the fading, and which ones were always white. the painting was brought to the ima for an in - depth, nondestructive analysis. smith utilized a small broken paint chip found lodged in the varnish to analyze the dye by raman microspectroscopya process that collects a characteristic spectral fingerprint from the dye by measuring changes in laser light scattered by the molecules. comparison of the spectrum to a digital library of thousands of materials identified the dye as eosin, which gives geranium lake its vibrant color. after identifying the ink, smith and fieberg painstakingly mapped out its location by elemental spectroscopy in the 387 dobs of white paint used by van gogh to represent the flowers. the team used adobe photoshop to record all the spots in which the dyestuff was detected, creating a virtual restoration of the aged painting. the research collaboration between smith, fieberg and cam is ongoing. an upcoming scholarly publication by the projects core collaborators will make the information more widely known to art history scholars. smith is now working with forensic scientists at indiana university purdue university indianapolis to refine the coloration used in the virtual restoration based on actual microcolorimetry measurements of small paint flakes from the van gogh painting. van gogh said,... in the colours there is adulteration as in wines. how can one judge correctly when, like myself, one knows nothing of chemistry. although the damage has already been done, through chemistry the ima is now working to understand the changes in this work and others by van gogh in the museums collection and to give todays admirers of his work a more accurate picture of his artworks brilliance. the conservation science lab did similar work on a giorgio de chirico painting from the imas permanent collection. ima associate curator for research, annette schlagenhauff, gained assistance from the science lab and conservation imaging specialists while studying the provenance and authenticity of de chiricos the mysterious departure. the piece was taken off view for more than 30 years because of the belief that it might be a forgery. closer examination revealed a figure study underneath that was characteristic of de chiricos later works. it is now believed that de chirico painted this work in the 1930s as a copy of one of his earlier pieces to take advantage of the popularity of this metaphysical style later in his career. other ongoing projects in the conservation science lab include : developing internship opportunities for high school, undergraduate and graduate students offering sabbatical programs for university professors who


cityscapes with state parks provide urbanites a valuable connection to nature tom kroeger has quite the office view. out one window there ' s a cityscape, complete with skyscrapers, smokestacks, shipping ports and a wastewater treatment plant. out another, there ' s a panoramic view of the fifth largest lake in the world. " the birdlife alone is amazing, " says kroeger. " i ' ve got ducks of all kinds, one after another, showing up at my doorstep right here in the city. " kroeger is the superintendent of milwaukee ' s lakeshore state park, which was trumpeted by former wisconsin gov. tommy thompson in 1998 as wisconsin ' s first - ever urban state park. while it was originally conceived as a way for the state to provide year - round access to lake michigan, the wisconsin department of natural resources now hopes to use the park as a means to give state residents a firsthand education about the effects of urbanization throughout wisconsin ' s lake michigan shore. " this park is kind of like a little microcosm of all the issues affecting the great lakes, " says kroeger. " we ' re on manmade land ; we ' ve got an urban center ; we ' ve got a harbor that ' s listed as an epa area of concern ; we ' ve got issues with drinking water, problems with invasive species. i don ' t think there are other parks out there where all of these elements that are affecting life on the great lakes are so apparent from one spot. " it ' s that kind of broad vantage point that ideally suits lakeshore park as a state project, says gloria mccutcheon, southeast region director for the wisconsin dnr, adding that the park also connects multiple state trails of historical significance. " the thinking previously had been that urban parks are really to be provided by cities and counties, " says mccutcheon. but from california to new york, that mindset is changing, and urban state parks are showing off natural resources while also forging new bonds between urbanites and their state park systems. from a functional planning perspective, urban state parks are as diverse as the cities that surround them. some, such as detroit ' s tri - centennial state park, follow a fairly traditional state park track by extolling their state ' s many and varied natural virtues. the dnr promotes the space as a " green oasis " that showcases " the natural resources collected throughout all of michigan ' s state parks, " despite it being just


state park track by extolling their state ' s many and varied natural virtues. the dnr promotes the space as a " green oasis " that showcases " the natural resources collected throughout all of michigan ' s state parks, " despite it being just steps away from downtown ' s most iconic skyscraper, the renaissance center. other urban state parks are more recreation - intensive. the 28 - acre riverbank state park — one of only 11 parks in the world ( and the only one in north america ) to be built atop a sewage treatment facility — boasts an olympic - size pool, a covered multipurpose rink, tennis and basketball courts, and a fitness center from its location 69 feet above the hudson river in upper manhattan. in california, the los angeles state historic park, located just outside of chinatown, focuses more on historical education by incorporating creative landscaping throughout its 32 acres. raised subway tracks demarcate the course of the early 19th - century water system that once supported the region. the parkland also was home to the pacific railroad ' s river station, as well as the pacific hotel, the approximate boundaries of which are now marked by recycled - glass structures. in downtown indianapolis, the white river state park not only ties together walkways, promenades, bridges and open spaces, it serves as a major tourist destination. attractions include the indianapolis zoo, a minor league ballpark, the ncaa hall of champions and the indiana state museum. more common, however, are urban state parks that were established for preservation or restoration purposes. candlestick point state recreation area, which is surrounded by san francisco ' s historically underserved hunter ' s point neighborhood, is described by the california state parks division as " the first california state park unit developed to bring state park values into the urban setting. " occupying 34 acres — much of which has suffered years of abuse as landfill and dumping grounds — the project involves the restoration of natural wetlands and subsequent habitat diversity that will benefit the bay area as well as the entire state. in fact, what each of the aforementioned project types share is the kind of statewide benefit potential that should appeal to state agencies, according to elizabeth goldstein, president of the 90, 000 - member california state parks foundation and co - chair of the national city parks alliance. " a state parks agency is supposed to be focused on resources of statewide significance, " says goldstein. " you don ' t want to take state resources and just build a soccer field that ' s just going to serve a neighborhood. the l. a. state historic park is a perfect


to be focused on resources of statewide significance, " says goldstein. " you don ' t want to take state resources and just build a soccer field that ' s just going to serve a neighborhood. the l. a. state historic park is a perfect example. certainly the park will serve a lot of local constituencies — and they really are the ones who fought to protect that land — but it ' s also going to tell stories of immigration and water issues, stories of statewide significance. " park users don ' t represent the only party served by urban state parks. in california alone, says goldstein, state parks have benefited from billions of dollars of referendum - related funding over the years. " when you look at the electoral votes, the percentages are extremely high among urban communities, " says goldstein. " to connect the dots here, if those constituencies do not feel a real relationship to state parks or do not get the sense that they are being served by them, then those park systems are going to be in trouble. there ' s a recognition that these communities are vital in making sure the agencies themselves have adequate services and funding. " because of their typically high usage rates — a natural result of their proximity to densely populated areas — most urban state parks have a higher profile than their suburban and rural counterparts. despite that reality, goldstein says there is a perception issue among park users, who may not always see the forest for the trees by recognizing that their local park has statewide significance. " these parks should be clear gateways to the entire state park system, " she says. " the parks have many different audiences and many different purposes. but we ' ve done a whole marketing campaign in california, and the line is, ' where will the state parks take you today? ' the whole point is to make people understand that wherever they are, they are surrounded by a broad system of state parks. " facility of the week the salvation army ray and joan kroc corps community center ( quincy, il )


the breman jewish heritage and holocaust museum location & contact : the william breman jewish heritage museum explores the universal themes of respect for difference, responsible citizenship, human dignity, and community building through the lens of the jewish experience. the breman features : absence of humanity : the holocaust years, 19331945 ; creating community : the jews of atlanta from 1845 to the present in the blonder family heritage gallery ; the marlene j. and william a. schwartz special exhibition gallery ; the ida pearle and joseph cuba community archives and genealogy center ; the lillian and a. j. weinberg center for holocaust education ; a comprehensive resource library for educators, scholars and the media supporting archival, genealogical and holocuast research, character education and heritage studies ; and the elinor rosenberg breman museum shop. through its signature exhibitions and special exhibitions, the breman attracts diverse audiences and educates visitors about jewish values, customs and traditions. tzedakkah ( righteousness ) and tikkun olam ( repairing the world ) are two such concepts. exhibitions also explore universal themes, such as personal responsibility, community building and cross - cultural understanding. the bremans cuba archives and genealogy center holds memories and documentation of jewish life in georgia and alabama. the archives contribute greatly to the study of jewish culture and the humanities by illuminating how jewish people lived, organized and participated in communities throughout the state. personal stories and historical memorabilia of individuals provide a springboard for discovery and dialogue. the breman is a teaching museum committed to serving a broad spectrum of teachers, students, their families and lifelong learners in georgia and the southeast. more than 20, 000 visitors a year have the opportunity to learn about the holocaust as well as jewish history from the bremans exhibitions, survivor speakers, and archives. they are challenged to consider the relevance and implications of the holocaust today. the education departmentof the breman, including the weinberg center for holocaust education, provides age - appropriate tours, speakers, lesson plans, books, films, courses, a speaker series, online exhibitions, and other resources that are intended to support and enlighten visitors from diverse settings including public, private, and parochial schools. these educational resources may be integrated into mandated areas of study in almost all academic disciplines. they meet georgia performance standards in a variety of curricular areas, including : through its public exhibitions and programs, the breman explores the universal themes of respect for difference, responsible citizenship, human dignity, and community - building through the lens of the jewish experience. the museum provides visitors


logging in or signing up ecological pyramids bothrops download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad dynamic copy does not support media & animations automatically changes to flash or non - flash embed wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 11910 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 4 ) dislike it ( 2 ) added : november 30, 2008 this presentation is public favorites : 3 presentation description a level ecology - looks at trophic levels and diiferences between pyramids of numbers, biomass and energy comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript ecological pyramids : ecological pyramids revision : revision we have looked at the use of food chains and food webs to the direction of energy flow in ecological systems. what is a trophic level? a secondary consumer? an autotroph? a heterotroph? ecological pyramids : ecological pyramids there are three types of pyramid that can be used to display ecological systems pyramids of number pyramids of biomass pyramids of energy pyramids of number : pyramids of number the simplest example of an ecological pyramid produced by a simple count of the organisms in each trophic level of the ecosystem. the number of each type of organism is represented by a rectangle that ’ s length is proportional to the number of individual organisms in a given area ( or volume ) pyramids of number : a typical pyramid of numbers pyramids of number log numbers producers herbivores 1st level carnivore 2nd level carnivore 3rd level carnivore pyramids of number : an inverted pyramid of numbers pyramids of number numbers producers herbivores 1st level carnivore 2nd level carnivore pyramids of number : advantage data relatively easy to collect using simple sampling disadvantages producers vary in size large range of numbers trophic level difficult to work out pyramids of number pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass these are based on an estimation of the total mass of the organisms at each trophic level how might this data be collected? individual organisms weighed and counted. dry mass should be compared to eliminate errors due to water content pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass advantages the data is more accurate. eliminates misleading problems


each trophic level how might this data be collected? individual organisms weighed and counted. dry mass should be compared to eliminate errors due to water content pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass advantages the data is more accurate. eliminates misleading problems of producer size differences disadvantages laborious and expensive destructive can also be misleading in some circumstances pyramids of biomass : pyramids of biomass for example, in certain aquatic ecosystems a pyramid of biomass may look like this phytoplankton zooplankton 1st level carnivore why? pyramids of biomass : sample only takes into standing biomass not productivity misleading when ; producers are small with a high turnover rate the rate of consumption is about equal to rate of production pyramids of biomass pyramids of energy : pyramids of energy each bar represents the total amount of energy used by the trophic level per unit area over a set period of time ( remember kjm - 2yr - 1? ) pyramids of energy : pyramids of energy gross production herbivores to carnivores producers to herbivores carnivores to top carnivores 87110 88 1603 14098 energy ( in kjm - 2yr - 1 ) pyramids of energy : advantages takes into account the productivity addresses the fact that weight for weight, two species do not necessarily have the same energy content disadvantages very difficult to obtain data destructive problems identifying trophic level pyramids of energy please get out your information booklets! : please get out your information booklets! you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.


earth - sized planet found in alpha centauri by european astronomers using harps telescopeby angel cuala on oct 17, 2012 in astronomy, science • european astronomers announced on tuesday, october 16, 2012 their discovery of an earth - sized planet in alpha centauri, the star system closest to our plant. the said planet was reportedly only 4. 3 light years away from earth, and was detected using a high accuracy radial velocity planet searcher ( harps ) telescope. according to a report by european southern observatory ( eso ) on its official website that day, the unnamed planet was discovered by the astronomers using the 3. 6 - metre telescope harps instrument at eso ‘ s la silla observatory in chile. search of such kind of planets was said to be going on since the nineteenth century. alpha centauri is known to be a system composed of of two stars ( alpha centauri a and b ) similar to the sun and are orbiting close to each other ; and a faint red component known as proxima centauri, which is slightly closer to earth than a or b. alpha centauri b is a bit smaller and less bright than the sun. as noted in the report, the european team found the planet “ by picking up the tiny wobbles in the motion of the star alpha centauri b created by the gravitational pull of the orbiting planet. ” the full report can be found at journal nature this wednesday, october 17 titled ‘ an earth mass planet orbiting alpha centauri b. ’ “ our observations extended over more than four years using the harps instrument and have revealed a tiny, but real, signal from a planet orbiting alpha centauri b every 3. 2 days. it ’ s an extraordinary discovery and it has pushed our technique to the limit! ” xavier dumusque, lead author of the report told the paper. “ this is the first planet with a mass similar to earth ever found around a star like the sun. its orbit is very close to its star and it must be much too hot for life as we know it. ” stephane udry of the geneva observatory, a co - author of the report and team member, was quoted as saying. artist ’ s impression showing the earth - sized planet orbiting the star alpha centauri b image credit : eso / l. calcada / n. risinger ( skysurvey. org ) spread the news!


tympanoplasty is a surgery done to repair the eardrum and middle ear bones. the eardrum and bones are necessary to hear. the middle ear copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. types of tympanoplasty include : - myringoplasty — repair of a tear in the eardrum - tympanoplasty with ossiculoplasty — repair of a tear in the eardrum and correction of a defect in the bones of the middle ear - tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy — repair of a tear in the eardrum and eradication of bony infection in the area behind the ear what to expect prior to procedure before surgery, your doctor will check to be sure that you do not have an ear infection. you will have several tests, including an ear exam and a hearing test. in certain cases, a is also done. talk to your doctor about your medicines. you may be asked to stop taking some medicines up to one week before the procedure, like : or other anti - inflammatory drugs blood thinners, such as the procedure often only requires local anesthesia. your ear and the area around it will be numb. description of the procedure a small incision will be made behind the ear. some tissue will be extracted from this area. this tissue will then be attached to the eardrum to cover the hole. other materials may be added to hold the graft in place. if the bones of the middle ear need to be repaired, this is done as well. a small pack may be left in position in the ear canal. the incision behind the ear will be closed with stitches. how long will it take? will it hurt? anesthesia prevents pain during the procedure. to insure proper healing, avoid the following : - blowing your nose hard - exposing your ear to water — ask your doctor how to wash your hair and shower for the first few weeks after surgery. - swimming or diving - heavy weight lifting and straining it will take several weeks after surgery to determine if the tympanoplasty was a success. complete recovery takes about four weeks. be sure to follow your doctor ' s call your doctor after arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs : - signs of infection, including fever and chills - increasing fluid or foul - smelling fluid draining from the ear - redness, swelling, increased pain, bleeding, or discharge from the incision site - pain that you cannot control with the medicines you have been given -


the best and most reliable form of research is the double - blind, placebo - controlled study. a treatment cannot really be said to be proven effective unless it has been examined in properly designed and sufficiently large studies of this type. in these experiments, one group of subjects receives the " real thing " — the active substance being tested. the other half receives a placebo designed to appear, as much as possible, like the real thing. individuals in both groups don ' t know whether they are getting the real treatment or placebo ( they are " blind " ). furthermore, the researchers administering placebo and real treatment are also kept in the dark about which group is receiving which treatment ( making it a " double - blind " experiment ). this last part is important, because it prevents the researchers from unintentionally tipping off the study participants, or unconsciously biasing their evaluation of the results. the purpose of this kind of study is to eliminate the power of suggestion. it is true, although hard to believe, that people given ( fake ) treatment frequently report dramatic and long - lasting improvements in their symptoms. however, if the people in the real treatment group fare significantly better than those in the placebo group, it is a strong indication that the treatment really works. what you ' ve just read is a highly simplified introduction to a crucial and non - intuitive topic. if you ' d like a more in - depth analysis, see the article why does this database rely on double - blind studies?


if you have watched tv coverage of the current american primaries and caucuses, you ’ ve seen a telestrator used. it ’ s the computerized device that permits electronic illustrations to be drawn over video images, either live or taped, in motion or freeze - framed. the cream of current telestration technology is often voted by tv crews to be the fingerworks studio version. sportscaster john madden made the telestrator famous for diagramming and analyzing plays during football broadcasts in the late 1980s and 1990s. for example, a still picture of a football play, captured by instant replay recording, is fed from a frame store into a special tv monitor equipped as a pixel - sensitive touch screen or graphics pad, and software, nowadays using layering programs, permits the operator to draw a freehand sketch with a stylus over an existing still shot or a live - action moving shot. this composite picture is then fed back to the switching panel and inserted into the program as called for by the host or the director. canadian hockey fans will remember “ squeaky meeker. ” for years howie meeker, national hockey league player and then intermission tv analyst, used a telestrator on cbc tv ’ s “ hockey night in canada ” a telestrator device and software for a tv weathercast cost from approximately 15, 000 dollars up to 75, 000 dollars or more, depending on the complexity of the system and the kind of animated superimposed weather information required. inventor of telestrator leonard reiffel, an american physicist doing an early science - report television show on pbs in the late 1960s, invented the telestrator. in his first system the operator drew on a television screen adapted to work with a light pen. nowadays a weatherperson or sports analyst can work with a tablet pc or a touch screen pre - programmed for a specific broadcast and located just off camera. cnn ’ s chief national correspondent john king, shown above, has been dubbed by one fan “ the toscanini of the telestrator. ” actually king ’ s electronic board is far more complex than a mere telestrator. telestration has advanced quickly in the last decade and is being used this election year in ever more productive and complex modes. the elaborate gizmo depicted above includes “ jeff han ’ s perceptive pixel touch screen. ” other election news broadcasts employ a barrage of even showier electronic toys like giant montage processors, professional video processors used for multi - image displays to create led walls and multiplex screens texted by screenwriter® software


’ s perceptive pixel touch screen. ” other election news broadcasts employ a barrage of even showier electronic toys like giant montage processors, professional video processors used for multi - image displays to create led walls and multiplex screens texted by screenwriter® software — equipment so cool it would make a techie drool. i am reminded of the newspaper report about orson welles ’ debut day at rko, the first day on the set of his first movie, a little item entitled “ citizen kane. ” a reporter asked orson what it was like to come from new york radio and theater to a movie set. said welles, “ it ’ s the biggest toy a boy ever had to play with. ” from that same day there is a photo of welles, slim, handsome, 25 years old, beaming with delight. etymology of the word telestrator doctor reiffel invented the word telestrator. he made up the compound from tele ( greek ‘ far away ’ ) and illustrator. telephone, telex, telegraph, television : all contain as their initial element the greek adverb tele used adjectivally in words naming inventions of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. in the sixteenth century, the verb to illustrate entered english from medieval latin illustrare ‘ to light up, to clear up, to make famous. ’ the ultimate root is lux lucis latin ‘ light. ’ the best known phrase containing the word is from the vulgate, saint jerome ' s latin version of the bible, where in genesis, god says “ fiat lux, ” ‘ let there be light. ’ so is fiat, the italian automobile brand, the same word? no. founded in 1899 the company name fiat is an acronym for fabbrica italiana automobili torino ‘ italian automobile factory of turin. ’ naturalmente in a roman catholic country, it didn ' t hurt that the car name pleasingly echoed the very words of god. the evolution of illustrate ’ s meanings in english 1526 – to make clear in the mind ( first english usage ) 1538 – “ thou shalt see that one translation declareth, openeth, and illustrateth another. ” prologue to the coverdale bible 1603 – to show in a good light, to make illustrious 1625 – to light up an object 1638 – to make something clear by drawing a picture of it ( the most frequent modern meaning of the verb to illustrate ) it is interesting how almost all of the current meanings of the verb to illustrate arose so early in the word ’ s english


an object 1638 – to make something clear by drawing a picture of it ( the most frequent modern meaning of the verb to illustrate ) it is interesting how almost all of the current meanings of the verb to illustrate arose so early in the word ’ s english life. often verbs with a long history in english take centuries to evolve new meanings. © 2008 william gordon casselman i invite you to tour my site and select from the hundreds of word stories here. to begin, click on the word list banner below. then perhaps browse the site map with its links to every page of my if you want to share some wonderful canadian sayings, you will find more than 3, 000 canadian expressions in my books. each of my three volumes of canadian sayings contains about 1, 200 zesty phrases used by canadians both today and throughout our history. remember that profits from the sale of my books keep this website online. this new book is available from november 2007 and can be ordered at any bookstore in the world. among the essay contributors in readings for technical communication are george grant, marshall mcluhan, c. p. snow, george orwell, stephen strauss, william zinsser and, yours ever in abject humility — bill casselman. if you can ' t find my books online or in stores, order them directly from the author. just send me an email. any comments, corrections, emendations, additional word lore, orders for my books? please email me at firstname. lastname @ example. org 2007 - bill casselman ' s latest publication is an essay in a new book entitled barry callaghan : essays on his works in the writers series published by guernica editions sales of my book support the continuance of this website. $ 10. 95 in all canadian bookstores says one reader on the chapters website : “ if you ' re canadian you gotta read this book. this book made me laugh till i cried. things i thought only i heard during my youth were there in print before my eyes! i love this book. everyone i show it to has the same reaction. different sayings tickled my funny bone on different days - so they never get boring. keep up this wonderful treasure - trove of canadiana, bill. ” — angie plamondon published by mcarthur & company, toronto, canada order my books anywhere in the world


for immediate release, november 4, 2009 contact : ileene anderson, center for biological diversity, ( 323 ) 490 - 0223 court reconsiders threatened status for flat - tailed horned lizard phoenix, ariz. — in response to a lawsuit brought by the center for biological diversity, tucson herpetological society, defenders of wildlife, and others, a federal district court in arizona ruled late tuesday that the flat - tailed horned lizard once again is a proposed threatened species under the endangered species act. the district court ’ s reinstatement of the proposed listing rule follows a ninth circuit court of appeals decision in may 2009 that overturned an interior department decision to deny protection to the species. since the vanishing lizard was first proposed for listing in 1993, the proposal had been withdrawn three times, with conservation groups successfully challenging each withdrawal in court. meanwhile, the species ’ habitat has fallen prey to additional destruction. “ the flat - tailed horned lizard is severely threatened by urban and agricultural sprawl and off - road vehicles. it desperately needs protection as an endangered species to survive, ” said ileene anderson of the center for biological diversity. the ninth circuit decision rejected a bush - administration policy developed by the solicitor of the department of the interior in 2007 that required the fish and wildlife service to ignore loss of historic range when determining if species warrant protection under the endangered species act. “ in the intervening years since first proposed in 1993, the flat - tailed horned lizard ’ s plight has only gotten worse, ” said anderson. “ we challenge the new administration to break with the bush administration agenda and finally provide protection for this disappearing species. ” the flat - tailed horned lizard inhabits portions of the deserts of southern california ( riverside, imperial, and san diego counties ), arizona ( yuma county ), and northwestern mexico ( sonora, baja california ). it is severely threatened by habitat destruction caused by urban and agricultural sprawl, off - road vehicles, and other threats. the groups involved in the latest court challenge include the tucson herpetological society, defenders of wildlife, center for biological diversity, horned lizard conservation society, and sierra club, who were represented by attorneys neil levine, a private attorney, and bill snape, senior counsel with the center for biological diversity. the department of the interior is required to make a final decision about the status of the flat - tailed horned lizard by november 2010. as the common name suggests, the species is recognized by its broad, flattened tail but also has long, sharp horns on its head, two rows of fringe scales along


to use all functions of this page, please activate cookies in your browser. with an accout for my. bionity. com you can always see everything at a glance – and you can configure your own website and individual newsletter. - my watch list - my saved searches - my saved topics - my newsletter alpha - fetoprotein ( afp ) is a molecule produced in the developing embryo and fetus. in humans, afp levels decrease gradually after birth, reaching adult levels by 8 to 12 months. normal adult afp levels are low, but detectable ; however, afp has no known function in normal adults. in normal fetuses, afp binds the hormone estradiol. afp is measured in pregnant women, using maternal blood or amniotic fluid, as a screening test for a subset developmental abnormalities, principally open neural tube defects. it is also measured in pregnant women, other adults, and children, serving as a biomarker to detect a subset of tumors, principally hepatocellular carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumors. structure and levels afp is a glycoprotein of 590 amino acids and a carbohydrate moiety. many functions have been proposed for afp ; an anti - cancer active site peptide has been identified and is referred to as afpep. afp is normally produced by the fetal yolk sac, the fetal gastrointestinal tract, and eventually by the fetal liver. levels of afp in fetal serum rise until the end of the first trimester of gestation and then fall. because the fetus excretes afp into its urine, amniotic fluid levels of afp tend to mirror fetal serum levels. in contrast, maternal serum levels of fetal afp are much lower but continue to rise until about week 32. labcorp, a large us clinical laboratory testing company, began offering afp screening tests in the early 1980s. afp in normal infants the normal range of afp for adults is variously reported as under 50, under 10, and under 5. at birth, normal infants have afp levels 4 or more magnitudes above the normal range for adults, decreasing to adult levels over the first year of life. correct evaluation of abnormal afp levels in infants must take into account this normal pattern. very high afp levels may be subject to hooking, resulting in a false low level. there are two categories of afp tests : tests performed on serum ( blood plasma ), and tests


levels in infants must take into account this normal pattern. very high afp levels may be subject to hooking, resulting in a false low level. there are two categories of afp tests : tests performed on serum ( blood plasma ), and tests performed on amniotic fluid. tests performed on serum are further categorized by the reason for performing the test : maternal serum, adult tumor marker, and pediatric tumor marker. tests performed on serum for these tests, the patient visits a phlebotomy lab to have a blood sample drawn. usually, this requires that the patient ( or guardian ) first obtain a written order from the patient ' s physician. in the us, an alternative is to use mymedlab. the standard is a quantitative test, reporting a measured concentration of afp in the sample, but there is also a less expensive qualitative test, reporting only that the concentration is normal or high. the qualitative test is appropriate only in some circumstances. the resulting test report should specify the assay method and equipment used, and the report of a quantitative test should also provide a reference range for the test result. many laboratories report reference ranges that are based on all other samples tested in that laboratory, necessarily including samples with abnormal afp concentrations due to disease. superior reference ranges are produced by research on healthy subjects. maternal serum afp tests need to be interpreted according to the gestational age, as levels rise until about 32 weeks gestation. typically, such measurements are done in the middle of the second trimester ( 14 - 16 weeks ). elevated levels are seen in multiple gestation as well as in a number of fetal abnormalities, such as neural tube defects including spina bifida and anencephaly, and abdominal wall defects. other possibilities are errors in the date of the gestation or fetal demise. in contrast, low levels of maternal serum afp are associated with down syndrome and trisomy 18. diabetic patients also have lower levels. patients with abnormal levels need to undergo detailed obstetric ultrasonography. the information is then used to decide whether to proceed with amniocentesis. maternal serum afp may be measured as part of a routine prenatal screening test : like any elevated tumor marker, elevated afp by itself is not diagnostic, only suggestive. tumor markers are used primarily to monitor the result of a treatment ( e. g. chemotherapy ). if levels of afp go down after treatment, the tumor is not growing. in the case of babies, after


not diagnostic, only suggestive. tumor markers are used primarily to monitor the result of a treatment ( e. g. chemotherapy ). if levels of afp go down after treatment, the tumor is not growing. in the case of babies, after treatment afp should go down faster than it would normally. a temporary increase in afp immediately following chemotherapy may indicate not that the tumor is growing but rather that it is shrinking ( and releasing afp as the tumor cells die ). afp - l3, an isoform of afp which binds lens culinaris agglutinin, can be particularly useful in early identification of aggressive tumors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ). afp is the main tumor marker ( sometimes with hcg ) used to monitor testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, and malignant teratoma in any location : values of afp over time can have significant effect on the treatment plan. afp is normally elevated in infants, and because teratoma is the single most common kind of tumor in infants, several studies have provided reference ranges for afp in normal infants.. perhaps the most useful is this equation : log y = 7. 397 - 2. 622. log ( x + 10 ), where x = age in days and y = afp level in nanograms per milliliter. tests performed on cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) in normal infants, afp in csf is : levels of afp in csf decline with gestational age in proportion to levels of afp in serum interpretation of afp test results afp test results often are reported as either ng / ml or mom ( multiple of the median, where the median is calculated for an appropriate reference population ). abnormally elevated afp in the serum of a pregnant woman can have one or more of these sources : usual follow - up steps include ( 1 ) a prenatal ultrasound exam to look for fetal abnormalities and / or ( 2 ) measurement of afp in amniotic fluid obtained via amniocentesis. afp in amniotic fluid has one or two sources. the fetus normally excretes afp into its urine, hence into the amniotic fluid. a fetus with one of three broad categories of defects also releases afp by other means. these categories are open neural tube defect, open abdominal wall defect, and skin disease or other failure of the interior or exterior body surface. abnormally elevated af


a fetus with one of three broad categories of defects also releases afp by other means. these categories are open neural tube defect, open abdominal wall defect, and skin disease or other failure of the interior or exterior body surface. abnormally elevated afp in amniotic fluid can have one or more of many different causes : sources of afp : normal serum alpha - fetoprotein is a fetal serum protein produced by the yolk sac and liver. sources of afp : abnormal there are case reports of elevated afp associated with teratoma. however, some of these case reports involve infants but do not correct for the normal elevation of afp in infants, while others ignore the likelihood that teratoma ( and other germ cell tumors ) may in fact be mixed tumors containing elements of endodermal sinus tumor. in patients with afp - secreting tumors, serum levels of afp often correlate with tumor size. resection is usually associated with a fall in serum levels. serum levels are useful in assessing response to treatment. increased serum levels in adults are also seen in acute hepatitis and colitis. | this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article " alpha - fetoprotein ". a list of authors is available in wikipedia. |


the " silver " fox, also marketed as a siberian fox, is a color phase ( or specially produced mutation ) of the red fox that, after 50 years of experiments in the soviet union and russia, is widely available via the exotic pet trade. naturally occurring silver foxes are somewhat rare, comprising only 8 % of canada ' s wild red fox population. those seen in captivity, like this male given refuge at black pine, are typically outcasts of the pet trade. since arriving in september 2012, this male is as yet unnamed and his age is unknown. he was brought to black pine by a conservation officer with the indiana department of natural resources, safely captured while wandering around a residential neighborhood at a northeast indiana lake. after consulting with the state licensing agent black pine determined if the fox was kept as a " pet ", which is likely given the animal ' s lack of fear of humans, he was apparently not owned legally. with no other apparent options, black pine is happy to be able to provide the animal a new forever home. foxes have grown in popularity within the exotic pet trade because of their beauty, curious and playful nature, and similarity to dogs. they are, however, very smelly and will continuously scent mark their home by urinating and defecating often and in obvious places. they are often destructive and skittish, nervous animals, so do not do well in people ' s homes around other high - energy animals, or children. foxes often kill cats, too, so can pose a danger to both fellow " pets " and keepers. infobox - silver fox status : least concern. diet : beef, venison, poultry, fruit, vegetables, dog food. life span : 10 to 15 years in captivity. weight : 8 to 15 pounds. native habitat : canada and northern u. s.


klein grass, panicum coloratum, is a warm season perennial bunchgrass that is planted in the southwestern portion of the united states for hay production and grazing. klein grass is a native grass of africa and was first introduced into the united states in the 1950 ’ s. klein grass is grown primarily as a pasture grass but in recent years it has been farmed to make hay in the imperial valley area of california. klein grass can grow up to 1 meter tall and is a fine stemmed leafy plant. klein grass is palatable and nutritious for cattle. when klein grass is grown for hay it is typically harvested at a younger stage of growth. harvesting at a younger stage helps to produce a fine stem, soft and leafy grass hay that is very palatable and nutritious for many types of animals. grading for klein grass hay is based on visual inspection where we evaluate the color, leafiness, texture and purity. bvt has three grades of klein grass : premium, # 1, and # 2. | premium | | bright green color with minimal bleach, leafy and soft texturefree of any other grasses or weeds | | # 1 | | good green color with 10 % bleach maximum, leafy with good texture and free of any grasses or weeds | | # 2 | | fair to good color with up to 25 % windrow bleach. can have a harder texture and small amounts of other grass mix. |


colorado desertarticle free pass colorado desert, part of the sonoran desert, extending southeastward for 164 miles ( 264 km ) from the san gorgonio pass in southeastern california, u. s., to the colorado river delta in northern mexico. a low - lying, arid region, it is bounded by the pacific coastal ranges ( west ), the san bernardino, cottonwood, chuckawalla, and chocolate mountains and the colorado river ( north through east ), and the head of the gulf of california ( south ). the typical vegetation of the desert is the creosote bush – desert shrub association. shifting sand dunes lie in the northwest and in the algodones sand hills in the east. the salton sea, a brackish - water lake, occupies the deepest section of the salton trough ( salton basin ), a landform that effectively outlines the colorado desert and the neighbouring yuma desert of arizona, u. s., and northwestern sonora, mex. the productive, irrigated coachella and imperial valleys stretch northwest and southeast from the salton sea. water is supplied to these valleys through canals from the colorado river, after which the desert was named. within the desert are several indian reservations, the salton sea national wildlife refuge, and popular resorts such as palm springs. what made you want to look up " colorado desert "? please share what surprised you most...


adapted from the nci cancer bulletin. researchers at dana - farber cancer institute in boston, mass., have found that the source of disease in many cases of the most aggressive form of ovarian cancer, serous carcinoma, may not be the ovary at all, but rather the fimbria of the fallopian tube. dr. keren levanon reported these findings at the american association for cancer research annual meeting on april 14, 2008. " until now, there was no understanding of the basic pathogenesis or carcinogenesis of [ ovarian ] serous carcinoma, " said dr. levanon at the meeting. noting that the majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage, she continued : " we didn ' t really know what the early cancer lesion or precursor lesion looks like, so we couldn ' t analyze what went wrong. " her team, which included collaborators at brigham and women ' s hospital, searched for these early lesions by identifying cells with a " p53 signature " - mutations in the p53 gene and buildup of p53 protein in cells - in the tissues of women who, due to a high risk for developing ovarian and other cancers, volunteered to have their ovaries and fallopian tubes removed. the team found a p53 signature most often in the secretory cells lining the finger - like appendages, called fimbria, at the ends of fallopian tubes. dr. levanon ' s team then developed an ex vivo model that they are using to continue studying these cells and the molecular events that lead to cancer. they hope this research will lead to targeted therapies and biomarkers for early detection. though they were surprised by their findings, explained dr. levanon, they were not surprised that ovarian cancer could begin in the fallopian tubes. " when we look at patients who are diagnosed with later - stage ovarian cancer, " she said, " we find that they have these lesions in their fallopian tubes in close to 100 percent of cases. " she also noted that patients who have prophylactic surgery to remove their ovaries sometimes develop tumors in other parts of their abdomen, which could result from shed cancer cells when the fallopian tubes are left intact.


carbon credit initiative cargill supports first - of - its - kind project designed to preserve the amazon rainforest. earth day, every day. to demonstrate our commitment to earth day we present stories that illustrate how we work to make a positive difference. for additional information on our environmental activities read biomass - powering a plant..., waste to energy and saving water in china for environmental innovations. cargill has awarded usd $ 3 million to columbia university and the amazon forest carbon partnership ( afcp ), a first - of - its - kind project designed to help preserve the amazon rainforest. columbia university and the afcp will attempt to reduce deforestation and degradation by establishing a reliable standard for forestry carbon credits. “ the main goal is to create a platinum standard for forestry carbon credits to ensure they are sustainable, permanent and environmentally friendly across the board, ” said cargill global emissions and european power & gas ( geepg ) general manager for structured carbon, michael dwyer, who steered cargill ’ s participation in the partnership. financial incentive for protecting rainforests selling forestry carbon credits to help preserve rainforests is a subject of debate in the carbon industry, with much of the controversy centering on redds ( reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ). the redd mechanism relies on creating a financial incentive for protecting the rainforests by allowing developed countries to buy forestry credits from developing countries. proceeds from the sale of these carbon credit proceeds will fund rainforest preservation programs and provide assistance to indigenous people. “ this project will help establish accountability and see that the money goes where it belongs — and that means that a portion of it gets out to the indigenous people who live in these forests, ” said arjun patney, u. s. carbon market strategist for geepg. partnering across countries afcp was launched at columbia university by don melnick, a distinguished professor of conservation biology at new york ’ s columbia university. columbia ’ s center for economy, environment, and society is working in partnership with five non - governmental environmental trust funds ( etfs ) dedicated to preserving the amazon rainforest. the etfs are based in bolivia, brazil, columbia, ecuador and peru. “ cargill has a large presence in this part of the world and involving the local etfs gives the project a great deal of credibility, ” added dwyer. “ the threats to the rainforest are something we can work on with people from each of these countries. ”


“ though faith is above reason, there can never be any real discrepancy between faith and reason. since the same god who reveals mysteries and infuses faith has bestowed the light of reason on the human mind, god cannot deny himself, nor can truth ever contradict truth. consequently, methodical research in all branches of knowledge, provided it is carried out in a truly scientific manner and does not override moral laws, can never conflict with the faith, because the things of the world and the things of faith derive from the same god. the humble and persevering investigator of the secrets of nature is being led, as it were, by the hand of god in spite of himself, for it is god, the conserver of all things, who made them what they are. ” catechism of the catholic church, par 159. ri can faith exist in a world where science is demonstrating ever more details of creation and the evolution of human life? is there a place for science among those who believe that the book of genesis is god ’ s inspired revelation? anchored “ modern science / ancient faith, ” a conference sponsored by the benedictine - run portsmouth institute, housed in rhode island ’ s portsmouth abbey school, on june 22 - 24. the event brought together some ninety scientists, theologians, philosophers, clergy, lay faithful, and skepticsor some mix of the aboveto explore the dialogue between the natural sciences and christianity. while few participants expressed difficulties with the coexistence of faith and reason, the how of this coexistence wasn ’ t always in agreement. some demanded a decidedly scientific approach to questions of beginnings. others championed a more literal understanding of genesis. this made for polite but fiery discussions that began in the early summer ’ s heat of the abbey ’ s grounds and now continue online. with adoration and the rosary, the first talk was a review of the galileo affair by rev. dom paschal scotti, o. s. b. his presentation set an amicable tone for the conference by demonstrating christianity ’ s affinity for the natural sciences. the priest made clear that the driving issue at play in galileo ’ s run - in with the church was not an inherent fear of science. rather, most catholic theologians and scientists working with galileo fought with the astronomer to keep scientific observations in their proper arena. and as in the modern debates about issues such as evolution or climate change, what further inflamed the galileo saga were the nuances of human sin, politics, and egos.


with the astronomer to keep scientific observations in their proper arena. and as in the modern debates about issues such as evolution or climate change, what further inflamed the galileo saga were the nuances of human sin, politics, and egos. according to fr. paschal, relations between galileo and the church were complicated by issues such as tensions between the dominican and jesuit orders ; secular pressures on pope urban viii ; galileo ’ s often aggressive approach and sometimes sarcastic writings ; and the effects of protestantism ’ s demands for sola fr. paschal noted that, human failings notwithstanding, an incarnational faith by its nature intersects with the natural world and, thus, the sciencesand this may explain why christianity was the fertile ground from which the natural sciences could “ the respected historian of science, edward grant... sees christianity as supportive of science and the christian middles ages as laying the foundations for the scientific revolution, ” wrote fr. paschal. later, the priest noted that the conference was an important one since there remains an unfortunate metaphor of “ warfare ” between christianity and science by many outside of academic circles, most especially in the media. mindful that the faith - reason link remains a tough sell even within academic circlesespecially among fundamentalist christians and atheistsdr. john f. haught, senior fellow of science & religion at georgetown university, offered a “ dramatic ” or “ narrative ” appreciation of how the universe is not idle, but remains in a formative, evolving state. haught said that we can better appreciate the meaning of creation, and better know our creator, by acknowledging that because the story of the universe is not complete, neither the natural or theological sciences can, on their own, truly explain “ what it ’ s all about. ” haught made his points with references to traditions found in st. augustine and st. bonaventure. he also lamented “ an often third - grade understanding of theology ” held by both atheists and some who demand a literal reading of sacred scripture. university ’ s dr. michael ruse, a specialist in the history and philosophy of science, agreed that sound science is being impeded by animosity between the “ new atheists, ” such as the english scientist richard dawkins, and biblical fundamentalists. he also applauded the catholic predisposition that holds faith and science in relation. a self - described “ religious skeptic, ” ruse sought to foster a “ middle way ” to bring order to faith - reason debates.


fundamentalists. he also applauded the catholic predisposition that holds faith and science in relation. a self - described “ religious skeptic, ” ruse sought to foster a “ middle way ” to bring order to faith - reason debates. conference speakersbrown university ’ s dr. kenneth miller and southwestern baptist theological seminary ’ s dr. william a. dembskidemonstrated that such debates are very much alive. miller is a well - known defender of evolutionary science while dembski defends intelligent design, which has been described by some as an exploration of a less “ materialist ” explanation for how humans came to exist than most evolutionists allow. others see intelligent design as just another form of biblically literal creationism. both miller and dembski have been on opposing sides of legal disputes between citizens and public school districts over how to teach the origins and development of life. conference, miller, a catholic molecular biologist, gave an overview of findings from fossil records and genome studies that show adaptations and intermediary steps in the evolution of life. miller also championed his faith ’ s allowance to let science be sciencein particular quoting pope benedict xvi. but to emphasize the role that reason in general, and scientific reason in particular, should play in the lives of the faithful. when asked about the many questions that evolutionary sciences have not answered, miller responded that “ to say ‘ nobody really knows ’ is not the same as ‘ we know nothing. ’ ” miller urged his fellow catholicsand all religious believersto not look for god in areas of science that have not yet been explained, because someday scientists may answer those questions, too. dembski, a mathematician and professor of philosophy, spoke in agreement with much of what evolutionary sciences have demonstrated. but he noted that in areas such as the development of life, its increasing complexity, and its self - awareness, science has much more to explain than it hasor can. dembski made a critical distinction between matter and information and he asked if there is something “ outside ” of matter that is informing it, guiding the cosmos and life to develop as it has. selection is the method that evolution uses, that ’ s fine, ” dembski said after his talk. “ but where does the information needed for this process come from? ” miller later said that dembski was being “ disingenuous ” in stating acceptance of specific elements of evolution, such as natural selection, “ and the record proves this. ” he added that science has in fact demonstrated that life


from? ” miller later said that dembski was being “ disingenuous ” in stating acceptance of specific elements of evolution, such as natural selection, “ and the record proves this. ” he added that science has in fact demonstrated that life has an innate ability to “ harvest ” from its environment the information needed for adaptation. miller said that he and dembski “ are oceans apart ” in their views. since wrote in evolutionnew. org that “ miller devoted about twenty minutes of [ his ] talk to going after me personally, lifting dated ( 2005 and 2006 ) and out - of - context quotes from the uncommondescent. com blog and trying to discredit me with some outright fabrications. ” nature of such debates is why conference planners ended with fr. nicanor pier o. p., a professor of biology at providence college. the dominican priest showcased the long catholic tradition that weds faith and reason and proposed ways to reconcile science with the book of genesis. motherway of wickford, ri, the conference helped her understand how faith and reason inform each other, and how faith must remain in society for the common good. “ i ’ m old enough to remember the ‘ love ’ of the 1960s and the past few years we ’ ve tried ‘ hope, ’ ” motherway said. “ maybe it ’ s time we focus more on faithespecially since faith and reason are not antithetical. ” was the latest summer gathering by the portsmouth institute. the institute ’ s executive director jamie macguire, a 1970 graduate of portsmouth abbey, hopes that the relaxed june conferences will make growing contributions to catholic thought “ in the spirit of the benedictine tradition. ” that this year ’ s theme was proposed because the school will soon break ground on a replacement for its science center. “ as an educational institution we truly seek to build our students faith while developing their love of reason, ” he said. “ this conference is really an example of who we are. ”


step 3 : find books & videos the library catalog is an inventory of all the materials we own - books, periodicals, videos / dvds, and cds. it lists the call number, availability, and physical location of each item. it also includes links to online items like ebooks and streaming videos. - leave out ' a ', ' the ', ' le ', ' la ', ' el ', ' die ', and other articles at the beginning of a title. - just enter the first few words. - capitalization and punctuation are not necessary, except hyphens. | the hitchhiker ' s guide to calculus | | hitchhikers guide | | censorhip in america : a reference handbook | censorship in america | enter the surname ( last name ) first. capitalization and punctuation don ' t matter. use author search to find authors, editors, artists, illustrators, translators, corporations, and organizations. author search command : | john w. snapper | | snapper, john | | j. r. r. tolkien | | tolkien | | the world chess federation | | world chess federation | - when you search by subject you are searching a formal set of vocabulary called ' library of congress subject headings. ' - if you don ' t know the exact subject heading for your topic, use a keyword search instead. your topic : subject browse command : | computer circuits | | computers - - circuits | keyword search command : | psychological causes of anorexia | | anorexia psychology | locate the item find the item on the shelf ( or online ) using the information provided : - main level, reference - main level, circulation desk - main level, new books shelves - level 3, circulating collection - level 1, curriculum library - level 1, buc cup cbu - online resource call number : plough library uses the dewey decimal system. each number in the dewey decimal system represents a particular subject. status : tells if item is available or checked out and other information about availability of item. - available = item is on the shelves or online. - charged = item is checked out. - lost = item is lost.


discover what smart strategies, solutions and practices you can be implementing to prepare your it infrastructure for the inevitable technological changes coming to your campus. a fictional englishman ' s quest to circle the globe in 80 days inspired technology integration facilitator silvia rosenthal tolisano to take her students on a similar adventure, without physically traveling to different countries. that ' s where skype comes in. the internet - based software allows her to make video and voice calls from her florida school to other schools, and she uses the tool to help her students learn. as of march 12, the elementary school students at martin j. gottlieb day school in jacksonville had called 51 other schools and spoken with kids their age for anywhere from 5 minutes to an hour, depending on their schedules. more than 300 schools have joined them in the around the world with 80 schools project ( named after the novel by jules verne ), which has allowed them to make authentic connections with real people who can answer questions about their culture and history. “ it ' s not about the skype tool, " rosenthal tolisano said, " it ' s about being able to get first - hand information, being able to take the learning really off the page of the book. " while kelly hines ' fourth grade class at chocowinity primary school in north carolina read a book about lewis and clark ' s adventures, students in a st. louis school were taking field trips to learn more about the two explorers. when they talked on skype, her kids could meaningfully link the two experiences. “ they ’ re starting to recognize and build connections between who we ’ re talking to and things that we ’ re learning, ” hines said. and her class is learning that a world exists beyond the little town in which they live ; the students get so excited when they find out that a student in a different school has the same name or ate pizza for lunch. this year, she ' s focused on collecting data for a graphing project. the kids develop questions about topics such as what they ate for lunch, how many kids were in their class and whether they had to wear uniforms. then they add the information into their project and write posts on their class blog about what they learned through the skype call. in san isidro, buenos aires, english teacher christine premoli is providing a way for her students at colegio goethe to compare their lives with children ' s lives in other parts of the world. they talk about their daily lives, what they do in their free time


, buenos aires, english teacher christine premoli is providing a way for her students at colegio goethe to compare their lives with children ' s lives in other parts of the world. they talk about their daily lives, what they do in their free time, what food they like and what sports they follow. the nine - year - old to 12 - year - old kids at the german school have different native languages, but still became friends with students in indonesia through a skype conversation in english. “ as they are learning english — and they are in the first steps of this language — they realize that they can communicate through any other language that is not their mother tongue, " premoli said, " and how useful it is not only to learn english, but also to learn some other languages. ” the students at the american school of madrid come from more than 50 countries around the world, and recently, the first grade students studied weather. they talked with kids on another continent and learned about their country ' s climate, what they wear during the day and how the weather impacts their lives, said nancy von wahlde, educational technology specialist. “ this week when we spoke with south africa, the first graders were having a hard time wrapping their minds around that it was summer there and it ’ s almost spring here, ” von wahlde said. through talking with students in other countries, rosenthal tolisano ' s class in florida is learning essential skills, such as communication, collaboration, speaking and listening. the students are also learning about the world around them, without the expense of physically traveling. “ those kids might never leave the country, but through this they will meet other people, they ’ ll talk to kids just like them in other countries, and they ’ ll catch a glimpse out of their window. ” you may use or reference this story with attribution and a link to


dr. marsh at the south pole even delaware ' s coldest winter could hardly rival the frigid environments in which dr. adam marsh works. the marine biochemist regularly travels to antarctica to learn more about the sea life that dwells in its icy waters. the lowest temperature on the planet has been recorded in antarctica - - at 128. 6°f below zero. marsh recently joined the faculty at the university of delaware graduate college of marine studies. as an assistant professor in the college ' s marine biology - biochemistry program, he will teach graduate courses in marine biochemistry with special emphasis on the structure an d function of proteins essential to marine life. he also will conduct research on the early life stages of shellfish and finfish in waters ranging from the antarctic ocean to delaware bay. " in general, i ' m working to find out how marine organisms develop in ' extreme, ' or harsh, environments, including polar oceans with their freezing temperatures, deep - sea basins with their crushing pressure, and even estuaries such as the delaware bay, " marsh says. " you might be surprised that estuaries could be classified as an extreme environment, " he notes. " but wide variations in temperature and salinity occur there, and the marine animals that live in them must be able to adapt quickly to the changing conditions in order to survive. " one of marsh ' s projects, funded by the national science foundation ( nsf ), focuses on the antarctic sea urchin ( sterechinus neumayeri ). this animal resembles a pincushion, with long, red spines extending from its round shell. it lives on the seafloor and uses its spines or sucker - tipped tube feet to move about. specifically, marsh is working to find out how the antarctic sea urchin ' s embryos are able to develop so well in the extreme cold of the polar sea. the animal ' s metabolism may provide clues to how organisms grow in other harsh environments. marsh earned his ph. d. in marine science from the university of maryland. he also has a master ' s degree in invertebrate zoology and bachelor ' s degrees in zoology and english literature from the university of south florida. his honors include the lerner - gray marine science award for molecular ecology and an nsf postdoctoral fellowship in biotechnology. additionally, for the past seven years, he has served as an instructor in the nsf course " biological adaptations of antarctic marine organisms " at mcmurdo station, antarctica. marsh ' s office is in smith laboratory at the


document id : 12905 cisco ios® network address translation ( nat ) is designed for ip address simplification and conservation. it enables private ip internetworks that use nonregistered ip addresses to connect to the internet. nat operates on a cisco router that connects two networks together, and translates the private ( inside local ) addresses in the internal network to public addresses ( outside local ) before packets are forwarded to another network. as a part of this functionality, you can configure nat to advertise only one address for the entire network to the outside world. this effectively hides the internal network from the world. therefore, it provides additional security. there are no specific requirements for this document. this document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions. for more information on document conventions, refer to the cisco technical tips conventions. one of the main features of nat is static port address translation ( pat ), which is also referred to as " overload " in a cisco ios configuration. static pat is designed to allow one - to - one mapping between local and global addresses. a common use for static pat is to allow internet users from the public network to access a web server located in the private network. in order to get more information about nat, refer to the nat technical support pages. this table shows the three blocks of ip address space available for private networks. consult rfc 1918 for more details about these special networks. | ip address space | | class | | 10. 0. 0. 0 - 10. 255. 255. 255 ( 10 / 8 prefix ) | | class a | | 172. 16. 0. 0 - 172. 31. 255. 255 ( 172. 16 / 12 prefix ) | | class b | | 192. 168. 0. 0 - 192. 168. 255. 255 ( 192. 168 / 16 prefix ) | | class c | note : the first block is nothing but a single class a network number, while the second block is a set of 16 contiguous class b network numbers, and third block is a set of 256 contiguous class c network numbers. in this example, the internet service provider ( isp ) assigns the dsl subscriber only a single ip address, 188. 8. 131. 52 / 24. the assigned ip address is a registered unique ip address and is called an inside global address. this registered ip address is used by the entire private network to browse the internet and also by internet users that come from the public network to reach the web server


the assigned ip address is a registered unique ip address and is called an inside global address. this registered ip address is used by the entire private network to browse the internet and also by internet users that come from the public network to reach the web server in the private network. the private lan, 192. 168. 0. 0 / 24, is connected to the ethernet interface of the nat router. this private lan contains several pcs and a web server. the nat router is configured to translate the unregistered ip addresses ( inside local addresses ) that come from these pcs to a single public ip address ( inside global - 184. 108. 40. 206 ) to browse the internet. ip address 192. 168. 0. 5 ( web server ) is an address in the private address space that cannot be routed to the internet. the only visible ip address for public internet users to reach the web server is 220. 127. 116. 11. therefore, the nat router is configured to perform a one - to - one mapping between ip address 18. 104. 22. 168 port 80 ( port 80 is used to browse the internet ) and 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80. this mapping allows internet users on the public side to have access to the internal web server. this network topology and sample configuration can be used for the cisco 827, 1417, soho77, and 1700 / 2600 / 3600 adsl wic. as an example, the cisco 827 is used in this document. in this section, you are presented with the information you can use to configure the features described in this document. this document uses this network setup. current configuration :! version 12. 1 service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime! hostname 827! ip subnet - zero no ip domain - lookup! bridge irb! interface ethernet0 ip address 192. 168. 0. 254 255. 255. 255. 0 ip nat inside! - - - this is the inside local ip address and it is a private ip address.! interface atm0 no ip address no atm ilmi - keepalive pvc 0 / 35 encapsulation aal5snap! bundle - enable dsl operating - mode auto bridge - group 1! interface bvi1 ip address 22. 214. 171. 124 255. 255. 255. 240 ip nat outside! - - - this is the inside global ip address.! -


- enable dsl operating - mode auto bridge - group 1! interface bvi1 ip address 22. 214. 171. 124 255. 255. 255. 240 ip nat outside! - - - this is the inside global ip address.! - - - this is your public ip address and it is provided to you by your isp.! ip nat inside source list 1 interface bvi1 overload! - - - this statement makes the router perform pat for all the! - - - end stations behind the ethernet interface that uses! - - - private ip addresses defined in access list # 1. ip nat inside source static tcp 192. 168. 0. 5 80 126. 96. 36. 199 80 extendable! - - - this statement performs the static address translation for the web server.! - - - with this statement, users that try to reach 188. 8. 131. 52 port 80 ( www ) are! - - - automatically redirected to 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80 ( www ). in this case! - - - it is the web server. ip classless ip route 0. 0. 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 0 184. 108. 40. 206! - - - ip address 220. 127. 116. 11 is the next hop ip address, also! - - - called the default gateway.! - - - your isp can tell you what ip address to configure as the next hop address.! access - list 1 permit 192. 168. 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 255! - - - this access list defines the private network! - - - that is network address translated. bridge 1 protocol ieee bridge 1 route ip! end from the show ip nat translation command output, the inside local is the configured ip address assigned to the web server on the inside network. notice that 192. 168. 0. 5 is an address in the private address space that cannot be routed to the internet. the inside global is the ip address of the inside host, which is the web server, as it appears to the outside network. this address is the one known to people who try to access the web server from the internet. the outside local is the ip address of the outside host as it appears to the inside network. it is not necessarily a legitimate address. but, it is allocated from an address space that can be routed on the inside. the outside global address is the ip address assigned to a host on the outside


outside host as it appears to the inside network. it is not necessarily a legitimate address. but, it is allocated from an address space that can be routed on the inside. the outside global address is the ip address assigned to a host on the outside network by the owner of the host. the address is allocated from an address or network space that can be globally routed. notice that the address 18. 104. 22. 168 with port number 80 ( http ) translates to 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80, and vice versa. therefore, internet users can browse the web server even though the web server is on a private network with a private ip address. in order to get more information about how to troubleshoot nat, refer to the verifying nat operation and basic nat troubleshooting. 827 # 827 # show ip nat translation pro inside global inside local outside local outside global tcp 22. 214. 171. 124 : 80 192. 168. 0. 5 : 80 - - - - - - tcp 126. 96. 36. 199 : 80 192. 168. 0. 5 : 80 188. 8. 131. 52 : 11000 184. 108. 40. 206 : 11000 827 # in order to troubleshoot address translation, you can issue the term mon and debug ip nat detailed commands on the router to see if the address translates correctly. the visible ip address for outside users to reach the web server is 220. 127. 116. 11. for example, users from the public side of the internet who try to reach 18. 104. 22. 168 port 80 ( www ) are automatically redirected to 192. 168. 0. 5 port 80 ( www ), which in this case is the web server. 827 # term mon 827 # debug ip nat detailed ip nat detailed debugging is on 827 # 03 : 29 : 49 : nat : creating portlist proto 6 globaladdr 22. 214. 171. 124 03 : 29 : 49 : nat : allocated port for 192. 168. 0. 5 - > 126. 96. 36. 199 : wanted 80 got 80 03 : 29 : 49 : nat : o : tcp ( 188. 8. 131. 52, 11000 ) - > ( 184. 108. 40. 206, 80 ) <... snipped... > - cisco dsl technology support information - product support information - technical support & documentation - cisco systems | updated : apr 09,


science fiction ( abbreviated sf or sci - fi with varying punctuation and capitalization ) is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology. fiction is the telling of stories which are not real more specifically fiction is an imaginative form of narrative, one of the four basic rhetorical modes. science ( from the latin scientia, meaning " knowledge " or " knowing " is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding technology is a broad concept that deals with a species ' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts and how it affects a species ' ability to control and adapt science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. in organizational or marketing contexts, science fiction can be synonymous with the broader definition of speculative fiction, encompassing creative works incorporating imaginative elements not found in contemporary reality ; this includes fantasy, horror, and related genres. speculative fiction is a term used as an inclusive descriptor covering a group of fiction genres that speculate about worlds that are unlike the real world in fantasy is a genre that uses magic and other supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and / or setting horror fiction is broadly fiction in any medium intended to scare unsettle or horrify the audience science fiction differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature ( though some elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation ). science fiction is largely based on writing entertainingly and rationally about alternate possibilities in settings that are contrary to known reality. these include : exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a " literature of ideas ". outer space, often simply called space, comprises the relatively empty regions of the universe outside the escape velocities of celestial bodies. extraterrestrial life is life originating outside of the earth. this article details time travel itself for other uses see time traveler. psionics is the study and / or practice of using the mind to induce paranormal phenomena nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular a robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent in practice it is usually an electro - mechanical system which by its appearance or movements science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. a genre ( ˈʒɑːnrə


mechanical or virtual artificial agent in practice it is usually an electro - mechanical system which by its appearance or movements science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. a genre ( ˈʒɑːnrə also / ˈdʒɑːnrə / from french " kind " or " sort " from latin : genus ( stem gener - ) is a loose set author and editor damon knight summed up the difficulty by stating that " science fiction is what we point to when we say it ". damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, vladimir nabokov argued that were we rigorous with our definitions, shakespeare ' s play the tempest would have to be termed science fiction. this page is about the novelist for his father the politician see vladimir dmitrievich nabokov. william shakespeare ( baptised the tempest is a comedy written by william shakespeare. it is generally dated to 1610 - 11 and accepted as the last play written solely by him although according to science fiction writer robert a. heinlein, " a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read : realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method. robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 – may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. scientific method refers to bodies of techniques for investigating phenomena " rod serling ' s stated definition is " fantasy is the impossible made probable. rodman edward " rod " serling ( december 25, 1924 & ndash june 28, 1975 ) was an american screenwriter, best known science fiction is the improbable made possible. " lester del rey wrote, " even the devoted aficionado – or fan - has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is, " and that the reason for there not being a " full satisfactory definition " is that " there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction. lester del rey ( june 2 1915 & ndash may 10 1993 ) was an american science fiction author and editor. " author mark c. glassy stated that the definition of science fiction was very much like the definition of porn ; you don ' t know what it is, but you know it when you see it. pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer forrest j. ac


very much like the definition of porn ; you don ' t know what it is, but you know it when you see it. pornography or porn is the explicit depiction of sexual subject matter with the sole intention of sexually exciting the viewer forrest j. ackerman publicly used the term " sci - fi " at ucla in 1954, though robert a. heinlein had used it in private correspondence six years earlier. forrest j ackerman ( born november 24, 1916 ) is an american collector of science fiction books and movie memorabilia and a science fiction robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 – may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. as science fiction entered popular culture, writers and fans active in the field came to associate the term with low - budget, low - tech " b - movies " and with low - quality pulp science fiction. popular culture ( or pop culture ) is the culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — a b movie is a motion picture made on a low or modest budget originally the term was used for films intended for distribution as the less - publicized second half of a double pulp magazines ( or pulp fiction ; often referred to as " the pulps " were inexpensive fiction magazines by the 1970s, critics within the field such as terry carr and damon knight were using " sci - fi " to distinguish hack - work from serious science fiction, and around 1978, susan wood and others introduced the pronunciation " skiffy. terry gene carr ( february 19, 1937 – april 7, 1987 ) was a u damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, susan joan wood ( august 22, 1948 - november 12, 1980 was a canadian author, critic, and science fiction skiffy is a deliberate humorous misspelling or mispronunciation of the controversial term " sci - fi " a neologism referring to science fiction. " peter nicholls writes that " sf " ( or " sf " ) is " the preferred abbreviation within the community of sf writers and readers. " david langford ' s monthly fanzine ansible includes a regular section " as others see us " which offers numerous examples of " sci - fi " being used in a pejorative sense by people outside the genre. david rowland langford ( born 10 april 1953 is a british author editor and critic, largely active within the science fiction field an ansible is a hypothetical machine capable of superluminal communication and used as a


. mary shelley ( nee mary wollstonecraft godwin ; 30 august frankenstein or the modern prometheus, generally known as frankenstein, is a novel written by the british author mary shelley the last man is an apocalyptic science fiction novel by mary shelley, which was first published in 1826 edgar allan poe ( january 19 1809 – october 7 1849 was an american poet, short - story writer, editor and literary critic, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. then with the dawn of new technologies such as electricity, the telegraph, and new forms of powered transportation, writers like jules verne and h. g. wells created a body of work that became popular across broad cross - sections of society. jules gabriel verne ( february 8 1828 & ndash march 24 1905 ) was a french author who pioneered the science - fiction herbert george wells ( 21 september 1866 & ndash 13 august 1946 he was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political in the late 19th century the term " scientific romance " was used in britain to describe much of this fiction. see also history of science fiction scientific romance is a bygone name for what is now commonly known as science fiction. this produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella flatland : a romance of many dimensions by edwin abbott abbott. for other uses see flatland ( disambiguation flatland a romance of many dimensions is an 1884 science fiction edwin abbott abbott ( december 20, 1838 & ndash october 12, 1926 ) english schoolmaster and theologian, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as olaf stapledon. william olaf stapledon ( may 10, 1886 & ndash september 6, 1950 ) was a british philosopher and author of several influential works in the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly american sf writers, influenced by hugo gernsback, the founder of amazing stories magazine. pulp magazines ( or pulp fiction ; often referred to as " the pulps " were inexpensive fiction magazines hugo gernsback ( august 16 1884 – august 19 1967 ) born hugo gernsbacher, was a luxembourg american inventor amazing stories was an american science fiction magazine launched in april 1926 by hugo gernsback ' s experimenter publishing. in the late 1930s, john w. campbell became editor of astounding science fiction, and a critical mass of new writers emerged in new york city in a group called the futurians, including isaac asimov, damon


s experimenter publishing. in the late 1930s, john w. campbell became editor of astounding science fiction, and a critical mass of new writers emerged in new york city in a group called the futurians, including isaac asimov, damon knight, donald a. wollheim, frederik pohl, james blish, judith merril, and others. john wood campbell jr ( june 8 1910 – july 11 1971 was an important science fiction editor and writer analog science fiction and fact is an american science fiction magazine. the city of new york the futurians were an influential group of science fiction fans, many of whom became editors and writers as well isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally исаак озимов but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, donald allen wollheim ( october 1 1914 & ndash november 2, 1990 ) was a science fiction writer, editor, publisher and frederik george pohl jr ( born november 26, 1919 ) is a american science fiction writer, editor and fan, with a career james benjamin blish ( east orange, new jersey, may 23, 1921 – henley - on - thames, july 30, 1975 ) was an judith josephine grossman ( january 21, 1923 - september 12, 1997 ) who took the pen - name judith merril about 1945 was an other important writers during this period included robert a. heinlein, arthur c. clarke, and a. e. van vogt. robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 – may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. sir arthur charles clarke, cbe ( 16 december 1917 – 19 march 2008 was a british science fiction author, inventor, and alfred elton van vogt ( april 26 1912 – january 26 2000 was a canadian - born science fiction author who was one of the most prolific campbell ' s tenure at astounding is considered to be the beginning of the golden age of science fiction, characterized by hard sf stories celebrating scientific achievement and progress. the first golden age of science fiction, often recognized as a period from the late 1930s or early 1940s through to the 1950s was an era during which the science fiction genre gained wide this lasted until postwar technological advances, new magazines like galaxy under pohl as editor, and a new generation of writers


often recognized as a period from the late 1930s or early 1940s through to the 1950s was an era during which the science fiction genre gained wide this lasted until postwar technological advances, new magazines like galaxy under pohl as editor, and a new generation of writers began writing stories outside the campbell mode. galaxy science fiction was a digest - size science fiction magazine, the creation of noted editor h in the 1950s, the beat generation included speculative writers like william s. burroughs. william seward burroughs ii ( – ˈbʌroʊz was an american novelist, essayist, social critic, painter and spoken word in the 1960s and early 1970s, writers like frank herbert, samuel r. delany, roger zelazny, and harlan ellison explored new trends, ideas, and writing styles, while a group of writers, mainly in britain, became known as the new wave. franklin patrick herbert jr ( october 8 1920 & ndash february 11 1986 ) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful american samuel ray delany jr ( born april 1, 1942, new york city ) is an award - winning american science fiction roger joseph zelazny ( may 13, 1937 – june 14, 1995 ) was an american writer of fantasy and science fiction harlan jay ellison ( born may 27, 1934 ) is a prolific american writer of short stories, novellas, teleplays the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, commonly known as the united kingdom, the uk or britain, is a sovereign state located new wave is a term applied to science fiction writing characterized by a high degree of experimentation both in form and in content and a highbrow and self - consciously in the 1970s, writers like larry niven and poul anderson began to redefine hard sf. laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. poul william anderson ( november 25, 1926 – july 31, 2001 ) was an american science fiction author who wrote during a golden ursula k. le guin and others pioneered soft science fiction. ursula kroeber le guin ( ləˈgwɪn ( born october 21, 1929 ) is an american author in the 1980s, cyberpunk authors like william gibson turned away from the traditional optimism and support for progress of traditional science fiction. cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on " high tech and low life. william ford gibson ( born march 17 1948 is an american - canadian writer who has been called the " noir prophet


support for progress of traditional science fiction. cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on " high tech and low life. william ford gibson ( born march 17 1948 is an american - canadian writer who has been called the " noir prophet " of the cyberpunk subgenre star wars helped spark a new interest in space opera, focusing more on story and character than on scientific accuracy. star wars episode iv a new hope ( originally released as star wars ) is a 1977 space opera space opera is a subgenre of speculative fiction or science fiction that emphasizes romantic, often melodramatic adventure set mainly or entirely c. j. cherryh ' s detailed explorations of alien life and complex scientific challenges influenced a generation of writers. carolyn janice cherry ( born september 1, 1942 ) better known by the pseudonym c extraterrestrial life is life originating outside of the earth. emerging themes in the 1990s included environmental issues, the implications of the global internet and the expanding information universe, questions about biotechnology and nanotechnology, as well as a post - cold war interest in post - scarcity societies ; neal stephenson ' s the diamond age comprehensively explores these themes. this is a list of environmental issues that are due to human activity biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular cold war is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the united states and the soviet union ( ussr and their respective allies from the post scarcity or post - scarcity describes a hypothetical form of economy or society, often explored in science fiction, in which things such as neal town stephenson ( born october 31, 1959 ) is an american writer known primarily for his science fiction works in the postcyberpunk genre the diamond age or a young lady ' s illustrated primer is a postcyberpunk novel by neal stephenson. lois mcmaster bujold ' s vorkosigan novels brought the character - driven story back into prominence. lois mcmaster bujold ( born november 2, 1949, columbus, ohio ) is an american author of science fiction and fantasy the vorkosigan saga is a series of science fiction novels and short stories by lois mcmaster bujold, most of which concern miles vorkosigan, a physically the television series star trek : the next generation began a torrent of new sf shows, of


saga is a series of science fiction novels and short stories by lois mcmaster bujold, most of which concern miles vorkosigan, a physically the television series star trek : the next generation began a torrent of new sf shows, of which babylon 5 was among the most highly acclaimed in the decade. star trek the next generation ( sttng or tng ) is an emmy and peabody award - winning science fiction television program created by gene roddenberry babylon 5 is an american science fiction television series created produced and largely written by j a general concern about the rapid pace of technological change crystallized around the concept of the technological singularity, popularized by vernor vinge ' s novel marooned in realtime and then taken up by other authors. the technological singularity is a theoretical future point of unprecedented technological progress caused in part by the ability of machines to improve themselves using artificial vernor steffen vinge ( ˈvɪndʒi ( born october 2, 1944 in waukesha wisconsin, u marooned in realtime is a 1986 murder mystery and time - travel science fiction novel by vernor vinge, about a small time - displaced television shows like buffy the vampire slayer and films like the lord of the rings created new interest in all the speculative genres in films, television, computer games, and books. fictional narratives ( and works of art exist beyond their completion e the lord of the rings film trilogy consists of three live action fantasy epic films the fellowship of the ring ( 2001 while sf has provided criticism of developing and future technologies, it also produces innovation and new technology. the discussion of this topic has occurred more in literary and sociological than in scientific forums. cinema and media theorist vivian sobchack examines the dialogue between science fiction film and the technological imagination. vivian sobchack is an american cinema and media theorist and cultural critic technology does impact how artists portray their fictionalized subjects, but the fictional world gives back to science by broadening imagination. while more prevalent in the beginning years of science fiction with writers like isaac asimov, robert a. heinlein, frank walker and arthur c. clarke, new authors like michael crichton still find ways to make the currently impossible technologies seem so close to being realized. isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally исаак озимов but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907