union and its allies in eastern europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s. a diverse array of writers and political activists have published criticism of communism, such as : - soviet bloc dissidents lech wałesa, aleksandr solzhenitsyn and vaclav havel ; - social theorists hannah arendt, raymond aron, ralf dahrendorf, seymour martin lipset, and karl wittfogel ; - economists ludwig von mises, friedrich hayek, and milton friedman ; - historians and social scientists robert conquest, stephane courtois, richard pipes, and r. j. rummel ; - anti - stalinist leftists ignazio silone, george orwell, saul alinsky, richard wright, arthur koestler, and bernard - henri levy ; - russian - born novelist and philosopher ayn rand - philosophers leszek kołakowski and karl popper. part of this criticism is on the policies adopted by one - party states ruled by communist parties ( known as " communist states " ). critics are specially focused on their economic performance compared to market based economies. their human rights records are thought to be responsible for the flight of refugees from communist states, and are alleged by some scholars to be responsible for famines, purges and warfare resulting in deaths far in excess of previous empires, capitalist or axis regimes. some writers, such as courtois, argue that the actions of communist states were the inevitable ( though sometimes unintentional ) result of marxist principles ; thus, these authors present the events occurring in those countries, particularly under stalin and mao, as an argument against marxism itself. some critics were former marxists, such as wittfogel, who applied marx ' s concept of " oriental despotism " to communist states such as the soviet union, silone, wright and koestler ( among other writers ) who contributed essays to the book the god that failed ( the title refers not to the christian god but to marxism ). czesław miłosz, author of the influential essay the captive mind, was an example of a sceptic holding a party post, that of cultural attache. there have also been more direct criticisms of marxism, such as criticisms of the labor theory of value or marx ' s predictions. nevertheless, communist parties outside of the warsaw pact, such as the communist parties in western europe, asia, latin america, and africa, differed greatly. economic criticisms of communal and / or government property are described under criticisms of socialism. - ^ a b


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435 – 451. doi : 10. 2307 / 2009764.? uniq3ab34e171166e61b - htmlcommentstrip7c7dfbc41ccbeb7000000002 - ^ j. arch getty ( 1985 ). origins of the great purges : the soviet communist party reconsidered : 1933 – 1938. cambridge university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 33570 - 6. - ^ rosefielde, steven ( 2009 ). red holocaust. routledge. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 77757 - 5. - ^ daniel jonah goldhagen. worse than war : genocide, eliminationism, and the ongoing assault on humanity. publicaffairs, 2009. isbn 1586487698 p. 54 : "... in the past century communist regimes, led and inspired by the soviet union and china, have killed more people than any other regime type. " - ^ benjamin a. valentino. final solutions : mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. cornell university press, 2004. p. 91 isbn 0801439655 - ^ nicolas werth, karel bartosek, jean - louis panne, jean - louis margolin, andrzej paczkowski, stephane courtois, the black book of communism : crimes, terror, repression, harvard university press, 1999, hardcover, 858 pages, isbn 978 - 0 - 674 - 07608 - 2 - ^ wittfogel, karl oriental despotism, vintage, 1981 - ^ crossman, richard, ed., the god that failed. harper & bros, 1949 - ^ czeslaw milosz, poet and nobelist who wrote of modern cruelties, dies at 93, the new york times, accessed 3 january 2010. - reason in revolt : marxism and modern science by alan woods and ted grant - forman, james d., " communism from marx ' s manifesto to 20th century reality ", new york, watts. 1972. isbn 978 - 0 - 531 - 02571 - 0 - books on communism, socialism and trotskyism - furet, francois, furet, deborah kan ( translator ), " the passing of an illusion : the idea of communism in the twentieth century ", university of chicago press, 2000, isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 27341 - 9 - daniels, robert vincent, " a documentary history of communism and the world : from revolution


of an illusion : the idea of communism in the twentieth century ", university of chicago press, 2000, isbn 978 - 0 - 226 - 27341 - 9 - daniels, robert vincent, " a documentary history of communism and the world : from revolution to collapse ", university press of new england, 1994, isbn 978 - 0 - 87451 - 678 - 4 - marx, karl and friedrich engels, " communist manifesto ", ( mass market paperback - reprint ), signet classics, 1998, isbn 978 - 0 - 451 - 52710 - 3 - dirlik, arif, " origins of chinese communism ", oxford university press, 1989, isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 505454 - 5 - beer, max, " the general history of socialism and social struggles volumes 1 & 2 ", new york, russel and russel, inc. 1957 - adami, stefano, ' communism ', in encyclopedia of italian literary studies, ed. gaetana marrone - p. puppa, routledge, new york - london, 2006 | wikimedia commons has media related to : communism | | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : communism | | look up communism in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | - european parliament resolution on european conscience and totalitarianism - in defense of marxism - anarchy archives includes the works of anarchist communists. - libertarian communist library - marxists internet archive - the mu particle in " communism ", a short etymological essay by wu ming. - open society archives, one of the biggest history of communism and cold war archives in the world. - islam and communism


date of award master of public health ( mph ) dr. frances mccarty - chair dr. carol hoban postpartum depression is recognized as an important maternal and child health issue. postpartum depression is the most common perinatal psychiatric disorder and one of the most common complications of childbirth. studies show prevalence rates in women ranging from 10 % to 25 %. postpartum depression affects the emotional wellbeing of mothers, infant behavior, mother - infant bonding, and marital relationships. however, the majority of women who experience postpartum depression do not seek care. the purpose of this analysis is to examine the demographic differences between women in georgia who report symptoms of postpartum depression but do not seek care, versus women who report postpartum depression symptoms and seek care. approximately 15 % of respondents in this study reported postpartum depression. of these women, approximately 80 % did not seek care for their symptoms. this analysis found that women with the following characteristics were more likely to not seek care for depression : non - white and hispanic women ; women that were uninsured before their pregnancy ; women that had their prenatal care paid for by medicaid or the military ; and women who did not seek care for depression during their pregnancy. the results of this study may help to guide the implementation of public health interventions among postpartum women in georgia. tennyson, sarah elizabeth, " an analysis of postpartum depression and care seeking behaviors in georgia " ( 2009 ). public health theses. paper 120.