simple orator. " there is no escaping the forces that press against the poem, incise themselves into it, just as there is no escaping the urgency of the questions that rain into our homes, leaking through the roofs and sliding under dormers. however heat - proofed the dwelling, the questions slip into view : what does it mean that we are alive? for what purpose do we suffer? what does it mean to be a thinking, feeling, merely human being, as e. e. cummings says? " a poem floats adjacent to, parallel to, the historical moment. what happens to us as readers when we board the poem depends upon the kind of relation it displays towards our historical life, " seamus heaney writes in the government of the tongue. poetry, like all art, is a public form, and poetry in particular is a form of public speech. it is not separate from the world ; it is made of the world, just as our vision of the world is constituted through language. not only explicitly political or satiric verse, but also the lyric and the meditative poem are modes of conversing with society. this conversation is what humanizes the world, according to hannah arendt. " however much we are affected by the things of the world, however deeply they may stir and stimulate us, they become human for us only when we can discuss them with our fellows, " she writes in men in dark times. " we humanize what is going on in the world and in ourselves only by speaking of it, and in the course of speaking of it we learn to be human. " every word that is recorded necessarily exists in the public sphere. writing and speaking are revolutionary acts because they differentiate the speaker from those who remain in the private sphere. it is here that the public obligations of the poetic voice come to bear. our dialogue — or as yeats would say, our quarrel with ourselves — is what maintains our humanity. perhaps the best way for poets to regain a place in the public sphere today is to extract poetry from the sanctified realm that has been designated for it by thinkers dating back to romanticism — and to bring the poetic utterance into the public sphere in the form of ideas, criticism, analysis, and new poems. the responsibility of the writer and reader in a self - aware culture is to engender engaged participation, as said says. allow poetry into unexpected places. advocate the widening of its purveyance in the media and in the spheres of daily travel. this is


the writer and reader in a self - aware culture is to engender engaged participation, as said says. allow poetry into unexpected places. advocate the widening of its purveyance in the media and in the spheres of daily travel. this is not an effort to create univocality ; on the contrary, it will increase the visibility and audibility of all manner of dissenting ideas about poetry as well as about politics. " every age must strive anew to wrest tradition away from the conformism that is working to overpower it, " walter benjamin writes. one way for americans to accomplish this is to make the effort to gain access to other ideas, perspectives, and cultures. reading poetry from other national traditions can clarify our vision, provide a different perspective on our own tradition, modes of thinking, and strategies, and most importantly, offer another version of the human circumstance. this is the most patriotic act of all — in the sense that our patria is the state of being human. the reader who encounters the poem openly and freely becomes a receptive beholder, as martin buber would say ; the poem is no longer viewed at arm ’ s length, and the reader enters into dialogue with it. when shades of political opinion and the complexities of human activity and feeling are represented, solo voices turn symphonic, and poets and other writers lay claim to their role in society. " all i have is a voice / to undo the folded lie, " auden writes. it is vital to protect the right to speak freely. " this is not always a matter of being a critic of government policy, " said writes, " but rather of thinking of the intellectual vocation as maintaining a state of constant alertness, of a perpetual willingness not to let half - truths or received ideas steer one along. " what kind of american poetry might speak of life as it is now being lived? a poetry that is elastic enough to contain the modern experience of speed and stillness, as well as a sense of wonder. one that smells of rubber, plastic, and tar, and can contain the constellations of nanotechnology ; a poetry that bears witness to the exigencies and horrors of the political moment in which the poem, and the poet, exists. this kind of poetry carries on speaking to the unimagined future. it sings of a spiritualized and a politicized vision, and it leaps into infinity. " a poet is a poet when he does not renounce his existence in a given country, at a particular


speaking to the unimagined future. it sings of a spiritualized and a politicized vision, and it leaps into infinity. " a poet is a poet when he does not renounce his existence in a given country, at a particular time, defined politically, " quasimodo writes in his " discourse on poetry. " " and poetry is the liberty and truth of that time, and not abstract modulations of sentiment. " it is also crucial to remind the nation that the american artist has an urgent word, is prepared to step out of the atelier and into the street, and that as much as a pop song or a feature film, a poem can provide a new and vital way of looking at the world — and one that is less saturated with corporate interests. in our present age of multimedia entertainment, poetry is an art form nearly free of materials. it is the most portable mode of art other than singing, and it is similar to singing : when a group of people gathers and recites poems together, the poems are re - inspired, breathed alive, and reinterpreted, transforming and transformed by the reciter and the listeners. artists are more capable than theorists or pundits in representing the consciousness of the people, because the language of art is a language of immediacy, of spirit, and of the transporting analogy. in his essay " democratic vistas, " whitman writes, " it is acknowledged that we of the states are the most materialistic and money - making people ever known. my own theory, while fully accepting this, is that we are the most emotional, spiritualistic, and poetry - loving people also. "


facts about adolescents from the demographic and health survey : statistical tables for program planning the population council began its work on adolescents in the mid - 1990s, and has emphasized the need to look beyond the health sector in addressing adolescents ' needs, focusing on early marriage, livelihoods, schooling, and social structure. the council has especially concerned itself with the adolescent girl, whose world contracts at this stage in her life, as limitations on her autonomy, mobility, opportunity, and power increase. one challenge to moving beyond the health sector has been that comprehensive data on adolescents in developing countries have not been easily accessible nor compiled with this multisectoral view in mind. to fill this void, the population council began analyzing demographic and health survey ( dhs ) data in a way that could clearly illustrate the diversity of adolescents ' lives. it is the council ' s goal that these analyses be used to improve understanding about the adolescent experience and to build interventions based on fact rather than assumption. these analyses are presented in 46 individual country reports ; each report consists of 14 data tables * and commentary highlighting some of the more noteworthy information. annexes : selected dhs data on 10 – 14 - year - olds the period of early adolescence is one of both extreme vulnerability and enormous opportunity in the developing world and is deserving of special attention. although early adolescence often is marked by energy, creativity, and resilience, it may also be the stage at which young adolescents are pulled out of school, start working, begin substance abuse ( primarily alcohol and tobacco use ), initiate sexual activity, and, in some regions, get married and start having children. it is vital to reach this age group when health behaviors and gender norms still are malleable. there is a dearth of data on very young adolescents ( vyas ) — those 10 – 14 years old — as adolescents ages 10 – 19 often are grouped together in statistical reporting, and 10 – 14 - year - olds typically are excluded from reproductive health surveys. to learn more about the lives and needs of vyas, council researchers returned to the demographic and health survey, focusing particularly on the presence of potentially protective structures ( such as family and school ) and access to media. forty - nine country reports were presented and disseminated at the world health organization ’ s technical meeting on 10 – 14 - year - olds, “ very young adolescents : the hidden young people, ” held in april 2003. the reports are intended to complement the above - mentioned series, “ facts about adolescents from the demographic and health survey, ” and are


sheet, pillow case and carving napkin, linen, probably hand woven by janet primrose monteath, clackmannonshire, scotland, 1860 - 1870 this small collection of handwoven domestic linen articles - a sheet, pillow case and carving napkin - were woven in the alloa region of clackmannanshire in scotland, probably in the 1860s or 1870s. they were brought to australia in 1920 in her trousseau by the donor ' s mother janet rolland stirling, who was born in alloa. although stirling family tradition indicates that the linen textiles were handwoven by the donor ' s great great great grandmother janet primrose in about 1800, it seems more likely that they were woven by her grand - daughter janet primrose monteath. the carving napkin was used by her husband alexander brown sitrling who would apparently refuse to begin carving for their family of eight boys until his wife had tied the napkin around his neck. the linen weaving industry in scotland formed the basis of community life, and mention is made as early as 1491. the wool and linen industries in scotland were supported, from the early part of the 18th century, by bounties and premiums paid out by the board of trustees for fisheries and manufactures who provided incentives for production, training for intending craftsmen and women in specialised continental methods, and encouragement towards mechanisation. from 1750 onwards the effects of the industrial revolution were felt in scotland and, by 1784, machines for spinning flax fibres into linen were already in use. the art of hand weaving survived however among skilled women. the sheet and pillow case are both handwoven in plain weave, while the carving napkin is handwoven in damask weave with the field in a diaper pattern and the border probably in the monk ' s belt pattern. domestic textiles such as sheets, pillow cases and napkins have been made of linen for centuries as linen withstands scrubbing and washing in hot water and can be bleached by spreading in the sun. linen cloth is made from flax, a strong and durable bast fibre that resists rotting in damp climates. with a longer staple than cotton, flax is one of the few fibres that has a greater breaking strength wet than dry. the traditional preparation of flax fibres from the plant is a long and complicated process. ripe flax was pulled up by the roots and laid out to dry in the sun for a few days, being turned two or three times a day until thoroughly cured. the stalks were then drawn


all grown up with hiv by cristina gonzalez thirty years into the epidemic, a new crop of kids faces adulthood — with hiv. from babies born with the virus to teens who acquired it behaviorally, members of this new generation struggle to navigate survival while making their way through the world. the stories of these four brave young people are examples for how to succeed in spite of hiv. they also serve as cautionary tales, reminding us of the price we pay for not teaching our children well. let lessons be learned. to read a digital edition of this article. the headline - making national survey of family growth, released this year by the federal government, reported that teenage abstinence was on the rise — from 22 percent in 2002 to about 28 percent by 2008. but the media coverage buried the lead : seven out of 10 people in their late teens and early 20s are having sex. this might not be an issue if many of them weren ’ t having unsafe sex. but they are, in droves. philadelphia, for example, has the highest rate of teen sexual activity in the country — and the lowest rate of condom use. it should come as no surprise then that philadelphia also has the nation ’ s fifth highest teen hiv rate. the story is repeated all over the country. in tennessee the number of people ages 15 to 24 who were newly infected with hiv jumped 32 percent between 2005 and 2009. overall, americans between ages 13 and 20 comprise 34 percent of the country ’ s new hiv infections. globally, people younger than 25 account for more than half of all new hiv cases. as long as we deny that kids are having sex and refuse to teach comprehensive sex ed, offering instead abstinence - only or abstinence - until - marriage, kids will remain powerless to protect themselves while gripped by raging hormones. you don ’ t need a degree from the harvard school of public health to foresee the consequences to individual and public health. when we teach kids not to have sex in order to protect their virginity, the message often comes through as, “ you can do anything except put a penis in a vagina. ” as a result, many young people have oral and anal sex, often unprotected, in the name of abstinence. others, lacking any sex or hiv education at all, see no reason to put on a condom ( similarly, they don ’ t know the risks in sharing injection drug equipment ). add these practices to the incidence of sexual abuse of young people, and you have a recipe for an hiv epidemic.


all, see no reason to put on a condom ( similarly, they don ’ t know the risks in sharing injection drug equipment ). add these practices to the incidence of sexual abuse of young people, and you have a recipe for an hiv epidemic. other kids are growing up with hiv — those who contracted hiv in utero, at birth or through breast feeding from their hiv - positive mothers. while mother - to - child transmission has been nearly eliminated in the united states, there are a fair number of survivors who were born with the virus. all these young people face similar challenges : learning to discuss and disclose hiv while developing social skills ; dealing with hiv stigma while striving for self - esteem and self - empowerment ; committing to the responsibility of daily treatment at a time of carefree youth ; being accountable for their health and the health of others while they are still developing a sense of responsibility ; and facing mortality at an age when feeling invincible is the norm. on top of this, they face the additional challenges of anyone living with hiv : handling the diagnosis of a serious and lifelong disease ; finding, getting to, paying for and tolerating care and treatment ; negotiating personal and family relationships in the face of hiv ; dealing with mental health issues ; and fighting stigma, discrimination and fear. what is amazing is how well many young people deal with hiv. the first - person accounts of the strong, brave, smart “ kids ” on the next pages show that with the right attitude, the right support system and connection to care and treatment, growing up with hiv doesn ’ t have to rob kids — and society as a whole — of the glories of youth. pages : 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 search : philadelphia, brooklyn, new york, indianapolis, national survey of family growth, abstinence, sex education, perinatally infected, ichoose2live, lgbt, red cross scroll down to comment on this story. show comments ( 11 total )


immunohistochemistry - tissues immunohistochemistry - cells immunofluorescence - cells immunohistochemistry - tissues the protein atlas contains histological images of sections from human tissues. the images represent a view similar to what is seen in a microscope when examining sections of tissue on glass slides. each antibody in the database has been used for immunohistochemical staining of both normal and cancer tissue. the specific binding of an antibody to its corresponding antigen results in a brown - black staining. the tissue section is counterstained with hematoxylin to enable visualization of microscopical features. hematoxylin staining is unspecific and results in a blue coloring of both cells and extracellular material. tissue microarrays provide the possibility to immunohistochemically stain a large number and variety of normal and cancer tissues ( movie about tissue microarray production and immunohistochemical staining ). the generated tissue microarrays include samples from 46 different normal tissue types from 138 individuals and 20 different types of cancer from 216 patients. for each antibody, the protein expression pattern in normal tissue is represented by triplicate samples and protein expression is annotated in 66 different normal cell types present in these tissues. for cancer tissues each tumor is represented in duplicate samples and protein expression is annotated in tumor cells. normally, a smaller fraction of the 570 images are missing for each antibody due to technical issues. specimens containing normal and cancer tissue have been collected and sampled from anonymized paraffin embedded material of surgical specimens, in accordance with approval from the local ethics committee. since specimens are derived from surgical material, normal is here defined as non - neoplastic and morphologically normal. it is not always possible to obtain fully normal tissues and thus several of the tissues denoted as normal will include alterations due to inflammation, degeneration and tissue remodeling. in rare tissues, hyperplasia or benign proliferations are included as exceptions. it should also be noted that within normal morphology there exists inter - individual differences and variations due to primary diseases, age, sex etc. such differences may also effect protein expression and thereby immunohistochemical staining patterns. samples from cancer are also derived from surgical material. the inclusion of tumors has been based on availability and representativity. due to subgroups and heterogeneity of tumors within each cancer type, included cases represent a typical mix of specimens from surgical pathology. however, an


from surgical material. the inclusion of tumors has been based on availability and representativity. due to subgroups and heterogeneity of tumors within each cancer type, included cases represent a typical mix of specimens from surgical pathology. however, an effort has been made to include high and low grade malignancies where such is applicable. in certain tumor groups, subtypes have been included, e. g. breast cancer includes both ductal and lobular cancer, lung cancer includes both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and liver cancer includes both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinoma etc. tumor heterogenity and inter - individual differences is also reflected in diverse expression of proteins resulting in variable immunohistochemical staining patterns. in order to provide an overview of protein expression patterns, all images of immunohistochemically stained tissue were manually annotated by a board certified pathologist or by specially educated personnel ( followed by verification of a pathologist ). the pathologists are experienced in interpretation of tissue morphology under the microscope and have used a specially designed software to view and annotate the histological images. annotation of each different normal and cancer tissue was performed using a simplified scheme for classification of immunohistochemical outcome. each tissue was examined for representativity and immunoreactivity. the different tissue specific cell types included in each normal tissue type were annotated. for each cancer, tumor cells and stroma were annotated. basic annotation parameters included an evaluation of i ) staining intensity ( negative, weak, moderate or strong ), ii ) fraction of stained cells ( rare, < 25 %, 25 - 75 % or > 75 % ) and iii ) subcellular localization ( nuclear and / or cytoplasmic / membranous ). the manual annotation also provides a summarizing text comment for each antibody. the terminology and ontology used is compliant with standards used in pathology and medical science. snomed classification has been used for assignment of topography and morphology. snomed classification also underlies the given original diagnosis from which normal as well as cancer samples were collected from. a histological dictionary used in the annotation is available as a pdf - document, containing images which are immunohistochemically stained with antibodies included in the protein atlas. the dictionary displays subtypes of cells distinguishable from each other and also shows specific expression patterns in


annotation is available as a pdf - document, containing images which are immunohistochemically stained with antibodies included in the protein atlas. the dictionary displays subtypes of cells distinguishable from each other and also shows specific expression patterns in different intracellular structures. annotation dictionary : screen usage ( 15mb ), printing ( 95mb ). annotated protein expression aims to create a comprehensive map over protein expression patterns in normal human tissues and cells. the conflation of data from two or more antibodies directed towards the same protein target ( non - overlapping epitopes ), evaluation of the performance of respective antibodies and a review of available protein / gene characterization data, allows for a knowledge - based interpretation of the distribution pattern and relative abundance of proteins in various tissues. an annotation of protein expression is possible for all genes for which there are two or more antibodies directed towards the corresponding protein target. the immunohistochemical staining pattern in normal tissues provides the fundament for a subsequent annotated protein expression. the annotation of an immunohistochemical staining pattern is subjective and based on the experienced evaluation of positive immunohistochemical signals in defined subpopulations of cells within a tissue context. the microscopical images and previous annotations of the included 66 normal cell types are reviewed simultaneously and compared. the annotation data is merged and results in a single expression profile for each protein. in addition to accounting for performance of antibodies and available protein / gene characterization data, the review also considers sub - optimal experimental procedures. this includes immunostaining errors such as sub - optimal titration of the primary antibody and suspected cross - reactivity as well as the fact that multiple immunostainings have been performed on non - consecutive tissue microarray sections, allowing for differences in immunohistochemical staining patterns caused by inter - individual and inter - specimen variations. the final annotated protein expression is considered as a best estimate and as such reflects the most probable histological distribution and relative expression level for the evaluated proteins. back to top immunohistochemistry - cells as a complement to the representation of normal and cancer tissue, the protein atlas displays images of a selection of widely used and well characterized human cell lines as well as cell samples from healthy individuals and leukemia / lymphoma patients. a cell microarray has been used to enable immunohistochemical staining of a panel of cell lines and cell samples. duplicates


characterized human cell lines as well as cell samples from healthy individuals and leukemia / lymphoma patients. a cell microarray has been used to enable immunohistochemical staining of a panel of cell lines and cell samples. duplicates from 47 cell lines and 9 samples of primary blood cells renders a total of 118 cell images per antibody. included cell lines are derived from dsmz, atcc or academic research groups ( kindly provided by cell line founders ). information regarding sex and age of the donor, tissue origin and source is listed here. all cells are fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde and dispersed in agarose prior to paraffin embedding and immunohistochemical staining. while the tmas include samples from solid tumors, the cma enables representation of leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, covering major hematopoietic neoplasms and even different stages of differentiation. in addition, certain solid tumors not represented in the tmas are represented as cell lines in the cma, e. g. sarcoma, choriocarcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma. the simultaneous staining using the same protocol for both tissue and cell arrays allows for comparison of ihc staining between cell lines and tissue. several tumors included in the tmas are also represented by a cell line derived from corresponding tumor type. the immunohistochemical protocols used result in a brown - black staining, localized where an antibody has bound to its corresponding antigen. the section is furthermore histochemically counterstained with hematoxylin to enable visualization of microscopical features. hematoxylin staining is unspecific, and results in a blue coloring of both cells and extracellular material. in order to provide an overview of protein expression patterns, all images of immunohistochemically stained cell lines were annotated using an automated recognition software for image analysis. the image analysis software, tmax ( beecher instruments, sun prairie, wi, usa ), built on a object - oriented image analysis engine from definiens, utilizes rule - based operations and multiple iterative segmentation processes together with fuzzy logic to identify cells and immunohistochemical stain deposits. output parameters from the software always displayed in conjunction with the annotated images are : in addition, two overlay images with additional numerical information are presented to facilitate interpretation. the information displayed includes : - number of objects defined as cells in the image - staining intensity (


software always displayed in conjunction with the annotated images are : in addition, two overlay images with additional numerical information are presented to facilitate interpretation. the information displayed includes : - number of objects defined as cells in the image - staining intensity ( negative, weak, moderate and strong ) - fraction ( % ) of positive cells - object based view representing fraction ( % ) of immunostained cells. the color code for each cell represents a range of immunoreactivity, blue ( negative / very weak ), yellow ( weak / moderate ), orange ( moderate / strong ) and red ( strong ) cells. this classification is based on areas of different intensities within each object ( cell ). this differs slightly from the subjective classification provided by manual annotation of cells in normal and cancer tissue. - area based view representing immunostained areas ( % ) within cells. the color code represents a range of immunoreactivity, yellow ( weak / moderate ), green ( moderate / strong ) and red ( strong ). negative / very weak areas are transparent. the intensity score is generated from this area based analysis. back to top immunofluorescence - cells as a complement to the immunohistochemically stained cells and tissues, the protein atlas displays high resolution, multicolor images of immunofluorescently stained cells. this provides spatial information on protein expression patterns on a fine cellular and subcellular level. originally three cell lines, u - 2 os, a - 431 and u - 251 mg, originated from different human tissues were chosen to be included in the immunofluorescent analysis. starting from year 2012, the cell line panel has been expanded to include additional cell lines : a - 549, caco - 2, hek 293, hela, hep - g2, mcf - 7, pc - 3, rt - 4, time, siha, rh - 30 and bj. to enhance the probability for a large number of proteins to be expressed, the cell lines were selected from different lineages, e. g. tumor cell lines from mesenchymal, epithelial and glial tumors. the selection was furthermore based on morphological characteristics, widespread use and multitude of publications using these cell lines. information regarding sex and age of the donor, cellular origin and source is listed here. for each antibody two suitable cell lines from the cell line panel are now selected for the immunofluorescent analysis, based


of publications using these cell lines. information regarding sex and age of the donor, cellular origin and source is listed here. for each antibody two suitable cell lines from the cell line panel are now selected for the immunofluorescent analysis, based on rna sequencing data. the third cell line chosen for each antibody is always u - 2 os, in order to localize the whole human proteome on a subcellular level in one cell line. besides the hpa antibodies, the cells are also stained with reference markers in order to facilitate the annotation of the subcellular distribution of the protein targeted by the hpa antibody. the following probes / organelles are used as references ; ( i ) dapi for the nucleus, ( ii ) anti - tubulin antibody as internal control and marker of microtubules, and ( iii ) calreticulin for the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ). the resulting confocal images are single slice images representing one optical section of the cells. the microscope settings are optimized for each sample. the different organelle probes are displayed as different channels in the multicolor images ; the hpa antibody staining is shown in green, nuclear stain in blue, micro - tubules in red and er in yellow. in order to provide an interpretation of the staining patterns, all images of immunofluorescently stained cell lines are manually annotated. for each cell line and antibody the intensity and subcellular location of the staining is described. the staining intensity is classified as negative, weak, moderate or strong based on the laser power and detector gain settings used for image acquisition in combination with the visual appearance of the image. the subcellular location is further combined with parameters describing the staining characteristics ( i. e. smooth, granular, speckled, fibrous, dotty or clusters ). knowledge - based annotation of subcellular location aims to provide an interpretation of the subcellular location of a protein in three human cell lines. the conflation of immunofluorescence data from two or more antibodies directed towards the same protein and a review of available protein / gene characterization data, allows for a knowledge - based interpretation of the subcellular location. back to top western blot analysis of antibody specificity has been done using a routine sample setup composed of igg / hsa - depleted human plasma and protein lysates from a limited number of human tissues and cell lines. antibodies with a non - supportive routine


western blot analysis of antibody specificity has been done using a routine sample setup composed of igg / hsa - depleted human plasma and protein lysates from a limited number of human tissues and cell lines. antibodies with a non - supportive routine wb have been revalidated using an over - expression lysate ( verify tagged antigen ( tm ), origene technologies, rockville, md ) as a positive control. antibody binding was visualized by chemiluminescence detection in a ccd - camera system using a peroxidase ( hrp ) labeled secondary antibody. antibodies included in the human protein atlas have been analyzed without further efforts to optimize the procedure and therefore it cannot be excluded that certain observed binding properties are due to technical rather than biological reasons and that further optimization could result in a different outcome. back to top all purified antibodies are analyzed on antigen microarrays. the specificity profile for each antibody is determined based on the interaction with 384 different antigens including its own target. the antigens present on the arrays are consecutively exchanged in order to correspond to the next set of 384 purified antibodies. each microarray is divided into 14 replicated subarrays, enabling the analysis of 14 antibodies simultaneously. the antibodies are detected through a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody and a dual color system is used in order to verify the presence of the spotted proteins. a specificity profile plot is generated for each antibody, where the signal from the binding to its own antigen is compared to the unspecific binding to all the other antigens. the vast majority of antibodies are given a pass, but a fraction are failed either due to low signal or low specificity. back to top in total eleven cell lines, a - 431, a - 549, caco - 2, hek 293, hela, hep - g2, mcf - 7, pc - 3, rt - 4, u - 2 os and u - 251 mg, have been analyzed by rna - seq to estimate the transcript abundance of each protein - coding gene. information regarding cellular origin and source is listed here. all the cell lines were analyzed on the illumina hiseq 2000 system using the standard illumina rna - seq protocol for paired - end reads with a read length of 2x100 bases. early - split samples were used as duplicates and total rna was extracted using the rneasy mini kit. for each gene, fpkm


there have been several or more “ isms ” that refer to discrimination and / or prejudice against certain groups of people. in the us, racism has been a prominent one. sexism is another. even ageism, as i now personally recognize as i pass social security age. in south africa, i recently heard about the term gayism, referring to the violent treatment of homosexuals, especially lesbians, which then combines sexism with the gayism. “ corrective ” enforced rape is not infrequently applied by indigenous south african males. historically and worldwide, anti - semitism against those of jewish heritage has been common. whether this long history of anti - semitism is a causal or coincidental factor, or not, starting with freud those of jewish heritage were responsible for the development of modern psychiatry. perhaps this could be considered to be an antidote of sorts to the anti - semitism. often, there is some sort of mental health or general health toll to those subject to one of these “ isms. ” at times, those guilty of racism were considered to have a psychological disorder. these common and recurrent “ isms ” may reflect a natural evolutionary tendency to scapegoat groups who are different, due to fears of the “ other. ” i don ’ t think by today that there can be any question that there is significant discrimination and prejudice against those who are deemed to have some sort of significant mental problem. many times, that has resulted in trying to keep such people out of mainstream society, whether that be hospitalization, not being able to live in certain neighborhoods, and not being hired for work. we have had mental disorders “ carved out ” of medical illnesses by managed care companies, with the result of less care for less money. this cannot be justified by any relative lack of treatment efficacy, because recent research indicates that psychiatric treatments seem to be on a par to those of many general medical conditions. if we enter the medical system, we are often treated inadequately, even though we tend to die much younger. in nazi germany, we were the first to go. even so, when the universal declaration of human rights was declared in 1948 to try to prevent such tragedies from reoccurring, we were not included in the groups needing special human rights protection. today, services around the world, inadequate to begin with, are diminishing further with the economic recession. at its worst, enforced psychiatric hospitalization is paradoxically used for political dissidents in some countries. surely, understanding


human rights protection. today, services around the world, inadequate to begin with, are diminishing further with the economic recession. at its worst, enforced psychiatric hospitalization is paradoxically used for political dissidents in some countries. surely, understanding the causes of emotional distress and how to categorize the varying expressions need much more study. however, even though the brain is the most difficult organ to study, we have less funding for research. we have the continuing stigma against people who are called “ crazy. ” as a consequence, when those labeled with mental disorders speak up, what they say is often discounted as being part of their disorder. complete recovery is expected less often than chronicity, which can be a self - fulfilling prophecy. those that have recovered are often reluctant to speak out publicly to be role models. those who try to help people with psychological problems also become stigmatized. no wonder psychiatrists have been nicknamed “ shrinks ” long before there were any concerns about brain shrinkage from the illness or medications. psychologists, social workers, and others get included too. unfortunately, sometimes in a society, those discriminated against will fight internally or compete against one another. so it is in the us at times, especially with gang conflicts. a psychoanalytic explanation for this phenomenon could be “ identification with the aggressor. ” now we may be seeing more and more of that in our field as the antipsychiatry movement of scientologists seems to be expanding to former patients and their families who felt they were hurt by psychiatry. while some anger and criticism is surely warranted, the vitriol and call for the end of psychiatrists seems to border on hate speech, as described in the recent psychiatric times blog of ronald pies, md. 1 similarly, glen gabbard, md, 2 recently described how such postings can hurt the reputation of a resident in training and his patient. the mother of this severely disturbed patient seemed to be approving of his treatment in the live sessions but posted very derogatory comments online. this problem was not solved to anyone ’ s satisfaction. this can be tragic to all those concerned and involved. no wonder medical students seem less interested in psychiatry. they seem especially turned off by the stigma and our disdain of one another that they notice on their clerkships. this sort of stigma has even contributed to the lack of recognition for when emotional distress, or what might otherwise be considered as a mental disorder, contributes greatly to society. founders of our major religions, viewed out


another that they notice on their clerkships. this sort of stigma has even contributed to the lack of recognition for when emotional distress, or what might otherwise be considered as a mental disorder, contributes greatly to society. founders of our major religions, viewed out of context, could fit into this category. untreated artists, ranging from beethoven to van gogh, are others. most recently, psychiatrist nassir ghaemi, md, 3 analyzed how some leaders with degrees of mania and depression do better in crisis, including presidents lincoln and kennedy. one would think that with all this range of discrimination and prejudice, some “ ism ” would be applied by now to those harmed. but no. the closest i could find is “ ableism, ” occasionally applied to people with a physical or mental disability. since the physical disability is usually more obvious, the term is generally applied there. perhaps the lack of such an “ ism ” indicates a discrimination and prejudice even more intense or ingrained, so much so that there is not even a term to rally around. such a term could be psychism. this is a term that is so unused that we can easily adopt it as our own. in theosophy, i found it used on rare occasions to refer to spiritual awakening. spiritual awakening is indeed what we need, isn ’ t it? psychism, then, is much broader than the term stigma. it links the discrimination and prejudice of other social groups to that of anyone who works in the mental health care field, from patients to psychiatrists. it is so practically important because psychism tends not only to reduce the self - esteem of those involved, but also to limit the likelihood of getting necessary help and improvement. as the saying goes, “ the mind is a precious thing to waste. ” 1. pies r. moving beyond hatred of psychiatry : a brave voice speaks out. psychiatr times. may 24, 2012. http : / / www. psychiatrictimes. com / blog / pies / content / article / 10168 / 2076107. 2. gabbard go. clinical challenges in the internet era. am j psychiatry. 2012 ; 169 : 460 - 463. 3. ghaemi n. a first - rate madness : uncovering the links between leadership and mental illness. new york : penguin group ; 2011.


from a welsh galileo to somali culture, this is the heritage that shaped wales ; from the welshman who observed the moon at the same time as galileo to the family who were the first to provide the royal navy with steam coal, wales is awash with lost stories of historical achievement. nowamajor investment will help uncover the country ' s lesser - known legends byline : aled blake reports galileo galilei may have been more familiar with the moon than most of his contemporaries, but he had probably never heard of carmarthenshire. so, in all likelihood, he would have been unaware that, as he gazed into the heavens, his activities were being emulated by the distinguished scholar sir william lower at his family home in trefenty. sir william worked closely with thomas harriott, who, in 1609, produced the uk ' s first telescope - just a year after galileo did the same. and wales ' contribution to the embryonic space race didn ' t end there. in the 1850s, swansea ' s john dillwyn llewellyn took one of the earliest photographs of the moon from the penllergaer observatory - which he built for his daughter ' s 16th birthday. a couple of decades later came the birth of celestial photography, by denbigh - born isaac roberts - arguably the most important contribution to science by a man named isaac since a certain mr newton sat underneath an apple tree. the technique, which captured star clusters and nebulae and detailed interstellar gas clouds and galaxies, was pioneered in 1888. with his technology, roberts was the first person to identify the spiral shape of the andromeda nebula - earth ' s neighbouring galaxy. but denbigh was not only the home to pioneering scientists such as isaac roberts. from being a residence for royal princes to a refuge for a royalist garrison during the civil war - in fact denbych translates as small fortress - the small market town has had a colourful history dating back before the normans. the town is first mentioned in records in the years following the norman conquest when it became a border town guarding the approach to the hiraethog hills and snowdonia. the town has a history of esteemed residents. one of many denbigh men who were well regarded during the … questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : article title : from a welsh galileo to somali culture, this is the heritage that shaped wales ; from the welshman who observed the moon at the same time as


ramsar study tour to swiss ramsar sites, 5 - 6 february 2000 alexander belokurov reports, on 5th and 6th of february a number of ramsar bureau ' s staff got together with our colleagues from iucn and wwf to visit lake neuchatel. some background information from tobias salathe ' s introduction : " the champ - pittet nature reserve of pro natura ngo, conservation education and visitor centre at the edge of the " rive sud du lac de neuchatel " ramsar site harboring switzerland ' s largest reedbed. further eastwards, towards the eastern end of the lake, lies " fanel and chablais de cudrefin " ramsar site, the eastern end of the long - stretched reedbed bordering the lake since its water level was artificially lowered early in the 20th century, as part of a large drainage scheme for the peatlands between bienne, neuchatel and morat lakes, turning them into agrobusiness land ( sugar beets, maize and the like ). the ramsar site is a nature reserve. " werner muller, director of birdlife switzerland ( http : / / www. birdlife. ch / ) and his colleague mohlin ist van horvath were kind enough to tell us about their plans for the construction of a visiting center at la sauge with facilities for watching migrating waders and locally breeding waterbirds, education and housing. the weather was very nice and we stayed overnight at the fanel guesthouse. tobias prepared fondue from natural ingredients using his " special " recipe. after this we were unable to wake up in the morning and slept until 10 : 30 ( everyone, that is, except tobias ). but we were still able to watch a lot of birds and mark all information boards of the fanel reserve with ramsar logos. it was a wonderful weekend! and some pictures of my favorite swans ( below ) thanks to paulette kennedy, mariano gimenez - dixon ( iucn ) and amalia romeo ( wwf ) for joining us. thanks to denis landenbergue ( wwf ) for the idea about the guesthouse. and special thanks to tobias who initiated and organised this enjoyable tour. we hope this tradition will continue! lake neuchatel in fog ( any lake in fog ) lake neuchatel at sunset ( any lake at sunset? ) from left : tobias salathe ( ramsar ), werner muller and mohlin ist van horvath from birdlife suisse, evans okong


final 7 years daniel 9 states that 70 weeks are determined for israel. 70 weeks is 490 days, 1 year 4 months 5 days. this scripture describes the destruction of jerusalem, as well as other things. as of daniels time, jerusalem was not destroyed in 490 days, so 70 weeks is not really 70 weeks. the bible states that by two or three witnesses god ' s word shall be established. so with that, on the 70th week, the he whos people previously destroyed jerusalem will confirm the covenant for " 1 week " then in the midst of the week stop it. this is called the abomination of desolation. the we travel to the next witness which is jesus in matthew 24. he had just finished up telling his disciples that the temple will be destroyed, but then he says when you see the abomination desolation, spoken of by daniel, stand up in the holy place, then all in judea ( which is modern day west bank ) must flee, because then shall be great tribulation. now if the temple is destroyed how can the aod stand up in the holy place? that will we get to later. now that we know that the second half of the week there shall be great tribulation as has never been before, we can look at the scriptures describing the great tribulation to figure out whether is 3. 5 days, or more. reading matthew 24 we find out that the great trib is the persecution of the saints. we can travel back to daniel 7 now. verse 25 says that great words will be spoken against the most high, and the saints will be worn out for time, times, dividing of time. we don ' t know how long that is, but there is always more than one witness. revelation chapter 12 describes a great red dragon, whom they call the devil and satan trying to destroy a woman with a crown of 12 stars, or in other words jerusalem, it says she flees into the wilderness for 1260 days, matthew 24 said when ye see the abomination of desolation flee, so this matches. revelation 13 : 5 - 6 describes this beast of the dragon previously mentioned blaspheming against god and warring with the saints for 42 months. we got 3 scriptures that have the same description of the tribulation, so concluding that time, times, dividing of time is as well 3. 5 years, we can conclude that daniels 70th week is 7 years. why did i say all this? well for one, some christians


same description of the tribulation, so concluding that time, times, dividing of time is as well 3. 5 years, we can conclude that daniels 70th week is 7 years. why did i say all this? well for one, some christians could be reading this. im saying this because a major misinterpretation is that there is a 7 years tribulation, which is not true, its 3. 5 years. another reason is now im going to show a few things - as far as judea fleeing, ehud olmert, the acting prime minister of jerusalem is standing ready to withdraw from the west bank - the anti - christ standing in the temple? where is the temple? in 2006 the temple society in jerusalem finished building all the temple furniture and have started training rabbis for the sacrifices of old. they finally have a red heiffer ready for the first sacrifice whenever it happens. in late 2005 for the first time since the 5th century the san hedrin re - emerged ( the elite group of jewish elders who put christ to death, also of whom paul was a part of ) and had a meeting. they discussed the building of the temple. they decided, since they cannot build on the mount, then they will build it the same way solomon built the first temple. offsite. they blueprinted the temple, and it will soon be ready to move. oh! in revelation 11, john is asked to measure the jerusalem, but then it says the court without the temple leave out for it is given to the gentiles for they will tread the holy city for 42 months. if there was a jewish temple standing in jerusalem, and the gentiles had the outter courts this would indicate a time of peace, a time when jew and gentile share the city on a hill. in 2000 bill clinton states that the sharing of the temple mount was the only way for peace in jerusalem. ariel sharon created a new party called the kadina party in which his goal was to establish the final borders of israel, or in other words, let the palestinians have part of the holy land as long as we can build our temple, yada yada yada. sharon signed it, abbas signed it, bush oversaw and signed it as well, the plan called the roadmap for peace. then peter said unto them, repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of jesus christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the holy ghost.


network with us join us on facebook to get the latest news and updates. beth dunning ' s story " s " is for poetry each year our first - grade students research different ocean animals ; this year we decided to research seals. my students spent three weeks researching, writing, sharing, editing, and then writing again. when it was finally done, we had a class book … one class book. i mentioned to another teacher about all of the hard work my students had done on their book. i wanted each of them to take their research home, but i couldn ’ t afford to make copies for each student. she suggested having my students write an acrostic poem about seals with one of readwritethink. org ’ s student interactives. because of the wide range of ability levels in my class, i began the activity in a whole - group setting before we went to the computer lab. students wrote one word that reminded them of seals on a sticky note and then we sorted the words by the letter they began with, paying special attention to words that began with the letters s, e, a, and l. then, we worked together to create a class acrostic poem about seals, and afterward students worked on individual acrostic poems. we went to the computer lab to use the interactive acrostic poems tool. when students got to the “ brainstorming ” page, i brought out the list of words we had created in the classroom. students were able to look at our original list and choose which words they wanted to use. i gave students the option to use the poem they had created earlier in the day or to create a new one using the words they had recently brainstormed. once the poems were written, students hit the “ print ” button and couldn ’ t wait to see the finished product! since then, my students have also used the interactive diamante poems tool to create poems about sharks, turtles, armadillos, and much, much more. thanks, readwritethink. org, for making my kids want to write and write and write …. i just hope i have enough ink to keep up with them! grades k – 12 | student interactive | writing poetry this online tool enables students to learn about and write acrostic poems. elements of the writing process are also included. grades 3 – 12 | game & tool diamante poems are poems where the longest line comes in the middle, creating a diamond - like shape. the diamante poems tool helps children write


what we see can affect our perception of pain by manipulating the appearance of a chronically achy hand, researchers have found they could increase or decrease the pain and swelling in patients moving their symptomatic limbs. the findings “ ” reported in the november 25th issue of current biology, a cell press publication “ ” reveal a profound top - down effect of body image on body tissues, according to the researchers. " the brain is capable of many wonderful things based on its perception of how the body is doing and the risks to which the body seems to be exposed, " said g. lorimer moseley, who is now at the prince of wales medical research institute in australia. ( the work was done at the university of oxford. ) in the study, the researchers asked ten right - handed patients with chronic pain and dysfunction in one arm to watch their own arm while they performed a standardized set of ten hand movements. the participants repeated the movements under four conditions : with no visual manipulation, while looking through binoculars with no magnification, while looking through binoculars that doubled the apparent size of their arm, and while looking through inverted binoculars that reduced the apparent size of their arm. while the patients ’ pain was always worse after movement than it was before, the extent to which the pain worsened depended on what people saw. specifically, the pain increased more when participants viewed a magnified image of their arm during the movements, and “ ” perhaps more surprisingly “ ” the pain became less when their arm was seen through inverted binoculars that minimized its size. the degree of swelling too was less when people watched a " minified " image of their arm during movements than when they watched a magnified or normal image, the researchers reported. they aren ’ t yet sure how this phenomenon works at the level of neurons. however, the researchers said, a possible philosophical explanation comes from the notion that protective responses ” ” including the experience of pain ” ” are activated according to the brain ’ s implicit perception of danger level. " if it looks bigger, it looks sorer and more swollen, " moseley said. " therefore, the brain acts to protect it. " while he said the findings don ’ t mean that pain is any less real, they may lead to a new therapeutic approach for reducing pain. his team is now testing visual manipulations as an analgesic strategy for use in clinical settings. the researchers include g. lorimer moseley, university of oxford, uk, prince of wales medical research institute, sydney, australia ; timothy j


representative theory of perception, also known as indirect realism, epistemological dualism, and the veil of perception, is a philosophical concept. it states that we do not ( and cannot ) perceive the external world directly ; instead we know only our ideas or interpretations of objects in the world. thus, a barrier or a veil of perception prevents first - hand knowledge of anything beyond it. the " veil " exists between the mind and the existing world. the debate then occurs about where our ideas come from, and what this place is like. an indirect realist believes our ideas come from sense data of a real, material, external world ( unlike idealists ). the doctrine states that in any act of perception, the immediate ( direct ) object of perception is only a sense - datum that represents an external object. aristotle was the first to provide an in - depth description of indirect realism. in on the soul he describes how the eye must be affected by changes in an intervening medium rather than by objects themselves. he then speculates on how these sense impressions can form our experience of seeing and reasons that an endless regress would occur unless the sense itself were self aware. he concludes by proposing that the mind is the things it thinks. he calls the images in the mind " ideas ". the way that indirect realism involves intermediate stages between objects and perceptions immediately raises a question : how well do sense - data represent external objects, properties, and events? indirect realism creates deep epistemological problems, such as solipsism and the problem of the external world. nonetheless, indirect realism has been popular in the history of philosophy and has been developed by many philosophers including bertrand russell, baruch spinoza, rene descartes, and john locke. representationalism is one of the key assumptions of cognitivism in psychology. potential results of representative realism a problem with representationalism is that if simple data flow and information processing is assumed then something in the brain, described as a homunculus, must be viewing the perception. this suggests that some physical effect or phenomenon other than simple data flow and information processing might be involved in perception. this was not an issue for the rationalist philosophers such as descartes, since cartesian dualism held that there is a supernatural " homunculus " in the form of the soul. for those who doubt dualism, explaining precisely what it is that sees the representation is problematic. but if the transfer of information into a " mind " is thought to be the only explanation of how we


, i am referring to the process of interpreting the sense - data i am receiving from the eiffel tower in an act of mental representation. the term " eiffel tower " refers to the eiffel tower, and not to the mental representation of the tower, which is the result of the act of " seeing ". thus, both of us can refer to the same object while making our own unique representations of that object. representative realism does, unlike naive realism, take into account sense data ( the way in which the object is interpreted, not simply the objective, mathematical object ) - this induces the veil of perception wherein we are unsure the table we look at exists due to there being no direct objective proof of its existence. in other words, the table i ' m looking at appears to have a particular shape to me, due to my angle of vision, and to have a particular colour due to the way in which the light bounces off it relative to my position, and that appearance differs from the appearance of the table as seen by the person next to me. each of us sees not the actual table, but an appearance of it which merely represents an actual table out there. the representative theory of perception states that we do not perceive the external world directly ; instead we perceive our personal interpretation of an object by way of sense data. a naive realist assumes she sees the dog upon perceiving a dog, whereas a representative realist assumes she sees a sensory representation of the dog upon perceiving a dog. the external world is real and continues to exist unobserved. but we are only aware of it indirectly. our perception of the external world is mediated by way of sense data such as photons and sound waves. we perceive a representation of reality ( not the reality itself ) ; this has been given many names : ideas, sense data, percept or appearance. thus representative realism is the idea that our perceptions are directly caused by the intrinsic qualities of objects, and based on these perceptions we can infer things about these objects. the 17th century philosopher john locke most prominently advocated this theory. the term he used was not " sense - datum " but " idea. " " idea " as used in the theory of perception is a technical term, meaning roughly the same thing as sense - datum, and this article does not discuss any differences in meaning that the two terms might have. john locke thought objects had two classes of qualities : - primary qualities are qualities which are ' explanatorily basic


the same thing as sense - datum, and this article does not discuss any differences in meaning that the two terms might have. john locke thought objects had two classes of qualities : - primary qualities are qualities which are ' explanatorily basic ' - which is to say, they can be referred to as the explanation for other qualities or phenomena without requiring explanation themselves - and they are distinct in that our sensory experience of them resembles them in reality. ( for example, one perceives an object as spherical precisely because of the way the atoms of the sphere are arranged. ) primary qualities cannot be removed by either thought or physical action, and include mass, movement, and, controversially, solidity ( although later proponents of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities usually discount solidity ). - secondary qualities are qualities which one ' s experience does not directly resemble ; for example, when one sees an object as red, the sensation of seeing redness is not produced by some quality of redness in the object, but by the arrangement of atoms on the surface of the object which reflects and absorbs light in a particular way. secondary qualities include colour, smell, and taste. in contemporary philosophy, epistemological dualism has come under sustained attack by philosophers like wittgenstein ( the private language argument ) and wilfrid sellars in his seminal essay " empiricism and the philosophy of mind. " indirect realism is argued to be problematical because of ryle ' s regress and the apparent need for a homunculus. these problems have led some philosophers to abandon realism and suggest the existence of dualism and others to propose, or suggest through emergentism, that some form of new physics is operating in the brain such as quantum mind, space - time theories of consciousness - online papers on representationalism, by various authors, compiled by david chalmers - harold i. brown, " direct realism, indirect realism, and epistemology ". philosophy and phenomenological research, vol. 52, no. 2. ( jun., 1992 ), pp. 341 - 363. - what do we perceive and how do we perceive it? ( pdf file ) - neurological explanation for paranormal experiences - the representationalism web site - mccreery, c., " perception and hallucination : the case for continuity. ” oxford : oxford forum ( 2006 ). an analysis of empirical arguments for representationalism. online pdf


sex - and - relationships - relationships - the psychology of relationships : life script life script is another major theoretical concept within transactional analysis. basically, life script is the idea that we tend to have an unconscious life plan - like a story - that we make up as children about ourselves and our lives, which we tend to keep to and follow even when we are adults. in other words, life script is a personal life plan developed under parental, familial, social, cultural and religious pressure. it is mostly complete by the age of seven. to make this process a bit more understandable, here is an example : let ' s call our case illustration jane. jane grows up as the fourth child in a family of five, her mum and dad are busy people, trying to make ends meet. jane doesn ' t get a lot of attention at home, but learns to read very early on and develops a good rapport with her oldest sister reading children ' s books. in response to this scenario, jane will make specific script decisions about herself, other people and the world in general around her. for example, she might decide that she really always needs to be a good girl, quiet, studious and compliant to make the most of the relationships around her. she might also decide that the way to be is to work loads, just like her parents. she might take on board a sense that the world is a place in which people struggle and that you have to work really hard to make ends meet. these script decisions are made in response to family and cultural messages but based on the child ' s very limited information and reality processing skills. such a decision becomes an emotionally laden commitment to live in a certain way ( in jane ' s case possibly laden with all the loyalty and love she feels for her family and parents ). this " certain way " becomes an unconscious life plan or a narrative, a story that we tell ourselves about what ' s possible for us. this life plan is built to make sense out of the world and to protect us : for example, jane could have perhaps complained about the lack of support in her family, but as a child might then have been excluded from her family as complaining wasn ' t part of the family culture. but any script can become self - limiting in adult life. it might mean we don ' t take up opportunities even if they are there, because they are outside our script. let ' s imagine what happens to jane as an adult. let ' s say she achieves well at work and develops


adult life. it might mean we don ' t take up opportunities even if they are there, because they are outside our script. let ' s imagine what happens to jane as an adult. let ' s say she achieves well at work and develops her career in an outstanding way. she marries a man who is also very invested in his work and they get along fine. so far jane has stayed within her script of " work hard ", " life is a struggle ", " men like my dad who do well are attractive ". you could say she is doing well too. however, there are also blind spots which her script has created. she doesn ' t spend a lot of time socializing and she doesn ' t notice when people want to spend time with her. the only friend she has is someone she met at a book club. they still spend a lot of time talking about books ( like she did with her sister ), but actually jane and her friend are neither emotionally open nor do they feel close to each other. jane married a man who was more invested in his career than in spending time with her and she often feels lonely beside him. she may have broken up with an earlier boy friend, who was much more loving, because she thought he was lazy ( or what the parent ego state in her head would have called lazy ), because he wanted to sit around and have a good time with his friends on the weekends. jane may also not have been able to appreciate his warmth and kindness, because it was completely off her radar. jane may suffer from physical pain due to overworking, like back pain or frequent infections. she would be a prime candidate for depression as she neglects her emotional and psychological well - being and gives out a lot more energy than she takes in. to reiterate, life script is an ongoing process of a self - defining and sometimes self - limiting psychological construction of reality. as long as we stick with it, life seems to be more predictable. however, the price we pay for a sense of certainty is that we are excluding new possibilities - even the good ones. the question you might want to ask yourself now is : what might your own script look like? one way to determine this is to look at your favorite fairy tales or mythological stories. which story did you like best as a kid? often children use fairy tales as a model for their own life stories or they experiment with different scenarios. for example, jane might have liked the story of odysseus, who endured a lot of


which story did you like best as a kid? often children use fairy tales as a model for their own life stories or they experiment with different scenarios. for example, jane might have liked the story of odysseus, who endured a lot of hardship over the 10 years he needed to travel home after the trojan war. it is a story that involves hardship, endurance, persistence, intelligence, loyalty and ultimate victory over ongoing difficulties. you could let your mind run free and think about how you expected your life to turn out as a teenager. some people think that they will never meet anybody ( a script decision about being alone ) or they expect to do well in the world or in relationships. one can see that some people ' s script allow for more happiness than others. we can therefore classify scripts in three different categories : winners, losers and banal scripts. a winner ' s script allows for the person who designed it to get what he or she wants in the end ( like in the story of odysseus, who does find his way back home ). so someone might think as a child that one day they will be happily married and they fulfill this expectation in their lifetime. loser scripts are those that end up with the person who lives them getting what they want. in some way jane ' s script might be a losing script. she might have added on as a child that she really didn ' t think she could keep up all the good work and that things would tend to fall to pieces despite all her hard work. if jane lives out this script, she may get fairly seriously depressed, lose her job, and end up sitting at home on her own for the rest of her life. a banal script is one which is built on mediocrity, nothing much is gained and nothing much lost. jane could have also designed this sort of ending for herself : she might work quite hard for the rest of her life, but feel like she never really made it. her husband and friends might stay emotionally distant and she might feel unfulfilled and alone. whatever type of script you have written for yourself as a child, even if it is a winning script, it is still a pattern of thinking and behaving in the world which restricts some of your options. the ideal, therefore, is to become script free, or be able to apply the strengths in your script consciously. for instance, jane could keep her drive to work hard and use it to be successful, but might also learn how to be emotionally close and


ideal, therefore, is to become script free, or be able to apply the strengths in your script consciously. for instance, jane could keep her drive to work hard and use it to be successful, but might also learn how to be emotionally close and have fun. we talk about being script - free as being autonomous. autonomy is behaving, thinking or feeling in direct response to here and now reality rather than reacting to things based on a script belief. imagine, if jane didn ' t have all this baggage, she might take time out for herself in response to feeling low, rather than working even harder to be able to ignore the feelings for a little while longer. autonomy is manifested by the release or recovery of three capacities : awareness, spontaneity and intimacy. and of course, once you know what your unconscious life plan is you can change it. you decided on it as a child, but you can now change your mind as an adult. remember that whatever you decided about yourself and your life as a child, it was done from a very limited perspective. what seemed a generalized truth about life then might not be true for you anymore today. the emphasis on the decision of the child in script formation is based on the premise that " what has been decided can be re - decided ". re - decision is an emotional, cognitive and behavioral process. scripts can be changed and disbanded all together. as an adult you are free to write your own story - and have fun doing it! if you want to find out more about how this applies to your relationship, have a look at applying scripts. other related psychological topics are games, relational needs, life positions, and transference.


five great grains with promise for the future according to the united states department of agriculture, grains account for more than half of the calories consumed by people in developing countries. yet, over the last few decades, grain production has been narrowed to only a limited number of varieties – wheat, for example, has over 200, 000 varieties, yet only a few genetic lines are being used. such dependence on a limited number of crops has proven problematic, especially because of rising food prices, climate change, and health concerns. today, nourishing the planet highlights five grains which are not yet as well known, but provide promising alternatives. both a grain and a green, amaranth was once as fundamental to the central and south american diet as corn and beans. yet after the height of its cultivation during the aztec civilization, this food has largely disappeared. now, the non - governmental organization alternativas y procesos de participacion social ( alternatives and projects for civil society ) has organized over 1, 100 mexican families in the effort to recover this valuable crop. although the plant is beautiful, with brilliantly colored flowers and large green leaves, it is also extremely hardy and able to survive in very arid conditions. amaranth is highly nutritious, with high fiber and protein content, as well as lysine, an essential amino acid which most cereal crops lack. the plant is extremely versatile – it can be eaten as a vegetable, dried and used as a spice, or turned into a gluten - free flour. the leaves of amaranth are also edible, and possess higher levels of iron than spinach, and toasted amaranth seeds are often used to make traditional sweet foods. the native mexicans from over sixty farming villages working with the alternativas cooperatives have integrated amaranth into their cropping system, and have banded together to begin producing amaranth food products. rising levels in both production and demand for this nutritious crop are promising for both local people ’ s incomes and the health of people worldwide. 2. dista rice in madagascar, rice accounts for about 70 percent of the diet for small farmers, and plays an important part in religious and ritual activities. there are many different types of rice, but one variety, a pale pink grain discovered in only 2000, has become wildly popular and provides great potential for local malagasy farmers. the dista rice, named after the farmer who first discovered and cultivated it, is very rich in vitamins and produces consistently high yields


a pale pink grain discovered in only 2000, has become wildly popular and provides great potential for local malagasy farmers. the dista rice, named after the farmer who first discovered and cultivated it, is very rich in vitamins and produces consistently high yields. malagasy farmers have also been using system of rice intensification ( sri ) methods to further increase their harvests. sri, which was developed in madagascar in the 1980s, helps farmers to grow stronger and higher - yielding crops while using less water, fertilizers and pesticides. as harvests have increased to 8 - 10 tons of rice per hectare ( about 2. 5 acres ) for farmers using the sri methods, more than 200 farmers have organized into cooperatives to sell their rice and raise money to purchase equipment. according to slow food international, demand for dista rice is now equal to that of native or imported white rice. as malagasy farmers continue to improve their production and increase harvests, they are able to improve both their lives and their environment. to learn more about sri and dista rice, see “ madagascar ’ s ‘ magic rice ’ - dista rice. ” freekeh ( also known as farik ) is a type of wheat which is harvested prematurely and roasted. it is very nutritious, with high fiber and protein content, as well as rich in nutrients such as calcium and iron. freekeh is used in a number of dishes across the middle east, and is beginning to see an emergence in western markets as well. freekeh is a specialty of the jabal ‘ amel region of lebanon, where the seeds have been passed down within families for generations. a combination of the area ’ s unique soil composition and processing methods gives the green cereal its characteristic toasted aroma. freekeh production in jabal ‘ amel is now being threatened however by large quantities of industrially produced freekeh from syria and by subsidies from the lebanese government for tobacco cultivation. in an inspiring program, slow food beirut, oxfam italia, and the slow food foundation for biodiversity have partnered together to revive the production of freekeh in its native region, while also helping to improve the living conditions for the citizens of jabal ‘ amel. this area was particularly hard hit during conflict in 2006. by working with the remaining local producers, this project aims to establish sustainable and successful freekeh production in the region, which can also improve the livelihoods of the local farmers. red fife wheat was first introduced to the country in 1842, when


. by working with the remaining local producers, this project aims to establish sustainable and successful freekeh production in the region, which can also improve the livelihoods of the local farmers. red fife wheat was first introduced to the country in 1842, when a farmer from glasgow sent some seeds to his friend in ontario. its adaptability to extreme weather and the canadian cold allowed it to flourish, and within twenty years, the wheat was being grown across canada. over time, the popularity of the wheat diminished, as farmers shifted towards growing hybrids of the red fife by the 1920s. this changed in 1988, when sharon rempel, an environmental activist who was working at the time to recreate the wheat crops being grown during the 1880s at the keremos grist mill historical site, received a pound of red fife seeds from a plant breeder. after planting half of the seeds in the heritage wheat garden at the keremos grist mill, the benefits of the variety quickly gained attention. besides being very adaptable to a wide range of growing conditions, including the arctic cold of the canadian plains, red fife is very productive without requiring high inputs of chemicals, and its flour has become very popular among bakers, who value it for its high quality and strong taste, perfect for making sourdough bread. since being reintroduced, nearly 1 million pounds of red fife was harvested in canada in 2007, from that original one pound of seeds in 1988. although millet is only beginning to enter western food markets, it is already a central part of diets in africa and asia. finger millet, an indigenous variety which originated in the highlands of ethiopia and uganda and then spread to india and south asia approximately 4, 000 years ago, is one of the most widely cultivated varieties, and one of the most nutritious grains of the world ’ s major cereal crops. nearly 4. 5 million tons of finger millet is produced annually, which provides important nutrients to people across east africa and south asia. millet is high in starch and iron, and its proteins are easily digested. millet survives well in dry areas and its grain is resistant to rot and insects, making it an important crop in food security strategies of many poor farming communities. it is very labor - intensive to harvest, and policymakers have recently snubbed it as a “ poor person ’ s crop, ” leading to a decline in production. it is currently undergoing a resurgence, however, as yields in india have increased by 50 percent in the past 50 years and acre


definitions of stiff : - noun : an ordinary man example : " a lucky stiff " - noun : the dead body of a human being - adjective : not moving or operating freely example : " a stiff hinge " - adjective : powerful example : " a stiff current " - adjective : lacking ease in bending ; not limber example : " a stiff neck " - adjective : hard to overcome or surmount example : " a stiff hike " - adjective : incapable of or resistant to bending example : " a palace guardsman stiff as a poker " - adjective : of a collar ; standing up rather than folded down example : " a stiff collar " - adjective : rigidly formal example : " the letter was stiff and formal " - adjective : very drunk - adverb : extremely example : " bored stiff " - adverb : in a stiff manner example : " his hands lay stiffly " - name : a surname ( rare : 1 in 100000 families ; popularity rank in the u. s. : # 11622 ) search for stiff at other dictionaries : onelook, answers. com, merriam - webster " works flawlessly! " : rhymezone apps for iphone / ipad and android! help, feedback, customize, android app, iphone / ipad app copyright © 2013 datamuse


the rhode island college history department requires a style of documentation that differs from both the apa and the mla formats. style sheets that contain all of the guidelines are available in the department and at the writing center, but here are a few highlights : - if the assignment is an essay or a major report, it should have a title page containing the title, your name, the name of the course you are writing for, the date, and the name of your instructor. - number your pages, except page one. - double - space the text and only print on one side of the paper. - make sure that you proofread your final copy before you turn it in. it is a good idea to have someone else read it, too. - use footnotes. there are no concrete rules to cover the use of footnotes in every instance. however, footnotes are required in the following cases : - direct quotations - controversial facts or opinions you derived from other sources - statements / paraphrases from other sources that directly support the main points in the paper - statistical information, charts, illustrations, graphs, maps, etc footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page. if your professor permits, they may also be placed at the end of the text ( making them endnotes ) before your bibliography page. when citing a source ( book ) for the first time, use this form : john b. wolf, louis xiv ( new york : w. w. norton & co., 1968 ), 351. when the same source is cited consecutively, use ibid., plus the page number if different. ( ibid. is short for ibidem, latin, meaning " at the same place. " ) later references to this same book ( following other footnotes ) require only the author ' s name : when citing from a magazine or a journal, this format is used : thomas kelly, " thucydides and spartan strategy in the archidamian war, " american historical review, vol. 87, no. 1 ( february 1982 ), 25 - 54. citing from a newspaper employs this format : british, in 1950, helped map iraqui invasion of iran, " new york times, october 16, 1980, 17. there are numerous variations, as well as other kinds of footnote forms for other types of documents, and for such details you should consult a handbook. here are some suggestions : - grey, wood, et al. historian ' s handbook. boston : houghton, mifflin


parsing xml documents to manipulate an xml document, xml parser is needed. the parser loads the document into the computer ' s memory. once the document is loaded, its data can be manipulated using the appropriate parser. we will soon discuss apis and parsers for accessing xml documents using serially accesss mode ( sax ) and random access mode ( dom ). the specifications to ensure the validity of xml documents are dtds and the schemas. dom : document object model the xml document object model ( xml dom ) defines a standard way to access and manipulate xml documents using any programming language ( and a parser for that language ). the dom presents an xml document as a tree - structure ( a node tree ), with the elements, attributes, and text defined as nodes. dom provides access to the information stored in your xml document as a hierarchical object model. the dom converts an xml document into a collection of objects in a object model in a tree structure ( which can be manipulated in any way ). the textual information in xml document gets turned into a bunch of tree nodes and an user can easily traverse through any part of the object tree, any time. this makes easier to modify the data, to remove it, or even to insert a new one. this mechanism is also known as the random access protocol. dom is very useful when the document is small. dom reads the entire xml structure and holds the object tree in memory, so it is much more cpu and memory intensive. the dom is most suited for interactive applications because the entire object model is present in memory, where it can be accessed and manipulated by the user. sax : simple api for xml this api was an innovation, made on the xml - dev mailing list through a product collaboration, rather than being a product of the w3c. sax ( simple api for xml ) like dom gives access to the information stored in xml documents using any programming language ( and a parser for that language ). this standard api works in serial access mode to parse xml documents. this is a very fast - to - execute mechanism employed to read and write xml data comparing to its competitors. sax tells the application, what is in the document by notifying through a stream of parsing events. application then processes those events to act on data. sax is also called as an event - driven protocol, because it implements the technique to register the handler to invoke the callback methods whenever an event is generated. event is generated when the parser encounters


issue number : 93 ‘ enlightenment, ’ wrote immanuel kant in his 1784 essay what is enlightenment? ‘ is man ’ s emergence from his self - imposed immaturity. immaturity is the inability to use one ’ s understanding without guidance from another. this immaturity is self - imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. sapere aude! [ dare to know! ] have the courage to use your own understanding! that is the motto of enlightenment. ’ age of reason an encyclopdedia of the age of enlightenment by adam dant. an encyclopdedia of the age of enlightenment by adam dant. neither kant nor his eighteenth - century contemporaries believed that they lived in an enlightened age. by ‘ enlightenment ’, they meant a process : the lessening of darkness, the dawning of light. the human mind was liberating itself from traditional authority over thought and belief. ‘ nothing is required for enlightenment except freedom, ’ wrote kant, ‘ and the freedom in question is the least harmful of all, namely, the freedom to use reason publicly in all matters. ’ kant and his fellow leaders of the enlightenment were opposed to hegemonies, whether intellectual or political. ‘ on all sides i hear : do not argue! ’ kant continues. ‘ the officer says, “ do not argue, drill! ” the taxman says, “ do not argue, pay! ” the pastor says, “ do not argue, believe! ” ’ but, whereas the officer and the taxman serve authorities who dislike anyone questioning the political and social status quo, the pastor is a different matter : he represents the authority that dislikes any kind of questioning, and certainly not the kind that is sceptical about received wisdom. the project that served as a flagship for enlightenment in the eighteenth century was the encyclopedie, edited by denis diderot and jean le rond d ’ alembert. a compendium of knowledge, its emphatic and rationalist war on the authority of past pieties was premised on the recognition of how obstinately they stood in the way of intellectual and social progress. in taking this stance, the encyclopedists were following the lead of voltaire who, with his battle - cry of ecrasez l ’ infame! ( ‘ wipe out the infamy ’, by which he meant superstition


this stance, the encyclopedists were following the lead of voltaire who, with his battle - cry of ecrasez l ’ infame! ( ‘ wipe out the infamy ’, by which he meant superstition ), challenged tradition with weapons of logic and satire. ‘ have courage to free yourselves, ’ diderot exhorted his fellow men in words echoed by kant, ‘ examine the history of all peoples in all times and you will see that we humans have always been subject to one of three codes : that of nature, that of society, and that of religion, and that we have been obliged to transgress all three in succession, because they could never be in harmony. ’ in essence, the enlightenment was a call to individuals to stand up for themselves in the light of reason. that meant understanding the world through philosophy and science, especially by applying the latter beyond physics and chemistry to the social world of politics, education and morality. the enlightenment had its negative aspects and consequences, no doubt, but it was motivated by a real desire for the improvement of humankind ’ s lot and, accordingly, represents a key moment in the progress of civilisation. one of the many results of its new ambition was a shift in portraiture : in enlightenment painting and sculpture, individuals – be they citizens, members of families or clubs – share a place once exclusively occupied by saints and princes. in its way, this represents the first dawning of the modern democratic spirit, and it would not have been possible without the enlightenment ’ s belief in the universality of the human good and the ‘ rights of man ’.


россииская федерация rossiyskaya federatsiya russian federation it has been over 300 years since peter the great decided to " open " russia to the west. since then, russia has become much closer to western civilization, perhaps even a part of it. it has been enriched by western culture in many ways and yet has preserved its distinct eurasian character. russia has had a troubled history, but continues to stand proudly and boasts many splendors for foreign visitors to behold. onion - shaped domes inherited from the byzantine empire, castles built to fend off the mongol hordes, streets constructed by soviet planners - - every corner has a rich and fascinating history. remember it then, imagine it now. moscow is the cradle of russian nation and is sometimes called " the heart of russia. " in 13th century, its dukes had unified russian lands to fend of the mongols and ever since, moscow had occupied a prominent role in russian politics, economics, culture and national identity. moscow unique heritage, its immense size and wealth, its vibrant cultural life make it one of the world ' s capitals and one of the world ' s most exciting travel destinations. russia could be cold, but not always. you would be surprised to learn that russian southern cities are located on the same latitude as nice. the three largest southern cities of russia are sochi, volgograd and rostov - on - don. sochi, which is located on the banks of black sea next to gorgeous mountain slopes is famous for its summer resorts and for being selected as the site for 2014 winter olympics. volgograd ( former stalingrad ), located on the banks of volga river, is famous for the battle of stalingrad - a turning point in the world war ii. rostov, also located on the banks of volga, is famous for being the capital of russian cossacks. so remote and desolated ( only one inhabitant per square mile ), so beautiful and pristine, siberia is one of the world ' s most untouched places. siberia is huge - 2 / 3 of russia ' s territory. in the east, on kamchatka, you will find chains of volcanoes and geysers. in south, you will find lake baikal - world ' s largest. siberia is roughly two times bigger than united states. explore the unexplored, leave civilization behind to discover lands beyond the horizons. if moscow is " russia ' s heart, " st. petersburg is its soul.


- world ' s largest. siberia is roughly two times bigger than united states. explore the unexplored, leave civilization behind to discover lands beyond the horizons. if moscow is " russia ' s heart, " st. petersburg is its soul. st. petersburg is relatively young, it was established just 300 years ago. rapid growth of russian commerce necessitated access to seas, but powerful neighbors sought to prevent emergence of a new naval power. russia ' s young tsar peter the great who aspired to transform russia into a world - class european power waged the seven year war with sweden in a result of which he gained a small swampy stretch of land in the gulf of finland. there, he laid the foundation for a city named after him and for his empire. russian composer tchaikovsky composed the world ' s most famous works of ballet — swan lake, the nutcrackers and sleeping beauty. during the early 20th century, russian dancers anna pavlova and vaslav nijinsky rose to fame and impresario serguey daighilev and his ballets russes ` travel abroad undoubtedly influenced dance worldwide and during the 20th century famous star after another, including plisetskaya, nureyev and baryshnikov. the bolshoi ballet in moscow and the kirov in saint petersburg remain famous throughout the world. russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world, contributing much of the world ' s most famous literary works. russia ' s literary history dates back to the 10th century and by the early 19th century a native tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers of all time. this period began with alexander pushkin, considered to be the founder of modern russian literature and often described as the " russian shakespeare amongst russia ' s most renowned poets and writers of the 19th century are chekhov, lermontov, tolstoy, gogol, turgenevm dostoevsky, goncharov, saltykov, pisemsky and leskov made lasting contributions to russian prose. tolstoy and dostoevsky in particular were titanic figures to the point that many literary critics have described one or the other as the greatest novelist ever. the state museum of ceramics in kuskovo, 10km ( 6 miles ) from the center of moscow, has a fascinating collection of russian china, porcelain and glass. arkhangelskoye estate, a museum housed in a palace 16km ( 10 miles ) from moscow, exhibits european paintings and sculptures, but the


miles ) from the center of moscow, has a fascinating collection of russian china, porcelain and glass. arkhangelskoye estate, a museum housed in a palace 16km ( 10 miles ) from moscow, exhibits european paintings and sculptures, but the main attraction is the grounds which are laid out in the french style. zhostovo, 30km ( 19 miles ) from moscow, is a center renowned for its lacquered trays, and fedoskino, 35km ( 22 miles ) from moscow, produces lacquer miniatures, brooches and other handicrafts. located near the town of tula, 160km ( 100 miles ) from the capital, yasnaya polyana is historically significant as the author leo tolstoy ' s estate. the author of war and peace and anna karenina is buried here and his house, surrounded by landscaped parkland, is now a museum open to the public. tchaikovsky ' s home at klin, 90km ( 56 miles ) from moscow, and boris pasternak ' s home at peredelkino ( 30 minutes ' drive from the capital ), are also museums. tver, situated 160km ( 100 miles ) from moscow on the upper volga, is where catherine ii built a palace in order to take a rest en route from moscow to st petersburg. the putyevoi dvorets ( route palace ) was built by kazakov in 1763 - 75. the palace overlooks the river, a convenient location for the tsarina to disembark. the town is also notable for its star - shaped square. the golden ring several ancient towns of great historical, architectural and spiritual significance make up the ' golden ring ', extending northeast from moscow. they are a rich collection of kremlins ( citadels ), monasteries, cathedrals and fortresses. all are within easy reach of the capital. since many were founded on river banks, a cruise is a pleasant way of discovering the region. modern boats plying the volga afford comfortable accommodation. as some major sites such as vladimir and suzdal are not located near the volga, a minibus tour with hotel accommodation is a better option for visitors whose primary interest is the region ' s architectural heritage. this small town, formerly known as zagorsk, is situated on two rivers and is the center of the handmade toy industry ; the toy museum has a collection beginning in the bronze age. the trinity monastery of st sergius dates from the middle ages and is a


known as zagorsk, is situated on two rivers and is the center of the handmade toy industry ; the toy museum has a collection beginning in the bronze age. the trinity monastery of st sergius dates from the middle ages and is a major pilgrimage center. its cathedral of the dormition has wonderful blue domes decorated with gold stars. the museum contains examples of russian ecclesiastical art and crafts. in nearby sofrin, the icon workshops produce ecclesiastical ware. also near sergiyev posad, the literary and artistic museum of abramtsevo houses paintings by repin, serov and vrubel. the museum is surrounded by parkland and birch woods. ornate traditional russian huts are dotted around the estate. founded in the ninth century, this town has a beautiful kremlin and cathedral of the dormition. the town overlooks the shores of the nero lake, and is surrounded by ancient monasteries. neighbouring yaroslavl lies on the banks of the volga, and contains a host of ancient churches, most notably the transfiguration of the saviour cathedral, built in the early 16th century. this town stands at the confluence of the volga and the river kostroma. it is a renowned cheese - making center. its most outstanding building is the ipatievski monastery - fortress. built during the first half of the 14th century, it became the romanovs ' residence three centuries later. the open - air museum features a collection of traditional russian buildings, including wooden churches, log cabins and windmills brought from all over the russian federation. east of moscow is suzdal, perhaps the most important town in the golden ring. it boasts 50 well - preserved examples of ancient architecture contained within a relatively small area, providing a wonderfully coherent vision of its past. historically it was a political and religious center, and is now a major tourist attraction. the wives of tsars and boyars were exiled to the blessed virgin convent. less than 32km ( 20 miles ) away is vladimir, which played a prominent part in the rise of the russian state. the city ' s two magnificent cathedrals date from the 12th century. another notable monument is the golden gate, a unique example of old russian engineering skills. the nearby village of bogolyubovo features a 12th - century fortress and church of the protecting veil. another beautiful town on the banks of the volga, this is notable for its kremlin and the chambers of prince dmitry. prince dmitry, son and heir of ivan the terrible drowned here,