using climatic trends for sustainable agriculture this activity provides opportunities for students to : - consider the value of weather and climate information to inform management practices - propose management strategies for resources based on these predictions - use the internet as a source of up - to - date information - predict trends in climatic conditions as a result of el nino or la nina events. earth and beyond 6. 3 students argue a position regarding stewardship of the earth and beyond, and consider the implications of using renewable and non - renewable resources. - information on the long paddock website - ‘ australia ' s variable rainfall poster ' relative to historical records 1890 - 2004 the poster shows a series of colourful maps providing a record of el nino cycles in australia 1890 - 2004. time : 60 minutes - accessing resources - interpreting data - discussing thinking before beginning, check that students understand the meanings of these terms : - southern oscillation index ( soi ) - el nino - la nina ( these terms are explained at the top of the poster ; or go to ‘ help ’ on the long paddock website ). students access the information available on the long paddock web site to complete this activity ( or, alternatively, the poster can be used to access most of the information required to complete the activity ). students use this information for the following activities ( described in detail in the free activity sheet, understanding australia ’ s climate ) : - describe rainfall conditions in the area where they live, at various times during the twentieth century. - describe trends in the southern oscillation index during the 1990s and determine climate variability and when el nino or la nina conditions may have occurred. - relate el nino or la nina events to local events such as drought, flood, bushfires and fluctuations in animal and plant populations. - relate climate variability to adaptations of local plant and animal species. - describe farming practices that can cater for climate variability. at the conclusion of the activity students brainstorm the implications of el nino and la nina effects for pasture and crop management. some questions that may prompt discussion include : - what conditions do we associate with el nino? - what conditions do we associate with la nina? - how does drought affect pasture growth and rejuvenation? - how might periods of heavy rain affect the soil? - what implications does this have for cropping practices ( e. g. what is grown, when it is grown, when it is harvested, etc. )? - what precautions should be taken to ensure that pastures suffer limited effects from degradation as a result of their management during drought conditions? students


contact : ken kingery, nscl, office : 517 - 908 - 7482, kingery @ nscl. msu. edu published january 4, 2012 for immediate release east lansing, mich. – the recent measurement of the mass of the short - lived rare isotope manganese - 66 has made it possible for nuclear astrophysicists to pin down the underlying heating elements of one of the universe ’ s most fantastic phenomena — accreting neutron stars. out in the cold depths of space, billions of the densest objects known to man sit quietly while their nuclear decomposition processes play out. but some of them are hungry. some neutron stars sit close enough to a neighboring star for its immense gravity to begin pulling matter from its neighbor into its own mass in an ongoing thermonuclear process. but sooner or later, the fuel for the neutron star is exhausted and it begins to cool rapidly. through observations of this cooling process and measurements taken at nuclear physics laboratories such as the national superconducting cyclotron laboratory ( nscl ), scientists can deduce the inner workings of neutron stars. in the recent experiment at nscl, researchers measured the mass of manganese - 66, which sits right next to iron - 66 on the nuclear chart. based on the newly discovered mass and previous measurements of iron - 66, scientists can determine where in the crust of a neutron star the layer of iron - 66 lies, which is one of two heating elements in neutron stars. “ on earth, iron - 66 is a rare short - lived isotope with a half - life of about 400 ms, ” said alfredo estrade, postdoctoral researcher with st. mary ’ s university in halifax, canada, and gsi in darmstadt, germany, and lead author of the study. “ however, it also is part of the crust of accreting neutron stars, where it becomes stable due to its high density and it heats the crust by capturing electrons. ” scientists at nscl calculated the mass of manganese - 66 by doing a time - of - flight experiment. krypton - 86 was accelerated up to 40 percent of the speed of light and smashed into a thin foil of beryllium. some of the ions shattered after hitting other nuclei in the foil, creating a smorgasborg of new isotopes and particles. the facility then filtered out about 100 desired types of isotopes, some of which they wanted to measure and others that they used for calibrations. the filtered isotopes traveled down


, creating a smorgasborg of new isotopes and particles. the facility then filtered out about 100 desired types of isotopes, some of which they wanted to measure and others that they used for calibrations. the filtered isotopes traveled down the beamline where they were caught by a detector that identified which isotope was which. due to their different masses, the different isotopes took different amounts of time to complete their journey. by identifying manganese - 66 and measuring the time it took to run the course, the scientists could determine its weight to within one part in 100, 000. the resulting mass was different than what theorists had predicted for the rare isotope, which changes the models of how neutron stars are structured. the result was a bit of a surprise. “ the mass difference between iron - 66 and manganese - 66 allows us determines the depth needed to induce the heating reactions and therefore the location of the heat source associated with this reaction inside a neutron star, ” explained hendrik schatz, nuclear astrophysicist at nscl and principle investigator for the joint institute for nuclear astrophysics ( jina ), who worked on the paper along with milan matos, a postdoctoral researcher at louisiana state university stationed at oak ridge national laboratory. “ with this new measurement, all of the critical heat sources now can be located within a neutron star. the heat source turns out to be located much closer to the surface than was assumed before based on theoretical predictions of the mass difference between iron - 66 and manganese - 66. ” michigan state university has been working to advance the common good in uncommon ways for more than 150 years. one of the top research universities in the world, msu focuses its vast resources on creating solutions to some of the world ’ s most pressing challenges, while providing life - changing opportunities to a diverse and inclusive academic community through more than 200 programs of study in 17 degree - granting colleges.


preschool music program at oakstone academy, we understand the importance music brings to the preschool program. our teachers offer musical experiences daily through circle time activities that encourage singing, creative movement, and exploring simple musical instruments. a degreed music professional works with each classroom bi - weekly to help students explore music in their world and engage them in creative movement. elementary music program in kindergarten students are exposed to the early concepts of music as they begin to learn how to work together to make music through the use of simple instruments. students in the first through third grades continue to develop music concepts through a recorder program. students are taught to read music and understand related terminology while they learn to play with others. to showcase their accomplishments, students participate in two performances each year. fourth and fifth grade students have the opportunity to elect to be in the school band. the band instructor works with students and families to select an instrument appropriate for the young musician. students who elect to participate in band have two sessions of instruction per week during the school day. these students participate in two performances each year, as well as occasional performances for the students during the school day. middle / high school music program during their middle and high school years, students interested in music have many options to explore at oakstone academy. a sequential music experience provides students with the knowledge and skills to experience, create, and enjoy singing, reading, writing, playing, or listening to music. instruments and movement offer students hands - on and active experiences. some students may elect to participate in band or choir, while smaller classes may elect to take part in a guitar or keyboard lab. regardless of the type of music class enrolled in, classes are aimed to promote critical thinking and an appreciation and understanding of music.


nasadad urges a letter - writing campaign to the makers of home pregnancy tests to ask them to place warnings on their test kits which advise women about the risks of alcohol use during pregnancy. read more ( letter used with the permission of rob morrison, nasadad ) september 9, 2012 - international fasd awareness day every year on september 9, communities throughout the world observe international fasd awareness day. events are often held at 9 : 09 am, the 9th minute of the 9th hour of the 9th day of the 9th month of the year. this date and time is used to remind women not to drink during the nine months of pregnancy. the first fas awareness day was held on 9 / 9 / 99. since then, the federal government and many state and local governments have officially recognized fasd awareness day. individuals, organizations, and communities have been active every year organizing events to promote fasd awareness and increase compassion for individuals with an fasd. if you would like more information or ideas for your september 9th programming, please visit a website that was established to promote international fasd awareness day : fasday. com. our oasas fasd web pages also contain many downloadable fasd materials that can be used to promote your fasd education and awareness activities. alcohol consumption among pregnant women is still an important public health concern. a july 2012 cdc report examining alcohol use and binge drinking among pregnant and non - pregnant women of childbearing age ( 18 - 44 years ) in the united states found that 7. 6 percent of pregnant women ( or 1 in 13 ), and 51. 5 percent of non - pregnant women ( or 1 in 2 ) reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. clearly, pregnant and non - pregnant women of childbearing age who misuse alcohol are an important population for education and intervention. because no safe level of alcohol during pregnancy has been established, and alcohol is known to cause birth defects, developmental disabilities, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes, women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant should refrain from drinking any alcohol at any time during pregnancy. women who are contemplating becoming pregnant, or are sexually active, should refrain from drinking because they could become pregnant and not know for several weeks or more. fasd is 100 percent preventable if alcohol is not consumed during pregnancy, so why take the risk? meet jasmine suarez - o ’ connor, a young adult living with fasd jasmine suarez - o ’ connor is the 20 year old daughter of dianne and mickey o ’ connor. dianne works part - time


pregnancy, so why take the risk? meet jasmine suarez - o ’ connor, a young adult living with fasd jasmine suarez - o ’ connor is the 20 year old daughter of dianne and mickey o ’ connor. dianne works part - time in the oasas prevention services bureau in albany on a statewide fasd prevention initiative called project choices. jasmine was diagnosed with fetal alcohol effects ( fae ) when she was three years old. with many supports, jasmine graduated scotia - glenville high school in june 2008. along with her mother and older sister, jasmine was an opening plenary speaker, for the “ sharing personal stories ” panel at the annual 2008 building fasd state systems national meeting. in 2009, jasmine and her mother dianne were featured in a patient education video produced by the american congress of gynecologists and obstetricians ( acog ) of nys. this video has been viewed in hospitals and medical settings across the united states in over 1, 000 locations. in 2009, jasmine was nominated for a seat on the samhsa fasd center for excellence fasd expert panel. the role of the expert panel is to provide oversight, advice, and guidance to the center based on the member ’ s professional expertise and / or personal experience with fasd. jasmine brings her voice to the expert panel on how fasd has affected her life, finding ways to help families and caregivers living with fasd lead successful lives, and getting the word out to the college population about alcohol use and pregnancy. jasmine, along with another young adult with fasd and is also a member of the expert panel, launched the national “ self advocates with fasd in action ” ( safa ) group. jasmine helped to plan the first - ever conference by and for individuals with an fasd during the 2011 building fasd state systems meeting. this past year jasmine was nominated by the fasd center for excellence to take part in the development of a treatment improvement protocol ( tip ) to be titled addressing fetal alcohol spectrum disorders ( fasd ). this publication will be issued by the center for substance abuse prevention ( csap ) in early 2012. jasmine currently co - presents with her mother at various conferences, training workshops, and advocacy sessions across ny. in 2010, jasmine was featured by the national organization on fetal alcohol syndrome ( nofas ) about her experiences, in their series “ get to know me : my life with fasd. ” learn more. 2009 fasd prevention poster contest at a special ceremony on june 3, three


the national organization on fetal alcohol syndrome ( nofas ) about her experiences, in their series “ get to know me : my life with fasd. ” learn more. 2009 fasd prevention poster contest at a special ceremony on june 3, three johanna perrin middle school students from fairport, ny were recognized for winning the first fasd prevention poster contest. the poster contest was designed to help educate students in grades 6 - 12 from across the state, and to raise awareness among the general public about the dangers of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. the culmination of the contest coincided with the annual observance of alcohol and other drug - related birth defects awareness week in may. the winning students are corteney miller, tessa ooyama and daniel pariso. these three 7th grade students were selected from over 100 designs submitted by students through their local councils on alcoholism and substance abuse. the awards ceremony included the 7th grade health classes at johanna perrin middle school, the parents of the three winning students, their health teachers, and other school administrators, including the principal and school district superintendent. awards were presented by jennifer faringer, director of the rochester area national council on alcoholism and drug dependence, and margo singer, state fasd coordinator at oasas. oasas has produced a fasd prevention poster which includes the art work of all three recipients. to order copies of the poster in bulk at no charge, contact margo singer at 518 - 457 - 4384 or email firstname. lastname @ example. org.


ask mary jo what is casual contact? q. i don ’ t understand what casual contact is. in school, my health teacher said that aids isn ’ t spread by casual contact, but nobody explained what that is. – 13 - year - old male mary jo ’ s response : an outstanding question that reminds me to never assume someone knows what i ’ m teaching. i use this poem, “ knots, ” by r. d. laing when i do professional trainings. it keeps me focused on the need to articulate the obvious when teaching – which simply means that a teacher needs to share information clearly : there is something i don ’ t know that i am supposed to know. i don ’ t know what it is that i don ’ t know and yet am supposed to know, and i feel i look stupid if i seem both not to know it and not know what it is i don ’ t know. therefore i pretend i know it. this is nerve - racking since i don ’ t know what i must pretend to know. therefore i pretend to know everything. i feel you know what i am supposed to know but you can ’ t tell me what it is because you don ’ t know that i don ’ t know it. you may know what i don ’ t know, but not that i don ’ t know it, and i can ’ t tell you. so you will have to tell me everything. casual contact means that people connect with one another but there is no chance for body fluids to go from one person to another – no sexual contact, no needle - sharing, no breastfeeding, no blood or fluid exchange. let ’ s be clear about some myths : research has shown that hiv is not spread by : • breathing the same air as someone who is hiv - positive • a mosquito bite • touching a toilet seat or doorknob handle after an hiv - positive person • drinking from a water fountain • hugging, kissing or shaking hands with someone who is hiv - positive • sharing eating utensils with an hiv - positive person • using exercise equipment at a gym it is true that hiv can be spread through blood, semen, vaginal fluid or breast milk. i hope that helps make the idea of casual contact clear. if you have more questions or just want to talk, i ’ m at 412 - 877 - 4906. youth champions : who said february is a boring month? our peer educators are busy planning two important february events : one billion rising : the public is invited to


questions or just want to talk, i ’ m at 412 - 877 - 4906. youth champions : who said february is a boring month? our peer educators are busy planning two important february events : one billion rising : the public is invited to our “ rising ” from 5 to 6 p. m. feb. 13 at our common ground teen center ( 53 n. college st., washington ). one billion rising is an international call to action ( http : / / onebillionrising. org / ). one in three women on the planet will be raped or beaten in her lifetime. one billion women violated is an atrocity. one billion women dancing is a revolution. men and women are invited to join our young people as they enjoy solidarity in dance and participate in an educational hour to focus on our common humanity. violence does not need to be the status quo. black history month essay contest : any washington county teen ( 14 - 18 ) may enter this contest honoring black history month. essays must be between 300 and 500 words. the topic is any african - american, living or dead, who contributed to making our community stronger and better. essays may focus on a local individual or a national figure. completed essays must be sent by email only to email @ example. com and must include the name, address, phone number and email address of the essayist. entries must be received no later than midnight on feb. 22. the winner will be announced at our black history day program on from 5 to 6 p. m. feb. 27 at the common ground teen center. a $ 100 amazon gift card will be awarded to the best essay. lippincott bridge being restored ( 231 ) costanzo, lucas virtually assured election in nov. ( 4932 ) election roundup ( 3996 ) judge orders manning memo posted at polls be impounded ( 2788 ) polamalu believes injury issues are behind him ( 1082 ) seahawks waive portis after dui arrest ( 965 )


researchers studying a school - based programme credited with reducing the rates of obese and overweight 7 - year - olds have now found a reduction in asthma symptoms. asthma is a potentially serious breathing disorder in which airways become inflamed. its causes are not known, but in many cases it is linked to allergies. project energize, a healthy - nutrition and physical activity scheme, began as a trial in waikato in 2004 and was later converted to an intervention funded at all waikato primary schools by the area ' s district health board. in five years, the proportion of 7 - year - olds who were overweight - the group in which the greatest change in body mass index occurred - declined by 4 percentage points. there was a smaller fall in the obesity rate for 7 - year - olds and the picture was more mixed for older children. now, data has been made public on the prevalence of asthma as counted in project energize surveys from 2004 to last year. the researchers found a drop in asthma symptoms for several demographic groups, including 7 - year - old girls, european new zealanders and those attending schools serving wealthier they also found that 17. 7 per cent of the 7 - year - olds were experiencing asthmatic wheezing when their parents responded to last year ' s survey, compared with 22. 2 per cent of children aged 6 or 7 in several regions nationally when last checked in 2001 - 2003 as part of a multi - country survey. that survey, published in 2008, found that although the prevalence of reported asthma in new zealand had risen to nearly one in three for children and adolescents, there had been a reduction in the prevalence of asthma symptoms, such as " current wheeze ", and also the severity of symptoms. a researcher involved in project energize, professor elaine rush of auckland university of technology, noted that its children could run 13 per cent faster than other youngsters " if they have more physical fitness and better nutrition we hope that the severity of asthma might be less because unless we have good nourishment, any disease is going to be worse. food is your first medicine. " professor julian crane, head of the wellington asthma research group at otago university, said the waikato findings were interesting, although the changes within waikato over time were more informative than the comparison with the " there is evidence that exercise does help asthma control. it won ' t stop you getting asthma, but if you have it, exercise can improve management - so this finding is perfectly


new measures governing the use of animals in scientific procedures were set out by the uk government on 17 may. the measures are being introduced to implement the new eu directive 2010 / 63 / eu which uses many of the uk ’ s existing standards as a template. however, as some european member states currently offer very limited protection for animals used in experiments, some of the new standards are lower than those of the uk. animal welfare groups including onekind have engaged in detailed dialogue with the government throughout the transposition process so far, aiming to ensure that the uk ’ s existing animal welfare standards are maintained. public concern over this issue was also demonstrated by the over 13, 000 individuals and almost 100 organisations who submitted views and ideas to the home office consultation. the government has now clarified that it intends to ‘ copy out ’ most of the provisions of the directive, but to retain current stricter united kingdom standards in some areas. rules being retained by the uk include : - special protection for dogs, cats and horses as well as non - human primates - stricter care and accommodation standards than those set out in the directive ( although there continues to be concern about reduced cage sizes for dogs ). - restrictions on procedures involving endangered species and great apes - a requirement for individuals carrying out regulated procedures on animals to hold a personal licence ( although the government plans to simplify the regime and remove some current requirements ) - a risk - based approach to inspection and a full programme of inspections ( the directive introduces inspection regimes for all member states but with a lower minimum frequency than currently practised in the united kingdom ). on the negative side, the government intends to reduce the extent and nature of the statistics that it collects about experiments in the uk, against the advice of animal welfare groups. on the important issue of freedom of information, where animal welfare groups had called for greater transparency about experiments by means of repealing s. 24 of the animals ( scientific procedures ) act, the government has simply said it will consider the options for revising the section, and publish its conclusions separately, in due course animal protection groups had argued for the transposition process to be pro - active in reducing the use of primates in uk laboratories, for example by clearly defining the medical conditions which would permit the use of non - human primates for research, rather than leaving this open to interpretation. the government has decided not to follow this option, although it does plan to press for a european definition of the relevant conditions. animal welfare groups also pressed for the uk to take a lead in using the new provisions


rather than leaving this open to interpretation. the government has decided not to follow this option, although it does plan to press for a european definition of the relevant conditions. animal welfare groups also pressed for the uk to take a lead in using the new provisions for thematic reviews, to identify areas of research for replacement, an area which offers enormous scope for reducing animal suffering. the government now says that it will consult further with stakeholders to develop a programme of reviews. other key aspects of the directive include a new legal requirement to implement non - animal methods, ensuring that ‘ a scientifically satisfactory, non - animal method or testing strategy is used wherever possible and that the number of animals used is reduced to a minimum consistent with the objectives of the project ’. the directive also creates a new requirement for the retrospective assessment of projects using non - human primates, as well as procedures classified as ' severe '. the uk government plans to extend this mandatory requirement to all specially protected species ( cats, dogs and horses, as well as non - human primates ). other projects will be assessed on a case - by - case basis. the number of experiments on animals in the uk has risen steadily over the last decade to just over 3. 7 million in 2010, a figure which the government has committed to reducing. announcing the proposals, home office minister lynne featherstone mp said that the government would continue to promote measures to ‘ replace, reduce and refine ’ the use of animals, and would introduce a ban on the testing of household products on animals in due course. the uk must transpose eu directive 2010 / 63 / eu by 10 november 2012 with national legislation being implemented from 1 january 2013. onekind will continue to work with partners in the animal protection movement and press the government to deliver on its commitment to reduce animal testing. see the onekind submission to the consultation ( pdf ) from september 2011.


1 gcc the gcc command invokes the gnu c compiler. gcc file - spec 2 parameters file - spec a c source file. if no input file extension is specified, gnu c assumes. c as the default extension unless the / plus qualifier is given, in which case. cc is assumed as the default extension. if an extension of. cpp is given, then the source file is assumed to be the output of the preprocessor, and thus the preprocessor is not executed. if an extension of. s is given, then the source file is assumed to be the assembly code output of the compiler, and only the assembler is called to generate an object file. 2 qualifiers gnu c command qualifiers modify the way the compiler handles the compilation. the following is the list of available qualifiers for gnu c : / case _ hack / cc1 _ options = ( option [, option... ] ] ) / debug / define = ( identifier [ = definition ] [,... ] ) / g _ float / include _ directory = ( path [, path... ] ] ) / list [ = filename ] / machine _ code / object [ = filename ] / optimize / plus / profile [ = identifier ] / scan = ( file [, file... ] ) / show [ = option ] / undefine = ( identifier [, identifier,... ] ) / verbose / version / warning 2 linking when linking programs compiled with gnu c, you should include the gnu c library before the vax c library. for example, link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ library : vaxcrtl / lib you can also link your program with the shared vax c library. this can reduce the size of the. exe file, as well as make it smaller when it ' s running. for example, $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ input / opt sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share ( if you use the second example and type it in by hand, be sure to type ^ z after the last carriage return ). a simpler alternative would be to place the single line : sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share into a file called vaxcrtl. opt, and then use the link command : $ link object -


the last carriage return ). a simpler alternative would be to place the single line : sys $ share : vaxcrtl / share into a file called vaxcrtl. opt, and then use the link command : $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, vaxcrtl. opt / opt if a program has been compiled with / g _ float, then the linking instructions are slightly different. if you are linking with the non - shared library, then the command that you should use would be : link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ library : vaxcrtlg / lib -, sys $ library : vaxcrtl / lib note that both vaxcrtl and vaxcrtlg must be linked to. if you are using the shared vax c library, then you should use a command like : $ link object - file, gnu _ cc : gcclib / lib, sys $ input : / options sys $ share : vaxcrtlg / share in the case of the sharable library, only one library needs to be linked to. 2 / case _ hack / [ no ] case _ hack d = / case _ hack since the vms linker and librarian are not case sensitive with respect to symbol names, a " case - hack " is appended to a symbol name when the symbol contains upper case characters. there are cases where this is undesirable, ( mainly when using certain applications where modules have been precompiled, perhaps in another language ) and we want to compile without case hacking. in these cases the / nocase _ hack switch disables case hacking. 2 / cc1 _ options this specifies additional switches to the compiler itself which cannot be set by means of the compiler driver. 2 / debug / debug includes additional information in the object file output so that the program can be debugged with the vax symbolic debugger. to use the debugger it is also necessary to link the debugger to your program, which is done by specifying the / debug qualifier to the link command. with the debugger it is possible to set breakpoints, examine variables, and set variables to new values. see the vax symbolic debugger manual for more information, or type " help " from the debugger prompt. 2 / define / define = (


it is possible to set breakpoints, examine variables, and set variables to new values. see the vax symbolic debugger manual for more information, or type " help " from the debugger prompt. 2 / define / define = ( identifier [ = definition ] [,... ] ) / define defines a string or macro ( ' definition ' ) to be substituted for every occurrence of a given string ( ' identifier ' ) in a program. it is equivalent to the # define preprocessor directive. all definitions and identifiers are converted to uppercase unless they are in quotation marks. the simple form of the / define qualifier : / define = vms results in a definition equivalent to the preprocessor directive : # define vms 1 you must enclose macro definitions in quotation marks, as in this example : / define = " c ( x ) = ( ( x ) & 0xff ) " this definition is the same as the preprocessor definition : # define c ( x ) ( ( x ) & 0xff ) if more than one / define is present on the gcc command line, only the last / define is used. if both / define and / undefine are present on a command line, / define is evaluated before / undefine. 2 / g _ float instructs the compiler to use " g " floating point arithmetic instead of " d ". the difference is that double precision has a range of approximately + / - 0. 56e - 308 to + / - 0. 9 e + 308, with approximately 15 decimal digits precision. " d " floating point has the same range as single precision floating point, with approximately 17 decimal digits precision. if you use the / g _ float qualifier, the linking instructions are different. see " linking " for further details. 2 / list / list [ = list _ file _ name ] this does not generate a listing file in the usual sense, however it does direct the compiler to save the preprocessor output. if a file is not specified, then this output is written into a file with the same name as the source file and an extension of. cpp. 2 / include _ directory / include _ directory = ( path [, path... ] ) the / include _ directory qualifier provides additional directories to search for user - defined include files. ' path ' can be either a logical name or a directory specification. there are two forms for specify


= ( path [, path... ] ) the / include _ directory qualifier provides additional directories to search for user - defined include files. ' path ' can be either a logical name or a directory specification. there are two forms for specifying include files - # include " file - spec " and # include < file - spec >. for the # include " file - spec " form, the search order is : 1. the directory containing the source file. 2. the directories in the / include qualifier ( if any ). 3. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name gnu _ cc _ include. 4. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name sys $ library. for the # include < file - spec > form, the search order is : 1. the directories specified in the / include qualifier ( if any ). 2. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name gnu _ cc _ include. 3. the directory ( or directories ) specified in the logical name sys $ library. 2 / machine _ code tells gnu c to output the machine code generated by the compiler. the machine code is output to a file with the same name as the input file, with the extension. s. an object file is still generated, unless / noobj is also specified. 2 / object / object [ = filename ] / noobject controls whether or not an object file is generated by the compiler. 2 / optimize / [ no ] optimize controls whether optimization is performed by the compiler. by default, optimization is on. / nooptimize turns optimization off. 2 / plus instructs the compiler driver to use the gnu - c + + compiler instead of the gnu - c compiler. note that the default extension of source files is. cc when this qualifier is in effect. 2 / profile / profile [ = identifier ] instructs the compiler to generate function profiling code. you must link your program to the profiler when you use this options. the profile statistics are automatically printed out on the terminal during image exit. ( i. e. no modifications to your source file are required in order to use the profiler ). there are three identifiers that can be used with the / profile switch. these are all, function, and block. if / profile is given without an identifier, then function is assumed. 3 block _ profiler the block profiler counts how


three identifiers that can be used with the / profile switch. these are all, function, and block. if / profile is given without an identifier, then function is assumed. 3 block _ profiler the block profiler counts how many times control of the program passes certain points in your program. this is useful in determining which portions of a program would benefit from recoding for optimization. the report for the block profiler contains the function name, file name, pc, and the source file line number as well as the count of how many times control has passed through the specified source line. 3 function _ profiler the function profiler counts how many times each function is entered, and keeps track of how much cpu time is used within each function. you should be careful about interpreting the results of profiles where there are inline functions. when a function is included as inline, then there is no call to the internal data collection routine used by the profiler, and thus there will be no record of this function being called. the compiler does generate a callable version of each inline function, and if this called version is used, then the profiler ' s data collection routine will be called. 2 / scan / scan = ( file [, file... ] ) this qualifier supplies a list of files that will be read as input, and the output will be discarded before processing the regular input file. because the output generated from the files is discarded, the only effect of this qualifier is to make the macros defined in the files available for use in the main input. 2 / show / show [ = option ] this causes the preprocessor to generate information other than the preprocessed input file. when this qualifier is used, no assembly code and no object file is generated. the output of the preprocessor is placed in the file specified by the / list qualifier, if present. if the / list qualifier is not present, then the output is placed in a file with the same name as the input file with an extension that depends upon which option that is selected. 3 definitions this option causes the preprocessor to dump a list of all of the definitions to the output file. this is useful for debugging purposes, since it lets you determine whether or not everything has been defined properly. if the default file name is used for the output, the extension will be. def. 3 rules this option causes the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make, describing the dependencies


determine whether or not everything has been defined properly. if the default file name is used for the output, the extension will be. def. 3 rules this option causes the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for make, describing the dependencies of the main source file. the preprocessor outputs one make rule containing the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the concluded files. if there are many included files then the rule is split into several lines using the ' \ ' - newline. when using this option, only files included with the " # include " file " directive are mentioned. if the default file name is used for the output, a null extension will be used. 3 all this option is similar to rules, except that it also mentions files included with the " # include < file. h > " directive. if the default file name is used for the output, a null extension will be used. 2 / undefine / undefine cancels a macro definition. thus, it is the same as the # undef preprocessor directive. if more than one / undefine is present on the gcc command line, only the last / undefine is used. if both / define and / undefine are present on a command line, / define is evaluated before / undefine. 2 / verbose controls whether the user sees the invocation command strings for the preprocessor, compiler, and assembler. the compiler also outputs some statistics on time spent in its various phases. 2 / version causes the preprocessor and the compiler to identify themselves by their version numbers, and in the case of the compiler, the version number of the compiler that built it. 2 / warning when this qualifier is present, warnings about usage that should be avoided are given by the compiler. for more information, see " using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) ", in the section on command line options, under " - wall ". warnings are also generated by the preprocessor when this qualifier is given. 2 known _ incompatibilities _ with _ vax - c there are several known incompatibilities between gnu - c and vax - c. some common ones will be briefly described here. a complete description can be found in " using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) " in the chapter entitled " using gcc on vms ". gnu - c provides case hacking


. some common ones will be briefly described here. a complete description can be found in " using and porting the gnu compiler collection ( gcc ) " in the chapter entitled " using gcc on vms ". gnu - c provides case hacking as a means of giving case sensitivity to symbol names. the case hack is a hexadecimal number appended to the symbol name, with a bit being set for each upper case letter. symbols with all lower case, or symbols that have a dollar sign ( " $ " ) are not case hacked. there are times that this is undesirable, namely when you wish to link your program against a precompiled library which was compiled with a non - gnu - c compiler. x - windows ( or decwindows ) is an example of this. in these instances, the / nocase _ hack switch should be used. if you require case hacking in some cases, but not in others ( i. e. libg + + with decwindows ), then it is recommended that you develop a header file which will define all mixed case functions that should not have a case hack as the lower case equivalents. gnu - c does not provide the globaldef and globalref mechanism which is used by vax - c to coerce the vms linker to include certain object modules from a library. there are assembler hacks, which are available to the user through the macros defined in gnu _ hacks. h, which effectively give you the ability to perform these functions. while not syntactically identical, they do provide most of the functionality. note that globaldefs of enums is not supported in the way that it is under vax - c. this can be easily simulated, however, by globaldefing an integer variable, and then globalvaluing all of the enumerated states. furthermore, the way that globalvalue is currently implemented, the data type of the globalvalue variable is seen to the compiler to be a pointer to the data type that you specify. this is necessary in order to make the compiler correctly address the globalvalue variables.


2. 0 developing operations objectives operations objectives and their associated performance measures are the focal point for integrating operations into the planning process. they are contained in the mtp and guide the discussion about operations in the region. while goals relate to the overall vision or desired end - result, operations objectives are specific and measurable. unlike goals, progress toward an operations objective and its achievement can be evaluated with performance measures. regional goals reflect the region ' s values and vision for the future, and operations objectives should be developed to support one or more regional goals. this ensures that projects developed based on operations objectives are responding to the explicit values and overall goals for the region. operations objectives describe what needs to occur to accomplish a regional goal. the operations objectives state what a region plans to achieve concerning the operational performance of the transportation system and help to determine what strategies and investments to include in the mtp. operations objectives typically place a focus on issues of congestion, reliability, safety and security, incident management, and work zone management, among other issues. operations objectives aim to " optimize the performance of existing [ and planned ] infrastructure through the implementation of multimodal and intermodal, cross - jurisdictional systems, services, and projects designed to preserve capacity and improve security, safety, and reliability of the transportation system. " 7 2. 1 outcome - based and activity - based operations objectives the operations objectives contained in section 3 range from objectives that focus on high - level outcomes, such as system reliability, to objectives that focus on low - level operations activities, such as signal timing. operations objectives span a continuum between outcome - oriented ( higher order ) to activity - oriented ( lower order ) objectives. while there is not a strict boundary between the two primary orientations, most fit within one label or the other. given that the fundamental purpose of m & o strategies is to improve the transportation system, operations objectives that guide operations throughout the plan are preferably described in terms of those system performance outcomes experienced by users. aspects of system performance experienced by the user include travel times, travel time reliability, and access to traveler information. the public cares about these measures, and, in many regions, data may be available to develop specific outcome - based operations objectives. regions also may develop operations objectives that are activity - based and support desired system performance outcomes. planners may find that the activity - based objectives are more appropriate for guiding the development of specific sections of the mtp or for use in supporting documents such as the regional concept for transportation operations. all lower level, activity - oriented


desired system performance outcomes. planners may find that the activity - based objectives are more appropriate for guiding the development of specific sections of the mtp or for use in supporting documents such as the regional concept for transportation operations. all lower level, activity - oriented operations objectives should support an existing outcome - oriented operations objective, providing a simple check to make sure that operations activities are performed in pursuit of a system performance outcome. by establishing one or more activity - based objectives for each outcome - based objective, planners and operators further define how each outcome - based objective can be accomplished. planners and operators can develop specific m & o strategies or actions to support the objectives and, in turn, the goals by examining how the activity - based objectives can be accomplished. 2. 2 characteristics of operations objectives by creating specific, measurable objectives for operations, regions can use these operations objectives for making investment decisions as well as tracking progress. an operations objective should have the smart characteristics defined below : - specific. the objective provides sufficient specificity ( e. g., decrease travel time delay ) to guide formulating viable approaches to achieving the objective without dictating the approach. - measurable. the objective facilitates quantitative evaluation ( e. g., by 10 percent ), saying how many or how much should be accomplished. tracking progress against the objective enables an assessment of the effectiveness of an action or set of actions. - agreed. planners, operators, and relevant planning participants come to a consensus on a common objective. this is most effective when the planning process involves a wide range of stakeholders to facilitate regional collaboration and coordination. - realistic. the objective can reasonably be accomplished within the limitations of resources and other demands. the objective may require substantial coordination, collaboration, and investment to achieve. because determining the realism of the objective cannot occur until after strategies and costs are defined, the objective may need to be adjusted to be achievable. - time - bound. the objective identifies a timeframe within which it will be achieved ( e. g., within 5 years ). by selecting a performance target as part of the operations objective, regions make decisions knowing the degree of improvement they are striving for rather than just the direction of improvement. for example, the objective of " decrease travel time delay " conveys direction ( " decrease " ) but does not indicate the desired degree of improvement. the objective " decrease travel time delay by 10 percent within 5 years " gives the region a specific and measurable target to reach. it is common for metropolitan transportation plans to have more general objectives


" ) but does not indicate the desired degree of improvement. the objective " decrease travel time delay by 10 percent within 5 years " gives the region a specific and measurable target to reach. it is common for metropolitan transportation plans to have more general objectives relating to the performance of the transportation system, such as, " relieve congestion on the freeway and arterial systems in the region. " this example objective provides the direction — to relieve congestion — but does not express to what degree it must be relieved to be met. to make this objective smart, it must define congestion in measurable terms. one measure used for congestion is the travel time index that compares travel during peak periods to travel at free flow or the posted speed limit. in addition, the objective needs a performance target for the region, such as a 0. 10 - point reduction in the index. the objective also must establish the timeframe in which it must be accomplished. establishing a realistic objective and reaching agreement on it must be done within the context of the region and the participating organizations. using the smart characteristics as a guide, the general operations objective, " relieve congestion on the freeway and arterial systems in the region " can be transformed into a smart objective : " reduce the regional average travel time index on freeways and arterials in the region by 0. 10 points within 10 years. " incorporating smart operations objectives into the mtp provides the opportunity for decisionmakers to invest in near - term, relatively low - cost operations strategies that provide immediate improvements to the transportation system. these can complement longer - term improvement strategies that may require time to study and fund. thus, it would be appropriate for an operations objective to have a timeframe that is shorter than the horizon year of the mtp. the cyclical updates required of these plans provide the logical opportunities to determine if adjustments are needed to the timeframe or degree of the objective and help determine whether different or additional actions are appropriate. 2. 3 scope of operations objectives an operations objective is the product of many decisions. as mentioned in the previous section, those who draft the objective must decide on what they want to improve or maintain, the direction of that improvement ( e. g., increase ), the degree of improvement desired ( e. g., by 25 percent ), and the timeframe for reaching the objective ( e. g., within 10 years ). in determining what to improve, several dimensions often come into consideration. these dimensions determine the scope of the operations objective. one or more of the following dimensions may need to be addressed while


reaching the objective ( e. g., within 10 years ). in determining what to improve, several dimensions often come into consideration. these dimensions determine the scope of the operations objective. one or more of the following dimensions may need to be addressed while developing or refining the objective. in using the menu of objectives in the next section, the dimensions of the objective can be tailored to specific needs of the region. - area. this dimension defines the spatial aspect of the objective. what is the geographic area of focus? does the objective aim to make improvements for the entire region, urban centers, corridors, freight - significant highways, work zones near major activity centers in the region, or another area? - time. what are the time periods of interest for operational improvements? is there a focus on peak periods, off - peak periods, weekdays, during certain events, or other times? frequently, operations objectives aim to make improvements during all time periods. - mode and facility type. is the objective mode - neutral or does it target one or more specific modes such as walking, bicycling, public transit, or facility types such as highways / arterials, rails, or local connectors? - user type. is there a particular transportation system user type that is the focus of this operations objective? does the objective center on freight companies, single - occupancy vehicle drivers, transit - only travelers, or others? while defining operations objectives, developers must consider how best to measure progress toward the objective because this impacts how the objective is stated and, subsequently, the improvements that are made. this process includes considerations such as whether the improvements are measured per person, per vehicle, per facility, or for the total population. does the region want to improve the average performance or make strides toward reducing the worst performance? these are strategic decisions that must be made when developing operations objectives. in the menu of objectives in section 3, the scope of the objective can be adjusted along these dimensions to fit a region ' s specific needs. 2. 4 connecting operations objectives using the structure of a tree to develop operations objectives and ensure that the supporting connections exist is a common technique in strategic planning and systems analysis. the method of developing an objectives tree is more fully described in other resources, 8 but an example can be found in figure 2, which illustrates the parts of an objectives tree. for the sake of brevity, the operations objectives are not written as full smart objectives in the figure. the objectives tree concept can be put to use in developing a logical set of operations


figure 2, which illustrates the parts of an objectives tree. for the sake of brevity, the operations objectives are not written as full smart objectives in the figure. the objectives tree concept can be put to use in developing a logical set of operations objectives and in understanding the necessary connections between goals, operations objectives, and management and operations strategies. an objective tree illustrates the logical hierarchy that exists between outcome - based objectives and activity - based objectives. it can be used to connect regional goals to objectives and objectives to m & o strategies. it is also helpful in thinking through the interactions between operations objectives. an objectives tree begins with a broad goal or high - order objective relating to the performance of the transportation system. this objective answers the question, " what do we ultimately want to achieve? " examples may focus on improved system reliability, efficiency, system options, or high service quality. in the example shown in figure 2, the tree begins with the broad goal, " improve system reliability. " based on that goal, the higher - order, outcome - based objective, " reduce nonrecurring delay " was formed. this is how the region aims to achieve its goal of improving system reliability. from this high - order objective, the developers form more specific and detailed operations objectives that answer the question, " how can this objective be accomplished? " these detailed or lower order objectives are then linked to the higher order objective. this process is repeated for each goal or high - order objective until the developers reach the point where the lower order operations objectives can be acted upon. these are typically activity - oriented operations objectives that can be readily addressed through one or more m & o strategies. lower order operations objectives connected to a higher operations objective answer the question of how that higher objective can be accomplished. similarly, the higher operations objective answers the question of why the lower objective should be accomplished. m & o strategies can be placed below each of the lowest objectives in the tree to indicate which strategies are needed to accomplish those objectives. in figure 2, the m & o strategy of " organize additional regional coordinated incident response teams to cover six more corridors " stems from one of the activity - based objectives. regions can select which operations objectives in the objectives tree are most important to be included in the mtp or other planning documents. outcome - oriented objectives such as those that may be near the top of an objectives tree are used to guide the operations elements of the entire plan. activity - based objectives are used in specific sections to guide the development of m & o strategies. figure 2.


- oriented objectives such as those that may be near the top of an objectives tree are used to guide the operations elements of the entire plan. activity - based objectives are used in specific sections to guide the development of m & o strategies. figure 2. example of an objectives tree 2. 5 using objectives to identify and select m & o strategies operations objectives are used within the regional transportation planning process to help select strategies that will be included in the mtp and corresponding tip. this occurs through a systematic process in which objectives lead to performance measures, data collection and analysis, and identification and prioritization of strategies. each of the sample objectives in section 3 identifies sample performance measures ; anticipated data needs, data resources, and partners ; and m & o strategies to consider. 9 specifically, developing operations objectives leads to performance measures that can be used to assess and track regional system performance. these regional performance measures can be tracked and forecasted under various plan scenarios. by identifying specific and measurable performance outcomes, operations objectives also can lead to developing performance measures at a micro level, such as to determine the performance of corridors, road segments, intersections, or transit routes. for instance, while an operations objective might include a specific target for regional delay, different thresholds can be used to define unacceptable delay within the region based on location ( e. g., urban or suburban ), facility type ( e. g., freeway, high occupancy vehicle [ hov ] lane, transit route, arterial ), and time period ( e. g., peak commute periods, periods of special events ). data are needed to use performance measures. consequently, collecting data for performance measures is a key step in the planning process. limitations in data are often a concern in selecting performance measures, particularly since mpos typically are not responsible for operating the transportation system. however, many types of data currently are being collected by mpos ( e. g., census data on journeys to work, population, traffic counts, travel times ). a wealth of data is being collected by transportation system operators, such as transit agencies, state dots, local transportation agencies, and toll authorities. it particular, intelligent transportation systems ( its ), such as toll tag readers, video detector systems, and traffic management systems, offer the opportunity for more detailed data to be used in planning, enabling analysis of issues such as variations in travel speeds. mpos can team with agencies to collect and use the data. an analysis of system - and corridor - level deficiencies ( e. g


opportunity for more detailed data to be used in planning, enabling analysis of issues such as variations in travel speeds. mpos can team with agencies to collect and use the data. an analysis of system - and corridor - level deficiencies ( e. g., problems in specific parts of the region and corridors, times of year, or types of trips ) and financial constraints should be used to help identify and select specific m & o strategies to include in the mtp and tip. the assessment should consider cost - effectiveness in meeting operations objectives along with co - benefits, such as improved safety, and ability to support other regional goals. analysis tools, such as sketch planning tools, travel demand forecasting model post - processors, and simulation modeling may be used to help forecast system deficiencies and analyze the potential benefits of operations strategies. it is important to recognize that m & o strategies may be implemented as individual programs or projects, such as a regional incident management system, traveler information system, or transit smart card. they also can be implemented as part of transportation preservation projects, safety projects, or capacity improvements. for instance, as part of any new highway expansion, it may be useful to consider the role of transportation pricing, hov lanes, flexible design to accommodate concurrent flows of traffic, or demand management programs. 7 excerpted from the definition of transportation systems management and operations ( tsm & o ) in the safetea - lu technical corrections act of 2008 that amended section 101 ( a ) of title 23 u. s. c. return to note 7. 8 the specific strategies to be included within a plan should be based on analysis of the conditions in each metropolitan area. return to note 8.


the orangutan is the only strictly arboreal ape and the largest tree - living mammal in the world. although other apes do climb and build sleeping nests in the trees, they are primarily terrestrial ( spending their lives on the ground ). even the bright reddish - brown hair colour is unique to the orangutan. they have the most remarkable ability to travel through the forest treetops. each night building a new nest out of leaves and branches in the very tops of the trees – sometimes as much as 100 feet above the ground. almost all of the food they eat grow in the treetops and the frequent rains fill the leaves, supplying them with drinking water. when water is difficult to find, they chew leaves to make a sponge to soak up the droplets in tree cavities. although, when it rains hard, they might make an umbrella for out of big leaves. some might say orangutans have four hands instead of two hands and two feet. these appendages make them graceful and agile while climbing through the trees, but makes walking on the ground somewhat slow and awkward. this is why they are at a great disadvantage on the ground, and rarely comes down from the treetops. recent studies show that some orangutans fashion tools to aid in the difficult task of foraging for food and have even been observed using sticks to catch fishing lines. orangutans emit a variety of calls and vocalisation including the ' long call ' of males to attract females or discourage other males and the kiss - squeak, often made when observers get too close. to hear these and other calls, visit the zurich ' s university anthropological institute & museum here. for recent news articles on orangutan behaviour, click here. photos : sue floyed, fleur butcher


orlando - mosquito populations are exploding throughout the entire orange county area as a result of the heavy rains we recently experienced. orange county mosquito control has increased spraying in all areas of the county in an attempt to control the populations. the usual precautions with mosquito repellents, long sleeves, long pants are critically important now. throughout the year, ochd works with orange county mosquito control, the florida department of agriculture and consumer services, the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission, and state universities, to monitor for the presence of illnesses carried by mosquitoes. this " it is important for people to be aware that standing water is a breeding ground for mosquitoes and can lead to an increase in the insects. there are simple measures to reduce the chances of contracting a mosquito - borne illness, " said dr. kevin m. sherin, director of the orange county health department. orange county residents and visitors should remain diligent in protecting themselves from mosquito bites by following the " 5 d ’ s, " which include : - drainage – check around your home to rid the area of standing water, where mosquitoes can lay their eggs. - deet – when the potential exists for exposure to mosquitoes, repellents containing deet ( n, n - diethyl - meta - toluamide, or n, n - diethyl - 3 - methylbenzamide ) are recommended. picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus are other repellent options. - dress – wear clothing that covers most of your skin. - dusk and dawn – avoid being outdoors when mosquitoes are most active. tips on eliminating mosquito breeding sites - drain standing water to stop mosquitoes from multiplying. - discard : old tires, drums, bottles, cans, pots and pans, broken appliances and other items that aren ' t being used. - empty and clean : birdbaths and pet ' s water bowls at least once or twice a week. - protect : boats and vehicles from rain with tarps that don ' t accumulate water. - maintain : the water balance ( pool chemistry ) of swimming pools. empty plastic swimming pools when not in use. symptoms of mosquito - borne illnesses such as west nile virus ( wnv ), st. louis encephalitis ( sle ), and eastern equine encephalitis ( eee ) may include headache, fever, fatigue, dizziness, weakness, and confusion. physicians should contact their county health department if they suspect an individual may have a mosquito - borne illness.


bachaya ibn pakuda rabbi saadyah wrote the first jewish work of philosophy in 933. rabbi bachaya wrote the first work of jewish ethics more than a century later. rabbi saadya flourished during the twilight of once glorious babylonian jewry ; sephardic jewry continued its magnificent history in spain, reflecting the shift from asia to europe, where r. bachaya lived and created his magnum opus, duties of the heart ( chovot halevovot ). rabbi bachaya lived in muslim spain, probably in saragossa, and served as a judge, but little else is known about his life. he was thoroughly conversant with the entire biblical and talmudical literature and was also master of all the knowledge and science of his day. though a philosopher in his own right, rabbi bachayas essential contribution is that of creator of a new genre in jewish literature, jewish ethics. the first chapter of his work which is devoted to the unity of g - d employs philosophical arguments which some felt were not readily understandable and was skipped over by many students. rabbi bachayas work, as indicated by its title, focused on the non - physical obligations of the jew : the obligations of feeling, heart and mind in contrast to those mitzvot that involve the limbs. pointing to the neglect of this group of mitzvot, he underscored their critical importance. rabbi bachayas central focus was on service of g - d and abiding by his will, and fulfilling the duties of the heart was viewed as the entree to nearness to g - d, the ultimate objective. understandably, the tenth and last chapter of the book is love of g - d. though emphasizing the importance of rational thought, rabbi bachayas real goal was the experience of g - d. a systematic, carefully constructed work, duties of the heart, has remained to this day a favorite of serious, sensitive students. the chatam sofer studied with his students from duties of the heart for 15 minutes before his lecture in order to inspire their hearts with fear of g - d.. and almost all his musar was taken from that book ( chut hameshulash ). and, rabbi yonah landsofer, an eighteenth century gaon wrote, a person must attach himself to the duties of the heart from whence he can acquire the choice midot for the service of the lord. and one must plummet its depths more than when studying negayim and oholot ( two of the most


there are many types of smartcards. phonecards are one type of smart - cards. generally, a smart - card is any type of pocket - sized card ( like credit cards ) with an embedded chip on one side. this chip is actually a microcontroller with a non - volatile memory of specific size. pinout configuration of telecard smart - cards first of all, let ' s see the pinout of those phonecards. if you take a closer look to the parallelogram chip, you will notice that there are lines which separates the surface into 6 or 8 areas : each one of these areas is a pin used either to provide power to the embedded microcontroller, or to interface this microcontroller with the outside world. for the telecards, these pins are : 1 : vcc, the 5 volts supply for the microcontroller 4 : reserved for future use 6 : vpp, programming voltage ( 5 or 21 volts if nmos card ) 7 : i / o pin 8 : reserved for future use short description : number 1 and 5 are for the chip ' s power supply, which is 5 volts. number 3 and 7 are the clock and data pins for the interface : by providing pulses to the clock pin, the corresponding bit of the current memory position of the chip appears at the i / o pin, it is that simple. finally, the reset pin : this pin is used to reset the memory position counter. the communication protocol like any other interface, smart cards have their own interface protocol. for the telecards, this protocol is very simple. one thing that i must mention is that this page talks about only the greek second generation phonecards with 128 bits memory and 5 - bytes octal counter! for more information regarding other types of phonecards, check out the references section of this circuit. let ' s take a look now the available 4 operations that we can do with a phonecard : 1 reading the phonecard memory during the reading operation, the reset pin must be held low. there is an internal memory position counter ( mpc ) which increases each time a pulse is applied to the clock pin. the mpc increases during the positive edge of the clock pulse. during the negative edge, the data of the memory position that the mpc points appears at the i / o pin. here is the timing diagram of this operation : 2 resetting the mpc ( memory position counter ) there is no direct method to define which memory position bit we want


of the memory position that the mpc points appears at the i / o pin. here is the timing diagram of this operation : 2 resetting the mpc ( memory position counter ) there is no direct method to define which memory position bit we want to perform a read operation. the only way is to reset the counter and start again reading from memory position # 0. it is very important to run a cold reset sequence before start reading the phonecard, because there is no other reliable method to determine in which memory position the mpc points at. the sequence to do a cold - reset is this : after this sequence, the memory position counter will become 0, and the very first bit of the card memory ( position 0 ) will appear at the i / o pin. you can immediately read this bit and go on reading the rest of the card memory as explained before. here is the timing diagram of the reset sequence : 3 write to the memory card with this command you can write to the octal counter in the card ' s memory position which holds the calling units. later on we will discuss about the memory mapping of the phonecards. in short, the octal counter is a 4 or 5 bytes long counter which holds the calling units that a telecard has. i do not know for the other smartcards, but as far as the phonecards are concerned, you can only decrease this value. this makes absolute sense of course. should the embedded microcontroller had allowed someone to increase this octal counter, then we could increase this counter whenever a phonecard ran out of calling units and refill it again. the octal counter can only be decreased... no other operation is allowed. although the write sequence is common for all phone cards, the counter may differ from country to country. go to the references section to get more info. i will only discuss about the 2nd generation greek phonecards. these cards have a 5 - byte long octal counter and a write command can only turn aces into zeros. here is the write sequence : after this sequence is ended, the unwritten memory position bit will be erased and the new value will automatically appear at the i / o pin. here is a timing diagram of this sequence during which the ace ( 1 ) bit of the current memory position is written so that it becomes zero ( 0 ) :


displays the family and group of the language named in the edit field of the dialogue box. the current language is chosen by default. any new language name which is entered becomes the current language, provided it occurs in the database. lists and counts all the segments of the language named in the edit field of the dialogue box. the current language is chosen by default. any new language name which is entered becomes the current language, provided it occurs in the database. the check - box normal phonemes ( checked by default ) prevents the display of anomalous segments. when the box is unchecked all the segments of the language - including rare ones, loans etc. - are displayed. lists and counts all the segments of the language named in the first edit field of the dialogue box which meet the feature conditions provided in the second. the feature conditions must be expressed as a list, in square brackets, of feature names separated by commas. the order of the features is not significant. features with negative values, such as - bilabial, are permitted in order more easily to exclude certain segment types. ( upsid itself uses only unary features ). extra control on segment selection is provided by the check - box normal phonemes which is checked by default. users unfamiliar with the feature set used in upsid may reset the feature conditions by issuing the command reset features, see below. identifies the number of distinctions found in selected phonetic parameters when the segments of the current language, which meet the given feature conditions, are examined. one or more phonetic parameters may be selected by clicking or shift - clicking in the scrolling list provided. feature conditions to establish the required subsystem are entered in the second edit field ( as in subsystem above ), and the check - box normal phonemes is used as in previous commands. three separate window formats are used to handle the different segment types. in all plot windows, the language name is provided below the corresponding plot. a list ( in square brackets ) identifies any features which have been chosen to restrict the set of phonemes displayed. an empty list [ ] indicates that no such features have been chosen. provides two dimensional plots of the vowel and consonant systems of the current language ( named in the edit field of the dialogue box ). consonants, vowels or diphthongs ( or all three by default ) are chosen by clicking ( or shift - clicking ) the appropriate buttons. the check - box normal phonemes is used as in subsystem. the use of pointers in these graphic


or diphthongs ( or all three by default ) are chosen by clicking ( or shift - clicking ) the appropriate buttons. the check - box normal phonemes is used as in subsystem. the use of pointers in these graphic windows is described under the commands for the different window types below. provides the same display as plot all for the vowels of a language but allows for more detailed sub - system selection by clicking ( or shift _ clicking ) the secondary articulation features in the scrolling list. the selected feature list is displayed in the window below the language name. if new window is checked, the display is generated in a new window immediately over the original vowel window. this new window can be dragged to one side so that comparisons of subsystems with different feature conditions can be made. surplus windows may be hidden ( using hide... in the macprolog windows menu ) or closed using the close box ( but see the advice under kill hidden windows below ). closed or hidden graphic windows may be retrieved using the macprolog select window... command also in the windows menu. clicking on a segment symbol ( a filled cell ) in a vowel window generates a message identifying : the dialog for generating consonant displays parallels that for vowels in all but the list of secondary articulations : the pointer in the graphocs window functions in exactly the same manner. here again the same dialog pattern is used, but, in a graphics window for diphthongs, two different pointers are available. with the arrow pointer selected, clicking on a filled cell generates a message showing : with the target pointer selected, the corresponding message identifies : whenever the selected cell contains segments with secondary features not shown in the cell label ( e. g. nasalized ), these features appear ( abbreviated and asterisked ) in initial sub - bundles grouped with the corresponding target ( or source ) features. this command provides a simple reminder of the ordering of fetaures on the axes in the various display windows. upsid graphic windows can be chosen for printing using the standard macprolog print... command from the file menu. when the print dialogue appears, click the check - box graphic click the button select..., and choose the required windows from the scrolling list. normal macintosh screen dumps to macpaint format files ( using < command > < shift > 3 ) are obviously also possible.


hearing loss affects an estimated 50 million americans. some hearing loss is temporary, and may be caused by short exposures to loud noises, but for many people, it is permanent. hearing health foundation, the largest private funder of hearing research, has organized a consortium of researchers through the hearing research project, with a goal of accelerating the timeline for a genuine cure for most types of acquired hearing loss. the cure focuses on the specialized cells that make hearing possible. hair cells located in the inner ear turn sounds into electrical signals that transmit the sound information to the brain. in humans, exposure to loud noises, age and even some medications can damage or even kill these hair cells, thus causing permanent hearing loss. but birds and fish are able to spontaneously regrow their damaged hair cells, leading scientists to discover how this ability can be replicated in humans. as a college student, katharine simpson began to notice she was missing sounds - but ignored the symptoms until she drove through a toll road pass and didn ' t hear the transponder beep. her younger brother had already experienced hearing loss in his teens, and simpson discovered her hearing patterns matched the loss her brother had experienced years before. while coming to terms with her hearing loss, simpson started seeking out researchers and scientists, reading any information on new developments that she could find, giving her hope for a cure. " part of the reason i wanted - or, needed, rather - to embrace my hearing loss is my little brother, " simpson says. " i watched how hard it was for him to grow up with hearing loss, and he still struggles with it to this day. " simpson ' s friends helped her manage her hearing loss in social situations, and began choosing to eat at quieter restaurants and turning on the closed captioning for shows on television. but movie theaters, noisy bars and nightclubs and even whispered conversations are difficult for simpson to hear. the hope for a cure for both herself and her brother helps her stay strong. the hearing research project is looking to discover what prevents regeneration of hair cells in human ears, and what can be done to promote regeneration. " hearing health foundation is ideally positioned to lead this world - class consortium and deliver on the goal of a cure, " says andrea boidman, executive director of the foundation. " for too many years, biomedical research has been conducted in relative isolation, one researcher or one institution working alone to tackle a major health issue. so we developed the consortium model to accelerate the path to the cure by eliminating repetitive work and fostering cooperation among


beyond the antietam battlefield : hospital centers beyond the antietam battlefield as war raged during the four - year conflict, local residents witnessed the human cost of the fighting. thousands of soldiers were wounded in battles and skirmishes, and much of the area resembled one big hospital ward for much of the war. large government tent hospitals were erected in fields, and many churches, homes, barns, schools, and other public buildings were also used to care for the sick and wounded. in the fall of 1862, just days after playing host to both armies during the battles of south mountain and antietam, frederick was inundated with more than 9, 000 wounded and sick soldiers. westminster and hagerstown played similar roles in hospital care, as did smaller towns such as boonsboro and burkittsville. future us president rutherford b. hayes recovered in a middletown dwelling from wounds suffered at nearby south mountain ; future supreme court justice oliver wendell holmes convalesced in hagerstown at the howard kennedy home ; and paul joseph revere ( inset ), grandson of the famed revolutionary war patriot, died in westminster from wounds at gettysburg. in october 1862, president lincoln visited the wounded at sharpsburg and made a personal visit to see gen. george l. hartsuff, who was being cared for in a private home in frederick. during the war, 600 sisters from a dozen religious communities served as nurses. following gettysburg, the daughters of charity, based in nearby emmitsburg, were among the first at the battlefield to give aid to the wounded. this information was provided by the hagerstown / washington county convention and visitor ' s bureau - www. marylandmemories. com


what you should know about using hbo in diabetic wounds - volume 16 - issue 5 - may 2003 - 8371 reads - 0 comments how hbo can facilitate wound healing hbo consists of a patient breathing 100 percent oxygen while his or her entire body is enclosed in a pressure chamber. the topical application of oxygen is not recognized by the fda as hyperbaric therapy and is not reimbursed by medicare. oxygen is transported two ways in that it is chemically bound to the hemoglobin and physically dissolved in the plasma. when the patient breathes air at sea level, the hemoglobin is already fully saturated so increasing the amount of respired oxygen can affect only the plasma - dissolved oxygen. breathing oxygen at an elevated atmospheric pressure produces an increase in the plasma - dissolved oxygen fraction, which is proportional to the atmospheric pressure of the respired gas. monoplace hyperbaric chambers are usually compressed with oxygen whereas multiplace chambers are compressed with air while the patient breathes 100 percent oxygen using a hood or aviator ’ s face mask. typical treatments involve 90 minutes of oxygen breathing at 2. 0 to 2. 5 atmospheres absolute ( ata ) with air breaks administered at 20 - to 30 - minute intervals in order to reduce the risk of central nervous system oxygen toxicity. ( while hbo treatment is remarkably safe, be aware that otologic and pulmonary barotrauma and central nervous system, pulmonary and ocular oxygen toxicity can occur. central nervous system oxygen toxicity is rare, but it can manifest as seizures. seizures are less likely to occur if there are brief periods of air breathing. ) arterial po2 elevations of 1500 mmhg or greater are achieved when the body is exposed to pressures of 2 to 2. 5 ata. soft tissue and muscle po2 levels can be elevated to about 300 mmhg. oxygen diffusion varies in a direct linear relationship to the increased partial pressure of oxygen present in the circulating plasma caused by hbo. at pressures of 3 ata, the diffusion radius of oxygen into the extravascular compartment is estimated to increase from 64 micons to about 247 micons at the pre - capillary arteriole. this significant level of hyperoxygenation allows for the reversal of localized tissue hypoxia, which may be secondary to ischemia or to other local factors within the compromised tissue. hypoxia is a biochemical barrier to normal wound healing. in the hypoxic wound, hbo treatment allows an acute correction of the pathophysiology related to oxygen deficiency


##mia or to other local factors within the compromised tissue. hypoxia is a biochemical barrier to normal wound healing. in the hypoxic wound, hbo treatment allows an acute correction of the pathophysiology related to oxygen deficiency and impaired wound healing. using hbo increases oxygen levels within the marginally vascularized periwound compartment, enhancing leukocyte bacteriocidal function. it may also potentiate some antibiotic effects. there are direct toxic effects on anaerobic bacteria and suppression of exotoxin production. it also enhances collagen synthesis and cross - linking, and other matrix deposition. what the clinical evidence reveals additionally, recent evidence suggests that hbo may induce specific growth factor receptors ( pdgf ) and stimulate growth factor ( vegf ) release. there is also evidence that employing hbo may ameliorate or prevent leukocyte - mediated ischemia reperfusion injury. 10 - 13 there have been 13 published peer - reviewed studies ( including seven randomized, controlled trials ) of hbo in diabetic foot wounds. a total of 606 diabetic patients received hbo with a 71 percent bipedal limb salvage rate, compared to 463 control patients who had a 53 percent bipedal limb salvage rate. all diabetic wounds were wagner iii - iv. it is interesting to compare this to the becaplermin clinical trials that involved wager ii ulcers. control patients had healing rates of 25 percent while those receiving becaplermin had healing rates of 43 percent. a large retrospective series of 1, 144 diabetic foot ulcer patients demonstrated the effectiveness of using adjunctive hbo in modified wagner iii, iv and v ( equivalent to wagner grade ii, iii and v ) ulcers, based on ulcer / wound improvement, healing and salvage of bipedal ambulation ( see “ the impact of hbo : what one study shows ” above ). 14 currently, cms policy reimburses only for treatment of wagner iii and greater ulcers.


the politician wants men to know how to die courageously ; the poet wants men to live courageously. — italian poet salvatore quasimodo, nobel lecture, 1959 since the invasion of iraq in 2003, the relationship between politics and poetic protest has taken on fresh urgency for american readers and writers. " i suspect the writers know in their hearts how ineffectual poetry is in greater american society, " w. s. di piero wrote in poetry magazine in october 2003. he was commenting on the poets against the war movement and updating dana gioia ’ s plaint made in the controversial 1991 essay, " can poetry matter? " in it, gioia asserts that it is a " difficult task to marry the muse happily to politics, " given that poets lack a role in the broader culture and therefore do not have the confidence to create public speech. why is it that in this country poetry is viewed as separate from the business of the nation? certainly this is an anglophone peculiarity. in latin america, jose marti, one of the region ’ s most beloved poets, led the movement to liberate cuba from colonial domination. the nicaraguan poet and priest ernesto cardenal was engaged in the sandinista revolution and later served as his country ’ s minister of culture. the nobel prize - winning chilean poet pablo neruda was a diplomat, and a senator, and joined the ranks of spanish poets such as federico garcia lorca and miguel de unamuno, who spoke out against general franco during the spanish civil war. both lorca and unamuno lost their lives as a consequence of their republican sympathies. in france, paul eluard, rene char, and robert desnos wrote dissenting poetry while fighting for the resistance. in italy, quasimodo and cesare pavese were repressed for denouncing the regime under which they lived, as were russian and polish poets such as ossip mandelstam, anna akhmatova, wislawa szymborska, and czeslaw milosz. contemporary middle eastern poets such as badr shakir al - sayyab, nizar al - qabbani, adonis, ghazi al - gosaibi, and mahmoud darwish have embraced the idea of committed literature, or a literature engagee, as sartre termed it. and yet, in the anglophone west, poets ranging from w. h. auden to w. b. yeats are invoked for their


or any other of the arts, can be said to have an ulterior purpose, it is, by telling the truth, to disenchant and disintoxicate. " acting on their beliefs often led auden and yeats to the dynamic center of public life. each remained wary of the traps of dogma and expressed that caution in his work, particularly later in life. but a political belief mixed with ambivalence and pessimism is nonetheless a political belief. the fact that it is tempered with an awareness of human failings, foibles, and hypocrisies is the mark of a responsible conscience — and when they appear in poetry, such complexities are the signature of great art. why is it that poets today are not considered by the nation as legitimate actors in the public sphere? what transpired in the anglophone literary imagination since percy bysshe shelley claimed nearly two hundred years ago that poets were the " unacknowledged legislators of the world "? the separation created between the world of political contingency and the world of poetry has its roots in the early nineteenth century, when poetry began moving toward romanticism and the individualized, subjective lyric. literary thinkers of the 1830s and 1840s placed the poet above and not among the people — on a far shore well away from the public sphere. rather than the chronicler of public memory or the raiser of alarms, the poet was depoliticized and cast as a " keeper of public morals, " as betsy erkkila writes in whitman the political poet. romanticism may have bequeathed an inheritance of inward - focused lyrics and an emphasis on personal experience, but as richard jones points out in poetry and politics, the romantic poets had a strong social consciousness and were concerned with " the abuses of industrialization, the squalor and alienation of urban life, the excitement of the french revolution and the disillusionment that followed. " this set of concerns was precisely what the next generation held against them ; and ultimately, the romantic legacy would be divorced from its political activity, and instead, the modernists would retain the notion of poetry as sanctified by its otherworldly nature. there is a notable exception mid century : while emerson was envisioning a poetry of transcendental truths and poe was championing " pure poetry, " walt whitman advocated a democratic poetics of open, all - embracing forms and a politics of inclusion. " all others have adhered to the principle that the poet and savan


of transcendental truths and poe was championing " pure poetry, " walt whitman advocated a democratic poetics of open, all - embracing forms and a politics of inclusion. " all others have adhered to the principle that the poet and savan form classes by themselves, above the people, and more refined than the people ; i show that they are just as great when of the people, partaking of the common idioms, manners, the earth, the rude visage of animals and trees, and what is vulgar, " he wrote. " imagination and actuality must be united. " whitman notwithstanding, the idea that poetry exists apart from mundane concerns and the affairs of the nation continued to be strengthened with the emergence of the art for art ’ s sake movement. victorian critic matthew arnold wrote essays calling for morally concerned poetry that would " animate and ennoble. " in a reaction against the political agitation of romantic poets, he extolled classical balance, sanity, reason, proportion, and order, and the poem that remained independent from the realm of historical contingency. for arnold ’ s heirs, the modernists in the wake of the great war, literature became a refuge, and literary criticism, a science. the new critical movement, which arose during the first decades of the twentieth century, placed emphasis on the text excised from its historical, social, and biographical context, reinforcing the division between poetry and politics. poets and critics such as robert penn warren, cleanth brooks, and allen tate promulgated a view of poetry as irrevocably isolated from the grime and disarray of everyday life. robert scholes calls this positioning an " elite cultural ghetto. " " my case against the new criticism is that it opened up too great a space between words and deeds, and between the rhetorical and the poetic, " scholes writes in the crafty reader. " it took a certain patrician attitude of cool detachment and made it the measure of all good writing. " brooks and warren ’ s tome, understanding poetry, codified these views and became the american poetry textbook of choice. this account of the segregation of literature from politics does not tell the whole story, however. the history of american poetry is a history of battling narratives and counter - narratives about poetic activity itself. the twenties were marked by the high modernist dictates of eliot and pound, but langston hughes, countee cullen, and sterling brown were also at work. the thirties saw the appearance of understanding poetry,


counter - narratives about poetic activity itself. the twenties were marked by the high modernist dictates of eliot and pound, but langston hughes, countee cullen, and sterling brown were also at work. the thirties saw the appearance of understanding poetry, but it was also a decade that yielded a burgeoning of political poetry and a poetry of conscience, including that of carl sandburg, muriel rukeyser, auden and his generation, and the objectivists george oppen, louis zukofsky, charles reznikoff, and carl rakosi. the second half of the century was heralded in by the library of congress ’ s award of the first bollingen prize to ezra pound in 1948 for an expurgated version of his pisan cantos — that is, with some of the virulently anti - semitic passages excised by his publisher. the prize was announced along with the statement that " to permit other considerations than that of poetic achievement to sway the decision would destroy the significance of the award and would in principle deny the validity of that objective perception of value on which civilized society must rest. " an " objective perception of value " might have been the word of the day, but other poetic currents were running at variance. the fifties were also the decade of allen ginsberg ’ s howl, the beats, and black mountain poets such as charles olson and robert creeley. and all of this occurred before the explosion of political poetry in the sixties and the seventies, when robert bly, denise levertov, and robert lowell wrote in protest against the vietnam war, adrienne rich and audre lorde worked to re - inscribe the life of women into poetry, and poets such as gwendolyn brooks, amiri baraka, and nikki giovanni were active in the black arts movement and the struggle for civil rights. in the last quarter of the century, others such as carolyn forche championed the ethical responsibility of poetry to bear witness, claiming that all language is political. forche said, " vision is always ideologically charged ; perceptions are shaped a priori by our assumptions and sensibility formed by consciousness at once social, historical, and aesthetic. " in her anthology of twentieth century poetry of witness, against forgetting, forche calls for a poetry of the social space, which resides between the state and the " safe havens of the personal. " all of the writers mentioned in this cursory enumeration have been assailed at one time or another for voicing


calls for a poetry of the social space, which resides between the state and the " safe havens of the personal. " all of the writers mentioned in this cursory enumeration have been assailed at one time or another for voicing their political convictions in their poetry. granted, there is a grave difference between dissent that is voiced within a democracy and dissent that speaks against a totalitarian regime ; repression within a democracy does not approach the level of brutality perpetrated in a variety of political circumstances around the globe. nonetheless, these american writers are laudable for striving to step out of what edward said terms the nation ’ s " depoliticized or aestheticized submission. " this submission, along with the fostering of xenophobia and apathy, represents a contemporary mode of repressing the desire for democratic participation. in his last book, humanism and democratic criticism, said writes, " one of the hallmarks of modernity is now at a very deep level, the aesthetic and the social need to be kept, and are often consciously kept, in a state of irreconcilable tension. " since the invasion of iraq, a symphony of voices has reasserted the american poet ’ s role in the public sphere. " it ’ s impossible for poetry not to be political, " li - young lee said to a st. petersburg times reporter. galway kinnell told the new york times, " it ’ s poetry ’ s duty and part of its role to speak out. " and sam hamill says in an open letter dated june 29, 2004, " being a citizen of the world is political. " conversation elevates society and creates conditions conducive for democracy. poetry can fuel this democratic deliberation by transforming the individual and the community. the poet is an intellectual in italian revolutionary antonio gramsci ’ s sense : " non - intellectuals do not exist, " he writes, because " there is no human activity from which every form of intellectual participation can be excluded : homo faber cannot be separated from homo sapiens. " gramsci suggests that activism, not only eloquence, is a determining principle of the intellectual ’ s function " as constructor, organizer, ‘ permanent persuader, ’ and not just a simple orator. " there is no escaping the forces that press against the poem, incise themselves into it, just as there is no escaping the urgency of the questions that rain into our homes, leaking through the roofs and sliding under dormers.