throughput, mechanism - based test methods. the partnership is ushering in the future of toxicity testing. that ’ s where the robots come in. the collaboration recently unveiled a high speed screening system that tests chemicals for harmful human health effects. the mechanized system greatly reduces the need for lab animals in toxicity testing, working instead with 3 - by - 5 - inch test plates that are moved precisely through a series of steps by giant yellow, constantly moving robot arms. each plate contains 1536 small wells that can hold various living animal cells — typically skin, liver, or brain cells of rats or humans — and a sample of a particular chemical. “ each one of those wells is filled with a single chemical sample that we use to expose the cells to, so in essence we have 1536 chemical toxicity tests on a single plate, ” explains dr. robert kavlock, director of epa ’ s national center for computational toxicology. the robot uses a pin tool, which has corresponding pins for each well, in order to dispense a drop or two of the chemical being tested. the robot ’ s arm then puts the tray in a digital imaging device that scans the sample for changes in the cell that could mean biological activity. the robot receives software instructions on what types of biological activity to “ look for ” in the exposed cells


. the robot ’ s arm then puts the tray in a digital imaging device that scans the sample for changes in the cell that could mean biological activity. the robot receives software instructions on what types of biological activity to “ look for ” in the exposed cells. positive results are flagged, triggering an alert that the computer sends to project scientists ’ computers outside the 20 - by - 20 foot robot lab. scientists interpret the results so they can then identify chemicals that warrant further screening or study. just because a chemical shows a reaction with an isolated cell ( skin, liver, etc. ) does not necessarily mean that it will have the same effect when interacting with a living person. to address this, dr. kavlock ’ s team at epa is developing algorithms that predict whether a person ’ s organs and body as a whole will react to chemical exposure the same way their individual cells did in the preliminary tests. tox21 is revolutionizing the way chemical testing is done. traditional toxicity testing is built on animal - based studies that require relatively large investments in time and resources, including money. in the past, epa has had to test one chemical at a time, completing only a couple dozen assessments a year : “ a single human researcher may work on ten chemicals a year, or 20, " says kavlock. " we are doing 10, 000 in a week. ” tox21 ’ s new robot system significantly reduces the cost and duration of chemical testing, which will allow epa to better identify potentially harmful chemicals and serve its core mission to safeguard human health and the environment. it also allows the fda to better analyze unexpected toxicity, opening the door for better drug development. the partnership built around tox21 and the high - tech robot testing is also an exemplary government partnership. " you read a lot in the papers about the duplications of government, " kavlock explained in a recent new york times article about the project. " this is the case where there ' s un - duplication. we are really bringing — between niehs, nih genomics center and epa — a really significant complementary expertise. " tox21 ’ s robot system is now testing chemicals found in industrial and consumer products, food additives and drugs, for evidence they might lead to adverse health effects. the end goal is to create a comprehensive database detailing tested chemicals with particular emphasis on toxic and harmful ones. thanks to the tox21 collaboration and its new robot technology, the future of toxicity testing — and the protection of human health — is now.