shallow water surface drifters in response to noaa / cop funded research needs for high resolution lagrangian analysis of florida bay interior basin flow fields, a shallow water drift buoy was designed and developed by aoml and rsmas in miami, florida. primary design guidelines required a device capable of operating in water depths of one meter or less for up to a two week period. small size was a factor both in minimizing windage at the surface and in aiding deployment and recovery efforts. the drifter would also require onboard gps for accurate positioning. the need for a high - resolution record of the driftera€™s track required gps data to be logged onboard for post - recovery upload. however, in attempts to aid users in the driftera€™s recovery, a subset of these data would need to be transmitted to the users during deployment ; this is handled by an onboard argos transmitter. the hull is constructed of a 0. 125 inch thick lexan, two - piece thermoformed shell in the general shape of a disc. the top is slightly domed and the bottom has molded fins in an attempt to couple the buoy to the water. unfortunately, in the first bay drift test the molded fins proved to be insufficient to keep windage to a minimum, so a " window shade " drogue has been incorporated with excellent results to improve coupling to the water ( see figure ). the drogue is constructed of two crossed, flexible pvc sheets and is approximately 0. 75 meters long. the shape of the buoy was analyzed to insure that it would be self - righting if turned over by a wave. when deployed, the hull floats with the top of the dome approximately 3 cm above the waterline. the dimensions of the hull are 33 cm in diameter by 15 cm high and the weight ready for deployment is less than 5 kg. to derive high - resolution currents, the position of the buoy must be determined frequently. a motorola 12 channel gps receiver is built into the electronics to collect this data. it computes 3 dimensional position information at pre - selected rates which are then stored in the buoy memory for later retrieval and subsequent data analysis. a relocation argos satellite transmitter system is included in the electronics to recover the buoy at the end of each experiment. the argos positions are used to get within the general vicinity of the buoy, and then a handheld argos receiver on the boat is used to locate and retrieve the buoy.


a very popular species of sweet cherry. large purplish - black cherry. ripens early. ( pollinate with bing or a different sweet cherry variety. ) ( zones 5 – 8 ) excellent for the home orchard, the black tartarian cherry tree produces fruit with a sweet, rich, full bodied flavor. begins bearing fruit 3 - 4 years after planting and will bear long into old age. the best pollinator for dark sweet cherries. an exceptionally productive, vigorous sweet cherry tree. it grows tall for a fruit tree maturing at 30 ' or more. the flowers are white, 1 1 / 4 " in diameter borne in well distributed clusters of twos and threes. foliage is a dark, waxy green. it bears early, ripening from mid - june to early july depending upon the location. eventually one tree may produce 3 – 4 bushels of cherries. this tree prefers light, sandy soil, but will grow in other soils that are moist and well drained. if possible, plant on an elevated site with good air and soil drainage. it needs at least 6 – 8 hours of full sun daily and water during dry periods. the cherries should be left on the tree until mature. sweet cherry trees require minimal pruning. prune annually in late winter or early spring. ( pollinate with a different sweet cherry variety ) ( zones 5 – 8 ) the cherries are eaten by a variety of birds and mammals. the leaves and branches are browsed. this species was introduced from russia to england in 1794 by hugh ronalds and named ronald ' s large black heart. it came to the united states in the early 1800s and has been popular ever since. the standard grows to 30 ' and dwarf grows to 12 ' - 15 ' in height. standard spread grows to 30 ' and dwarf grows to a 12 ' - 15 ' spread. this tree requires moist, well drained soil and is not drought tolerant. simple, alternate, often obvate with a sharp tip, 5 1 / 2 " long with teeth on the margin that are sharp and sometimes blunted. thin, waxy and dark green color on top. heart shaped about 1 " in diameter and usually purplish black, but occasionally red depending upon the site. flesh is dark red, thick, tender, juicy and sweet with a smooth stone that separates easily.


facts about poisons children are naturally inquisitive and love to explore their world. infants tend to put everything in their mouths and toddlers grab whatever looks interesting. adolescents may experiment with drugs and other mind - altering substances. consider these facts about poisonings in the united states : each year, poison control centers receive more than 1. 1 million calls about accidental poisonings among children ages 5 and under. calls to poison control centers peak between 4 pm and 10 pm. only 30 percent of caregivers are able to accurately measure a correct dosage of over - the - counter medications to their children. more than 90 percent of poisonings in children occur in the home. in children, approximately 60 percent of poisonings involve products other than medicines, such as plants, cleaning products, cosmetics, pesticides, paints, and solvents ; 40 percent of poisonings involve medications. what is " the arsenic hour? " peak calls to poison control centers occur between 4 and 10 p. m. in fact, dinnertime is such a busy time of day for most families that many times parents do not supervise their children as closely as usual. this is a common time of day for childhood poisonings to occur and has led poison center staff to call this time of day " the arsenic hour. " the good news is that prompt treatment can prevent most serious reactions. and, of course, poison prevention is always the best cure. be prepared for a poisoning emergency by posting the poison center telephone number by every phone in your home. the national, toll - free poison control center locator number is 800 - 222 - 1222. from here, you will be automatically redirected to the nearest poison center in your area. if you have a poisoning emergency, call your local poison center immediately. if the child has collapsed or is not breathing, call 911, or your local emergency medical services ( ems ). online medical reviewer : kolbus, karin, rn, dnp, cohn - s online medical reviewer : newmentor board - certified, academically affiliated clinician last review date : 04 / 21 / 2013 © 2000 - 2013 krames staywell, 780 township line road, yardley, pa 19067. all rights reserved. this information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. always follow your healthcare professional ' s instructions.


sunday 19 may marabou stork ( leptoptilos crumeniferus ) what ’ s the world ’ s favourite species? find out here. marabou stork fact file - find out more - print factsheet marabou stork description with its huge, ungainly stature, balding pink head and enormous wedge - shaped bill, it is easy to see why many consider the marabou stork to be a somewhat ‘ ugly ’ bird ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ). in flight, it soars elegantly with large, dark grey wings spanning almost three metres from tip to tip, but on the ground it walks hunched on long, gangly legs ( 3 ) ( 6 ). a fleshy, inflatable, pink wattle dangles conspicuously below its bill, and a white collar rings the base of its nearly featherless, pink neck ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ). the back and tail are dark grey, like the wings, while the underparts are off - white ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ). although the natural colour of the legs and feet is dark grey, the build up of excrement makes them appear almost white ( 2 ) ( 5 ). unlike the adults, immature marabou storks have a woolly covering to the head, and a darker plumage ( 5 ) ( 7 ). - also known as - marabout d ' afrique. top - african wildlife foundation : - birdlife international : - the act of incubating eggs, that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible. - iucn red list ( october, 2009 ) - alden, p., estes, r., schlitter, d. and mcbride, b. ( 1996 ) collins field guide to african mammals. harper collins publishers, london. - burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. - burton, m. and burton, r. ( 2002 ) international wildlife encyclopedia. marshall cavendish, new york. - smithsonian national zoological park ( september, 2009 ) - liebenberg, l. ( 1990 ) a field guide to the animal tracks of southern africa. david phillips publishers, cape town. - newman, k. ( 2002 ) newman ' s birds of southern africa. struik publishers, cape town. - birdlife international ( august, 2009 ) - view the contents of, and material on


. david phillips publishers, cape town. - newman, k. ( 2002 ) newman ' s birds of southern africa. struik publishers, cape town. - birdlife international ( august, 2009 ) - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. marabou stork biology behaving more like a vulture than a stork, the marabou is a consummate scavenger, eating just about any animal it can find as carrion ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ). typically, it soars at height, scanning the ground for food, and often congregates around large carcasses with other scavengers such as vultures ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ). furthermore, this species has taken full advantage of the encroachment of human settlements, frequenting dumps, slaughterhouses and fishing villages for discarded scraps ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ). however, despite its slightly macabre reputation, the marabou does also take a variety of live prey including lizards, frogs, various insects, snakes, rats, mice and birds ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ). a gregarious bird, the marabou stork is often seen in groups, with up to 1, 000 individuals gathering in close proximity to roost at night ( 8 ). it also congregates to breed during the dry season, with colonies ranging in size from 20 pairs up to several thousand, often along with other species. the male arrives first and establishes a territory, whereupon it greets all newcomers with hostility, whilst inflating its throat pouch. eventually, a courting female will be accepted by the male, and the pair will set about building a stick nest, around 10 to 30 metres above the ground in trees or on cliffs - ledges, and sometimes on buildings in towns and villages ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 8 ). when the nest is finished, the female lays a clutch of two


around 10 to 30 metres above the ground in trees or on cliffs - ledges, and sometimes on buildings in towns and villages ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) 8 ). when the nest is finished, the female lays a clutch of two to three eggs, which are incubated over 29 to 31 days. the chicks fledge when around 13 to 15 weeks old, but do not reach sexual maturity until at least four years of age ( 4 ) ( 5 ). top marabou stork rangetop marabou stork habitattop marabou stork status classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ). top marabou stork threats owing to its indiscriminate feeding habits and its willingness to scavenge around human activities, the marabou stork population is actually increasing through large parts of its wide range ( 3 ) ( 5 ). however, despite the fact that it is usually considered an unattractive target for hunters ( 5 ), this stork is known to be traded at traditional markets in nigeria ( 8 ). top marabou stork conservationtop find out more to find out more about conservation in africa, visit : for more information on this and other bird species please see : authenticationthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : email @ example. comtop myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or


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submitted to : veterinary parasitology publication type : peer reviewed journal publication acceptance date : october 1, 2000 publication date : n / a interpretive summary : sarcocystis neurona is a single - celled parasite of companion animals. it causes a fatal neurologic syndrome in horses in the u. s., called eqine protozoal myeloencephalitis ( epm ). its full life cycle is not known. opossums are its reservoir ( definitive ) host and horses are considered aberrant hosts. scientists at the beltsville agricultural research center and the montana state university describe the ultrastructure of sarcocysti neurona stages ( schizonts ) found in tissues of horses. these results will be of interest to biologists and parasitologists. the ultrastructure events associated with nuclear division were studied in schizonts of sarcocystis neurona. merozoites developed by type 2 endopolygeny in which numerous merozoites began development internally and later budded at the schizont surface. the nuclear envelope remained intact during all nuclear divisions. the schizont nucleus enlarged to form numerous lobes, each of which contained an intranuclear spindle. many spindles were formed before merozoite formation. spindles were conical - shaped with the apex of the spindle located immediately beneath a pore in the nuclear envelope. most spindle microtubles were discontinous, terminating at kinetochores on chromosomes, whereas a few microtubules were continuous extending between each pole of the nuclear spindle. two centrioles, a golgi complex and a plastid were closely associated with each pole of the nuclear spindle. spindle microtubules shortened during spindle edivisions that occurred in early and intermediate schizonts prior to the formation of merozoite primoridia. the length of the spindle microtubules remained the same during the last spindle during merozoite formation. separation of the chromosomes appeared to result from enlongation of each nuclear lobe which occurred simultaneously with elongation of the inner membrane complex and subpellicular microtubules surrounding the merozoite primordia. in schizonts, the plastid was disc - shaped, variable in size, and consisted of a granular core with ribosomes and small vesicles surrounded by 2 - 4 membranes. plastids in


oxford classical texts from the art and popular culture encyclopedia oxford classical texts ( octs ), or scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca oxoniensis, is a series of books published by oxford university press. it contains texts of ancient greek and latin literature, such as homer ' s odyssey and virgil ' s aeneid, in the original language with a critical apparatus. works of science and mathematics, such as euclid ' s elements, are generally not represented. since the books are meant primarily for serious students of the classics, the prefaces and notes have traditionally been in latin ( so that the books are written in the classical languages from the title page to the index ), and no translations or explanatory notes are included. several recent volumes, beginning with lloyd - jones and wilson ' s 1990 edition of sophocles, have broken with tradition and feature introductions written in english ( though the critical apparatus is still in latin ). oxoniensis is an abbreviation used to denote mainly a single volume of the series ( fully : editio oxoniensis ), rarely the whole collection ; correspondingly, teubneriana is used with reference to the bibliotheca scriptorum graecorum et romanorum teubneriana, a series with the same aim as the octs. those who want some help in reading the classics may prefer the loeb classical library, which includes english translations, or the collection bude, which includes french translations.


trees of life a visual history of evolution written by theodore w pietsch john hopkins university | isbn 9781421404790 hardback – 376 pages member ’ s price : $ 82. 80 usually ships within 2 – 11 business days. for the past 450 years, tree - like branching diagrams have been created to show the complex and surprising interrelationships of organisms, both living and fossil, from viruses and bacteria to birds and mammals. this stunning book celebrates the manifest beauty, intrinsic interest, and human ingenuity of these exquisite trees of life. theodore w. pietsch has chosen 230 trees of life - from among thousands of possible contenders - dating from the sixteenth century to the present day. his arrangement gives readers a visual sense of the historical development of these diagrams and shows how, in darwin ' s words, " from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. " pietsch ' s brief, accessible prose accompanies the diverse trees to fully reveal the engrossing history of human theories of evolution. over the centuries, trees of life appeared in a wide variety of forms ; some were revered as iconic while others incited intense controversy. the earliest examples were meant to portray the imagined temporal order in which god created life on earth. more recent scientific trees represent hypothetical histories of life. never before has the full spectrum of trees of life been brought together in a single volume. pietsch has spent decades collecting and researching the origin and meaning of these evolutionary trees and presents a visually breathtaking and intellectually brilliant history of the form.


the king palm tree is native to australia, but can be grown and cared for in any tropical or sub tropical area where the temperature does not drop below freezing. this popular landscaping palm is also known as the alexander or alexandra palm. the king palm grows quickly and while it can start as an indoor plant, it will eventually need to be transplanted outside. a full - grown palm will reach a height of 20 to 30 feet. growing and caring for a king palm tree is easy with proper planting, watering and feeding. the king palm prefers sun and needs well - drained soil. this palm also reaches a height of 30 feet or more. choose a spot where the full height of the plant will not interfere with power lines or other overhead obstructions. if the palm was purchased from a nursery or has been inside and is not used to full sun don ’ t plant it immediately in the sun. place it outside in a shady spot and increase its exposure to sun slowly by an hour a day over several weeks time. once it is acclimated to full sun plant it in the chosen spot. dig a hole that is twice as wide as the root ball, but only as deep as the root ball is. if the roots are planted too deep they will not be able to grow properly. use a shovel and score the sides of the hole to loosen the dirt. this will help the roots penetrate through the soil in its new home. mix the soil from the hole and the pot the tree came in with sand to create a mix of 2 parts soil, 1 part sand. this will ensure proper drainage. do not add any fertilizer at this time. wet the bottom of the hole and shovel in a thin layer of the soil mixture. this will help reduce the shock to the plant when it is placed in its new home. get the roots of the palm wet and place it in the center of the hole. fill in the hole with the remaining soil and sand mixture. add three inches of organic mulch around the palm tree. water the plant thoroughly. do not allow the soil around the new palm tree to dry out for the first two weeks. water daily to ensure the ground stays wet. this helps the roots grow. king palm trees require regular fertilizer treatments to grow to their full height. do not fertilize until the king palm has grown a new spear. use a continuous release fertilizer that will feed the plant for several months at a time. fertilize during growing season only and place the fertilizer


what are congenital hand differences? babies born with hands that are different than the normal hand have a congenital hand difference. what causes congenital hand differences? the upper limb is formed between four and eight weeks after the sperm and egg unite to form an embryo. the embryo develops an arm bud at four weeks. the tip of the arm bud sends messages to each cell as the upper limb forms. millions of steps are followed to form a normal arm. failure of any of these steps to occur can result in a congenital hand difference. research continues into further understanding of this embryonic process. some congenital hand differences may occur due to a genetic cause. many congenital hand differences just occur without an apparent cause. what are different types of congenital hand differences? one in twenty children is born with some difference from normal, either major or minor. the different groups of congenital hand differences include missing parts of the arm ( failure of formation ), webbed or fused parts of the hand ( failures of separation ), extra parts present in the hand ( duplication ), undergrowth or overgrowth of parts of the hand, or constriction band syndrome. what are common congenital hand differences? the most common congenital hand difference in the caucasian population is webbed fingers ( syndactyly - see figure 1 ). the most common congenital hand difference in the black population is an extra, sixth digit on the little finger side ( post - axial polydactyly - see figure 2 ). the most common congenital hand difference in the asian population is an extra thumb ( thumb polydactyly - see figure 3 ). which congenital hand difference does my child have? because there are so many different congenital hand differences, it is important that your child be evaluated by a hand surgery specialist to help determine if any treatment is needed. some congenital hand differences are associated with genetic disorders or other medical problems. your hand specialist may request further genetic evaluation by a geneticist, or may request further medical testing by your pediatrician or family physician. how do parents feel if their child has congenital hand differences? immediately after the birth of a child with a a congenital abnormality, the patents may feel shock, anger and guilt. these are normal emotions. all the dreams of a perfect baby did not take place. each family member must cope with their feelings. rarely is there anything parents or doctors could have done differently. your newborn doesn ’ t realize that he or she is different. the baby has all the normal needs of any newborn. the way the baby has formed is normal for


cope with their feelings. rarely is there anything parents or doctors could have done differently. your newborn doesn ’ t realize that he or she is different. the baby has all the normal needs of any newborn. the way the baby has formed is normal for him or her, without pain and without a sense of loss. talk to your physician about support groups or professional help. can congenital hand differences be treated? all babies born with congenital hand differences should be evaluated by a hand specialist to make an individual assessment of the type. depending on the type of congenital hand difference, treatment may be recommended. for example, webbed fingers are surgically separated. extra digits can be surgically removed with reconstruction of the remaining digit if necessary. hand function can be improved if the functions of thumb pinch or finger grasp is compromised. some congenital hand differences may need therapy to help improve hand function. in some cases, no intervention is necessary. figure 1 : syndactyly between long and ring fingers figure 2 : polydactyly, with an extra little finger figure 3 : thumb polydactyly, with duplication of the thumb © 2006 american society for surgery of the hand find a hand surgeon near you. a ) helping hands c ) on the other hand d ) federation for children with special needs e ) hands to love f ) limb differences


our government textbooks tell us that nobody in the ancient world had ever crossed the atlantic before columbus. but the voyage of the mayflower only took 60 days. are we honestly to believe that no one had ever previously taken the 60 day trip in all of human history? the great civilizations of ancient egypt, babylon, sumer, greece, rome, and the sea - faring phoenicians never wondered what was out west past 59 days sailing? ( image = phoenician boat ) if we accept this improbability, we have to accept many more along with it, because the native american cultures of the “ new world ” and the eurasian cultures of the “ old world ” were already far too similar to have naturally evolved separately. for instance, compare the peruvians and egyptians. the number of complex comparisons between the two peoples far surpasses serendipity. both cultures believed in an immaterial soul which reincarnates through multiple physical existences. they both worshipped the sun, moon, and stars, and held amazing astronomical knowledge, much of which has just recently been rediscovered. both peoples built amazing stone pyramids, often containing boulders too heavy for modern cranes to lift, quarried from miles away. both cultures embalmed / mummified their dead. peruvian and egyptian royalty both wrapped children ’ s heads in the practice of “ skull elongation ” ( like trepanning ) to attain higher consciousness. they both divided the year into twelve months. both peoples had a women ’ s order of vestal virgins vowed to celibacy, and violating their vows was punished on both continents by their being buried alive. both cultures offered animal sacrifices and divined the future by examining the animal ’ s entrails. they both built huge arches and strewed the road with flowers for returning home triumphant warriors / heroes. at the beginning of each agricultural season during a big celebration, the kings placed their hands to the plough and ploughed the first furrow. are we to believe such incredibly specific practices developed completely independent of one another? “ when the spanish missionaries first set foot upon the soil of america, in the fifteenth century, they were amazed to find the cross was as devoutly worshipped by the red indians as by themselves. ” - ignatius donnelly, “ atlantis : the antediluvian world ” ancient symbols like the cross and the swastika already existed in the americas long before the europeans came. egyptian symbols like the “ akeru ” back to back lion gods


- ignatius donnelly, “ atlantis : the antediluvian world ” ancient symbols like the cross and the swastika already existed in the americas long before the europeans came. egyptian symbols like the “ akeru ” back to back lion gods hieroglyph are found in olmec temples from ancient mexico. we have also found mayan art and glyphs in egypt. modern mayans and tribal egyptians both recognize the languages found in their countries as that of their ancestors and both can read much of it. we ’ ve discovered artwork 2 - 3000 years old clearly depicting negroes and caucasians in central america. the establishment remains silent on all these issues. the similarities between old world european and american peoples are vast and difficult to accept as mere coincidence. the use of cement, bricks, arches and advanced masonry / architecture is found on both sides of the atlantic, as well as roads, stone and suspension bridges ; metallurgy, ore mining of copper, tin, bronze, gold, silver, and iron ; sculpture, painting, engraving, agriculture, navigation, large sailing vessels, pottery, glasswork, and music ; both old and new worlders fashioned the same weapons like bows and arrows, spears, swords, battle - axes, darts and slings ; baptism, confession, penance all long existed on both continents. “ if we find on both sides of the atlantic precisely the same arts, sciences, religious beliefs, habits, customs, and traditions, it is absurd to say that the peoples of the two continents arrived separately, by precisely the same steps, at precisely the same ends. when we consider the resemblance of the civilizations of the mediterranean nations to one another, no man is silly enough to pretend that rome, greece, egypt, assyria, phoenicia, each spontaneously and separately invented the arts, sciences, habits, and opinions in which they agreed ; but we proceed to trace out the thread of descent or connection from one to another. why should a rule of interpretation prevail, as between the two sides of the atlantic, different from that which holds good as to the two sides of the mediterranean sea? if, in the one case, similarity of origin has unquestionably produced similarity of arts, customs, and condition, why, in the other, should not similarity of arts, customs, and condition prove similarity of origin? is there any instance in the world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each other, happening upon the same invention, whether that invention be an arrow -


other, should not similarity of arts, customs, and condition prove similarity of origin? is there any instance in the world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each other, happening upon the same invention, whether that invention be an arrow - head or a steam - engine? if it required of mankind a lapse of at least six thousand years before it began anew the work of invention, and took up the thread of original thought where atlantis dropped it, what probability is there of three or four separate nations all advancing at the same speed to precisely the same arts and opinions? the proposition is untenable. if, then, we prove that, on both sides of the atlantic, civilizations were found substantially identical, we have demonstrated that they must have descended one from the other, or have radiated from some common source. ” - ignatius donnelly, “ atlantis : the antediluvian world ” stubborn egyptologists, anthropologists and our government textbooks also claim that the ancient egyptian, sumerian, and babylonian cultures all somehow started at the height of their civilization and rapidly devolved as their empires fell. this is standard accepted “ fact ” but how is it possible that such advanced cultures just magically appeared at the beginning of recorded history? “ the region of mesopotamia ( sumeria ), which seems to have suddenly appeared out of nowhere ( according to academia ), had a high knowledge of astronomy, architecture, a pantheon of gods, agriculture, gourmet foods, and courts. it is considered to be the cradle of civilization. mesopotamia, in the north, encompassed the rivers tigris and euphrates, which flowed from the garden of eden, in the genesis stories. the places known as atlantis, dilmun, and lemuria are mentioned in the records of sumeria. this is an obvious indication that these societies or cities pre - dated the sumerian era. therefore, the mesopotamian civilization did not suddenly appear out of nowhere. it was more likely a relocated ancient ‘ lost civilization ’ ” - james arthur, “ mushrooms and mankind ” ( 37 ) “ one of the great mysteries that egyptologists can never explain is this devolution, this retrograde. you look at the old kingdom, the pyramids, the type of hieroglyphs, the type of jewelry, the type of art produced, and then as it goes forward to the middle kingdom it devolves, it ’ s less advanced - to the new kingdom when they didn ’ t even build in granite or limestone anymore but in sandstone a much


jewelry, the type of art produced, and then as it goes forward to the middle kingdom it devolves, it ’ s less advanced - to the new kingdom when they didn ’ t even build in granite or limestone anymore but in sandstone a much softer stone, easier to work with. ” - egyptologist stephen mehler, “ egypt and the ancients. ” coast 2 coast interview, august, 2004 are we honestly to believe that advanced mathematics, medicine, astronomy, architecture, art, writing, and a complex spirituality were already fully developed from the very beginning of human civilization? “ how does a complex civilization spring full - blown into being? look at a 1905 automobile and compare it to a modern one. there is no mistaking the process of ‘ development. ’ but in egypt there are no parallels. everything is right there at the start. ” - john anthony west, egyptologist “ the ancient civilization of the land we call egypt has been pronounced by archaeologists as flawless of its type from the very first. it reveals none of the painful steps from primeval beginnings passing through the paleolithic, neolithic, and bronze age, to that of iron. it apparently burst upon the scene into exotic radiance, its perfected civilization accordingly having been described as a miracle. science cannot admit any such miracle and another explanation must be forthcoming. ” - comyns beaumont “ what we call ‘ egypt ’ lasted longer than the later hellenic, roman, byzantine, medieval, renaissance, enlightenment, industrial, and modern ages put together and multiplied by three. the manipulators of history, therefore, purposely concentrate our attention on the latter days, in order to prevent us delving back into egypt ' s past. they do so, understandably, for they have everything to lose once humankind becomes reintroduced to the archive of knowledge and wisdom that was common to our ancestors. ” - michael tsarion, “ astrotheology and sidereal mythology ” buy the atlantean conspiracy now


the sun ’ s energy is an incredible bounty. the energy contained in solar rays make their way through our filtering atmosphere and is critical to life on this planet... and is fundamental to human survival. it can also provide for our comfort. the use of the sun ’ s power in solar energy design is usually identified in 2 contexts - passive solar - that which uses natural processes without mechanical equipment and additional electrical or gas energy to operate, and active solar - that which uses nature ’ s resources with the inclusion of mechanical equipment and hardware driven by electricity and gas. all solar design starts from a simple base - passive solar first. what can be achieved by using all of the natural resources available to meet specific needs? this is the basic question and tenet of passive solar applications whether it be applied to heating and cooling a building, lighting, heating water, cooking, etc. passive solar applies both to buildings and equipment. sound fundamentals of good passive applications and integration can beneficial and are directly related to active solar equipment use and implementation : by meeting needs with no mechanical equipment dependent on external energy incorporation, in improving conditions which reduce the amount and size of equipment required to meet needs, by improving the conditions for active solar equipment applications, and in minimizing the commensurate costs that accompany the purchase and use of any equipment, solar or non - solar. in short, passive solar design and applications is the base which sets the conditions for effective active solar incorporation and use. passive and active solar applications should be considered as elements of the same palette - sort of the one - two punch of living with the sun, and the mutuality is undeniable. both rely on the same design considerations of orientation, access to the sun, behavior of materials, and appropriate use of site resources, and vary only in the inclusion external energy of electricity and gas. most active system guidelines even point out starting with passive considerations first. besides providing for direct meeting of needs, passive solar design is a primary basis for enhancing the quality of active solar systems. passive solar actions can result in the reduction of quantity of equipment needed to meet a particular task. for example, daylight is an available resource to meet illumination needs. good day lighting design of buildings uses that resource effectively, and reduces the need and cost of daytime artificial lighting and equipment. the beginning point consideration is at the end use side of things whether using traditional equipment or using solar equipment. considerable savings can be gained in applying natural energy actions to reduce the cost of both supplying equipment as well as running and maintaining it.


and equipment. the beginning point consideration is at the end use side of things whether using traditional equipment or using solar equipment. considerable savings can be gained in applying natural energy actions to reduce the cost of both supplying equipment as well as running and maintaining it. quite simply, the less work that needs to be accomplished by equipment, the less amount of equipment is needed, and the less it needs to run when used - this all translates to less cost for purchase of the equipment, and less on - going cost for running and maintaining. passive solar applications mitigate the quantity of active solar equipment needed, and resulting the tandem of both is optimal. information about the sun and how to use it effectively is common in both applications. traditionally, the term passive solar has been identified with heating and cooling of buildings, but it has a broader context and application. there is, of course passive solar heating and cooling of buildings. there is also passive solar water heating, solar cooking, natural lighting, passive solar heating of pools, and even passive solar devices which move things - equipment, air, etc. even the process of direct conversion of sunlight to electricity can be considered a “ passive ” action since it occurs through the appropriate use and placement of materials and capitalizes on the behavior of the combinations created, without infusing man - made energy sources and machines to make it work. knowledge and understanding of natural processes is the heart of passive solar. knowledge about the composition, attributes and behavior of sunlight and heat ; the behavior of heat flow ; the behavior and capacities of materials, both in nature and man - made ; the sun ’ s annual, seasonal, and daily movement ; diurnal and seasonal temperatures and conditions ; human sensory response and comfort ; the patterns of nature and of people ; and the physiology and psychology of the interaction between people and nature, all are applied to effective solar application and utilization. nature ’ s contribution - a gift that also keeps us on our toes intense heat, cold ) the conditions that nature provides, in the form of climate, is variable. cold in the winter, hot in the summer, nice other times of the year. arizona climate covers the entire spectrum with extremes at the desert and mountain locations. simultaneously, nature also provides the tools for mitigation of the extreme conditions. sunlight and materials for a warming system ; breezes, water, earth, gravity, and materials for a cooling system. it is the application of these resources into a system that addresses conditions that makes passive, and active, solar so effective. the sun ’ s available


for a warming system ; breezes, water, earth, gravity, and materials for a cooling system. it is the application of these resources into a system that addresses conditions that makes passive, and active, solar so effective. the sun ’ s available energy varies in amount and impact through the year. the amount and intensity of energy from the sun that impacts the earth is affected by the composition of the earth ’ s atmosphere, and the angle of the solar radiation waves. the more dense the atmosphere, whether by clouds or smog, the less solar energy reaches the ground. additionally the more directly perpendicular the sun is to the earth ’ s surface, the more concentrated the energy is in a given area and the more intense its impact. the highest capitalization of solar radiation for heat is when surfaces are perpendicular to the sun, allowing the most density of radiation at a given point. | we know the sun ’ s position every day of the year and the amount of radiation that position provides, both to the earth ’ s surface, as well as to various positions of building walls and / or equipment. a south facing wall, or piece of equipment gets more energy from the sun than any other position. an angle directly perpendicular to the sun gets more energy per square foot than one that is at an angle. the sun is less available in the winter ( shorter days ) than in the summer. there is less solar energy availability in the winter than the summer due to the sun ’ s position at an angle to the earth and therefore more atmosphere to penetrate. we also know that cool air settles and warm air rises, and that this action occurs with fluids like water. we know about heat flow and capabilities of materials in their capacity to absorb, hold, and give up heat. we know how to let sunlight in, how to capture and create air movement for cooling, and prevent unwanted heat. the built environment in tune with nature | passive solar buildings are environmentally responsive and use nature ’ s elements in providing shelter and comfort to people in a manner that is healthy and minimally destructive of the environment ; are non - depleting of natural resources ; and use the building itself in the comfort creating process. they are characterized throughout the recent years with terms as “ sustainable ”, “ renewability ”, and “ green ”. quite simply, these terms refer to the same thing - a nature incorporating, comfort generating, security providing environment in which the building composition itself is the “ machinery ” that creates protection, health and comfort, and incorporates appropriate solar equipment to attain higher degrees


. quite simply, these terms refer to the same thing - a nature incorporating, comfort generating, security providing environment in which the building composition itself is the “ machinery ” that creates protection, health and comfort, and incorporates appropriate solar equipment to attain higher degrees of performance. | arizona history is replete with examples of people living with the sun - both in using it as a resource as well as dealing with it ’ s negatives. passive solar was integrated into arizona architecture and buildings, both in private and public buildings. while incorrectly called arizona ’ s first solar building, ( there is no indication that this was a conscious effort since a number of cliff dwellings built in the same period by the same people do not show the same kind of solar application ) the construction of montezuma ’ s castle does embody some solar principles of orientation, thermal mass, “ overhangs ” for summertime shading, and south facing winter courts | desert buildings used proper orientation, thick masonry walls, natural cross ventilation, indoor and outdoor living spaces, and natural and man - made shade for summer cooling, and south facing courts, and windows with tile floors which, when coupled with the thick masonry walls, provided for capture and storage of warmth during winter conditions. higher elevations of arizona utilized the similar principles with differing amounts of wall mass and windows for heating, and porches and cross ventilation for summer evening relaxation and sleeping. | arizona desert buildings, both private and public, used passive means of shading to provide respite from the intense sun. passive solar equipment, in the form of water heaters, were prevalent in arizona as well as southern california. the historic ellis - shackleford house in phoenix and the historic tempe bakery had direct gain solar hot water heaters. passive solar energy - prelude to solar equipment consideration there are a number of passive energy fundamentals which can be considered in reducing the amount of equipment and / or its ’ operation. orientation - it ’ s a necessary thing... like all direct solar applications, capturing the sun as a resource is as simple as providing for its clear path to where it can do its work - be it heating water, cooking food, or warming a space. orientation is a fundamental concept of solar use for passive, and active, systems - | orientation of a solar device | | or orientation of a building | | or a solar cooker | orientation and a direct relationship with the sun is the first rule of solar energy use when trying to capitalize on its heat providing attributes. the sun ’ s traverse


a solar device | | or orientation of a building | | or a solar cooker | orientation and a direct relationship with the sun is the first rule of solar energy use when trying to capitalize on its heat providing attributes. the sun ’ s traverses the sky every day - in the winter it is a low and short path and in the summer a long and high path - and even though the sun ’ s location is constantly changing, it is a predictable path that can be used in incorporating the sun ’ s energy to meet needs, and to exclude when we want to minimize the same. applied knowledge of both the sun ’ s movement, position at any given time, and time of the year, as well as impact in the form of radiation ( solar incidence ), enables us to take advantage of these attributes to meet needs, and to make use of our buildings and our equipment more effective and efficient. proper orientation is critical to optimizing the solar resource. a properly oriented building can optimize solar gain for human comfort heating, and with proper shape and overhangs can minimize summertime overheating. likewise, properly oriented solar equipment, be it a solar water heating panel or a photovoltaic electricity generating panel, will have optimum production and minimal negative impact. using natural winter heating and minimizing summer heat impacts reduces the size of heating and air conditioning equipment as well as the energy, traditional or photovoltaic, needed to provide energy to these systems. additionally, proper orientation allows for full benefit of the operation of electric solar panels and maximizing solar water heating operations. | proper building orientation also eases the integration of active solar equipment into the building form and shape, and mitigates the conflicts of solar installations contested in numerous subdivisions regulations. proper orientation with direct exposure to the south, is best for passive solar heating of building spaces as well as the operation of solar equipment ( water heaters, pv panels, cookers, pool panels, etc. ). slight adjustments to the east or west of south allow for earlier or later use of the sun ' s energy, or for mitigating it. form - it ’ s a right thing | solar buildings employ a form and shape that is responsive to the elements of nature that impact upon it, as well as the solar equipment that is part of the passive / active solar approach. elongated along the east west axis, an arizona building optimizes the southern exposure for good wintertime direct heating, while minimizing the east and west exposures which are


as the solar equipment that is part of the passive / active solar approach. elongated along the east west axis, an arizona building optimizes the southern exposure for good wintertime direct heating, while minimizing the east and west exposures which are severely impacted negatively in the summer, especially in the arizona desert areas. good building form is also beneficial when it comes to integration of solar equipment. instead of unsightly racks, collector panels can be blended into the building architecture, and seem as seamless as a skylight or clerestory window. for this reason roof design is important re : slopes and orientations to the sun ’ s path. ( slide 28 ) equally important is the integration of passive solar strategies to building additions such as thermal chimneys to accelerate cross ventilation, cooling towers, and north facing clerestories which incorporate hot water and pv panels on their back sides. location - it ’ s the effective thing | location of a building and the placement of the spaces within are a critical passive element in optimizing the use of natural resources for comfort, and proper placement also optimizes integrated solar equipment by minimizing piping runs and complex plumbing and electrical transfers. 90 % of the winter sun ’ s energy is received at the earth ’ s surface between 9 a. m. and 3 p. m. so open and continued exposure is important for natural heating. habitable spaces that benefit from solar heating are best located on the south side of a building with support spaces ( garage, storerooms, etc. ) located to the perimeter and to the north side. in this way the sun can directly, or indirectly, provide it ’ s energy to warm the spaces which means less heating equipment. additionally, ancillary spaces located to the perimeter east and west sides provide a thermal barrier zone to the habitable spaces, thereby reducing the heating and cooling loads to an easily manageable level. proper orientation and spatial design allows for optimum use of the sun for providing thermal comfort in both winter and summer, and reduces the amount of heating and cooling equipment, as well as the energy required to run it. additionally, proper location can reduce the amount of solar equipment needed in a radiant floor system and / or for pv systems which provide power to air conditioning and heating machinery. | good location planning extends to the integration of solar equipment as a building component by reducing piping runs and the commensurate “ line losses ”, thereby allowing more of the solar heat captured in a water heating system to get to the storage and / or


location planning extends to the integration of solar equipment as a building component by reducing piping runs and the commensurate “ line losses ”, thereby allowing more of the solar heat captured in a water heating system to get to the storage and / or use point. materials - it ’ s the smart thing : all solar heating and cooling systems are based on the ability to gather and store solar energy within a material for a period of time. this is accomplished by using a material which will hold heat until it is needed for heating, or capturing heat that will be dispelled at a later time. solar water heaters use water. solar buildings use their own structure - floors, walls, even roofs. of course, some materials are better for this purpose than others. glass, wood, and insulation are not good holders of heat. more dense materials like earthen materials ( adobe, stone, brick, etc ) and man - made materials like concrete are very good. this attribute is called thermal mass. heating application of thermal mass is to select material ( s ) that will absorb heat from solar exposure during the day, hold that heat for a time during non - solar periods, then give it up as conditions warrant. the same action can be incorporated for building cooling. as an area heats up, heat can be absorbed into the thermal mass material in the walls, floor or ceiling, like a thermal sponge, then held until evening time where effective cooling practices using cross ventilation, night sky radiation and even whole house mechanical ventilation ( remember - nighttime electricity rates are lower than daytime ). this action is based upon fundamental principles of thermal transfer. nature is always seeking to even out things so if there is a “ difference ”, there is a natural action which moves to make every thing the same or to even out. in the case of heat transfer, heat migrates to cold, so in a building, hot walls will radiate into cold spaces, and conversely, hot, summertime spaces will have their heat migrate to cooler walls. an analogy that has been used is one of 2 buckets of water - 1 full and one empty. if they are placed at an equal height, and there is a connection between the 2, below the water line of the first, water will flow to the second until there is an equal amount in the second where all action will stop because a balance has passive solar buildings utilize the very fabric of the building as part of the comfort system for heating and cooling, and the addition of active solar system for running naturally heated or cooled


is an equal amount in the second where all action will stop because a balance has passive solar buildings utilize the very fabric of the building as part of the comfort system for heating and cooling, and the addition of active solar system for running naturally heated or cooled water to through a thermal mass wall, floor, or roof structure enhances the performance of the system by the additional thermal mass capacity and heat capture / transfer attributes of the windows - it ’ s the clear thing. one of the major design considerations affecting a building ’ s energy consumption is the location and size of windows. windows are the weakest point of the building envelope and usually the leakiest when it comes to energy, both in terms of losing heat in the winter, and gaining heat in the summer. a square foot of glass will lose 12 time more energy than a wood wall with insulation. as a rule, windows should be located primarily on the south side where they can be used as part of the heating system, as well as provide for natural lighting. that is the side where the sun is!. east and west sides of desert buildings should have minimal or no windows since these are the 2 worst exposures for early morning and late afternoon summer sun. east windows allow for early summer morning heat up and west windows allow for late afternoon negative impacts. solar windows should be sized in accordance with the heating and cooling performance of the building. typical oversizing to have the “ feel of the great outdoors ” is not an optimal situation when it comes to solar design. clerestorey windows are a design tool for getting sunlight benefits ( heating and lighting ) to areas not able to be located at the south face. clerestories also provide a mechanism for diffusing the direct impact of sunlight and moderating glare. additionally, operable clerestorey windows are a good device for house ventilation cooling in the summer. reverse clerestories, those opening to the north can be a benefit in desert conditions. facing north, they provide even natural light to interiors and their angled backs can be a perfect mounting structure and angle for solar equipment like photovoltaic and solar water heating panels. thermal decompression - it ’ s the healthy thing a building trying to maintain a comfortable internal temperature will always be in conflict with the temperatures adjacent to the exterior. heat always moves to cold - in the winter, interior warmth is moving toward the exterior cold. in the summer, the external heat is trying to move to the interior coolness. in both situations, the greater the difference in temperature


to the exterior. heat always moves to cold - in the winter, interior warmth is moving toward the exterior cold. in the summer, the external heat is trying to move to the interior coolness. in both situations, the greater the difference in temperature between inside and outside conditions, the faster the movement of heat and the greater the amount of heat moved, and the more equipment is required to mitigate conditions. in temperate times when inside and outside are at or near the same temperatures, there is minimal movement and therefore minimal need for equipment. add to this the fact that sudden and abrupt changes in temperature are not positive to the human body which has to react rapidly to changed conditions, and good passive site planning of thermal decompression is important for not only comfort, but for health. thermal decompression simply means that there is layering of vegetation, landscape features, and built elements that gradually temper the environment to a point where the temperatures adjacent to the building are much closer to its internal temperature. this decompression approach establishes a condition where the difference between the internal temperature and the temperature on the building skin are much closer, so less heat is gained ( or lost ) and less mitigating equipment, and commensurate energy, is required. passive solar applications - it ’ s first thing natural lighting - | the sunlight received by a building will provide more than sufficient illumination to meet daily needs. use of day lighting is a passive solar application. the sun ’ s capacity to provide light, when integrated correctly in a building, means no need to use artificial lighting during the day, which means no energy used for those lights, which means no utility cost, except at night when the sun doesn ’ t shine. solar building design incorporates day lighting strategies of letting light into all spaces either directly with proper window placement, clerestories and even skylights, or indirectly with light reflecting color choices, light shelves, and transparent and translucent walls. this glazing has dual benefit - while providing for illumination, it can also provide for wintertime heating. good passive design then incorporates both attributes of sunlight - illumination and heating, and the building construction and finishes are used to capitalize on both. light colored surfaces and transparent / translucent interior panels for “ bouncing ” or directing sunlight for illumination, and dark, thermal mass surfaces for absorbing the sun ’ s rays for heating. multi - faceted and multi - applicable, day lighting design is an effective passive solar approach which has a direct impact on the building ’ s however, addition of a


, and dark, thermal mass surfaces for absorbing the sun ’ s rays for heating. multi - faceted and multi - applicable, day lighting design is an effective passive solar approach which has a direct impact on the building ’ s however, addition of a solar electricity generation system ( photovoltaics ) allows for the capture of daytime sunlight and its transformation into electricity, which can then be stored and used in the night. add to this the use of efficient fixtures and systems, and costs in both resources and dollars are further reduced. water heating - batch or integrated collector / storage ( ics ) system simply water in a tank within a container and exposed directly to the sun. this is the basis of batch / breadbox, systems which combine collection, heating, and storage of water into a single component. direct heating of the storage tank or tanks, makes this system compact, simple, and effective. these units are called a passive systems because they do not rely on equipment to make them function. when hot water is removed, it is replaced by an equal amount of " new " water. the " batch " approach has been used for quite some time and improvements in design have enhanced their effectiveness in increasing water heating capabilities. newer systems use a number of small - diameter connected storage tanks connected to expose more of the water surface to the sunlight, heating the water at a faster rate. in some cases reflectors are integrated, bouncing more of the sun ' s rays onto the water tank, and when the sun falls, the reflectors, made of highly insulating material, fold over the glazing to insulate the tank. some systems use evacuated glass tubes ( like a thermos bottle ) around the collector to keep heat loss to a minimum. thermosyphon systems. | hot water rises and cold water settles. this is because hot water is less dense than cold water due to its molecular " excitement " in being heated. in a typical water heater, colder water is at the bottom of a tank. when it is heated by the heating element or burner, it becomes less dense and rises to the top of the tank, while being replaced by cooler, settling water, which is, in turn heated, rises, etc.. this cycle is called a convective action. a thermosyphon solar water heating system incorporates natural convection to move fluid heated by the collector to a storage tank. in order to do this naturaly, the collector is located at some point below the storage storage tank. as the fluid at


a thermosyphon solar water heating system incorporates natural convection to move fluid heated by the collector to a storage tank. in order to do this naturaly, the collector is located at some point below the storage storage tank. as the fluid at the bottom of the storage tank cools ( more dense ) it flows to the bottom of the collector where it is reheated making it rise back to the top of the storage tank. this process is continuous. as a result, thermosyphon systems do not need pumps and for that reason they are considered a passive system - that system that does not rely on equipment to make it function. | passive solar applications for heating and cooling a building mitigate expensive heating and cooling with conventional equipment driven by electricity and gas, and good passive design reduces the energy consumed and the allied cost of utility resources to maintain comfort. there are basic elements of passive energy buildings which use the form and materials to provide comfort. some of these are applicable to solar equipment design and use, even to the point where there is solar equipment which are passive in their operation - i. e. thermal energy flows in the system naturally. solar water heating is one type of equipment that can be a passive solar piece of equipment. a “ batch ” water heater and a thermosiphon water heater can be considered passive solar equipment - since they do not rely on out side energy source to make them function. of course, when talking about passive and active solar, optimum conditions and control occur best when these two are coupled. basics of passive applications are rooted in dealing with the sun ( exposure to and capture of the sun ’ s energy when we want heat ; protection from the sun when we want cooling ), the materials used ( for effective capture, storage, and use ), and natural processes of physics for both ). every passive system for solar heating, whether it is heating water, or heating a building, requires exposure to the sunlight and trapping it - this is done by glazing - windows for a building and glass covers for solar panels. every passive system is dependent upon materials which will absorb the sun ’ s heat, store a good quantity of it and easily distribute it. in a building, the effective material can be the structure itself, in the form of thermal mass. thermal mass is characterized by those dense materials like concrete and earthen materials, and also by an extremely good material - water. these materials can readily absorb solar radiation, hold its warmth, and easily and evenly give it up to adjacent


of thermal mass. thermal mass is characterized by those dense materials like concrete and earthen materials, and also by an extremely good material - water. these materials can readily absorb solar radiation, hold its warmth, and easily and evenly give it up to adjacent spaces. | heat capture, storage and distribution follow a natural and predictable behavior. sunlight heats the surfaces it strikes. the amount of heat held within the material depends on the material composition - straw is a terrible holder, concrete is a better holder. when sunlight is no longer available the material gives its ’ captured heat to adjacent cooler conditions. generally there are 3 passive heating building concepts - direct gain, indirect gain and isolated gain these concepts have inherent within them cooling strategies and applications as well. direct gain - simply stated, sunlight comes directly through windows into the space to be heated. the building materials struck by the sunlight are thermal mass materials - concrete / tile floor, masonry walls, or even strategically placed containers of water. building windows act in exactly the same way as solar panel glazing - they let the sunlight ( short wave radiation ) in and inhibit heat ( long wave radiation ) from escape. direct gain design system is always working, letting in not only direct sunlight but also the diffuse light of cloudy days, and the intense light of summer. like any system, optimization is the goal - so the building eaves and overhangs become a designed - in optimizing element - summertime conditions, when heating is not required, are mitigated by keeping the sunlight off of the windows via the overhang, while in the winter, the sun is much lower in the sky and can easily skirt under the building ’ s brow. heating is quite simple in this approach - sunlight, absorbed by the thermal mass materials, solid and / or liquid, is stored as heat. when the space cools in the evening, the heat migrates to the cooling spaces directly ( radiation ) or by air movement across the surface of the material ( convection ). for this approach, a careful consideration of the site, solar energy availability, and seasonal conditions, are all necessary to determine the appropriate amount of windows and thermal mass. too many windows in an arizona desert setting will result in a human cooker ; too few windows in a rim setting will result in not enough capture. this system has worked effectively in arizona designs, as well as that sunniest of place of liverpool, england. for effective cooling, such as the desert setting, direct gain avoidance is the rule, but the thermal mass of the building can still


capture. this system has worked effectively in arizona designs, as well as that sunniest of place of liverpool, england. for effective cooling, such as the desert setting, direct gain avoidance is the rule, but the thermal mass of the building can still be used in the cooling cycle. the materials, by nature of their thermal mass attribute, remain cool ( or can be cooled during nighttime conditions - naturally by cross ventilation, or mechanical y by lowest cost energy driven fans ). this coolness allows their absorption of unwanted heat in the building - acting as a sort of thermal sponge, moving heat away from people and holding to the evening, where cross ventilation or even whole house fans can dispose of the captured heat. control of direct gain systems is done with the addition of movable insulation, either on the exterior or with interior blinds, and cross ventilation planning with placement of low wall vents on the cool side of the building, and high wall vents on the warm side of the building. indirect gain - indirect gain is an “ next step ” of a direct gain system. sunlight penetrates south facing windows, then strikes thermal mass located behind the window and between the sun and living space. there are basically three types of indirect gain systems, each defined by where the thermal mass is located. the three strategies are : thermal wall and plenum thermal wall and plenum - south facing windows front a thermal mass wall of masonry, and / or water, placed directly behind to create a vertical plenum or chase. the sun side of the thermal wall is typically dark to capture more of the solar spectrum. this mass absorbs, stores and distributes heat while acting as a buffer to the interior spaces, and moderates temperature changes and provides for extended use of thermal gain well into the evening. sunlight passes through the glass and converts to heat energy as it impacts the thermal mass and is absorbed, slowly saturating or moving through the mass until it radiates into the living space - the wall is a delayed action radiator. at the same time the air trapped between the windows and the mass heats up, and the addition of vents at the top and bottom of the wall allow for direct passive heating. warmed between the glass and the wall spills into the living space through the opened upper vent and since nature abhors a vacuum, cooler room area enters the plenum through the bottom vent, and is heated by the sun warmed wall, rises, spills into the room and is replaced by cooler air again, and this natural convection process


since nature abhors a vacuum, cooler room area enters the plenum through the bottom vent, and is heated by the sun warmed wall, rises, spills into the room and is replaced by cooler air again, and this natural convection process continues as long as there is sunlight. there are a number of examples of this application - the trombe wall which uses masonry, earthen materials like, and water like steve baer ’ s water barrel. variations in thermal mass wall materials vary from commercial water tubes to incorporation of stone. the baer barrel wall installation provides for optimizing the heating capabilities as well as cooling of the adjacent spaces with the addition of movable insulating panels. during winter conditions, insulating panels are moved to allow for solar access to heat the water barrels, then at night the insulating panels are raised to cover the glazing and the barrels radiate their warmth to the space. in the summer heat, the insulation is raised and the barrels, with their cool water, act as absorbers, pulling unwanted heat from the spaces. at nightfall, the insulation is lowered, and the barrels give up their stored heat to the exterior by radiation and convection. the water, now cooled, is ready to act as a cooling absorber the next day. sunspaces are a combination of direct gain and thermal wall systems, utilizing both approaches in tandem with a dedicated direct gain area ( sunspace ) adjacent ( fronting ) the living space, with a thermal wall placed between the two. the sunspace, has extensive south glazing and large daily fluctuations, while the adjacent living space is protected from these fluctuations by the thermal wall separating the spaces. vents or operable doors and windows in the thermal wall allow warmed sunspace heat to circulate to adjacent living spaces by natural convective actions during the day, and radiate the absorbed sunspace heat to the living spaces in the evening. an additional usable area, sunspaces are often used as solar greenhouses. temperature control is best achieved with operable venting windows and cross ventilation. sunspaces - green houses : thermal roof - the thermal roof approach places thermal mass on the roof rather than at a wall, and is very effective as both a passive heating and cooling strategy. the system is both a radiator and an absorber and replaces standard heating and cooling mechanical systems and the inherent ductwork distribution system. using water as thermal mass, roof ponds are constructed directly on top of heat conducting ceilings of metal pans or


the system is both a radiator and an absorber and replaces standard heating and cooling mechanical systems and the inherent ductwork distribution system. using water as thermal mass, roof ponds are constructed directly on top of heat conducting ceilings of metal pans or metal decking so there is direct thermal transfer. movable insulation is placed above the ponds to facilitate better retention of heat in the winter and to prevent absorption of external heat in the summer. the operation is quite simple. during wintertime conditions, insulating panels are rolled or pivoted back, exposing water contained in uv inhibiting water beds to the sun. the ponds gather the sun ’ s warmth and at nightfall, the insulating panels are replaced to contain the gained heat and prevent loss to the cold night air. the heat stored in the bags, warms the supporting metal decking and the entire ceiling is a radiant ceiling throughout the cold winter night. the next morning, the insulating panels are removed when the sun appears and the cycle begins again. summer cooling is a reverse process. ponds, covered during the daytime heat, remain cool and act in concert with the supporting metal ceilings as a thermal sponge absorbing interior heat generated from people, equipment, and infiltration from the outside. at night, panels are removed and the ponds throw off their gathered heat to the night sky by means of radiation, convections, and if wet down, by evaporation. roof pond heating and cooling is optimized when all living spaces except the bathrooms and high water use areas are covered by the system. in areas that generate humidity, like a shower, the metal ceilings will tend to “ rain ” due to the temperature difference of steam vapors and cool metal. roof ponds, like harold hay ’ s skytherm system, have been designed and used in the hot climate of arizona and new mexico to the moderate temperatures of the california coast and even planned for the twin cities of minneapolis / st. paul. isolated gain - | this is basically an indirect system where solar collection for heating are isolated from the living spaces, and while the system functions independently, heating can be called for by simply opening some floor vents and letting the natural behavior of hot air rise through the spaces. the most common application of this approach is the convective loop. much like a thermosiphon water heater, heat transfer material of air or water, is moved across a collector panel system facing the sun, and circulated into a tank surrounded by rock ( water transfer system ) or a rock bin ( air transfer system )


a thermosiphon water heater, heat transfer material of air or water, is moved across a collector panel system facing the sun, and circulated into a tank surrounded by rock ( water transfer system ) or a rock bin ( air transfer system ) in a continuous operating loop. natural thermosiphoning occurs when the collector is lower than the heat storage area which is usually located under the building. a hybrid of this system can include moving heated water or air through a radiant floor system where the masonry floor itself acts as the thermal mass storage. this variation can also use cool water to create a “ cool ” floor by running house supply water, or water from an adjacent pool, through a floor system. cool towers - | evaporative cooling systems which utilize gravity effect on dense, cooled air to drop and spill into living spaces. the system is comprised of wet cooler pads mounted high in an area which provides no obstructions to air movement, which comes into contact with the pads. the warm dry air contacting the wet pads, cool and becomes more dense and heavier and falls down the tower, usually positioned over or adjacent to a major living space. the falling cool air, spills into the living space, pushing warmer out at strategic venting areas. as the process continues, the cooler air ponds in the area, providing a cool environment in az. desert conditions. a variation to this system is the addition of a south facing thermal chimney to pull cool tower air through the house. located at an opposite location from the cool tower, the thermal chimney provides an escape vent for interior warm air, which moves more quickly as it get heated and is driven out. this rapid venting has a drawing effect on the cool tower air and it is distributed more extensively through the building. the solar chimney can be set up to become a recirculating air heater during winter conditions. natural cooling - there are three sources of undesirable heat - direct summer sun solar gains through windows and glazing ; heat transmission through the building envelope ; and internal heat produced by people, their activities, and their equipment. direct solar heat gain at windows and glazing can be easily controlled by shading the house - preventing the sun from reaching it ( except for good day lighting and operation of solar equipment ) and with external shading devices and vegetation as well as thermal insulating shutters. heat transmission conditions can be nullified by setting up layers of thermal decompression with vegetation, built structure like porches, and water features. while there


) and with external shading devices and vegetation as well as thermal insulating shutters. heat transmission conditions can be nullified by setting up layers of thermal decompression with vegetation, built structure like porches, and water features. while there is not much that can be done to reduce natural heat production by people, equipment heat generation can be impacted by careful selection of energy efficient equipment and by good timing - do the laundry in the evening. use of the sun for food preparation is fun, energy saving, and saves money, both in the cooking operation, and in the cooling costs saved when the heat is taken out of the kitchen during the summer. a variety of cooking tools from box cookers to slat faced ovens are available - whether they be commercial products or hand built by the inspiring solar chef. passive solar energy has many faces and applications and an effective passive solar building incorporates many of these elements. natural processes and incorporation of building and site elements to provide for comfort as well as mitigation of untoward conditions are the hallmark of good passive design, and results in establishing a basis for reduction of equipment ( solar and otherwise ) for achieving comfort, and reduction of equipment purchase and operations costs. passive solar energy is direct, this presentation was constructed by the arizona solar energy association for the arizona solar center, inc. under contract with the arizona dept. of commerce energy office, funded by the dept. of energy million solar roofs program. materials and information were provided by a number of sources. financial support for this presentation has been provided by the arizona department of commerce ( energy office ) and the u. s. department of energy through ( doe ) grant no. de - fg51 - 01r021250. however, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the energy office or u. s. doe. the state of arizona and u. s. doe assume no liability for damages arising from errors, omissions or representations contained in this presentation.


books & music food & wine health & fitness hobbies & crafts home & garden news & politics religion & spirituality travel & culture tv & movies teaching children about money children with developmental disabilities benefit like their mainstream peers when they learn basic facts about money, spending and saving. early lessons about how money works helps build a sense of confidence and control in getting what they really want. when adults carried cash instead of credit cards and even when they wrote checks instead of using debit cards, children had many more opportunities to learn about money as they accompanied their parents around town. store clerks learned to count back change when shoppers relied on cash, and coins were involved in almost every transaction. during our present economic crisis, financial advisors are suggesting that adults use money instead of plastic so that we have a better way to estimate how much we have left to spend. we can also help our sons and daughters understand the limits of their income by working with real money ourselves. because many adults have stopped carrying cash and change, we may have to relearn better habits to protect money we carry from loss due to theft. something that is helpful for children as well as adults is to check receipts every time we leave a checkstand, to catch mistakes made by the electronic register as well as to model responsible behavior for our children. there are helpful money recognition and counting games that feature replicas of coins that are made of plastic or cardboard and do not feel like the real thing. something that my children enjoyed when they were learning about bills was to fold them so that visually impaired people could recognize the difference between a single one, a five and a twenty. they also enjoyed using photocopies of real bills with faces of people in the family in place of the presidents. substituting real coins can often be done more economically than buying the replicas, but children often know or soon realize that real coins have value outside the classroom. sometimes the feeling of change in their pockets or the sounds of coins jangling together make real coins irresistible. providing your child with a simple wallet and showing them where to store bills and coins, ids and pictures can help engage their interest, too. at home, it is helpful to use real coins so that children attach that real value to money when they want something at the store a parent does not buy. it is also helpful to have a play store at home, where a child can buy an item for five pennies or a nickel, or give up a dime to receive change. the concept of saving, borrowing and paying back money can be


buy. it is also helpful to have a play store at home, where a child can buy an item for five pennies or a nickel, or give up a dime to receive change. the concept of saving, borrowing and paying back money can be taught to children as they are learning the basic facts about money. allowing your children to carry coins and then borrowing a few while paying for groceries or parcels can be exciting for them. having a template of the coins that were in the pocket when you left home can help a child understand what coins need to be replaced when you pay them back at home. many children will memorize the template after a few weeks or months without prompting. something that may be difficult for children to understand is how one coin can be worth twenty five of another coin, and the satisfaction of having a small sack of pennies cannot be matched. the same can be true for dollar bills and a twenty. this makes it easy for vulnerable children and teens to be cheated. just as knowledge and training can increase a child ' s confidence, theft can create a sense of vulnerability and shame. it is important to explain that some people are so tempted by the value of money, they do not resist the urge to take what is not theirs. we need to teach our children that they must resist that urge themselves, and that anything borrowed must be repaid by the person who had the lapse in judgment. it is important not to label any child as a thief, but instead to describe the behavior as theft. children need to know that parents recognize their essential goodness no matter what their misbehavior may have been, and it sometimes helps to paint a multidimensional portrait of individuals who take what is not theirs. that being said, subtraction games can be played that feature sly animal puppets who take away objects we have already counted. teaching children about money at home presents opportunities their teachers may not have in the classroom. wonderful books that are useful in explaining basics to children are available for parents and teachers who prefer to benefit from the research and experience of veteran teachers and financial advisors. browse at your local bookstore, public library or online retailer for books like kumon - my first book of money - counting coins or dollars and cents, teaching math to people with down syndrome and other hands - on learners : basic survival skills - 2008, can i have some money? max gets it, or raising money smart kids : what they need to know about money and how to tell them teaching numeracy by sue buckley creative approaches to


| risk factors the cerebellum is located in the lower part of the brain, towards the back. it plays a role in body movement, eye movement, and balance. a cerebellar stroke occurs when the brain ’ s blood supply to this area is interrupted. without oxygen and nutrients from blood, the brain tissue quickly dies. this results in the loss of certain functions. a is a serious condition. it requires emergency care. copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. there are two main types of stroke : an ischemic stroke ( more common ) is caused by a sudden decrease in blood flow to a region of the brain, which may be due to : - a clot that forms in another part of the body ( eg, heart or neck ) breaks off and blocks flow in a blood vessel supplying the brain ( embolus ) - a clot that forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain ( thrombus ) - a tear in an artery supplying blood to the brain ( arterial dissection ) a hemorrhagic stroke is caused by a burst blood vessel that results in bleeding in the brain. risk factors that you can control or treat include : certain conditions, like : medicines ( eg, long - term use of birth control pills lifestyle factors, such as, physical inactivity, diet high in sodium risk factors you cannot control include : history of stroke,, or other type of cardiovascular disease transient ischemic attack ( tia ) — with a tia ( “ mini - stroke ” ), stroke symptoms often resolve within minutes. it may signal a very high risk of having a stroke in the future. - age : 60 or older - family members who have had a stroke - gender : males - race : black, asian, hispanic - blood disorder that increases clotting symptoms of a cerebellar stroke come on suddenly and may include : - uncoordinated movements of the limbs or trunk ( ataxia ) - difficulty walking, including problems with balance - abnormal reflexes - vertigo ( feeling of spinning or whirling when you are not moving ) - nausea and vomiting - intense headache - speech problems ( eg, slurred speech ) and difficulty swallowing - problems sensing pain and temperature - problems with vision ( eg, eyes move rapidly, difficulty controlling eye movement ) - problems with eyes ( eg, small pupil, droopy eyelid ) - loss of consciousness if you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, right away. a stroke needs to


, eyes move rapidly, difficulty controlling eye movement ) - problems with eyes ( eg, small pupil, droopy eyelid ) - loss of consciousness if you or someone you know has any of these symptoms, right away. a stroke needs to be treated as soon as possible. brain tissue dies quickly. the doctor will make a diagnosis as quickly as possible so that you will be able to get the proper treatment. tests may include : — a type of x - ray that uses a computer to make pictures of the brain - ct angiogram — a type of ct scan that evaluates blood vessels in the brain and / or neck — a test that uses magnetic waves to make pictures of the brain - mra — a type of mri scan that looks at blood vessels in the brain and / or neck heart function tests ( eg, — a test that uses sound waves to examine blood vessels - blood tests - kidney function tests - tests to check your ability to swallow immediate treatment is needed to : - dissolve a clot ( for ischemic stroke ) - stop bleeding ( for hemorrhagic stroke ) for an ischemic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to : - dissolve clots and / or prevent new ones from forming - thin blood - control blood pressure - reduce brain swelling - treat an irregular heart rate for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may give medicines to : - work against any blood - thinning drugs you may regularly take - reduce how your brain reacts to bleeding - control blood pressure for an ischemic stroke, the doctor may do surgery to : for a hemorrhagic stroke, the doctor may : remove a piece of the skull to relieve pressure on the brain ( - place a clip or a tiny coil in an aneurysm to stop it from bleeding a rehabilitation program focuses on : - physical therapy — to regain as much movement as possible - occupational therapy — to assist in everyday tasks and self - care - speech therapy — to improve swallowing and speech challenges psychological therapy — to improve mood and decrease to help reduce your chance of having a stroke, take the following steps : that includes fruit, vegetables, whole grains, and fish. - maintain a healthy weight. if you drink, drink only in moderation ( 1 - 2 drinks per day ). if you smoke, - if you have a chronic condition, like high blood pressure or diabetes, get proper treatment. if you are at risk for having a stroke, talk to your doctor about taking


punctuated equilibrium and molecular clocks? dr. peter gegenheimer pgegen at ukans. nolospamare. edu fri sep 4 18 : 37 : 39 est 1998 on wed, 2 sep 1998 15 : 16 : 45, johnjoe mcfadden < j. mcfadden at surrey. ac. uk > wrote : > punctuated equilibrium and molecular clocks? > the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis of gould and eldridge, in which > evolution is proposed to go through long periods of stasis interspersed > with bursts of rapid evolution, is of course related to the fossil > record. however, periods of rapid evolution should also leave their > trace in molecular clocks. > does the phylogenetic analysis of protein gene sequences suggest that > their evolution has in some cases been episodic? i guess the evidence, > if it existed, would come from comparison of sequence divergence of a > protein like globin with a molecular clock sequence ( e. g. ribosomal rna ) > for the same group of species. is their any evidence that over > geological periods of time ( measured by the clock sequence ) the protein > undergoes episodic bouts of evolution? punctuated equilibrium is almost certainly driven by large - scale genome and chromosome rearrangements which will not be reflected in the sequences of individual genes. rather, it is the organization & spatial / temporal patterns of gene expression which vary, driven perhaps by the relocation of epigeneitc regulation ( e. g. dna methylation or protein binding ). as you can see, this is the hard - core mcclintock line, and i think it will prove to be right. sequences of core enzymes, such as rrna ( the catalytic component of the ribosome ), cannot vary greatly over time without losing function. sequences involved in developmental regulation and external form of an organism can vary | dr. peter gegenheimer | vox : 785 - 864 - 3939 fax : 785 - 864 - 5321 | | molecular biosciences | pgegen at ukans. edu | | ecol & evol biology | http : / / rnaworld. bio. ukans. edu / | | | | | university of kansas | | | 2045 haworth hall | " the sleep of reason produces | | lawrence ks 66045 - 2106 | monsters. " goya | more information about the mol - evol


women who live in neighborhoods lacking in close ties are more likely to have coronary artery calcification, a key marker for underlying heart disease, than those who live in more socially cohesive neighborhoods, according to a study led by harvard school of public health ( hsph ) researcher daniel kim. women who lived in the most economically deprived neighborhoods had more than double the odds of underlying heart disease. the study was published online last month in the american journal of epidemiology. men appeared to be less affected by their social environments, with only those living in the poorest neighborhoods showing an impact. the study adds to the growing body of evidence that the physical and social environments in which people live and work can play a big role in health. the researchers examined health data from nearly 3, 000 women and men aged 32 to 50 participating in the coronary artery risk development in young adults ( cardia ) study and living in four united states urban areas : birmingham, alabama ; chicago ; minneapolis ; and oakland, calif. they found heart artery calcification in about 11 percent of the women and 29 percent of the men. perceived neighborhood cohesion was based on a survey in which study participants were asked to rate how well their neighbors get along and trust one another. also taken into account in the study were census data on income, education, and occupation grouped at the neighborhood level. “ this is the first study to look at the relations between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and low social cohesion with coronary calcification in the united states, ” said kim. “ our findings are striking in that they show that these neighborhood factors can predict underlying heart disease in people without symptoms, as early as middle age. ” according to the researchers, social cohesion, defined as strong, trusting relationships between neighbors, can improve people ’ s health by lowering stress and depression, fostering the sharing and reinforcing of healthy behaviors, and strengthening a neighborhood ’ s effectiveness in advocating for improvements in local services. weak social cohesion took a toll on women ’ s health in both rich and poor neighborhoods, which may be related to women spending more time in their neighborhoods than men due to domestic roles such as raising a child and household chores, magnifying their exposures to any neighborhood hazards, according to the study. “ if these neighborhood effects are in fact present, ” said kim, “ interventions and policies to reduce the gaps in neighborhood social and economic conditions may be powerful ways to address the higher risks of heart disease and other conditions such as obesity that those living in


our planet has reached a staggering milestone : on october 31, 2011, the world population reached 7 billion people eking out a living. by the end of the century, it ’ ll top 10 billion. unsustainable human population growth and overconsumption are the root causes of environmental destruction. they ’ re driving species extinct, destroying wildlife habitat, and undermining the basic needs of all life at an unprecedented rate. it has to stop. that ’ s why the center for biological diversity has launched an ambitious new national campaign, 7 billion and counting. and we need your help. by hosting and attending local events, handing out endangered species condoms, writing letters to the editor and taking this discussion online, you can play an important role in highlighting the connection between unsustainable human population, overconsumption and the extinction of plants and animals around the globe. we ’ re also giving you a way to understand this global crisis at a local level. our new interactive map quickly shows which endangered species live where you do — and are threatened by the effects of unsustainable human population. so take action today to speak out about 7 billion, watch our video ad that ’ s reaching more than a million people a day in new york city ’ s times square, and then sign up for pop x, our monthly e - newsletter on population and the species extinction crisis. the world ’ s human population has doubled since 1970 and shows no signs of letting up. after hitting a harrowing 7 billion people in october 2011, it has continued to skyrocket — and will do so for the rest of the century. our planet is in the midst of its sixth mass extinction. hundreds of plant and animal species are disappearing from our planet every day, never to return. in fact, scientists say species today are going extinct 1, 000 to 10, 000 times faster than normal. they ’ re going extinct because of us — people. we ’ ve already witnessed the devastating effects of unsustainable human population growth on biodiversity : species abundant in north america just two centuries ago — from the woodland bison of west virginia and arizona ’ s merriam ’ s elk to the rocky mountain grasshopper and puerto rico ’ s culebra parrot — have been wiped out by growing human numbers. the center for biological diversity is the world ’ s only environmental group working full - time to raise awareness about the link between booming human population growth and wildlife extinctions happening around the world. in 2010, the center — working through a network of more than 5