individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | in psychology, biological psychology, also known as biopsychology and psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior. a psychobiologist, for instance, may compare the imprinting behavior in goslings to the early attachment behavior in human infants and construct theory around these two phenomena. biological psychologists may often be interested in measuring some biological variable, e. g. an anatomical, physiological, or genetic variable, in an attempt to relate it quantitatively or qualitatively to a psychological or behavioral variable, and thus contribute to evidence based practice. the study of biological psychology dates back to avicenna ( 980 - 1037 ), a persian psychologist and physician who in the canon of medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. avicenna also gave psychological explanations for certain somatic illnesses, and he always linked the physical and psychological illnesses together. he explained that humidity inside the head can contribute to mood disorders, and he recognized that this occurs when the amount of breath changes : happiness increases the breath, which leads to increased moisture inside the brain, but if this moisture goes beyond its limits, the brain would lose control over its rationality and lead to mental disorders. biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. in philosophy, men like rene descartes proposed physical models to explain animal and human behavior. descartes, for example, suggested that the pineal gland, a midline unpaired structure in the brain of many organisms, was the point of contact between mind and body. descartes also elaborated on a theory in which the pneumatics of bodily fluids could explain reflexes and other motor behavior. this theory was inspired by moving statues in a garden in paris. other philosophers also helped give birth to psychology. one of the earliest textbooks in the new field, the principles of psychology by william james ( 1890 ), argues that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology : | “ | | bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain - experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which psychology need take account. the spiritualist and the associationist must both be ' cerebralists,


biology : | “ | | bodily experiences, therefore, and more particularly brain - experiences, must take a place amongst those conditions of the mental life of which psychology need take account. the spiritualist and the associationist must both be ' cerebralists, ' to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. our first conclusion, then, is that a certain amount of brain - physiology must be presupposed or included in psychology. james, like many early psychologists, had considerable training in physiology. the emergence of both psychology and biological psychology as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the 18th and 19th centuries. the influential work of claude bernard, charles bell, and william harvey helped to convince the scientific community that reliable data could be obtained from living subjects. the term " psychobiology " has been used in a variety of contexts, but was likely first used in its modern sense by knight dunlap in his book an outline of psychobiology ( 1914 ). dunlap also founded the journal psychobiology. in the announcement of that journal, dunlap writes that the journal will publish research "... bearing on the interconnection of mental and physiological functions ", which describes the field of biological psychology even in its modern sense. relationship to other fields of psychology and biologyedit in many cases, humans may serve as experimental subjects in biological psychology experiments ; however, a great deal of the experimental literature in biological psychology comes from the study of non - human species, most frequently rats, mice, and monkeys. as a result, a critical assumption in biological psychology is that organisms share biological and behavioral similarities, enough to permit extrapolations across species. this allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. biological psychology also has paradigmatic and methodological similarities to neuropsychology, which relies heavily on the study of the behavior of humans with nervous system dysfunction ( i. e., a non - experimentally based biological manipulation ). synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological


experimentally based biological manipulation ). synonyms for biological psychology include biopsychology, behavioral neuroscience, and psychobiology. physiological psychology is another term often used synonymously with biological psychology, though some authors would make physiological psychology a subfield of biological psychology, with an appropriately more narrow definition. research methods edit the distinguishing characteristic of a biological psychology experiment is that either the independent variable of the experiment is biological, or some dependent variable is biological. in other words, the nervous system of the organism under study is permanently or temporarily altered, or some aspect of the nervous system is measured ( usually to be related to a behavioral variable ). disabling or decreasing neural functionedit - lesions - a classic method in which a brain - region of interest is enabled. lesions can be placed with relatively high accuracy thanks to a variety of brain ' atlases ' which provide a map of brain regions in 3 - dimensional stereotactic coordinates. - electrolytic lesions - neural tissue is destroyed by the use of electric run through. - chemical lesions - neural tissue is destroyed by the infusion of a neurotoxin. - temporary lesions - neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - a new technique usually used with human subjects in which a magnetic coil applied to the scalp causes unsystematic electrical activity in nearby cortical neurons which can be experimentally analyzed as a functional lesion. - psychopharmacological manipulations - a chemical receptor antagonist enduces neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission. antagonists can be delivered systemically ( such as by intravenous injection ) or locally ( intracebrally ) during a surgical procedure. enhancing neural function edit - electrical stimulation - a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current ( too small to cause significant cell death ). - psychopharmacological manipulations - a chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. agonists can be delivered systemically ( such as by intravenous injection ) or locally ( intracebrally ) during a surgical procedure. - transcranial magnetic stimulation - in some cases ( for example, studies of motor cortex ), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect ( rather than as a functional lesion ). measuring neural activity edit - single unit recording - the measurement of the electrical activity of one ne


for example, studies of motor cortex ), this technique can be analyzed as having a stimulatory effect ( rather than as a functional lesion ). measuring neural activity edit - single unit recording - the measurement of the electrical activity of one neuron, often in the context of an ongoing behavioral ( psychological ) task. - multielectrode recording - the use of a bundle of fine electrodes to record the simultaneous activity of up to hundreds of neurons. - fmri - functional magnetic resonance imaging, a technique most frequently applied on human subjects, in which changes in cerebral blood flow can be detected in an mri apparatus and are taken to indicate relative activity of larger scale brain regions ( i. e., on the order of hundreds of thousands of neurons ). - electroencephalography - or eeg ; and the derivative technique of event - related potentials, in which scalp electrodes monitor the average activity of neurons in the cortex ( again, used most frequently with human subjects ). - functional neuroanatomy - in which the expression of some anatomical marker is taken to reflect neural activity. for example, the expression of immediate early genes is thought to be caused by vigorous neural activity. likewise, the injection of 2 - deoxyglucose prior to some behavioral task can be followed by anatomical localization of that chemical ; it is taken up by neurons that are electrically active. genetic manipulations edit - qtl mapping - the influence of a gene in some behavior can be statistically inferred by studying inbred strains of some species, most commonly mice. the recent sequencing of the genome of many species, most notably mice, has facilitated this technique. - selective breeding - organisms, often mice, may be bred selectively among inbred strains to create a recombinant congenic strain. this might be done to isolate an experimentally interesting stretch of dna derived from one strain on the background genome of another strain to allow stronger inferences about the role of that stretch of dna. - genetic engineering - the genome may also be experimentally - manipulated ; for example, knockout mice can be engineered to lack a particular gene, or a gene may be expressed in a strain which does not normally do so ( the ' knock in ' ). advanced techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. topic areas in biological psychology edit in general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species


techniques may also permit the expression or suppression of a gene to occur by injection of some regulating chemical. topic areas in biological psychology edit in general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species. as a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as : - sensation and perception - motivated behavior ( hunger, thirst, sex ) - control of movement - learning and memory - sleep and biological rhythms however, with increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as : - reasoning and decision making biological psychology has also had a strong history of contributing to the understanding of medical disorders, including those that fall under the purview of clinical psychology and psychopathology ( also known as abnormal psychology ). although animal models for all mental illnesses do not exist, the field has contributed important therapeutic data on a variety of conditions, including : - parkinson ' s disease, a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer ' s motor skills and speech. - huntington ' s disease, a rare inherited neurological disorder whose most obvious symptoms are abnormal body movements and a lack of coordination. it also affects a number of mental abilities and some aspects of personality. - alzheimer ' s disease, a neurodegenerative disease that, in its most common form, is found in people over the age of 65 and is characterized by progressive cognitive deterioration, together with declining activities of daily living and by neuropsychiatric symptoms or behavioral changes. - clinical depression, a common psychiatric disorder, characterized by a persistent lowering of mood, loss of interest in usual activities and diminished ability to experience pleasure. - schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. - autism, a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. - anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. these components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. - drug abuse, including


a child is three years old. - anxiety, a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. these components combine to create the feelings that are typically recognized as fear, apprehension, or worry. - drug abuse, including alcoholism nobel laureates edit the following nobel prize winners could reasonably be considered biological psychologists. ( this list omits winners who were almost exclusively neuroanatomists or neurophysiologists ; i. e., those that did not measure behavioral or psychological variables. ) - charles sherrington ( 1932 ) - edgar adrian ( 1932 ) - walter hess ( 1949 ) - egas moniz ( 1949 ) - georg von bekesy ( 1961 ) - george wald ( 1967 ) - ragnar granit ( 1967 ) - konrad lorenz ( 1973 ) - niko tinbergen ( 1973 ) - karl von frisch ( 1973 ) - roger w. sperry ( 1981 ) - david h. hubel ( 1981 ) - torsten n. wiesel ( 1981 ) - eric r. kandel ( 2000 ) - arvid carlsson ( 2000 ) - richard axel ( 2004 ) - linda b. buck ( 2004 ) - behavioural genetics - behavioral neuroscience - biological psychiatry - biopsychcosocial approach - cognitive neuroscience - developmental psychobiology - embodied philosophy - evolutionary psychology references & bibliographyedit | this page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ). | < ref > tags exist, but no < references / > tag was found


underfloor heating is a form of central heating that uses heat conductivity and radiant heat for indoor climate control. it can be used with concrete and wooden floors and with all types of flooring. it warms the lower part of both the room and the body giving off a feeling of natural warmth. most systems are either warm water systems or electric systems. systems can be a poured floor system, in which the system is encapsulated in a masonry mix, or it can be a sub floor system in which it is attached directly to the subfloor. while there are differences and similarities between the two systems, both are energy efficient, space saving, and fitter than conventional heating systems. water underfloor heating consists of warm water being circulated through pipes or tubes that are set into the floor. since this system allows water to circulate by thermosiphon, it is prostrate to blockage by air bubbles that accumulate in the high spots and block the flow of water. a ticker will need to be used for purging to allow the water to circulate through the tubing fast enough to dislodge the air bubble. the heart will activate when the system stable and will shut off when circulation is restored. with the electric alternative, the heat is spread throughout cables placed in the floor. there is no need to be implicated about blockage or purging with an electric heating system. with hot water heating, you will need a pressure reduction valve to reduce the city water pressure to the lowest point needed for the heating system, an air centrifuge to take the air out of fresh water, and an expansion tank to accommodate the change in water volume in the system as the water heats up and cools down. electric underfloor heating does not require such advanced equipment. you will need cable or a cable mat, insulation, tile adhesive, and a thermostat to install the system. water underfloor heating systems can also be used in reverse with cold water being placed in the system to take the heat out of a building. when using this method, the surface temperatures mustiness remain above the air ’ s dew point temperature to prevent mold growth and slithering hazards. electric heating systems ar not intentional to take the heat out of a building or room. however, if the sun is shining on an area that is heated by electric cables, the heat will turn off and allow the sun to naturally heat the area. with water systems, soil can influence downward heat loss.


out of a building or room. however, if the sun is shining on an area that is heated by electric cables, the heat will turn off and allow the sun to naturally heat the area. with water systems, soil can influence downward heat loss. heated and cooled surfaces need to be isolated from vents, cold plumbing lines, and appliances. dew point control is a major concern for wet systems. another concern is control and expansion of the floor joints and crack suppression in concrete and tiled surfaces. with the electric heating systems, floor buildup is non a trouble because the electric cables are installed onto an insulation board or directly onto the subfloor with the floor covering placed directly over the heating system. adhesive is applied between the layers and prevents cracks from forming in the floor. water systems are expensive to install but increase energy efficiency in the home from ten to forty percent. the piping can have a lifespan of up to one hundred years and is almost maintenance free. the central heating equipment, pumps, and controls will require periodic maintenance and replacement. electric underfloor heating systems have a very low installation cost because they are easy to install and have a low start up cost. all that is required is a thermostat. all you need to do is start astatine your thermostat and roll the heating cable or heating cable mat out over the floor. they also need no maintenance and can be more easy controlled to run when they are needed. both hot water and electric heating systems can heat an entire room or heat particular zones in the room. for a hot water underfloor heating system to control specific zones, you will need zone valves on the heart to divide the hot water flow to each zone that requires heat. with an electric system, you will simply use more than one thermostat for zone control heating. both hot water and electric underfloor heating allows the lower part of the room and body to be warmed by heat. since the heating is installed close to the floor surface, warming up a room is faster than conventional heating. the heat spreads over the entire area which reduces heat loss without overheating the surrounding area. since both hot water electric heating are buried under the floor, the floor is like one giant radiator. there are no hot spots creating large air currents that carry dust particles around the room. since both underfloor heating systems cause less air movement, they reduce the circulation of pollution, dust, and allergens. both systems make it possible to lower the thermostat without any


fundamental principles and objectives of renaissance artists and writers association ( rawa ) rawa has been established for genuine artists and writers to inspire the society. it proclaims that all genuine artists and writers should unite and expand the consciousness of the public and move the society forward through their sympathetic endeavours. the word ' renaissance ' has not been used merely in the sense of revival of learning but in a wider context. a true renaissance is a renaissance in all fields, in all spheres of life : physical, mental, and spiritual. a spiritual renaissance without a renaissance in the mental and physical worlds would be one - sided and would retard the development of the physical and intellectual side of life. spiritual development still requires the proper development of intellect and the provision of the physical necessities of life. rawa provides an outlet for our artists and writers to realize their innate spiritual potentialities. the supreme trait in art or literature is its spiritualizing quality. whether art or literature is discursive, imitative, mechanical, organic, conceptual, anti - conceptual, representative or non - representative in nature, the touchstone of great works of art and literature resolves the psychic crisis of a particular civilization, nation or the whole world through its aesthetic creed. in the world of today, we find the artist and writer driven more and more into isolation from the society. in the commercialized society, the mechanization of life has almost submerged the individual ' s talent. with the passing of the patronage of art and literatur into the hands of the business classes, the standards of artistic and literary excellence have come down. a commercialized society demands commercialized entertainments, and this has led to a degeneration and decadence of art and literature. rawa has the following objectives : 1 ) to promote the ideal of " service and blessedness " in art and writing. when one ' s motives of expression are directed towards the upliftment of society, there is, in return, a sense of fulfillment in the person that cannot be equaled by any level of meaningless creation. that sense of fulfillment is termed here as ' blessedness ', and the sense of selflessness is termed here ' service '. rawa rejects the idea of “ art for art ' s sake ”. 2 ) to improve the psycho - spiritual development of society through art and literature. 3 ) to suggest solutions to the outstanding problems of human society through art and literature. 4 ) to inculcate the ethical and spiritual values of life in the human society. 5 )


a boeing plant ii primer ramp that these three historic airplanes roll across, and the building they leave is one of the most historic aviation sites in the world. first produced here are the boeing 307 stratoliner and the douglas db - 7 bomber ( under license. ) but plant ii became the home of the b - 17. here, in april 1944, are the 16 b - 17 flying fortress bombers produced in this building - that day, and every day! click here for a personal note about those b - 17s. october 1944, the first boeing xc - 97 rolled out of these doors - later to become the c - 97 transport, kc - 97 tanker, and b - 377 commercial stratocruiser. ( see the camouflage on the roof? ) ww ii, the plant was completely camouflaged to look like a residential area as protection against possible japanese air attack. in the late 1940s and early 1950s, myriad b - 50 bombers and c - 97 transports are being produced in this factory. on 12 sept 1947, a radical new airplane - the boeing b - 47 six - jet bomber prototype is rolled out. this airplane is the direct lineal matriarch for all the jet airplanes boeing has produced since. on 29 nov 1951, in the darkness and wet of a seattle night, the prototype boeing b - 52 8 - engine bomber is rolled out and across east marginal way. she ' s shrouded in secrecy and covered by canvas and tarps. this amazing airplane is still in front - line combat to this day. here 277 b - 52s are being produced where the earlier airplanes once were assembled. in 1966, the first prototype boeing twin - jet 737 was manufactured in this building and rolled out of these doors on to this ramp. this airplane ( which i worked on - then, and which i still work on - now, ) is in the museum ' s collection. she ' s the first of more than 8000 737s built or ordered since then. this first 737, and 44 years later, the super connie, are my bit of plant ii experience. and so, today - history meets history as the last three airplanes roll out of these doors. plant ii is truly aviation hallowed


when faced with the possibility of cooperating for mutual gain, states that feel insecure must ask how the gain will be divided.. a state worries about a division of possible gains that may favor others more than itself. that is the first way in which the structure of international politics limits the cooperation of states. a state also worries lest it become dependent on others through cooperative endeavors and exchanges of goods and services... the world ' s well - being would be increased if an ever more elaborate divisions of labor were developed, but states would thereby place themselves in situations of ever closer interdependence... in an unorganized realm each unit ' s incentive is to put itself in a position to be able to take care of itself since no one can be counted on to do so. the international imperative is " take care of yourself "! some leaders of nations may understand that the well - being of all of them would increase in their participation in a fuller division of labor. but to act on the idea would be to act on a domestic imperative, an imperative that does not run internationally... waltz ' s argument may not apply perfectly to the eu, since he claims that the fundamental impediment to cooperation is the threat of conflict. the era of european wars is long over, but there may nonetheless be something to waltz ' s argument. in the midst of economic crisis, tensions between european countries have hardened, and the crisis has caused bickering among eu member nations. on another note, a recent ft / harris poll of the british public found that only one in three brits wants to remain in the eu.


| noah webster ' s dictionary | 1. ( n. ) a change of place from higher to lower ; as, a descent from a mountaintop. 2. ( n. ) incursion ; sudden attack ; especially, hostile invasion from sea ; - - often followed by upon or on ; as, to make a descent upon the enemy. 3. ( n. ) progress downward, as in station, virtue, as in station, virtue, and the like, from a higher to a lower state, from a higher to a lower state, from the more to the less important, from the better to the worse, etc. 4. ( n. ) derivation, as from an ancestor ; procedure by generation ; lineage ; birth ; extraction. 5. ( n. ) transmission of an estate by inheritance, usually, but not necessarily, in the descending line ; title to inherit an estate by reason of consanguinity. 6. ( n. ) inclination downward ; a descending way ; inclined or sloping surface ; declivity ; slope ; as, a steep descent. 7. ( n. ) that which is descended ; descendants ; issue. 8. ( n. ) a step or remove downward in any scale of gradation ; a degree in the scale of genealogy ; a generation. 9. ( n. ) lowest place ; extreme downward place. 10. ( n. ) a passing from a higher to a lower tone. int. standard bible encyclopedia de - send ', de - sent ' ( yaradh ; katabaino, " go down " ) ; ( katabasis ) : of yahweh ( exodus 34 : 5 ) ; of the spirit ( matthew 3 : 16 ) ; of angels ( genesis 28 : 12 matthew 28 : 2 john 1 : 51 ) ; of christ ( 1 thessalonians 4 : 16 ephesians 4 : 9 ). " he also descended into the lower parts of the earth " is variously interpreted, the two chief interpretations being the one of the incarnation, and the other of the " descent into hell " ( 1 peter 3 : 19 ). the former regards the clause " of the earth, " an appositive genitive, as when we speak of " the city of rome, " namely, " the lower parts, i. e. the earth. " the other regards the genitive as possessive, or, with meyer, as governed by the comparative, i. e. " parts lower than the earth. " for the former view,


" the lower parts, i. e. the earth. " the other regards the genitive as possessive, or, with meyer, as governed by the comparative, i. e. " parts lower than the earth. " for the former view, see full discussion in eadie ; for the latter, ellicott and especially meyer, in commentaries on eph. h. e. jacobs descent, of jesus see apocryphal gospels. descent ( 22 occurrences ) luke 19 : 37 as he was now getting near, at the descent of the mount of olives, the whole multitude of the disciples began to rejoice and praise god with a loud voice for all the mighty works which they had seen, ( web kjv asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv ) john 1 : 13 who were begotten as such not by human descent, nor through an impulse of their own nature, nor through the will of a human father, but from god. ( wey niv ) acts 4 : 6 annas the high priest was there, with caiaphas, john, alexander, and as many as were relatives of the high priest. ( see nas ) romans 1 : 3 who, as regards his human descent, belonged to the posterity of david, ( wey ) romans 9 : 8 in other words, it is not the children by natural descent who count as god ' s children, but the children made such by the promise are regarded as abraham ' s posterity. ( wey ) hebrews 7 : 3 without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life ; but made like unto the son of god ; abideth a priest continually. ( kjv wbs ) hebrews 7 : 6 but he whose descent is not counted from them received tithes of abraham, and blessed him that had the promises. ( kjv wbs niv ) hebrews 7 : 16 and hold his office not in obedience to any temporary law, but by virtue of an indestructible life. ( see rsv ) genesis 10 : 32 these are the families of the sons of noah, after their generations, in their nations. of these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood. ( see niv ) joshua 7 : 5 the men of ai struck about thirty - six men of them, and they chased them from before the gate even to shebarim, and struck them at the descent. the hearts of the


the flood. ( see niv ) joshua 7 : 5 the men of ai struck about thirty - six men of them, and they chased them from before the gate even to shebarim, and struck them at the descent. the hearts of the people melted, and became like water. ( web jps asv dby nas rsv ) joshua 8 : 14 it happened, when the king of ai saw it, that they hurried and rose up early, and the men of the city went out against israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, before the arabah ; but he didn ' t know that there was an ambush against him behind the city. ( see rsv ) joshua 10 : 11 it happened, as they fled from before israel, while they were at the descent of beth horon, that yahweh cast down great stones from the sky on them to azekah, and they died. there were more who died from the hailstones than who the children of israel killed with the sword. ( web jps asv dby wbs ylt nas ) 2 kings 12 : 20 and his servants rose up and made a conspiracy, and smote joash in the house of millo, at the descent of silla. ( dby ) ezra 2 : 59 these were those who went up from tel melah, tel harsha, cherub, addan, and immer ; but they could not show their fathers ' houses, and their seed, whether they were of israel : ( see rsv ) nehemiah 7 : 61 these were those who went up from tel melah, tel harsha, cherub, addon, and immer ; but they could not show their fathers ' houses, nor their seed, whether they were of israel : ( see rsv ) nehemiah 9 : 2 the seed of israel separated themselves from all foreigners, and stood and confessed their sins, and the iniquities of their fathers. ( see niv ) nehemiah 13 : 3 it came to pass, when they had heard the law, that they separated from israel all the mixed multitude. ( see rsv niv ) esther 6 : 13 haman recounted to zeresh his wife and all his friends everything that had happened to him. then his wise men and zeresh his wife said to him, " if mordecai, before whom you have begun to fall, is of jewish descent, you will not prevail against him,


friends everything that had happened to him. then his wise men and zeresh his wife said to him, " if mordecai, before whom you have begun to fall, is of jewish descent, you will not prevail against him, but you will surely fall before him. " ( web ) isaiah 30 : 30 yahweh will cause his glorious voice to be heard, and will show the descent of his arm, with the indignation of his anger, and the flame of a devouring fire, with a blast, storm, and hailstones. ( web ) jeremiah 48 : 5 for by the ascent of luhith with continual weeping shall they go up ; for at the descent of horonaim they have heard the distress of the cry of destruction. ( web asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv ) ezekiel 44 : 22 neither shall they take for their wives a widow, nor her who is put away ; but they shall take virgins of the seed of the house of israel, or a widow who is the widow of a priest. ( see niv ) daniel 9 : 1 in the first year of darius, son of ahasuerus, of the seed of the medes, who hath been made king over the kingdom of the chaldeans, ( see nas niv )


faculdade de ciencias e tecnologia ( fct ) > fct departamentos > fct : departamento de ciencias da terra > fct : dct - ciencias da terra > please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : | title : | | dinossaurios eocretacicos de lagosteiros | | authors : | | antunes, m. t. | | issue date : | | 10 - jul - 2008 | | abstract : | | according to an ancient folkloric legend, our lady, stepping down from the sea, would have rided on a mule to the platform above the cliffs named pedra da mua at lagosteiros ' bay, near espichel cape. mule ' s footprints, regarded by fishermen as evidence, would be clearly recognizable on exposed surfaces of the rocks. indeed there are footprints but from dinosaurs of latest jurassic, portlandian age, this spectacular locality being specially rich in giant sauropod tracks ( that have seldom been found elsewhere in europe ). as we proceeded to its study, another locality with dinosaur footprints, lower cretaceous ( hauterivian ) in age, was found on the northern cliffs at lagosteiros. it is probably the richest one in european lower cretaceous and the only of this age known in portugal, so we decided to give priority to its study. dinosaur tracks have been printed on calciclastic sands in a lagoonal environment protected by fringing coral reefs. there have been emersion episodes ; beaches were frequented by dinosaurs. later on, the marine barremian ingression restablished a gulf and such animals could not come here any more. under a paleogeographical viewpoint, the evidence of a marine regression near the end of hauterivian is to be remarked. five types of tracks and footprints have been recognized : - neosauropus lagosteirensis, new morphogenus and species, tracks from a giant sauropod, perhaps from camarasaurus ; with its proportions the total length of the author would be about 15, 5 m. these are the only sauropod tracks known till now in europe ' s lower cretaceous. - tracks from a not so big quadruped, maybe a sauropod ( young individual? ) ; however it is not impossible that they were produced by stegosaurians or ankylosaurians. - megalosauropus (? eutynichnium ) go


big quadruped, maybe a sauropod ( young individual? ) ; however it is not impossible that they were produced by stegosaurians or ankylosaurians. - megalosauropus (? eutynichnium ) gomesi new morphospecies, four theropod tracks most probably produced by megalosaurs. - iguanodon sp., represented by some footprints and specially by a set corresponding to the feet and tail from an individual standing in a rest position. - problematical, quite small - sized biped ( maybe an ornithopod related to camptosaurus ). evidence points to a richer fauna than that known in barremian " dinosaur sandstones " from a nearby locality, boca do chapim. lagosteiros ' association clearly indicates the predominance of herbivores, which required large amounts of vegetable food in the neighbourhood. this is an indirect evidence of the vegetal wealth, also suggested by associations of plant macrofossils, polen and spores found in early cretaceous sediments at the same region. the relatively high proportion of theropoda is related to the wealth of the whole fauna, which comprised a lot of the prey needed by such powerful flesh - eaters. the evidence, as a whole, points out to a warm and moist climate. all the tracks whose direction could be measured are directed to the southern quadrants, this being confirmed by the approximative direction of other footprints. massive displacements ( migration? ) could take place during a brief emersion episode. this may result from the ingression of barremian seas, flooding the region and restablishing here a small gulf. even if the arrival of the waters damaged certain footprints it has not destroyed them completely, thus allowing the preservation of such evidence from a remote past. | | appears in collections : | | fct : dct - ciencias da terra | items in dspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


a look at why william gibson ' s vision of a washed - up computer hacker navigating his way through a dystopian future is a vital piece of literature... there are few books that have been published in my lifetime that have had such a profound influence on not only literature, but on the world at large, as william gibson ’ s 1984 novel neuromancer. in simple terms, neuromancer, at its core, is a detective noir story set in a dystopian future. but this isn ’ t a novel that can be accounted for in simple terms. neuromancer is told from the perspective of our narrator, henry dorsett case. case is the novel ’ s reluctant anti - hero : a suicidal, drug - addled ex - hacker residing without work in chiba city, japan. almost from the outset, we see case as a world - weary cynic who bums around in bars trying not to let his past catch up with him. the last time he was caught, his captors destroyed his nervous system, making it impossible for case to access cyberspace, – a term coined by gibson that has become part of our common lexicon : “ cyberspace. a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being taught mathematical concepts … a graphic representation of data abstracted from the banks of every computer in the human system. unthinkable complexity. lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters and constellations of data. like city lights, receding. ” though gibson saw this through dystopian eyes, the word and the concept of cyberspace is now an inescapable part of modern life. i ’ m not sure how true this is, but author jack womack argued that gibson ’ s conception of cyberspace inspired the structure of the world wide web, asking “ what if the act of writing it down, in fact, brought it about? ” if there is even a shred of truth to this assertion, then this alone surely secures gibson ’ s legacy as one of the most important creative imaginations of the last century, and i say this without exaggeration. the drama of the story begins when case is tracked down by molly, a “ street samurai ” who works as a mercenary for an ex - army officer who goes by the name of armitage. through case ’ s drug - fuelled paranoia, he convinces himself that molly works for his


is tracked down by molly, a “ street samurai ” who works as a mercenary for an ex - army officer who goes by the name of armitage. through case ’ s drug - fuelled paranoia, he convinces himself that molly works for his ex - employer ; he outruns her through the sprawl of neon lined streets, only to be accosted by her in his hotel room, which is barely larger than a coffin. molly had modified her body with all manner of cybernetic enhancements : a tweaked nervous system ; retractable four - centimetre long razors that are hidden beneath her fingernails ; and lenses implanted into her eye sockets which give her enhanced sight and allow her to be fed information about what she is looking at. prior to being a razor girl, molly worked as a prostitute. of course, this is the dystopian future, so she wasn ’ t your usual prostitute. sex workers were given neural implants that turned off their memories and limited their ability to control and reason their actions. thus prostitutes were nothing more than hired meat - puppets who acted upon the whims of their employers – no matter how dark or depraved. it was only when molly began to experience and remember what she otherwise couldn ’ t that she was able to get out of prostitution by blackmailing a sadistic senator with a penchant for murdering women. the idea of women being turned into sex zombies i found very disturbing, mainly because it isn ’ t that far from the realms of possibility. molly takes case to armitage and a deal is struck : case ’ s services in exchange for his neural problems to be fixed. suffice to say, case jumps at the opportunity. armitage is an incredibly complex and ambiguous character : his identity, both physically and metaphorically, is merely of his own creation. indeed, it seems as though the more case gets to know armitage, the more detached armitage seems from not only reality, but his own personality. it is never made clear whether armitage is the main man running the operation, or whether he is acting as another middleman ( there are subtle suggestions of both possibilities throughout the book, but they are always in the guise of speculation and conjecture ). beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself


conjecture ). beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself quite seriously, but with this seriousness, the wit and personality of some of its characters can ’ t help but add an extra dimension to the proceedings. for example, when armitage arranges for the repair of case ’ s nervous system he says, “ you needed a new pancreas. the one we bought for you frees you from a dangerous dependency. ” to which case responds, “ thanks, but i was enjoying that dependency. ” beyond the techno - fetishism and the cybernetic - dystopia of neuromancer, there is also oodles of charm and humour. neuromancer is not a funny book : it takes itself quite seriously, but with this seriousness, the wit and personality of some of its characters can ’ t help but add an extra dimension to the proceedings though the novel is set in the future, there are many points in the story that give a direct nod to popular culture of the early 1980s. indeed, the concept of cyberspace is simply gibson ’ s speculative extrapolation of early video games. but it ’ s not just technology and science that gibson draws on in his vision of the future. with the proliferation of rastafarianism in the late 1970s, it is perhaps of little wonder that a band of rastafarian outlaws are key to the development of neuromancer ’ s narrative. gibson draws on the imagery of the dreadlocked, dub - loving pot - smoker adorned with bright colours, and combines it with a space ship ( called zion, no less ). case spends much of the latter part of the novel hooked up to the matrix ( sound familiar? ). sometimes he experiences the real - world, but from the perspective of molly ’ s cybernetic lenses, at others, he ’ s interacting with artificial intelligence constructs, that end up forming a key part of the plot. one such construct is wintermute, who spends much of the novel attempting to break its programme and develop a personality. it ’ s difficult to outline wintermute without spoiling some key elements of the plot, but all i ’ ll say is that wintermute adds a great sense of mystery and intrigue to the novel. indeed, the inclusion of wintermute ( and other ai constructs )


outline wintermute without spoiling some key elements of the plot, but all i ’ ll say is that wintermute adds a great sense of mystery and intrigue to the novel. indeed, the inclusion of wintermute ( and other ai constructs ) has a similar uncanny effect that asimov and dick capture, in that it raises questions about the nature of consciousness, intelligences, determinism and freewill – essentially, you empathise with wintermute. the novel is full of incredibly vivid descriptions that manage to capture a real sense of the world and its characters with a few well - chosen turns of phrase. “ the sky above the port was the colour of television, tuned to a dead channel ”, as an opening line couldn ’ t be more perfect in conveying a feeling of the world. or the description of a speed - freak ’ s eyes as “ eggs of unstable crystal, vibrating with a frequency whose name was rain and the sound of trains, suddenly sprouting a humming forest of hair - fine glass spines. ” the importance and influence of neuromancer cannot be underestimated, even if we dismiss completely the idea that gibson ’ s creative imagination was the catalyst for the invention of the world wide web. the term cyberpunk was coined by a critic in reaction to this novel. the imagery, ideas and concepts associated with cyberpunk have become a frequently visited well for creative people from fashion designers to tv writers, from game designers to musicians. i am in absolute awe that the residue of one creative mind has left such indelible marks on our world. it is a humble man, indeed, who can create such an important work of literature, and resist the urge to shout arrogantly from the rooftops : “ i created this! ”


chroniclers of the game have rarely been kind to andrew freedman, principal owner of the new york giants from january 1895 to september 1902. according to one team historian, freedman was “ naturally arrogant ( with ) a bad temper at the end of a very short fuse. ” in much the same vein, bill james memorably described him as “ george steinbrenner on quaaludes with a touch of al capone ” and “ just this side of a madman ” while another commentator has awarded freedman the distinction of being “ the most loathsome team owner in baseball history. ” but andrew freedman ’ s stormy tenure as giants owner was, in fact, only a chapter in the life of one of new york city ’ s most prominent turn of the century figures. to freedman, ownership of the giants was little more than a pastime, a diversion from the weighty business and political affairs that dominated his life. as a consequence, his stewardship of the team was mercurial, with frequent managerial changes, angry ultimatums to fellow magnates and battles with the sporting press alternating with periods of complete indifference by freedman to his baseball interests. in short, team ownership did not show andrew freedman at his best. the future giants boss was born into a manhattan family of middle - class german - jewish immigrants on september 1, 1860. father joseph freedman ( 1829 - 1903 ) was a prosperous grocer while his mother, elizabeth davies freedman ( 1836 - 1916 ), tended to the children, of whom andrew was the second of four. a precocious grammar school graduate, andrew was enrolled in pre - admission courses at the college of the city of new york at the age of 14 but proved an indifferent scholar, dropping out of ccny at the end of his freshman year. freedman began his working life in the employ of a dry - goods house but soon gravitated to real estate, the field where he would make his first fortune. to enhance his prospects, 21 - year - old andrew freedman joined tammany hall, the corrupt political machine that controlled the democratic party in new york city. there he attached himself to richard croker, a rising tammany star. in time, freedman would become a financial adviser, business associate and lifelong friend of croker. in 1886 croker assumed control of the wigwam and installed his protege freedman on the finance committee, tammany ’ s all - powerful policy - making board. combined with


adviser, business associate and lifelong friend of croker. in 1886 croker assumed control of the wigwam and installed his protege freedman on the finance committee, tammany ’ s all - powerful policy - making board. combined with his native intelligence and a fierce energy, freedman ’ s association with croker all but guaranteed success in the real - estate world. dealing extensively in tony fifth avenue properties and acquiring vast tracts of land in the then sparsely populated bronx, freedman quickly amassed a fortune via sale of property at inflated prices to local businessmen, city contractors, and others requiring the favor of his patron, boss croker. by the time he reached the age of 30, freedman had become a very wealthy man. freedman ’ s interest in baseball is usually traced to his appointment as receiver of the bankrupt manhattan athletic club in 1893. his administration of club affairs included management of manhattan field, the pre - polo grounds home of the giants and still an important new york sporting venue. freedman began taking in giants games ( manhattan field and the polo grounds sat on adjoining sites ) and soon developed a liking for the game. with time on his hands following tammany ’ s defeat in the city elections of 1894 and awash in money, freedman quietly began acquiring blocks of giants stock, at times using circus impresario james a. bailey as a front. then in january 1895, freedman made his move, capturing majority control of the franchise by buying out de facto giants boss e. b. talcott and his allies. wealthy, politically connected, and a native son, the young ( age 34 ) freedman ’ s acquisition of the team was initially well received by the new york sporting press and the giants faithful. baseball luminaries joined in the well wishes for the new owner. a. g. spalding, having only recently divested himself of his own ownership share of the giants, stated, “ … from what i hear, mr. freedman is a clever businessman and will prove successful. i hope he makes a lot of money. ” just retired star john montgomery ward, a minority giants owner whose sale of his stock had made freedman ’ s control of the team possible, also applauded the new magnate, particularly after freedman ratified talcott ’ s appointment of ward favorite george davis as giants playing manager for the upcoming season. overlooked in the glow of good feeling was a dubious opening move by the giants ’ novice owner : elimination of the post of managing director of the team.


ratified talcott ’ s appointment of ward favorite george davis as giants playing manager for the upcoming season. overlooked in the glow of good feeling was a dubious opening move by the giants ’ novice owner : elimination of the post of managing director of the team. despite limited prior contact with and understanding of the game, freedman would exercise the duties of franchise commander personally as giants president. with the nucleus of the 1894 temple cup champions returning, great things were expected of the giants, but the team started the new season sluggishly. impatient new york scribes were quick to assign blame as did giants fans, and the new team owner was not exempted from their censure. although he was in many ways an able man, freedman ’ s background had not conditioned him to public criticism. combative and surprisingly thin - skinned, freedman reacted badly. he began by firing his managers. davis, jack doyle, and harvey watkins would all be relieved of duty during the 1895 season. freedman also had trouble with his players, particularly star hurler amos rusie, who chafed under the owner ’ s disciplinary measures. nor did freedman enjoy cordial relations with his fellow magnates, most of whom found freedman abrasive and impossible to get along with. unwiser still, freedman got into fights – at times, literally – with the writers on the giants beat. in short order, freedman managed to alienate most of the baseball world. in the meantime, his giants team staggered home a disappointing ninth - place finisher ( out of the 12 - team national league ). but if freedman had gotten off to a rocky start as giants owner, his troubles in that role paled in comparison to his disastrous turn as a minor - league mogul the following year. asserting territorial rights under the national agreement, freedman muscled his way into the newly formed class a atlantic league, gaining control of the jersey city franchise, which he promptly relocated to manhattan. in emulation of john t. brush ’ s operation in cincinnati, freedman envisioned the team, renamed the metropolitan of new york and installed in the polo grounds, as a developmental squad for the giants. stocked with the likes of cy seymour, ed doheny, shorty fuller, and other major - league - caliber players, the mets were expected to dominate the atlantic league but managed only middling play. the team also proved a financial dud, often drawing no more than 200 paying customers to home games. frustrated by the franchise ’ s failings,


- caliber players, the mets were expected to dominate the atlantic league but managed only middling play. the team also proved a financial dud, often drawing no more than 200 paying customers to home games. frustrated by the franchise ’ s failings, freedman turned soon petulant. team assessments went unpaid, fines imposed on mets players were ignored, and desired league expansion was blocked by freedman. tensions between freedman and fellow team owners reached the breaking point in early july. with the giants on the road, freedman took a seat on the bench for a mets home game against the wilmington peaches. when freedman strode onto the diamond to insert himself into a fifth - inning dispute with the umpire, peaches captain bob berryhill yelled, “ go put on a uniform if you want to get into this game. ” finding such insolence from a player intolerable, freedman thereupon had the police remove berryhill from the park. the following day, berryhill was barred from entering the polo grounds, resulting in forfeiture of the game to wilmington. this proved the final straw for the other team owners. at an emergency meeting convened on july 10, the metropolitan of new york team was expelled from the atlantic league. freedman departed the meeting room in a huff, vowing to sue, but soon thereafter he pronounced himself just as glad to be rid of the mets operation. unhappily for freedman, his fortunes fared little better with the giants that season. crippled by the absence of rusie, who sat out the entire year rather than capitulate to tight - fisted salary terms, the giants finished the 1896 season a distant seventh, 27 games behind pennant - winning baltimore. in the offseason, the freedman / rusie impasse was finally resolved via the unsolicited intervention of fellow n. l. team owners who – without freedman ’ s knowledge or approval – quietly induced rusie to return to the giants for the 1897 season by settling $ 5, 000 on him. indignant when he found out, freedman refused to contribute to the settlement and fumed at the magnates ’ intrusion into his running of the giants. buoyed by rusie ’ s return, the giants surged to third place in 1897. the team also benefited from the inattention of its owner, now largely preoccupied with political matters. with richard croker returned from europe and re - installed as tammany chief, freedman threw himself into the successful mayoral campaign of tam


. the team also benefited from the inattention of its owner, now largely preoccupied with political matters. with richard croker returned from europe and re - installed as tammany chief, freedman threw himself into the successful mayoral campaign of tammany candidate robert van wyck. after van wyck ’ s inauguration, freedman declined appointment to office, choosing instead to remain a backroom power - broker in the new administration. at croker ’ s urging, however, freedman did accept the position of treasurer of the national democratic party. in 1898, freedman expanded his business empire by becoming a principal of the maryland fidelity and guarantee company, a municipal insurance and bonding operation that proved a lucrative new source of income for freedman. but as freedman ’ s commercial interests flourished, his reign as a major - league team owner was about to enter a malevolent period that would beget serious repercussions for the game. in late july 1898, freedman paid a now infrequent visit to the polo grounds to take in a game against baltimore. in the fourth inning, ducky holmes, a former giant, struck out. on his way back to the bench, holmes responded to the gibes of new york fans by referring to freedman as a sheeny, an anti - semitic putdown. when umpire tom lynch refused an enraged freedman ’ s demand that holmes be ejected from the grounds, freedman ordered the giants off the field. lynch thereupon forfeited the game to the orioles. in the aftermath, freedman insisted upon league action against holmes, branding his remark not only personally offensive but “ an insult to the jewish people and the hebrew patrons of the game. ” the season - long suspension of holmes thereafter imposed by the league provoked an ugly reaction. boston players circulated a petition denouncing freedman ’ s “ spirit of intolerance, of arrogance and prejudice toward players, a spirit inimical to the best interests of the game, ” while sporting life decried punishment of holmes for the “ trifling offense ” of “ insulting the hebrew race. ” holmes ’ lawyer, meanwhile, obtained injunctive relief from a friendly local judge and holmes ended up spending only a few days on the sidelines. needless to say, freedman bristled over the outcome, playing every giants game versus baltimore under protest for the remainder of the season. but what truly incensed freedman was not so much the resolution of the ducky holmes affair but the position taken


to say, freedman bristled over the outcome, playing every giants game versus baltimore under protest for the remainder of the season. but what truly incensed freedman was not so much the resolution of the ducky holmes affair but the position taken by his fellow owners. branding the suspension illegal ( because it had been imposed without a hearing ), the other national league magnates had sided with holmes and urged the league board of directors to lift the suspension. to freedman, a proud man sensitive to slights, this stance and holmes ’ s reinstatement represented nothing less than league countenance of a gross personal insult. and andrew freedman would not abide it. freedman ’ s revenge would take the form of a punishing financial lesson for the other n. l. owners. although freedman adversaries like cincinnati owner john t. brush, a clothing store magnate, and baltimore boss harry von der horst, a brewery owner, were genuine sportsmen, their team ownership was essentially another business proposition and could not be conducted at a loss indefinitely. andrew freedman was different. while not in the plutocrat class of a vanderbilt, rockefeller, or carnegie, freedman was truly wealthy with a personal fortune that was likely the equal of those of his fellow magnates put together. in his eyes, owning a baseball team, like opera patronage and collecting french landscape paintings, was a pastime, not a livelihood. thus, freedman could well absorb the injury that would accompany his singular plan for retribution – ruination of the league ’ s most important financial asset, namely, freedman ’ s own new york giants franchise. by whatever methods required, freedman would ensure that the giants began fielding noncompetitive teams. immediately thereafter, giants fortunes nosedived. the 1899 season would see the giants plummet to 60 - 90, a full 42 games behind pennant - winning brooklyn. repelled by the situation and with no end in sight, fans began avoiding giants games in droves. as intended, the attendance falloff delivered a crippling blow to the finances of the league, particularly hurting the smaller market teams that had come to rely on healthy receipts from giants contests. the league ’ s distress gave freedman no end of satisfaction. as the giants ’ dismal season drew to a close, freedman declared, “ base ball affairs in new york have been going just as i wished and expected them to go. i have given the club little attention and i would not give five cents for the best base ball player


season drew to a close, freedman declared, “ base ball affairs in new york have been going just as i wished and expected them to go. i have given the club little attention and i would not give five cents for the best base ball player in the world to strengthen it. ” and as even his detractors knew, freedman meant it. with their horizons bleak and certain of freedman ’ s ruthlessness, the owners soon entreated for peace. but reconciliation with freedman would come at a high price. first and foremost was submission to freedman ’ s demand for reduction of the league to an eight - club circuit and the elimination of syndicate team ownership – the twin policy prescriptions that fig - leafed the deeply personal nature of freedman ’ s bitterness toward the league. the owners also acceded to freedman ’ s demand that the giants receive the pick of the players available from the liquidated teams. in addition, the league agreed to reimburse freedman the $ 15, 000 that the annual rent of manhattan field cost him, lest the grounds be available for use by some future competitor. last, but an important matter of principle to freedman, the league refunded the $ 1, 000 fine imposed on the giants for forfeiting the ducky holmes game – with 6 percent interest. another ramification of the mollification process was the emergence of a wholly unexpected alliance between freedman and principal antagonist john t. brush, the league ’ s most influential magnate and heretofore leader of the freedman opposition in national league owners ’ ranks. little immediate benefit from the freedman / brush collaboration accrued to their respective franchises, as the giants and reds alternated as the league ’ s cellar - dwellers for the 1900 and 1901 seasons. but both men had larger endeavors on their mind than the immediate pennant races. freedman, in fact, had taken to almost entirely ignoring the giants, his energies consumed by the task that would yield his most enduring legacy : construction of the interborough rapid transit line, new york city ’ s first true underground railway system. brush, meanwhile, was busy at work on a longtime pet project, a scheme to convert the independent franchises of the national league into a jointly held trust. as brush envisioned it, the national league ’ s assets would be pooled into a holding company managed by a board of regents. players and managers would be licensed by the board and assigned to various teams consistent with establishing competitive parity. costs would be controlled by means of stringent


national league ’ s assets would be pooled into a holding company managed by a board of regents. players and managers would be licensed by the board and assigned to various teams consistent with establishing competitive parity. costs would be controlled by means of stringent salary caps and by the manufacture of baseball equipment by a trust subsidiary. apportioned profits to trust shareholders would be meted out at season ’ s end. when brush broached the trust proposal to him, freedman, anticipating adverse press and public reaction, was skeptical, but in time agreed to bankroll the scheme. the fine details of the trust were later hammered out by brush, freedman, and fellow owners arthur soden ( boston ) and frank de haas robison ( st. louis ) during private meetings held at tower hill, freedman ’ s secluded estate in red bank, new jersey. failure to secure a fifth magnate ’ s vote, however, proved fatal to the scheme as the trust forces were stalemated during contentious n. l. owners meetings in december 1901. legal proceedings pitting freedman against anti - trust champion a. g. spalding ensued, with freedman taking a battering on the public relations front even as his lawyers prevailed in court. the rejection of the trust was not the only setback being suffered by freedman. of far graver consequence was the ouster of the scandal - plagued van wyck regime in the new york city elections of november 1901. shortly thereafter, richard croker resigned his post as tammany chief and took up residence in the british isles, far beyond the subpoena power of the incoming reform administration. as happily noted by most all, croker ’ s departure drastically reduced the political power of andrew freedman, an insider sans electoral constituency whose influence was derived solely from his close personal ties to the fallen tammany chief. taking particular heart from this situation were those in the baseball world anxious to see a team from the new american league installed in new york. the most likely candidate for transplant to gotham was the reincarnated baltimore orioles, then under the direction of player / manager / part - owner john mcgraw. at least temporarily, however, american league moving plans were frustrated by an audacious counterstroke masterminded by brush, now effectively in charge of the national league as chairman of a three - owner governing committee. taking advantage of mcgraw ’ s restiveness under the disciplinary yoke of american league president ban johnson and with the connivance of freedman, brush induced mcgraw


effectively in charge of the national league as chairman of a three - owner governing committee. taking advantage of mcgraw ’ s restiveness under the disciplinary yoke of american league president ban johnson and with the connivance of freedman, brush induced mcgraw to force his release by the orioles. immediately thereafter, mcgraw signed a four - year contract to manage the giants. with major assistance from maryland politico john “ sonny ” mahon, brush then covertly maneuvered majority control of the stock in the cash - strapped baltimore franchise into freedman ’ s hands. under its new ownership, the orioles immediately set about releasing the team ’ s best players, all of whom then signed with the giants ( joe mcginnity, dan mcgann, roger bresnahan, jack cronin ) or the reds ( joe kelley, cy seymour ). only quick action by johnson saved the franchise for the american league. taking advantage of league charter provisions activated by an ensuing baltimore game forfeiture ( for lack of players ), johnson promptly stripped freedman of title to the franchise and placed the club under direct presidential control for the remainder of the season. the following spring, the american league, with new team ownership procured by johnson, would transfer the orioles to new york. but andrew freedman would not be there waiting to join battle. on august 12, 1902, freedman, his interest in baseball near extinguished and besieged by the myriad demands of the subway project, announced that he had appointed john t. brush managing director of the giants and transferred day - to - day control of club operations to him ( while freedman retained the title of team president ). a month later, freedman severed his connection with the club, selling his controlling interest in the new york franchise to brush for approximately $ 200, 000, a purchase that brush financed largely through the sale of his own cincinnati team to local interests. apart from an occasional day at the polo grounds, andrew freedman ’ s contact with baseball had come to an end. the eight years of freedman stewardship are generally adjudged the darkest in new york giants history. the team had been a contender only once ( 1897 ) during that span and had reached bottom ( a 44 - 88 last - place finish ) by the time freedman abandoned the game. but perhaps more enervating than the giants prolonged poor play was the atmosphere created by freedman. essentially a dilettante when it came to baseball, freedman periodically left the giants directionless. but team fortunes routinely sank


a livestock operation situated on his red bank estate. he also spent considerable time on golf courses near his properties in rural new hampshire. in late 1914, freedman served as best man when richard croker, his long estranged first wife having finally died, married his mistress. the following year, freedman ’ s tautly strung constitution began to unravel. he suffered from bouts of exhaustion before suffering a complete nervous breakdown in november 1915. confined to his manhattan apartment suite and attended by 24 - hour medical care, freedman suffered a stroke and died on the morning of december 4, 1915. he was only 55. a glowing new york times obituary extolled his business and civic accomplishments, describing freedman as the person “ who did more than perhaps any other man to make possible the subway system in this city. ” freedman ’ s tenure as owner of the new york giants was noted in passing. a bachelor, freedman bequeathed lifetime incomes to his aged mother and spinster sister, both of whom were comfortable in their own right, while personal mementos were left to croker, belmont, and other friends. the bulk of the $ 7 million freedman estate, however, was designated for the erection and maintenance of a nonsectarian residence for the affluent fallen on hard times. first opened in 1925 and expanded six years thereafter, the andrew freedman house, an exquisite four - story limestone palazzo sited on the bronx ’ s grand concourse, was declared a new york city landmark in 1992 and currently hosts civic and cultural events. sadly, few entering the premises today are familiar with the mansion ’ s namesake. as reflected above, andrew freedman was not the one - dimensional ogre portrayed by the game ’ s writers. he was an astute businessman and political operative but lacked the temperament and baseball expertise required for success as a team owner. in the final analysis, both baseball and andrew freedman would have been better off if they had never made acquaintance. this profile is largely adapted from an article on freedman and john t. brush by the writer that was published in base ball, a journal of the early game, vol. iii, no. 2, fall 2009, by mcfarland & company, publishers. hardy, j., 1995, the new york giants base ball club, 1870 to 1900, jefferson, nc, p. 158. james, b., 2001, the new bill james historical baseball abstract, new york, p. 61, and 1994, the politics of glory, new york, p


base ball club, 1870 to 1900, jefferson, nc, p. 158. james, b., 2001, the new bill james historical baseball abstract, new york, p. 61, and 1994, the politics of glory, new york, p. 197. disalvatore, b., 1999, a clever base - ballist : the life and times of john montgomery ward, new york, p. 362. little is known of an elder brother named jacob ( born 1854 ). andrew was followed by isabella ( 1862 - 1927 ) and daniel ( 1864 - 1944 ), per the davies family tree chart provided to the writer by the isabella freedman jewish retreat center, falls village, conn. per e - mail of ccny archivist samuel sanchez, transmitted to the writer on nov. 8, 2008. when he left ccny, freedman ranked 166th out of a class of 200. according to the freedman obituary published in the new york times, dec. 5, 1915. see hynd, n., 1988, the giants of the polo grounds, new york, p. 69 ; alvarez, m., “ the abominable owner, ” sports heritage / nov. 1987, p. 44. see sporting life, jan. 26, 1895, and hardy, n. 1, p. 226. a majority stake in the franchise cost freedman $ 48, 000 ( reach official base ball guide, 1895 ) or $ 54, 000 ( hardy ). the sporting news, feb. 5, 1895. see stevens, d., 1998, baseball ’ s radical for all seasons : a biography of john montgomery ward, lanham, md., p. 183. late in the 1895 season, freedman imposed a $ 200 fine on rusie for being out of condition. although the sporting press and giants fans lined up solidly behind the pitcher ’ s refusal to pay, allegations made by rusie ’ s wife during acrimonious 1900 divorce proceedings suggest that the grounds for the fine may not have been as capricious as originally supposed. according to a. g. spalding – a suspect source when it comes to freedman – the giants owner was “ so obnoxious to most of those concerned with the game that nobody outside his own following could endure his eccentricities of speech or action. he would apply to other members of the league, in ordinary conversation, terms so coarse and offensive as to be unprintable. ” spalding, a., 1991 reprint,


outside his own following could endure his eccentricities of speech or action. he would apply to other members of the league, in ordinary conversation, terms so coarse and offensive as to be unprintable. ” spalding, a., 1991 reprint, america ’ s national game, san francisco, p. 192. on october 12, 1896, freedman was convicted of assault and given a suspended sentence for punching edward hurst, a critical sports columnist for the new york evening world, per an unidentified newspaper clipping in the andrew freedman file at the giamatti research center, cooperstown, n. y. freedman, however, did not confine his aggressions to local sportswriters. he also had physical altercations with political correspondent paul theman, retired umpire watch burnham, theatrical agent bert dasher, fellow team owners john t. brush and harry von der horst, and any number of tammany adversaries. in addition to the n. l. reds, brush also owned the indianapolis hoosiers, the premier team in the western league and a useful proving ground for major - league prospects. affable in the company of political and business peers, freedman condescended when it came to baseball acquaintances, haughtily insisting upon deference and the use of formal address ( mr. or president freedman only ) from those in the game. taking its lead from the new york american ’ s charles dryden, the sporting press responded by referring to freedman as andy, a familiarity that freedman detested. a railway club - car brawl was once triggered by former manager / umpire watch burnham ’ s friendly, if thoughtless, invitation to andy to join the burnham party for a drink ( as recounted in the sporting news, july 20, 1900 ). for a more thorough rendition of freedman ’ s travails as an atlantic league team owner, see sporting life, july 18, 1896. within a week, the mets ’ place in the circuit was assumed by the philadelphia athletics of the pennsylvania state league. reportedly $ 100, 000 per year. see voigt, d. q., 1998, the league that failed, lanham, md., p. 219. the sporting news, july 30, 1898. as subsequently published in the boston globe, aug. 20, 1898. see sporting life editorial, aug. 20, 1898. in keeping with the times, press criticism of freedman was frequently expressed in repugnant jewish stereotypes, with new york sun sportswriter joe vila


the boston globe, aug. 20, 1898. see sporting life editorial, aug. 20, 1898. in keeping with the times, press criticism of freedman was frequently expressed in repugnant jewish stereotypes, with new york sun sportswriter joe vila being the foremost exponent. freedman responded by filing a blizzard of defamation - based lawsuits against the paper, all of which he lost. see stevens, p. 184 - 185. see also, boxerman, burton & boxerman, benita, jews and baseball, vol. i, jefferson, n. c., p. 19 - 26. for more detailed accounts of the ducky holmes affair, see solomon, b., 1999, where they ain ’ t, new york, p. 227 - 229, and hynd, p. 129 - 130. according to mcgraw, mrs. j., 1953, the real mcgraw, new york, p. 171. giants home attendance shrank from a league leading 390, 340 in 1897 to 121, 384 in 1899, per http. / / www. baseballchronology. com / baseball / teams background / attendance. as reported in sporting life, sept. 30, 1899. see seymour, h., 1960, baseball : the early game, new york, p. 304 - 306. said freedman, “ i have patched up the differences i had with john t. brush and acknowledge it with pleasure. we will now work on the most friendly terms and will work in harmony for the best interests of the sport. ” sporting life, oct. 14, 1899. for more on the freedman / brush rapprochement, see lamb, w., “ a fearsome collaboration : the alliance of andrew freedman and john t. brush, ” base ball, a journal of the early game, vol. iii, no. 2, fall 2009. initially, freedman acted as liaison between john d. mcdonald, the subway ’ s general contractor, and the bankers who financed the project. thereafter, freedman was active in virtually every phase – property acquisition, tunnel construction, railway car manufacture, etc. – necessary to make the subway system operational. although often ascribed to freedman, the national base ball trust was almost entirely the brainchild of brush, who as early as the 1892 season had proposed to chicago president james hart that the minor western league be operated as a trust. see unidentified jan. 30, 1892, newspaper clipping in the john t. brush file at the giamatti


brush, who as early as the 1892 season had proposed to chicago president james hart that the minor western league be operated as a trust. see unidentified jan. 30, 1892, newspaper clipping in the john t. brush file at the giamatti research center. as outlined by brush in a letter to freedman, later obtained and published in the new york press, dec. 11, 1901. for a comprehensive exposition of the trust, see hardy, p. 171 - 191. in march 1902, new york state supreme court justice charles truax sustained freedman ’ s position on virtually every issue during preliminary proceedings. shortly thereafter, spalding resigned his putative position as national league president. see durso, j., 1986, baseball and the american dream, st. louis, p. 64 - 67 ; solomon, p. 227 - 231. from his manor in england, croker attempted to maintain control of tammany via trans - atlantic direction to freedman and other finance committee loyalists. after new tammany boss lewis nixon resigned in protest, his successor, the astute charles murphy, cut off this back channel through the simple expedient of abolishing the finance committee and redistributing its responsibilities to tammany organs under murphy ’ s control. with croker ’ s influence now stifled, freedman was reduced to ceremonial posts and attending tammany banquets. see the new york times, may 22 - 23, 1902, for more details on the abolition of the finance committee. notwithstanding the substantial fees charged by freedman, his administration of the trusts assigned to him was exemplary. the estate of freedman ’ s most prominent charge, the mentally disturbed millionairess ida flagler, posted substantial revenue increases annually under freedman ’ s care, drawing the commendation of both mrs. flagler ’ s legal guardian and the court. see the new york times, july. 14, 1914. as per an andrew freedman foundation pamphlet, c. 1965, provided to the writer by ccny archivist sanchez. as noted in the new york times, feb. 15, 1915, and various freedman obituaries. essentially a high - handicap hacker, freedman once managed to win an 18 - hole tourney at white mountain golf club posting a 100 - 30 = 70 net score, as per the new york times, sept. 13, 1913. new york times, dec. 5, 1915. similar sentiments were later expressed by prominent new york lawyer and freedman friend samuel unter


posting a 100 - 30 = 70 net score, as per the new york times, sept. 13, 1913. new york times, dec. 5, 1915. similar sentiments were later expressed by prominent new york lawyer and freedman friend samuel untermeyer, who stated, “ it is due more to the courage and enterprise of andrew freedman than to anyone else that the first subway was built. ” los angeles times, june 18, 1924. a brief 1905 engagement to elsie rothschild fell through. like andrew, neither isabella, a benefactress of various jewish causes, nor daniel freedman, a wealthy realtor and minor tammany functionary, ever married. shadowy elder brother jacob, however, may have been survived by an heir named adelaide. see surrogate ’ s notice published in the new york times, jan. 27, 1916. jacob predeceased andrew and no connection of his ever came forward to challenge the will. thus, nothing more is known of adelaide gwendolyn freedman, aka adelaide archer. for more on the freedman will, see the new york times, dec. 9, 1915. once known derisively in the neighborhood as the home for poor millionaires, the andrew freedman house is featured periodically in the real - estate section of the new york times, see e. g., july1, 2008.


beautiful, pious and virtuous daughter of the 5th century welsh king, brychan of brecknock. a certain maelon fell in love with her, and wished to marry her. though dwynwen returned his love, her heart was set on becoming a nun, and she rejected him. she dreamt she was given a sweet drink which saved her from his attentions, but which turned the poor young man to ice. realising that maelon couldn ’ t help his love for her, she prayed that he be restored to life, that all lovers should find happiness, and that she never have the desire for marriage. dwynwen became a nun and lived on llanddwyn island on the western coast of ynys mon ( anglesey ), an area accessible only at low tide. her well, a fresh - water spring called ffynnon dwynwen, became a wishing well and place of pilgrimage, particularly for lovers because of the story above. the tradition grew that the eel in the well could foretell the future for lovers – ask questions and watch which way they turn. women would scatter breadcrumbs on the surface, then lay her handkerchief on water ’ s surface ; if the eel disturbed it, her lover would be faithful. all this led to her connection with animals, which eventually led to the tradition that her intercession could heal injured animals. there are churches dedicated to her in wales and cornwall. in recent years, her feast day has become increasingly popular among the welsh with cards being sent just as on valentine ‘ s day, and her well continues to be a place of pilgrimage. - c. 460 of natural causes - book of saints, by the monks of ramsgate - happy saint dwynwen ’ s day, oxford dictionary of saints - our sunday visitor ’ s encyclopedia of saints - wales online : church of saint dwynwen restored nothing wins hearts like cheerfulness. - saint dwynwen - “ saint dwynwen “. saints. sqpn. com. 24 january 2013. web. 24 may 2013. < >


caecilians are amphibians that lack limbs. they look a bit like earthworms or snakes and can grow up to 1. 5 m ( 5 ft ) in length. as they generally live underground, they are the most under - studied group of amphibians. no. some caecilians give birth to live young and some salamanders have larvae that essentially resemble the adult stage, but with external gills. there are many terrestrial frog species that emerge as froglets directly from the egg, bypassing the tadpole stage altogether. this adaptation allows them to live far from water bodies ( on mountain tops for instance ), and provides the parents with an increased ability to guard their eggs, which are laid on land. it also removes a serious risk that aquatic larvae must face : predation by fish or dragonfly larvae. many terrestrial salamanders employ this strategy as well. ( photo credit : fogden ). amphibians are the oldest land vertebrates. ichthyostega was an amphibian species that lived in greenland 362 million years ago. the northern & southern gastric brooding frogs rheobatrachus vitellinus and r. silus lived in eastern australia. these amazing frogs could actually shut down their gastric juices while rearing their young inside their stomachs! they therefore held great promise for advances in human medicine, as research on these frogs may have resulted in a cure for ulcers. unfortunately, the gastric - brooding frogs vanished within a few years of being discovered by scientists - - the health of humans and frogs is clearly intertwined. on the right you can see a tiny r. silus froglet emerging from its mother ' s mouth. ( photo by d. sarille ; top photo of r. vitellinus is by m. davies ) the smallest frogs are the paedophryne dekot and paedophryne verrucosa from papua new guinea, sizing in at only only 9 mm in length. next up is the critically endangered cuban frog eleutherodactylus iberia. these frogs measure only 10 mm ( 0. 4 in ) when fully grown. they are threatened by pesticides, and by large - scale mining operations that destroy their habitat ( photo of e. iberia by m. lammertink ) izecksohn ' s toad brachycephalus didactylus from southeastern brazil reaches full size at only 10mm ( 0. 4 in ). it is known in


of e. iberia by m. lammertink ) izecksohn ' s toad brachycephalus didactylus from southeastern brazil reaches full size at only 10mm ( 0. 4 in ). it is known in brazil as " sapo - pulga " - - the flea toad. the world ' s largest frog is the goliath frog conraua goliath, which lives in western africa. they can grow to be over 30 cm ( 1 ft ) long, and weigh over 3 kg ( 6. 6 lbs ). this species is endangered, due to conversion of rainforests into farmland, and due to their being used as a local food source. the strawberry poison dart frog dendrobates pumilio has an extraordinary reproductive strategy. females lay their eggs in the leaf - litter or on plants. when the tadpoles hatch, they climb onto the mother ' s back. she then transports them to small pockets of water in bromeliads or other vegetation, often high in the trees. she returns intermittently through their development to lay unfertilized eggs in the water. these eggs serve as the tadpoles ' primary food source. dendrobates pumilio occurs throughout the caribbean coast of central america. other poison - dart frog species carry their tadpoles around as well. note the tadpoles in the photo to the right. ( top photo of d. pumilio taken at red frog beach, bocas del toro, panama. bottom photo is the gulfo dulce poison dart frog phyllobates vittatus on costa rica ' s osa peninsula ) assa darlingtoni, commonly called the marsupial frog, lives in the rainforests of eastern australia, where it lays its eggs in moist leaf - litter. both parents guard the nest of about 30 eggs, and when the froglets emerge, they crawl into the father ' s two hip - pockets, where they hang out for several weeks. the adult in the picture is about the size of a thumbnail, imagine how small the froglets are! the word amphibian is derived from greek and means ' two lives ', referring to the fact that most amphibians spend their larval stage as aquatic, herbivorous tadpole, and their adult stage as terrestrial carnivore. however, some amphibians spend virtually their entire lives in the water ( i. e. african clawed frogs xenopus laevis, and mudpupp


herbivorous tadpole, and their adult stage as terrestrial carnivore. however, some amphibians spend virtually their entire lives in the water ( i. e. african clawed frogs xenopus laevis, and mudpuppies necturus ). others, like the puerto rican coqui eleutherodactylus coqui or dunn ' s salamander plethodon dunni from oregon, spend their entire lives on land : they lay their eggs in moist leaf - litter, bypass the tadpole stage and may never enter a water body. ( photo is of whistling treefrog litoria verreauxii ) tadpoles have gills like fish, and most adult frogs have lungs like yours. however, amphibians have permeable skin that allows them to absorb both water and oxygen directly from the environment, right through their skin. plethodontid salamanders have no lungs : they breathe solely through their skin and through the tissues lining their mouths. the world ' s first known lungless frog, barbourula kalimantanensis, was recently found in the jungles of borneo. the largest lungless amphibian is an 80 cm ( 2. 5 ft ) caecilian atretochoana eiselti from brazil. ( photo by d. bickford of the evolutionary ecology and conservation lab ). the australian stony creek frogs litoria wilcoxii and litoria jungguy occasionally build a sand nest for their eggs. in the photo at right, eggs are in the center of the nest, which is immediately beside a stream. thus the eggs are kept in a moist environment, safe from fish for the time being. the next large rain will wash them into the stream and they will emerge as tadpoles. not much. true toads ( bufonids ) tend to have short legs and dry ' warty ' skin, though there are plenty of frog species that fit this description as well. toads tend to have toxic secretions, but so do poison dart frogs. however, toads do have significantly higher chances of resembling that alien who lives down the street from you. ( photo of american toad bufo americanus, our national toad ). those are the paratoid glands, which hold a cocktail of toxic secretions. since toads are pretty slow they need to defend themselves from predators. the cane toad bufo marinus has 20 bufotoxins, some of which are potent enough to kill a snake


glands, which hold a cocktail of toxic secretions. since toads are pretty slow they need to defend themselves from predators. the cane toad bufo marinus has 20 bufotoxins, some of which are potent enough to kill a snake many times its size. contrary to urban legend, if you lick one, you ' ll probably just throw up. the sonoran desert toad bufo alvareus has secretions that can cause hallucinations. most toxic amphibians ( like cane toads or poison dart frogs ) accumulate their toxins from the insects they eat. but australia ' s critically endangered corroboree frogs pseudophryne corroboree and p. pengilleyi manufacture their own toxins. they may be the only vertebrates capable of such a feat. ( photo credit unknown ) a batrachologist is a person who studies amphibians. while " batracho " has been used in science for over 150 years to denote amphibians, the term batrachologist has only come into recent usage. formerly, the term herpetologist was used, but this name encompassed those who studied amphibians and / or reptiles. frog deformities have caused alarm since the early 1990 ' s, when high numbers of frogs in the midwest were found with missing limbs, extra limbs or other developmental abnormalities. many of these deformations are caused by a trematode parasite ribeiroia ondatrae that burrows into tadpoles ' hind limbs. why did the malformation rate increase so dramatically in the last two decades? this is unknown, but it may be due to increased levels of eutrophication ( an un - natural state caused by excessive amounts of fertilizer entering a water body ), which allowed snails that are used by the trematode as an intermediary host to increase in numbers, thus providing optimal breeding conditions for the trematode. furthermore, pesticides have been shown to weaken frogs ' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to trematode infections. the photo on the right is a 6 - legged spotted grass frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis. kind of cool, but in a not - so - cool kind of way. ( photo credits unknown ). some frogs breed in ephemeral pools that form after heavy rains. to ensure that their tadpoles do not die when their puddle dries, the tadpoles are often adapted to metamorphose quickly, perhaps within a week or two


frogs breed in ephemeral pools that form after heavy rains. to ensure that their tadpoles do not die when their puddle dries, the tadpoles are often adapted to metamorphose quickly, perhaps within a week or two. other frogs, however, like the tailed frog ascaphus truei from the pacific northwest or australia ' s barred frog mixophyes live in permanent ponds or streams and can remain in the tadpole stage for 2 or 3 years. speaking of barred frogs, the eyes of fleay ' s barred frog mixophyes fleayi actually change color as they get older. juveniles have partially red eyes, but in adults, the red has changed to blue. wood frogs rana sylvatica are the only north american frog that lives above the arctic circle. frogs are ectotherms ( cold - blooded ) meaning they cannot internally control their body temperatures. wood frogs are adapted to cold winters being able to survive a deep freeze : their breathing, blood flow, and heartbeat stop, and ice crystals form beneath their skin. while ice crystals in human skin would result in serious problems ( frostbite ), wood frogs are safe because high glycogen levels in their cells act like anti - freeze, restricting the frozen areas to the extra - cellular fluid, where no tissue damage will occur. cool frogs! some species only live a few years, but many live 6 or 7 years. the african clawed frog xenopus laevis and the green tree frog litoria caerulea can live about 30 years in captivity. determining their life span in the wild is difficult, but if anybody wants to follow some frogs around for a couple decades, please let us know. frogs inhabit some of the driest regions on earth. as frogs need to remain moist to survive, some frogs burrow underground to avoid the hot dry weather up above. they have specialized shovel - like pads on their arms or legs that let them to go up to 1. 5 m ( 5 ft ) down. if no rains come, that ' s fine. these frogs slow down their metabolism and enter a state called aestivation, which is similar to hibernation. and they shed layers of skin that surround them like a protective cocoon to retain moisture. some frogs remain underground for 10 months. when the rains come, these frogs appear en masse on the surface for the biggest party of the year. ( photo : ornate burrowing frog limnodynastes ornatus in new south wales )


some frogs remain underground for 10 months. when the rains come, these frogs appear en masse on the surface for the biggest party of the year. ( photo : ornate burrowing frog limnodynastes ornatus in new south wales ) check out this excellent video about burrowing frogs in africa : skin secretions from at least three species of australian frogs ( the green treefrog litoria caerulea, the southern orange - eyed treefrog litoria chloris, and the green - eyed treefrog litoria genimaculata ) can completely inhibit hiv, the virus that causes aids. ok, so now that we know southern orange - eyed treefrogs probably aren ' t going to get aids, this seems like the appropriate time to show the following video. this one ' s for the people who ' ve gotten this far down the web page but still aren ' t sure if they think frogs are cool or not. make sure your speakers are on... please embed this video on your web page if you like it. note that frogs only party when the temperature and recent rainfall are just right. climate change therefore would act a bit like the cops did when you were in high school and held that party at your parents ' place. most frogs and toads have external fertilization ( eggs are laid outside of the female ' s body and then fertilized by the male ), but the tailed frog ascaphus truei, which lives in the us pacific northwest, has internal fertilization. many salamanders have internal fertilization as well. males drop a spermatophore ( a gelatinous mass of sperm, more or less ) in their favorite location. the lucky female then comes along and pick up this spermatophore with her cloaca to fertilize the eggs inside her body. caecilians are the only group of amphibians in which all species utilize internal fertilization. frogs have both a common name and a scientific name, which is in latin. thus the african clawed frog is also known as xenopus laevis. the scientific name consists of a frog ' s genus followed by its species ( this is called binomial nomenclature ). carl linnaeus devised this system in the 18th century so that scientists could be certain they were always referring to the correct species. for instance, there is a ' green treefrog ' in europe, america and australia, but they are all different species : hyla arbor


this system in the 18th century so that scientists could be certain they were always referring to the correct species. for instance, there is a ' green treefrog ' in europe, america and australia, but they are all different species : hyla arborea, hyla cinerea and litoria caerulea. they do, and they also have a clear nictitating membrane, which allows them to protect their eyes without obstructing their vision. you can see the nictitating membrane on this partially submerged gray treefrog hyla versicolor from northern virginia. australia ' s striped rocket frog litoria nasuta can jump a distance equivalent to 55 times its body length! that would be like you jumping a football field! how do they do that? their legs are twice as long as the rest of their body, and their leg muscles are 1 / 3 of their overall weight. these frogs are so cool we had to put a picture of one on our frogs of australia poster! ( photo taken at the booyal crossing, west of bundaberg, queensland ) the cave - dwelling salamander proteus anguinus ( known as the olm ) has a body mass of just 15 - 20 g, but a predicted maximum lifespan of over a century. a new paper by voituron et al. ( 2010 ) has analyzed years ' worth of weekly records from a 400 - animal captive breeding colony in the french pyrenees. the average adult olm lifespan was 68. 5 years ; sexual maturity was attained at 15. 6 years, on average. in contrast, the next longest - lived amphibian is the japanese giant salamander ( andrias japonicus ), weighing over 30 kg but with a maximum lifespan of only 52 years in captivity. this cool frog fact is courtesy of amphibiaweb. darwin ' s frogs are characterized by a nasal prolongation and their unique brood system, named neomelia, in which males breed their offspring in their vocal pouch. in rhinoderma darwinii the offspring leave the mouth as metamorphosed froglets. on the other hand, r. rufum has their tadpoles only for two weeks, after which they are released into water in a relatively early tadpole stage. unfortunately, rhinoderma populations have declines and r. rufum is no longer found in the wild. contributed by johara bourke. technically, yes! amphibians are ectotherms, which


relatively early tadpole stage. unfortunately, rhinoderma populations have declines and r. rufum is no longer found in the wild. contributed by johara bourke. technically, yes! amphibians are ectotherms, which means they rely on the environment to regulate their own body heat. however, the term " cold - blooded " has a negative connotation and sometimes amphibians are perceived to not have concern for other members of their own species. yet it should be known that there are some incredibly dedicated " cold - blooded " mothers and fathers in the wild world of frogs! in ephemeral marshes and ponds in panama, the neo - tropical frog leptodactylus insularum actively defends her eggs and tadpoles from predators. here she is seen guarding her recently hatched tadpoles. there are about 3, 000 of them! she will stay with them until the tadpoles metamorphose into little froglets. what a good mom! frogs in trees, frogs in ponds. frogs on the ground, frogs all around. little prcious creatures helping nature in so many ways. just want to sit back and enjoy warm sunny days. save the frogs! - - frog poetry by haley summer ford if you have some amphibian expertise, feel free to submit a cool frog fact below! be sure to hit the submit button!