land. bi means small and ke is earth, land : the small earth. several carib caciques, who attacked puerto rico frequently settled here. bimini. small island near miami in florida, also well - known as bamini. it was discovered and explored by the expedition directed by ponce de leon in 1513. the fountain of youth, mentioned in an indigenous fable ; was not found in bimini. bohio. the oldest written reference on the caribs is in the diary of the first trip of christopher columbus. here, the words caniba and carib were registered and directions given to him by some indians in the sense that to the east of the caribbean sea was an island inhabited by ferocious cannibals, well - known as bohio. borriken, borrigal. breton mentions this island in his dictionary of 1665 - 1666 as the name given to puerto rico by the arawak women of the caribbean. boyuca. another possible indigenous name for the island of bimini. camito. island from 3 to 4 leagues of length located north of espanola, between guaonabo and cabo rojo. caobana. indigenous name of cuba, composed by the root word coa - place and bana - big, large, or great. cayman. various small islands south of cuba. cayri. the island of dominica, important caribbean bastion. cicheo. oviedo mentions this name as the name of the island of desecheo. cuba. the largest island of all in the antilles. the name cuaba and cuba were derived from the name caobana. cubagua. small island south of the island margarita, in venezuela. curateo. the island of guana. exuma. island of the bahamas and name of a reef north of it. guanabo. island east of haiti, probably the island of gonave. guanaja. island of pinos, south of the occidental part of cuba. guanahani. name of the island which was the first place where christopher columbus arrived on in his first voyage to the new world in 1492. he named it san salvador and it is acutally known as cat island of the bahamas and not watling island. guanay. island north of espanola, the first to be discovered by columbus in the antilles. guanima. the island eleuthera in the archipelago of the bahamas. haiti, ayti. indigenous name of es


. guanay. island north of espanola, the first to be discovered by columbus in the antilles. guanima. the island eleuthera in the archipelago of the bahamas. haiti, ayti. indigenous name of espanola. means rough earth. iabaquen. the island of new providence, where nassau is located, the capital of the bahamas. inagua. the large island of inagua, also known as babeque. jamayca. large island south of cuba. the name means : place with water. kiskeya, quisqueya. ancient name for espanola, also known as ayti. also, the oriental region of the island. means : high land, large. lucaioneque. in door roggeveen ' s map, it is the island of abaco or lucaya. lucayas. the islands known today as the bahamas. lucayas is a corruption of yucayas. maguelles. small island in the zone of la parguera, puerto rico. manegua. possible name of the island watling and also of cayo ron. matinina. the island of martinica. mayaguana. small island of the bahamas, situated between the island of acklin and those of caicos. in some maps, named as mariguana. mayaguon. name of the island of the lucayas. ocamaniri. the round island. ojuna. another name for rum cay. oriba. the island oruba. oubao moin. means : island of blood ; and it was how the caribs called puerto rico. saba. small island of barlovento, south of st. martin. sabana. name of the archipelago north of sagua grande in cuba. samana. cay atwood, northeast of crooked island in the bahamas. saometo. another name for crooked island. according to navarrete it is inagua grande. columbus called it isabela. saona. small island south of the orient of the dominican republic. sibukeira. the island of guadalupe, principal dwelling of the caribs in the lesser antilles. sikeo. mountenous island east of rincon, puerto rico, known as desecheo. si for ti ; high ; ke for earth ; o for mountain. siguatio. the large island of abaco. toeya. catalina island, south of espanola


chicago — at 18 months, cristina astacio spoke only a few words, wouldn ’ t respond to her name and shunned other kids in her day care group. last october, her worried parents found out why. she has a mild form of autism, a diagnosis being given to more u. s. children than ever before, largely because of more awareness and better diagnosis. according to new government statistics, the rate is about 1 in 88. that means autism is nearly twice as common as the government reported just five years ago. the largest increases are in hispanic kids like cristina. the definition of autism has changed over the years, and cristina might not have been considered autistic two decades ago. but experts say kids like her are lucky in a way, because her parents recognized early that something was wrong. the centers for disease control and prevention report issued thursday found that 40 percent of kids weren ’ t diagnosed until after age 4. evidence shows that children who are identified early and get help have the best chance for reaching their potential, said cdc director dr. thomas frieden. the american academy of pediatrics recommends autism screening for all children at age 18 months and 2 years. diagnosing the developmental disorder relies on observing behavior. autism can ’ t be cured, but treatment including intensive behavior therapy can help many kids function better. the academy ’ s dr. susan hyman said many children who aren ’ t making eye contact and aren ’ t talking “ may have autism, but they may have other things. ” she said it ’ s important for parents to be persistent about their concerns with their doctor so their kids can be evaluated. kristy batesole, of atascadero, calif., says she suspected something was wrong with her son, keegan, even when he was a hard - to - calm overly fussy baby. he learned words, but by age 2 stopped talking, would spend hours opening and closing doors and sometimes bang his head on the ground. though he started getting special help in preschool in nevada, he wasn ’ t formally diagnosed with autism until last year, at age 6, after the family moved to california, where there are more autism specialists. cristina astacio gets two hours of behavior therapy six days a week. her mom, charisse, says the little girl now responds to commands and speaks about 50 words. the most special are two words cristina never said before. “ now she says ‘ mommy ’ and ‘ daddy, ’ ” astacio said. “ it ’ s wonderful. ”


says the little girl now responds to commands and speaks about 50 words. the most special are two words cristina never said before. “ now she says ‘ mommy ’ and ‘ daddy, ’ ” astacio said. “ it ’ s wonderful. ” christina ’ s dad, christopher, is a special - education teacher in the new york city ; most of the kids in his class are hispanic and many have autism. “ i remember back in the past, a few kids here and there had autism, not like the way it is now, ” astacio said. “ i ’ m really curious why so many kids are being diagnosed. ” experts, including cdc researchers, think broader screening and better diagnosis have largely contributed to that. but autism ’ s cause remains a mystery, and government researchers are seeking answers. the latest numbers are based on 2008 data from 14 states and suggest that autism rates have climbed 23 percent since 2006. rates are highest in boys and white children. but the biggest rate increase was among hispanics, from 1 in 270 in 2002 to about 1 in 125 in 2008. that rate increase also is likely due to better awareness. the cdc report says there ’ s no strong evidence of any racial or ethnic difference in risk factors for autism and that it ’ s likely the condition is underdiagnosed in blacks and hispanics. melissa miller, a st. petersburg, fla., mom whose daughter, chelsea, was diagnosed last year at age 2, said many people still misunderstand the disorder. “ i think many people hear ‘ autism ’ and think ‘ rain man, ’ ” she said, referring to the 1988 movie featuring dustin hoffman as the mathematically brilliant but socially impaired autistic savant. “ the autism spectrum is so vast, and all of our children are different. many of them don ’ t rock back and forth or have savant skills. they are sweet, affectionate, intelligent, goofy — and exhausting — kids, ” miller said. proposed revisions in the manual that doctors use to diagnose mental illness would streamline autism criteria. critics contend the suggested changes would be too narrow and exclude children who need educational and behavioral services. hyman noted that since the manual ’ s last revision, in 1994, much has been learned about autism. “ there ’ s a real possibility the new definition will be better for children, ” she said thursday at a cdc news conference. cdc officials say research into causes of autism will help determine if there ’ s been a true increase or just better diagnosis.


europeans scornfully dub them " frankenstein food. " so it ' s not surprising some european environmentalists and leaders have reacted strongly to a recent trade ruling that favors these supposed monsters, or genetically modified foods. but their response, even for such a charged issue, is an overreaction. these critics charge that the world trade organization - by declaring a de facto european union ban on genetically modified organisms ( gmos ) to be a violation of global trade laws, - is forcing unwanted products from the us and other agricultural exporters onto european consumers. the body that settles world trade disputes is doing nothing of the sort. europeans have strict labeling requirements that must identify such foods, and neither shoppers nor farmers have to buy food or seeds they don ' t want. what the ruling did do is separate the politics and emotion of this issue from the science and business of it - a useful service. even though the eu ended its gmo moratorium in 2004, five european countries still ban gmos and appear to be in violation of the ruling. by clarifying a question of trade, and not food safety, the wto has reinforced the rules of commerce concerning gmos, which, importantly, also include european safety review. only by allowing this trade mechanism to work freely can gmo producers and consumers get the consideration they both deserve. so far, science and trade favor the current generation of gmos, which include plant products such as maize, cotton, and soybeans. in the us, about 45 percent of maize, 76 percent of cotton, and 85 percent of soybeans are genetically altered.


[ tutor ] adding together strings fri, 7 apr 2000 08 : 02 : 02 - 0700 > hello python tutors, > i hope you can help me with a little problem. ( i am a beginner ). > i am working on a program which will access some files in a folder on the > desktop without me having to type in the whole address every time. > here is what i would like to do. > filename = raw _ input ( " type name of file " ) > filename = " c : \ windows \ desktop \ targetfolder \ " + filename > when i try this kind of thing at the command line it works fine, but when i > put it into a module it tells me that " filename " is an " invalid token " i ' m suprised it works at the command line - you have a problem here with python ' s rules for escaping special characters in strings. the primary problem is that the \ before the final " on the second line escapes the ", so that python thinks of it as being a quote within the string rather than the quote that ends the string. similarly, although you may not have noticed it, the \ t in \ targetfolder gets turned into a tab. you can fix this immediately by something like : filename = raw _ input ( " type name of file " ) filename = " c : \ \ windows \ \ desktop \ \ targetfolder \ \ " + filename in other words, in regular strings in python, whenevr you want a " \ " you should type a " \ \ ". a better solution to your problem, because it will be breeding good habits for the future, is to use the os. path module ' s functions, particularly os. path. join. this will help if you ever have to work with unix or mac systems in python ; and means you don ' t have to work with all those double backslashes on your system. hope this helps.


january 24, 2001 the us government is in transition. but why should the rest of the world suffer? the us wants to delay the sequel to the failed november 2000 climate meet until the new bush administration gets its act together. along with japan, canada, new zealand and australia, the country has formally requested that the conference of parties to the un framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) to be held in july 2001 instead of may, so that the bush administration has time to prepare. key us officials, including secretary of state colin powell, have said that the us will not be ready for the negotiations by may, because replacements for the outgoing climate negotiators are still to be announced. and why should the entire world have to wait for the us to get its delegates in place and for those delegates to prepare for the meeting? especially when any further delay at this crucial juncture jeopardises chances of the convention ’ s kyoto protocol coming into force? when every small delay in dealing with global warming increases the possibility of damage to smaller economies, particularly small island states, from climate change? rather than taking responsibility for its emissions, the superpower has focused on delaying the process by constantly naming new conditions for signing the kyoto protocol, driving negotiations to the least common denominator in attempts to minimise economic impacts on the us economy. rather like saudi arabia, which has tried to delay adoption of emissions reduction commitments because it fears the impact of such action on their oil exports, and has now suggested continuing climate talks in november 2001. but while us non - government organisations ( ngos ) have ridiculed saudi arabia for such suggestions, these groups seem to think " there is some basis for ( the ) concern " expressed by powell and others. so does only the political situation in the us merit consideration? why should the world make concessions for the us and not for any other country? this is not the first time in the climate negotiations that the us government has asked for concessions to be made for internal us politics, and where us ngos have backed their government ’ s demand. in fact, the rather ineffective kyoto protocol can be considered to be one big concession to us internal politics, and the senate ’ s reluctance to take any meaningful domestic action to control climate change. as a european ngo representative put it, " that is the way anti - american emotions are created. by asking the rest of the world to show understanding for some internal us mess or bureaucracy that would never have been accepted as an excuse had it been other countries than the us. "


song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ) of china was a period of chinese history marked by commercial expansion, economic prosperity, and revolutionary new private trade grew and a market economy began to link the coastal provinces with the interior. the enormous population growth rate from increased agricultural cultivation in the 10th to 11th centuries doubled china ' s overall population, which rose above 100 million people ( compared to the earlier, with some 50 million beyond domestic profits made in china, merchants engaged in overseas trade by investing money in trading vessels that docked at foreign ports as far away as east. the world ' s first development of the banknote, or printed paper money ( see jiaozi ), was established on a massive scale. combined with a unified tax system and efficient trade routes by road and canal, this meant the development of a true nationwide market system in china. although much of the revenue in the central was consumed by the needs of the military defense, government taxes imposed on the rising commercial base in china refilled the monetary coffers of the song government. for certain production items and marketed goods, the song government imposed monopolies in order to boost revenues and secure resources that were vital to the empire ' s security, such as steel, iron, and chemical components for gunpowder massive expansion of ploughland the song government encouraged people to reclaim barren lands and put them under cultivation. anyone who opened up new lands and paid taxes were granted permanent possession of the new land. under this policy, the cultivated land in the song dynasty is estimated to have reached a peak number of 720 million mu, and was not surpassed by later ming and qing dynasties. prominent statesman and economist wang issued the law and decree on irrigation in 1069 that encouraged expansion of the irrigation system in china. by 1076, about 10, 800 irrigation projects were completed, which irrigated more than 36 million mu of public and private land. irrigation projects included dredging the yellow river at northern china and artificial silt land in the lake tai as a result of this policy, the crop in china improvements in farm tools, seeds and fertilizer the song dynasty inherited the curved iron plough invented in the ( 618 – 907 ) as described in detail in lu guimeng ' s the classic of the plough. the song dynasty improved on the tang dynasty curved iron plough and invented a special steel plough design specificily for reclaiming wasteland. the wasteland plough was not made of iron, but of stronger steel, the blade was shorter but thicker, and particularly effective


on the tang dynasty curved iron plough and invented a special steel plough design specificily for reclaiming wasteland. the wasteland plough was not made of iron, but of stronger steel, the blade was shorter but thicker, and particularly effective in cutting through reeds and roots in wetlands in the valley. a tool designed to facilitate seedling called " seedling horse " was invented in song dynasty ; it was made of jujube paulownia wood. song dynasty farms used bamboo water wheels to harness the flow energy of rivers to raise water for irrigation of farmland. the water wheel was about 30 chi in diameter, with ten bamboo watering tubes fastened at its perimeter. some farmers even used three stage watering wheels to lift water to a height of over 30 chi high yield champa paddy seeds, korean yellow paddy, indian green pea, and middle east were introduced into china during this period, greatly enhancing the variety of farm produce. song farmers emphasized the importance of night soil. they understood that using night soil could transform barren wasteland into fertile farmland. chen pu wrote in his book of agriculture of 1149 : " the common saying that farmland becomes exhausted after seeding three to five years is not right, if frequently top up with new soil and cure with night soil, then the land becomes more fertile ". introduced from hainan island into song dynasty tribute tea, the big cotton flowers were collected, pits removed, beaten loose with bamboo bows, and drawn into yarns and weaved into cloth called " jibei ". " the cotton jibei made in hainan has great variety, the cloth has great width, often dyed into brilliant colors, stitching up two pieces make a bedspread, stitching four pieces make a curtain hemp was also widely planted and made into linen. independent mulberry farms flourished in the mount dongting region in suzhou. mulberry farmers did not make a living on farmland, but instead they grew mulberry trees and bred silkworm to harvest silk. first appeared in china during the warring states period during the song dynasty, lake tai valley was famous for the sugarcanes cultivated. song writer wang described in great detail the method of cultivating sugarcane and how to make cane sugar flour from sugarcane in his monography " classic of sugar " in 1154, the first book about sugar technology in china. plantation in the song dynasty was three times the size that it was during the tang dynasty. according to a survey in 1162, tea plantations were spread across 66 prefectures in 244 counties.


1154, the first book about sugar technology in china. plantation in the song dynasty was three times the size that it was during the tang dynasty. according to a survey in 1162, tea plantations were spread across 66 prefectures in 244 counties. the beiyuan plantation ( north park plantation ) was an imperial tea plantation in fujian prefacture. it produced more than forty varieties of tribute tea for the imperial court. only the very tip of tender tea leaves were picked, processed and pressed into tea cakes, embossed with dragon pattern, known as " dragon tea cakes ". with the growth of cities, high value vegetable farms sprung up in the suburbs. in southern china, on average one mu farm land supported one man, while in the north about three for one man, while one mu of vegetable farm supported three men. flower nurseries also flourished. peony the favourite of the rich and powerful. up to ninety varieties of peony were cultivated. jasmine and crabapple from persia were also organization, investment, and trade during the song dynasty, the merchant class became more sophisticated, well - respected and organized than in earlier periods of china. their accumulated wealth often rivaled that of the administered the affairs of government. for their organizational skills, ebrey, walthall, and palais state that song dynasty... set up partnerships and joint stock companies, with a separation of owners ( shareholders ) and in the large cities, merchants were organized into guilds according to the type of product sold ; they periodically set prices and arranged sales from wholesalers to when the government requisitioned goods or assessed taxes, it dealt with the guild heads. although large government run industries and large privately - owned dominated the market system of urban china during the song period, there was a plethora of small private businesses and entrepreneurs throughout the large suburbs and rural areas that thrived off the economic boom of the period. there was even a large black market in china during the song period, which was actually enhanced once the jurchens conquered northern china and established the jin dynasty example, around 1160 ad there was an annual black market smuggling of some 70 to 80 thousand cattle. there were multitudes of successful small kilns shops owned by local families, along with oil presses, wine - making shops, small local paper - making businesses, etc. there was also room for small economic success with the " inn keeper, the petty diviner, the drug seller, the cloth trader, " and many others. rural families that sold a large agricultural surplus


, small local paper - making businesses, etc. there was also room for small economic success with the " inn keeper, the petty diviner, the drug seller, the cloth trader, " and many others. rural families that sold a large agricultural surplus to the market not only could afford to buy more charcoal, tea, oil, and wine, but they could also amass enough funds to establish secondary means of production for generating more wealth. besides necessary agricultural foodstuffs, farming families could often produce wine, charcoal, paper, textiles, and other goods they sold through brokers. farmers in suzhou often specialized in raising bombyx mori to produce silk wares, while in fujian, sichuan, and guangdong farmers often grew sugarcane. in order to ensure the prosperity of rural areas, technical applications for public works projects and improved agricultural techniques were essential. the system of china had to be furnished with multitudes of wheelwrights and square - pallet chain pumps that could lift water from lower planes to higher irrigation planes. for clothing, silken robes worn by the wealthy and elite while hemp was worn by the poor ; by the late song clothes were also in use. shipment of all these materials and goods was aided by the 10th century innovation of the canal pound in china ; the song scientist and statesman shen kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) wrote that the building of pound lock gates at zhenzhou ( presumably kuozhou along the yangtze ) during the 1020s and 1030s freed up the use of five hundred working laborers at the canal each year, amounting to the saving of up to 1, 250, 000 strings of cash annually. he wrote that the old method of hauling boats over limited the size of the cargo to 300 tan of rice per vessel ( roughly 21 tons / 21337 kg ), but after the pound locks were introduced, boats carrying 400 tan ( roughly 28 tons / 28449 kg ) could then be used. shen wrote that by his time ( c. 1080 ) government boats could carry cargo weights of up to 700 tan ( 49½ tons / 50294 kg ), while private boats could hold as much as 800 bags, each weighing 2 tan ( i. e. a total of 113 tons / 114813 kg ). sea trade abroad to the south east, the hindu world, and the east african world brought merchants great fortune. although the massive amount of indigenous trade along the grand canal, river, its tributaries and lakes, and other canal systems trumped the commercial gains of overseas trade


to the south east, the hindu world, and the east african world brought merchants great fortune. although the massive amount of indigenous trade along the grand canal, river, its tributaries and lakes, and other canal systems trumped the commercial gains of overseas trade, there were still many large seaports during the song period that bolstered the economy, such as quanzhou, fuzhou, guangzhou, and xiamen. these seaports, now heavily connected to the hinterland via canal, lake, and river traffic, acted as a long string of large market centers for the sale of cash crops produced in the interior. the high demand in china for foreign luxury goods and spices coming from the east facilitated the growth of chinese maritime trade abroad during the song period. along with the mining industry, the shipbuilding industry of fujian province during the song period increased its production exponentially as maritime trade was given more importance and as the province ' s population growth began to increase dramatically. the song capital at hangzhou had a large canal that connected its waterways directly to the seaport at mingzhou ( modern ningbo ), the center where many of the foreign imported goods were shipped out to the rest of the country. despite the installation of fire stations and a large fire fighting force, fires continued to threaten the city of hangzhou and the various businesses within it. in safeguarding stored supplies and providing rented space for merchants and shopkeepers to keep their surplus goods safe from city fires, the rich families of hangzhou, palace eunuchs, and empresses had large warehouses the northeast walls ; these warehouses were surrounded by channels of water on all sides and were heavily guarded by hired night watchmen. shipbuilders generated means of employment for many skilled craftsmen, while sailors for ship crews found many opportunities of employment as more families had enough capital to purchase boats and invest in commercial trading abroad. foreigners and merchants from abroad had an impact on the economy from within china as well. for example, many muslims went to song china not only to trade, but dominated the import and export industry and in some cases became officials of economic regulations. for chinese maritime merchants, however, there was risk involved in such long overseas ventures to foreign trade posts and seaports as far away as in order to reduce the risk of losing money instead of gaining it on maritime trade missions abroad : [ song era ] investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind one observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. he wrote,


it on maritime trade missions abroad : [ song era ] investors usually divided their investment among many ships, and each ship had many investors behind one observer thought eagerness to invest in overseas trade was leading to an outflow of copper cash. he wrote, " people along the coast are on intimate terms with the merchants who engage in overseas trade, either because they are fellow - countrymen or personal acquaintances... [ they give the merchants ] money to take with them on their ships for purchase and return conveyance of foreign goods. they invest from ten to a hundred strings of cash, and regularly make profits of several hundred percent. " wealthy landholders were still typically those who were able to educate their sons to the highest degree. hence small groups of prominent families in any given local county would gain national spotlight for having sons travel far off to be educated and appointed as ministers of the state. yet downward social mobility was always an issue with the matter of divided inheritance. suggesting ways to increase a family ' s property, yuan cai ( 1140 – 1190 ) wrote in the late 12th century that those who obtained office with decent salaries shouldn ' t convert it to gold and silver, but instead could watch their values grow with investment : for instance, if he had 100, 000 strings worth of gold and silver and used this money to buy productive property, in a year he would gain 10, 000 strings ; after ten years or so, he would have regained the 100, 000 strings and what would be divided among the family would be interest. if it were invested in a pawn broking business, in three years the interest would equal the he would still have the 100, 000 strings, and the rest, being interest, could be divided. moreover, it could be doubled again in another three years, ad infinitum. ( 1031 – 1095 ), a minister of finance, was of the same opinion ; in his understanding of the velocity of circulation, he stated in 1077 : the utility of money derives from circulation and loan - making. a village of ten households may have 100, 000 coins. if the cash is stored in the household of one individual, even after a century, the sum remains 100, 000. if the coins are circulated through business transactions so that every individual of the ten households can enjoy the utility of the 100, 000 coins, then the utility will amount to that of 1, 000, 000 cash. if circulation continues without stop, the utility of the cash will be beyond the author zhu yu wrote in his (


ten households can enjoy the utility of the 100, 000 coins, then the utility will amount to that of 1, 000, 000 cash. if circulation continues without stop, the utility of the cash will be beyond the author zhu yu wrote in his ( ; pingzhou table talks ) of 1119 ad about the organization, maritime practices, and government standards of seagoing vessels, their merchants, and sailing crews. his book stated : according to government regulations concerning seagoing ships, the larger ones can carry several hundred men, and the smaller ones may have more than a hundred men on one of the most important merchants is chosen to be leader ( gang shou ), another is deputy leader ( fu gang shou ), and a third is business manager ( za shi ). the superintendent of merchant shipping gives them an unofficially sealed red certificate permitting them to use the light bamboo for punishing their company when should anyone die at sea, his property becomes forfeit to the government... the ship ' s pilots are acquainted with the configuration of the coasts ; at night they steer by the stars, and in the day - time by the sun. in dark weather they look at the south - pointing needle ( i. e. the magnetic compass ). they also use a line a hundred feet long with a hook at the end which they let down to take samples of mud from the sea - bottom ; by its ( appearance and ) smell they can determine their foreign travelers to china often made remarks on the economic strength of the country. the later muslim moroccan berber traveler ibn batutta ( 1304 – 1377 ) wrote about many of his travel experiences in places across the eurasian world, including china at the farthest eastern extremity. describing lavish chinese ships holding palatial cabins and saloons, along with the life of chinese ship crews and captains, among the inhabitants of china there are those who own numerous ships, on which they send their agents to foreign for nowhere in the world are there to be found people richer than the chinese. steel and iron industries accompanying the widespread printing of paper money was the beginnings of what one might term an early chinese industrial revolution. for example the historian robert hartwell estimated that per capita iron sixfold between 806 and 1078, such that, by 1078 china was producing 127000000 kg ( 125, 000 t ) in weight of iron per year. however, historian donald wagner questions hartwell ' s method used to estimate these figures ( i. e. by using song tax and


by 1078 china was producing 127000000 kg ( 125, 000 t ) in weight of iron per year. however, historian donald wagner questions hartwell ' s method used to estimate these figures ( i. e. by using song tax and quota receipts ). in the smelting process of using huge bellows driven by waterwheels, massive amounts of charcoal were used in the production process, leading to a wide range of deforestation in northern china. however, by the end of the 11th century the chinese discovered that using could replace the role of charcoal, hence many acres of forested land in northern china were spared from the steel and iron industry with this switch of resources. iron and steel of this period were used to mass produce ploughs needles, pins, nails for ships, musical cymbals, chains for suspension bridges, buddhist statues, and other routine items for an indigenous mass market. iron was also a necessary manufacturing component for the production processes of salt and copper. many newly constructed canals linked the major iron and steel production centers to the capital city ' s main market. this was also extended to trade with the outside world, which greatly expanded with the high level of chinese maritime activity abroad during the southern song through many written petitions central government by regional administrators of the song empire, historical scholars can piece evidence together to appropriate the size and scope of the chinese iron during the song era. the famed magistrate bao qingtian ( 999 – 1062 ) wrote of the iron industry at hancheng, tongzhou prefecture, along the yellow river in what is today eastern shaanxi province, with iron smelting households that were overseen by government regulators. he wrote that 700 such households were acting as iron smelters, with 200 having the most adequate amount of government support, such as charcoal supplies and skilled craftsmen ( the iron households hired local unskilled labor themselves ). bao ' s complaint to the throne was that government laws against private smelting in shaanxi hindered profits of the industry, so the government finally heeded his plea and lifted the ban on private smelting for shaanxi in 1055. the result of this was an increase in profit ( with lower prices for iron ) as well as production ; 100, 000 jin ) of iron was produced annually in shaanxi in the 1040s ad, increasing to 600, 000 jin produced annually by the 1110s, furbished by the revival of the industry in 1112. although the iron smelters of shaanxi were managed and supplied


in shaanxi in the 1040s ad, increasing to 600, 000 jin produced annually by the 1110s, furbished by the revival of the industry in 1112. although the iron smelters of shaanxi were managed and supplied by the government, there were many independent smelters operated and owned by rich families. while acting as governor of xuzhou in 1078, the famous song poet and statesman su shi ( 1037 – 1101 ) wrote that in the liguo industrial prefecture under his administered region, there were 36 iron smelters run by different local families, each employing a work force of several hundred people to mine ore, produce their own charcoal, and smelt during the song period, there was a great deal of organized labor and bureaucracy involved in the extraction of resources from the various provinces in china. the production of sulfur, which the chinese called ' vitriol liquid ', was extracted from pyrite and used for purposes as well as for the creation of gunpowder. this was done by roasting iron pyrites, converting the sulphide, as the ore was piled up with coal briquettes in an earthenware furnace with a type of still - head to send the sulphur over as vapour, after which it would solidify and crystallize historical text of the song shi ( history of the song, compiled in 1345 ad ) stated that the major producer of sulfur in the tang and song dynasties was the jin zhou sub - provincial administrative region ( modern linfen in southern bureaucrats appointed to the region managed the industrial processing and sale of it, and the amount created and distributed from the years 996 to 997 alone was 405, 000 jin ( roughly 200 tons ). it was recorded that in 1076 ad the song dynasty government held a strict commercial monopoly on sulfur production, and if dye houses and government workshops sold their products to private dealers in the black market they were subject to meted penalties by government authorities. before this point, in 1067 ad, the song government had issued an edict that the people living in shanxi and hebei were forbidden to sell foreigners any products containing saltpetre and sulfur. this act by the song government displayed their fears of the grave potential of gunpowder weapons being developed by song china ' s territorial enemies as well ( i. e. the tanguts zhou was in close proximity to the song capital at kaifeng, the latter became the largest producer of gunpowder during the northern song period. sulfur from pyrite instead of


song china ' s territorial enemies as well ( i. e. the tanguts zhou was in close proximity to the song capital at kaifeng, the latter became the largest producer of gunpowder during the northern song period. sulfur from pyrite instead of natural sulfur ( along with ehanced ), the chinese were able to shift the use of gunpowder from an incendiary use into an explosive one for early. there were large manufacturing plants in the song dynasty for the purpose of making ' fire - weapons ' employing the use of gunpowder, such as fire and fire arrows. while engaged in a war with the mongols, in the year 1259 the official li zengbo wrote in his ko zhai za gao, xu gao hou that the city of qingzhou was manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron - cased bomb shells a month, dispatching to xiangyang and yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. one of the main armories for the storage of gunpowder and weapons was located at weiyang, which accidentally caught fire and produced a massive explosion in 1280 ad. this arrangement of allowing competitive industry to flourish in some regions while setting up its opposite of strict government - regulated and monopolized production and trade in others was not exclusive to iron manufacturing. in the beginning of the song dynasty, the government supported competitive silk mill and brocade workshops in the eastern provinces and in the capital city of kaifeng. however, at the same time the government established strict legal prohibition on the merchant trade of privately produced silk in sichuan this prohibition dealt an economic blow to sichuan that caused a small rebellion ( which was subdued ), yet in the song dynasty sichuan was well - known for its independent industries and cultivated oranges. the reforms of the chancellor wang ( 1021 – 1086 ) sparked heated debate amongst ministers of court when he nationalized industries manufacturing, processing, and distributing tea, and wine. the state monopoly on sichuan tea was the prime source of revenue for the state ' s purchase of horses in qinghai for the song army ' s cavalry forces. restrictions on the private manufacture and trade of salt were even criticized in a famous poem by su shi while the opposing politically - charged faction at court gained advantage and lost favor, wang anshi ' s reforms were continually abandoned and reinstated. despite this political quarrel, the song empire ' s main source of revenue continued to come from state - managed monopolies and indirect. as for private entrepreneurship, great profits could still be pursued by the merchants in the luxury item trades and specialized regional


. despite this political quarrel, the song empire ' s main source of revenue continued to come from state - managed monopolies and indirect. as for private entrepreneurship, great profits could still be pursued by the merchants in the luxury item trades and specialized regional production. for example, the silk producers of raoyang county, shenzhou prefecture, southern hebei province were especially known for producing silken headwear for the song emperor and high court officials in the capital. copper resources and receipts of deposit the root of the development of the banknote goes back to the earlier tang dynasty ( 618 – 907 ), when the government outlawed the use of bolts of as currency, which increased the use of coinage as money. by the year 1085 the output of copper currency was driven to a rate of 6 billion coins a year up from 5. 86 billion in 1080 ( compared to just 327 million coins minted annually in the tang dynasty ' s prosperous tianbao period of 742 – 755, and only 220 million coins minted annually from 118 bc to 5 ad during the han dynasty ). the expansion of the economy was unprecedented in china : the output of coinage currency in the earlier year of 997 ad, which was only 800 million coins a year. in the year 1120 alone, the song government collected 18, 000, 000 ounces of silver in taxes. with many 9th century tang era merchants avoiding the weight and bulk of so many copper coins in each transaction, this led them to using trading receipts from deposit shops where goods or money were left previously. merchants would deposit copper currency into the stores of wealthy families and prominent, whereupon they would receive receipts that could be cashed in a number of nearby towns by accredited persons. since the 10th century, the early song government began issuing their own receipts of deposit, yet this was restricted mainly to their monopolized salt industry and trade. first official regional paper - printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in sichuan robert temple says that the sichuan bills can be traced back to 1023 ; before that year, sixteen private businesses ' issued notes of exchange, but in that year the song government took over this enterprise under an although the output of copper currency had expanded immensely by 1085, some fifty copper mines were shut down between the years 1078 and 1085. ch ' en, 615. although there were on average more copper mines found in northern song china than in the previous tang dynasty, this case was reversed during the southern song with a sharp decline and de


between the years 1078 and 1085. ch ' en, 615. although there were on average more copper mines found in northern song china than in the previous tang dynasty, this case was reversed during the southern song with a sharp decline and depletion of mined copper deposits by 1165. ch ' en, 615 – 616. even though copper cash was abundant in the late 11th century, chancellor wang anshi ' s tax substitution for corvee labor and government takeover of agricultural finance loans meant that people now had to find additional cash, driving up the price of copper money which would become scarce. ch ' en, 619. to make matters worse, large amounts of government - issued copper currency exited the country via international trade, while the liao and western xia pursued the exchange of their iron - minted coins for song copper coins. ch ' en, 621. as evidenced by an 1103 decree, the song government became cautious about its outflow of iron currency into the liao empire when it ordered that the iron was to be alloyed with tin in the smelting process, thus depriving the liao of a chance to melt down the currency to make iron weapons. government attempted to prohibit the use of copper currency in border regions and in seaports, but the song - issued copper coin became common in the liao, western xia, japanese, and southeast asian the song government would turn to other types of material for its currency in order to ease the demand on the government mint, including the issuing of iron coinage and paper banknotes. ch ' en, 620. in the year 976, the percentage of issued currency using copper coinage was 65 % ; after 1135, this had dropped significantly to 54 %, a government attempt to debase the copper the world ' s first paper money the central government soon observed the economic advantages of printing paper money, issuing a monopoly right of several of the deposit shops to the issuance of these certificates of deposit. by the early 12th century, the amount of banknotes issued in a single year amounted to an annual rate of 26 million strings of cash coins. by the 1120s the central government officially stepped in and produced their own state - issued paper money ( using woodblock printing even before this point, the song government was amassing large amounts of paper tribute. it was recorded that each year before 1101 ad, the prefecture of xinan ( modern xi - xian, anhui ) alone would send 1, 500, 000 sheets of


point, the song government was amassing large amounts of paper tribute. it was recorded that each year before 1101 ad, the prefecture of xinan ( modern xi - xian, anhui ) alone would send 1, 500, 000 sheets of paper in seven different varieties to the capital at kaifeng. in that year of 1101, the emperor huizong of song lessen the amount of paper taken in the tribute quota, because it was causing detrimental effects and creating heavy burdens on the people of the region. however, the government still needed masses of paper product for the exchange certificates and the state ' s new issuing of paper money. for the printing of paper money alone, the song court established several government - run factories in the cities of huizhou, chengdu, hangzhou, and anqi. the size of the workforce employed in these paper money factories were quite large, as it was recorded in 1175 ad that the factory at hangzhou alone employed more than a thousand workers a day. however, the government issues of paper money were not yet nationwide standards of currency at that point ; issues of banknotes were limited to regional zones of the empire, and were valid for use only in a designated and temporary limit of 3 - year ' s time. the geographic limitation changed between the years 1265 and 1274, when the late southern song government finally produced a nationwide standard currency of paper money, once its widespread circulation was backed by gold or silver. the range of varying values for these banknotes was perhaps from one string of cash to one hundred at the most. ever since 1107, the government printed money in no less than six ink colors and printed notes with intricate designs and sometimes even with mixture of unique fiber in the paper to avoid counterfeiting subsequent yuan, ming, and qing dynasties would issue their own paper money as well. even the southern song ' s contemporary of the jin to the north caught on to this trend and issued their own paper money. at the archeological there was a printing plate found that dated to the year 1214, which produced notes that measured 10 cm by 19 cm in size and were worth a hundred strings of 80 cash coins. - jin issued paper money bore a, the number of the series, and a warning label that counterfeiters would be decapitated, and the denouncer rewarded with three hundred strings urban employment and businesses within the cities there were a multitude of professions and places of work to choose from, if one weren ' t strictly inheriting a profession of his paternal line.


decapitated, and the denouncer rewarded with three hundred strings urban employment and businesses within the cities there were a multitude of professions and places of work to choose from, if one weren ' t strictly inheriting a profession of his paternal line. sinologist historians are fortunate enough to have a wide variety of written sources describing minute details about each location and the businesses within the cities of song china. for example, in the alleys and avenues around the east gate of the xiangguo temple in kaifeng, historian stephen h. west quotes one source : along the temple eastgate avenue... are to be found shops specializing in cloth caps with pointed tails, belts and waiststraps, books, caps and flowers as well as the vegetarian tea meal of the ding family... south of the temple are the brothels of manager ' s alley... the nuns and the brocade workers live in embroidery alley... on the north is small sweetwater alley... there are a particularly large number of southern restaurants inside the alley, as well as a plethora of brothels. similarly, in the " pleasure district " along the horse guild avenue, near a zoroastrian temple west quotes the same source, dongjing meng hua lu in addition to the household gates and shops that line the two sides of new fengqiu gate street... military encampments of the various brigades and columns [ of the imperial guard ] are situated in facing pairs along approximately ten li of the approach to the gate. other wards, alleys, and confined open spaces crisscross the area, numbering in the tens of thousands — none knows their real number. in every single place, the gates are squeezed up against each other, each with its own tea wards, wineshops, stages, and food and drink. normally the small business households of the marketplace simply purchase [ prepared ] food and drink at food stores ; they do not cook at home. for northern food there are the shi feng style dried meat cubes... made of various stewed items... for southern food, the house of jin at temple bridge... and the house of zhou at ninebends... are acknowledged to be the finest. the night markets close after the third watch only to reopen at the west points out that kaifeng shopkeepers rarely had time to eat at home, so they chose to go out and eat at a variety of places such as restaurants, temples, and food stalls. restaurant on


the third watch only to reopen at the west points out that kaifeng shopkeepers rarely had time to eat at home, so they chose to go out and eat at a variety of places such as restaurants, temples, and food stalls. restaurant on this new clientele, while restaurants that catered to regional cooking targeted customers such as merchants and officials who came from regions of china where cuisine styles and flavors were drastically different than those commonly served in the capital. the pleasure district mentioned above — where stunts, games, theatrical stage performances, taverns and singing girl houses were located — was teeming with food stalls where business could be had virtually all night. west makes a direct connection between the success of the theatre industry and the food industry in the cities. of the fifty some theatres within the pleasure districts of kaifeng, four of these could entertain audiences of several thousand each, drawing huge crowds which would then give nearby businesses an enormous potential customer base. besides food, traders in eagles and hawks, precious paintings well as shops selling bolts of silk and cloth, jewelry of pearls, horn, gold and silver, hair ornaments, combs, caps, scarves, and aromatic incense thrived in the song dynasty actively promoted overseas trade. about fifty countries carried out overseas trade with the song dynasty, among them ceylon, langkasuka, mait, samboja, borneo, kelantan, champa, chenla, bengtrao, java, india, calicut, lambri, bengal, kurum, gujara, mecca, misr, bagdad, iraq, aman, almoravid dynasty, sicily, morroco, tanzania, somalia, ryukyu, korea, and pearls, ivory, rhinocero horns, frankincense, agalloch eaglewood, coral, agate, hawksbill turtle shell, gardenia, and rose were imported from the arabs and samboja, herbal medicine from java, costusroot from foloan ( kuala sungai berang ) cotton cloth, cotton yarn from mait, and ginseng, silver, copper, and quick silver from korea. promote overseas trade and maximize government profits in control of imported goods, in 971 the government established a maritine trade supervisorate at guangzhou, in 999 established a second one at hangzhou, a third at mingzhou ( now ningbo city ), followed by quanzhou ( zaitung ) in 1079, huating county ( now part of shanghai ) in 1113, and jiangyin in


established a second one at hangzhou, a third at mingzhou ( now ningbo city ), followed by quanzhou ( zaitung ) in 1079, huating county ( now part of shanghai ) in 1113, and jiangyin in 1145. initially the maritime trade supervisorate was subordinate under the department of transportation or prefecture official, later made into a separate agency with its own supervisor. the roles of the maritime trade - taxation of imported goods, tax rate varied over the song dynasty, from 10 % to as high as 40 % ; however, during the reign of emperor shenzong ( 1048 – 1085 ), the tax rate for imports was lowered to 6. 67 %. the tax was goods in kind, not money. - government purchase and sale of imported goods. in 976, all imported goods from overseas merchants had to be sold only to the government, private sales was prohibited, penalty for violation depended on the quantity of goods involved, and the highest penalty was tattooing of the face and forced labor. later the 100 % rule was relaxed somewhat. the maritime trade superisorate purchased a portion of the finest quality goods, for example 60 % for pearls, 40 % for rhinocero horn ; the low quality leftover goods were allowed to be traded in the market. the purchase rate applied to after tax goods, then paid in money, not according to market price, but according to a government - accessed " fare value ". in the southern song dynasty, the maritime trade supervisorates were short of funds and were not paid on time, causing huge losses in profits for overseas merchants ; the volume of incoming ships also dropped. - issue foreign trade permits for local merchants. - ebrey, 156. - ebrey, 167. - qi xia, economy of the song dynasty, part i, chapter 1, page 65 isbn 7 - 80127 - 462 - 8 / f - qi xia, economy of the song dynasty, p86 - qi xia, economy of the song dynasty, p84 - 96 - robert temple, the genius of china, p19 - qi xia, p135 - qi xia, 156 - zhou qufei, p228 - ji xianlin, - qi xia 856 - xiong fan ( song dynasty ) xuanhe beiyuan dragon tea - qi xia, 180 - ebrey et al., 157. - embree, 339 - 340. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history


856 - xiong fan ( song dynasty ) xuanhe beiyuan dragon tea - qi xia, 180 - ebrey et al., 157. - embree, 339 - 340. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - needham, volume 4, part 2, 347. - needham, volume 4, part 3, 352. - rossabi, 77 – 78. - fairbank, 89. - rossabi, 79. - fairbank, 92. - walton, 89. - gernet, 34 - 37. - gernet, 37. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - bbc article about islam in china - needham, volume 4, part 3, 465. - shen, 158. - ebrey et al., 159. - ebrey et al., 162. - yang, 47. - needham, volume 4, part 1, 279. - needham, volume 4, part 3, 470. - ebrey et al., 158. - wagner ( 2001 ), 175 – 197. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - embree, 339. - wagner, 181. - wagner, 182. - wagner 182 - 183. - wagner, 178 - 179. - yunming, 487 - 489. - yunming, 489. - needham, volume 5, part 7, 126. - yunming, 489 - 490. - needham, volume 5, part 7, 173 - 174. - needham, volume 5, part 7, 209 - 210. - needham, volume 4, part 2, 23. - ebrey, 164. - smith, 77. - gernet, 18. - friedman et al., 3. - sadao, 588. - bowman, 105. - ebrey, cambridge illustrated history of china, - gernet, 80. - morton, 97. - benn, 55. - temple, 117. - bol ( 2001 ), p. 111. - ebrey et al., 156. - needham, volume 5, part 1, 47. - needham, volume 5, part 1, 48. - temple, 117 – 118. - gernet, 80 - 81. - west, 71. - west, 72. - west, 72 – 73. - west, 74. - gernet, 133. - west, 70. -


. - temple, 117 – 118. - gernet, 80 - 81. - west, 71. - west, 72. - west, 72 – 73. - west, 74. - gernet, 133. - west, 70. - gernet, 184. - west, 76. - west, 75 – 76. - zhao rukua ( song dynasty ), zhufanzhi ( 志 ) - zhao yanwei ( song dynasty ) yun lu man chao ( ) p88 zhong hua book co isbn 7101012256 - qi xia, p1175 - 1178 - guan luqian, 140 - 142 - guan, p143 - benn, charles ( 2002 ). china ' s golden age : everyday life in the tang dynasty. oxford : oxford university press. isbn - bol, peter k. " whither the emperor? emperor huizong, the new policies, and the tang - song transition, " journal of song and yuan studies, vol. 31 ( 2001 ), pp. 103 - 34. - bowman, john s. ( 2000 ). columbia chronologies of asian history and culture. new york : columbia university press. - ch ' en, jerome. " sung bronzes — an economic analysis, " bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies ( volume 28, number 3, 1965 ) : 613 – 626. - ebrey, walthall, palais, ( 2006 ). east asia : a cultural, social, and political history. boston : houghton mifflin - ebrey, patricia buckley ( 1999 ). the cambridge illustrated history of china. cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0 - 521 - 43519 - 6 ( hardback ) ; isbn 0 - 521 - 66991 - x ( paperback ). - embree, ainslie thomas ( 1997 ). asia in western and world history : a guide for teaching. armonk : me sharpe, inc. - fairbank, john king and merle goldman ( 1992 ). china : a new history ; second enlarged edition ( 2006 ). cambridge : ma ; london : the belknap press of harvard university press. isbn - friedman, edward, paul g. pickowicz, mark selden. ( 1991 ). chinese village, socialist state. new haven : yale university press. isbn - gernet, jacques ( 1962 ). daily life in china on the


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a. d. 220, 545 - 607. edited by denis twitchett and michael loewe. cambridge : cambridge university press. isbn 0521243270. - shen, fuwei ( 1996 ). cultural flow between china and the outside world. beijing : foreign languages press. isbn - smith, paul j. ( 1993 ) " state power and economic activism during the new policies, 1068 – 1085 ' the tea and horse trade and the ' green sprouts ' loan policy, " in ordering the world : approaches to state and society in sung dynasty china, ed. robert p. hymes, 76 – 128. berkeley : berkeley university of california press. isbn - temple, robert. ( 1986 ). the genius of china : 3, 000 years of science, discovery, and invention. with a forward by joseph needham. new york : simon and schuster, inc. isbn 0671620282. - wagner, donald b. " the administration of the iron industry in eleventh - century china, " journal of the economic and social history of the orient ( volume 44 2001 ) : 175 - 197. - walton, linda ( 1999 ). academies and society in southern sung china. honolulu : university of hawaii press. - west, stephen h. " playing with food : performance, food, and the aesthetics of artificiality in the sung and yuan, " harvard journal of asiatic studies ( volume 57, number 1, 1997 ) : - yang, lien - sheng. " economic justification for spending - an uncommon idea in traditional china, " harvard journal of asiatic studies ( volume 20, number 1 / 2, 1957 ) : 36 – 52. - yunming, zhang ( 1986 ). isis : the history of science society : ancient chinese sulfur manufacturing processes. chicago : university of chicago press. - zhou qufei, ( 1178 ) ling wai dai da ( report from lingnan ), zhong hua book co isbn7 - 101 - 01665 - 0 / k


the maryland state department of education partnership with the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history and culture the maryland state department of education has formed a partnership with the reginald f. lewis museum to write a k – 12 state - wide curriculum. the objective of this unique partnership is to create a climate of understanding and appreciation supportive of maryland african american history, culture and art. through both museum - based and school - based interactive programs and in / outreach activities, the partnership curriculum will reach every maryland student, in every classroom, in every school. reginald f. lewis museum, 443 - 263 - 1800 830 e. pratt street, baltimore, md 21202 offsite teaching and learning resources an african american journey : a resource for learning the history of african americans in maryland and the united states welcome, maryland teachers here are examples of lessons created as a result of a partnership between the maryland state department of education and the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history and culture. this high school curriculum is in the process of being written and piloted in order to communicate the historic and contemporary african american experience to all students and teachers in maryland schools. english language arts if you should teach any of these lessons, please send your completed lesson evaluation form to rose wiggins, the msde liaison to the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history and culture at email @ example. com. high school lesson feedback form the reginald f. lewis museum of maryland african american history & culture ( website )


a new study released on thursday finds teachers are concerned that the amount and types of electronic media that children interact with at home may be harming their performance in the classroom. common sense media, a think tank focused on children ' s media use, polled 685 public and private elementary and high school classroom teachers on how children ' s increasing use of television, video games, texting, social networking, music and other forms of media is affecting their performance in school. the study found that 71 % of teachers polled said students ' media use hurts their attention spans in school, while 59 % said students ' use of entertainment media has also harmed their ability to communicate face to face. a slightly smaller amount, 58 %, said they believe it ' s had a negative impact on their writing skills, according to the study conducted by knowledge networks may 5 - 17. nearly half of the teachers surveyed also said their students ' use of media at home is hurting the quality of their homework. " many teachers think students spend so much time with media that they neglect their homework and aren ' t prepared in class, " according to the report, which noted that children between the ages of 8 and 18 spend more than seven - and - a - half hours a day using media for fun. elementary school teachers pointed to video games, television, and computer games as causing the most problems for their students, while teachers said middle and high school students are more negatively impacted by texting and social networking. two - thirds of teachers also said they believe that entertainment media has a " very " or " somewhat " negative impact on students ' sexualization. still, teachers did point to some benefits from students ' increased use of entertainment media at home with 63 % saying it has helped students find information more quickly and efficiently, while a minority, 34 %, said they believe it has improved students ' ability to multitask. " we know that our children learn from the media they consume. this survey is yet another reminder of how critical it is to consistently guide our kids to make good media choices and balance the amount of time they spend with any media and all of their other activities, " common sense media founder and ceo james steyer said in a statement. image courtesy of flickr, woodleywonderworks - congress demands to know if google glass will violate your privacy - how to get google fiber — without google - a staggering share of americans would use google glass if they could - what the ap subpoena scandal means for your electronic privacy this article originally published at national journal here


visualizing 1 + 1 / x date : 10 / 10 / 2003 at 21 : 25 : 38 from : mary subject : logic how can i show that the sum of a positive number and its reciprocal is at least two? date : 10 / 11 / 2003 at 06 : 06 : 27 from : doctor luis subject : re : logic hi mary, adding a positive number x > 0 and its reciprocal 1 / x gives you the function f ( x ) = x + 1 / x if you ' re familiar with calculus, you can see that solving for the extrema points gives you f ' ( x ) = 1 - 1 / x ^ 2 = 0 1 = 1 / x ^ 2 x ^ 2 = 1 x = 1 ( reject negative root since x > 0 ) since f " ( x ) = 2 / x ^ 3 is positive for x > 0, we know that f ( x ) is concave upward. this means that the critical point x = 1 gives you a minimum. this minimum value is f ( 1 ) = 1 + 1 / 1 = 2. in the following diagram, i ' ve graphed the two functions y = x + 1 / x and y = 2. even if you are not familiar with calculus maybe you can follow the following chain of reasoning : the square of any nonzero real number is positive. as an inspired guess, pick x - 1 as the real number to be squared. then, ( x - 1 ) ^ 2 > = 0 ( true for all x. equality holds only for x = 1. ) x ^ 2 - 2x + 1 > = 0 x ^ 2 + 1 > = 2x now, let x > 0, since we are only interested in positive numbers. this means that 1 / x > 0 too. so, we can multiply by 1 / x without reversing the sign of our inequality : ( 1 / x ) * ( x ^ 2 + 1 ) > = ( 1 / x ) * ( 2x ) x + 1 / x > = 2 this proves that the sum of x > 0 and its reciprocal 1 / x adds up to at least 2. i hope this helped! let us know if you have any more questions. - doctor luis, the math forum http : / / mathforum. org / dr. math / search the dr. math library : ask dr. mathtm © 1994 - 2013 the math forum


heartburn - - overview ( gastroesophageal reflux disease ; gastro - oesophageal reflux disease [ gord ] ; gerd ; reflux, heartburn ) | copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. | - exercising or strenuous activity immediately after eating - lying down, bending over, or straining after eating - prior surgery for heartburn such as vagotomy - certain nervous system disorders - in - dwelling nasogastric tube - alcohol use, especially in excess - caffeine drinks such as coffee or carbonated soft drinks - citrus fruits - fried foods - spicy foods - foods made with tomatoes, such as pizza, chili, or spaghetti sauce - calcium channel blockers - theophylline, bronchial inhalers, and other asthma medications - burning feeling that starts in the lower chest and moves up the throat - feeling that food is coming back up - sour or bitter taste in the throat - sore throat - chronic cough - feeling of a lump in the throat - waking up with a sensation of choking - difficulty swallowing - bleeding and ulcers in the esophagus - vomiting blood - black or tarry stools - inflammation and scarring of the esophagus - barrett ' s esophagus — precancerous condition that can lead to esophageal cancer - dental problems, which may occur because of the effect of stomach acid on tooth enamel when should i call my doctor? when should i call for medical help immediately? - squeezing or chest pressure - pain in the left shoulder, left arm, or jaw - trouble breathing - sweating, clammy skin - pain that starts during activity or stress - 24 - hour ph ( acid ) monitoring - manometry to test muscle strength in the lower esophagus - keep a food diary of what you eat and what the reaction is. make gradual changes to your diet and record the results. - avoid foods that trigger heartburn symptoms. - eat smaller portions. - allow at least 2 - 3 hours between meals and lying down, and exercise. - lose weight. - quit smoking. - avoid belts and clothing that are too tight. this may increase pressure on the abdomen. - elevate head of bed 6 - 8 inches. - proton - pump inhibitors block acid production in the stomach - h - 2 blockers decrease the amount of acid secreted by the stomach - antacids neutralize stomach acid american gastroenterological association http : / / www.


8 inches. - proton - pump inhibitors block acid production in the stomach - h - 2 blockers decrease the amount of acid secreted by the stomach - antacids neutralize stomach acid american gastroenterological association http : / / www. gastro. org national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases http : / / www. niddk. nih. gov canadian institute for health information http : / / www. cihi. ca health canada http : / / www. hc - sc. gc. ca gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated april 25, 2013. accessed april 26, 2013. heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux ( ger ), and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases website. available at : http : / / digestive. niddk. nih. gov / ddiseases / pubs / gerd /. updated april 30, 2012. accessed april 26, 2013. heartburn. american academy of family physicians family doctor website. available at : http : / / familydoctor. org / familydoctor / en / diseases - conditions / heartburn. html. updated july 2010. accessed april 26, 2013. understanding heartburn and reflux disease. american gastroenterological association website. available at : http : / / www. gastro. org / patient - center / digestive - conditions / heartburn - gerd. updated april 25, 2010. accessed april 26, 2013. warning signs of a heart attack. american heart association website. available at : http : / / www. heart. org / heartorg / conditions / heartattack / warningsignsofaheartattack / warning - signs - of - a - heart - attack % 5fucm % 5f002039 % 5farticle. jsp. updated march 22, 2013. accessed april 26. 2013. 9 / 30 / 2008 dynamed ' s systematic literature surveillance http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php : jacobson bc, moy b, colditz ga, fuchs cs. postmenopausal hormone use and symptoms of gastroesop


like other pulmonate land snails, most slugs have two pairs of ' feelers ' or tentacles on their head. the upper pair is light sensing, while the lower pair provides the sense of smell. both pairs are retractable, and can be regrown if lost. on top of the slug, behind the head, is the saddle - shaped mantle, and under this are the genital opening and anus. on one side ( almost always the right hand side ) of the mantle is a respiratory opening, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. this opening is known as the pneumostome. within the mantle in some species is a very small, rather flat shell. like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscular contraction on the underside of its foot. it simultaneously secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot tissues. some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in temperate climates, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn. in rural southern italy, the garden slug arion hortensis was used to treat gastritis, stomach ulcers or peptic ulcers by swallowing it whole and alive. given that it is now known that most peptic ulcers are caused by helicobacter pylori, the merit of swallowing a live slug is questionable. a clear mucus produced by the slug is also used to treat various skin conditions including dermatitis, warts, inflammations, calluses, acne and wounds.


old devonian wikipedia | | this proposal has been rejected. this decision was taken by the language committee in accordance with the language proposal policy based on the discussion on this page. the closing committee member provided the following comment : only living languages are accepted old devonian is an emerging langauge which has begun to be revived after becoming extinct around the same time as old welsh and old cornish. arguments in favour - 1. almost nothing is known for sure about this language. any reconstruction is likely to differ from the real unknowable language more than the sister old welsh and old cornish languages do. - 2. it has no extant writings ( it may indeed never have been written down, and certainly never had its own orthographical tradition ). - 3. at the time it became extinct it likely differed from cornish no more than north and south colloquial welsh differ now. - 4. biddulph ' s reconstructions have little credibility amongst linguists and even he was no more than tentative about them. - 5. unlike cornish or manx, there is no recent speech community from whom some sense of continuity can be gained. - 6. in case it ' s raised, same points in spades refer to cumbric. - - 19 march 2009 220. 127. 116. 11 this is really a conlang based on one person ' s idea of what an extinct language might possibly have been like. it should be proposed and evaluated as a conlang. anonmoos 12 : 46, 9 september 2009 ( utc )


in the muted light of an open doorway and a rosette window, two jewish men are shown walking through the entry porch of the regensburg synagogue. altdorfer made two etchings of the temple just before it was destroyed on february 22, 1519 : this view and one of the interior nave. emperor maximilian had long been a protector of the jews in the imperial cities, extracting from them substantial taxes in exchange. within weeks of his death, however, the city of regensburg, which blamed its economic troubles on its prosperous jewish community, expelled the jews. altdorfer, a member of the outer council, was one of those chosen to inform the jews that they had two hours to empty out the synagogue and five days to leave the city. the date of the demolition inscribed at the top of the print suggests that altdorfer made the preparatory sketches, as well as the etchings themselves, with the knowledge that the building was to be destroyed. the prints appear to have been quickly produced, quite possibly during the five days prior to the temple ' s destruction : the plate was not evenly etched, particularly in the areas of dense hatching, where the individual lines lose clarity. in addition, the slightly tipsy vaults appear to have been traced freehand rather than with a compass. despite the seemingly sensitive portrayal, the print was not intended as a sympathetic rendering of an aspect of jewish culture, but rather as a much more dispassionate recording of the site. it is thus the first portrait of an actual architectural monument in european printmaking.


the wicked queen in the wicked queen, chantal thomas presents the history of the mythification of one of the most infamous queens in all history, whose execution still fascinates us today. almost as soon as marie - antoinette, archduchess of austria, was brought to france as the bride of louis xvi in 1771, she was smothered in images. in a monarchy increasingly under assault, the charm and horror of her feminine body and her political power as a foreign intruder turned marie - antoinette into an alien other. marie - antoinette ' s mythification, argues thomas, must be interpreted as the misogynist demonization of women ' s power and authority in revolutionary france. in a series of pamphlets written from the 1770s until her death in 1793, marie - antoinette is portrayed as a spendthrift, a libertine, an orgiastic lesbian, and a poisoner and infant murderess. in her analyses of these pamphlets, seven of which appear here in translation for the first time, thomas reconstructs how the mounting hallucinatory and libelous discourse culminated in the inevitable destruction of what had become the counterrevolutionary symbol par excellence. the wicked queen exposes the elaborate process by which the myth of marie - antoinette emerged as a crucial element in the successful staging of the french revolution. about the author chantal thomas is a researcher at centre national de la recherche scientifique. she is the author of marquis de sade : l ’ oeil de la lettre ( 1978 ) and casanova : un voyage libertin ( 1985 ).


| clark, james gardner ( 1922 - 2007 ) | a notorious foe of the african american freedom struggle, james clark served as sheriff of dallas county, alabama, from 1955 to 1967. after years of antagonizing local civil rights workers, clark clashed with martin luther king and the southern christian leadership conference ( sclc ) during 1965 voting rights protests in selma, alabama. clark ’ s brutality became a rallying point for king, who said : ‘ ‘ until sheriff clark is removed, the evils of selma will not be removed ’ ’ ( herbers, ‘ ‘ dr. king urges ’ ’ ). clark was born in alabama in 1922. prior to serving as sheriff, he worked as an assistant revenue commissioner for the state of alabama. in february 1963 the student nonviolent coordinating committee began a voter education and registration campaign in selma, the seat of dallas county, where a mere 242 of the 15, 000 eligible african american voters were registered. by october 1963 clark had arrested hundreds of civil rights activists. frustrated by their limited success, in december 1964 local black activists asked king and sclc to come to selma. aware of the violence that clark and his officers routinely employed, king believed that a confrontation in selma might attract the national attention necessary to pressure president lyndon b. johnson to call for voting rights legislation. on 2 january 1965, sclc sent staff members to begin a protest campaign. after initially refraining from violent confrontations, on 19 january clark pulled amelia boynton, a local black civil rights activist, out of a voter registration line and pushed her down the street into a waiting patrol car. king denounced clark : ‘ ‘ it is a tragedy when a man becomes so depraved and so sick that he will grab a woman and push and shove and all but kick her in the process as if he were dealing with some wayward dog ’ ’ ( king, 20 january 1965 ). a week later, clark ’ s violent behavior landed him on the front page of the new york times, when a cameraman captured him beating a 53 year - old woman over the head with his nightstick as two officers held her down. clark ’ s brutal tactics prompted a federal court to issue a restraining order prohibiting clark from employing intimidation and harassment. clark was fined later that year for violating the order by interfering with registration applicants. in the weeks following boynton ’ s arrest, king was also arrested, along with hundreds of black citizens seeking to exercise their constitutional rights. commenting on how effective clark ’ s racist aggression was at attracting popular attention


the order by interfering with registration applicants. in the weeks following boynton ’ s arrest, king was also arrested, along with hundreds of black citizens seeking to exercise their constitutional rights. commenting on how effective clark ’ s racist aggression was at attracting popular attention, one sclc staff member reportedly said : ‘ ‘ we should put him on the staff ’ ’ ( garrow, bearing, 381 ). the showdown between clark and civil rights activists climaxed on 7 march 1965, when clark and his men brutally attacked civil rights demonstrators seeking to march from selma to montgomery. national television coverage of clark ’ s deputies using clubs, whips, and tear gas prompted johnson to submit legislation that became the voting rights act of 1965. the violent events of 1965 eventually turned clark ’ s constituency against him, and in 1966 he lost his bid for reelection to as county sheriff to selma ’ s public safety director, wilson baker, a moderate who had disapproved of clark ’ s tactics. after losing the election, clark became active with the john birch society, touring the country to speak about his experience in selma. fager, selma, 1965, 1974. garrow, bearing the cross, 1986. garrow, protest at selma, 1978. john herbers, ‘ ‘ dr. king urges selma negroes to wage a more militant drive, ’ ’ new york times, 18 february 1965. king, statement against sheriff clark, 20 january 1965, mlkjp - gamk.


work continues on readying curiosity for surface operations on mars, with characterisation phase well underway. the week has seen the rover ’ s chemistry and camera system – chemcam – undergoing its calibration tests using a target system located towards the back of the rover, while scientists have been looking for candidates for the first full test firing of the system at a suitable surface target. chemcam is a complex system split between curiosity ’ s mast and body. the mast unit is the large box - like unit at the top of the mast. it contains a laser unit, a remote micro - imager ( rmi ) and a telescope for focusing both. the body unit carries three spectrographs for chemical analysis and has its own power supply and an electronic interface to the rover ’ s central computer system. chemcam has two main functions, split between the laser system ( the laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy ( libs ), to give it its proper name ) and the remote micro - imager ( rmi ). libs is designed to fire series of laser pulses at a target spot smaller than 1 millimetre on the surface of rocks and soils, vaporizing it. light from the resultant plasma is captured by the telescope and sent via fibre - optics to the on - board spectrographs for analysis, which should provide information in unprecedented detail about minerals and micro structures in martian rocks. additionally, the laser can be used to remove dust from the surfaces of rocks, allowing the drill on curiosity ’ s hand to obtain samples of the rock free from surface contaminants. the rmi provides black - and - white images at 1024×1024 resolution in a 0. 02 radian ( 1. 1 degree ) field of view – approximately equivalent to a 1500mm lens on a 35mm camera. rmi has two functions. in the first, it will be used in conjunction with libs to identify suitable targets and target locations ( targets can be selected autonomously or via earth - based selection and command ). working independently of libs, it will be used to obtain close - up images in support of robot arm - mounted experiments or provide images of very distant objects. this week, chemcam was calibrated using a target system mounted on the rear section of the rover, mounted below the uhf antenna. as a result of this, chemcam was confirmed ready for operations, and is expected to make it first test - firing on an actual martian rock sample on saturday august 18th. the sample is provisionally designated


by eleise jones in order to create linguistically and culturally competent speakers of chinese, we must have innovative and effective programs in the early grades. the opportunities and challenges of teaching chinese to early language learners are most clearly evident in language immersion programs, which offer the most intensive course of study available for early language learners. there are a number of pioneering schools and an active cohort of practitioners in this field, and clearly an ongoing need to develop and share models of excellence and best practices, and to create and disseminate resources for teachers, students, and leaders. earlier this month, asia society convened a meeting of language acquisition experts, practitioners, and program administrators from immersion and early language programs in oregon, utah, colorado, massachusetts, california, wyoming, washington, dc, and new york. this two - day intensive was chaired by vivien stewart and mimi met in preparation for a report on “ what ’ s working in chinese immersion, ” which will be released in 2012 and will address best practices and key strategies in early chinese language and immersion. the final report will be based on the recommendations of this working group, and will include a broader representation of schools and programs throughout the u. s. when starting an immersion program, school communities have many questions and considerations. some of the important issues identified by the task force include : what does immersion teaching look like? what is the fundamental mission of your program? how will you identify a model program that best meets the needs of your students? what are the qualifications of a chinese language teacher? what are the similarities and differences between chinese immersion and more commonly taught language immersion programs, such as spanish and french? all of these questions, and more, will be addressed in the report – stay tuned!


fried rabbit was a staple in the hill country of west virginia from the time the area became populated until the mid - twentieth century. the hills and hollers are filled with an abundance of game, but rabbits are especially plentiful. young boys learned to catch this game before the age of ten using simple snares and box - traps. these traps were simply constructed, and many times were the young boys first attempt at woodworking. game is lured into the trap by the scent of food [ usually apples or carrots for attempting to catch rabbits ]. as they enter, to reach the food, a prop is simply knocked out of place by the animal and the door to the trap slams shut, trapping the animal inside. an opening on the opposite end can allow for dispersing of the animal without even removing it, or it can be pulled out through the original trap opening and dispersed. the carcass was then brought to the kitchen door for " mom " of the house to clean and prepare for eating. i won ' t go into the proper method of cleaning and butchering a rabbit carcass at this time... although we may look at that at a later date! once the animal was butchered, mother was left to either " put it up " [ usually canning the cooked meat ], or fixing it right away. the animal would be allowed to soak for several hours in a salty brine to help take away some of the " gamey " flavor attached to it. [ believe it or not... if the rabbit has been eating wild onions... you ' ll know it when you bite into the meat! ] then mother will par boil this meat to make it tender. simply placing the meat in a large pot of boiling salt water and allowing it to boil for about 30 minutes will remove any remaining gaminess, and tenderizes the meat should it be tough. the pieces of meat [ which strangely enough resemble the carcass of a chicken! ] are then lightly disted with cornmeal or flour, dipped in egg and milk and rolled in flour. [ the first dip allows the remaining two to adhere well to the meat. ] next a large, heavy skillet is prepared with a generous amount of lard for cooking. when it is brought to a medium / hot heat, the pieces are then dropped into the fat and fried until golden brown. a delicious brown gravy is then made from the pan drippings. served with biscuits, this is a meal unto


are you having back pain with any of the following? we understand that you are experiencing one or more of the health issues that might be impacting your back pain. we recommend that you discuss these health issues with your doctor before proceeding with this program. once you are cleared by your doctor to do this program, we hope it helps you find relief from your back pain. staying up to date on your important health screenings and immunizations can help protect your health. one of the best ways to keep your child healthy is to stay up to date with your child ' s recommended immunizations ( vaccinations ). immunizations are given to prevent diseases that are still common in our communities but are preventable with vaccination. timely immunizations prevent disease and keep your child, your family, and the community healthy. a vaccine is made from weakened or killed bacteria or viruses that cause a specific disease. when your child gets a vaccine, his or her immune system will make antibodies to fight the disease. when children are later exposed to that disease, their antibodies will help their immune systems to prevent the bacteria or viruses from causing an infection. immunizations help children stay healthy, and they are safe and effective. in fact, serious side effects are no more common than those from other types of medication. overall, it is more dangerous for a child to risk getting ill with the disease than it is to risk having a reaction to the vaccine. diseases like measles, whooping cough, and chickenpox are still common in our communities but are preventable with vaccination. kids who are not immunized can become very sick from these diseases and infect others. the single best way to prevent these and other illnesses, like the flu, is by keeping up with your child ' s immunizations. if you are kaiser permanente member, you can set up access to your child ' s immunizaton information online, making it easier to keep track of which shots your child has received and which may be due. we recommend a series of vaccines for children between birth and 6 months of age, to protect them from 8 serious diseases. children will also get at least one booster dose of most of these vaccines when they are older. we follow the centers for disease control and prevention ’ s ( cdc ) recommended schedule for vaccines. for more information and a complete schedule, please see www. vaccines. gov. young children need the following immunizations : it is important to keep a personal record of your child '


control and prevention ’ s ( cdc ) recommended schedule for vaccines. for more information and a complete schedule, please see www. vaccines. gov. young children need the following immunizations : it is important to keep a personal record of your child ' s immunizations and remember to bring it with you to your child ' s next well check appointment with us. it helps us confirm the accuracy of your child ' s shot record. if you are a kaiser permanente member yourself, you can also keep track of your child ' s immunizations, once you sign up to manage your child ' s health care online using our act for a family member feature. if you are not a kaiser permanente member or aren ' t able to set up access on line, you can also contact our appointment and advice line for this information. many parents find it stressful to watch their child receive vaccination shots. babies often cry and may be fussy after receiving shots. talk to us about giving your baby acetaminophen to reduce pain and swelling from shots. our pediatric dosage guide can help you determine the right amount to give your child. most children do not experience any side effects from immunizations. around 2 percent of babies do have mild side effects, which will clear up without treatment. after receiving immunizations, there is a chance that your baby may have : to help with the side effects, you can : if your child has a fever or is uncomfortable after he or she receives shots, you can give your child acetaminophen drops once you return home. do not give aspirin to anyone under age 20. do not give ibuprofen to babies under 6 months. more serious side effects are rare. if your child experiences a reaction to any vaccination, such as a high fever, trouble breathing, or any other unusual symptoms, or if you are worried that your child seems sick, contact us right away. remember, it is much more dangerous for a child to risk getting the diseases than it is to risk having a reaction to the vaccine. many parents have questions about immunizations. are they safe and effective? why so many shots? vaccines are held to the highest standard of safety. the united states has the safest, most effective vaccine supply in history. years of testing are required by law before a vaccine can be licensed. once in use, vaccines are continually monitored for safety and efficacy. immunizations, like any medication, can cause reactions. however, a decision not


effective vaccine supply in history. years of testing are required by law before a vaccine can be licensed. once in use, vaccines are continually monitored for safety and efficacy. immunizations, like any medication, can cause reactions. however, a decision not to immunize a child also involves risk. it is a decision to put the child and others who come into contact with him or her at risk of contracting a disease that could be dangerous or deadly. consider these key facts : with so much information easily accessible through the internet, it is difficult to know what sources to trust. i am here to answer your questions. send me a secure e - mail with your concerns or questions about immunizations. i encourage you to talk with me. also, check out the list of dependable resources about vaccines i have gathered at the end of this article. these resources have the latest and most accurate information about vaccine safety and the recommended immunization schedule. if you have an emergency medical condition, call 911 or go to the nearest hospital. an emergency medical condition is any of the following : ( 1 ) a medical condition that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity ( including severe pain ) such that you could reasonably expect the absence of immediate medical attention to result in serious jeopardy to your health or body functions or organs ; ( 2 ) active labor when there isn ' t enough time for safe transfer to a plan hospital ( or designated hospital ) before delivery, or if transfer poses a threat to your ( or your unborn child ' s ) health and safety, or ( 3 ) a mental disorder that manifests itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity such that either you are an immediate danger to yourself or others, or you are not immediately able to provide for, or use, food, shelter, or clothing, due to the mental disorder. this information is not intended to diagnose health problems or to take the place of specific medical advice or care you receive from your physician or other health care professional. if you have persistent health problems, or if you have additional questions, please consult with your doctor. if you have questions or need more information about your medication, please speak to your pharmacist. kaiser permanente does not endorse the medications or products mentioned. any trade names listed are for easy identification only.


the headlines are wreaking of investments in algae – yes that yukky stuff that can actually be very toxic to sea life. wouldn ’ t you know, the swamp thing is poised to have big value. according to an article by sciencedaily “ algae are tiny biological factories that use photosynthesis to transform carbon dioxide and sunlight into energy so efficiently that they can double their weight several times a day. as part of the photosynthesis process algae produce oil and can generate 15 times more oil per acre than other plants used for biofuels, such as corn and switchgrass. algae can grow in salt water, freshwater or even contaminated water, at sea or in ponds, and on land not suitable for food production. ” this oil can be used for gas, diesel, and jet fuels. algae biofuel is also compatible with existing engines, existing storage, distribution, and delivery infrastructure. however the most important aspect is that algae - based biofuels have a low carbon footprint as they do not require the use of forests or large areas of land for production. some other wonderful aspects of algae - based biofuels : - algae biofuel is carbon neutral ; only emits c02 that it absorbs. - algae reproduces very quickly, maximizing biofuel yields. - algae biofuel can scale to even possibly replace oil. - algae biofuel is commercially viable on an industrial scale. - algae biofuel can become price competitive with oil. - there are no soil requirements for algae biofuel. - algae can be produced locally for food and fuel. - algae biofuel does not damage food prices. - the algae biofuel industry is growing quickly with a bright future. - algae yields much more biofuel per acre than other fuels. - algae photo - bioreactors require very little land. - algal fuels do not impact fresh water resources. - algae biofuel can grow in salt water, freshwater or contaminated water. - human waste and sewage can be used to grow algae biofuel. - algae can be used to filter c02 from coal plants and create biofuel. - algae biofuel is more practical than solar power. - algae does not compete with food resources like other biofuels. pulled from the headlines – look whose investing in algae biofuels : “ one of the nation ’ s wealthiest american indian communities is a major investor in a start - up with the twin goals of making fuel from algae and reducing emissions. ” “