researchers identify enzyme involved in deadly brain tumors one of the most common types of brain tumors in adults, glioblastoma multiforme, is one of the most devastating. even with recent advances in surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the aggressive and invasive tumors become resistant to treatment, and median survival of patients is only about 15 months. in a study published in neuro - oncology, researchers at mayo clinic identify an important association between the naturally occurring enzyme kallikrein 6, also known as klk6, and the malignant tumors. " our study of kallikrein 6 showed that higher levels of this enzyme in the tumor are negatively associated with patient survival, and that the enzyme functions by promoting the survival of tumor cells, " says senior author isobel scarisbrick, ph. d., of mayo clinic ' s department of physical medicine and rehabilitation. the findings introduce a new avenue for potential treatment of deadly glioblastomas : targeting the function of klk6. the tumor cells became more susceptible to treatment when researchers blocked the receptors where the klk6 enzyme can dock and initiate the survival signal. researchers looked at 60 samples of grade iv astrocytomas — also known at this stage as glioblastomas — as well as less aggressive grade iii astrocytomas. they found the highest levels of klk6 were present in the most severe grade iv tumors. looking at the tumor samples, researchers found higher levels of klk6 associated with shorter patient survival. those with the highest levels lived 276 days, and those with lower levels lived 408 days. " this suggests that the level of klk6 in the tumor provides a prognosticator of patient survival, " dr. scarisbrick says. the group also investigated the mechanism of the enzyme to determine whether it plays a significant role in tumor growth. researchers also found glioblastoma cells treated in a petri dish with klk6 become resistant to radiation and chemotherapy treatment. " our results show that klk6 functions like a hormone, activating a signaling cascade within the cell that promotes tumor cell survival, " dr. scarisbrick says. " the higher the level of the enzyme, the more resistant the tumors are to conventional therapies. " the study is the latest step in dr. scarisbrick ' s investigations of klk6 in nervous system cells known as astrocytes. glioblastomas arise from astrocytes that have grown out of control. her lab has shown that klk6


the “ garden of manitoba ” is the term that has often been used to describe the region between the souris river and the turtle mountains in which boissevain and morton municipality are located. eons ago, as the lake souris glacier retreated northward it left behind a sand loam which is well suited to dry land type farming. sometime in the late 1500s, long after the glacier had receded, the first inhabitants of the area were the assiniboine first nation tribe. their habitation has been documented by the many artifacts discovered in this area in recent years. the first white explorers arrived in 1738 and alexander henry ( 1806 ). the arrival of these explorers ultimately led to the further exploration and investigation of this region. between 1873 and 1875 the boundary commission marked the international boundary. the trail they made was followed by a trickle of settlers coming west from ontario who were looking for good land, good water and wood. in 1881 the first of several parties from britain arrived in the area, not waiting for the railroad which was slowly extended to boissevain by 1885. originally called cherry creek, the name was changed in 1889 to boissevain in honour of the dutch financier adolphe boissevain whose banking firm introduced cpr shares for sale in europe to increase the speed of the building of the railway. the motto on the boissevain family crest now adopted by the town reads “ no fear of the future nor regrets of the past ”. boissevain was incorparted as a town in 1906. the rural area around boissevain is called morton municipality. it took its name from an early settler, george morton. he was an energetic entrepreneur who built a store and grain warehouse in the area, which were only two of his many business ventures.


quiz : first marking period ( through page 14 ) | name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. why does melinda buy her lunch on her first day of school? a ) she has plenty of money. b ) so she can first see what is fashionable in what one brings for lunch. c ) because she wants to stand in line next to a boy. d ) her mother had not gone to the grocery store the day before. 2. how does melinda get her potatoes and gravy on her blouse? a ) a basketball player bumps into her. b ) she trips on a girl ' s backpack. c ) the person next to her in line flips her plate onto her. d ) she trips over a blind boy ' s cane. 3. to what does the art teacher welcome... this section contains 364 words | ( approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page )


an outline for the research of specific archaeological sites formulated by professor martha sharp joukowsky center for old world archaeology and art this is a guide that students in professor joukowsky ' s classes use when completing site abstract - term papers. site abstract - term paper select a site or wait for the site lottery and research it using the original excavation report ( s ), and write a site abstract - term paper that includes a paragraph on each section below represented with capital letters ( these should provide you with a guide for the logical development of the report ). this is to be a typewritten paper ; the body is to be 4 - 9 pages in length. the " harvard system " of in - text references is to be used, i. e., " joukowsky ( 196245 ) states that there was... " ; footnotes are to be descriptive. the purpose of this research is to allow you to choose a specific site of interest and explore it in depth, using original archaeological site reports as part of your analysis. be sure you cover the earliest report on the site, the most important work on it, and the latest book or article on it. an indispensable technique in archaeology is to be able to analyze sometimes verbose and confused reports, to extract the facts and to be able to organize them succinctly. write up the results of your research using the form below as a guide. if you have any questions call martha joukowsky - site name and location - name of country, nearest modern township and local name of the site - environmental description - historical background - discovery ( who discovered the site and when ) - excavation aims and purposes - reasons for excavation - goals of the project - statement of archaeological problems resolved through excavation - sponsoring institution ( s ) and name of the director ( s ) - dates when work was carried out - area and extent of work - specialist studies and analysis - artifact studies - what was found ( synopsis of strata ) - summary and synthesis of stratified cultural levels and assemblages ; occupation levels and / or structures that relate to each ; dates and periods of cultural levels, if possible. mention how the dating of various levels was confirmed. - artifact range and variations - interpretation and conclusions - cultural connections with other sites ( parallels with similar or dissimilar cultures ). what does the site bring to our knowledge of the area? - cultural context and ideas the site represents, i. e., your subjective analysis of the remains - - this


the federal civil service in ottawa, ontario, canada during the 1800 ' s may 4, 2005 : beginning in 1867, with confederation, a large number of civil servants arrived in ottawa from each of the new provinces. in the early days government was small. the largest departments reflected the priorities of the day - - agriculture, post office, customs and excise. archibald lampman, poet, worked in the post office department. there was an early department of finance ( 1867 ) but it was only involved in accounting functions. there were no economists until the 1920 ' s. the federal income tax was instituted in 1917 as only a temporary measure. they ' ll probably be abolishing it soon. when i first started working in the department of finance ( for 30 + years ), we were located in the confederation building. prior to that time, the building housed the department of agriculture. the post office building was located at confederation square, across from the east photo source : james ballantyne collection, library and archives canada view across rideau canal locks to sappers bridge and ottawa post office, 1903 reference number : pa - 133655 ( copy negative number ) the railway tracks shown in the photo are located between the locks and the chateau laurier hotel. i believe that it was built by j. r. booth. it crossed the ottawa river and ran as far north as maniwaki, quebec. may 8, 2005 : geological survey of canada charles smith would like to contact francis mcdermott who is a descendant of michael mcdermott who was an early surveyor in the bytown area. the reason for my interest is that i have transcribed the 1845 ottawa river journal of sir william e. logan, founder of the geological survey of canada. logan spent several days in bytown, and he refers to michael mcdermott, the provincial land surveyor in bytown. perhaps francis mcdermott has an interest in these ( limited! ) comments. no, logan did not come to ottawa at the time of confederation. he lived in montreal. in 1845, the geological survey ( gsc ) was based there. the capital of canada was then in kingston. the geological survey moved to ottawa in 1881, and it was located at the corner of sussex drive and george street. a historic sites and monument plaque now marks the site. the gsc moved to the victoria museum building in 1910. the gsc moved to booth street in 1959, where it is now located. to jog your memory, mount logan in the yukon was later named after him. perhaps you remember


site. the gsc moved to the victoria museum building in 1910. the gsc moved to booth street in 1959, where it is now located. to jog your memory, mount logan in the yukon was later named after him. perhaps you remember the recent fuss about changing the name of mount logan to mount pierre thank you again. july 20, 2005 : e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org ( new e - mail address... al ) april 23, 2006 : alexander jeffrey cambie and his wife elizabeth poston came from quebec city. he worked in the department of agriculture and was a member of the civil service masonic lodge ( see link below, dated july 1, 2009 ). january 29, 2008 : denise dufour is researching her grandfather, georges blanchard, who worked at l ’ imprimerie d ’ ottawa, c. 1930. printing services for the federal government have been a combination of contracting out and in - house printing since confederation. i remember hearing a lot about " pp and s " around the kitchen table in the 1950 ' s. " pp and s " stood for " public printing and stationery " as the printing agency was then july 1, 2009 : i am the secretary of civil service masonic lodge in ottawa and i have been researching our the first meeting of civil service lodge in ottawa was held on november 14, 1865. originally, all members of our lodge were required to be civil servants, thus the origin of our name. a history of our lodge can be found at http : / / www. civilservicelodge. ca under lodge history / renowned members. here is an excerpt of names of worshipful masters of the civil service lodge, between 1861 and 1900, as posted on our web site : civil service lodge no. 148 af & am names for search engine : rowan, hayden, spink, munro, remon, cambie, mclean, walsh, blyth, coutlee, rogers, cassels, maingy, campbell, boardman, blair, roper, macdonnell, saunders, harris, learoyd, scott, garrett. january 15, 2010 : the federal government property known as the experimental farm, forms a major part of the greenbelt which surrounds the city of ottawa. photo source : our times, a pictorial memoir of ottawa, page 105 august 10, 2010 : photo source : national capital region heritage, page 138 the langevin block, wellington street and elgin street designed by thomas fuller for many decades, this building housed the


june 01, 2008 the heart of fathering by steve dennis ( lds life, june 2008 ) the idea for a special day to honor fathers began in spokane, washington in 1909 as sonora smart dodd was listening to a mother ' s day sermon. having been raised by her father, after her mother died, sonora wanted to acknowledge his selfless sacrifice and courage. sonora ' s father was born in june, so she chose to hold the first father ' s day celebration in 1910. the observance of father ' s day grew and in1972, president richard nixon established a permanent national observance of father ' s day to be held on the third sunday of june. nearly a century later, fatherhood has become both something to celebrate and a significant social concern. today more than perhaps at any other time in history there are many absent fathers. nearly one third of children in united states are born to an unwed mother where often there is little commitment or involvement on the part of the father. research has shown that fatherless children are more likely to drop out of high school, run away from home, abuse alcohol and other drugs, become pregnant as teens, and engage in delinquency and crime. furthermore, the rates of poverty are significantly higher for single - parent families - - most of which are headed by mothers. while there are more absent fathers than ever before, there are also many nurturing and involved fathers. the rise in dual earner families and the loosening of gender roles have made fathering a hands - on activity that requires more than economic support and distant parenting. protecting, feeding, playing, reading, comforting, bathing, clothing, correcting, empathizing, teaching, loving and supporting may all be part of family life for the involved dad. in fact, some may wonder if gender roles have become so blurred or similar that the distinct contributions of mothers and fathers have been diminished. in some settings, even the terms " mother " and " father " have fallen into disfavor because they are said to perpetuate gender discrimination. " parent " is often the preferred term. still, the family : a proclamation to the world makes it clear that " gender is an essential characteristic of individual, premortal, mortal, and eternal identify and purpose. " it further states, " by divine design, fathers are to preside over their families in love and righteousness and are responsible to provide the necessities of life and protection for their families. mothers are primarily responsible for the nurture of


. " it further states, " by divine design, fathers are to preside over their families in love and righteousness and are responsible to provide the necessities of life and protection for their families. mothers are primarily responsible for the nurture of their children. and these sacred responsibilities, fathers and mothers are obliged to help one another as equal partners. " while some of the gender differences between males and females are certainly cultural constructions others are divine and part of god ' s great plan. children benefit from the complementary roles of mothers and fathers. each makes unique contributions. research indicates fathers contribute significantly to a child ' s school achievement, identity formation, self - esteem, and development of appropriate limits and boundaries. of course, for a variety of reasons, a father or mother may not be present. in such circumstances, we simply do our best to surround our children with positive and caring role models and trust in the lord. being a father is both a joyful and solemn responsibility that extends into eternity. it requires sacrifice and service. it results in heartache and happiness. but with an open heart and practice we can improve. here are seven ways to be a better dad. - nurture the relationship with your wife. it will have payoffs for your children. the apostle paul wrote, " husbands, love your wives, even as christ also loved the church " ( ephesians 5 : 25 ). research indicates that fathers who feel good about the relationship with their wife are more involved with their children. during times of martial stress, fathers tend to withdraw from their children. - protect your children. children need protection from physical hazards and natural disasters, and more. moral dangers abound on the internet, television and throughout our society. parents must be vigilant. start by keeping your computer and television out of private spaces such as bedrooms. like captain moroni, we must protect ours homes from the enemies of the family. his preparation included, " heaps of earth " " high timbers ", and " watch towers ". in an electronic age, our preparations and watchfulness will be different, but must be every bit as diligent. - provide for your children. this includes economic sustenance, but also much more. provide emotional support. provide opportunities for growth and learning. provide occasions of excitement and energy, but also times of peace and solace. give liberally of your time. elder neal a. maxwell has said, " the vital transfer of spiritual power and responsibility to the rising generation seldom occurs when fathers are too


provide occasions of excitement and energy, but also times of peace and solace. give liberally of your time. elder neal a. maxwell has said, " the vital transfer of spiritual power and responsibility to the rising generation seldom occurs when fathers are too busy for such blessings... " ( ensign, 1985, 8 ). - be intentional in the creation of family routines and traditions. routines and traditions develop unity, create expectations, and convey values. the stability and predictability they provide help children internalize values, develop self - confidence, and behave appropriately. family home evening, scripture study, daily prayer, bedtime routines, reading together, playing together, vacations, dinnertime discussions, family councils, family walks or bike rides, gardening and on and on can all become regular routines or treasured traditions. - preside with love and compassion. as the spiritual leader in the home, call your family together for prayer, initiate family scripture reading, personal interviews, or family councils. be anxiously engaged in the governance of your home and family, but never domineering. preside in council and full partnership with your wife and create ample opportunities for choice among all family members. providing children with choices helps them develop personal responsibility and commitment. coercion or forceful approaches may result in compliance, but rarely cultivate the change of heart necessary for children internalize behavior and develop a love of truth and respect for parents. - participate actively in the breadth and depth of parenting. play with your children, but do more. learn about the development of children in general and your child in particular. brigham young advised parents to " study their [ children ' s ] dispositions and their temperaments, and deal with them accordingly " ( jd 19 : 221 ). prepare yourself and take part in the full range of parenting responsibilities. elder m. russell ballard counseled, " on a day - to - day basis, fathers can and should help with the essential nurturing and bonding associated with feeding, playing, storytelling, loving, and all the rest of the activities that make up family life. " ( byu devotional, 19 august 2003 ) - teach and discipline with encouragement and tenderness. fathering is more than entertaining or having fun with our children. elder dallin h. oaks warned, " i believe many of us are overnourished on the entertainment junk food and undernourished on the bread of life. " ( ensign, may 2001, 82 ). fathers must actively teach children life skills, gospel principles, and secular knowledge. en


many of us are overnourished on the entertainment junk food and undernourished on the bread of life. " ( ensign, may 2001, 82 ). fathers must actively teach children life skills, gospel principles, and secular knowledge. enos recorded of his father that, " he was a just man - for he taught me in his language, and also in the nurture and admonition of the lord. " he obviously respected the words of his father for he further wrote " i went to hunt beasts in the forests ; and the words which i had often heard my father speak concerning eternal life, and the joy of the saints, sunk deep into my heart. " ( see enos 1 : 1 - 3 ). likewise, lehi set high expectations and encouraged his sons even when they murmured against him. to lamam he said, " o that thou mightest be like unto this river, continually running into the fountain of all righteousness! " and to lemuel he encouraged, " be like unto this valley, firm and steadfast, and immovable in keeping the commandments of the lord! " ( see 1 nephi 2 : 9 - 10 ). though our efforts may not be immediate, teaching with tenderness and love is never in vain. fathers, view your awesome responsibility with a long term lens. in a very real sense we are not only parenting our children, but we are setting the foundation for generations to come. each of our lives have been shaped by individuals long deceased. so too are we establishing the patterns of living that will influence our grandchildren and great - grandchildren to come. president gordon b. hinckley reminded us, " all that you have of body and mind will be transmitted through you to the generations yet to come, and it is so important, so everlastingly important, my brothers and sisters, that you do not become a weak link in that chain of your generations. " ( regional conference, oahu, hawaii, 23 january 2000. ) may the hearts of the fathers be turned to their children so in time the hearts of the children may be turned to god. steve dennis is a member of the faculty in the department of home and family at brigham young university - idaho


we have seen that the grand disparity that was believed to exist between the way nature works here on earth and in the heavens is not valid. the question remains, however, can we learn everything we need to know by investigating phenomena here on earth and extending that result to the universe at large? the answer must be no for the following reasons : 1 ) who would have thought to look for a law of universal gravitation without the precise measurements and detailed analysis of brahe and kepler? cavendish ' s laboratory measurement of g was done in response to interpret results obtained for the solar system. 2 ) even if someone would have used the cavendish apparatus to map out the gravitational force between two bodies, independently of knowing kepler ' s results, would we be able to infer a complete understanding of celestial motion? no. we know newton ' s law of universal gravitation is for example, there are certain aspects of mercury ' s motion that can not be explained using the newtonian form. the correct explanation of mercury ' s orbital motion requires general relativity. in fact, general relativity predicts that the path of a beam of light will be bent in a gravitational field. this effect is too feeble to see in a lab on earth. it was first observed by starlight being bent near the disk of the sun in a solar eclipse. 3 ) if we consider then the solar system to be our laboratory, is that a big enough laboratory to establish all that could be known? the answer to this must be no too. in the 20th century, since zwicky in the 1930 ' s, it is known that either the gravitational force deviates from newtonian gravity at large distances, or that there is substantial dark matter in and between galaxies. the density of dark matter is so low that it has an imperceptible effect on small scale motions, like that in the solar system. the data seem to favor the existence of some very large amount of unknown, maybe even exotic ( is this the new celestial matter? ) type of matter. 4 ) is the galaxy large enough as a laboratory to pin down all the laws of nature? this seems to require a negative answer as well. there are structures that encompass groups of galaxies, and the non isotropy of the cosmic background radiation is a pattern on an extremely large scale. we have also seen that the luminosity vs distance plot for supernovae ( sne1a ) suggest that the universe is accelerating in its expansion. this was the discussion about " dark energy " or


| american seismologist in hamilton, ohio, richter was educated at the university of southern california, stanford, and the california institute of technology, where he obtained his phd in 1928. he worked for the carnegie institute ( 1927 - 36 ) before being appointed to the staff of the california institute of technology. he became professor of seismology there in 1952. developed his scale to measure the strength of earthquakes in 1935. earlier scales had been developed by de rossi in the 1880s and by giuseppe mercalli in 1902 but both used a descriptive scale defined in terms of damage to buildings and the behavior and response of the population. this restricted their use to the measurement of earthquakes in populated areas and made the scales relative to the type of building techniques and materials used. scale is an absolute one, based on the amplitude of the waves produced by the earthquake. he defined the magnitude of an earthquake as the logarithm to the base 10 of the maximum amplitude of the waves, measured in microns. this means that waves whose amplitudes differ by a factor of 100 will differ by 2 points on the richter scale. with beno gutenberg he tried to convert the points on his scale into energy released. in 1956 they showed that magnitude 0 corresponds to about 1011 ergs ( 104 joules ), while magnitude 9 equals 1024 ergs ( 1017 joules ). a one unit increase will mean about 30 times more energy being released. the strongest earthquake so far recorded had a richter - scale value of 8. 6. in 1954 richter and gutenberg produced one of the basic textbooks on seismology, seismicity of the earth.


are the gospels myth? carl olson so, are the four gospels " myth "? can they be trusted as historical records? there are no firsthand testimonies to caesar ' s having crossed the rubicon ( wherever it was ). caesar himself makes no mention in his memoirs of crossing any river. four historians belonging to the next two or three generations do mention a rubicon river, and claim that caesar crossed it. they are : velleius paterculus ( c. 19 b. c. – c. a. d. 30 ) ; plutarch ( c. a. d. 46 - 120 ) ; suetonius ( 75 - 160 ) ; and appian ( second century ). all of these evidently depended on the one published eyewitness account, that of asinius pollio ( 76 b. c. - c. a. d. 4 ) which account has disappeared without a trace. no manuscript copies for any of these secondary sources is to be found earlier than several hundred years after their composition. ( the evangelical quarterly 58, 319 - 336 ) merkley observed that those skeptics who either scoff at the historical reliability of the gospels or reject them outright as " myth " do so without much, if any, regard for the nature of history in general and the contents of matthew, mark, luke, and john in particular. so, are the four gospels " myth "? can they be trusted as historical records? if christianity is about " having faith, " do such questions really matter? the latter question is, i hope, easy to answer : yes, it obviously matters very much if the narratives and discourses recorded by the four evangelists are about real people and historical events. pope benedict xvi, in his book jesus of nazareth, offers this succinct explanation : for it is of the very essence of biblical faith to be about real historical events. it does not tell stories symbolizing suprahistorical truths, but is based on history, history that took place here on this earth. the factum historum ( historical fact ) is not an interchangeable symbolic cipher for biblical faith, but the foundation on which it stands : et incarnates est — when we say these words, we acknowledge god ' s actual entry into real history. ( jesus of nazareth, xv ) christianity, more than any other religion, is rooted in history and makes strong — even shocking — claims about historical events, most notably that god became man and dwelt among us.


actual entry into real history. ( jesus of nazareth, xv ) christianity, more than any other religion, is rooted in history and makes strong — even shocking — claims about historical events, most notably that god became man and dwelt among us. of course, some christians of a less - than - orthodox persuasion are content to discard large chunks of the gospels as unnecessary ( or even " offensive " ) or to interpret as " mythological " or " metaphorical " nearly each and every event and belief described therein. but such is not the belief of the catholic church ( or of the eastern orthodox churches and most conservative protestants ). as the catechism of the catholic church flatly states : " belief in the true incarnation of the son of god is the distinctive sign of christian faith " ( ccc 463 ). it is, ultimately, this distinctive sign — the conviction that jesus of nazareth was and is truly god and man — that is the focal point of attacks on the historical credibility of the gospels and the new testament. over the past few centuries many historians and theologians have sought to uncover the " historical jesus " and to peel away the many layers of what they believed were legend and theological accretion. many abandoned hope that any historical ( never mind theological ) fact could be extracted from the gospels. there were many complex reasons for this state of affairs, one of them being the enlightenment - era doctrine that purely scientific, objective history could not only be found, but was necessary. empirical data became for many scholars — men such as isaac newton, francis bacon, and rene descartes — the key to all scholarship, including the study of history. it became the accepted wisdom that supernatural or miraculous elements could not be considered scientific and truly historical and that they had to be rejected. anything outside the realm of empirical data was liable to be labeled " myth " and " legend. " fast - forward to our day. the results of this approach are all around us, both in the scholarly and popular realm. not long ago, a young filmmaker named brian flemming produced a documentary titled the god who wasn ' t there. its purpose, he explained in an interview, is to demonstrate that the " biblical jesus " is a myth. asked to summarize the evidence for this stance, flemming explained : it ' s more a matter of demonstrating a positive than a negative, and the positive is that early christians appeared not to have believed in a historical jesus. if the very first christians appear to believe in a mythical christ, and


flemming explained : it ' s more a matter of demonstrating a positive than a negative, and the positive is that early christians appeared not to have believed in a historical jesus. if the very first christians appear to believe in a mythical christ, and only later did " historical " details get added bit by bit, that is not consistent with the real man actually existing... i would say that he is a myth in the same way that many other characters people believed actually existed. like william tell is most likely a myth, according to many folklorists and many historians. of course, [ jesus ] is a very important myth. i think that he was invented a long time ago, and those stories have been passed on as if they are true. ( david ian miller, " finding my religion, " www. sfgate. com ) here " myth " is synonymous with " fiction " or even " falsehood, " reflecting the enlightenment - era bias against anything bearing even trace amounts of the supernatural. " all i ' m saying, " remarked flemming, " is that [ jesus ] doesn ' t exist, and it would be a healthy thing for christians to look at the bible as a work of fiction from which they can take inspiration rather than, you know, the authoritative word of god. " thus the gospels, according to skeptics such as flemming, are compilations of " nice stories " or " silly tales, " just like stories about unicorns and the easter bunny. some skeptics mock christians for holding fearfully onto childish tales while the truly mature people ( self - described by some as " brights " ) go about the business of making the world a better place. " meanwhile, we should devote as much time to studying serious theology, " stated well - known atheist richard dawkins in column in the independent ( dec. 23, 1998 ), " as we devote to studying serious fairies and serious unicorns. " fellow god - basher daniel dennett, in his book darwin ' s dangerous idea, wrote, the kindly god who lovingly fashioned each and every one of us and sprinkled the sky with shining stars for our delight — that god is, like santa claus, a myth of childhood, not anything [ that ] a sane, undeluded adult could literally believe in. that god must either be turned into a symbol for something less concrete or abandoned altogether. ( 18 ) such rhetoric rests both on the assumption that the gospels are fanciful myth and that the authors of


sane, undeluded adult could literally believe in. that god must either be turned into a symbol for something less concrete or abandoned altogether. ( 18 ) such rhetoric rests both on the assumption that the gospels are fanciful myth and that the authors of the new testament ( and their readers ) were clueless about the difference between historical events and fictional stories. there is an overbearing sense of chronological snobbery at work : we are smarter than people who lived 2, 000 years ago. yet the second epistle of peter demonstrates a clear understanding of the difference between myth and verified historical events : " for we did not follow cleverly devised myths when we made known to you the power and coming of our lord jesus christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty " ( 2 pet. 1 : 16 ). the opening verses of luke ' s gospel indicate that the author undertook the task of writing about real people and events : inasmuch as many have undertaken to compile a narrative of the things which have been accomplished among us, just as they were delivered to us by those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and ministers of the word, it seemed good to me also, having followed all things closely for some time past, to write an orderly account for you, most excellent theophilus, that you may know the truth concerning the things of which you have been informed. ( luke 1 : 1 - 4 ) and the fourth gospel concludes with similar remarks : this is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things ; and we know that his testimony is true. but there are also many other things which jesus did : were every one of them to be written, i suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written. ( john 21 : 24 - 25 ) these quotations do not, of course, prove the historicity of the new testament. rather, they suggest that the authors, far from being knuckle - dragging simpletons, set about to write works depicting real people and events — especially since they believed the narratives they recounted had meaning only if they really did occur. as such, their historical content should be judged not against tales of unicorns and easter bunnies, but against other first - century works of history and historical narrative. the word gospel comes from the greek word euangelion, meaning " good news " and refers to the message of christian belief in the person of jesus christ. there has been much scholarly debate about the genre of


century works of history and historical narrative. the word gospel comes from the greek word euangelion, meaning " good news " and refers to the message of christian belief in the person of jesus christ. there has been much scholarly debate about the genre of " gospel " and how it might relate to other forms of writings found in first - century palestine and the larger ancient world. obviously, they do contain biographical details, and some scholars have argued in recent years that the gospels are as biographical in nature as anything in the ancient greco - roman world. " the majority of recent specialized studies, " writes evangelical biblical scholar craig l. blomberg in making sense of the new testament, " has recognized that the closest parallels are found among the comparatively trustworthy histories and biographies of writers like the jewish historian josephus, and the greek historians herodotus and thucydides " ( 28 ). in his commentary on the gospel of matthew, catholic theologian and biblical scholar erasmo leiva - merikakis writes : we must conclude, then, that the genre of the gospel is not that of pure " history " ; but neither is it that of myth, fairy tale, or legend. in fact, evangelion constitutes a genre all its own, a surprising novelty in the literature of the ancient world. matthew does not seek to be " objective " in a scientific or legal sense. he is writing as one whose life has been drastically changed by the encounter with jesus of nazareth. hence, he is proposing to his listeners an objective reality of history, but offered as kerygma, that is, as a proclamation that bears personal witness to the radical difference that reality has already made in his life. ( fire of mercy, heart of the word, vol. ii : meditations on the gospel according to st. matthew, 44 ) many early christian authors, such as justin martyr, referred to the gospels as memoirs of the apostles. blomberg has used the descriptive " theological biographies, " which captures well the supernatural and human elements found within them. those supernatural elements — especially the miracles of jesus and his claims to divinity — are, as we ' ve noted, why skeptics call the gospels " myth " while remaining unruffled about anything written about julius caesar and the rubicon by velleius paterculus, plutarch, suetonius, and appian. yes, suetonius did write in his account ( lives of the twelve caesars ) about " an apparition of superhuman size and beauty..


velleius paterculus, plutarch, suetonius, and appian. yes, suetonius did write in his account ( lives of the twelve caesars ) about " an apparition of superhuman size and beauty... sitting on the river bank, playing a reed pipe " who persuaded caesar to cross the river, but it has not seemed to undermine the belief that caesar did indeed cross the rubicon on january 11, 49 b. c. but, for the sake of argument, let ' s set aside the theological claims found in the new testament and take a brief look at the sort of data a historian might examine in gauging the reliability and accuracy of an ancient manuscript. first, there is the sheer number of ancient copies of the new testament. there are close to 5, 700 full or partial greek new testament manuscripts in existence. most of these date from between the second to 16th century, with the oldest, known as papyrus 52 ( which contains john 18 ), dating from around a. d. 100 - 150. by comparison, the average work by a classical author — such as tacitus ( c. a. d. 56 - c. 120 ), pliny the younger ( a. d. 61 - 113 ), livy ( 59 b. c. - a. d. 17 ), and thucydides ( 460 - 395 b. c. ) — has about 20 extant manuscripts, the earliest copy usually several centuries newer than the original. for example, the earliest copy of works by the prominent roman historian suetonius ( a. d. 75 - 130 ) date to a. d. 950 — over 800 years after the original manuscripts had been written. in addition to the thousands of greek manuscripts, there are an additional 10, 000 latin manuscripts, and thousands of additional manuscripts in syriac, aramaic, and coptic, for a total of about 24, 000 full or partial manuscripts of the new testament. and then there are the estimated one million quotes from the new testament in the writings of the church fathers ( a. d. 150 - 1300 ). obviously, the more manuscripts that are available, the better scholars are able to assess accurately what the original manuscripts contained and to correct errors that may exist in various copies. closely related is the matter of dating. while debate continues as to the exact dating of the gospels, few biblical scholars believe that any of the four works were written after the end of the first century. " liberal new testament scholars today, " writes b


closely related is the matter of dating. while debate continues as to the exact dating of the gospels, few biblical scholars believe that any of the four works were written after the end of the first century. " liberal new testament scholars today, " writes blomberg, " tend to put mark a few years one side or the other of a. d. 70, matthew and luke — acts sometime in the 80s, and john in the 90s " ( making sense of the new testament, 25 ). meanwhile, many conservative scholars date the synoptic gospels ( and acts ) in the 60s and john in the 90s. that means, simply, that there exist four accounts of key events in jesus ' life written within 30 to 60 years after his crucifixion — and this within a culture that placed a strong emphasis on the role and place of an accurate oral tradition. anyone who denies that jesus existed or who claims that the gospels are filled with historical errors or fabrications will, in good conscience, have to explain why they don ' t make the same assessment about the historical works of pliny the younger, suetonius, julius caesar, livy, josephus, tacitus, and other classical authors. secondly, historical details are found in the gospels and the other books of the new testament. these include numerous mentions of secular rulers and leaders ( caesar augustus, pontius pilate, herod, felix, archelaus, agrippa, gallio ), as well as jewish leaders ( caiaphas, ananias ) — the sort of names unlikely to be used inaccurately or even to show up in a " myth. " anglican scholar paul barnett, in is the new testament reliable?, provides several pages ' worth of intersections between biblical and non - biblical sources regarding historical events and persons. " christian sources contribute, on an equal footing with non - christian sources, " he observes, " pieces of information that form part of the fabric of known history. in matters of historical detail, the christian writers are as valuable to the historian as the non - christian " ( 167 ). then there are the specifically jewish details, including references to and descriptions of festivals, religious traditions, farming and fishing equipment, buildings, trades, social structures, and religious hierarchies. as numerous books and articles have shown in recent decades, the beliefs and ideas found in the gospels accurately reflect a first - century jewish context. all of this is important in responding to the claim that the gospels were written by authors who used greek


broke out again, not only through judea, where the mischief originated, but through the city of rome also, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their center and become popular. ( annals, 15 : 44 ) robert e. van voorst, author of jesus outside the new testament, offers a detailed analysis of scholarly controversies about this passage, and then states, " of all the roman authors, tacitus gives us the most precise information about christ " ( 45 ). this includes tacitus ' s understanding that " christus " — not paul or someone else — was the founder of the christian movement. he notes that christ was executed under pilate during the reign of tiberius, and that judea was the source of the christian movement. all of which further confirms the historical reliability of the gospels. as pope benedict xvi noted in his book on jesus, there is much that is good about historical - critical and other scientific methods of studying scripture. but these approaches have limits. " neither the individual books of holy scripture nor the scripture as a whole are simply a piece of literature " ( jesus of nazareth, xx ). the christian apologist should not be embarrassed to admit that he has a certain bias when it comes to reading and understanding the gospels. he should point out that everyone has biases, and that the skeptic ' s bias against the supernatural and the miraculous shapes how he reads and understands history, especially the historical data found in matthew, mark, luke, and john. the christian, in other words, should have no problem with an honest historical examination of the gospels. but why do so many skeptics shy away from a candid examination of their philosophical biases? that is the question apologists should pose and demand ( politely, of course ) to be answered. fabricating jesus : how modern scholars distort the gospels by craig a. evans the gospels and the jesus of history by xavier leon - dufour, s. j. " the interpretation of the bible in the church, " pontifical biblical commission ( march 18, 1994 ; available online at www. ewtn. com ) is the new testament reliable? by paul barnett the jesus legend : a case for the historical reliability of the synoptic jesus tradition by paul rhodes eddy and gregory a. boyd jesus of nazareth by pope benedict xvi making sense of the new testament : three crucial questions by craig l. blomberg reinventing jesus : how contemporary skeptics miss the real jesus and mislea


this lecture is about ways of looking at dna sequences in complete genomes and chromosomes, in terms of symmetry elements. there are two parts to this talk. in part 1, i will discuss the fact that we simply have " too much information " becoming available, and the problem will only get worse in the near future. there are ways of cataloging and organising the data, of course. i have found that the true diversity of genome sizes in nature is often neglected, so we ' ll talk for a few minutes about the " c - value paradox ", along with some possible ideas for why certain organisms have so much dna. i would like to think that one way of dealing with the explosion of sequence information, in terms of dna sequences, is to think about it in biological terms, in particular in physical - chemical terms of structure and function of symmetry elements. for example, there are specific dna sequences which " code " for a telomere, and different dna sequences which are specific for centromeres. specific dna sequences, their structures, and biological functions will be discussed. in part 2, i will introduce " dna atlases ", first having a look at base composition throughout sequenced chromosomes, and then looking at gene expression throughout the whole genome. i have also made separate file, containing specific learning objectives for this lecture, as well as a " self - test quiz ", which i recommend having a look at, before the lecture, if possible. i ' ve incorporated the answers to questions 1 and 2 into part 1 of the lecture notes. brevis esse laboro, obscuro fio. - horace the information in genbank is doubling every 10 months. what are the implications of this? a look at genome sequencing since 1994 : | year | | # genomes sequenced | although the number of genomes being sequenced is increasing rapidly, one has to this into perspective - the organisms can be placed into four different classes : | organism group | | size ( bp ) | | no. sequenced | | viruses | | ~ 300 bp to ~ 350, 000 bp | | 545 | | prokaryotes | | ~ 250, 000 to ~ 15, 000, 000 bp | | > 100 | | | ~ 12, 000, 000 to ~ 600, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 4 | | multi - celled eukaryotes | | ~ 20, 000, 000 to ~ 500, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 3 | | drosophila species |


~ 600, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 4 | | multi - celled eukaryotes | | ~ 20, 000, 000 to ~ 500, 000, 000, 000 bp | | 3 | | drosophila species | | genome size | ( in base pairs ) | d. americana | | ~ 300, 000, 000 bp | | d. arizonensis | | ~ 225, 000, 000 bp | | d. eohydei ( male ) | | ~ 234, 000, 000 bp | | d. eohydei ( female ) | | ~ 246, 000, 000 bp | | d. funebris | | ~ 255, 000, 000 bp | | d. hydei | | ~ 202, 000, 000 bp | | d. melanogaster | | ~ 180, 000, 000 bp | ( ~ 138, 000, 000 bp sequenced ) | d. miranda | | ~ 300, 000, 000 bp | | d. nasutoides | | ~ 800, 000, 000 bp | | d. neohydei | | ~ 192, 000, 000 bp | | d. simulans | | ~ 127, 500, 000 bp | | d. virilis | | ~ 345, 000, 000 bp | in summary, the genome sizes of the drosophila species that have been examined so far range from about 127 million bp to about 800 million bp. but of course at present we suspect that they contain roughly the same number of genes, although it is possible ( likely ) that they contain duplicated regions ( or perhaps even entire chromosomes ; there is ample space to have an entire extra copy ( or two or more ) of the entire genome ). in addition, they also contain various types of repeats, known as " selfish dna ". why does amoeba have more than 200x as much dna as humans? think about it for a discussion in class. i have a possible explanation, although i ' m not sure anyone really knows the answer to this, to be honest. this brings us to the first question on the quiz : answers to the self - test quiz which you are supposed to do before the lecture : 1. the short answer - a very long time. about 2. 4x1012 years. that ' s about 160 times longer than the estimated age of the universe! 2. the piece of paper would be quite thick - it would reach outside the earth ' s atmosphere and beyond the orbit of the


about 2. 4x1012 years. that ' s about 160 times longer than the estimated age of the universe! 2. the piece of paper would be quite thick - it would reach outside the earth ' s atmosphere and beyond the orbit of the planet mars. today ' s lecture will cover : next tuesday ' s lecture will cover : one way of dealing with the problem of how to display so much sequence information is to have a look at the whole chromosome at once, smoothing over a large window. the entire bacterial chromosome is displayed as a circle, with different colours representing various parameters. first, as an introduction to atlases, we will look at base - composition. then we will have a look at levels of expression of mrna and proteins throghout the chromosome. as examples, i will use my very favourite organism, escherichia coli k - 12. there are several things to notice in this plot. first, the concentration of the bases are not uniformly distributed throughout the genome, but there are " clumps " or clusters where specific bases are a bit more concentrated. also, the g ' s ( turquoise ) clearly are seen to be favoured on one half of the chromosome, whilst the c ' s ( magenta ) are on the other strand. this shows up in the " gc - skew " lane as well ( 2nd circle from the middle ). i have labelled the entire terminus region, which ranges from tere ( around 1. 08 million bp ( mbp ) to terg ( ~ 2. 38 mbp ) in escherichia coli k - 12. finally, several genes corresponding to the darker bands ( e. g., more biased nucleotide composition ) are labelled. the same pattern can be seen for the other three escherichia coli chromosomes which have been sequenced ( so far! ), as shown in the table below. strain : k - 12, isolate w3110 ddbj ncbi tax strain : k - 12, isolate mg1655 u. wisconsin tigr cmr ncbi tax ncbi entrez strain : o157 : h7 ( substrain edl93 ) u. wisconsin ncbi tax ncbi entrez strain : o157 : h7 ( substrain rimd 0509952 ) miyazaki, japan ncbi tax ncbi entrez | | dna res. 8 : 11 - 22 in addition to showing overall global properties of the chromosome ( such as replication origin and terminus


substrain rimd 0509952 ) miyazaki, japan ncbi tax ncbi entrez | | dna res. 8 : 11 - 22 in addition to showing overall global properties of the chromosome ( such as replication origin and terminus ), the base composition can also highlight regions different from the rest of the genome. for example, in the plasmid po157, there are some regions which are much more at rich ( probably these came about as a result of horizontal gene transfer - we will discuss this again in the next lecture... ) note that the " toxb " gene is much more at rich than the average for the rest of the plasmid. this could be due to the fact that this gene came from an organism with a more at rich genome, or ( more likely in my opinion ) it is more at rich because it is important for this gene to vary in sequence ( e. g., have a higher mutational frequencey ). escherichia coli is probably the best characterised organism. there are 4085 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain k - 12 isolate w3110. there are 4289 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain k - 12 isolate mg1665. there are 5283 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain o157 : h7 isolate edl933 ( enterohemorrhagic pathogen ). there are about 5361 predicted genes in escherichia coli strain o157 : h7 substrain rimd 0509952 ( enterohemorrhagic pathogen ). roughly 2600 genes have been found to be expressed in escherichia coli strain k - 12 cells, under standard laboratory growth conditions. about 2100 spots can be seen on 2 - d protein gels. very roughly 1000 different genes ( only about 600 mrna transcripts ) are expressed at " detectable levels " in e. coli cells grown in lb media. only about 350 proteins exist at concentrations of > 100 copies per cell. ( these make up 90 % of the total protein in e. coli! ) most ( > 90 % ) of the proteins are present in very low amounts ( less than 100 copies per cell ). it has been known since the 1960 ' s that genes closer to the replication origin are more highly expressed. however, it has only been in the past few years that technology has allowed the simultaneous monitoring of all the genes in escher


per cell ). it has been known since the 1960 ' s that genes closer to the replication origin are more highly expressed. however, it has only been in the past few years that technology has allowed the simultaneous monitoring of all the genes in escherichia coli. there are 4397 annotated genes in the e. coli k - 12 genome. shown below is an " atlas plot " of the e. coli k - 12 genome, with the outer circle representing the concentration of proteins ( roughly in number of molecules / cell ) and mrna ( again, roughly number of molecules / cell ). under these conditions ( e. g., cells grown to late log phase, in minimal media ), there were 2005 genes expressed at detectable levels, and only 233 proteins have been found to exist in " abundant " conditions ( e. g., very roughly more than 100 molecules per cell ). for e. coli k - 12 cells, grown in minimal media to late log phase : 4397 annotated genes - > 2005 mrnas expressed - > 233 abundant proteins ( note that these numbers will vary for different experimental conditions.... ) in this picture, the outer lane represents the concentration of proteins ( blue ), the next lane the concentration of mrna ( green ), and then the annotated genes. the inner three circles represent different aspects of the dna base composition throughout the genome. the innermost circle ( turquoise / violet ) is the bias of g ' s towards one strand or the other ( that is, a look at the mono - nucleotide distribution of the 4 dna bases ). the next lane is the density of stretches of purine ( or pyrimidine ) stretches of 10 bp or longer. note that in both cases purines tend to favour the leading strand of the replicore, whilst pyrimidine tracts are more likely to occur on the lagging strand. finally, the next circle ( turquoise / red ) is simply the at content of the genome, averaged over a 50, 000 bp window. note that the terminus is slightly more at rich, whilst the rest of the genome is slightly gc rich. ( the at content scale ranges from 45 % to 55 % ). link to more atlases for escherichia coli genomes. link to the main " genome atlas " web page friday ( 6 april, 2001 ) link to a list of recent papers and talks on dna structures. watson, james d. " a passion for dna : genes,


energy industry skill standardsthe goal of the energy industry skill standards project is to specify the critical work functions, key activities, performance indicators and knowledge, skills, and abilities an individual needs to succeed in certain energy - related occupations. the result of this project will support the development of new curriculum and the strengthening of existing curriculum in programs leading to certain careers in the energy industry. power generation skill standardsthe power generation skill standards were made available by the washington state workforce training and education coordinating board for industry skill panels. for more information or to download the complete manual, go to the washington state skill standards energy industry web site. wind technician skill standardsskills standards for wind turbine technicians ( 2009 ) | pdf skill panel publications - evaluating industry skill panels : a model framework ( june 2008 ) | pdf what is a skill panel? a skill panel is a group of skilled workers who have in - depth knowledge of the hands - on skills required to perform the job tasks in a technical position. the skills required to perform the job tasks are identified by the skill panel as the skill standards. how are skill standards used? - industry : recruiting, hiring, training and promoting employees - incumbent workforce : advancing careers and / or reentering the workforce - future workforce / students : understanding and acquiring skills needed to attain high wage jobs - labor : ensuring employees benefit from high paying career opportunities - government : linking education reform initiatives, workforce training and economic development - educators and trainers : developing curriculum and teaching to the required skills sets have skill standards been developed for the energy industry? yes, walla walla community college developed skill standards with industry support for the following positions : - instrument / control / relay / meter technician skill standards for the energy industry - 2006 projectalan hardcastle, wsu research analyst skills standards for operators and mechanicsskill standards are the industry - defined skills, knowledge and abilities required for individuals to succeed in the workplace. the standards specify what students, job seekers and current employees must know and be able to do within a particular industry and occupation, including the required levels of performance. the standards can be used by colleges, high schools and training organizations to make sure that their programs are up - to - date, to attract students to careers in the industry, and to ensure that students and workers get high quality training. the standards can also be used as the basis for awarding college credit for prior learning. employers and labor can use the results to better understand the foundational skills workers need to do their jobs effectively, to design or improve training programs, and as a precursor


the standards can also be used as the basis for awarding college credit for prior learning. employers and labor can use the results to better understand the foundational skills workers need to do their jobs effectively, to design or improve training programs, and as a precursor to existing programs like apprenticeship. who participates? employees are the expertsskill standards are defined through focus groups of employees who actually work in the occupations being studied. the focus groups will consist of 12 front - line employees who represent similar kinds of occupations, from many different companies and energy sectors ( hyrdo, thermal ). the group may also contain managers or other knowledgeable persons with extensive, current knowledge about those occupations. how industry can contribute - recruiting participantsour goal is to recruit 12 participants for each two - day focus group meeting : one group for operators, and one for mechanics. we need employers and labor partners to identify and support employees to participate in the meetings. it is imperative that we have an adequate number of knowledgeable employees from each occupation participate so the standards will be valid for the industry. each 12 - person focus group should have a roughly equal number of participants from each sector : hydro and thermal. we also want employees from many different organizations to ensure that a range of work environments is represented. responding to surveys : written surveys will be used to supplement data collection from industry about foundation skills required for these occupations. the processthe focus group meeting will last two consecutive days. a facilitator with experience in developing skill standards leads the meeting. there is a set agenda, but the format is very interactive and discussion - based. getting input from all participants about their work functions, activities, knowledge and skills is one key goal. reaching agreement about the scope and content of the information is another. the process includes fast - paced and intensive discussions about work functions, activities and skills, but it is also a fun and rewarding experience for participants. draft copies of the standards will be reviewed by industry before a final document is produced this summer. questions and contactsbarbara hins - turner pacific northwest center of excellence for clean energy 600 centralia college blvd centralia wa 98531 ( 360 ) 736 - 9391, ext. 477


delaware bay — one a 10, 000 - mile - long chain during may and early june, the shores of delaware bay resonate with the cheerful chattering of more than 20 species of migratory shorebirds. delaware bay provides an ecologically important stepping - stone for the birds ' spring pilgrimage to arctic nesting grounds. the delaware bay is the largest spring staging area for shorebirds in eastern north america. a staging site is an area with plentiful food where migrating birds gather to replenish themselves before continuing on their journey. staging sites serve as a link in a chain connecting wintering areas with breeding grounds, sites for which there are no alternatives. place cursor on map to see the southward migration shorebirds begin to arrive in early may. the numbers of birds soar upward during mid - month and usually peak between may 18 and 24 ( in some years as late as may 28 ). they have traveled from the coasts of brazil, patagonia, and tierra del fuego, from desert beaches of chile and peru, and from mud flats in suriname, venezuela, and the guyanas. after several days of non - stop flight, and having come as far as 10, 000 miles, they reach the bay beaches depleted of their energy reserves. luckily, nature provides an abundant food supply in this area at just this time of year : the eggs of hundreds of thousands of horseshoe crabs that have migrated to delaware bay beaches to spawn. a feast for feathered the shorebirds spend between two to three weeks gorging primarily on fresh horseshoe crab eggs, although worms and small bivalves are also plentiful. high in protein and fat, the eggs are an energy - rich source of food. this high - calorie diet enables the birds to nearly double or triple their body weight before continuing on to arctic nesting areas. more than a million mouths each spring, scientists from the delaware and new jersey divisions of fish and wildlife conduct weekly aerial surveys of migratory shorebirds on delaware bay beaches. in may 2001, scientists observed more than 775, 000 shorebirds along beach habitat. ninety - five percent of these birds were represented by four species : red knots, ruddy turnstones, semipalmated sandpipers, and dunlins. migratory shorebirds are also known to utilize marshes and back - bay habitats. thus, throughout their spring migration, the actual number of shorebirds using delaware bay as a staging ground may surpass one million. click here to meet a few of these delaware diners. recent decline in the horseshoe


it was admiral shi lang ( ) who conquered taiwan for qing china. his armada of war junks fought a decisive sea battle off the pescadores on july 7, 1683. koxinga or zheng chengkong drove the dutch out of taiwan in 1662 and founded the house of zheng that ruled the island and the pescadores for closely to 20 years. but he and his son zheng jing ( ) did so not as ming emperor. the father finally had time to ask his daughter what was all about. “ what did you made the horse to come seek me out and get me back home for? ” he questioned her. serikos is the greek word, which means silken in english. the adjective means “ pertaining to the seres, ” the asian people from whom the greeks first obtained the soft texture. of the hoklo population in taiwan those hailing from quanzhou ( 州 ) form the preponderant majority. in the county of tongan ( 同 安 ) under the jurisdiction of the prefecture of quanzhou, a boy was born on the twenty - second day of the eighth moon on the chinese lunar calendar while china had yet to be reunified by the emperor taizhu of the song ( 太 ) dynasty who reigned from 960 to 976 a. d. there are usually three buddha images in the main hall of a buddhist temple in taiwan. they include sakyamuni or gautama siddhartha, dipankara ( dipamkara in pali ) or randeng fo ( ) in chinese, and maitreya ( ). gods of thunder in china ' s taoist pantheon had to work together with feng shi ( 風 ) or feng shen ( 風 神 ), gods or goddesses of wind. the imperial orders of xuanzhong ( 宗 ) were obeyed to the letter. everybody at his court and palaces searched for anything that had an image of the dragon. one of the dragons is said to have caused storm and flood by mistake. legend has it that during the reign ( 627 - 650 a. d. ) of the emperor taizhong of the tang dynasty ( 太 宗 ), a dragon king came from his undersea palace to visit zhangan, the capital city, where he met a taoist diviner who knew what he was and told him to go back to carry out the jade emperor ' s rainmaking order. typhoon morakot struck taiwan early last month,


haiti ’ s 1804 slave revolt freed it from french imperial domination, so we forced them to pay reparations to french slave traffickers for most of the 19th century. president thomas jefferson refused to recognize haiti as an independent nation, and this continued until the signing of the emancipation proclamation in 1864. in the early 20th century, america invaded haiti and occupied it until 1934, making it a safe haven for u. s. corporate powers to exploit the population and siphon its wealth into their bank accounts. after troops withdrew, a series of brutal u. s. sponsored dictatorships oppressed the people, the most notable being the duvalier father - and - son regime, and its murderous and ruthless tonton macoutes. the only freely elected leader of haiti was the former priest jean - bertrand aristide, elected in 1990 and removed in a u. s. - created coup in 1991, and reinstalled in 1994 by clinton — serving two years but burdened with international monetary fund “ structural agreements, ” designed to destroy the public sector, typical of “ free ( forced ) trade ” requirements of the neo - liberal / chicago school ideology. a former food - exporting country soon became 100 percent dependent on imported food as u. s. imports collapsed its agricultural class. aristide was re - elected in 2001, amid much intimidation and violence directed at his supporters by opposition groups and former tonton macoutes secret - police members, and he was again removed by bush in 2004. and earthquakes? luck of the draw there.


partita no. 1 : work information - work name - partita no. 1 - work number - bwv 1002 - b minor - 1720 - 01 - 01 02 : 00 : 00 - adam abeshouse - adam abeshouse - recording date - 1994 - 09 - 29 00 : 00 : 00 johann sebastian bach one of the greatest composers in history, johann sebastian bach ( father of c. p. e, j. c. and w. f. bach ) was by far the most significant member of the bach dynasty of musicians. he outshone his forebears and contemporaries, but did not always receive the respect he deserved in his own lifetime. after a brief engagement as a violinist in the court of weimar, bach became organist at the neukirche in arnstadt. in june 1707 he moved to st. blasius, muhlhausen, and married his cousin maria barbara bach. in 1708 he was appointed court organist in weimar where he composed most of his works for organ. in 1717, he was appointed court kapellmeister to the young prince leopold at cothen, but was refused permission to leave weimar. the duke only allowed bach to go after holding him prisoner for nearly a month. while at weimar, bach wrote his violin concertos and the six brandenburg concertos, as well as several suites, sonatas and keyboard works, including several, such as the inventions and book i of the 48 preludes and fugues ( the well - tempered clavier ). in 1720 maria barbara died, and the next year bach married anna magdalena wilcke. bach resigned the post in weimar in 1723 to become cantor at st. thomas ’ school in leipzig where he was responsible for music in the four main churches of the city. here he wrote the magnificat and the st. john and st. matthew passions, as well as a large quantity of other church music. in leipzig he eventually took charge of the university “ collegium musicum ” and occupied himself with the collection and publication of many of his earlier compositions. over the years that followed, bach ’ s interest in composing church music declined somewhat, and he took to writing more keyboard music and cantatas. as his eyesight began to fail, he underwent operations to try and correct the problem, and these may have weakened him in his old age. he died at age 65, having fathered a total of 20 children with his two wives. despite widespread neglect for almost a century after his death, bach is now regarded as one


the problem, and these may have weakened him in his old age. he died at age 65, having fathered a total of 20 children with his two wives. despite widespread neglect for almost a century after his death, bach is now regarded as one of the greatest of all composers and is still an inexhaustible source of inspiration for musicians. bach ’ s compositions are catalogued by means of the prefix bwv ( bach - werke - verzeichnis ) and a numbering system which is generally accepted for convenience of reference. the crowning achievement of j s bach ' s instrumental writing, the set of solo sonatas and partitas are the ultimate test of musicianship and technique for the violinist. composed in 1720 at cothen, the set alternates italian sonatas and french suites or partitas. bach ' s complete knowledge and mastery of the instrument allowed him to make full use of the violin ' s expressive range. for example, by asking the violinist to play on multiple strings at once, or play arpeggiated chords rapidly, bach creates such complex harmonies that it ' s sometimes difficult to believe only one instrument is playing! although the sonatas follow the same formal pattern, all three partitas are constructed differently, though all are suites of dance movements. partita no. 1 consists of four pairs of movements, the second of each pair varying the first. displaying some virtuosic passagework, especially in the doubles, the movements retain their dance characteristics and exhibit a bewitching formal beauty.


by steve graham, networx humidity doesn ’ t just make you uncomfortable. it also causes problems and health hazards at every level of the home. here is a bottom - to - top summary of some of the dangers of high humidity, and some solutions for each problem. humid weather simply exacerbates moisture problems that are often a concern in crawl spaces and basements. moisture from the ground works with moisture from the humid air to generate condensation on walls and other surfaces, and create muggy basement smells and atmospheres. in turn, this can translate to mold and mildew issues. to avoid these problems, it is important to take steps to minimize moisture below the main floor of the home. if humidity is an issue in any season, foundation vents should be left open all year to help the foundation dry out as much as possible. on the other hand, close basement windows and doors to keep out humid summer weather. if humidity is an issue for a basement, insulate basement walls and run a dehumidifier. rigid foam insulation is one good option, as it is essentially waterproof. however, it must be covered with drywall or another fire barrier. attach a humidistat to the dehumidifier to control the humidity levels. crawl spaces should be covered with polyethylene or other thick, solid vapor barrier to keep moisture from the ground from creating bigger problems. crawl spaces with moisture barriers also should have one square foot of vent area for every 1, 500 square feet of crawl space area, according to michigan state university ( msu ) researchers. crawl spaces without moisture barriers should have one square foot of venting per 150 square feet of space. mechanical system problems humid weather can also leave condensation on water pipes and toilet tanks. again, this condensation can also lead to mold and mildew problems. if the toilet tank regularly beads with condensation, consider installing waterproof insulation inside the tank. also wrap insulation around water pipes to minimize condensation. moving up from the basement, the floor is the next likely victim of humidity problems. mold and mildew can get into wood flooring or carpets, and may be hard to completely remove. it is best to avoid such problems by reducing humidity. air conditioning systems reduce humidity while reducing the temperature, if they are installed correctly. mildewed carpet should be cleaned with an electric shampoo machine. if musty odors develop on carpet, either replace the entire carpet or have it professionally cleaned and dried off - site


humidity while reducing the temperature, if they are installed correctly. mildewed carpet should be cleaned with an electric shampoo machine. if musty odors develop on carpet, either replace the entire carpet or have it professionally cleaned and dried off - site. replace musty or damp padding. if mildew develops on wood flooring, scrub it off with trisodium phosphate or quaternary disinfectants, then rinse and dry thoroughly, and add a mildew - resistant paint. humidity can also wreak havoc on clothes, food and other stored items. dry foods can draw in moisture and quickly go stale if humidity exceeds 60 percent. cans may rust and leak in humid weather. damaged or swollen cans should be tossed out. if humidity is an issue, keep stored food in an air - conditioned space. reduce humidity damage to clothing with chemical absorbents or through proper ventilation. use silica gel packets or other moisture - absorbing materials if you plan to tightly close all closet doors and trunks. the other option is to leave closet doors open and use fans to improve air circulation. also separate clothes within each closet to allow airflow between items. humid air can also build up in walls, which can become soggy over time, and may even attract mold and mildew. interior and exterior paint can also bubble and peel under extended humid conditions. to minimize such problems, boost wall insulation and consider vapor - retardant paints. also caulk or weather strip all gaps and cracks around the walls, baseboards, doors and windows. according to msu researchers, such sealing work can minimize moisture problems in walls. finally, attics can get hot and uncomfortably damp in humid weather. be sure to properly ventilate the attic. if the attic does not have a vapor barrier ( which may not be a necessity in many cases ), it should have one square foot of venting per 150 square feet of attic, according to msu research. for areas with vapor barriers, one foot of venting per 300 square feet of attic is acceptable. humid weather can cause a variety of home problems and hazards, but they can all be prevented or remedied with some care and diligence.


yesterday, the washington post reported that there is new advice for vulnerable coastal communities on how to adapt to risings seas : move away from the shore. the post report explores the implications of sea - level rise for the hampton roads area, home to norfolk naval station, cautioning that traditional methods of holding back the sea could fall short. “ the u. s. environmental protection agency published the first manual on how not to hold [ the sea ] back, arguing that costly seawalls and dikes eventually fail because sea - level rise is unstoppable, ” the report cited. “ the federal global change research program estimates that the sea level will rise 14 to 17 inches in the next century around hampton roads. ” instead of investing in massive ( expensive ) infrastructure projects to hold back the sea, the epa hopes that its new report will encourage coastal communities to enact new city ordinances and development laws that prohibit new coastal construction, and devise incentives for already vulnerable commercial businesses and residents to move away from the shore. “ the epa report said governments have three options to deal with sea - level rise, ” the post reported : they can stay on the well - worn path of building expensive protection and raising streets and buildings. they can beat an organized retreat from the shore, perhaps by offering financial incentives to people and organizations to move inland. or they can allow people to do whatever they want for their waterfront properties but tell them in no uncertain terms that they are on their own when the waters rise. many people are not too worried about the long - term implications of sea - level rise, in part because of near - term challenges with the economy and other pressing priorities. yet experts are hoping to impart a sense of urgency by educating people about the near - and long - term economic implications of failing to act, especially given the current political climate that demands policymakers to be better stewards of their constituents ’ tax dollars. “ most people aren ’ t taking the threat of sea - level rise decades from now too seriously, but planners say it is worrisome when you consider what ’ s at stake — public roads, schools, bridges, tunnels, museums, police stations and housing developments that are built to last well beyond the average 30 - year home mortgage, ” according to the post. “ it could result in those things having a life span less than what we budgeted for, ” john carlock, deputy executive director of the hampton roads planning district commission, told the washington post. “ that part of it is trying to make wise use


it could result in those things having a life span less than what we budgeted for, ” john carlock, deputy executive director of the hampton roads planning district commission, told the washington post. “ that part of it is trying to make wise use of taxpayer funds. ” in the near term, too, the economic effects of sea - level rise and more frequent storms are already being felt by many coastal communities. “ increased flooding was inevitable along the atlantic coast because the number of federally declared storms has increased — up by 50 percent over 20 years, for instance, in new england, ” the post reported, citing a recent climate change report. “ ‘ in new hampshire alone, the costs associated with declared storm damages have increased nearly 15 - fold and the state has suffered through four ‘ 100 - year floods ’ in the last decade, ’ ” the report, preparing for a changing climate : a northeast - focused needs assessment, warned. even the near - term costs of adapting to sea - level rise by holding back the sea with dikes and walls, or literally elevating vulnerable neighborhoods, is quickly becoming too costly. “ a few years ago the city spent $ 1. 5 million to elevate some homes in the larchmont area, knowing the water will probably crawl to their doorsteps again, ” according to the post. “ if this keeps up, insurance rates will skyrocket as storms sweep the rising seas onto roads and inside people ’ s homes and businesses. ” in reading this report, one has to wonder how much this new thinking has permeated the decision - making at the department of defense now that policymakers there are beginning to integrate climate change into their strategic planning. after all, norfolk naval station is not the only u. s. military base that will be vulnerable to an encroaching sea. across the world, other critical u. s. naval and air force installations could be just as vulnerable, if not more. in assessing its bases and their vulnerability to climate change, the department of defense will have to ask the same critical questions that many coastal communities will being asking, especially given the same budgetary concerns : how will sea - level rise affect dod ’ s coastal assets, and does it make sense to move back from the water ’ s edge? this week ’ s events today at 10 am, the brookings institution will host an event on the future of natural gas. tuesday at 12 : 30 pm, iclei usa, local governments for sustainability, will explore sustainable development in their event, the


the iraqi women who toured the united states last month told us that they were amazed by how misinformed many americans were about the lives of iraqi women. most americans thought that before the overthrow of saddam hussein, iraqi women were sitting at home oppressed, heavily veiled and secluded, and that thanks to the us invasion, they are now liberated. this is what the bush administration would like us to believe, but after listening to our iraqi friends many people now know better. to further shed light on the true status of iraqi women, codepink has released an in - depth report iraqi women under siege. we encourage you to download this report, read it and pass it on to others. the report shows that from 1958 to the 1990s, iraq provided more rights and freedoms for women and girls than most of its neighbors. though saddam hussein ' s dictatorial government and 12 years of severe sanctions reduced these opportunities, iraqi women were active in all aspects of their society. after the occupation, with the exception of women in iraqi kurdistan, women ' s daily lives have been reduced to a mere struggle for survival. - women walking on the streets face random violence, assault, kidnapping or death at the hands of suicide bombers, occupying forces, iraqi police, radical religious groups, and local thugs. - women trying to raise families in the midst of this chaos find themselves beset by a lack of electricity and clean water, and a dearth of social services like decent schools and health care. - unemployment among women has skyrocketed. of the 260, 000 reconstruction contracts in iraq, less than 1, 000 have gone to female contractors. before the occupation 70 % of the public workforce, by far the largest employer in iraq, were women. - the constant violence has trapped women and their children - - particularly their daughters - - inside the homes. fewer girls go to school and illiteracy among girls is on the rise. - though 25 % of the seats in the national assembly are reserved for women, the real power in iraq is increasingly in the hands of islamists determined to move iraq from a secular society towards a theocracy. they are forcing women to wear veils and are trying to curtail women ' s rights in areas such as marriage, divorce, and inheritance. but as we learned from our amazing delegation, iraqi women are not mere victims, passively watching the destruction of their lives and the fabric of their communities. as delegate nadje al - ali writes in our report, " despite the chaos and violence that restricts their activities


from our amazing delegation, iraqi women are not mere victims, passively watching the destruction of their lives and the fabric of their communities. as delegate nadje al - ali writes in our report, " despite the chaos and violence that restricts their activities and mobility, the women struggle on, meeting in each other ' s houses, establishing refuges where women can learn skills to make a living, providing free health care, legal advice and literacy and computer classes. iraqi women also organize conferences, sit - ins and demonstrations to get their voices heard and to influence the political process. " codepink will continue to support the efforts of iraqi women, and to push for the withdrawal of foreign troops so that the iraqi people can determine their own future. our next major codepink action to end the occupation and support iraqi women will be a 24 - hour mother ' s day vigil in front of the white house in washington dc from may 13 - 14. click here for details. join actress susan sarandon, peace mom cindy sheehan, nobel prize winner jody williams, doctor / clown patch adams, as well as iraqi and iranian women, for an inspiring weekend that will include a performance of the historic antiwar play lysistrata, an evening concert, antiwar films, activist trainings, an interfaith service, writing letters to laura bush, and a pink pajama party. whether or not you can join us, please consider making a donation to help us bring iraqi and iranian women, as well as us military families against the war, to speak at the dc vigil and to travel to communities throughout the us. for the sake of our iraqi sisters, let ' s educate ourselves, spread the truth and redouble our efforts to build a more peaceful world. sisters in solidarity, allison, dana, farida, gael, jodie, medea, nancy, rae and tiffany p. s. don ' t forget to forward this email to your friends and help spread the word!


preserving the audio archive the material on the lcaaj audio tapes is unique. the field notes focus solely on selected linguistic features in the informant ' s responses and the tapes have not been transcribed, except for a selection included in the eydes project. the wealth of information that the tapes contain thus resides solely on a fragile and aging medium. the 5, 755 hours of recording in the lcaaj are stored on some 2, 600 reels of tape produced in various countries between 1959 and 1972. the tapes were recorded at a variety of speeds under widely varying conditions. more than twenty different brands and sizes of tape stock have been used, including both acetate - and polyester - backed tape, and there are even thirteen hours of wire recordings. as is all too sadly known, acetate tape ( used through the late 1960s ) is a very impermanent medium for the recording of sound. manufacturers ' claims, and real - time experience indicate, that twenty years is the average functional life for such tapes. they begin to suffer edge curl, cracking and flaking, and binder decomposition, leading to loss of the recorded signal. the polyester tapes used since the late 1960s are also impermanent, suffering from sticky shed and other failures, and the tapes may stretch or break during playing or storage. even before these problems set in, splice adhesives may leech to other portions of tapes of all types, and many tape types are subject to print through. once deterioration begins, it cannot be stopped or reversed. the only solution is careful re - recording in such a way that as little as possible of the original sound is lost. since 1995 columbia university libraries has been gradually re - recording the tapes and creating digital copies. support for this effort includes : the preservation work consists of re - recording the original tapes onto new reel - to - reel tape, following nationally recognized preservation practices and guidelines, and the creation of digital use copies on cd. the preservation transfer is carried out at the computer music center of the columbia university department of music, a studio recognized nationally and internationally both for its advanced technical work and its care of archival sound collections. - support from the national endowment for the humanities for a two - year project ( 2000 - 2002 ) for staff and supplies to re - record 1, 180 hours of the lcaaj originals. - support from the new york state conservation / preservation program for a two - year project ( 1999 - 2001 ) to purchase analog tape stock to be used in re - recording 1, 200 hours


record 1, 180 hours of the lcaaj originals. - support from the new york state conservation / preservation program for a two - year project ( 1999 - 2001 ) to purchase analog tape stock to be used in re - recording 1, 200 hours of the lcaaj originals. - donations ( 1996 - 2000 ) from the atran foundation, the david & barbara b. hirschhorn foundation, the morris j. & betty kaplun foundation, the lucius n. littauer foundation, and the solow foundation for staff and supplies. the project adheres to the technical standards for audio preservation advocated by the association for recorded sound collections associated audio archives committee ( arsc - aaa ), the joint technical commission of the audio engineering society ( aes ), the american national standards institute ( ansi ), and the national association of broadcasters ( nab ). as recommended by these organizations, the re - recording employs low noise, two - track polyester ( 1. 5 mil ) tape. the archival tape is recorded in real time at 15 inches per second ( ips ) to preserve maximum audio fidelity, with no splicing, with buffer - tape - pack at both ends, wound uniformly tails out ( end out ) onto slotless - hub 10 ½ - inch metal reels. in order to keep the archival copies as true to the original recordings as possible, no manipulation of the original signal, such as noise reduction, filtering or other signal - processing techniques, is undertaken. each reel is " leadered " at the beginning with 30 - 60 seconds of blank tape. following this leader is a 30 - 60 second test zone containing reference tones and azimuth tones, which in turn is followed by a second 30 - 60 seconds of " leader " tape ( blank, no splicing ). paper or plastic leaders are not spliced on to the reels to fill the required lead time. no splices appear in the preservation master. the material being preserved follows the second leader in two - track double monophonic in one direction only. the recording levels are monitored at all times by recording technicians to ensure the best possible signal - to - noise ratio on the final analog tape. all recording machines are calibrated and cleaned prior to each recording session. equipment used for transfer meets standards established by the american national standards institute ( ansi ), eia ( electronic industry association ) and the national association of broadcasters ( nab ). for more information on this project, contact the columbia university libraries preservation division.


the 16th annual great backyard bird count takes place the weekend of friday, feb. 15, through monday, feb. 18. this activity engages citizen scientist volunteers to count birds in specific locations all across the united states and canada on the third weekend of february each year. in 2012, this effort recorded 104, 151 separate checklists, including 2, 046 from tennessee. shelby county contributed more than 10 percent of the total, 256. and memphis recorded 93 species, tops in the state. the 2013 great backyard bird count, a joint project of the cornell university laboratory of ornithology and the national audubon society, will incorporate two major changes. first, it will go global. checklists can be submitted from anywhere in the world. second, great backyard bird count data will be merged with ebird, the national audubon society and cornell university ' s worldwide database of bird sightings. this will require participants to create an ebird account. to do so, go to birdcount. org. the bird count is fun and free. just count all of the birds that you see and hear in one place ( your yard, a park, schoolyard, your office ) for at least 15 minutes any or every day feb. 15 - 18. the information that you and thousands of others provide will help scientists to learn more about what is happening in our environment. to protect, we first must know. the entire month of february is backyard bird month at the memphis botanic garden. the garden is sponsoring a contest of bird photographs taken in its nature garden during the month. on feb. 16, dick preston and other members of the memphis chapter of the tennessee ornithology society will host a bird identification workshop at the botanic garden as part of the great backyard bird count weekend. there will be a free " lunch and learn " brown bag lunch followed by a guided bird walk in the nature garden. afterward, data collected during the bird walk will be entered into the bird count database. the botanic garden will host " celebrate urban birds day " from 2 to 4 p. m. feb. 23. there will be crafts and games, and members of the local ornithology society will lead a bird walk. for more information, contact charity novick at 901 - 636 - 4119, or go to memphisbotanicgarden. com. the 113th annual christmas bird count was held at selected locations all around the globe between dec. 15, 2012, and jan. 5, 2013. the memphis count on


selecting, sizing transformers for commercial buildings while commercial building designs change, their electrical loads remain fundamentally unchanged. properly sizing and selecting transformers ensures that these loads are accommodated. by ralph baeza, pe, leed ap, tlc engineering for architecture, miami transformers, along with other power distribution apparatus, remain a fundamental component in electrical systems distribution for commercial buildings. this article presents several useful design concepts for selecting and sizing transformers in the design of electrical systems for commercial buildings. transformers change voltage levels to supply electrical loads with the voltages they require. they supply the required incoming electrical service to the buildings. transformer primary and secondary voltages can be 2, 400 ; 4, 160 ; 7, 200 ; 12, 470 ; and 13, 200 for 15 - kv class, and 120, 208, 240, 277, and 480 for 600 - v class. transformers are located either outdoors or inside buildings in an electrical room or other areas as permitted by code. the electrical phase characteristics associated with the transformer ’ s primary side is 3 - phase, 3 - wire or delta connected. the secondary is 3 - phase, 4 - wire or wye connected. there are different construction types for transformers used in commercial buildings. our understanding of their general characteristics will allow the designer and end user to make the proper selection for the electrical system application. following are some of the transformer types available in the industry along with a few of their characteristics : ventilated dry - type transformers are ventilated by air, use larger space for clearance, and use different insulating materials to augment the dielectric strength of the air. they contain an enclosure surrounding the windings for their mechanical protection and the safety of personnel. this type is the most common to be used in the building indoor electrical system distribution. see table 1 for typical dry - type transformer ratings, dimensions, and weights. sealed dry - type transformers are similar to dry type in most of their characteristics. the difference is they contain an enclosed tank with nitrogen or other dielectric gas to protect the windings. they can be installed outdoors or indoors. they are useful in areas with a corrosive or dirty atmosphere. cast - coil transformers are constructed with the primary and secondary windings encapsulated in reinforced resin. they can be installed where moisture or airborne contaminants exist. nonventilated dry - type transformers are similar to the ventilated type but are totally enclosed. this type can be installed in areas with corrosive or dirty atmospheric conditions where


can be installed where moisture or airborne contaminants exist. nonventilated dry - type transformers are similar to the ventilated type but are totally enclosed. this type can be installed in areas with corrosive or dirty atmospheric conditions where it would be impossible to use a ventilated - type transformer. oil - filled transformers are constructed with the windings encased in an oil - tight tank filled with insulating mineral oil. it is good practice to regularly test this type of transformer in order to determine dielectric breakdown, which affects its useful life. there are different ways in which transformers are installed and used as part of a commercial building electrical system. these application types include : indoor distribution transformers are used with panelboards and are separately mounted to supply the specific electrical load requirements in a system - specific application within the system distribution. several transformer types rated higher than 600 v for oil insulated type, higher than 35, 000 v for dry type, and other transformers rated higher than 600 v are required to be located in vault rooms, which must be built with fire - rated enclosures depending on the transformer type and applicable local authority requirements, when indoors. transformers that are not over 600 v and are part of the indoor building electrical system distribution have both primary and secondary voltages below 600 v with the most common voltage level change from 480 v to 208 y / 120 v. pad - mounted transformers are installed outside and are considered the first option for supplying service entrance voltage to the building electrical system based on the project size and requirements. they typically have primary voltages higher than 600 v and secondary voltages lower than 600 v with compartments for the associated protective devices assembled in an integral tamper - resistant and weatherproof unit. in addition, the size of the commercial facility will determine the appropriate approach for designing the electrical distribution system for the specific application. in this electrical system design, the transformer can be used as part of a substation, primary unit substation, secondary unit substation, or network configuration. the electrical size of the transformer load is rated in kva. this rating provides the associated power output delivered for a specific period by the loads connected to the transformer on the secondary side of the equipment. the loads, which are calculated as part of the building electrical system design phase, are shown in the construction documents ’ respective equipment schedules in va or kva. a general approach to determining transformer capacity and selecting the proper rating for the design application is to obtain the calculated design load from the respective electrical