april 29, 2011 > there be fossils here there be fossils here by william marshak yes, there really is a natural history museum in fremont. although it exists on the periphery of consciousness of many tri - city area residents, each year the museum attracts thousands of visitors including children from a wide swath of northern california school systems. the children ' s natural history museum is a testament to the perseverance of its director, dr. joyce blueford and houses the efforts of a group of " boy paleontologists " who helped make fossils found in the fremont area famous. in fact, a geologic " stage " of about 1. 8 million - 300, 000 years bp ( before present ) is named for irvington... the irvingtonian north american stage ( era ). for over a million years, fossils of mammoths, sabertooth cats, mastodons, sloths and other large mammals lay buried in the fremont foothills. a group of " boy paleontologists " under the direction of a science teacher, wesley gordon, created a national sensation in the 1940s as they uncovered bones from the beginning of the ice age ( pleistocene epoch ) near the community of irvington. these " finds " eventually found their way to the museum within a few miles of their discovery. managed by math / science nucleus, the children ' s natural history museum has recently expanded in size and includes exhibits that display fossils, a " stardome " and " walk though time, " shells, rocks and tools of early humans. and in the " hall of small wonders, " visitors can peek into a micro world of sea creatures. a museum shop allows visitors to expand their experience with mementos of their visit and continue exploration of the natural world through books, games, gadgets and experiments. leadership fremont is a " class " formed annually by the fremont chamber of commerce to learn more about their community and take an active role in its progress. speaking for this year ' s group, dr. vera packard noted, " it ' s been an amazing ride! " each class picks a project to " engage and enhance " the community. a brainstorming discussion, moderated by team manager kathy hunt, resulted in a desire to work on something that involved children, education and created a legacy for future generations. this year ' s leadership fremont class selected the children ' s natural history museum as its work project, designing and supporting the construction of a patio adjacent to the museum building for lunch / snack breaks and outdoor activities. blueford said that attendance at the museum


this year ' s leadership fremont class selected the children ' s natural history museum as its work project, designing and supporting the construction of a patio adjacent to the museum building for lunch / snack breaks and outdoor activities. blueford said that attendance at the museum could double if a safe and comfortable place for snacks and lunch could be found on the museum grounds. that was all that the leadership group needed to hear ; they got to work planning, organizing, fundraising and finding a construction partner. amazed at the community ' s response to appeals for assistance, packard was overwhelmed by the generosity of local companies and individuals proving the adage, " the first attitude we need in life is the attitude of gratitude. " some of those who supported the project were acknowledged at a ribbon cutting event wednesday, april 20. they include : cargill salt, leadership members, washington hospital healthcare, fremont police association, kaiser permanente, allied waste of alameda county, advanced micro devices, fremont firefighters association, kevin & ellen woods, william jennings, corbin willits systems, inc., royal ambulance, wesley liu and stahl companies. a special " thank you " was extended to greg robillard of robillard construction for his generous assistance building the patio. additional funds are still needed to install a floor of recycled material for the patio. one of the boy paleontologists, phil gordon interrupted a trip to southern california, driving all night to attend the ceremonies marking completion of the project. blueford noted, " this is the first time i have allowed an outside group to do everything. " although hesitant at first, standing under the trellis of the new area, she concluded " i am totally convinced that the community is ready to help the math / science nucleus provide even more services ; i want to applaud the leadership fremont class of 2011. " california assemblyman bob wieckowski was present to issue a proclamation recognizing the accomplishments of the math / science nucleus. other dignitaries in attendance included fremont unified school district boardmember lara york and superintendent dr. jim morris, chamber of commerce ceo cindy bonoir and chamber representatives nina moore and k. k. kaneshiro. bonoir spoke of the commitment of the business community, especially members of leadership fremont classes, to reach out and help make their community successful. she summarized class efforts saying, " all individuals in leadership fremont make a big commitment - a nine month commitment - to this program. this year, they have put a lot of time and effort into what has created an environment where kids can learn, expand their knowledge


| home / headlines / why a water crisis exists in gaza | why a water crisis exists in gaza " with current, desperate conditions and the violence that has caused severe damage to palestinian infrastructure why should palestinians have to pay for a natural resource that should already be available to them? " gaza has a water crisis. most people in the international community do not know the details as to why it exists and the root causes of the resource deficiency. for the more than 1. 4 million palestinians who live in gaza water shortages and water deterioration affects their health. moreover, the water crisis creates agricultural, economic, social, and political instabilities that have regional ramifications. most of the existing problems are a direct and indirect result of israeli policy. if the resource inequalities are not rectified soon, the middle east will be facing an irreversible human and environmental disaster. water resources, consumption and distribution – facts and figures gaza has a sub - aquifer, which is a part of the coastal aquifer ( that lies along “ … the mediterranean coastline of israel and the gaza strip. ) ” one estimate shows the people of gaza over abstract ( over - pump ) between 120 – 140 million cubic meters ( mcm ) of water from the coastal aquifer per year, but the sustainable yield of the gaza sub - aquifer is between 50 – 60 mcm / yr. one way to interpret sustainable yield is that it is the amount of water that can be extracted from the aquifer annually, while still maintaining ground water levels and chemical composition ( quality ). scientists such as hydrographers, hydrogeologists, hydrologists, and ecologists perform volumetric and qualitative measurements of water resources to not only make scientific determinations but future projections. another estimate states that the water exploitation ( over - pumping ) is around 155 mcm / yr, but the natural ( such as rainwater ) and anthropogenic ( agricultural return flow and waste water ) replenishments total 87 mcm / yr. all of these scientific figures reveal that gaza has a current water deficit of approximately 68 – 90 mcm / yr. in addition, population density determines how much water is needed within a geopolitical area, even if the hydrogeological and topographical landscape does not have the natural resource capacity to satisfy the number of people living there. “ the gaza strip is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world … ” and there are approximately 3, 500 people per square


and sanitation hygiene monitoring project where people conducted field surveys from over 640 palestinian communities. their reports reveal that mekorot “ … has seriously reduced the quantities. in many cases mekorot has completely stopped the provision of water to them altogether. many of the surveyed palestinian communities that still get some water from mekorot receive insufficient quantity, and have expressed their fear that mekorot will completely stop providing water to them. ” when these communities cannot rely on mekorot water service, they depend on other options, such as rainfall in community water cisterns - if they are available and accessible. in gaza, palestinians consume roughly 150 mcm / yr of which around 85 mcm is due to over abstraction of the gaza aquifer. how are palestinians over - pumping the aquifer? attili reports there are over 4, 200 wells within gaza. although most of the wells are used for agricultural purposes, there are 2, 400 illegal wells. moreover, illegal welling drains the already stressed aquifer. how is the exploitation of the water table affecting the coastal aquifer? it is increasing the rate at which saline ground water naturally flows from the eastern part of the coastal aquifer toward gaza, which is salinizing the freshwater in the western part of the aquifer at an accelerated pace. moreover the study concluded : “ if pumping continues at these unsustainable rates, it will destroy the aquifer ’ s capacity to resist sea water intrusion from the west and saline ground water from the east, thereby making it totally unsuitable for human consumption or for irrigated agriculture with the next few decades. ” the exploitation of the aquifer has damaged the water ’ s quality already. attili reports 70 per cent of the aquifer ’ s water is brackish water : saline water due to over - abstraction. unfortunately, as there is no alternative, palestinians are drinking this water and they are experiencing health problems. water chemical composition and how it impacts human health who established international standards for salt levels of chemical compounds in water, such as nitrate and chloride. for safe and healthy human consumption of drinking water these salt compounds cannot exceed the who guidelines. for nitrate, the who standard is 50 mg / l and for chloride it is 250 mg / l. the gaza aquifer has nitrate levels over 100 mg / l and chloride levels averaging 1000 mg / l. how are these unsafe levels affecting the health of palestinians? the following are some of the findings by an author who compiled health problems from


l. the gaza aquifer has nitrate levels over 100 mg / l and chloride levels averaging 1000 mg / l. how are these unsafe levels affecting the health of palestinians? the following are some of the findings by an author who compiled health problems from numerous publications. the health problems are : 50 per cent of gaza ’ s children have a parasitic infection ; children and adults suffer from diarrhea ; high chloride levels causes kidney disease ; consumption of saline water leads to salt levels in humans that causes kidney dysfunction, heart failure, neurological symptoms, lethargy, and high blood pressure ; excessive levels of fluoride are toxic, causing gastritis, ulcers, kidney failure, bone fluorisis ( bone fractures and crippling ), and teeth fluorsis ( black lines around gums and tooth decay ) ; and high nitrate levels causes “ blue baby ” syndrome, also know as methaemoglobinaemia and gastric cancer. since people do not have other water alternatives they consume the brackish water for daily survival. palestinians have no other options currently and the current numerical figures show the demand for water exceeds the water supply. as long as the middle east and the international community does not address the root causes of the water crisis and the impact it is having on the health of 1. 4 m people ; then the israelis and palestinians, as well as the people living in neighboring arab states who share co - riparian rights to natural water resources in the region will continue experiencing escalating geopolitical instability. when the shared aquifers can no longer meet the future needs of the israelis and palestinians using it, then regional civil war is inevitable. before exploring the expert ’ s solutions that could prevent future civil war a brief examination into the effects of military occupation on palestinians ’ access to water will help readers understand the obstacles palestinians face for this vital, life need. how occupation affects palestinians access to water palestinians access water from wells, but they also have water springs, tankers, roof tanks, cisterns, and reservoirs. unfortunately, over 70 per cent of the people in gaza live in poverty, so most people cannot afford to replace damaged tankers, let alone have money to pay water bills. in fact, “ numerous families suffer from a lack of funds to pay for wastewater evacuation tankers. the resulting pollution is having a direct negative effect on the state of sanitation and hygiene. ” how much waste water is in the aquifer? more than 30 mcm returns to the aquifer without any prior


pay for wastewater evacuation tankers. the resulting pollution is having a direct negative effect on the state of sanitation and hygiene. ” how much waste water is in the aquifer? more than 30 mcm returns to the aquifer without any prior treatment, therefore polluting it. when open waste water and water containing fertilizer for irrigating crops and pesticides has not been subjected to purification it drains into the ground water. hence, it contaminates the existing water supply. as a sidebar to the health ailments discussed in the previous section, human consumption of water with “ … pesticides can lead to paralysis, heart failure, and gradual damage to the nervous system. ” these problems illustrate the importance of ground, roof and wastewater tankers to people living with an archaic water network in the mediterranean region. moreover, what compounds palestinian health problems is the violence they are subjected to by israeli forces and israeli settlers. for example in december 2004, the khan younis and rafah governorates experienced an israeli incursion that resulted in : “ destruction of rainwater harvesting ponds and agricultural well near morag settlement. this includes eight green houses and 24 dunums that were damaged … ” and throughout the incursion “ … four wells located near gosh katif settlement compound were maintained with difficulties by the maintenance team …. were risking their lives since the israeli forces were prohibiting any one from reaching the area. ” this violence is not isolated to incursions because the field survey went on to explain that a municipal well in al naser that served two communities with a population of 13, 000 had been closed for three months. as a result, “ … the communities are forced to buy water from the nearby agricultural wells. ” when palestinians approached israeli forces to arrange for access to the well “ … israeli forces forced them to go back after firing on them. ” since israel transferred the israeli settlers out of gaza and into the west bank during the gaza withdrawal in august 2005 some people may think that problems with violence between israelis and palestinians no longer exist in gaza. however, palestinians still live under occupation because israeli forces still control all entry points ( checkpoints ), borders and border crossings, as well as sea and air space. in essence, israeli soldiers decide who and what flows in and out of gaza. the other dimension of occupation that may not come to mind immediately is the fact that 38 years of occupation left a path of destruction in gaza. a recent survey by a well - known palestinian political figure and doctor explains there are “ …


out of gaza. the other dimension of occupation that may not come to mind immediately is the fact that 38 years of occupation left a path of destruction in gaza. a recent survey by a well - known palestinian political figure and doctor explains there are “ … charred and uprooted palm and fruit trees, acres of fields and dozens of kilometers of roads and infrastructure bulldozed, water mains ploughed out and electric lines torn down. ” in addition, the tons of sand israelis removed before leaving the settlements will intensify the sea water intrusion of the aquifer already taking place. therefore the gaza withdrawal caused considerable environmental damage that palestinians have to take into account when rebuilding the area. by the way, the 7. 9 mcm / yr of water the former israeli settlers of gaza were consuming consisted of 4. 1 mcm from the aquifer and another 3. 8 mcm transported by mekorot at a subsidized price. palestinians have the opportunity to purchase the 3. 8 mcm at 3 nis (. 67 u. s. cents ) per cubic meter. how much is the annual cost? the palestinian water authority would have to spend nis $ 11. 4 m or u. s. $ 2. 6 m for the transport of mekorot water to gaza ’ s borders. with current, desperate conditions and the violence that has caused severe damage to palestinian infrastructure why should palestinians have to pay for a natural resource that should already be available to them? the next and final section will explore briefly other, viable solutions to gaza ’ s water crisis. water solutions from the experts when internecine, political entities are trying to reestablish diplomatic relations, financial compensation acknowledges committed crimes and demonstrates a commitment to peace building. the facts illustrate that israeli policy has caused severe damage to palestinian infrastructure and palestinians should receive reparations for this destruction. payment for these damages is sine qua non if there is going to be resolution to the israeli - palestinian conflict. with regards to equipment relating to palestinian water networks the israeli government should pay the p. a. to replace what damage has been done to water sources. if an israeli military base dumped its sewerage onto palestinian farmland, then israel is responsible for clean - up costs. regardless of where they live now if settlers destroyed wells and cisterns then the israeli government should pay for the repairs. if an israeli soldier fired gunshots that destroyed a palestinian family ’ s water tanks, then the israeli government should give them compensation for damages to their personal


live now if settlers destroyed wells and cisterns then the israeli government should pay for the repairs. if an israeli soldier fired gunshots that destroyed a palestinian family ’ s water tanks, then the israeli government should give them compensation for damages to their personal property. with regards to water solutions, an article published recently that i quoted earlier states that the coastal aquifer “ … could serve as a source of environmental peacemaking ” since israel is the upstream user of this aquifer and the p. a. is the downstream user. their proposal is that israel continues pumping the groundwater because it will decrease the salinization in the western part of the aquifer : gaza. moreover, they explain that palestinians should cease pumping the aquifer because over - pumping it causes sea water intrusion. they suggest desalination plants as alternative water sources. according to attili this is not the shortcut way to solve the problem. water rights should be solved based on international standards. gaza is not part of the moon ; it is the integral portion of the palestinian state that is composed of the west bank and gaza strip. reallocation of the available resources including the jordan river basin is the solution. this will enable both israelis and palestinians to sustainable management of these shared resources. it will then enable the palestinians themselves to proper of water between the west bank and the gaza strip. attili further explained that it is inevitable that the gaza water crisis solution on the medium term consists of transferring part of the palestinian rightful share from the jordan river to gaza. the united states agency for international development ( usaid ) began building a regional desalination facility in gaza costing us $ 70 m and the project allocated another $ 60 m for a future north - south carrier, which would run throughout gaza. in 2003, the project halted because three american personnel were killed. yet attili emphasizes “ … they ( the plant and carrier ) are critically required and construction must be recommenced without delay. ” he explains that the proposed water carrier for construction will address the 60 per cent network loss of water they are experiencing presently. for instance, water leakages in conduits and pipes. moreover, the p. a. ’ s ministry of planning map, which is a summary of the coastal aquifer management program ( camp ), a project funded by the usaid, the camp project is proposing the construction of three wastewater treatment plants that will address water consumption for agricultural and industrial purposes. although there are nine existing ground tanks the camp sees the need for


management program ( camp ), a project funded by the usaid, the camp project is proposing the construction of three wastewater treatment plants that will address water consumption for agricultural and industrial purposes. although there are nine existing ground tanks the camp sees the need for an additional 16 ground tanks. the construction of the water carrier will connect all ground tanks, booster pump stations and cities throughout the gaza strip. however, without funding from the international donor community, construction is at a standstill. the end result is that the postponed projects prevent viable solutions from resolving a dire situation. one major water source in the region is the jordan river basin. the co - riparians of the jordan river are : israel, jordan, lebanon, palestine, and syria. according to attili, palestinians have not had access to the jordan river since 1967 and they are the most stressed co - riparians in the region. jordanians are not far behind. he further explained that “ … israel violates the international law by diverting the river through the national water carrier. ” some experts agree that joint management of the water in the region will enable government leadership to meet the needs of their people. moreover, they concluded that international law with regards to water distribution should be based on “ … the equitable and reasonable allocation of share watercourses ; the avoidance of significant harm ; and the need of prior notification of any development plans which could affect shared watercourses. ” it is in the best interests of the riparian parties to manage water resources through a cooperative approach. if political entities work together then they can develop the most innovative, efficient and effective strategies to meet the needs of people while avoiding water exploitation and deterioration of water resources. the probability of environmental damage increases when a co - riparian user has no outside controls in place to balance its usage. israel is an example of this real - life scenario. when co - riparians manage water together then they have shared responsibility and liability for what happens to the region ’ s society and environment. by 2010, the palestinian water authority ( pwa ) predicts the demand for water in gaza will be a minimum of 300 mcm / yr, but the sustainable yield is 50 – 60 mcm / yr. the math reveals there is a 75 per cent gap of water to be had. what will people drink? whether the middle east will survive this impending human and environmental disaster is up to the political entities involved and the international community who can provide the much - needed funding to rectify this water crisis. some people say


fri august 17, 2012 when pronouncing a case is harder than ' roe v. wade ' originally published on fri august 17, 2012 4 : 03 pm melissa block, host : this is all things considered from npr news. i ' m melissa block. now, a story about supreme court cases and how you pronounce their names. some are easy enough, like roe v. wade, but others aren ' t so clear cut. is it bachy or bachy, padilla or padilla? many a case name has been mangled, so as we hear from npr legal affairs correspondent nina totenberg, law professor eugene fidell set out to set the record straight. nina totenberg, byline : fidell and his students at yale law school have published a pronunciation dictionary of supreme court cases. they ' ve examined all of the case names going back to the beginning of the republic and they ' ve figured out - or tried to figure out - the correct pronunciations. eugene fidell : it ' s been a marvelous sort of cook ' s tour of american legal history and also very reaffirming of the melting pot nature of our country because you see cases arise with american indian names and every single ethnic group that ' s immigrated to our country. totenberg : in addition to fidell, the project included six yale law students and two linguistic experts. their task combined all kinds of research skills. take, for example, the 1916 case of straus versus a company that spelled its name n - o - t - a - s - e - m - e. notaseme, maybe? italian? no. it was a hosiery company and the name was notaseme, as in there are no seams in this hosiery. or how about n - o - f - i - r - e versus united states? no. it ' s not spanish. it ' s nofire versus united states. mr. nofire was a cherokee indian. the guiding principle for the yale dictionary was the pronunciation used by the litigant if he or she were still alive. if not, in addition to other source material, the researchers would call up five people with the same name in the same region. take the name b - l - o - u - n - t. was it blount or blount? three pronounced it blount, two blount, so both pronunciations are listed. if the case was argued in the last half century, there '


o - u - n - t. was it blount or blount? three pronounced it blount, two blount, so both pronunciations are listed. if the case was argued in the last half century, there ' s tape of the oral argument. the supreme court actually has forms that litigants are asked to fill out giving guidance as to how their name should be pronounced in court, but the forms are routinely destroyed and, in any event, the justices seemed to follow the guidance - shall we say - irregularly. here, for example, is chief justice rehnquist introducing a major affirmative action case in 2003. william rehnquist : we ' ll hear argument now in number 02241, barbara grutter versus lee bollinger. totenberg : that ' s barbara g - r - u - t - t - e - r. she actually pronounces it grutter, but has long since accepted that the case name is known in the legal world as grutter. and then there ' s the rare litigant who changes the pronunciation of his name. accused terrorist jose padilla fit into that category. as far as can be determined, he was originally padilla, then said his name should be pronounced padilla and, by the end of his litigation, was back to padilla. nina totenberg - no, that ' s wrong. nina totenberg, npr news, washington. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.


jackson, tenn. – dec. 3, 2002 – in a classroom on union ’ s campus, a biology professor is teaching students on the various types of insects found in the west tennessee region. down the hall, another class is learning about the different forms of bacteria that exist in the area. still another class is learning how to put it all together in the form of genetic engineering – learning how to control insect populations with various bacterial methods while conserving the resources around us. research biologists are being born. science, seen and unseen, plays a huge part in how we eat, work, travel, the clothes we wear, and even the furniture we sit on. in an increasing technological age that demands our dependence on the sciences, union university is building for the future – designing a high - tech new science building that will serve the needs of future research chemists, pharmacists, nurses, doctors and engineers for decades to come and in turn, serve the west tennessee community and beyond. in a recent meeting in november with the university ’ s newly formed board of regents and science building advisors, the university announced the projected design of the new building which is the final piece of the first phase of union ’ s campus master plan set in motion back in 1997. the groundbreaking, which will occur friday, dec. 6 across from the new performing arts building, jennings hall, is a significant event representing two years of hard work and thought which went into the initial planning of this important building. made initially possible by a $ 2 million gift from roy white, $ 500, 000 from jackson - general hospital and an anonymous pledge of $ 1. 4 million, the two - story science building will house biology on the first floor and chemistry on the second – with other science areas such as physics, engineering and computer science to be added later. project completion is scheduled for 2005 with classes to begin in the new building in august of that year. “ the sciences as much as anything else we do at union symbolize the university ’ s commitment to excellence, ” said union president david s. dockery at the meeting. “ we are very excited about where this process is going and we are very hopeful for the next two years. ” according to tlm associates, who were awarded the architectural and engineering aspects of the campus master plan, a science building is one of the more difficult buildings to design due to the complexity of the laboratories and the ventilation challenges. union science faculty and administrators have spent many hours visiting other science facilities on other university campuses, and a


of the campus master plan, a science building is one of the more difficult buildings to design due to the complexity of the laboratories and the ventilation challenges. union science faculty and administrators have spent many hours visiting other science facilities on other university campuses, and a nationally known consultant was hired who specializes in designing science buildings. “ we want to provide a space where serious learning can take place among science majors as well as an appropriate place for union students who are taking the required science core classes, ” said union provost carla sanderson. barbara mcmillin, dean of union ’ s college of arts and sciences, spoke highly of the work that the science faculty in particular has done so far in planning the building to meet class and curriculum specifications “ i cannot estimate the number of hours that this faculty has invested in getting us to this point, ” said mcmillin. thinking ahead for the future has also been an important part of the process, examining what equipment will be needed both now and later. “ if it ’ s a piece of equipment that sits on a counter, we need to know so that we will have the counter space for later down the road when we finally obtain that particular piece of equipment, ” explained mcmillin, pointing out the complicated details that must each be thought through one by one. special features of the 42, 000 square foot building include a green house for the biology area, bulk storage areas for hazardous chemicals, large state - of - the - art lecture rooms, a microbiology / immunology lab, as well as lab areas for physiology and human gross anatomy, with storage for human cadavers that are used by the human gross anatomy class in the summer. the roof also has unique features for the special ventilation needs of the chemistry labs. “ union has always been good as an academic resource and as an important part of this community, ” said madison county mayor jerry gist. “ any addition can only serve to benefit west tennessee. the latest figures, particularly showing the university ’ s economic impact on this region rang loud and clear – we ’ re looking forward to great things. ” sara b. horn,


a calf muscle strain is a partial or complete tear of the small fibers of the muscles. the calf muscles are located in the back of your lower leg. a calf muscle strain can be caused by : - stretching the calf muscles beyond the amount of tension they can withstand - suddenly putting stress on the calf muscles when they are not ready for the stress - using the calf muscles too much on a certain day - a direct blow to the calf muscles factors that increase your chance of developing a calf muscle strain : - participation in sports that require bursts of speed. this includes track sports like running, hurdles, or long jump. other sports include basketball, soccer, football, or rugby. - previous strain or injury to the area. - muscle fatigue. - tight calf muscles. symptoms may include : - pain and tenderness in the calf - stiffness in the calf muscles - weakness of the calf muscles - pain when pushing off the foot or standing on tiptoe - bruising on the calf - popping sensation as the muscle tears the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. muscle strains are graded according to their severity : - grade 1 — some stretching with micro - tearing of muscle fibers. - grade 2 — partial tearing of muscle fibers. - grade 3 — complete tearing of muscle fibers. this may also be called a rupture or avulsion. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. recovery time ranges depending on the grade of your injury. treatment steps may include : your muscle will need time to heal. avoid activities that place extra stress on these muscles : - do not do activities that cause pain. this includes running, jumping, and weight lifting using the leg muscles. - if normal walking hurts, shorten your stride. - do not play sports until your doctor has said it is safe to do so. apply an ice or a cold pack to the area for 15 - 20 minutes, four times a day, for several days after the injury. do not apply the ice directly to your skin. wrap the ice or cold pack in a towel. to manage pain, your doctor may recommend : - over - the - counter medication, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen - topical pain medication — creams or patches that are applied to the skin - prescription pain relievers compression can help prevent more swelling. your doctor may recommend an elastic compression bandage around your calf. be careful not to wrap the bandage too tight. elevation can also help keep swelling down


as a boy, joe like many kids of his age wanted to be a fighter pilot and at age 22 joe was doing just that, storming through the skies of germany with the 86th fighter bomber squadron. it wasn ’ t long though before joe was called upon to bigger things. even before there was a space program he was planning for it, volunteering himself for experiments which would make even bruce banner wince with fear, most notably the human decelerator where he went from over 600 mph to zero in just a few feet, blistering his body and making his eyes bleed from the 41g he pulled in breaking. thankfully not all the experiments were as life threatening as the human decelerator. one of joe ’ s early tests for example was investigating zero gravity which involved him swooping and diving in his plane with a golf ball attached to a piece of string “ when the golf ball floated, that was zero gravity ”. some of course were far more grand in scale and with ‘ project man high ’ joe took a balloon up to the dizzying heights of 96, 000ft paving the way for the nasa ’ s human space flight program ‘ project mercury ’. not bad for a 29 year old but his real challenge was still to come. on aug. 16, 1960, joe, now air force captain joseph kittinger, rode a helium balloon to the edge of space, 102, 800 feet ( 32 km ) above the earth. wearing just a thin pressure suit and breathing supplemental oxygen, joe jumped from his gondola into the 110 - degree - below - zero, near - vacuum of space. within seconds his body accelerated to 714 mph in the thin air, breaking the sound barrier. after free - falling for more than four and a half minutes, his descent finally began to slow due to the friction of the heavier air below. he felt his parachute open at 14, 000 feet, and he floated gently down to the new mexico desert floor. joe ’ s feat proved to scientists that astronauts would be able to survive the harshness of space with just a pressure suit and that man could eject from aircraft at extreme altitudes and survive if properly equipped. more than four decades later, joe ’ s two world records, the highest parachute jump, and the only man to break the sound barrier without a craft and live, still stand, and the retired colonel and aviation hall of famer, now 75, still rides the sky above altamonte springs in florida as often as he can.


mit professor ’ s book digs into the eclectic, textually linked reading choices of people in medieval london. the glitter of gold may hold more than just beauty, or so says a team of mit researchers that is working on ways to use tiny gold rods to fight cancer, deliver drugs and more. but before gold nanorods can live up to their potential, scientists must figure out how to overcome one major difficulty : the surfaces of the tiny particles are coated with an uncooperative molecule ( a byproduct of the synthesis process ) that prevents researchers from creating nanorods with the features they want. " the surface chemistry is really key to everything, " said kimberly hamad - schifferli, assistant professor of biological and mechanical engineering at mit. " for all of these nifty applications to work, someone ' s got to sit down and do the dirty work of understanding the surface. " hamad - schifferli and her colleagues published two papers this month describing ways to manipulate the nanorods ' surface, which could allow researchers to design nanorods with specific useful functions. as their name implies, gold nanorods are tiny cylinders of gold, about 10 billionths of a meter wide and 40 billionths of a meter long. they differ from traditional, spherical gold nanoparticles in one very important respect - - they can absorb infrared light. that means they can theoretically be activated by infrared laser without damaging surrounding cells, which do not absorb infrared light. before that can happen, scientists must figure out how to deal with an organic molecule known as ctab that coats the outer surface of gold nanorods and tends to detach from and reattach itself to the surface. the molecule, a byproduct of the synthesis reaction that produces the nanorods, makes it difficult to attach other molecules for delivery, such as drugs or dna. the team ' s two recent papers describe how the ctab influences heat dissipation and how to remove the ctab and replace it with another organic molecule. in the first paper, published online aug. 12 in the journal of physical chemistry c, they found that a low concentration of the ctab in the surrounding solution accelerates heat dissipation after the nanorod is hit with infrared light. when the concentration of ctab is high, heat is dissipated more slowly. that information could help scientists design nanorods that fight cancer agents by burning away tumor cells when activated with infrared light. in the second paper, published online aug


infrared light. when the concentration of ctab is high, heat is dissipated more slowly. that information could help scientists design nanorods that fight cancer agents by burning away tumor cells when activated with infrared light. in the second paper, published online aug. 22 in the journal langmuir, the team demonstrated how to replace ctab with a more useful molecule - - a sulfur - containing group known as a thiol. this molecule binds more strongly to the nanorod, so it doesn ' t detach and reattach like ctab. in addition, other molecules, such as dna, can be easily attached to the end of the thiol. these surface chemistry studies are critical to lay the groundwork for development of gold nanorods, according to hamad - schifferli. " people have dreamed up all of these cool applications for nanorods, but one of the biggest bottlenecks to making this a reality is this interface, " she said. in the future, hamad - schifferli and her colleagues hope to build gold nanorods that carry dna designed for a specific function in the target cell. for example, the dna could shut down production of a protein that is being overexpressed. lead author of the langmuir paper is andy wijaya, a graduate student in chemical engineering. lead authors of the jpcc paper are aaron schmidt, a postdoctoral associate in mechanical engineering, and joshua alper, a graduate student in mechanical engineering. other authors are matteo chiesa, a visiting scholar in the technology and development program, gang chen, the rohsenow professor of mechanical engineering, and sarit das, a visiting professor in mechanical engineering. the work was funded by the norwegian research council, the ford - mit alliance and the national science foundation.


i hold onto heredity. genes must be present in order to be passed along. this is true. randomness ignores heredity, claiming that changes come by chance. hmm, no, not really. the changes do come by chance, but the random mutation aspect of it does not ignore heredity at all. in fact, its an integral part of the process. you see, we know random mutations happen. they are errors in the copying process. how do we know they happen? because of genetic disorders and how they present. there are lots of them to chose from. but let me show a little bit about how it works. lets say we have a strand of dna that looks like this.... there are a few ways we can get things to happen here. first, we can have a single letter change... for example the third letter somehow ( randomly, by chance. as an error in the copying process ) is changed to a t. now, when that dna strand codes for a protein, ( or is part of the on / off sequencing of the coding ), that random mutation gives a certain characteristic that is different than it would have been previously. ( for the sake of understanding, lets say it is... fur pigmentation in a rabbit or something ). if that particular difference makes a change that is beneficial to the individual ( for our rabbit, if they live in the arctic, lets assume that maybe the fur is a bit more white than that of his neighbors ), then that particular individual will be more likely to pass on its dna ( new and improved ) to the next generation simply by being better adapted to survive in that particular environment. you ' ve already agreed to heredity, so that ' s not up for discussion. another way it can happen is to have an additional letter added in. maybe add a t in between the first 2 g ' s up there. in that respect, everything on down the line is going to be effected ( pushed down one ), and depending on where this addition is, this can have massive effects on the dna sequence. if the addition is late in the dna strand, the effects might be less noticeable than if it were early in the sequence pushing everything on down the line. there are a few other ways that i can ' t remember off hand right now, but you get the point here. these random changes ( errors in the copying process for whatever reason ) can be either good, bad or completely benign to the organism. do you see that now?


that i can ' t remember off hand right now, but you get the point here. these random changes ( errors in the copying process for whatever reason ) can be either good, bad or completely benign to the organism. do you see that now? which ignores natural selection, which claims that whis is is better than that which was. really? so with our rabbit in the previous example... if his random mutation gives him fur that is a bit more white than other individuals of his species... and he ' s living in the arctic ; does that offer him it a better chance at survival? of course it does. that one tiny copying error just happened to give the rabbit less fur pigmentation, and therefore an increased chance of survival over its neighbors. what is the deciding factor between passing the genes on or not? it ' s whether the rabbit gets killed ( maybe by a wolf with good eyesight ) before it mates. in the arctic, does a white rabbit or an off white rabbit have a better chance to pass on it ' s genes? the white rabbit does, obviously. now that one tiny error might have given the rabbit increased muscle length, or better vision, or better hearing.. or it might have made it slower, or darker in color, or decreased it ' s sense of smell. natural selection determines whether or not it was beneficial simply by whether or not the new trait helps the individual live or die. that ' s it. it ' s as simple as that, really. which ignores heredity which claims that the genes of a progeny must be passed by the parent. which ignores randomness through the claim that what is has been passed by one who has it already no, and no. evolution has taken these thrown them in the soup of the past, and said it is how we were made. because it offers the very best explanation as to how all life came to be. not because we like it, or because it ' s super cool and all we want to do is mash any silly creationist nonsense. it ' s because it explains in great detail how all the facts fit together. really, its not a conspiracy against you. even if evolution wasn ' t true, creationism or id would still be utter bullshit. it just so happens that evolution is true. it would be true regardless of what invisible sky man you or anyone else thinks exists. not scientific. not rational, not logical. you ' re absolutely wrong here. it ' s all 3. very much all 3.


viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. the hilgard project and the future the hilgard project : web - based, automated wine fermentations at uc davis winery. scott professor of enology and chemical engineering the university of california is in the design and construction phases of a building complex that will be known as the robert mondavi institute for wine and food ( rmi ). the generous gift of $ 20m by robert and margrit mondavi and the matching funds from the state of california, will establish a unique centre that is home to the departments of viticulture and enology and of food science ( see : http : / / robertmondaviinstitute. ucdavis. edu / ). some of the greatest limitations to small - scale research winemaking are irreprod...


most active stories - poll shows major support for medical marijuana in kentucky - boating accident on kentucky lake kills fisherman - msu ' s dunn selected to be youngstown state ' s next president - recurring trials for an iranian family – a microcosm of the persecution of the baha ’ is in iran - tva eyes closing power units at shawnee fossil plant, other coal facilities thu august 9, 2012 uncovering secrets buried at a neglected cemetery originally published on thu august 9, 2012 10 : 07 am at most cemeteries, hearing weed cutters and lawn mowers trimming grass around graves would seem normal enough. but at lincoln cemetery in montgomery, ala., these are the sounds of progress. lincoln cemetery was established in 1907 for african - americans. but with no one in charge of the cemetery or keeping up with burial records, abuse, vandalism and neglect became rampant and the cemetery is in disrepair. grass and weeds grew three feet high. people picked apart old, crumbling graves and took bones of the deceased. and no one is quite where people are actually buried. " when somebody would be buried here, they were burying people on top of people. see these two markers? they laid them up on this grave. so we ' re not sure which one of these spaces that person is in, " says phyllis armstrong, a volunteer helping to clean up lincoln. lincoln was designed for 700 graves. so far, volunteers have recorded more than nine times that amount — a total of 6, 700 graves, some of which are actually under nearby roads. phillip taunton heads the local group overseeing the cleanup. " it ' s immoral and it ' s unethical for anything like this to be taking place, especially here in the city of montgomery, " taunton says. city leaders agreed. two years ago, officials created an authority to restore the cemetery. now, volunteers like armstrong come out almost every day to cut grass, rake leaves and pick up litter. but the problems underscore a darker part of southern history. lee anne wofford of the alabama historical commission says lincoln is a direct result of segregation. " what people don ' t understand is that it also applied in death. not just at bus stations or restaurants or bathrooms, but in death also. so, you have separate cemeteries for whites and blacks, " wofford says. wofford walks to the grave marker of a woman who was key in the civil rights movement. aurelia browder - coleman was a friend of rosa parks and was lead plaintiff


december 3, 2012 | politics and leadership the dilma effect : how brazil ’ s groundbreaking president is inspiring other women to run by maya popa “ in portuguese, the term presidente applies to both men and women, and presidenta to women only. when dilma was elected, people asked her which term she preferred to use and she said presidenta, with the feminine ending. ” “ dilma, ” it almost goes without saying, is dilma rousseff, voted into office in 2010 as the first woman to lead powerhouse brazil, the world ’ s sixth largest economy. for the woman telling that anecdote, thirtysomething veronica marques of rio, it illustrates one of rousseff ’ s greatest accomplishments in office : her ability to motivate other women to succeed, especially in public life. “ for me, this simple gesture shows how having a woman as a presidenta can inspire other women not only to seek more space in the political arena, but also through their daily lives, ” says marques, an executive at elas, the women ' s social investment fund, a nonprofit that invests in women ’ s empowerment and education. the dilma effect starts at the top : after promising in her inaugural speech “ to open doors, so that in the future many other women can also be president, ” rousseff put together a cabinet with three times as many women as the previous administration, giving women nine of the 24 minister - level positions - - including such key jobs as ministers of planning, social development and the environment. and in this macho, macho country, thanks to rousseff, more women are getting into politics than ever before. " dilma took several high - profile media opportunities to encourage women to run in the last elections, ” says heather arnet, ceo of the women and girls foundation of pennsylvania, which is partnering with elas to study the effect of governmental policies on the lives of brazilian women. the result : a record 48 women sought the chance to head brazil ’ s 26 states, a 60 percent increase over the previous contest. but the fight for gender equality is hardly won. although brazil has a 30 percent rule — requiring that 30 percent of candidates for elective office be women — females hold only nine percent of positions in the lower house of parliament and only 36 percent of lawmaker, senior official and managerial jobs, according to a 2011 report by the world economic forum. “ there is a long way to go to have more women in politics,


nine percent of positions in the lower house of parliament and only 36 percent of lawmaker, senior official and managerial jobs, according to a 2011 report by the world economic forum. “ there is a long way to go to have more women in politics, but we are building step by step, ” says marques. “ maybe, in some years we will have at least 50 percent of women in political positions in brazil. ” politics, though, isn ’ t the only area where brazilian women are breaking glass ceilings. earlier this year maria das gracas silva foster was named ceo of petrobras - petroleo brasil - - the first woman in the world to head a major oil - and - gas company. according to a recent survey, 80 percent of brazilian women now aspire to top jobs ( compared to 52 percent in the u. s ), while 59 percent consider themselves “ very ambitious ” ( compared to 36 percent in the u. s. ) arnet praises government - funded social programs for providing the right conditions for women to succeed : inexpensive, over - the - counter birth control, six months paid maternity leave, efforts to connect rural women to education and healthcare, and the bolsa familia program, compensation for poor women to keeping their children in school. " all of these policies and cultural practices together are creating an environment where women can be more economically sufficient and can take on increasing corporate and political leadership, " says arnet. marques, though, has the most personal take on her country ’ s leader : “ when i see myself represented by a woman as presidenta, i see that things are changing. i see that our generation of women and the next generation of women will have more space in the political arena because of her. achieving in the political arena is not simple. brazil has to give us — the new generation of women — the space and the opportunity for it. we want to do it, we can do it, we will do it. ” solutions for brazil : let ’ s go girls! the women and girls foundation of pennsylvania, led by heather arnet, is partnering with veronica marques at elas, on a project called vamos meninas! ( let ' s go girls! ) to " explore the role that brazilian voting practices, economic policies, and policies regarding family planning and child care have in fostering a culture for female advancement. " in january 2013, arnet and elas will visit rio, sao paulo, brasilia and other cities, to better understand the changes


, economic policies, and policies regarding family planning and child care have in fostering a culture for female advancement. " in january 2013, arnet and elas will visit rio, sao paulo, brasilia and other cities, to better understand the changes occurring in brazil and their impact on women ’ s leadership. as arnet explains : " together we hope to capture stories of transformation that provide americans insight into this emerging world economic leader, and inspiration to continue our own pursuit towards gender equity. " explaining what seems an unlikely pairing, arnet says that “ brazil and pennsylvania, historically, have a surprising amount in common. we are both economies which used to rely mainly on coal mining. we are traditionally macho cultures where women stayed home, and had children, and men went to work in the factories. we have had significant racial and class segregation and gender segregation in the workplace. and yet look at brazil now. from an economic revitalization perspective and gender leadership perspective things are changing in brazil dynamically. ” a documentary about vamos meninas! will premiere on pbs station wqed / pittsburgh later in 2013. says arnet, " we have a lot to learn from brazil, its people and its leaders, regarding how to transform our culture and our economies for a new century. " maya catherine popa is a writer for the women in the world foundation. she is currently completing a master ' s in creative writing at oxford university under a clarendon scholarship, as well as an mfa in poetry from nyu. she co - leads a weekly writing workshop for veterans of iraq & afghanistan. her writing appears in the huffington post, locustpoint, and elsewhere.


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) abscission, cutting off ( the act of cutting something off ) - s : ( n ) cut, cutting, cutting off ( the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends ) " the barber gave him a good cut " - s : ( v ) interrupt, disrupt, break up, cut off ( make a break in ) " we interrupt the program for the following messages " - s : ( v ) cut, cut off ( cease, stop ) " cut the noise " ; " we had to cut short the conversation " - s : ( v ) cut off, chop off, lop off ( remove by or as if by cutting ) " cut off the ear " ; " lop off the dead branch " - s : ( v ) cut off, cut out ( cut off and stop ) " the bicyclist was cut out by the van " - s : ( v ) chip, knap, cut off, break off ( break a small piece off from ) " chip the glass " ; " chip a tooth " - s : ( v ) amputate, cut off ( remove surgically ) " amputate limbs "


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) guard ( a person who keeps watch over something or someone ) - s : ( n ) guard ( the person who plays that position on a football team ) " the left guard was injured on the play " - s : ( n ) guard, safety, safety device ( a device designed to prevent injury or accidents ) - s : ( n ) guard ( a posture of defence in boxing or fencing ) " keep your guard up " - s : ( n ) guard ( the person who plays the position of guard on a basketball team ) - s : ( n ) guard ( a military unit serving to protect some place or person ) - s : ( n ) precaution, safeguard, guard ( a precautionary measure warding off impending danger or damage or injury etc. ) " he put an ice pack on the injury as a precaution " ; " an insurance policy is a good safeguard " ; " we let our guard down " - s : ( n ) guard duty, guard, sentry duty, sentry go ( the duty of serving as a sentry ) " he was on guard that night " - s : ( n ) guard ( ( american football ) a position on the line of scrimmage ) " guards must be good blockers " - s : ( n ) guard ( a position on a basketball team ) - s : ( v ) guard ( to keep watch over ) " there would be men guarding the horses " - s : ( v ) guard, ward ( watch over or shield from danger or harm ; protect ) " guard my possessions while i ' m away " - s : ( v ) defend, guard, hold ( protect against a challenge or attack ) " hold that position behind the trees! " ; " hold the bridge against the enemy ' s attacks " - s : ( v ) guard ( take precautions in order to avoid some unwanted consequence ) " guard against becoming too friendly with the staff " ; " guard against infection "


situated at the mouth of the mississippi river on the coast of the gulf of mexico, louisiana and its people have long been influenced by the intersection of these two major water features. the physical geography of louisiana can be examined in terms of its five natural regions : the coastal marsh ; the mississippi flood plain ; the red river valley ; the terraces ; and the hills. each has played an important role in the history of the state. the southernmost of these regions is the coastal marsh, which serves as a transitional area between land and sea. characterized by fresh and saltmarsh vegetation as well as peat soils, this natural region serves to provide rich fishing grounds that support the second - largest seafood industry in the united states today. heading northward away from the coastal areas, rivers dominate not only the physical landscape but also the economic geography of louisiana. the red and mississippi rivers are distinguished as separate natural regions because of soil and drainage differences, however, they are inherently interconnected and provide an extensive waterway transportation system upon which the louisiana economy has been built. combined with five deepwater ports and proximity of the gulf of mexico, the river system of louisiana serves as natural gateway for the exchange of not only goods produced in the state but much of the u. s. midwest as well. while the petrochemical and mineral resource industries are most often associated with the importance of waterway transportation today, the fertile flood plains of the mississippi river have long been a source of agricultural wealth for the state by producing large quantities of cotton, soybeans, and rice. rising above the river floodplains into the terraces and hills, the forest industry prevails because of the availability over 13 million acres ( 5. 2 million hectares ) of hardwood and pine forests. natural resources alone do not provide all of the state ’ s economic foundations. louisiana has also developed a strong tourism industry premised upon its unique cultural heritage. the idea of “ cultural gumbo ” is often used to describe the people of louisiana, as they are like the famous gumbo dish created out of many separate ingredients that blend together to create a delightful experience. throughout its history, the territory that now encompasses louisiana has been governed under 10 different flags. although originally claimed by hernando de soto for spain in the early 1540s, louisiana remained largely ignored by europeans until robert de la salle claimed the territory for france in 1682. the first permanent settlement was finally established in 1714. despite the strong french and spanish presence in the territory, other europeans, including germans farmers, began to arrive, each adding their own influences to


robert de la salle claimed the territory for france in 1682. the first permanent settlement was finally established in 1714. despite the strong french and spanish presence in the territory, other europeans, including germans farmers, began to arrive, each adding their own influences to the louisiana culture and landscape. with a military victory over france and spain in 1763, great britain also laid claim to the portion of louisiana east of the mississippi river basin. while european nations struggled with each other for control of louisiana, other cultural groups continued to arrive. the rich soils of the river lands fostered the growth of a plantation economy that depended upon the importation of african and afro - caribbean slaves who contributed to the formation of the culture in south louisiana. this area was also settled by creoles, the french - speaking acadians who fled british control of nova scotia and made their way into south - central louisiana and are today recognized by the name cajuns. even after the louisiana purchase in 1803 and its incorporation into the united states in 1812, portions of louisiana would be governed under a foreign flag. in 1810, a controversy arose between the united states and spain over the control of portions of eastern louisiana, resulting in the declaration of the shortlived independent republic of west florida. finally, in 1861, louisiana seceded from the union and after only a six - week period as an independent republic joined the confederacy and its efforts in the civil war. after the conclusion of the war, louisiana was readmitted to the union in 1868. despite the passage of over 130 years of continual u. s. control, the people of louisiana have seldom forgotten their past and continue to draw upon it today to create a diverse cultural experience blended from a unique history and environment.


| the surprising appearance of nanotubular fullerene d5h ( 1 ) - c90 | the previously undetected fullerene d5h ( 1 ) - c90 — with a distinct nanotubular shape — has been isolated as the major c90 isomer produced from sm2o3 - doped graphite rods and structurally identified by single - crystal x - ray diffraction. fullerenes are well - defined molecules that consist of closed cages of carbon atoms and distinct inside and outside surfaces. they tend to form very small crystals ; consequently, high - resolution data was collected using small - molecule crystallography at als beamline 11. 3. 1. the discovery of nanotubular d5h ( 1 ) - c90, which is a fullerene with 90 carbon atoms and d5h symmetry, opens a bridge between molecular fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. in recent years, the well - known solid allotropes diamond and graphite have been joined by new allotropes : fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. diamond consists of four - coordinate carbon atoms with tetrahedral geometry, while the other allotropes involve three - coordinate carbon atoms. in graphite, these carbon atoms are arranged in hexagonal sheets that are stacked upon one another. graphene is simply a single hexagonal graphitic sheet with a thickness of only one atom. carbon nanotubes can be conceived as hexagonal graphene sheets rolled into cylindrical shapes. these tubes may consist of a single wall of carbon atoms ( single - walled carbon nanotubes ) or may consist of multiple layers of tubes nested inside one another ( multi - wall carbon nanotubes ). carbon nanotubes are produced as mixtures in which the individual tubes can vary in length, width, precise alignment of the component hexagons, and the chemical nature of the unique carbon atoms at the two ends of the tube. graphene is likewise produced as sheets of varying size with generally less well - defined structures for those carbon atoms at the outer edges. fullerenes of varying sizes ( from 60 to more than 500 carbon atoms ) have also been observed, and individual molecules such as c60 and c70 have been isolated in pure form. each fullerene is constructed of 12 pentagonal rings of carbon atoms and a number of hexagonal rings. for example, the prototypical c60, the most readily prepared fullerene, has 20 hexagonal rings in addition to the 12 pentagons


fullerene is constructed of 12 pentagonal rings of carbon atoms and a number of hexagonal rings. for example, the prototypical c60, the most readily prepared fullerene, has 20 hexagonal rings in addition to the 12 pentagons. isolating higher fullerenes in an isomerically pure form is challenging, especially since the number of isomers increases as the size of the fullerene cage expands, as per the isolated pentagon rule ( ipr ). the ipr requires that each pentagon be surrounded by five hexagons to avoid strain - inducing pentagon – pentagon contact. there are 46 isomers of c90 that obey the ipr, but none of these isomers had previously been obtained in pure form. indeed, in the absence of sm2o3, no d5h ( 1 ) - c90 has ever been detected. the oblong fullerene d5h ( 1 ) - c90 belongs to a set of nanotube - like fullerenes with the formula c60 + 10n, which have alternating d5h symmetry ( when n is odd and the end caps are eclipsed ) or d5d symmetry ( when n is even and the end caps are staggered ). the structure of d5h ( 1 ) - c90 ( n = 3 ) is thus closely related to that of c70 ( n = 1 ). however, within this family only c60, c70, and d5h ( 1 ) - c90 have been isolated in pure form and characterized crystallographically. the isolation of d5h ( 1 ) - c90 provides a unique molecular model for carbon nanotubes that will allow scientists to explore the chemical and physical properties of a distinctly cylindrical fullerene. the armchair - style belts that are found at the waist of d5h ( 1 ) - c90 are a unique feature of this particular fullerene, but are the fundamental building block of carbon nanotubes. research conducted by h. yang, a. jiang, z. wang, and z. liu ( zhejiang university, p. r. china ) ; h. jin ( jiliang university, p. r. china ) ; b. q. mercado, m. m. olmstead, and a. l. balch ( university of california, davis ) ; and c. m. beavers ( berkeley lab ). research funding : national science foundation and the natural science foundation of china. operation of the als is supported by the u. s.


luetzen, memorial, frank ellmerich from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia l tzen is a town in the burgenlandkreis district, in saxony - anhalt, germany. it is situated approx. 14 km northeast of wei enfels, and 18 km southwest of leipzig. the town was the scene of two famous battles : the battle of lutzen ( 1632 ) in the thirty years ' war, in which gustavus adolphus of sweden defeated albrecht von wallenstein. however, gustavus adolphus himself died on the battlefield, resulting in the battle being a pyrrhic victory for sweden. there is a statue in l tzen in his memory. also, there is a stone, called schwedenstein ( swedenstone ), covered by a gothic - style monument on the spot on the battlefield where he died. close to this there is a memorial church in his honour. the battle of l tzen ( 1813 ) in the napoleonic wars, in which napoleon defeated combined russian and prussian forces in nearby grossgoerschen. from wikipedia, the free encyclopedial tzen is a town in the burgenlandkreis district, in saxony - anha... from wikipedia, the free encyclopedialutzen is a town in the burgenlandkreis district, in saxony - anha... unterstand im sudlichen teil des kuhrparks in bad durrenbergdie stadt bad durrenberg liegt an der saa... sudlicher kuhrpark in bad durrenbergdie stadt bad durrenberg liegt an der saale zwischen leipzig, mer... der borlachturm mit witzleben - turm an der schonen saale zu bad durrenberg. johann gottfried borlach ( *... nova eventis in gunthersdorf. hdr 6 x 3 bilder ( 4 portrait l 1 zenith l 2 nadir ) l photomatix l ptgui... sand - design weltmeisterschaft in nova eventis 1. platz, rechts 3. platz 4m pole eine einsame schleuse des alten saale - elster kanals in wusteneutzsch. study tour to waterways in bohemia and saxony, april 2011. street around the settlement. some properties are still undeveloped so that the settlement isn ' t comp... germany? before the beginning there was ginnungagap, an empty


yoga has been recognized for some time as being effective in reducing high blood pressure, particularly the diastolic ( lower ) number, which is the most crucial. you can experience the relaxing effects of yoga by committing to a short daily routine of breathing, exercise, and meditation. yoga techniques improve your body ’ s strength and flexibility, teach you how to relax mentally and physically, and show you how to better manage stress reactions such as muscle tension ( most commonly in the face, stomach, neck, shoulders, and breath ), rapid heart rate, constricted breathing, and anxiety. the fastest and most effective way to reduce reaction to stress is to change your breath, and an immediate way to improve your breathing is to improve your posture. in yoga, you learn to strengthen your back and stomach muscles so that you can sit and stand straighter ; this releases pressure on your heart and lungs and allows you to breathe easier. yoga breathing exercises teach you how to breathe more deeply and rhythmically ; this has many effects, both physical and mental. your respiratory muscles become stronger, and more oxygen reaches your bloodstream. regular practice of breathing exercises will give you greater concentration, willpower, and steadiness. you ’ ll feel calmer, too, as you breathe, because your mind can ’ t think about upsetting things when it is focused on the breath. you can learn to use the breathing techniques whenever you feel stressed, fatigued, or anxious for immediate relief. yoga exercise benefits your entire circulatory system, beginning with the production of blood, which takes place in the marrow of the long bones in the thighs. improving circulation in the legs with daily yoga stretching exercises helps to rejuvenate the blood. yoga exercises stretch the body ' s major blood vessels, keeping them free - flowing and elastic ; yoga oxygenates the blood and pushes fresh nutrients to all peripheral vessels and capillaries. improved circulation means that your brain will receive more oxygen, improving alertness, memory, and mood ; vital organs receive a steady supply of the nutrients they need for optimal functioning. yoga relaxation and meditation training teach you how to relax at will, allowing your body to release muscle tension almost as it occurs. meditation training shows you how to access your inner source of strength and personal power, creating a support system that builds confidence and self - esteem, helps you learn to enjoy the present - moment, and increases self - awareness. the choice to practice yoga will help you control your high blood pressure as it contributes to greater general health and well - being


freeway noise can be much louder than expected over 300m in some atmospheric conditions ovenden, shaffer, frenando. impact of meteorological conditions on noise propagation from freeway corridors. j. acous. soc. am. 126 ( 1 ), july 2009, 25 - 35. this study combined field recordings and new acoustic modeling to describe the effects of wind shear and temperature differentials on the distance over which road noise exceeds regulatory limits. the particular concern here is whether reducing the height of barrier walls ( which is sometimes allowed when quiet road surfaces are used ) will lead to increased noise at a distance. this study could offer important additional information for use in recent us national park service efforts to understand the ways that road noise affects the " effective listening distance " of animals nearby. the results may also have applicability to some wind farm noise issues, though extrapolation from these results must be made with extreme caution. the essence of this study ' s results is that sound may bounce off a layer boundary that is caused by wind shear or temperature layers at 30 - 50 meters high ( a wind shear is a situation in which wind speed increases substantially with height, especially when there is a relatively sharp boundary between low and higher wind speeds ). most sound propagation models assume relative uniformity in the atmosphere ; this study aimed to see how propagation differs from traditional models when the atmosphere is more varied. in some conditions, the researchers here found that while sound levels remain close to what traditional sound models would suggest at ranges of 200 - 300 meters, noise levels can actually increase at ranges of 300 meters and beyond, creating conditions in which regulatory limits are exceeded at these greater distances. in some conditions, increases occur in chaotic patterns at closer ranges, as well. the difference between traditonal sound models and the results here were as high as 15 - 20db, and quite commonly occurred at 5 - 10db. while there is much interest in what may be causing reports of excessive noise from wind farms, and this work may inform these inquiries, it should be noted that the wind shears studied here may not apply to many industrial wind farms. most notably, the hub heights of turbines may well be above the level of the wind shears addressed here ( especially in problematic situations in which night time wind shears trigger turbines into action ), so that the noise is not reflected downward in patterns similar to those of ground - based noise such as traffic. however, there clearly are some atmospheric conditions in which wind farm noise is higher than expected, sometimes at surprisingly large distances,


into action ), so that the noise is not reflected downward in patterns similar to those of ground - based noise such as traffic. however, there clearly are some atmospheric conditions in which wind farm noise is higher than expected, sometimes at surprisingly large distances, so consideration of these effects would be a very useful topic for further study. it is quite possible that the turbine sound that does project down toward the ground during wind shear conditions is subject to the same factors that create chaotic and at times surprisingly high levels at larger distances ; this could partially account for unusually high noise levels reported by some neighbors at certain times. exciting new models for assessing and visualizing extent of noise impacts in the ocean clark, ellison, southall, hatch, van parijs, frankel, ponirakis. acoustic masking in marine ecosystems : intuitions, analysis, and implication. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 201 - 222, 2009. [ download ( pdf ) ] this has to be one of the most exciting papers i ' ve seen this year ; reading it was downright joyous, especially in contrast to decidedly unsatisfying previous attempts to address cumulative impacts of ocean noise ( mostly undertaken by large committees and resulting in vague and complex conceptual approaches that are nearly impossible to implement ). by contrast, here we have, at last, a clear and strikingly rigorous approach to assessing the impacts of ocean noise sources on the communication of whales. as promised in the introduction, the authors " present an analytical paradigm to quantify changes in an animal ' s acoustic communication space " and " a metric to quantify the potential for communication masking. " while of course, much uncertainty remains, both in some of the specific terms used in these metrics and in assessing the biological impact of reduced communication space, the tools provided here will open a vast and exceedingly useful new doorway for biologists and ocean managers. researchers will find much to work with in the suite of new metrics and relatively simple functions used to calculate them, including factors that reflect " ancient ambient " conditions as well as " present ambient " and " present noise sources ", a more nuanced twist on signal - to - noise ration called the " recognition differential ", acknowledgement of subtle biological inputs such as " signal processing gain ", and " potential communication space " for a sender, and for a receiver hearing multiple other animal senders …. this is just a hint of the power of these combined metrics, and surprisingly, most of the functions are really quite


gain ", and " potential communication space " for a sender, and for a receiver hearing multiple other animal senders …. this is just a hint of the power of these combined metrics, and surprisingly, most of the functions are really quite simple, though they do of course interact in complex ways. the present examples focus on the effects of low - frequency shipping noise on low - frequency communication by large whales, and incorporate differences in the specific frequency ranges used by the three species addressed ; the model can easily be used to address mid - or high - frequency noise sources and higher frequency animal sounds such as those used for echolocation. for the rest of us who are not designing new studies, though, the power of this approach is equally clear, and can readily inform both public awareness and policy - making. extending the nascent idea of " communication space " ( which has recently been introduced in terrestrial ecosystems by researchers at the national park service and colorado state ) into ocean habitats, we are presented with an intuitively obvious way to both imagine and assess the effects of ocean noise – measuring the area in which an animal can hear or be heard by others of its species. as its first application, this paper presents data from ongoing work at stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary offshore from boston harbor. there, a network of hydrophones is collecting soundscape data that allows researchers to both pinpoint and track the locations of whales and ships, along with the actual received sound levels throughout an extended area. by plugging this data into their new equations, the researchers are able to, for the first time, quantify the effects of shipping noise on local populations of fin, humpback, and right whales. the results are both fascinating and sobering. thanks to slightly different frequency bands used by each species, and the lower source level of right whale calls, the impacts of shipping noise on these three species vary substantially. on the day used for this initial analysis, two ships passed through the region ( an average of six ships has been noted here ). on a low - traffic day with two ships, the communication space for humpbacks were reduced by an average of 11 %, fins by 33 %, and right whales by a staggering 84 %. for most of the day ( from 5am until 5pm ), right whale communication space was diminished by 88 - 98 %. while we do not know how this vastly shrunken communication range affected the whales, the authors note that " we do know that these whales counter - call and use


until 5pm ), right whale communication space was diminished by 88 - 98 %. while we do not know how this vastly shrunken communication range affected the whales, the authors note that " we do know that these whales counter - call and use these episodes of calling to find each other and to aggregate, so one immediate cost is the loss of opportunities to form social groups. right whales form aggregations during mating and during feeding, so one likely cost is the loss of mating and feeding opportunities. " back to the science - advancement side of things, the authors stress that this metric provides " a critical missing link to the major current dilemma of assessing noise impacts " that can, for the first time, " quantify biological cost within an ecological framework. " they note that this model is a key step toward giving some practical form to the previous pcad ( population consequences of acoustic disturbance ) model proposed by the national research council in 2005. there is still uncertainty in some key variables. most strikingly, we don ' t know how far these species actually communicate ; while we know they can be heard for tens to hundreds of kilometers, limited studies have only confirmed communication exchanges in the range of 20km, which is used in this model for now ( if actual communication ranges are longer, as is entirely possible, then reductions in communication space would be much greater, especially for the fin and humpback whales ). the authors note it was 1971 when payne and webb first raised the question of whether shipping might reduce long - range communication for some large whales, and that " that hypothesis was ignored for a quarter of a century. " they conclude : " as the planet ' s dominant species, humans have choices to make. in the case of the ocean ' s acoustic ecological habitat, the choices we are making now have profound implications for the future of marine mammals. it is our opinion that the right choice cannot wait another 3 decades. " summary of human and natural noise in the sea john a. hildebrand. anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 5 - 20, 2009. [ download ] this is a good current overview of the known sources of both human and natural sounds that contribute to the cumulative background ambient noise level of the seas. for each noise source, the author includes frequency bands and source levels, as well as a sense of how widespread the source is. some lesser - considered noise sources are included, such as acoustic modems used to transmit data from industrial


of the seas. for each noise source, the author includes frequency bands and source levels, as well as a sense of how widespread the source is. some lesser - considered noise sources are included, such as acoustic modems used to transmit data from industrial and scientific sites at sea. the key omissions are sources that are still relatively rare, though increasing in number : undersea mining and oil and gas subsea processing installations. unlike a similar presentation to the iwc a few years ago, the author does not attempt the much harder challenge of calculating the total sound energy that each noise source contributes to the global ambient noise budget ( that paper ruffled some feathers by suggesting that seismic surveys may contribute nearly as much as shipping ; it is likely that there is not enough solid data to assess how much air gun sound actually moves from continental shelves and slopes into the ocean basins ). the paper also includes a good basic summary of sound measurement systems, and is a good starting place for those wishing to get up to speed on the diversity of ocean noise sources. the main take - away is familiar : at low frequencies, shipping is the dominant noise source ( with some indications that seismic surveys are contributing more as they move to deeper water ) and has impacts at ocean - basin scales ; in mid - frequencies, sounds travel tens of kilometers, with wave and wind sounds dominant ( with mid - frequency sonars from 300 ships, operating up to 10 % of the time each, also significant ) ; at high frequencies, sounds travel only tens to hundreds of meters, and the main source of noise is actually thermal noise of water molecules ( with depth - sounder sonars on many to most ships also a factor ). specific data that may be worth holding in mind includes source levels of two important low - frequency sounds. pile driving ( increasingly used for siting offshore wind turbines ) can be close to 200db at 100m, with repetition every 2 to 4 seconds ; since this takes place in relatively shallow waters, the impact is fairly local despite being low - frequency. shipping noise varies from 195db re upa2 / hz for fast - moving supertankers to 140db for small fishing vessels and 150 - 180db re 1upa for small private motorboats. also of note is that wind turbines, after installation, are relatively quiet : the highest tonal component yet measured is 151db re 1upa at 180hz, and broadband low frequency noise at four different wind farms was just 100 - 120db re 1upa. parks and sanctuaries :


are relatively quiet : the highest tonal component yet measured is 151db re 1upa at 180hz, and broadband low frequency noise at four different wind farms was just 100 - 120db re 1upa. parks and sanctuaries : collaborative noise management in protected areas leila t. hatch, kurt m. fristrup. no barrier at the boundaries : implementing regional frameworks for noise management in protected areas. mar ecol prog, vol. 395 : 223 - 244, 2009. [ download ] yet another excellent and ground - breaking synthesis, this one highlighting the similar challenges and opportunities present in managing protected areas on land and in the sea. the authors, one of whom works for the national park service, and the other a national marine sanctuary, have both been active in focusing on the noise intrusions and impacts relevant to their respective jurisdictions. this paper addresses several important themes and calls for a more integrated and dynamic approach to managing the acoustic resources in protected areas. it ' s well worth reading the entire paper, which includes many useful insights, ideas, and case studies, including cogent discussions of the various management challenges that need to be overcome ( including different cultures and priorities within agencies that need to collaborate, and a natural resistance to bringing more detailed and expensive - to - collect data requirements into eis processes that have been sufficient in the past ). here, i ' ll highlight a few of the key passages. this excerpt frames the impacts of noise in a concise and new way : " hearing extends animal awareness under all conditions, and is essential when vision is compromised. " " noise presents at least 4 threats : diversion of attention and disruption of behavior, habituation or ‘ learned deafness ’, masking of important signals, and spurious physiological stimulation. these threats present several costs : compromised physiological function, diversion of time and energy, failure to detect important cues, impaired acoustical advertisement and communication, and reduced utilization of important habitats or resources. all of these costs have consequences for fitness. " " terrestrial noise management is informed and encumbered by the history of community noise management. historical noise studies and regulations focused on maximum tolerable conditions for humans, in terms of health effects or annoyance. the concept of preserving a high quality acoustic environment has been largely ignored until very recently …. an enormous gulf separates the outstanding acoustical conditions that the nps is required to protect and the noise exposures that result in health effects or high levels of annoyance. " however, " in the marine realm, emerging noise management practices


very recently …. an enormous gulf separates the outstanding acoustical conditions that the nps is required to protect and the noise exposures that result in health effects or high levels of annoyance. " however, " in the marine realm, emerging noise management practices are not burdened by the history of community noise management …. the broad mandate of the national marine sanctuaries act provides a unique opportunity to create noise management practices and regulations that represent today ’ s best available science. " " parks and sanctuaries should be afforded heightened levels of noise protection. sanctuaries should become quiet refugia for species, as well as enhanced environments for the development of science and technology that promote the research and management objectives throughout the regions they occupy. " the authors note that current regulatory responses to noise are focused on the impacts of discrete sound sources on individual animals ; they encourage a broader view that would take into account the ways that effects on species ripple through an ecosystem ( e. g., effects on prey species will have an indirect but crucial impact on predators ). they summarize several leading - edge computer models that are capable of ever more accurate and dynamic modeling of multiple sound sources and entire populations of animals in a region ( though note that even these cannot yet take into account inter - relationships between species ). there is also a time - scale limitation on most current impact analyses : the five - year span of most permits. as examples of noise in protected areas, the authors discuss both data and management approaches taken in grand canyon national park and stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary ( in each case, the protected unit with the longest history of acoustic monitoring ). in the grand canyon, aircraft are audible for a third or more of the day in the entire park : " if a visitor does not want to hear aircraft at grand canyon, they need to be in a busy parking lot or near one of the rapids on the colorado river. " in stellwagen, low frequency noise in the shipping lanes " were > 82 db 50 % of the day and as high as 110 db 5 % of the day. " the paper concludes with for elements of a " common ground " that these case studies suggest as cornerstones of a constructive forward motion in managing noise impacts : - investment in expanded and continued acoustic monitoring, especially for " evaluating which sanctuaries contain relatively quiet versus relatively noisy conditions. " - development of new impact assessment tools, such as visual representations of acoustic data, and effective metrics with which to summarize and compare results. they stress


, especially for " evaluating which sanctuaries contain relatively quiet versus relatively noisy conditions. " - development of new impact assessment tools, such as visual representations of acoustic data, and effective metrics with which to summarize and compare results. they stress that these metrics are most useful when they relate directly to " functional consequences " for animals that are easy for managers to interpret and for the public to understand ( such as the newly emerging metric of reduced listening area ). new modeling techniques offer several advantages, including " a rigorous framework for spatial interpolation, when acoustical monitoring data are sparsely distributed. " the authors stress that the degree of uncertainty in the models ' results needs to be emphasized, and that " in the face of considerable scientific uncertainty, the precautionary principle should be applied to ensure that areas of designated national importance fulfill their protective mandates. " - enhanced interagency coordination. in particular, " noise should be addressed by emerging regional management frameworks ( i. e. the gulf of mexico program, west coast governors ’ agreement on ocean health, northeast regional ocean council ), and during the design, implementation and evaluation of protected areas. " - public engagement and education regarding the benefits of quieting natural areas. humpbacks avoid boat noise at nearly 5 miles sousa - lima and clark. whale sound recording technology as a tool for assessing the effects of boat noise in a brazilian marine park. park science 26 : 59 - 63. [ download ] using an array of pop - up recorders, this study was able to track eleven individual singing humpback whales and monitor their movements in response to four separate approaches by a tourist boats in the abrolhos marine national park off brazil, in the main humpback breeding grounds in the southwest atlantic. nine of the eleven whales moved away from the boat ; of these, four continued singing and five stopped singing ( these did not resume singing for at least 20 minutes ). six of the nine began moving away while the boat was more than 4km ( 2. 5mi ) away ; this distance was chosen as the onset of the " exposure " period, since it had been previously shown to be the median distance at which humpbacks respond to boats. in fact, the mean distance at which the nine whales began moving away was 7. 5km ( 4. 7mi ) ; previous studies have suggested that 8km is the greatest distance at which humpbacks would exhibit avoidance, with some studies suggesting they would not move until boats were within 300 meters. the authors note that


7. 5km ( 4. 7mi ) ; previous studies have suggested that 8km is the greatest distance at which humpbacks would exhibit avoidance, with some studies suggesting they would not move until boats were within 300 meters. the authors note that earlier studies suggesting whales would only move when boats are closer " could be a reflection of smaller sampling areas or specific close - range analytical designs, it could also be a bias toward less sensitive whales. " earlier, the authors point out that other research had proposed that " individuals that are most sensitive to boat approaches would abandon preferred areas because of increased boat disturbance. assuming this is true, only the individuals less sensitive to boat disturbances would remain in the area. " this is a proposition that is gaining increasing credence within the research community ( see bejder et all 2009, below ). the present authors continue, " the effect this selection for boat noise – habituated males could have on the population structure is unknown ; it could affect female choice and consequently the distribution of breeding success among the males of this population. " importantly, the authors note that " during the post - exposure period, singers were still moving away from the boat, which suggests a residual avoidance of the disturbance area. " overview of new autonomous ocean noise recorders for use in small and large areas van parijs sm, clark cw, sousa - lima rs, parks se, rankin s, risch d, van opzeeland ic. management and research applications of real - time and archival passive acoustic sensors over varying temporal and spatial scales. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 21 - 36, 2009. [ download ] very good overview of the range of recent research using acoustic recorders, including both archival systems ( deployed for weeks to years, with data downloaded periodically ) and real - time systems ( in which data is available on an ongoing basis remotely ). includes discussion of acoustic systems deployed in brazil, antarctica, the us, and norway, as well as a series of studies using towed hydrophone arrays in the pacific. the authors stress the importance of the different research designs and baseline information necessary to effectively study behavior that takes place on different scales, and suggest adaptation of long - standing terminology used in other fields to discuss relevant oceanic scales ( synoptic scales for regional marine areas of > 2000 km2, mesoscale as areas between 1 and ~ 2000 km2 in size and microscales as areas < 1 km2 ). the importance and the flexibility of these new technologies is well expressed in the


regional marine areas of > 2000 km2, mesoscale as areas between 1 and ~ 2000 km2 in size and microscales as areas < 1 km2 ). the importance and the flexibility of these new technologies is well expressed in the paper ' s conclusion : " archival and real - time passive acoustic arrays are now among the lowest cost approaches for mesoscale monitoring of marine areas and can be used to monitor vocal marine life in areas difficult to survey by traditional visual methods. fixed autonomous passive acoustic arrays sample continuously for prolonged periods of time, allowing assessment of seasonal changes in distribution and acoustic behavior of individuals without introducing into the environment the types of disturbances generated by the presence of survey vessels or aircrafts. unlike more traditional visual methods, passive acoustic technologies can survey in darkness and remain active during adverse weather conditions. further, the ability to retrieve and redeploy archival arus provides a level of flexibility in data acquisition that is not available with other fixed long - term monitoring systems. " whale watching boat noise and impacts on dolphins – including some key new findings on high levels of masking and sound peaks during frequent gear - shifting jensen, bejder, wahlberg, aguilar soto, johnson, madsen. vessel noise effects on delphinid communication. mar ecol prog ser, vol. 395 : 161 - 175, 2009. [ download ] this study was designed to determine how much the sounds of motorboats ( whale watching or private recreation ) reduce the communication ranges of dolphins and pilot whales. the researchers assessed natural background ambient noise in shallow ( dolphin ) and deep water ( pilot whale ) environments, as well as doing field measurements of the noise from two outboard motorboats, then deployed d - tags on pilot whales to assess received levels. the results reinforce some standard whale - watching guidelines, and highlighted some previously un - noticed impacts. engine noise at 5 knots and 50m ( typical limits for whalewatching ) did reduce communication ranges significantly : by 26 % in dolphins and 58 % in pilot whales ( living in quieter deepwater habitats ). slower speeds of 2. 5 knots produced virtually no masking noise, suggesting that at the closest ranges, slower speeds are important ( the authors take special note of the need for research vessels using " close follow " techniques to be aware of this, so as not to change behavior by their presence ). speeds of 10 knots produced dramatic reductions in communication range, even at 100 and 200 meters, though the researchers note more uncertainty about these results. in the tagging experiments