& ndash april 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally исаак озимов but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian robert anson heinlein ( july 7 1907 – may 8 1988 was an american novelist and science fiction writer. frank walker may refer to frank comerford walker, former chairman of the democratic national committee frank ray walker architect partner in sir arthur charles clarke, cbe ( 16 december 1917 – 19 march 2008 was a british science fiction author, inventor, and john michael crichton, ˈkraɪtən, ( born october 23 1942 is an american author film producer, film director, medical doctor, and television producer this has also been notably documented in the field of nanotechnology with university of ottawa professor jose lopez ' s article " bridging the gaps : science fiction in nanotechnology. nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular for the university in ottawa kansas see ottawa university. the university of ottawa or universite d ' ottawa in french " lopez links both theoretical premises of science fiction worlds and the operation of nanotechnologies. authors and filmmakers draw on a wide spectrum of ideas, but marketing departments and literary critics tend to separate such literary and cinematic works into different categories, or " genres ", and subgenres. literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of literature. a genre ( ˈʒɑːnrə also / ˈdʒɑːnrə / from french " kind " or " sort " from latin : genus ( stem gener - ) is a loose set these are not simple pigeonholes ; works can be overlapped into two or more commonly - defined genres, while others are beyond the generic boundaries, either outside or between categories, and the categories and genres used by mass markets and literary criticism differ considerably. hard science fiction, or " hard sf ", is characterized by rigorous attention to accurate detail in quantitative sciences, especially physics, astrophysics, and chemistry, or on accurately depicting worlds that more advanced technology may make possible. hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both physics ( greek physis - φυσις in everyday terms is the science of matter and its motion. astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties ( luminosity, chemistry (


physics ( greek physis - φυσις in everyday terms is the science of matter and its motion. astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties ( luminosity, chemistry ( from egyptian keme ( chem meaning " earth " ) is the science concerned with the composition structure and properties many accurate predictions of the future come from the hard science fiction subgenre, but numerous inaccurate predictions have emerged as well. hard science fiction is a category of science fiction characterized by an emphasis on scientific or technical detail or on scientific accuracy or on both for example, arthur c. clarke accurately predicted ( and invented the concept of ) geostationary communications satellites, but erred in his prediction of deep layers of moondust in lunar craters. sir arthur charles clarke, cbe ( 16 december 1917 – 19 march 2008 was a british science fiction author, inventor, and a geostationary orbit ( geo is a geosynchronous orbit directly above the earth ' s equator ( 0° latitude ) with a period equal to the earth ' s some hard sf authors have distinguished themselves as working scientists, including robert forward, gregory benford, charles sheffield, and geoffrey a. landis, while mathematician authors include rudy rucker and vernor vinge. this is about the physicist and science fiction writer you may be looking for his son robert d gregory benford ( born january 30, 1941 in mobile alabama ) is an american science fiction author and astrophysicist who is on the charles sheffield ( june 25, 1935 & ndash november 2, 2002 ) was an english - born mathematician physicist and science fiction geoffrey a landis works as a scientist and writer of science fiction. rudolf von bitter rucker ( born march 22, 1946 in louisville kentucky ) is an american computer scientist and science fiction vernor steffen vinge ( ˈvɪndʒi ( born october 2, 1944 in waukesha wisconsin, u other noteworthy hard sf authors include hal clement, joe haldeman, larry niven, jerry pournelle, kim stanley robinson, robert j. sawyer, and stephen baxter. harry clement stubbs ( may 30, 1922 in somerville massachusetts – october 29, 2003 in milton massachusetts ) better joe william haldeman is an american science fiction author. life and work haldeman was born in 1943 in oklahoma city oklahoma laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. jerry eugene pournelle (


is an american science fiction author. life and work haldeman was born in 1943 in oklahoma city oklahoma laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. jerry eugene pournelle ( born august 7, 1933 ) is an american science fiction writer, essayist and journalist kim stanley robinson ( born march 23 1952 ) is an american science fiction writer, probably best known for his award - winning robert j sawyer is a canadian science fiction writer born in ottawa in 1960 and now resident in mississauga. stephen baxter ( born 13 november 1957 is a british hard science fiction author. the description " soft " science fiction may describe works based on social sciences such as psychology, economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology. the left hand of darkness is a science fiction novel by ursula k ursula kroeber le guin ( ləˈgwɪn ( born october 21, 1929 ) is an american author soft science fiction, or soft sf, like its complementary opposite hard science fiction, is a descriptive term that points to the role and nature of the social science fiction is a term used to describe a subgenre of science fiction concerned less with technology and space opera and more with sociological the social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including anthropology, communication studies psychology ( from greek grc ψυχη psykhe, " breath life soul " and grc - λογια - logia ) is an academic and economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. political science is a branch of social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems sociology ( from latin : socius " companion " and the suffix - ology " the study of " from greek λογος logos " knowledge " anthropology ( / / from greek grc ανθρωπος anthropos, " human " - λογια - logia ) is the study of noteworthy writers in this category include ursula k. le guin and philip k. dick. ursula kroeber le guin ( ləˈgwɪn ( born october 21, 1929 ) is an american author philip kindred dick ( december 16 – march 2 ) was an american science fiction novelist and short story writer. the term can describe stories focused primarily on character and emotion ; sfwa grand master ray bradbury is an


, 1929 ) is an american author philip kindred dick ( december 16 – march 2 ) was an american science fiction novelist and short story writer. the term can describe stories focused primarily on character and emotion ; sfwa grand master ray bradbury is an acknowledged master of this art. ray douglas bradbury ( born august 22 1920 is an american mainstream, fantasy, horror, science fiction and mystery some writers blur the boundary between hard and soft science fiction - for example mack reynolds ' s work focuses on politics but anticipated many developments in computers, including cyber - terrorism. dallas mccord " mack " reynolds ( november 11, 1917 - january 30, 1983 ) was an american science fiction writer related to social sf and soft sf are the speculative fiction branches of utopian or dystopian stories ; the handmaid ' s tale, nineteen eighty - four, and brave new world are examples. utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by sir thomas more describing a fictional island in the a dystopia ( from the greek δυσ - and τοπος alternatively cacotopia, kakotopia, cackotopia, or anti - utopia ) is the vision of a society the handmaid ' s tale is a dystopian novel by canadian author margaret atwood, first published by mcclelland and stewart in nineteen eighty - four ( also titled 1984 ) by george orwell ( the pen name of eric arthur blair ) is a 1949 english novel brave new world is a 1932 novel by aldous huxley. set in the london of ad 2540 ( 632 a satirical novels with fantastic settings such as gulliver ' s travels may be considered speculative fiction. gulliver ' s travels ( 1726 amended 1735 officially travels into several remote nations of the world in four parts the cyberpunk genre emerged in the early 1980s ; the name is a portmanteau of " cybernetics " and " punk ", and was first coined by author bruce bethke in his 1980 short story " cyberpunk ". neuromancer is a 1984 novel by william gibson, notable for being the most famous early cyberpunk novel and winner of the science - fiction " triple william ford gibson ( born march 17 1948 is an american - canadian writer who has been called the " noir prophet " of the cyberpunk subgenre cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on " high tech and low life. steampunk is a subgen


is an american - canadian writer who has been called the " noir prophet " of the cyberpunk subgenre cyberpunk is a science fiction genre noted for its focus on " high tech and low life. steampunk is a subgenre of fantasy and speculative fiction that came into prominence in the 1980s and early 1990s bruce bethke is an american author best known for his 1980 short story " cyberpunk " which led to the widespread use of the term and his novel the short story is a literary genre of fictional prose narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such the time frame is usually near - future and the settings are often dystopian. common themes in cyberpunk include advances in information technology and especially the internet ( visually abstracted as cyberspace ), ( possibly malevolent ) artificial intelligence, enhancements of mind and body using bionic prosthetics and direct brain - computer interfaces called cyberware, and post - democratic societal control where corporations have more influence than governments. information technology ( it ) as defined by the information technology association of america ( itaa is " the study design development implementation support the internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks cyberspace & mdash from the greek el κυβερνητης ( el kybernetes steersman governor pilot or rudder & mdash is the global domain of electro - magnetics accessed bionics ( also known as biomimetics, biognosis, biomimicry, or bionical creativity engineering ) is the application of biological in medicine, a prosthesis ( plural prostheses ) is an artificial extension that replaces a missing body part. a brain - computer interface ( bci sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain - machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal cyberware is a relatively new and unknown field ( a proto - science, or more adequately a “ proto - technology ” nihilism, post - modernism, and film noir techniques are common elements, and the protagonists may be disaffected or reluctant anti - heroes. nihilism ( from the latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that existence is without objective meaning purpose postmodernism literally means ' after the modernist movement ' while " modern " itself refers to something " related to the present " the movement of modernism film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize moral ambiguity


banks of the lethe " in andromeda ) and as one - off productions such as the flipside of dominick hide. doctor who is a british science fiction television programme produced by the bbc. " the city on the edge of forever " is the penultimate episode of the first season of star trek. star trek is a science fiction television series created by gene roddenberry that aired from september 8, 1966 through " babylon squared " is an episode from the first season of the science - fiction television series babylon 5. babylon 5 is an american science fiction television series created produced and largely written by j see andromeda ( disambiguation for other uses of " andromeda " the flipside of dominick hide is a british television play which has attained cult status alternate history stories are based on the premise that historical events might have turned out differently. alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of speculative fiction ( or science fiction ) and historical fiction these stories may use time travel to change the past, or may simply set a story in a universe with a different history from our own. classics in the genre include bring the jubilee by ward moore, in which the south wins the american civil war and the man in the high castle, by philip k. bring the jubilee, by ward ward moore ( b august 10 1903, madison new jersey - d january 28 1978 ) was the working name of american author joseph ward causes of the war see also origins of the american civil war, timeline of events leading to the american civil war the coexistence of a slave - owning south the man in the high castle is a 1962 alternate history novel by science fiction writer philip k dick, in which germany and japan win world war ii. world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including the sidewise award acknowledges the best works in this subgenre ; the name is taken from murray leinster ' s early story " sidewise in time ". the sidewise award for alternate history were established in 1995 to recognize the best alternate history stories and novels of the year murray leinster ( june 16, 1896 in norfolk virginia - june 8, 1975 ) was a nom de plume of william fitzgerald jenkins military science fiction is set in the context of conflict between national, interplanetary, or interstellar armed forces ; the primary viewpoint characters are usually soldiers. military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction in which the principal characters are


fitzgerald jenkins military science fiction is set in the context of conflict between national, interplanetary, or interstellar armed forces ; the primary viewpoint characters are usually soldiers. military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction in which the principal characters are members of a military service and an armed conflict is taking for the military meaning see armed forces. for the soviet sports society see armed forces ( sports society armed forces stories include detail about military technology, procedure, ritual, and history ; military stories may use parallels with historical conflicts. heinlein ' s starship troopers is an early example, along with the dorsai novels of gordon dickson. starship troopers is a science fiction novel by robert a heinlein, first published ( in abridged form as a serial in the magazine the childe cycle is an unfinished series of science fiction novels by gordon r gordon rupert dickson ( november 1, 1923 – january 31, 2001 ) was an american science fiction author joe haldeman ' s the forever war is a critique of the genre, a vietnam - era response to the world war ii - style stories of earlier authors. joe william haldeman is an american science fiction author. life and work haldeman was born in 1943 in oklahoma city oklahoma the forever war is a 1974 science fiction novel by joe haldeman. the vietnam war, also known as the second indochina war, or the vietnam conflict, occurred in vietnam, laos and cambodia world war ii, or the second world war, ( often abbreviated wwii ) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world ' s nations, including prominent military sf authors include david drake, david weber, jerry pournelle, s. m. stirling, and lois mcmaster bujold. david drake ( born september 24, 1945 ) is an author of science fiction and fantasy literature david mark weber is an american science fiction and fantasy author. jerry eugene pournelle ( born august 7, 1933 ) is an american science fiction writer, essayist and journalist stephen michael stirling is a french - born canadian - american science fiction and fantasy author lois mcmaster bujold ( born november 2, 1949, columbus, ohio ) is an american author of science fiction and fantasy baen books is known for cultivating military science fiction authors. baen books is an american publishing company established in 1983 by long time science fiction publisher and editor jim baen. television series within this subgenre include battlestar galactica and stargate sg - 1. battlestar galactica is a franchise of science


) was an american science fiction author who wrote during a golden laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. carolyn janice cherry ( born september 1, 1942 ) better known by the pseudonym c clive staples lewis ( 29 november 1898 – 22 november 1963 john holbrook vance ( born august 28, 1916 in san francisco, terence david john pratchett, obe ( born 28 april 1948 is an english fantasy, science fiction, and children ' s author. roger joseph zelazny ( may 13, 1937 – june 14, 1995 ) was an american writer of fantasy and science fiction lois mcmaster bujold ( born november 2, 1949, columbus, ohio ) is an american author of science fiction and fantasy anne inez mccaffrey ( born april 1, 1926 ) is an american science fiction author best known for her dragonriders marion eleanor zimmer bradley ( june 3, 1930 – september 25, 1999 ) was an american author of fantasy novels such the authors ' professional organization is called the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa ). science fiction writers of america, or sfwa ( ˈsɪfwə or / ˈsɛfwə / was founded in 1965 by damon knight. sf conventions routinely have programming on fantasy topics, and fantasy authors such as j. k. rowling and j. r. r. tolkien ( in film adaptation ) have won the highest honor within the science fiction field, the hugo award. the definition of a fantasy author is somewhat diffuse and a matter of opinion – jules verne considered h joanne " jo " rowling obe ( born 31 july 1965 who writes under the film adaptation is the transfer of a written work to a feature film. the hugo awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year some works show how difficult it is to draw clear boundaries between subgenres, for example larry niven ' s the magic goes away stories treat magic as just another force of nature and subject to natural laws which resemble and partially overlap those of physics. laurence van cott niven ( born april 30, 1938 los angeles california ) is a us science fiction author. the magic goes away is a fantasy short story written by larry niven in 1976 and later expanded to a novella of the same name which however, most authors and readers make a distinction between fantasy and sf. in general, science fiction is the literature of things that might someday be possible, and fantasy is


by larry niven in 1976 and later expanded to a novella of the same name which however, most authors and readers make a distinction between fantasy and sf. in general, science fiction is the literature of things that might someday be possible, and fantasy is the literature of things that are inherently impossible. magic and mythology are popular themes in fantasy. magic in fiction is the endowing of fictional characters or objects with magical powers. the word mythology ( from the greek grc μυθολογια mythologia, meaning " a story - telling a legendary lore " there are many elements that show up throughout the fantasy genre in different guises it is common to see narratives described as being essentially science fiction but " with fantasy elements. frankenstein is a horror film from universal pictures directed by james whale and very loosely based on the novel of the same name " the term " science fantasy " is sometimes used to describe such material. science fantasy is a mixed genre of story which contains some science fiction and some fantasy elements horror fiction is the literature of the unnatural and supernatural, with the aim of unsettling or frightening the reader, sometimes with graphic violence. horror fiction is broadly fiction in any medium intended to scare unsettle or horrify the audience the term supernatural or supranatural ( latin : super, supra " above " + natura " nature " pertains to entities events graphic violence is the depiction of especially vivid brutal and realistic acts of violence in visual media such as literature, film, television historically it has also been known as " weird fiction. " although horror is not per se a branch of science fiction, many works of horror literature incorporates science fictional elements. one of the defining classical works of horror, mary shelley ' s novel frankenstein, is a fully - realized work of science fiction, where the manufacture of the monster is given a rigorous science - fictional grounding. mary shelley ( nee mary wollstonecraft godwin ; 30 august frankenstein or the modern prometheus, generally known as frankenstein, is a novel written by the british author mary shelley the works of edgar allan poe also helped define both the science fiction and the horror genres. edgar allan poe ( january 19 1809 – october 7 1849 was an american poet, short - story writer, editor and literary critic, today horror is one of the most popular categories of films. horror films are movies that strive to elicit fear, horror and terror responses from viewers works in which science and technology are a dominant theme, but based on current reality, may be


critic, today horror is one of the most popular categories of films. horror films are movies that strive to elicit fear, horror and terror responses from viewers works in which science and technology are a dominant theme, but based on current reality, may be considered mainstream fiction. much of the thriller genre would be included, such as the novels of tom clancy or michael crichton, or the james bond films. the thriller is a broad genre of literature, film, gaming and television. thomas leo clancy jr ( born april 12 1947 ) is an american author best known for his technically detailed espionage and military science storylines john michael crichton, ˈkraɪtən, ( born october 23 1942 is an american author film producer, film director, medical doctor, and television producer james bond 007 is a fictional character created in 1953 by writer ian fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short story modernist works from writers like kurt vonnegut, philip k. dick, and stanisław lem have focused on speculative or existential perspectives on contemporary reality and are on the borderline between sf and the mainstream. modernism describes an array of cultural movements rooted in the changes in western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century kurt vonnegut jr ( november 11 1922 – april 11 2007 ( ˈvɒnəgət was a prolific and genre - bending american novelist known for works blending satire, black philip kindred dick ( december 16 – march 2 ) was an american science fiction novelist and short story writer. stanisław lem ( sta ' ɲiswaf lɛm 12 september 1921 – 27 march 2006 was a polish science fiction, philosophical and satirical writer existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence according to robert j. sawyer, " science fiction and mystery have a great deal in common. robert j sawyer is a canadian science fiction writer born in ottawa in 1960 and now resident in mississauga. both prize the intellectual process of puzzle solving, and both require stories to be plausible and hinge on the way things really do work. " isaac asimov, anthony boucher, walter mosley, and other writers incorporate mystery elements in their science fiction, and vice versa. isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally исаак озимов but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian anthony


isaac asimov ( c january 2 1920 & ndash april 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally исаак озимов but now transcribed into russian as, was a russian anthony boucher ( born william anthony parker white ) ( august 21, 1911 – april 29, 1968 ) was an american science fiction walter ellis mosley ( born january 12, 1952 ) is a prominent american novelist most widely recognized for his crime fiction. superhero fiction is a genre characterized by beings with much higher than usual physical or mental prowess, generally with a desire or need to help the citizens of their chosen country or world by using his or her powers to defeat natural or superpowered threats. superhero fiction is a subgenre of fiction that deals with superheroes supervillians super - powered humans aliens, or mutants many superhero fiction characters involve themselves ( either intentionally or accidentally ) with science fiction and fact, including advanced technologies, alien worlds, time travel, and interdimensional travel ; but the standards of scientific plausibility are lower than with actual science fiction. some of the best - known authors of this genre include stan lee, keith r. a. decandido, diane duane, peter david, len wein, marv wolfman, george r. r. martin, pierce askegren, christopher golden, dean wesley smith, greg cox, nancy collins, c. j. cherryh, roger stern, and elliot s! maggin. stan lee ( born stanley martin lieber ; december 28, 1922 ) is an american writer, editor, creator of comic book characters keith robert andreassi decandido ( born april 18, 1969 in new york, united states ) is an american sci - fi and fantasy writer diane duane ( born may 18, 1952 ) is an american science fiction and fantasy author for the grenadian politician see peter david ( politician. peter allen david ( often abbreviated pad ) ( born september 23 len wein ( born june 12, 1948 ) is an american comic book writer and editor best known for co - creating dc comics marvin a " marv " wolfman ( born may 13, 1946 ) is an award - winning american comic book writer. george raymond richard martin ( september 20, 1948 ) sometimes referred to as grrm, is an american author and screenwriter john pierce askegren ( 1955 - november 2006 of the louisiana askegrens was an american author best known for his work in adaptations of licensed properties and is a lifelong christopher golden is an


to as grrm, is an american author and screenwriter john pierce askegren ( 1955 - november 2006 of the louisiana askegrens was an american author best known for his work in adaptations of licensed properties and is a lifelong christopher golden is an american author of horror, fantasy, and suspense novels for adults teens and young readers dean wesley smith is a science fiction author known primarily for his star trek novels movie novelizations and other novels of licensed properties such greg cox ( born 1959 is a science fiction writer. he lives in oxford, pennsylvania, u nancy a collins ( born 10 september, 1959 ) is a united states horror fiction writer best known for her series of vampire novels featuring carolyn janice cherry ( born september 1, 1942 ) better known by the pseudonym c roger stern ( born september 17 1950 ) is an american comic book author and novelist. elliot s maggin, also spelled elliot s! maggin ( born 1950 is an american writer of comic books film television and novels references to the most noteworthy science fiction books and authors are included here. external link : locus 1977 all - time best author poll science fiction fandom is the " community of the literature of ideas. science fiction fandom or sf fandom is a community of people actively interested in science fiction and fantasy literature, and in contact with one another.. the culture in which new ideas emerge and grow before being released into society at large. " members of this community, " fans ", are in contact with each other at conventions or clubs, through print or online fanzines, or on the internet using web sites, mailing lists, and other resources. fans in little italyjpg | thumb | right | fans in little italy manhattan celebrating the victory of the italian association football team after the 2006 fifa world cup ] ] [ [ image wm - oly - de - cr science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans ( called science fiction fandom ) of various forms of speculative fiction including science a science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi - professional magazine published by members of science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day a mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients sf fandom emerged from the letters column in amazing stories magazine. soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines. once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. in the 1930s,


soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines. once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. in the 1930s, the first science fiction conventions gathered fans from a wider area. science fiction conventions are gatherings of the community of fans ( called science fiction fandom ) of various forms of speculative fiction including science conventions, clubs, and fanzines were the dominant form of fan activity, or " fanac ", for decades, until the internet facilitated communication among a much larger population of interested people. among the most respected awards for science fiction are the hugo award, presented by the world science fiction society at worldcon, and the nebula award, presented by sfwa and voted on by the community of authors. the hugo awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year the nebula award is an award given each year by the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa for the best science fiction / fantasy fiction one notable award for science fiction films is the saturn award. the saturn award is an award presented annually by the academy of science fiction fantasy & horror films to honor the top works in science fiction, fantasy it is presented annually by the academy of science fiction, fantasy, and horror films. there are national awards, like canada ' s aurora award, regional awards, like the endeavour award presented at orycon for works from the pacific northwest, special interest or subgenre awards like the chesley award for art or the world fantasy award for fantasy. the prix aurora awards are given out annually for the best canadian science fiction and fantasy literary works art works and awards for fan activities the endeavour award, announced annually at orycon in portland oregon is awarded to a distinguished science fiction or fantasy book written by a pacific northwest the pacific northwest is a region in the northwest of north america ( the term refers to the land not the ocean the chesley awards were established in 1985 by the association of science fiction and fantasy artists to recognize individual works and achievements during a given year the world fantasy awards are annual international awards given to authors and artists who have demonstrated outstanding achievement in the field of fantasy. magazines may organize reader polls, notably the locus award. the locus awards were established in 1971 and are presented to winners of locus magazine ' s annual readers ' poll conventions ( in fandom, shortened as " cons " ), are held in cities around the world, catering to a local


locus award. the locus awards were established in 1971 and are presented to winners of locus magazine ' s annual readers ' poll conventions ( in fandom, shortened as " cons " ), are held in cities around the world, catering to a local, regional, national, or international membership. minicon is a science fiction and fantasy convention in minneapolis usually held on easter weekend general - interest conventions cover all aspects of science fiction, while others focus on a particular interest like media fandom, filking, etc. media fandom is a fan term invented in the late 1970s to describe the collective fandoms for contemporary television shows and movies filk is a musical culture genre and community tied to science fiction / fantasy fandom. most are organized by volunteers in non - profit groups, though most media - oriented events are organized by commercial promoters. a non - profit organization ( abbreviated " npo " also " not - for - profit " is a legally constituted organization whose objective is to support or engage the convention ' s activities are called the " program ", which may include panel discussions, readings, autograph sessions, costume masquerades, and other events. activities that occur throughout the convention are not part of the program ; these commonly include a dealer ' s room, art show, and hospitality lounge ( or " con suites " ). conventions may host award ceremonies ; worldcons present the hugo awards each year. the hugo awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year sf societies, referred to as " clubs " except in formal contexts, form a year - round base of activities for science fiction fans. they may be associated with an ongoing science fiction convention, or have regular club meetings, or both. most groups meet in libraries, schools and universities, community centers, pubs or restaurants, or the homes of individual members. long - established groups like the new england science fiction association and the los angeles science fiction society have clubhouses for meetings and storage of convention supplies and research materials. the new england science fiction association, or nesfa, is a science fiction club centered in the new england area the los angeles science fantasy society or lasfs ( pron " lahss - fuss " " loss - fuss " " lass - fass " or " lahss - fahss " is a membership fan the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa ) was founded by damon knight in 1965 as a non - profit organization to serve the community of professional science fiction authors.


" or " lahss - fahss " is a membership fan the science fiction and fantasy writers of america ( sfwa ) was founded by damon knight in 1965 as a non - profit organization to serve the community of professional science fiction authors. science fiction writers of america, or sfwa ( ˈsɪfwə or / ˈsɛfwə / was founded in 1965 by damon knight. damon francis knight ( september 19, 1922 & ndash april 15, 2002 ) was an american science fiction author, fandom has helped incubate related groups, including media fandom, the society for creative anachronism, gaming, filking, and furry fandom. media fandom is a fan term invented in the late 1970s to describe the collective fandoms for contemporary television shows and movies society for creative anachronism ( usually shortened to sca ) is a historical re - creation and living history group founded in 1966 which historically the term " gamer " usually referred to someone who played role - playing games or wargames. filk is a musical culture genre and community tied to science fiction / fantasy fandom. furry fandom is a fandom devoted to anthropomorphic animal the first science fiction fanzine, " the comet ", was published in 1930. fanzine printing methods have changed over the decades, from the hectograph, the mimeograph, and the ditto machine, to modern photocopying. the hectograph or gelatin duplicator or jellygraph is a printing process which involves transfer of an original prepared with special inks to a pan of a spirit duplicator ( also referred to as a ditto machine or banda machine ) was a low - volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches a photocopier ( or copier is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply subscription volumes rarely justify the cost of commercial printing. modern fanzines are printed on computer printers or at local copy shops, or they may only be sent as email. electronic mail, often abbreviated to e - mail, email, or originally email, is a store - and - forward method of writing sending receiving the best known fanzine ( or " ' zine " ) today is ansible, edited by david langford, winner of numerous hugo awards. a zine ( an abbreviation of the word fanzine, or magazine ziːn " zeen " is most commonly a small circulation non


zine " ) today is ansible, edited by david langford, winner of numerous hugo awards. a zine ( an abbreviation of the word fanzine, or magazine ziːn " zeen " is most commonly a small circulation non - commercial publication an ansible is a hypothetical machine capable of superluminal communication and used as a plot device in science fiction literature david rowland langford ( born 10 april 1953 is a british author editor and critic, largely active within the science fiction field other fanzines to win awards in recent years include file 770, mimosa, and plokta. file 770 is a science fiction fanzine published by mike glyer and named for the party in room 770 at the 1951 worldcon science fiction mimosa is a genus of about 400 species of herbs and shrubs in the subfamily mimosoideae of the legume family fabaceae. plokta is a science fiction fanzine, first published in 1996 subtitled " the journal of superfluous technology " the magazine includes artists working for fanzines have risen to prominence in the field, including brad w. foster, teddy harvia and joe mayhew ; the hugos include a category for best fan artists. hugo award for best fan artist. about this award the hugo awards the most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy the earliest organized fandom online was the sf lovers community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text archive file that was updated regularly. a file archiver is a computer program that combines a number of files together into one archive file, or a series of archive files for easier transportation in the 1980s, usenet groups greatly expanded the circle of fans online. usenet, a portmanteau of " user " and " network " is a world - wide distributed internet discussion system in the 1990s, the development of the world - wide web exploded the community of online fandom by orders of magnitude, with thousands and then literally millions of web sites devoted to science fiction and related genres for all media. the world wide web ( commonly shortened to the web ) is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet. most such sites are small, ephemeral, and / or very narrowly focused, though sites like sf site offer a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction. sf site is a webzine edited by rodger turner. established in 1996 by john o ' neill, it is based in canada, but includes contributors from around fan fiction


sites like sf site offer a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction. sf site is a webzine edited by rodger turner. established in 1996 by john o ' neill, it is based in canada, but includes contributors from around fan fiction, known to aficionados as " fanfic ", is non - commercial fiction created by fans in the setting of an established book, film, or television series. the community surrounding modern fan fiction has generated a considerable number of unique subgenres and literary terminology over the past several decades a non - commercial enterprise is work that values other considerations above and beyond that of making a profit this modern meaning of the term should not be confused with the traditional ( pre - 1970s ) meaning of " fan fiction " within the community of fandom, where the term meant original or parody fiction written by fans and published in fanzines, often with members of fandom as characters therein ( " faan fiction " ). science fiction fandom or sf fandom is a community of people actively interested in science fiction and fantasy literature, and in contact with one another a science fiction fanzine is an amateur or semi - professional magazine published by members of science fiction fandom, from the 1930s to the present day examples of this would include the goon stories by walt willis. walter alexander willis ( 1919 - 1999 was a well - known irish science fiction fan, resident in belfast in the last few years, sites have appeared such as orion ' s arm and galaxiki, which encourage collaborative development of science fiction universes. orion ' s arm, ( also called the orion ' s arm universe project oaup or simply oa is an online science fiction world - building project founded by m galaxiki is a web - based free content virtual community web 2


it ’ s a crazy market, the investors were told by the columnist, and they had to protect themselves. so they shouldn ’ t accept “ verbal assurances ” that their fund managers were making the right decisions ; they needed it in writing. a court in tennessee, meanwhile, ruled that “ an employee who made “ an oral or verbal complaint against an employer ” was protected against retaliation. so does “ verbal ” mean “ spoken ” or “ written ”? yes. and therein lies the imprecision. “ verbal ” simply means “ expressed in words ” ; the form of the words is not specified. if you put the words to paper or screen, or to stone tablet, they are “ written. ” if they ’ re spoken, they ’ re “ oral. ” but sometimes we act as if we ’ re back in grade school, when words that sounded dirty made us, er, titter. we avoid those words for fear of being misinterpreted. as a result, many writers avoid saying “ oral ” and say “ verbal ” instead. why this should be so is not clear. after all, colleges have no problem giving “ oral exams, ” doctors can openly advertise a specialty in “ oral surgery, ” and courts hear “ oral arguments ” without anyone getting all giggly. and many people have learned that “ verbal ” means only written, adding to the confusion. in sports, college athletes make a “ verbal commitment ” to come play for a school, though too often it ’ s called just “ a verbal, ” making it a noun. ( in english, the “ acceptable ” noun “ verbals ” are gerunds, infinitives, and participles. ) a few times it ’ s even been a verb — “ he has verbaled to cornell ” — which is a few times too often. so are the athletes signing something or have they merely made an “ oral ” promise? knowing that could be important, especially in the current scandal - ridden environment. enough people use “ verbal ” in the place of “ oral ” that garner ’ s modern american usage puts that usage at stage 4 of the language - change index, meaning it ’ s proper english among all but extreme holdouts. still, there ’ s no reason not to use “ oral, ” and it ’ s certainly preferable in cases where the mode of communication is important. as garner ’ s says : “ if you think of oral in a narrow sexual sense, you should immediately wash your mouth out with


the oregon department of fish and wildlife recently released a new pamphlet titled “ frogs are cool : facts about frogs for kids, ” an informative and fun flyer aimed at raising awareness of the many endangered and sensitive species of frogs native to oregon. there are 16 species of frogs native to oregon, and many are recognized as oregon state sensitive species, meaning they have small or declining populations. odfw hopes the new frog awareness campaign will help kids and adults alike recognize and protect the protected species. “ worldwide, frogs are in trouble and many are on the road to extinction, ” the odfw website says. “ habitat loss, pollution, pesticides, climate change, infectious diseases, the pet trade and invasive animal species are all causing problems for frogs. ” want to help make a difference? here are the top things you and your kids can do to help protect oregon ’ s native frog population. - learn about frogs. - never keep a wild frog as a pet. - tell others about protecting frogs. - never release non - native frogs, such as ones used in science projects, into the wild. frog spotting is a great activity for hiking and camping – it ’ s silly, easy and educational. download the “ frogs are cool ” pamphlet, make sure you have the proper camping or hiking gear, and get out there and enjoy some frogs! [ photo : dan hershman ]


i have seen many tutorials on asp. net but most of them starts with coding and writing your first asp. net program. but here i has written this tutorial for explaining why there is a need for asp. net when classy asp is working fine and what are the underlying technology behind asp. net, what programming model asp. net provides to programmers. now let us get started. asp. net is the new offering for web developers from the microsoft. it is not simply the next - generation of asp ; in fact, it is a completely re - engineered and enhanced technology that offers much, much more than traditional asp and can increase productivity significantly. because it has evolved from asp, asp. net looks very similar to its predecessor — but only at first sight. some items look very familiar, and they remind us of asp. but concepts like web forms, web services, or server controls gives asp. net the power to build real web applications. looking back : active server pages ( asp ) microsoft active server pages ( asp ) is a server - side scripting technology. asp is a technology that microsoft created to ease the development of interactive web applications. with asp you can use client - side scripts as well as server - side scripts. maybe you want to validate user input or access a database. asp provides solutions for transaction processing and managing session state. asp is one of the most successful language used in web development. problems with traditional asp there are many problems with asp if you think of needs for today ' s powerful web applications. - interpreted and loosely - typed code asp scripting code is usually written in languages such as jscript or vbscript. the script - execution engine that active server pages relies on interprets code line by line, every time the page is called. in addition, although variables are supported, they are all loosely typed as variants and bound to particular types only when the code is run. both these factors impede performance, and late binding of types makes it harder to catch errors when you are writing code. - mixes layout ( html ) and logic ( scripting code ) asp files frequently combine script code with html. this results in asp scripts that are lengthy, difficult to read, and switch frequently between code and html. the interspersion of html with asp code is particularly problematic for larger web applications, where content must be kept separate from business logic. - limited development and debu


that are lengthy, difficult to read, and switch frequently between code and html. the interspersion of html with asp code is particularly problematic for larger web applications, where content must be kept separate from business logic. - limited development and debugging tools microsoft visual interdev, macromedia visual ultradev, and other tools have attempted to increase the productivity of asp programmers by providing graphical development environments. however, these tools never achieved the ease of use or the level of acceptance achieved by microsoft windows application development tools, such as visual basic or microsoft access. asp developers still rely heavily or exclusively on notepad. debugging is an unavoidable part of any software development process, and the debugging tools for asp have been minimal. most asp programmers resort to embedding temporary response. write statements in their code to trace the progress of its execution. - no real state management session state is only maintained if the client browser supports cookies. session state information can only be held by using the asp session object. and you have to implement additional code if you, for example, want to identify a user. - update files only when server is down if your web application makes use of components, copying new files to your application should only be done when the web server is stopped. otherwise it is like pulling the rug from under your application ' s feet, because the components may be in use ( and locked ) and must be registered. - obscure configuration settings the configuration information for an asp web application ( such as session state and server timeouts ) is stored in the iis metabase. because the metabase is stored in a proprietary format, it can only be modified on the server machine with utilities such as the internet service manager. with limited support for programmatically manipulating or extracting these settings, it is often an arduous task to port an asp application from one server to another. asp. net was developed in direct response to the problems that developers had with classic asp. since asp is in such wide use, however, microsoft ensured that asp scripts execute without modification on a machine with the. net framework ( the asp engine, asp. dll, is not modified when installing the. net framework ). thus, iis can house both asp and asp. net scripts on the same machine. advantages of asp. net - separation of code from html to make a clean sweep, with asp. net you have the ability to completely separate layout


, iis can house both asp and asp. net scripts on the same machine. advantages of asp. net - separation of code from html to make a clean sweep, with asp. net you have the ability to completely separate layout and business logic. this makes it much easier for teams of programmers and designers to collaborate efficiently. this makes it much easier for teams of programmers and designers to collaborate efficiently. - support for compiled languages developer can use vb. net and access features such as strong typing and object - oriented programming. using compiled languages also means that asp. net pages do not suffer the performance penalties associated with interpreted code. asp. net pages are precompiled to byte - code and just in time ( jit ) compiled when first requested. subsequent requests are directed to the fully compiled code, which is cached until the source changes. - use services provided by the. net framework the. net framework provides class libraries that can be used by your application. some of the key classes help you with input / output, access to operating system services, data access, or even debugging. we will go into more detail on some of them in this module. - graphical development environment visual studio. net provides a very rich development environment for web developers. you can drag and drop controls and set properties the way you do in visual basic 6. and you have full intellisense support, not only for your code, but also for html and xml. - state management to refer to the problems mentioned before, asp. net provides solutions for session and application state management. state information can, for example, be kept in memory or stored in a database. it can be shared across web farms, and state information can be recovered, even if the server fails or the connection breaks down. - update files while the server is running! components of your application can be updated while the server is online and clients are connected. the framework will use the new files as soon as they are copied to the application. removed or old files that are still in use are kept in memory until the clients have finished. - xml - based configuration files configuration settings in asp. net are stored in xml files that you can easily read and edit. you can also easily copy these to another server, along with the other files that comprise your application. here are some point that gives the quick overview of asp. net. - asp. net provides services to allow the creation, deployment, and execution of web applications and web services


another server, along with the other files that comprise your application. here are some point that gives the quick overview of asp. net. - asp. net provides services to allow the creation, deployment, and execution of web applications and web services - like asp, asp. net is a server - side technology - web applications are built using web forms. asp. net comes with built - in web forms controls, which are responsible for generating the user interface. they mirror typical html widgets like text boxes or buttons. if these controls do not fit your needs, you are free to create your own user controls. - web forms are designed to make building web - based applications as easy as building visual basic applications asp. net is based on the fundamental architecture of. net framework. visual studio provide a uniform way to combine the various features of this architecture. architecture is explained form bottom to top in the following discussion. at the bottom of the architecture is common language runtime. net framework common language runtime resides on top of the operating system services. the common language runtime loads and executes code that targets the runtime. this code is therefore called managed code. the runtime gives you, for example, the ability for cross - language integration.. net framework provides a rich set of class libraries. these include base classes, like networking and input / output classes, a data class library for data access, and classes for use by programming tools, such as debugging services. all of them are brought together by the services framework, which sits on top of the common language runtime. ado. net is microsoft ’ s activex data object ( ado ) model for the. net framework. ado. net is not simply the migration of the popular ado model to the managed environment but a completely new paradigm for data access and manipulation. ado. net is intended specifically for developing web applications. this is evident from its two major design principles : - disconnected datasets — in ado. net, almost all data manipulation is done outside the context of an open database connection. - effortless data exchange with xml — datasets can converse in the universal data format of the web, namely xml. the 4th layer of the framework consists of the windows application model and, in parallel, the web application model. the web application model - in the slide presented as asp. net - includes web forms and web services. asp. net comes with built - in web forms controls, which are responsible


application model and, in parallel, the web application model. the web application model - in the slide presented as asp. net - includes web forms and web services. asp. net comes with built - in web forms controls, which are responsible for generating the user interface. they mirror typical html widgets like text boxes or buttons. if these controls do not fit your needs, you are free to create your own user controls. web services brings you a model to bind different applications over the internet. this model is based on existing infrastructure and applications and is therefore standard - based, simple, and adaptable. web services are software solutions delivered via internet to any device. today, that means web browsers on computers, for the most part, but the device - agnostic design of. net will eliminate this limitation. - one of the obvious themes of. net is unification and interoperability between various programming languages. in order to achieve this ; certain rules must be laid and all the languages must follow these rules. in other words we can not have languages running around creating their own extensions and their own fancy new data types. cls is the collection of the rules and constraints that every language ( that seeks to achieve. net compatibility ) must follow. - the clr and the. net frameworks in general, however, are designed in such a way that code written in one language can not only seamlessly be used by another language. hence asp. net can be programmed in any of the. net compatible language whether it is vb. net, c #, managed c + + or jscript. net. quick start : to asp. net after this short excursion with some background information on the. net framework, we will now focus on asp. net. file name extensions web applications written with asp. net will consist of many files with different file name extensions. the most common are listed here. native asp. net files by default have the extension. aspx ( which is, of course, an extension to. asp ) or. ascx. web services normally have the extension. asmx. your file names containing the business logic will depend on the language you use. so, for example, a c # file would have the extension. aspx. cs. you already learned about the configuration file web. config. another one worth mentioning is the asp. net application file global. asax - in the asp world formerly known as global. asa. but now


aspx. cs. you already learned about the configuration file web. config. another one worth mentioning is the asp. net application file global. asax - in the asp world formerly known as global. asa. but now there is also a code behind file global. asax. vb, for example, if the file contains visual basic. net code. global. asax is an optional file that resides in the root directory of your application, and it contains global logic for your application. all of these are text files all of these files are text files, and therefore human readable and writeable. the easiest way to start the easiest way to start with asp. net is to take a simple asp page and change the file name extension to. aspx. here is quick introduction of syntax used in asp. net you can use directives to specify optional settings used by the page compiler when processing asp. net files. for each directive you can set different attributes. one example is the language directive at the beginning of a page defining the default programming language. code declaration blocks code declaration blocks are lines of code enclosed in < script > tags. they contain the runat = server attribute, which tells asp. net that these controls can be accessed on the server and on the client. optionally you can specify the language for the block. the code block itself consists of the definition of member variables and methods. code render blocks render blocks contain inline code or inline expressions enclosed by the character sequences shown here. the language used inside those blocks could be specified through a directive like the one shown before. html control syntax you can declare several standard html elements as html server controls. use the element as you are familiar with in html and add the attribute runat = server. this causes the html element to be treated as a server control. it is now programmatically accessible by using a unique id. html server controls must reside within a < form > section that also has the attribute runat = server. custom control syntax there are two different kinds of custom controls. on the one hand there are the controls that ship with. net, and on the other hand you can create your own custom controls. using custom server controls is the best way to encapsulate common programmatic functionality. just specify elements as you did with html elements, but add a tag prefix, which is an alias for the fully qualified namespace of the control. again you must include the runat = server attribute. if


and the c # portions of a simple web forms application that generates a movie line - up dynamically through software. web form application part 1 - - simplewebform. aspx < % @ page language = " c # " inherits = " moviepage " src = " simplewebform. cs " % > < h1 align = " center " > < font color = " white " size = " 7 " > welcome to < br > supermegacineplexadrome! < / font > < / h1 > < p align = " left " > < font color = " lime " size = " 5 " > < strong > < u > showtimes for < % writedate ( ) ; % > < / u > < font size = " 5 " color = " yellow " > < % writemovies ( ) ; % > < / font > and this is where the c # part of a web forms application comes in. web form application part 2 - simplewebform. cs public class moviepage : page protected void writedate ( ) protected void writemovies ( ) response. write ( " < p > the glass ghost ( r ) 1 : 05 pm, 3 : 25 pm, 7 : 00 pm < / p > " ) ; response. write ( " < p > untamed harmony ( pg - 13 ) 12 : 50 pm, 3 : 25 pm, " + < br > " 6 : 55 pm < / p > " ) ; response. write ( " < p > forever nowhere ( pg ) 3 : 30 pm, 8 : 35 pm < / p > " ) ; response. write ( " < p > without justice ( r ) 12 : 45 pm, 6 : 45 pm < / p > " ) ; execution cycle : now let ' s see what ’ s happening on the server side. you will shortly understand how server controls fit in. a request for an. aspx file causes the asp. net runtime to parse the file for code that can be compiled. it then generates a page class that instantiates and populates a tree of server control instances. this page class represents the asp. net page. now an execution sequence is started in which, for example, the asp. net page walks its entire list of controls, asking each one to render itself. the controls paint themselves to the page. this means they make themselves visible by generating html output to the browser client.


started in which, for example, the asp. net page walks its entire list of controls, asking each one to render itself. the controls paint themselves to the page. this means they make themselves visible by generating html output to the browser client. we need to have a look at what ’ s happening to your code in asp. net. compilation, when page is requested the first time the first time a page is requested, the code is compiled. compiling code in. net means that a compiler in a first step emits microsoft intermediate language ( msil ) and produces metadata — if you compile your source code to managed code. in a following step msil has to be converted to native code. microsoft intermediate language ( msil ) microsoft intermediate language is code in an assembly language – like style. it is cpu independent and therefore can be efficiently converted to native code. the conversion in turn can be cpu - specific and optimized. the intermediate language provides a hardware abstraction layer. msil is executed by the common language runtime. common language runtime the common language runtime contains just - in - time ( jit ) compilers to convert the msil into native code. this is done on the same computer architecture that the code should run on. the runtime manages the code when it is compiled into msil — the code is therefore called managed code. asp. net applications and configuration like asp, asp. net encapsulates its entities within a web application. a web application is an abstract term for all the resources available within the confines of an iis virtual directory. for example, a web application may consist of one or more asp. net pages, assemblies, web services configuration files, graphics, and more. in this section we explore two fundamental components of a web application, namely global application files ( global. asax ) and configuration files ( web. config ). global. asax is a file used to declare application - level events and objects. global. asax is the asp. net extension of the asp global. asa file. code to handle application events ( such as the start and end of an application ) reside in global. asax. such event code cannot reside in the asp. net page or web service code itself, since during the start or end of the application, its code has not yet been loaded ( or unloaded ). global. asax is also used to declare data that is available across different application requests or across different browser


or web service code itself, since during the start or end of the application, its code has not yet been loaded ( or unloaded ). global. asax is also used to declare data that is available across different application requests or across different browser sessions. this process is known as application and session state management. the global. asax file must reside in the iis virtual root. remember that a virtual root can be thought of as the container of a web application. events and state specified in the global file are then applied to all resources housed within the web application. if, for example, global. asax defines a state application variable, all. aspx files within the virtual root will be able to access the variable. like an asp. net page, the global. asax file is compiled upon the arrival of the first request for any resource in the application. the similarity continues when changes are made to the global. asax file ; asp. net automatically notices the changes, recompiles the file, and directs all new requests to the newest compilation. a global. asax file is automatically created when you create a new web application project in the vs. net ide. application directives are placed at the top of the global. asax file and provide information used to compile the global file. three application directives are defined, namely application, assembly, and import. each directive is applied with the following syntax : < % @ appdirective appattribute = value... % > in asp, configuration settings for an application ( such as session state ) are stored in the iis metabase. there are two major disadvantages with this scheme. first, settings are not stored in a human - readable manner but in a proprietary, binary format. second, the settings are not easily ported from one host machine to another. ( it is difficult to transfer information from an iis ’ s metabase or windows registry to another machine, even if it has the same version of windows. ) web. config solves both of the aforementioned issues by storing configuration information as xml. unlike registry or metabase entries, xml documents are human - readable and can be modified with any text editor. second, xml files are far more portable, involving a simple file transfer to switch machines. unlike global. asax, web. config can reside in any directory, which may or may not be a virtual root. the web. config settings are then


are far more portable, involving a simple file transfer to switch machines. unlike global. asax, web. config can reside in any directory, which may or may not be a virtual root. the web. config settings are then applied to all resources accessed within that directory, as well as its subdirectories. one consequence is that an iis instance may have many web. config files. attributes are applied in a hierarchical fashion. in other words, the web. config file at the lowest level directory is used. since web. config is based on xml, it is extensible and flexible for a wide variety of applications. it is important, however, to note that the web. config file is optional. a default web. config file, used by all asp. net application resources, can be found on the local machine at : asp. net is an evolution of microsoft ’ s active server page ( asp ) technology. using asp. net, you can rapidly develop highly advanced web applications based on the. net framework. visual studio web form designer, which allows the design of web applications in an intuitive, graphical method similar to visual basic 6. asp. net ships with web controls wrapping each of the standard html controls, in addition to several controls specific to. net. one such example is validation controls, which intuitively validate user input without the need for extensive client - side script. in many respects, asp. net provides major improvements over asp, and can definitely be considered a viable alternative for rapidly developing web - based applications. points of interest i has write this tutorial to share my knowledge of asp. net with you. you can find more articles and software projects with free source code on my web site http : / / programmerworld. net. - date posted : june 27, 2003 i am a b. e in information technology form lingaya ' s institute of managemant and technology faridabad, india. i has worked on vc + +, mfc, vb, sql server. currently i am working on. net, c # and asp. net i keeps my free source code projects and articles at website http : / / programmerworld. net


‘ we spent a good deal of time thinking about how accident, disruption, distraction, and difference increase the motivation to learn and to solve problems, both individually and collectively. ’ the article : collaborative learning for the digital age by cathy n. davidson makes me think that collaborative work itself could challenge the limited feature of the human brain, whose performance level is usually or relatively low when it has to deal with multitasking assignments. the conceptual breakthrough, which does not limit our ability due to the result from the experimentation described in the first part of this article is a lesson for me not to get depressed easily because of the negative consequence, which refers to ‘ attention blindness ’. collaborative learning could be a savior of the insufficient inherent capability. we are living in this world to enable an individual knowledge to be replaced with his / her community. an individual brain would be no longer more valid or highly valued than what it is now or it used to be, rather its collaborative mode would be appreciated or recognized to be an authentic qualification for human intelligence. ‘ i think therefore i am ’ by descartes is manipulated by ‘ ipod therefore i am ’, which could also be replaced by ‘ we think therefore i am ’. however this does not mean to say each person could learn less than before ; on the contrary s / he would learn more being motivated to enjoy further studies. online collaborative projects, which i went through could therefore persuade me to think that the underline concept of competency lies in her / his connectivity and collaboration with outsides. the value of what is meant to be intelligent enough to cope with all issues of this coming era differs from that of definition without social network system. how the world wide web has changed the world from digiteen projects based on flat classroom projects and workshopa from the 1001 flat world tales project certainly not only show us the new process of learning in the 21st century but also give us the solution to challenge side effects of social network communication system. they could refer to how we can possibly manage or control the massive flow of information ; how we can be confident that what we are doing is on the right path ; how we could easily or efficiently live in the digital information era. things should be getting more convenient for us to learn, yet at the same time we have additional or extra burdens to be overseen and monitored constantly. whether it is controllable or not also seems to rely on the potential of collaborate learning. these projects running in the world premise not only save time and space but also give another credit to his / her


joseph earned merit etc. why the difference that first it is written : and joseph went up to bury his father, and with him went up all the servants of pharaoh etc., 2 followed by, and all the house of joseph, and his brethren, and his father ' s house, 3 and in the sequel it is written : and joseph returned into egypt, he and his brethren, 4 followed by, and all that went up with him to bury his father? — r. johanan said : at first, before [ the servants of pharaoh ] beheld the glory of the israelites, they did not treat them with respect ; 5 but in the sequel, when they beheld their glory, they treated them with respect. for it is written : and they came to the threshing - floor of atad ; 6 but is there a threshing - floor for brambles? — r. abbahu said : it teaches that they surrounded jacob ' s coffin with crowns like a threshing - floor which is surrounded with a hedge of brambles, because the sons of esau, of ishmael and of keturah also came. a tanna taught : they all came to wage war [ against the israelites ] ; but when they saw joseph ' s crown hanging upon jacob ' s coffin, they all took their crowns and hung them upon his coffin. a tanna taught : sixty - three crowns were hung upon jacob ' s coffin. and there they lamented with a very great and sore lamentation. 7 it has been taught : even the horses and asses [ joined in the lamentation ]. when [ the cortege ] arrived at the cave of machpelah, esau came and wished to prevent [ the interment there ], saying to them, mamre, kiriath - arba, the same is hebron8 — now r. isaac has said : kiriath - arba [ is so called ] because four couples [ were buried there ], viz. adam and eve, abraham and sarah, isaac and rebekah, and jacob and leah — [ jacob ] had buried leah in his portion and what remains belongs to me '. they replied to him, ' thou didst sell it '. he said to them, ' granted that i sold my birth - right, but did i sell my plain heir ' s right! ' they replied : ' yes, for it is written : in my grave which i [ jacob ] have digged for me


said to them, ' granted that i sold my birth - right, but did i sell my plain heir ' s right! ' they replied : ' yes, for it is written : in my grave which i [ jacob ] have digged for me ', 9 and r. johanan has said in the name of r. simeon b. jehozadak : the word kirah [ dig ] means nothing else than ' sale ' [ mekirah ], and thus in the coast - towns they use kirah as a term for ' sale '. — he said to them, ' produce a document [ of sale ] for me '. they replied to him, ' the document is in the land of egypt. who will go for it? let naphtali go, because he is swift as a hind ' ; for it is written : naphtali is a hind let loose, he giveth goodly words10 — r. abbahu said : read not ' goodly words ' [ imre shefer ] but imre sefer [ words of a document ]. among those present was hushim, a son of dan, who was hard of hearing ; so he asked them, ' what is happening? ' they said to him, ' [ esau ] is preventing [ the burial ] until naphtali returns from the land of egypt '. he retorted : ' is my grandfather to lie there in contempt until naphtali returns from the land of egypt! ' he took a club and struck [ esau ] on the head so that his eyes fell out and rolled to the feet of jacob. jacob opened his eyes and laughed ; and that is what is written : the righteous shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance ; he shall wash his feet in the blood of the wicked. 11 at that time was the prophecy of rebekah fulfilled, as it is written : why should i be bereaved of you both in one day? 12 although the death of the two of them did not occur on the one day, still their burial took place on the same day. — but if joseph had not occupied himself with [ jacob ' s burial ], would not his brethren have occupied themselves with it? behold it is written : for his sons carried him into the land of canaan! 13 — they said [ among themselves ], ' leave him [ to conduct the interment ] ; for the honour [ of our father ] will be greater [ when it is conducted ] by kings than by common


him into the land of canaan! 13 — they said [ among themselves ], ' leave him [ to conduct the interment ] ; for the honour [ of our father ] will be greater [ when it is conducted ] by kings than by commoners '. whom have we greater than joseph etc.? our rabbis have taught : come and see how beloved were the commandments by moses our teacher ; for whereas all the israelites occupied themselves with the spoil, he occupied himself with the commandments, as it is said : the wise in heart will receive commandments etc. 14 but whence did moses know the place where joseph was buried? — it is related that serah, daughter of asher, was a survivor of that generation. moses went to her and asked : ' dost thou know where joseph was buried? ' she answered him, ' the egyptians made a metal coffin for him which they fixed in the river nile so that its waters should be blessed '. moses went and stood on the bank of the nile and exclaimed : ' joseph, joseph! the time has arrived which the holy one, blessed be he, swore, " i will deliver you ", and the oath which thou didst impose upon the israelites15 has reached [ the time of fulfilment ] ; if thou wilt shew thyself, well and good ; otherwise, behold, we are free of thine oath '. immediately joseph ' s coffin floated [ on the surface of the water ]. be not astonished that iron should float ; for, behold, it is written : as one was felling a beam, the axe - head fell into the water etc. alas, my master, for it was borrowed. and the man of god said : where fell it? and he shewed him the place. and he cut down a stick and cast it in thither, and made the iron to swim. 16 now cannot the matter be argued by a fortiori reasoning — if iron floated on account of elisha who was the disciple of elijah who was the disciple of moses, how much more so on account of moses our teacher! r. nathan says : he was buried in the sepulchre of the kings ; and moses went and stood by the sepulchre of the kings and exclaimed. ' joseph! the time has arrived which the holy one, blessed be he, swore " i will deliver you ", and the oath which thou didst impose upon the israelites has reached [ the time of fu


the children of israel brought up7 etc.! — r. hama son of r. hanina said : whoever performs a task without finishing it and another comes and completes it, scripture ascribes it to the one who completed it as though he had performed it. r. eleazar said : he8 is likewise deposed from his greatness ; for it is written : and it came to pass at that time that judah went down. 9 r. samuel b. nahmani said : he also buries his wife and children ; for it is written : shua ' s daughter, the wife of judah, died etc., 10 and it is written : but er and onan died. 11 rab judah said in the name of rab : why was joseph called ' bones ' during his lifetime? 12 because he did not interfere to safeguard his father ' s honour when [ his brothers ] said to him, thy servant our father13 and he made no reply to them. rab judah also said in the name of rab, and others declare that it was r. hama son of r. hanina : why did joseph die before his brothers? because he gave himself superior airs. and joseph was brought down to egypt. 14 r. eleazar said : read not ' was brought down ' but ' brought down ', because he brought pharaoh ' s astrologers down from their eminence. 15 and potiphar, an officer of pharaoh ' s bought him, rab said : he bought him for himself ; 16 but gabriel came and castrated him, 17 and then gabriel came and mutilated him [ pera ' ], for originally his name is written potiphar but afterwards potiphera. 18 whom have we greater than moses etc. and the lord said unto me, let it suffice thee. 19 r. levi said : with the word ' suffice ' [ moses ] made an announcement and with the word ' suffice ' an announcement was made to him. with the word ' suffice ' he made an announcement : ' suffice you ' ; 20 and with the word ' suffice ' an announcement was made to him : ' let it suffice thee '. another explanation of ' let it suffice [ rab ] thee ' is, thou hast a master [ rab ], viz., joshua. 21 another explanation of ' let it suffice thee ' is, that people should not say


explanation of ' let it suffice [ rab ] thee ' is, thou hast a master [ rab ], viz., joshua. 21 another explanation of ' let it suffice thee ' is, that people should not say : how severe the master is and how persistent the pupil is. 22 and why so? in the school of r. ishmael it was taught : according to the camel is the burden. 23 and he said unto them, i am an hundred and twenty years old this day. 24 why does the text state ' this day? ' [ the meaning is ], this day are my days and years completed. 25 its purpose is to teach you that the holy one, blessed be he, completes the years of the righteous from day to day, and from month to month ; for it is written : the number of thy days i will fulfil. 26 i can no more go out and come in24 — what means ' go out and come in '? if it is to be understood literally, behold it is written : and moses was an hundred and twenty years old when he died ; his eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated ; 27 it is also written : and moses went up from the plains of moab unto mount nebo ; 28 and it has been taught : twelve steps were there, but moses mounted them in one stride! — r. samuel b. nahmani said in the name of r. jonathan : [ it means ] to ' go out and come in ' with words of torah, thus indicating that the gates of wisdom were closed against him. and moses and joshua went, and presented themselves in the tent of meeting. 29 a tanna taught : that was a sabbath when two teachers [ gave discourses ] and the authority was taken from one to be transferred to the other. it has further been taught : r. judah said : were it not for a scriptural text, it would be impossible to utter the following. where did moses die? in the portion of reuben, for it is written : and moses went up from the plains of moab unto mount nebo, and nebo was located in the portion of reuben, for it is written : and the children of reuben built … and nebo etc. 30 — it was called nebo because three prophets [ nebi ' im ] died there, viz. moses, aaron, and miriam. — and where was moses buried? in the portion of gad, for it is written :


##bo etc. 30 — it was called nebo because three prophets [ nebi ' im ] died there, viz. moses, aaron, and miriam. — and where was moses buried? in the portion of gad, for it is written : and he provided the first part for himself etc. 31 now what was the distance between the portion of reuben and that of gad? four mil. 32 who carried him those four mil? it teaches that moses was laid upon the wings of the shechinah, and the ministering angels kept proclaiming, he executed the justice of the lord, and his judgments with israel, 33 and the holy one, blessed be he, declared : who will rise up for me against the evil - doers? who will stand up for me against the workers of iniquity? 34 samuel35 said [ that god declared ], who is as the wise man? and who knoweth the interpretation of a thing? 36 r. johanan said [ that god declared ], where shall wisdom be found? 37 r. nahman said [ that god announced ], so moses died there etc. 38 semalyon39 said : so moses died there, the great sage of israel. 40 it has been taught : r. eliezer the elder said : over an area of twelve mil square, corresponding to that of the camp of israel, a bath kol made the proclamation, ' so moses died there ', the great sage of israel. others declare that moses never died ; it is written here, ' so moses died there ', and elsewhere it is written : and he was there with the lord. 41 as in the latter passage it means standing and ministering, so also in the former it means standing and ministering. and he buried him in the valley in the land of moab over against beth - peor. 42 r. berechyah said : although [ scripture provides ] a clue within a clue, nevertheless no man knoweth of his sepulchre. 42 the wicked government once sent to - to next folio -


how the pilgrims saved us from socialism by jack cashill karl marx had little use for america. from what he knew it was “ pre - eminently the country of religiosity, ” and yet it seemed to be the one nation that had been most thoroughly corrupted by ambition. two strikes against america right there. the “ free inhabitant ” of new england, marx wrote in “ on the jewish question, ” is convinced “ that he has no other destiny here below than to become richer than his neighbor. ” when he travels, he worries “ only of interest and profit. ” the world for the new england yankee is “ no more than a stock exchange. ” as to idols, he has but one, and that is, of course, mammon. marx wrote this in 1843, when j. p. morgan was a first grader in hartford, conn., and marcus goldman was peddling goods from a horse - drawn cart in philadelphia. one sees in his rant a precocious anti - americanism that would deform the thinking of the international left for the next 165 years and find full flower, most recently, in the occupy wall street movement. what marx almost assuredly did not know is that 200 years earlier, the very first new englanders had taken a serious stab at the social scheme he was in the process of formulating. plymouth plantation gov. william bradford describes here the outcome of the colony ’ s ambitious “ from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs ” experiment : the experience that was had in this common course and condition, tried sundry years and that amongst godly and sober men, may well evince the vanity of that conceit of plato ’ s and other ancients applauded by some of later times ; that the taking away of property and bringing in community into a commonwealth would make them happy and flourishing ; as if they were wiser than god. for this community ( so far as it was ) was found to breed much confusion and discontent and retard much employment that would have been to their benefit and comfort. for the young men, that were most able and fit for labour and service, did repine that they should spend their time and strength to work for other men ’ s wives and children without any recompense. the strong, or man of parts, had no more in division of victuals and clothes than he that was weak and not able to do a quarter the other could ; this was thought injustice. the aged


and children without any recompense. the strong, or man of parts, had no more in division of victuals and clothes than he that was weak and not able to do a quarter the other could ; this was thought injustice. the aged and graver men to be ranked and equalized in labours and victuals, clothes, etc., with the meaner and younger sort, thought it some indignity and disrespect unto them. and for men ’ s wives to be commanded to do service for other men, as dressing their meat, washing their clothes, etc., they deemed it a kind of slavery, neither could many husbands well brook it. upon the point all being to have alike, and all to do alike, they thought themselves in the like condition, and one as good as another ; and so, if it did not cut off those relations that god hath set amongst men, yet it did at least much diminish and take off the mutual respects that should be preserved amongst them. and would have been worse if they had been men of another condition. let none object this is men ’ s corruption, and nothing to the course itself. i answer, seeing all men have this corruption in them, god in his wisdom saw another course fitter for them. freed from the theoretical, americans set about creating a distinctive and largely spontaneous commercial culture. self - interest would drive it, and self - control would restrain it. the judeo - christian legacy would inform that self - control and inspire it, but always imperfectly, given the fallen nature of man. the relative absence of external control would allow this dynamic to work itself out and, in the process, forge the most productive industrial enterprise in world history, but the balance between forces would always be a delicate one. on nov. 6, we saw how the mis - education of our children has helped upset that balance. let the re - education begin, and there is no better way to start than by sharing bradford ’ s words of wisdom over the thanksgiving dinner table. read more at http : / / www. wnd. com / 2012 / 11 / how - the - p... vzi7owt0q2r. 99


this post is part of our year - long series, apocalypse 2012, where our favorite futurists, resiliency and disaster experts examine the role of design to help you prepare for... the end? if you asked me what the two most important design tasks at hand for humanity is right now it would be : 1. preserving human habitat 2. creating new habitats for humans the response i often get to these mandates is that the two are mutually exclusive ; that if we preserve our habitat, planet earth, we don ' t need to find a new planet. some might argue that searching for new planets advances unsustainable technologies while simultaneously promoting fatalism with regards to our environment. in other words, the first proposal is proper tree - hugging and the second is dirty, quasi - steampunk. i believe nothing could be further from the truth. it is an astronomical fact that planet earth, in the long run, is doomed regardless of how well we handle the present greenhouse effect and related environmental challenges. secondly, finding alternative habitats will not be feasible if we don ' t overcome present environmental challenges. thirdly, the knowledge needed to terraform planets and to geo - engineer earth is the same. i do think that we need to take our environment in general — our water and energy supply and global warming specifically — far more seriously than we do. i also don ' t think that spacefaring plans should diminish our current obligations to the earth ' s environment. within design and innovation we are already exploring the next frontier : innovation that breaks away from resource - dependence, where growth is uncoupled from consumption and product life cycles are prolonged. spacefaring is tougher to deal with because it seems remote ; both physically and in terms of relevance and time. so the stickiest criticism is : " why invest is space migration now? " earth isn ' t about to go under and we ' ve got our hands full with other eminent and important stuff : a global financial crisis, epidemiologic disasters and natural catastrophes. well, that might true and there is no clear way of determining the exact right time — i would however still claim that now is the moment to seize : we are facing a great risk if we choose to postpone a mission for interplanetary exploration. the longer we wait the higher our risk : earth is the only habitat we have. the probability of something going absolutely bonkers — life being wiped out by an asteroid, giant volcanoes, planetary disaster — is very low. but the risk


the greenhouse effect. it is remote and sort of intangible. one example of someone who is doing something about it is my friend, architect kristian von bengtson. he is a boutique example of a citizen starting a private and autonomous space project. why would a private citizen invest time and money into space exploration? as he explains : before the age of robots and machines, humans were key participants in any exploration. from marco polo to present cave divers, the human presence is seen as the approval of a discovery. human involvement in exploration enables sharing the story of the exploration with the whole world, not only objectively, but perhaps more importantly, subjectively. " being there " as humans is important. but since the development of robots we have created augmented senses and presence which is considered just as good these days. the question is, can one argue that humans have been on mars through the use of rovers and landers? there is a big difference between exploration using robots and humans. when nasa landed rovers spirit and opportunity on mars they lasted 100 times longer than anticipated. it was a major achievement. compared with humans, rovers are relatively easy to ship to mars — machines do not require food and safety. but the two rovers lasting for many years on mars were estimated to have performed exploration work comparable to one human presence on mars for only two weeks. robots do not sense what is important nor do they think rationally or independently. humans are required in any serious exploration if we want to go somewhere seriously with in this matter. in the development phases of human spaceflight, corporations have always turned towards engineers. however, engineers may have a hard time dealing with factors which cannot be added into equations because of irrational behavior in human nature, human needs and " functionality. " architects, designers, psychologists and anthropologists are widely used and much required to make it all happen. the integration of machine, mission and humans is a task for these professions to solve. it has been done for many decades with much success and future human exploration calls for more participation from these professions. besides autonomous space projects, a few other things that could be done : - outsourcing some non - core projects to private companies. - revamp national and international projects with a clear goal to bring the human species into space. - change international space law to be in favor of " messing " with space. right now space law is in favor of conservationism. - reinforce and communicate the link between environmentalism and spacefaring — between terraforming and geo - engineering, preserving our


international space law to be in favor of " messing " with space. right now space law is in favor of conservationism. - reinforce and communicate the link between environmentalism and spacefaring — between terraforming and geo - engineering, preserving our habitat, earth and finding new ones. in the past, the united states has thrown down the gauntlet of greening the globe and the rest of the world has picked it up. who will be there to seize the mandate of space migration now? jens martin skibsted is a designer, entrepreneur and philosopher, who rose to celebrity status with the instantly iconic biomega bike, which stands for an entirely new sort of urban mobility. for more than a decade, he has helped ambitious companies build products that redefine marketplaces. he ' s the founding partner of biomega, a luxury bicycle manufacturer, and kibisi, a product design consultancy. his bicycle designs live in the permanent collections at the moma, le cnap and sfmoma. a young global leader who spoke about icons at davos 2011, he is a member of index award, world economic forum ' s global agenda council on design innovation, and the danish design council. he is also a guest blogger for fast company. jens martin graduated from esec in paris, uc berkeley and copenhagen university. @ jmskibsted


patient safety is hot topic in healthcare ensuring safe care for patients who require care in the hospital setting has always been an important issue for healthcare providers and institutions, but it has become a front - and - center topic of discussion in recent years. national patient safety awareness week, sponsored by the national patient safety foundation ( www. npsf. org ) is march 3 - 9. southwest health system hospitalist kent aikin, md, says that patient safety is top of mind for nurses, physicians, and all healthcare providers 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. " there are many factors to consider related to patient safety, " said aikin. " reducing the risk of medication errors is, to me, the number one issue. " nurses, pharmacists, and doctors have many procedures in place to make sure that each patient receives the medications they are prescribed correctly - the right drug, in the right dosage, at the right time. patients have a role to play in avoiding medication errors, as well, according to aikin. " when patients are aware and knowledgeable about what they are taking, the chance of them being given the wrong drug or one that will interact negatively with something they ' re taking is greatly reduced, " he said. it ' s also important for patients to be upfront with nurses and doctors about all medications they take ( including over - the - counter and recreational drugs, vitamins, and supplements ) and to inform healthcare providers about any allergies they have. aikin suggests that everyone, no matter their age or health status, maintain a list of medications they are currently taking, keep it updated, and keep it with them. wallet - sized cards designed for this purpose are available for free at southwest memorial hospital. having a medication list available in the event that emergency department or inpatient hospital treatment is needed allows caregivers to know what medications are currently being taken and to avoid administering duplicate or contraindicated drugs. " this list is an excellent source of information for healthcare providers, " said aikin. all too often, he noted, patients will say, for example, that they take a blue pill in the morning and a red pill twice a day. " there are a lot of red and blue pills out there, " he said. hospitalized patients can be proactive in reducing their risk of receiving an incorrect medication by being vocal. " patients should feel comfortable asking nurses what ' s being administered each time they ' re being given a medication, " said aikin.