brain damage must be treated in a hospital. for a mild head injury no treatment may be needed. but be aware that the symptoms of a head injury can show up later. - friends or family may need to keep an eye on adults for symptoms after they are released from the emergency room or doctor ’ s office. - parents or caregivers of children need to keep an eye on a child for symptoms after a head injury. - both adults and children must follow the health care provider ’ s instructions about when the person can return to sports. after even a mild concussion : - do not do activities that can cause further head injury. - avoid tasks that require concentration or complicated thinking. these include reading, homework, and preparing reports. - avoid bright lights and loud sounds. these can overstimulate the brain. recovering from a concussion takes time. - it may take days, weeks, or even months. - the person have trouble concentrating and may be unable to remember things. the person may be irritable, have headaches, dizziness, blurry vision, and nausea that comes and goes. - adults should get help from family or friends before making important decisions. this is because reasoning and thinking processes may be impaired. in a small group of patients, symptoms of the concussion do not go away. the risk of long - term changes in the brain is high if the person has more than one brain injury seizures may occur after more severe head injuries. calling your health care provider : call the health care provider if a head injury causes changes in alertness or produces any other worrisome symptoms. if symptoms do not go away or are not improving after 2 or 3 weeks, talk to the doctor. call the doctor right away if the following symptoms occur : - changes in behavior or unusual behavior - changes in speech ( slurred, difficult to understand, does not make sense ) - difficulty waking up or becoming more sleepy - double vision or blurred vision - fluid or blood leaking from the nose or ears - headache that is getting worse, lasts a long time, or does not get better with over - the - counter pain relievers - problems walking or talking - seizures ( jerking of the arms or legs without control ) - vomiting more than three times not all head injuries can be prevented. but the following simple steps can help keep you and your child safe : - always use safety equipment during activities that could cause a head injury. these include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats. - learn and follow bicycle safety recommendations. -


the following simple steps can help keep you and your child safe : - always use safety equipment during activities that could cause a head injury. these include seat belts, bicycle or motorcycle helmets, and hard hats. - learn and follow bicycle safety recommendations. - do not drink and drive. do not allow yourself to be driven by someone who you know or suspect has been drinking alcohol or is otherwise impaired. biros mh, heegard wg. head injury. in : marx ja, hockberger rs, walls rm, et al., eds. rosen ' s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier mosby ; 2009 : chap 38. hunt t, asplund c. concussion assessment and management. clin sports med. 2009 ; 5 - 17. landry gl. head and neck injuries. in : kliegman rm, stanton bf, st. geme jw iii, et al., eds. nelson textbook of pediatrics. 19th ed. philadelphia, pa : elsevier saunders ; 2011 : chap 680. | review date : 1 / 1 / 2013 | reviewed by : jacob l. heller, md, mha, emergency medicine, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


how to become an airline or commercial pilot students often use flight simulators to learn how to fly. many pilots learn to fly in the military, but a growing number now earn an associate ’ s or bachelor ’ s degree from a civilian flying school. all pilots who are paid to transport passengers or cargo must have a commercial pilot ' s license and an instrument rating. to qualify for a commercial pilot ’ s license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and have at least 250 hours of flight experience. education and training military veterans have always been an important source of experienced pilots because of the extensive training and flight time that the military provides. however, an increasing number of people are becoming pilots by attending flight school or taking lessons from a federal aviation administration ( faa ) certified instructor. the faa certifies hundreds of civilian flight schools, including some colleges and universities that offer pilot training as part of an aviation degree. in addition, most airline companies require at least 2 years of college and prefer to hire college graduates. in fact, most pilots today have a bachelor ’ s degree. because the number of college - educated applicants continues to increase, many employers are making a college degree an entry - level requirement. preferred courses for airline pilots include english, math, physics, and aeronautical engineering. because pilots must be able to make quick decisions and react appropriately under pressure, airline companies will often reject applicants who do not pass psychological and aptitude tests. once hired by an airline, new pilots undergo additional company training that usually includes 6 - 8 weeks of ground school and 25 hours of additional flight time. after they finish this training, airline pilots must keep their certification by attending training once or twice a year. commercial pilot ’ s license. all pilots who are paid to transport passengers or cargo must have a commercial pilot ' s license. to qualify for this license, applicants must be at least 18 years old and have at least 250 hours of flight experience. applicants must also pass a strict physical exam to make sure that they are in good health, must have vision that is correctable to 20 / 20, and must have no physical handicaps that could impair their performance. in addition, they must pass a written test that includes questions about safety procedures, navigation techniques, and faa regulations. finally, they must demonstrate their flying ability to an faa - designated examiner. instrument rating. to fly during periods of low visibility, pilots must be rated to fly by instruments. they may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience. pilots also must pass a


ability to an faa - designated examiner. instrument rating. to fly during periods of low visibility, pilots must be rated to fly by instruments. they may qualify for this rating by having at least 40 hours of instrument flight experience. pilots also must pass a written exam and show an examiner their ability to fly by instruments. airline certifications. currently, airline captains must have an airline transport pilot certificate. in 2013, new regulations will require first officers to have this certificate as well. applicants must be at least 23 years old, have a minimum of 1, 500 hours of flight time, and pass written and flight exams. furthermore, airline pilots usually maintain one or more advanced ratings, depending on the requirements of their particular aircraft. all licenses are valid as long as a pilot can pass periodic physical, eye, and flight examinations. many civilian pilots start as flight instructors, building up their flight hours while they earn money teaching. as they become more experienced, these instructors can move into jobs as commercial pilots. commercial pilots may begin their careers flying charter planes, helicopters, or crop dusters. these positions typically require less experience than airline jobs require. some commercial pilots may advance to flying corporate planes. in nonairline jobs, a first officer may advance to captain and, in large companies, to chief pilot or director of aviation. however, many pilots use their commercial experience as a steppingstone to becoming an airline pilot. airline pilots may begin as flight engineers or first officers for regional airline companies. newly hired pilots at regional airline companies typically have about 2, 000 hours of flight experience. over time, experience gained at these jobs may lead to higher paying jobs with major airline companies. newly hired pilots at major airline companies typically have about 4, 000 hours of flight experience. for airline pilots, advancement depends on a system of seniority outlined in union contracts. typically, after 1 to 5 years, flight engineers may advance to first officer and, after 5 to 15 years, to captain. communication skills. pilots must speak clearly when conveying information to air traffic controllers. they must also listen carefully for instructions. depth perception. pilots must be able to see clearly and judge the distance between objects. detail oriented. pilots must watch many systems at the same time. even small changes can have significant effects, so they must constantly pay close attention to many details. monitoring skills. pilots must regularly watch over gauges and dials to make sure that all systems are in working order. problem - solving skills. pilots must be able to identify complex problems and figure out appropriate solutions. when


- introduction to hubble - the current science instruments - mission operations and observations - previous instruments - technical overview introduction to hubble the hubble space telescope ( hst ) is a cooperative program of the european space agency ( esa ) and the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) to operate a space - based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community. hst is an observatory first envisioned in the 1940s, designed and built in the 1970s and 80s, and operational since the 1990. since its preliminary inception, hst was designed to be a different type of mission for nasa - - a long - term, space - based observatory. to accomplish this goal and protect the spacecraft against instrument and equipment failures, nasa planned on regular servicing missions. hubble has special grapple fixtures, 76 handholds, and is stabilized in all three axes. hst is a 2. 4 - meter reflecting telescope, which was deployed in low - earth orbit ( 600 kilometers ) by the crew of the space shuttle discovery ( sts - 31 ) on 25 april 1990. responsibility for conducting and coordinating the science operations of the hubble space telescope rests with the space telescope science institute ( stsci ) on the johns hopkins university homewood campus in baltimore, maryland. stsci is operated for nasa by the association of universities for research in astronomy, inc. ( aura ). hst ' s current complement of science instruments includes three cameras, two spectrographs, and fine guidance sensors ( primarily used for accurate pointing, but also for astrometric observations ). because of hst ' s location above the earth ' s atmosphere, these science instruments can produce high - resolution images of astronomical objects. ground - based telescopes are limited in their resolution by the earth ’ s atmosphere, which causes a variable distortion in the images. hubble can observe ultraviolet radiation, which is blocked by the atmosphere and therefore unavailable to ground - based telescopes. in the infrared portion of the spectrum, the earth ’ s atmosphere adds a great deal of background, which is absent in hubble observations. when originally planned in the early 1970s, the large space telescope program called for return to earth, refurbishment, and re - launch every 5 years, with on - orbit servicing every 2. 5 years. hardware lifetime and reliability requirements were based on that 2. 5 - year interval between servicing missions. in the late 70s, contamination and structural loading concerns associated with return to earth aboard the shuttle eliminated the concept of ground return from the program. nasa decided that on - orbit servicing might be adequate to maintain hst


5 - year interval between servicing missions. in the late 70s, contamination and structural loading concerns associated with return to earth aboard the shuttle eliminated the concept of ground return from the program. nasa decided that on - orbit servicing might be adequate to maintain hst for its 15 - year design life. a three - year cycle of on - orbit servicing was adopted. hst servicing missions in december 1993, february 1997, december 1999, march 2002 and may 2009 were enormous successes and validated the concept of on - orbit servicing of hubble. the years since the launch of hst in 1990 have been momentous, with the discovery of spherical aberration in its main mirror and the search for a practical solution. the sts - 61 ( endeavour ) mission of december 1993 corrected the effects of spherical aberration and fully restored the functionality of hst. since then, servicing missions have regularly provided opportunities to repair aging and failed equipment as well as incorporate new technologies in the telescope, especially in the science instruments that are the heart of its operations. see opo ' s hubble primer for more information about hst. the current science instruments space telescope imaging spectrograph a spectrograph spreads out the light gathered by a telescope so that it can be analyzed to determine such properties of celestial objects as chemical composition and abundances, temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity, and magnetic fields. the space telescope imaging spectrograph ( stis ) can study these objects across a spectral range from the uv ( 115 nanometers ) through the visible red and the near - ir ( 1000 nanometers ). stis uses three detectors : a cesium iodide photocathode multi - anode microchannel array ( mama ) for 115 to 170 nm, a cesium telluride mama for 165 to 310 nm, and a charge coupled device ( ccd ) for 165 to 1000 nm. all three detectors have a 1024 x 1024 pixel format. the field of view for each mama is 25 x 25 arc - seconds, and the field of view of the ccd is 52 x 52 arc - seconds. the main advance in stis is its capability for two - dimensional rather than one - dimensional spectroscopy. for example, it is possible to record the spectrum of many locations in a galaxy simultaneously, rather than observing one location at a time. stis can also record a broader span of wavelengths in the spectrum of a star at one time. as a result, stis is much more efficient at obtaining scientific data than the


in a galaxy simultaneously, rather than observing one location at a time. stis can also record a broader span of wavelengths in the spectrum of a star at one time. as a result, stis is much more efficient at obtaining scientific data than the earlier hst spectrographs. a power supply in stis failed in august 2004, rendering it inoperable. during the servicing mission in 2009, astronauts successfully repaired the stis by removing the circuit card containing the failed power supply and replacing it with a new card. since stis was not designed for in - orbit repair of internal electronics, this task was a substantial challenge for the astronaut crew. near infrared camera and multi - object spectrometer the near infrared camera and multi - object spectrometer ( nicmos ) is an hst instrument providing the capability for infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of astronomical targets. nicmos detects light with wavelengths between 0. 8 and 2. 5 microns - longer than the human - eye limit. the sensitive hgcdte arrays that comprise the infrared detectors in nicmos must operate at very cold temperatures. after its deployment, nicmos kept its detectors cold inside a cryogenic dewar ( a thermally insulated container much like a thermos bottle ) containing frozen nitrogen ice. nicmos is hst ' s first cryogenic instrument. the frozen nitrogen ice cryogen in nicmos was exhausted in early 1999, rendering the instrument inoperable at that time. an alternate means of cooling the nicmos was developed and installed in the march 2002 servicing mission. this device uses a mechanical cooler to cool the detectors to the low temperatures necessary for operations. the technology for this cooler was not available when the instrument was originally designed, but fortunately became available in time to support the reactivation of the instrument. since late 2008, the nicmos cooling system ( ncs ) has experienced difficulties maintaining the instrument ’ s nominal scientific operating state, in which the detectors are maintained at ~ 77k. repeated restart attempts have demonstrated that it is not possible to restart the ncs in a cold state immediately following safing events. the main culprit for the problems is believed to be water ice in the primary ( circulator ) loop of the ncs. an inefficient approach to this problem would be to put the ncs through a several - month warm - up / cooldown cycle and hope that there is an opportunity for science prior to the next payload safing event. the only feasible path towards satisfactory operation of nic


to this problem would be to put the ncs through a several - month warm - up / cooldown cycle and hope that there is an opportunity for science prior to the next payload safing event. the only feasible path towards satisfactory operation of nicmos is to remove the putative water by venting the existing contaminated ne coolant and replacing it with a fresh charge, which is available onboard but has never actually been used on - orbit. based on the cycle 18 proposal review results, stsci and goddard hst project, with the concurrence of nasa headquarters, have decided that nicmos will not be available for science in cycle 18. a decision on the availability of nicmos beyond cycle 18 has not yet been made and awaits further discussion. advanced camera for surveys the acs is a camera designed to provide hst with a deep, wide - field survey capability from the visible to near - ir, imaging from the near - uv to the near - ir with the point - spread function critically sampled at 6300 a, and solar blind far - uv imaging. the primary design goal of the acs wide - field channel is to achieve a factor of 10 improvement in discovery efficiency, compared to wfpc2, where discovery efficiency is defined as the product of imaging area and instrument throughput. these gains are a direct result of improved technology since the hst was launched in 1990. the charge coupled devices ( ccds ) used as detectors in the acs, are more sensitive than those of the late 80s and early 90s, and also have many more pixels, capturing more of the sky in each exposure. the wide field camera in the acs is a 16 megapixel camera. the acs was installed during the march 2002 servicing mission. as a result of the improved sensitivity it instantly became the most heavily used hubble instrument. it has been used for surveys of varying breadths and depths, as well as for detailed studies of specific objects. the acs worked well until january 2007, at which time a failure in the electronics for the ccds occurred and has prevented use of those detectors. engineers and astronauts then developed an approach to remove and replace the failed electronics, which was carried out during the 2009 servicing mission. as with the stis repair, the acs repair was challenging, since the instrument was not designed originally with this type of repair in mind. fine guidance sensors the fine guidance sensors ( fgs ), in addition to being an integral part of the hst pointing control system ( pcs ), provide


repair was challenging, since the instrument was not designed originally with this type of repair in mind. fine guidance sensors the fine guidance sensors ( fgs ), in addition to being an integral part of the hst pointing control system ( pcs ), provide hst observers with the capability of precision astrometry and milliarcsecond resolution over a wide range of magnitudes ( 3 < v < 16. 8 ). its two observing modes - position mode and transfer mode - have been used to determine the parallax and proper motion of astrometric targets to a precision of 0. 2 mas, and to detect duplicity or structure around targets as close as 8 mas ( visual orbits can be determined for binaries as close as 12 mas ). cosmic origins spectrograph the cosmic origins spectrograph ( cos ) is a fourth - generation instrument that was installed on the hubble space telescope ( hst ) during the 2009 servicing mission. cos is designed to perform high sensitivity, moderate - and low - resolution spectroscopy of astronomical objects in the 115 - 320 nm wavelength range. it significantly enhances the spectroscopic capabilities of hst at ultraviolet wavelengths, and provides observers with unparalleled opportunities for observing faint sources of ultraviolet light. the primary science objectives of the cos are the study of the origins of large scale structure in the universe, the formation and evolution of galaxies, the origin of stellar and planetary systems, and the cold interstellar medium. the cos achieves its improved sensitivity through advanced detectors and optical fabrication techniques. at uv wavelengths even the best mirrors do not reflect all light incident upon them. previous spectrographs have required multiple ( 5 or more ) reflections in order to display the spectrum on the detector. a substantial portion of the cos improvement in sensitivity is due to an optical design that requires only a single reflection inside the instrument, reducing the losses due to imperfect reflectivity. this design is possible only with advanced techniques for fabrication, which were not available when earlier generations of hst spectrographs were designed. cos has a far - uv and near - uv channel that use different detectors : two side - by - side 16384 x 1024 pixel cross - delay line microchannel plates ( mcps ) for the far - uv, 115 to 205 nm, and a 1024x1024 pixel cesium telluride mama for the near - uv, 170 to 320 nm. the far - uv detector is similar to detectors flown on the fuse spacecraft, and takes advantage of improved technology over


nm, and a 1024x1024 pixel cesium telluride mama for the near - uv, 170 to 320 nm. the far - uv detector is similar to detectors flown on the fuse spacecraft, and takes advantage of improved technology over the past decade. the near - uv detector is a spare stis detector. wide field camera 3 the wide field camera 3 ( wfc3 ) is also a fourth generation instrument that was installed during the 2009 servicing mission. equipped with state - of - the - art detectors and optics, wfc3 provides wide - field imaging with continuous spectral coverage from the ultraviolet into the infrared, dramatically increasing both the survey power and the panchromatic science capabilities of hst. the wfc3 has two camera channels : the uvis channel that operates in the ultraviolet and visible bands ( from about 200 to 1000 nm ), and the ir channel that operates in the infrared ( from 900 to 1700 nm ). the performance of the two channels was designed to complement the performance of the acs. the uvis channel provides the largest field of view and best sensitivity of any ultraviolet camera hst has had. this is feasible as a result of continued improvement in the performance of charge coupled devices designed for astronomical use. the ir channel on wfc3 represents a major improvement on the capabilities of the nicmos, primarily as a result of the availability of much larger detectors, 1 megapixel in the wfc3 / ir vs. 0. 06 megapixels for the nicmos. in addition, modern ir detectors like that in the wfc3 have benefited from improvements over the last decade in design and fabrication. mission operations and observations : although hst operates around the clock, not all of its time is spent observing. each orbit lasts about 95 minutes, with time allocated for housekeeping functions and for observations. " housekeeping " functions includes turning the telescope to acquire a new target, switching communications antennas and data transmission modes, receiving command loads and downlinking data, calibrating the instruments and similar activities. on average, the telescope spends about 50 % of the time observing astronomical targets. about 50 % of the time the view to celestial targets is blocked by the earth, and that time is used to carry out these support functions. each year the stsci solicits ideas for scientific programs from the worldwide astronomical community. all astronomers are free to submit proposals for observations. typically, 700 - 1200 proposals are submitted each year. a series of panels, involving roughly 100 astronomers from around the world


the stsci solicits ideas for scientific programs from the worldwide astronomical community. all astronomers are free to submit proposals for observations. typically, 700 - 1200 proposals are submitted each year. a series of panels, involving roughly 100 astronomers from around the world, are convened to recommend which of the proposals to carry out over the next year. there is only sufficient time in a year to schedule about 1 / 5 of the proposals that are submitted, so the competition for hubble observing time is tight. after proposals are chosen, the observers submit detailed observation plans. the stsci uses these to develop a yearlong observing plan, spreading the observations evenly throughout the period and taking into account scientific reasons that may require some observations to be at a specific time. this long - range plan incorporates calibrations and engineering activities, as well as the scientific observations. this plan is then used as the basis for detailed scheduling of the telescope, which is done one week at a time. each event is translated into a series of commands to be sent to the onboard computers. computer loads are uplinked several times a day to keep the telescope operating efficiently. when possible, two scientific instruments are used simultaneously to observe adjacent target regions of the sky. for example, while a spectrograph is focused on a chosen star or nebula, a camera can image a sky region offset slightly from the main viewing target. during observations the fine guidance sensors ( fgs ) track their respective guide stars to keep the telescope pointed steadily at the right target. engineering and scientific data from hst, as well as uplinked operational commands, are transmitted through the tracking data relay satellite ( tdrs ) system and its companion ground station at white sands, new mexico. up to 24 hours of commands can be stored in the onboard computers. data can be broadcast from hst to the ground stations immediately or stored on a solid - state recorder and downlinked later. the observer on the ground can examine the " raw " images and other data within a few minutes for a quick - look analysis. within 24 hours, gsfc formats the data for delivery to the stsci. stsci is responsible for calibrating the data and providing them to the astronomer who requested the observations. the astronomer has a year to analyze the data from the proposed program, draw conclusions, and publish the results. after one year the data become accessible to all astronomers. the stsci maintains an archive of all data taken by hst. this archive has become an important research tool in itself. astronomers regularly check the archive to


draw conclusions, and publish the results. after one year the data become accessible to all astronomers. the stsci maintains an archive of all data taken by hst. this archive has become an important research tool in itself. astronomers regularly check the archive to determine whether data in it can be used for a new problem they are working on. frequently they find that there are hst data relevant for their research, and they can then download these data free of charge. hubble has proven to be an enormously successful program, providing new insight into the mysteries of the universe. previously flown instruments : - wide field planetary camera - wide field planetary camera 2 - faint object spectrograph - goddard high resolution spectrograph - corrective optics space telescope axial replacement - faint object camera - high speed photometer wide field / planetary camera the wide field / planetary camera ( wf / pc1 ) was used from april 1990 to november 1993, to obtain high resolution images of astronomical objects over a relatively wide field of view and a broad range of wavelengths ( 1150 to 11, 000 angstroms ). wide field planetary camera 2 the original wide field / planetary camera ( wf / pc1 ) was replaced by wfpc2 on the sts - 61 shuttle mission in december 1993. wfpc2 was a spare instrument developed by the jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california, at the time of hst launch. it consisted of four cameras. the relay mirrors in wfpc2 were spherically aberrated in just the right way to correct for the spherically aberrated primary mirror of the observatory. ( hst ' s primary mirror is 2 microns too flat at the edge, so the corrective optics within wfpc2 were too high by that same amount. ). the " heart ' ' of wfpc2 consisted of an l - shaped trio of wide - field sensors and a smaller, high resolution ( " planetary " ) camera tucked in the square ' s remaining corner. wfpc2 was removed in the may 2009 servicing mission and replaced by the wide - field camera 3 ( wfc3 ). faint object spectrograph a spectrograph spreads out the light gathered by a telescope so that it can be analyzed to determine such properties of celestial objects as chemical composition and abundances, temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity, and magnetic fields. the faint object spectrograph ( fos ) was one of the original instruments on hubble ; it was replaced by nicmos during the second servicing mission in 1997


composition and abundances, temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity, and magnetic fields. the faint object spectrograph ( fos ) was one of the original instruments on hubble ; it was replaced by nicmos during the second servicing mission in 1997. the fos examined fainter objects than the high resolution spectrograph ( hrs ), and could study these objects across a much wider spectral range - - from the uv ( 1150 angstroms ) through the visible red and the near - ir ( 8000 angstroms ). the fos used two 512 - element digicon sensors ( light intensifiers ). the " blue " tube was sensitive from 1150 to 5500 angstroms ( uv to yellow ). the " red " tube was sensitive from 1800 to 8000 angstroms ( longer uv through red ). light entered the fos through any of 11 different apertures from 0. 1 to about 1. 0 arc - seconds in diameter. there were also two occulting devices to block out light from the center of an object while allowing the light from just outside the center to pass on through. this could allow analysis of the shells of gas around red giant stars of the faint galaxies around a quasar. the fos had two modes of operation : low resolution and high resolution. at low resolution, it could reach 26th magnitude in one hour with a resolving power of 250. at high resolution, the fos could reach only 22nd magnitude in an hour ( before noise becomes a problem ), but the resolving power was increased to 1300. goddard high resolution spectrograph the goddard high resolution spectrograph ( ghrs ) was one of the original instruments on hubble ; it failed in 1997, shortly before being replaced by stis during the second servicing mission. as a spectrograph, hrs also separated incoming light into its spectral components so that the composition, temperature, motion, and other chemical and physical properties of the objects could be analyzed. the hrs contrasted with the fos in that it concentrated entirely on uv spectroscopy and traded the extremely faint objects for the ability to analyze very fine spectral detail. like the fos, the hrs used two 521 - channel digicon electronic light detectors, but the detectors of the hrs were deliberately blind to visible light. one tube was sensitive from 1050 to 1700 angstroms ; while the other was sensitive from 1150 to 3200 angstroms. the hrs also had three resolution modes : low, medium, and high.


deliberately blind to visible light. one tube was sensitive from 1050 to 1700 angstroms ; while the other was sensitive from 1150 to 3200 angstroms. the hrs also had three resolution modes : low, medium, and high. " low resolution " for the hrs was 2000 - - higher than the best resolution available on the fos. examining a feature at 1200 angstroms, the hrs could resolve detail of 0. 6 angstroms and could examine objects down to 19th magnitude. at medium resolution of 20, 000 ; that same spectral feature at 1200 angstroms could be seen in detail down to 0. 06 angstroms, but the object would have to be brighter than 16th magnitude to be studied. high resolution for the hrs was 100, 000, allowing a spectral line at 1200 angstroms to be resolved down to 0. 012 angstroms. however, " high resolution " could be applied only to objects of 14th magnitude or brighter. the hrs could also discriminate between variations in light from objects as rapid as 100 milliseconds apart. corrective optics space telescope axial replacement costar was not a science instrument ; it was a corrective optics package that displaced the high speed photometer during the first servicing mission to hst. costar was designed to optically correct the effects of the primary mirror ' s aberration for the faint object camera ( foc ), the high resolution spectrograph ( hrs ), and the faint object spectrograph ( fos ). all the other instruments that have been installed since hst ' s initial deployment, have been designed with their own corrective optics. when all of the first - generation instruments were replaced by other instruments, costar was no longer be needed and was removed from hubble during the 2009 servicing mission. faint object camera the faint object camera ( foc ) was built by the european space agency as one of the original science instruments on hubble. it was replaced by acs during the servicing mission in 2002. there were two complete detector systems for the foc. each used an image intensifier tube to produced an image on a phosphor screen that is 100, 000 times brighter than the light received. this phosphor image was then scanned by a sensitive electron - bombarded silicon ( ebs ) television camera. this system was so sensitive that objects brighter than 21st magnitude had to be dimmed by the camera ' s filter systems to avoid saturating the detectors


##or image was then scanned by a sensitive electron - bombarded silicon ( ebs ) television camera. this system was so sensitive that objects brighter than 21st magnitude had to be dimmed by the camera ' s filter systems to avoid saturating the detectors. even with a broad - band filter, the brightest object that could be accurately measured was 20th magnitude. the foc offered three different focal ratios : f / 48, f / 96, and f / 288 on a standard television picture format. the f / 48 image measured 22 x 22 arc - seconds and yielded a resolution ( pixel size ) of 0. 043 arc - seconds. the f / 96 mode provided an image of 11 x 11 arc - seconds on each side and a resolution of 0. 022 arc - seconds. the f / 288 field of view was 3. 6 x 3. 6 arc - seconds square, with resolution down to 0. 0072 arc - seconds. high speed photometer the high speed photometer ( hsp ) was one of the four original axial instruments on the hubble space telescope ( hst ). the hsp was designed to make very rapid photometric observations of astrophysical sources in a variety of filters and passbands from the near ultraviolet to the visible. the hsp was removed from hst during the first servicing mission in december, 1993. for more complete technical information about hst and its instruments, see the hst primer.


honour and cherish them... in our country, the father was the head of the family and the sole bread winner from ancient times. however, with more and more women going to work, to supplement the income, this role of being the sole bread winner has changed in modern times. but, in our culture, he ' s still the head of the family and is highly respected. even though the mother is the primary care - giver, traditionally father ' s too play a key role in the upbringing of a child, especially in these modern times where both parents go to work. it is important to show love and gratitude to your father for all he does to provide for the family and protect you all. today, which is father ' s day is ideal to do so, especially if you are too busy with your own life. even though we don ' t need such special days, let ' s make the most of it and see how it originated. in the us and many other countries, father ' s day is celebrated on the third sunday in june. so, it means today is father ' s day. according to this rule, the date changes every year. next year it ' ll fall on june 20. there have been many theories about father ' s day and how it came into practice to celebrate our wonderful fathers. some say, the idea evolved from around 4, 000 years ago when a boy with the name of elmusu wished his father longevity ( long life ) life and good health by making a card out of mud clay and scribing his appreciation message on it. what happened to elmusu and his father is not known, but the tradition of having a special day to honour our fathers has continued through the years internationally. the commercialisation of father ' s day is said to have emerged after an american ( spokane, washington ) woman named sonora smart dodd thought of the father ' s day celebration whilst listening to a mother ' s day sermon in 1909. having being raised by her widowed single father, henry jackson smart after sonora ' s mother died, senora wanted her father to know how special he was to her. she saw him as a selfless, courageous and loving man and since he was born in june - she chose to celebrate and hold the first father ' s day on june 19, in spokane, washington. in 1924, president calvin coolidge proclaimed the third sunday in june as father ' s day, which was then established as a permanent national observance by president nixon in 1972. roses are


what is lead poisoning? lead poisoning occurs when you absorb too much lead by breathing or swallowing a substance with lead in it, such as paint, dust, water, or food. lead can damage almost every organ system. in children, too much lead in the body can cause lasting problems with growth and development. these can affect behavior, hearing, and learning and can slow the child ' s growth. in adults, lead poisoning can damage the brain and reference nervous system opens new window, the stomach, and the kidneys. it can also cause reference high blood pressure opens new window and other health problems. although it isn ' t normal to have lead in your body, a small amount is present in most people. environmental laws have reduced lead exposure in the united states, but it is still a health risk, especially for young children. what causes lead poisoning? lead poisoning is usually caused by months or years of exposure to small amounts of lead at home, work, or day care. it can also happen very quickly with exposure to a large amount of lead. many things can contain or be contaminated with lead : paint, air, water, soil, food, and manufactured goods. the most common source of lead exposure for children is reference lead - based paint opens new window and the dust and soil that are contaminated by it. this can be a problem in older homes and buildings. adults are most often exposed to lead at work or while doing hobbies that involve lead. who is at highest risk of lead poisoning? lead poisoning can occur at any age, but children are most likely to be affected by high lead levels. children at highest risk include those who : - live in or regularly visit homes or buildings built before 1978. these buildings may have lead - based paint. the risk is even higher in buildings built before 1950, when lead - based paint was more commonly used. - are immigrants, refugees, or adoptees from other countries. reference 1 they may have been exposed to higher lead levels in these countries. - are 6 years old or younger. young children are at higher risk because : - they often put their hands and objects in their mouths. - they sometimes swallow nonfood items. - their bodies absorb lead at a higher rate. - their brains are developing quickly. others at risk for lead poisoning include people who : - drink water that flows through pipes that were soldered with lead. - work with lead either in their job or as a hobby ( for example, metal smelters, pottery makers, and stained glass artists ). -


poisoning include people who : - drink water that flows through pipes that were soldered with lead. - work with lead either in their job or as a hobby ( for example, metal smelters, pottery makers, and stained glass artists ). - eat food from cans made with lead solder. these types of cans aren ' t made in the united states. - cook or store food in ceramic containers. some ceramic glaze contains lead that may not have been properly fired or cured. - eat or breathe traditional or folk remedies that contain lead, such as some herbs and vitamins from other countries. - live in communities with a lot of industrial pollution. what are the symptoms? you may not notice any symptoms at first. the effects are easy to miss and may seem related to other conditions. the higher the amount of lead in the body, the more severe the symptoms are. in children, symptoms can include : - slightly lower intelligence and smaller size compared to children of the same age. - behavior problems, such as acting angry, moody, or hyperactive. - learning problems. - lack of energy, and not feeling hungry. in adults, lead poisoning can cause : - changes in behavior, mood, personality, and sleep patterns. - memory loss and trouble thinking clearly. - weakness and muscle problems. severe cases can cause seizures, paralysis, and coma. how is lead poisoning diagnosed? the doctor will ask questions and do a physical exam to look for signs of lead poisoning. if your doctor suspects lead poisoning, he or she will do a blood test to find out the amount of lead in the blood. diagnosing lead poisoning is difficult, because the symptoms can be caused by many diseases. most children with lead poisoning don ' t have symptoms until their blood lead levels are very high. in the united states, there are screening programs to check lead levels in children who are likely to be exposed to lead. whether your child needs to be tested depends in part on where you live, how old your housing is, and other risk factors. talk to your child ' s doctor about whether your child is at risk and should be screened. adults usually aren ' t screened for lead poisoning unless they have a job that involves working with lead. for these workers, companies usually are required to provide testing. if you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant and have a family member who works with lead, you may want to ask your doctor about your risk for lead poisoning. but in general, experts don ' t recommend routine testing for lead in pregnant


testing. if you are pregnant or trying to get pregnant and have a family member who works with lead, you may want to ask your doctor about your risk for lead poisoning. but in general, experts don ' t recommend routine testing for lead in pregnant women who don ' t have symptoms. reference 2 how is it treated? treatment for lead poisoning includes removing the source of lead, getting good nutrition, and, in some cases, having chelation therapy. removing the source of lead. old paint chips and dirt are the most common sources of lead in the home. lead - based paint, and the dirt and dust that come along with it, should be removed by professionals. in the workplace, removal usually means removing lead dust that ' s in the air and making sure that people don ' t bring contaminated dust or dirt on their clothing into their homes or other places. good nutrition. eating foods that have enough iron and other vitamins and minerals may be enough to reduce lead levels in the body. a person who eats a balanced, nutritious diet may absorb less lead than someone with a poor diet. reference chelation therapy opens new window. if removing the lead source and getting good nutrition don ' t work, or if lead levels are very high, you may need to take chelating medicines. these medicines bind to lead in the body and help remove it. if blood lead levels don ' t come down with treatment, home and work areas may need to be rechecked. call your local health department to see what inspection services are offered in your area. the best way to avoid lead poisoning is to prevent it. treatment cannot reverse any damage that has already occurred. but there are many reference ways to reduce your exposure — and your child ' s — before it causes symptoms. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference july 26, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference john pope, md - pediatrics reference r. steven tharratt, md, mpvm, facp, fccp - pulmonology, critical care medicine, medical toxicology


chocolate may be good for the heart, scientists have said, following a large study that found that those who eat more of it are less likely to suffer heart disease and strokes. why chocolate lovers should be better off than those who shun it is not clear. it contains antioxidant flavonoids, known to be protective, but also sugar and — especially in the forms popular in the uk — milk powder, which are implicated in weight gain. obesity is a well - established cause of serious heart problems. dieticians suggested that eating chocolate might be helpful because people find it relaxing. the study was presented at the european society of cardiology meeting in paris and was published online by the british medical journal. it was undertaken by oscar franco and colleagues from cambridge university, who wanted to try to establish whether a long - speculated association between eating chocolate and reduced risk of heart disease was real. the scientists carried out a review of all the relevant and most convincing evidence they could find — seven studies involving more than 100, 000 people. they compared the rates of heart disease in those who ate the most chocolate with those who ate the least. five of the seven studies found chocolate — eaten in a variety of forms, from sweet bars to chocolate biscuits and drinking cocoa — to be protective. they concluded that the “ highest levels of chocolate consumption were associated with a 37 percent reduction in stroke compared with lowest levels. ” the studies did not differentiate between dark, milk and white chocolate. they also found no effect on heart failure. the authors are cautious about the results, warning that chocolate is high in calories — about 500 for every 100g — which can cause people to put on weight and lead to heart disease. however, they think the possible benefits should be further explored, including ways to reduce the fat and sugar content of chocolate. “ this paper doesn ’ t really say eat chocolate to improve heart health. nor do the authors conclude this either. what they seem to say is, those who don ’ t deny themselves a sweet treat of chocolate — white or brown — have better cardiovascular outcomes, ” said catherine collins, a dietician at st george ’ s hospital in london. “ i do feel that the perceived relaxing effect of chocolate... [ is ] perhaps akin to modest alcohol consumption — a relaxing treat, perceived as a ‘ de - stressor ’ and a food whose cost base is so low it ’ s affordable by virtually all, ” she said. in the uk, she said, any benefit must be almost entirely due to this relaxation


drought emergency planning workshops during 2012, the texas commission on environmental quality ( tceq ) hosted drought emergency planning workshops throughout the state. the workshops provided local government officials, board members, and their water system operators information and tools to prevent and mitigate water outages. workshop presentation topics included : - the status and severity of the continuing drought in texas, - an explanation of the emergency process and the role of each agency in the process, - a discussion on what the drinking water task force is and what it has done thus far, - an explanation of available tools, including financial, managerial, and technical ( fmt ) assistance ; the enviromentor program ; funding ; and the texas water infrastructure coordination committee ( twicc ), - a discussion on creating an emergency plan : - obtaining interconnections - drilling emergency wells - planning for conservation representatives from the texas commission on environmental quality, texas division of emergency management, texas water development board, the texas water infrastructure coordination committee, local river authorities, and the local ground water conservation districts were available to provide additional information. drought and emergency management resources for public water systems - map of current drought conditions – u. s. drought monitor map of current drought conditions - financial, managerial, and technical assistance program – professional contractors who provide a water system, or the utility operating it, help that is tailored to their specific needs - enviromentor program – professional volunteers who can help small businesses and local governments comply with state environmental rules - resources for texas water and wastewater utilities ( rg - 220 ) – lists agencies and organizations that provide funding and assistance to utilities for water, wastewater, and waste disposal - texas water infrastructure coordination committee ( twicc ) – committee to identify solutions to water and wastewater infrastructure compliance issues and to seek funding - emergency interconnection procedure for public water systems – tceq ’ s procedure for public water system emergency interconnection - emergency and temporary use of wells for public water supplies – rules and procedures for converting wells to temporary use to supply the public when other sources are unavailable - list of licensed water haulers – list of licensed water haulers in texas - tceq drought contingency plans – resources for developing a contingency plan in the event of drought or similar water shortage - water conservation – learn how you can conserve water - texas drought information – drought information, including surface and groundwater regulations, and emergency procedures.


some of the founders and leading lights in the fields of artificial intelligence and cognitive science gave a harsh assessment last night of the lack of progress in ai over the last few decades. during a panel discussion — moderated by linguist and cognitive scientist steven pinker — that kicked off mit ’ s brains, minds, and machines symposium, panelists called for a return to the style of research that marked the early years of the field, one driven more by curiosity rather than narrow applications. “ you might wonder why aren ’ t there any robots that you can send in to fix the japanese reactors, ” said marvin minsky, who pioneered neural networks in the 1950s and went on to make significant early advances in ai and robotics. “ the answer is that there was a lot of progress in the 1960s and 1970s. then something went wrong. [ today ] you ’ ll find students excited over robots that play basketball or soccer or dance or make funny faces at you. [ but ] they ’ re not making them smarter. ” patrick winston, director of mit ’ s artificial intelligence laboratory from 1972 to 1997, echoed minsky. “ many people would protest the view that there ’ s been no progress, but i don ’ t think anyone would protest that there could have been more progress in the past 20 years. what went wrong went wrong in the ’ 80s. ” winston blamed the stagnation in part on the decline in funding after the end of the cold war and on early attempts to commercialize ai. but the biggest culprit, he said, was the “ mechanistic balkanization ” of the field, with research focusing on ever - narrower specialties such as neural networks or genetic algorithms. “ when you dedicate your conferences to mechanisms, there ’ s a tendency to not work on fundamental problems, but rather [ just ] those problems that the mechanisms can deal with, ” said winston. winston said he believes researchers should instead focus on those things that make humans distinct from other primates, or even what made them distinct from neanderthals. once researchers think they have identified the things that make humans unique, he said, they should develop computational models of these properties, implementing them in real systems so they can discover the gaps in their models, and refine them as needed. winston speculated that the magic ingredient that makes humans unique is our ability to create and understand stories using the faculties that support language : “ once you have stories, you have the kind of creativity that makes the species different to any other. ” smaller design teams can now prototype and


an illustration of nasa ’ s mars exploration rover spirit. credit : nasa jpl nasa ’ s mars exploration rovers, spirit and opportunity, have been trekking across the martian surface for the past half decade, surviving dust storms, sand traps, and three freezing winters with only minor setbacks. now spirit, having just received much fanfare in celebration of its five - year anniversary on the planet, appears to be running awry, and its operating team is concerned. it plans to conduct diagnostic tests on the rover later this week. engineers first noticed spirit ’ s peculiar behavior on sunday. the rover had radioed to say that it had received its driving commands for the day, but strangely, it had not moved. while nasa says that this can happen for a number of reasons, the rover also failed to record its day ’ s activities to its nonvolatile memory – storage that is retained even when the rover is powered off. the next day, the team asked the rover to determine its orientation by locating the sun. spirit found the sun, but it inaccurately reported its location. the spirit team does not yet have an explanation for why the rover may be a little out of whack, but one hypothesis is that it could be suffering the fleeting effects of cosmic rays hitting its electronics. diagnostic tests should provide a more definitive answer soon. spirit, like opportunity, is a warrior of the red planet. both rovers, launched in january 2004, were scheduled to last a minimum of three months and a maximum of six. now, after five years, the rovers have turned mars into what seems like a next - door neighbor – not the alien planet that it once was. since landing, the rovers have made important scientific discoveries. spirit discovered deposits of salts and minerals such as sulfur and silica, which only form with water. this happened when it inadvertently dug a trench behind itself while dragging a broken right front wheel. this video highlights spirit ’ s adventures : crater - exploring rover, was fortunate to land on exposed bedrock that was determined to be laid down in water some 3. 5 to 4 billion years ago. this was the first evidence of ancient surface water. it also discovered tiny balls of material that appear to have formed in the presence of water. this video highlights opportunity ’ s activities : scott maxwell, a rover driver at nasa ’ s jet propulsion laboratory, says that “ the mission just keeps getting better and better the longer it goes. ” “ mars is such a complex place, and these are such capable vehicles that there will never come a time


pricing carbon emissions a bill before congress may prove a costly way to reduce greenhouse gases. - friday, june 5, 2009 - by kevin bullis experts are applauding a sweeping energy bill currently before the united states congress, saying that it could lead to significant cuts in greenhouse - gas emissions and improve the likelihood of a comprehensive international agreement to cut greenhouse gases. " it ' s real climate - change legislation that ' s being taken seriously, " says gilbert metcalf, a professor of economics at tufts university. but many warn that the bill ' s market - based mechanisms and more conventional regulations could make these emissions reductions more expensive than they need to be. the bill, officially called the american clean energy and security act of 2009, is also referred to as the waxman - markey bill, after its sponsors, henry waxman ( d - ca. ) and edward markey ( d - mass. ). the legislation would establish a cap and trade system to reduce greenhouse gases, an approach favored by most economists over conventional regulatory approaches because it provides a great deal of flexibility in how emissions targets are met. but it also contains mandates that could significantly reduce the cost savings that the cap and trade approach is supposed to provide. in a cap and trade system, the government sets a cap on total emissions of greenhouse gases from various industrial and utility sources, including power plants burning fossil fuels to generate electricity. it then issues allowances to polluters allowing them to emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases ; total emissions are meant to stay under the cap. over a period of time, the government gradually reduces the cap and the number of allowances until it reaches its target. if companies ' emissions exceed their allowances, they must buy more. economists like the system because companies can choose to either lower their emissions, such as by investing in new technology, or buy more allowances from the government or from companies that don ' t need them - - whichever makes the best economic sense. it is meant to create a carbon market, putting a value on emissions. in the proposed energy bill, the government will set caps to reduce greenhouse - gas emissions by 17 percent by 2020 ( compared with 2005 levels ) and by 80 percent by 2050 - - targets chosen to prevent the worst effects of climate change. setting caps will make electricity more expensive, as companies turn to cleaner technologies to meet ever lower caps or have to spend money to buy allowances from others with lower emissions. but the bill has some provisions for cushioning the blow, especially at first. for


the a - z of programming languages : lua - 11 september, 2008 20 : 29 this time we chat to prof. roberto ierusalimschy about the design and development of lua. prof. ierusalimschy is currently an associate professor in the pontifical catholic university of rio de janeiro ' s informatics department where he undertakes research on programming languages, with particular focus on scripting and domain specific languages. prof. ierusalimschy is currently supported by the brazilian council for the development of research and technology as an independent researcher, and has a grant from microsoft research for the development of lua. net. he also has a grant from finep for the development of libraries for lua. please note that due to popular demand we are no longer following alphabetical order for this series. if you wish to submit any suggestions for programming languages or language authors you would like to see covered, please email firstname. lastname @ example. org. what prompted the development of lua? was there a particular problem you were trying to solve? in our paper for the third acm history of programming languages conference we outline the whole story about the origins of lua. to make a long story short, yes, we did develop lua to solve a particular problem. although we developed lua in an academic institution, lua was never an " academic language ", that is, a language to write papers about. we needed an easy - to - use configuration language, and the only configuration language available at that time ( 1993 ) was tcl. our users did not consider tcl an easy - to - use language. so we created our own configuration language. how did the name lua come about? before lua i had created a language that i called sol, which stood for " simple object language " but also means " sun " in portuguese. that language was replaced by lua ( still nameless at that time ). as we perceived lua to be " smaller " than sol, a friend suggested this name, which means " moon " in portuguese. were there any particularly difficult problems you had to overcome in the development of the language? no. the first implementation was really simple, and it solved the problems at hand. since then, we have had the luxury of avoiding hard / annoying problems. that is, there have been many problems along the way, but we never had to overcome them ; we have always had the option to postpone a solution. some of them have waited several years before being


the luxury of avoiding hard / annoying problems. that is, there have been many problems along the way, but we never had to overcome them ; we have always had the option to postpone a solution. some of them have waited several years before being solved. for instance, since lua 2. 2, released in 1995, we have wanted lexical scoping in lua, but we didn ’ t know how to implement it efficiently within lua ' s constraints. nobody did. only with lua 5. 0, released in 2003 did we solve the problem, with a novel algorithm. what is the most interesting program that you ' ve seen written with lua and why? i have seen many interesting programs written in lua, in many different ways. i think it would be unfair to single one out. as a category, i particularly like table - driven programs, that is, programs that are more generic than the particular problem at hand and that are configured for that particular problem via tables. - the a - z of programming languages : awk - the a - z of programming languages : ada - the a - z of programming languages : asp - the a - z of programming languages : bash / bourne - again shell - the a - z of programming languages : c + + - the a - z of programming languages : forth - the a - z of programming languages : intercal - the a - z of programming languages : yacc - the a - z of programming languages : modula - 3 - the a - z of programming languages : d - the a - z of programming languages : python - pontifical catholic university - our paper review : sony xperia sp coming to a shopping centre near you : 3d body scanners asic debacle : conroy open to transparency over website blocks verizon, jennifer lopez partner on latino - focused wireless stores wikileaks party closer to registering


researchers calculated that cutting daily processed meat intake to 20g ( just under an ounce ) would reduce premature deaths by 3. 3 per cent, mainly by cutting cancer and heart disease rates. about 100, 000 people die prematurely in britain every year, before the age of 65, suggesting the reduction could prevent about 3, 000 early deaths a year. however, the study by zurich university academics has been criticised by a dietitian. the researchers, who followed the health of almost 450, 000 people aged 35 to 69, found the more processed meat people ate, the more likely they were to die early from any cause. this was true even after attempting to account for the fact that those who eat more meat tend to be less active, drink more and smoke. professor sabine rohrmann, who led the analysis of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study, said : “ risks of dying earlier from cancer and cardiovascular disease also increased with the amount of processed meat eaten. “ overall, we estimate that three per cent of premature deaths each year could be prevented if people ate less than 20g processed meat per day. " the researchers also found an indication that eating a lot of unprocessed red meat resulted in higher death rates, although this link was not strong enough for them to consider it statistically valid. but dr carrie ruxton, a dietitian from the meat advisory panel, said : “ this study should not put you off the odd bacon sandwich. ” she argued that such studies could never truly account for lifestyle differences, and isolate the supposed role of meat intake in death rates. “ if you ’ ve got someone who ’ s overweight, watching television for hours, munching a meat pie and smoking a fad, which one of those is relevant? ” she asked. “ you can ’ t say reducing processed meat intake will reduce mortality rates by three per cent. "


wreck of the bounty the remains of the ship lie in just three metres of water below bounty bay, where it was burned by the mutineers in 1790. tourists can dive onto it. another wreck, the ss cornwallis, can also be explored. the only settlement. it contains a post office, church, courthouse, library, health centre, acupuncturist and hairdresser. power is provided by three generators, which operate for five hours in the morning and five hours in the evening. bells in the main square are used to make public announcements. a series of strikes in ones and twos is the call for prayer, three strikes signifies public work, four strikes is the signal for a share - out of food from a passing ship and five strikes announces the arrival of a ship. hill of difficulty the steep slope up which visitors must travel after arriving in bounty bay, following in the footsteps of the mutineers. opened in adamstown in 2005, it contains the original bible from the bounty. a four metre anchor from the ship is mounted in the square outside the courthouse. a bounty canon is also on display nearby. fletcher christian ' s cave on a ridge west of adamstown is a cave in which fletcher christian stayed during an early periods of upheaval on the island. he is said to have later been killed by another islander. the uninhabited islands of ducie and oeno, which also form part of the same overseas territory, have large central lagoons. whirlpools in the ducie lagoon are caused by tunnels that drain it to the sea. the lagoon is deep and noted for its poisonous fish and dangerous sharks. the islands are home to thousands of birds, including several rare species, including, the henderson crake, henderson fruit - dove, henderson lorikeet, henderson petrel, henderson reed - warbler, phoenix petrel and pitcairn reed - warbler. pitcairn ' s waters are full of fish. local boats are available for trips, or visitors can fish from the rocks. humpbacks and pilot whales can be spotted from the shore as they breach in the waters just off the coast. there is one cafe on pitcairn, called christian ' s cafe. it opens every friday. there is also a takeaway, open on wednesdays, and two bakeries. all visitors will also need an alcohol license before their arrival, if they wish to drink. these cost £40 and are valid for six months. john adams ' grave known as


also a takeaway, open on wednesdays, and two bakeries. all visitors will also need an alcohol license before their arrival, if they wish to drink. these cost £40 and are valid for six months. john adams ' grave known as the patriarch of pitcairn, john adams outlived the other bounty mutineers and played a key role in restoring stability to the community after its early period of bloodshed. bang on iron a place on the northeast coast road where, under an overhanging rock, the mutineers set up their forge. another unusually - named spot is " where reynolds cut the firewood ", a place where the captain of a ship visiting the island came ashore for firewood. bernice christian memorial park a sports area with facilities for tennis, volleyball, rounders, cricket and longball. a steep cliff, at the bottom of which is a popular picnic area and pitcairn ' s only beach. includes all of the island ' s 11 endemic plant species, as well as other rare flora and fauna. well - preserved remains of stone age settlements from the island ' s earlier inhabitants. there are also the remains of a prehistoric altar at tedside, where human sacrifices are understood to have been made. the 1, 1138 ft highest point on pitcairn. little george coc ' nuts a valley located in the south west of pitcairn. it was a coconut grove owned by george young, son of mutineer ned young. no guts captain the burial site of a captain from an early visiting ship who requested before death that he not be buried at sea. pitcairn was the next landfall and he was buried there. pitcairn is surrounded by a treacherous – but stunning – coastline with locations whose names evoke the island ' s history. among the sites for tourists to visit are several where inhabitants have suffered accidents, including " where dan fall ", " where freddie fall ", " where minnie off " and " where tom off ". others include " timiti ' s crack ", where a tahitian fell to his death, and " down the god ", where heathen idols were found and cast into the sea. rocks off the shore include big george rock, bitey - bitey and bop bop. an area of the southern coast is called ugly name side. the origin of the name is unknown. nearby is a point simply called " oh dear ".


we hear so much about toxins in fish, you ’ re probably wondering – what exactly is safe to eat? according to health magazine, experts say that most seafood is healthy to eat twice a week. it contains high - quality protein, heart - healthy omega - 3s, and low levels of saturated fat. some types also contain pollutants such as mercury, which could harm developing babies. it is important to avoid these. luckily, it ’ s pretty easy to do. here ’ s how. - think small. tim fitzgerald is a scientist and senior policy specialist with the environmental defense fund. he says that the best way to reduce exposure to contaminants is to cut back on eating big fish. pollutants from the atmosphere regularly settle into the ocean, and fish that grow large - like shark, marlin and chilean sea bass - accumulate more contaminants in their bodies during their long lives. - also : mix it up. you want to eat a variety of seafood to lower the risks of contaminants. for example, if you like tuna, eat it only once a week because it ’ s a bigger fish. then choose something smaller, such as shrimp, for your next meal. whatever you do, don ’ t stop eating all seafood out of fear. dr. dariush mozaffarian is a director with the harvard school of public health. he says that eating fish is the single best dietary change you can make to reduce your risk of heart disease. studies show that the abundant omega - 3 fats in seafood help your heart by lowering blood - fat levels, slowing the buildup of plaque in your arteries, and lowering blood pressure. also, the environmental defense fund has come up with a new “ super green ” list of seafood that ’ s both low in contaminants, great sources of omega - 3s, and easy on the planet – meaning they ’ re not caught by trawls and dredges, which damage the ocean floor. this list includes farmed muscles, oysters and trout, wild alaskan salmon, pole - caught albacore tuna, and wild pacific sardines. so go ahead and enjoy them.


city cbd looking south | population : | | 90, 466 ( 2006 census ) | | area : | | 116. 5 km² ( 45. 0 sq mi ) | | region : | | darling downs, south east queensland | the city of toowoomba was a local government area located in the darling downs region of queensland, australia, encompassing the centre and inner suburbs of the regional city of toowoomba. the city covered an area of 116. 5 square kilometres ( 45. 0 sq mi ), and existed as a local government entity in various forms from 1860 until 2008, when it amalgamated with several other councils in the surrounding area to form the toowoomba region. the toowoomba municipality was proclaimed on 19 november 1860 under the municipalities act 1858, a piece of new south wales legislation inherited by queensland when it became a separate colony in 1859. william henry groom, sometimes described as the " father of toowoomba ", was elected its first mayor. it achieved a measure of autonomy in 1878 with the enactment of the local government act. with the passage of the local authorities act 1902, toowoomba became a town council on 31 march 1903. on 29 october 1904, toowoomba was proclaimed a city. toowoomba absorbed parts of the shire of middle ridge and town of newtown on 23 february 1917, and on 19 march 1949, following a major reorganisation of local government in south east queensland, toowoomba grew its area to include parts of the highfields and drayton shires. in 2005 toowoomba city councillor lyle shelton called for toowoomba ' s boundaries to be expanded to encompass the area some refer to as " greater toowoomba ", reflecting toowoomba ' s suburban spread beyond the city boundaries. in 2006 the mayor proposed a controversial plan to recycle sewage into cooby dam which is used for drinking water. the federal government agreed to provide partial funding subject to a number of conditions including a requirement to hold a referendum on the issue. on 29 july 2006, toowoomba voted against the recycled sewage project with the ' no ' vote winning by 62 % to 38 %. on 15 march 2008, under the local government ( reform implementation ) act 2007 passed by the parliament of queensland on 10 august 2007, the city of toowoomba merged with the shires of cambooya, clifton, crows nest, jondaryan, millmerran, pittsworth and shire of rosalie to form the toowoomba region. the former mayor of the shire of jondaryan won the


peerumade, kottayam, punalur, tiruvalla and alappuzha are those stations in the state which have witnessed significant reduction in rainfall during the last century. y. e. a. raj, deputy director - general, regional meteorological centre, chennai, revealed this during a special address at the kerala environment congress 2012 here. the topic of his address was ‘ extent of climate change over india and its projected impact on indian agriculture. ’ climate change in respect of individual stations manifests with mixed trends with positive and negative changes, he said. for instance, positive trends are available from stations such as kochi ( 100. 6 mm ) and kasaragode ( 153. 5 mm ) in the state. “ it must be stated here that rainfall series for individual months / seasons in some of the series may have shown a significant trend. in some other cases, these trends would have manifested only recently. “ a more detailed analysis of time series must be performed to detect and analyse such incidence, ” raj said. the scenario of significant climate change, especially global warming, is now well documented and the evidence incontrovertible. however, in the indian context, there appears to be no clear signal of such change at least in crucial parameters such as rainfall and occurrence of cyclonic storms. projected climate change based on various models suggests steady increase in temperature and, at a later stage, slight increase in rainfall. the effect on agriculture is likely to be mixed, raj said. the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere initially favours agricultural production. but increase in temperature would have exactly the reverse effect. the situation is fluid and could even be seen to be contradictory at times. this calls for learnt and measures responses based on scientific facts free from transnational biases.


most people know guantanamo bay as the us military prison located in cuba, but few know the american presence in this bay goes back to 1898. guantanamo bay is a 45 square mile area located on the eastern end of cuba. christopher columbus described the bay as " a broad bay with dark water, of unsuspected dimensions, " during his second voyage to the new world. spanish settlers later took control of the area from the native people, and the british would later seize control in 1741. during the spanish - american war in1898, a us fleet took shelter in the bay from summer hurricane weather. after the spanish - american war, the us government signed a perpetual lease with the first president of cuba in 1903. it left cuba with sovereignty of the land, but gave the us " complete jurisdiction and control " of the area. this lease was reaffirmed in a 1934 treaty. the authenticity of the lease is still debated today. the united states used the bay as coal refueling station and a harbor for its military. during wwii it served as a strategic base for escorting cargo ships to the panama canal. over the years the bay went through many transformations and redesigns, including dry docks, airfields, and eventually the construction of the today ' s military prisons. guantanamo bay is known today for " war on terror " prisons, but has been an important military location for a great portion us history.


some games industry facts - a typical computer game costs approximately £19. 99 - £49. 99 to buy and anywhere from £300, 000 to £5, 000, 000 to develop! - a game, depending on its size, scope, content and platform can take from 6 months to 3 years to create. most games have a team size varying between 12 and 60 staff which will include programmers, artists, designers, scripters, audio engineers and producers. games are also usually created as multi - platform, ( for example pc, xbox360 and nintendo wii ). - there are approximately 200 hundred developers based in the uk with team sizes varying from 20 to 200 people. across the world there are around 2000 developers some of which employ over 1000 staff! - the uk is recognised as having some of the best development studios in the world. uk game developers are also employed at studios across the world ; as far afield as australia, canada, japan and north america to many the creation of a game may seem quite easy, but today ’ s games take a great deal of time and resource. most game development is broken down into a series of milestones the key ones of which are as follows : - the concept – typically drawings, words, models, code and basic prototypes that describe the nature, objectives and features of the game.. - design document – a detailed plan of the game ’ s features and how it will play are generated from the concept and presented to potential publishers. - technology demo – a prototype that demonstrates the game ’ s technology, illustrating the appearance and movement of the characters or objects on the screen. this is usually produced for review purposes, to decide if the concept is marketable. - playable prototype or vertical slice – normally a few levels of the game produced with as many of the game play features in and working. this allows reviewers to get a feel for the game, the level of complexity, the saleability of the title and technical risk involved in fully developing the game. - alpha / beta – the next major milestones that represent near completed games. these are subject to extensive game - play, compatibility and bug testing by both the developer and the publisher. - master – a completed game approved by the platform holder and available for manufacturing in readiness for sales on the high street.


what should medical volunteers consider before taking part in a clinical trial? it is important for medical volunteers to learn as much about the clinical trial before deciding to take part, and discuss any questions they have concerning the study with the research staff, in order to learn about the type of care that can be expected and the various procedures involved. below is a list of questions that could be helpful for a medical volunteer to consider before taking part in the clinical trial. answers to these questions are usually covered in the informed consent document that is provided to medical volunteers before taking part in the study. - what is the aim of the study? - what is the required medical volunteer population for the study? - what are the reasons for researchers believing that the drug under investigation will be effective? has the drug been researched before? - what are the tests and procedures that will be carried during the study - what are the likely risks, side - effects and benefits for a medical volunteer taking part in the study? - how will my usual routine be affected? - what is the duration of the study? - will i be required to stay in the clinical unit overnight - who is the funding the clinical trial? - will i be compensated for my time? - are there any long - term commitments required for study participation? - how can i tell if the drug under investigation is effective? will the study results be disclosed to me? - who is the person responsible for my wellbeing during the course of the study? what preparation should potential medical volunteers make before meeting with a research team to discuss clinical trial participation? it is important for potential medical volunteers to plan ahead and prepare any questions they have for the initial meeting with the research team. it may also be beneficial for a friend or relative to come along to the screening visit to provide support and hear the responses to these questions. every clinical trial conducted in the uk must be approved and monitored by and independent research ethics committee ( irec ) to ensure it safe to conduct the research study in human volunteers ( with as least possible risks ) and to ensure the study objectives are ethical and in line with good clinical practice ( gcp ) guidelines. an irec is an independent committee of research experts, physicians, statisticians and other community representatives that assess whether the planned research study is ethical and ensure that the rights of medical volunteers are protected. all research organisations that support or conduct biomedical research involving human medical volunteers must, by uk legislation, be approved and continuously monitored by an irec. how is the safety of the medical volunteer protected? the conduct


book of hours. tours, ca. 1470. ( ms. 7 ). albrecht durer. apocalypse. nuremberg : a. durer, 1511. the song of songs which is solomon ' s. chelsea : ashendene press, 1902. the tradition of the book in the western world is well documented in the watkinson. - medieval manuscripts and manuscript leaves, 12th - 15th century - 3, 000 - 4, 000 early printed books ( 15th - 17th centuries ) - trumbull - prime collection of early illustrated books, especially strong in 16th - century german and italian materials, including works of albert durer, emblem books and florentine and venetian book illustration - ca. 10, 000 18th - century titles - 19th - century illustrated books on a wide range of subjects and from many lands, including an extensive cruikshank collection - alphabet books ( ca. 350 titles ) - fine printing from the private press collection including : - a nearly complete run of the ashendene press - classic titles from the private press movement - 100 + contemporary artists ' books and examples of fine printing - examples of fine bookbinding ( 15th - 20th centuries ) - extensive secondary holdings on the history of printing and bookbinding book arts and the history of the book guide


today, where the grass is always greener. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. what sport uses the world ' s largest maintained playing field? that would be golf. a typical course covers more area than 100 football fields, though only about half of that is manicured grass. golf courses provide pleasant green space, as housing developers are all too aware. but the voracious need for weed killers, pesticides, fertilizers, and water puts golf courses squarely in the sights of environmentalists. today ' s picture perfect courses are a far cry from the grassy dunes of scotland where the game originated. early course maintenance was performed by grazing animals who, together with sea birds, also provided natural fertilizer. the demand for near flawless courses grew with changes in technology. by the end of the twentieth century, course design wasn ' t so much about respecting nature as it was about taming it. course architects bulldozed first and asked questions later. but that ' s changed. today, the best course designs fit naturally into the landscape and respect the surrounding environment. the courses at bandon dunes, unpretentiously laid out on the windswept oregon coast, have won accolades from architects, golfers, and environmentalists alike. they ' re among a growing number of courses achieving recognition as certified audubon cooperative sanctuaries. golf courses can be used to reclaim otherwise unusable land. houston ' s wildcat course is built on the site of a former garbage dump. one benefit for golfers is that the course has hills — a rarity in the gulf coastal region. abandoned strip mines and quarries can be the setting for stunning layouts. the aptly named quarry golf course in san antonio falls into this category. many golf courses maintain their own lakes and ponds for watering the turf. that reduces demand on public sources of water. some have experimented with the use of gray water — wastewater that doesn ' t include sewage. the highly rated jimmie austin course at the university of oklahoma is an example. some of the greatest strides in environmentally sound golf can be found in improvements to grass. the u. s. golf association ' s turfgrass and environmental research program is constantly working to develop pest resistant strains of grass that survive on less water. it turns out that watching grass grow can be a vibrant activity. so why is the golf community so actively focused on environmental issues? well, in


##grass and environmental research program is constantly working to develop pest resistant strains of grass that survive on less water. it turns out that watching grass grow can be a vibrant activity. so why is the golf community so actively focused on environmental issues? well, in part it ' s good for public relations. as the film wall street ' s protagonist gordon gekko might say, “ green is good. ” but it goes much deeper. after all, greenskeepers are highly educated professionals responsible for some of the largest, most heavily used green spaces in the world. they ' re gardeners with really big gardens. and they share a love of nature just as they share a love of the game. i ' m andy boyd at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds work. notes and references : t. cook. " greener links. " from the oregon state university ' s oregon ' s agricultural progress website : http : / / oregonprogress. oregonstate. edu / spring - 2006 / greener - links. accessed march 27, 2012. p. iacobelli. " natural golf courses redefine green. " from the environment on msnbc website : http : / / www. msnbc. msn. com / id / 8418445 / ns / us _ news - environment / t / natural - golf - courses - redefine - green / #. t3npxdmwx _ h. accessed march 27, 2012. r. maranon. " ou golf course stays green with grey water. " from the oklahoma daily website : http : / / oudaily. com / news / 2009 / sep / 18 / ou - golf - course - stays - green - grey - water /. accessed march 27, 2012. all pictures are taken from the websites of the referenced golf courses. this episode was first aired on march 29, 2012 the engines of our ingenuity is copyright © 1988 - 2012 by john h. lienhard.


university of idaho geologists take preventative measures before potential earthquake monday, july 11 2011 idaho falls, idaho – grand teton national park is a spectacular site along the wyoming - idaho border. the park brings in nearly 4 million visitors a year and creates a scenic background for those who live there. while the beauty is stunning, it ’ s tempered by the potential of danger from beneath the ground. the majestic mountain range sits on an active fault line that could one day lead to a severe earthquake. the university of idaho and the idaho bureau of homeland security are working together with local officials to identify areas that would be most affected in idaho ’ s teton county in the event of an earthquake. the results of the survey will allow county leaders and citizens the opportunity to better protect government buildings and private property before an earthquake hits. “ with eastern idaho ’ s risk from earthquakes, it is important to have the best information so that emergency managers can be prepared and make informed decisions, ” said brig. gen. bill shawver, director of idaho bureau of homeland security. “ this project is a great cooperative effort between teton county, the university of idaho and bhs that will increase the ability of emergency managers to plan for earthquakes. ” teton county ’ s governmental seat is the city of driggs, roughly 20 miles west of the teton fault. while this fault has been seismically quiet in recorded historic time, geologists believe it could generate a magnitude 7. 2 earthquake at some point in the future. “ such an earthquake could produce heavy damage in teton county to structures not built to seismic standards, ” explained bill phillips, research geologist for the idaho geological survey. “ the amount of damage during earthquakes also is influenced by local soil and rock conditions. we are constructing a map of these conditions in teton county so that emergency planners can be better prepared. ” during the week of july 18 - 22, geologists will be in the field using seismographs and geophone sensors in 25 places around teton county to determine what type of soil and bedrock make up the area and how those areas would react during potential earthquake activity. results from the survey will be given to the county ’ s emergency services center. the survey is funded by the idaho bureau of homeland security through the earthquake hazard reduction grant program. for more information on the survey, contact bill phillips from the university of idaho at ( 208 ) 301 - 8794, or greg adams from teton county at ( 208 ) 354 - 2703. # # # about the


reduction grant program. for more information on the survey, contact bill phillips from the university of idaho at ( 208 ) 301 - 8794, or greg adams from teton county at ( 208 ) 354 - 2703. # # # about the university of idaho founded in 1889, the university of idaho is the state ’ s land - grant institution and its principal graduate education and research university, bringing insight and innovation to the state, the nation and the world. university researchers attract nearly $ 100 million in research grants and contracts each year. the university of idaho is classified by the prestigious carnegie foundation as high research activity. the student population of 12, 000 includes first - generation college students and ethnically diverse scholars, who select from more than 130 degree options in the colleges of agricultural and life sciences ; art and architecture ; business and economics ; education ; engineering ; law ; letters, arts and social sciences ; natural resources ; and science. the university also is charged with the statewide mission for medical education through the wwami program. the university combines the strength of a large university with the intimacy of small learning communities and focuses on helping students to succeed and become leaders. it is home to the vandals, and competes in the western athletic conference. for more information, visit www. uidaho. edu


omphalocele repair - series omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord ( umbilicus ) ; the infant is born with a sac protruding through the defect which contains small intestine, liver, and large intestine. omphalocele is frequently associated with other birth defects, such as heart defects, imperforate anus, urinary problems, and genetic defects. omphalocele is very similar to gastroschisis, except that the organs are enclosed in a sac. omphalocele is a life - threatening event requiring immediate intervention. the infant may be born underweight ( small for gestational age ) due to stress from this condition before birth. immediately after delivery, the exposed organs are covered with warm, moist, sterile dressings. a tube is inserted into the stomach ( nasogastric tube, also called ng tube ) to keep the stomach empty to prevent choking on or breathing in ( aspiration ) stomach contents into the lungs. the surgery is done as soon as the infant is stable. while the baby is deep asleep and pain - free ( under general anesthesia ) an incision is made to remove the sac membrane. the bowel is examined closely for signs of damage or additional birth defects. damaged or defective portions are removed and the healthy edges stitched together. a tube is inserted into the stomach ( gastrostomy tube ) and out through the skin. the organs are replaced into the abdominal cavity and the incision closed, if possible. the infant is cared for post - operatively in a neonatal intensive care unit. the baby is placed in an isolette ( incubator ) to keep warm and prevent infection. oxygen is given and mechanical ventilation is often required. intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and pain medications will be given. a nasogastric tube will be in place to keep the stomach emptied of gastric secretions. feedings are started by nasogastric tube as soon as bowel function resumes. feedings are started very slowly and often infants are reluctant to feed. these babies may need feeding therapy and lots of encouragement. last reviewed 11 / 7 / 2011 by neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, univeristy of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. -


college living can undoubtedly be exciting. for most students attending schools outside of their home town or state, it ' s their first opportunity to be independent. for many students, this is the first time they are away from their homes, families and friends for any significant period. while college provides new and exciting opportunities, it also introduces a myriad of new safety hazards, especially to students living in dormitories, apartments and other community locations. although a student may have been the safest person in their school, house or neighborhood, an impeccable safety record doesn ' t safeguard someone against the actions of other residents in shared college housing facilities. therefore, it is extremely important to develop and practice an escape route should there be a fire. fire is the third leading cause of accidental deaths in the united states. a residential fire occurs every 82 seconds in this country, and once burning, the size of a fire doubles every 30 seconds. if a fire should occur in your building, evacuate as soon as possible. do not try to act bravely or put the fire out. that is a fight too easily lost, and is just not worth it. if you have an escape plan, follow it at the first sign or smell of a fire. never exit a door if it feels hot to the touch, as flames are likely on the other side. it is also a good idea to know where all the fire extinguishers are located in the building. in community living facilities, everyone must do their part to make their dwelling a safer place. here are a few easy steps you can take to help prevent fire through electrical hazards : - look for the ul mark on all products. it means samples of the product have been tested for safety. - make sure outlets are not overloaded. - check electrical wires and cords on appliances, tools, lamps, etc., to make sure they are not worn or frayed. - never run electrical wires or extension cords under carpets or heavy items, and never bunch them up behind a hot appliance. - unplug appliances when not in use. - have building management install at least one smoke alarm on each level, and make sure they are maintained and tested regularly. fire is a chemical reaction involving fuel, oxygen and heat. take away any of these three elements and a fire cannot last. there are four classifications of fires dependent on their fuels : - class a - - ordinary materials like wood, paper, cloth, rubber and plastics. most home fires fall into this category. - class b - - comb


second world assembly on ageing madrid, spain 8 - 12 april 2002 no safety net for older migrants and refugees " older refugees have been invisible for too long. " - united nations high commissioner for refugees sadako ogata ( 1999 ) older refugees represent some 11. 5 per cent of refugee populations and, in some cases, they may represent as much as 30 percent. the majority of older refugees are women. these are people who have lost more than just family or belongings, and in interviews conducted by the office of the united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ), it is apparent that for many, there is no reason to live. the figures tell little, however, of individual hardship and suffering. typical is the case of an old man sitting alone, weeping, in a camp in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia. clutching his few belongings and refusing to move, he seemed to have lost the will to live. or the 86 year - old kosovo serb woman, living by herself in pristina, who had been brutally beaten by three teenagers. the media, for the most part, do not cover the particular situations of older persons in need, and such images and stories are rarely known. but they are real, and so is the painful situation of so many older refugees. older refugees commonly encounter three main problems : social disintegration, negative social selection and chronic dependency. · social disintegration occurs when, due to economic decline, the formal or informal social support systems erode ; or when war, flight or insecurity cause families to become separated and dispersed. in either case, the number of elderly persons in need increases. · negative social selection occurs when refugee camps and collection centres empty over a period of time. those who are young, healthy and able - bodied are the first to depart, leaving behind the weak and the vulnerable. the plight of the elderly is particularly wretched. often they have nowhere to go and no one to care for them. · chronic dependency can occur when solitary older persons, unable to secure state benefits or family support, become dependent on unhcr for long periods of time. in this situation, unhcr faces a particular challenge. at the same time that unhcr is working to ensure that the older person ' s experience of exile is not deepened by poverty and destitution, it must also discourage chronic dependency - by helping them to regularize their status and obtain access to all possible benefits, entitlements and rights. in 2000, to address these problems