it ’ s funny. even in this very fast - paced, technology driven world of ours, reading has never gone out of style. perhaps the way we read has changed a little bit as many of us have adapted to life with a tablet, but no matter how the words are delivered, there is still nothing like curling up with a really good book. introducing and teaching children about the joy found in books and reading is what national read across america day is all about! for sixteen years running, the national education association has sponsored read across america day, which will be commemorated with book fairs, read - a - longs or any number of other reading - centered events at a school or library near you! the excitement and genuine fun surrounding the events found as a part of read across america day are specifically geared toward kids in order to get them enthused and motivated about books and reading. increasing awareness and motivation when it comes to reading is proven to make a very positive difference for kids as the more kids read, the better their performance in school will eventually be. read across america day is appropriately celebrated on march 2, in honor of one of the greatest authors of children ’ s literature, dr. seuss, whose birthday falls on this day. this year because march 2nd falls on a saturday, read across america is moved to this coming friday, march 1st. ask your local school or your child ’ s teacher about what fun and exciting activities may be in store for you and your child as many of these events you will definitely want to participate in! because of the dr. seuss connection to this special and unique reading event, it has become common in many locations for both kids and adults to dress up in appropriate costumes, actually becoming some of the more popular characters from dr. seuss ’ children ’ s books. in particular, the cat in the hat character seems to reign supreme over read across america, this year being no different. the 2013 read across america theme is “ grab your hat and read with the cat! ” be sure to check out our complete selection of “ cat in the hat ” hats, costumes and accessories that are going to be perfect for all your read across america dress up needs! starting kids very early in life with exposure to books and reading makes a huge difference to them later on when they begin school. even as infants and toddlers, kids should be read to often, have books available to them that they can see and look at, as well as being continually exposed to and seeing others regularly reading around them. having a


kalamazoo - - the formula for living diabetes - free is pretty simple, but it ' s one that hundreds of thousands of people are either missing or ignoring, says dr. michael valitutto, medical director for the borgess center for diabetes care. to avoid getting type 2 diabetes, it ' s important to make healthier food choices, stay physically active and maintain a healthy weight, valitutto says. one way that the medical community is aiming to reduce the incidence of diabetes is by alerting people when their blood - sugar levels are at a " prediabetic " stage so that they can change their eating and exercise habits. people with prediabetes are likely to develop diabetes within 10 years unless they take steps to prevent the disease, according to the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney disease. prediabetes blood - glucose levels are defined as those between 100 and 125 milligrams in a fasting state, or 140 and 200 in a nonfasting state. in 2003, the threshold for a prediabetes diagnosis was lowered from 110 to 100 while fasting because of research indicating that people ' s health was already beginning to be affected at that level, according to a spokesman for the american diabetes association. " there was good clinical evidence that people needed to be aware that their risk for diabetes was increasing and that they needed to be taking action to stop that progression, " said matt petersen, director of information resources for the american diabetes association. yet, valitutto says that there is not a widespread sense of urgency about the disease, even among doctors. " i think there ' s been some improvement, but we have light - years to go, " valitutto said. " we truly have to transform how we approach chronic disease management. we have to become more savvy.... " we can ' t crawl anymore. it ' s time to start running. we ' ve got to do it now. we don ' t have time to wait. " the number of people with diabetes is expected to increase by 165 percent in the next 20 to 25 years because of this country ' s continued problems with obesity and inadequate exercise, valitutto said. " people should take prediabetes very seriously, " said becky emerson, educational services instructor for the bronson diabetes education center. " there ' s really no such thing as borderline. once you ' ve hit a blood glucose higher than normal, you need to start being proactive.


seriously, " said becky emerson, educational services instructor for the bronson diabetes education center. " there ' s really no such thing as borderline. once you ' ve hit a blood glucose higher than normal, you need to start being proactive. " • about 23. 6 million people, or 7. 8 percent of the u. s. population, are living with diabetes. more than twice that number - - 57 million people - - are what medical experts label prediabetic. • about 90 to 95 percent of people diagnosed with diabetes have type 2. • exercising just 30 minutes a day and reducing body weight by 5 to 10 percent reduced type 2 diabetes in 58 percent of cases. sources : american diabetes association, national institutes of health diabetes education and support • the bronson diabetes education center, 820 john st., offers individual and group classes for people referred by a physician. it also offers a support group for people with diabetes. 341 - 7654 or www. bronsonhealth. com ( click on " medical services, " then select " diabetes " ). • the borgess center for diabetes care, 1717 shaffer st., in kalamazoo, offers free prediabetes classes, three sessions each, once a month. it also offers individual diabetes education and an insulin pump therapy program. 226 - 8321 or www. borgess. com. diabetes wellness conference ' 08, to provide information to people with diabetes and their families, 7 : 30 a. m. to 12 : 15 p. m. saturday, kalamazoo valley community college, texas township. hosted by borgess center for diabetes care and american diabetes association. free, but advance registration required by noon friday. 226 - 8135 or ( 800 ) 828 - 8135.


one of the most compelling paragraphs i ' ve read in support of vaccinations ( read the entire outstanding article at http : / / meganmcardle. theatlantic. com / archives / 2008 / 03 / correlation _ causation _ vaccinat. php ). leaving children unvaccinated means going back to : in class we had a professor tell us that we will encounter parents not interested in vaccination. i know some personally, so this was no surprise, but believe it or not this was news to some of the medical students in my class. - leg braces and iron lungs for people with polio ( 57, 628 cases in 1952 ) - encephalitis and sterility for people with mumps ( 200, 000 cases a year in the 1960s ) - congenital rubella syndrome for children whose mothers contracted the illness during pregnancy. - blindness, pneumonia, encephalitis, and death - - one per thousand - - for people wth measles ( nearly 1 million cases a year in the us before vaccines ). - encephalitis and pulmonary hypertension for people with whooping cough - - thanks to people who don ' t vaccinate their kids, in 2001, 17 people, mostly infants, died of pertussis ( 200, 000 cases in 1940 ). - cardiac arrest and paralysis for people with diptheria ( 207, 000 cases and about 15, 000 deaths in 1920 ). the vaccines scare us because the diseases don ' t. and they don ' t because of the vaccines. " some of them you can reason with, " the professor explained, " but you will have some parents that simply won ' t change their minds. for them, you can argue ' till you ' re blue in the face, but they just won ' t change their opinion. from personal experience, i ' ve found that it ' s just simply not worth the time to try to change their minds - they just won ' t budge. "


michigan state university libraries home news about environmental studies resources or events provided by the msu libraries. for more information visit the environmental studies resources web page or contact jon harrison at firstname. lastname @ example. org | « economic valuation / impact of green infrastructure assets and conservation spending in michigan | | find an energy - saving light bulb » | the greenfile database by ebsco is the latest addition to the environmental studies suite of databases offered by the msu libraries. greenfile offers well - researched information covering all aspects of human impact to the environment. its collection of scholarly, government and general - interest titles includes content on global warming, green building, pollution, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, recycling, and more. the database provides indexing and abstracts for approximately 295, 000 records, as well as open access full text for more than 4, 600 records. greenfile is a resource designed to help individuals and organizations interested in reducing the negative impact and increasing the positive impact they have on the environment. the database includes information for individuals, such as installing solar panels and recycling ; for corporation needing information on green agriculture, hybrid cars or waste management ; as well as, environmental laws, regulations and studies. the goal is for greenfile to be a practical tool for everyday information and a resource for academic study and classroom activities. greenfile covers content going back more than 35 years. journal articles unique to greenfile include : bioscience, journal of environmental planning & management, journal of ecology, and conservation biology. the database also contains bibliographic information for key non - scholarly titles such as : e - the environmental magazine, natural life, and mother earth news. to access greenfile, go to http : / / www. greeninfoonline. com. | < < < | | > > > |


by melissa silverstein november 8, 2011 12 : 53 pm 0 comments as a long - time documentary producer, i ’ ve come across countless films about war and conflict. but few of those narratives captured the larger picture of warfare. war redefined, the final episode of the five - part series women, war & peace ( which airs tonight - check your local pbs listings ), tells the story of modern war in its totality – and shows how women are at the forefront of conflict in ways that few of us realized. after months of rigorous research into the contours of today ’ s global conflicts, patterns emerged that led us to the episode you ’ re seeing tonight. we noticed the disappearance of the so - called " frontlines " of war – men in uniform are no longer fighting men in uniform in distant battlefields. we saw, again and again, the dramatic influence of small arms in the post - cold war era : their ubiquity, their volume, and how easily they are sold across borders. we saw that rape and violence specifically targeting women has become a systematic weapon of warfare and ethnic cleansing. but, perhaps most important, we observed the often underreported power of women in conflict zones. we were stunned by the courage with which women are fighting for justice, rebuilding their communities and participating in the efforts to sustain peace, often at great personal risk. ultimately, we focused on stories in four separate war zones : bosnia, liberia, afghanistan and colombia. and the shared experience we found most arresting and important for american viewers to grasp was that women are not just primary targets in modern warfare but are primary change - agents as well. in war redefined, the capstone episode of the series, we draw on the themes of the first four films and go beyond them. through incisive interviews with leading thinkers, secretaries of state, and seasoned survivors of war and peace - making, the film conveys the impact of small arms proliferation ; articulates how natural resources are at the heart of some of these wars ; reports on how international pressure helped bring an end to impunity for sexual violence ; and relays the powerful stories of women restoring peace and justice to a society. the film also points to the importance of including women in post - conflict rebuilding. nobel peace prize laureate leymah gbowee, for example, explains that disarmament is a process that is dominated by outsiders who don ’ t know who has the guns. you have to talk to the community, she says. “ and who are


peace prize laureate leymah gbowee, for example, explains that disarmament is a process that is dominated by outsiders who don ’ t know who has the guns. you have to talk to the community, she says. “ and who are those community members who are in the best position? ” she asks, “ some of the mothers who know that their sons were fighters. ” most strikingly, war redefined is an episode that in its very title gets at the core mission of the women, war & peaceseries : to actively, thoughtfully redefine our conceptions of war, giving it new faces, new textures of meaning, new vocabulary, new dialogue. for americans, this fresh look is particularly important. i can ' t count the number of times that friends and family – in hearing me talk about our plans for the series, and its progress – reacted to my stories with the phrase, " i had no idea. " as americans, it ' s true that we don ' t really know war. we don ' t experience war on our soil. we don ' t live through war in the way that women on the ground in liberia, colombia, afghanistan do. we don ' t see the way that women serve – - as the human glue that holds their homes and communities together as war threatens to tear it apart. we often say that soldiers serve in war – and they do. but women serve, too. and it is their service – as soldiers, as peacemakers, as mothers, as voters, as activists, as community leaders, and as witnesses – that turns our old - fashioned story of war on its head. nina chaudry is the senior producer of women, war & peace and co - producer of the last film in the series, war redefined. she oversees the women, war & peace website. as a senior member of pbs ’ s emmy - winning foreign affairs documentary series wide angle, she oversaw the production of more than 40 documentaries, covering issues such as the drug - fueled corruption in colombia, the challenges to fostering democracy in afghanistan, and efforts to reduce maternal mortality in sub - saharan africa. below she reflects on her experiences working on the series as the final episode airs tuesday night. check local listings for war redefined, tuesday, november 8 on your local pbs station.


have you noticed persons who do scary things are scared themselves? in the movie series, “ star wars, ” master yoda observes this very human emotional response when he says, “ fear is the path to the dark side. ” fear can take us in one of two directions. whereas low levels of fear can energize us to achieve our goals in healthy ways, not so when it comes to intense and prolonged levels of fear, which can negatively impact our health and choices. it can be especially scary to us, as parents, when faced with having to deal with our children ’ s fears. when they behave in ways that challenge us, for example, lying, being defiant, hitting, etc., it can threaten our sense of efficacy. this can scare us. it can also take us back to a time when we were children, which may exacerbate our fears, neediness or reactivity. and that is the opposite of what we or our children need. the blind cannot lead the blind, nor can the needy nurture the needy. treating your self and your child with dignity, especially when one or both of you are not feeling lovable, is a key that opens hearts and allows you to meaningfully connect. anger, and its two directions? excessive fear sets off alarms in the body and mind that, in effect, erect walls and division in our brains that can keep us in the “ dark ” – living with “ unrealistic ” life - limiting fears. in effect, fear prevents the different parts of the mind and body from communicating effectively with one another. fear can mislead us, for example, to rely on anger as protective shield, rather than the useful messenger it is intended to be, ideally, to nudge us to take action to improve our life in some way. in an episode of star wars master yoda well explains the process that can lead us down rabbit holes : “ fear leads to anger. anger leads to hate. hate leads to suffering. ” it is a secondary emotion that keeps emotions of vulnerability, i. e., fear, worry, doubts, at bay, as they can otherwise prevent us from taking action to stand up for or protect ourselves. anger serves more than our survival. it helps us take action to thrive, to move past the most challenging of circumstances or obstacles, and so on. low levels of fear and anger work together to keep us on our desired course in life. prolonged anger fuels hatred. in time, hatred causes suffering, a state in which we


to move past the most challenging of circumstances or obstacles, and so on. low levels of fear and anger work together to keep us on our desired course in life. prolonged anger fuels hatred. in time, hatred causes suffering, a state in which we can get lost or stuck in the dark, cut off from life enriching connection to self and others. from the perspective of ancient philosopher socrates, no person knowingly does wrong. in his words, “ there is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance. ” yes, people do hurtful, at times even horrific things. socrates would say this stems from a lack of knowledge and understanding about the essential nature of life. and, the biggest impediment to the understanding they need is : fear. in modern times, the words of another thinker, henry ford, echoed a similar conviction, “ what we call evil, it seems to me, is simply ignorance bumping its head in the dark. ” likewise, those who do hurtful things are hurting ; those who do desperate things are desperate. another thinker, sophocles, put it this way, “ all concerns of men ( and women ) go wrong when they wish to cure evil with evil. ” for human beings, hatred is a place of suffering – emotional, psychological, and, spiritual. it can lead to what may be the scariest feelings of all : a sense of inefficacy and loss of hope. in other words, feelings helplessness, powerlessness or hopelessness. from these emotional states, stem unwise choices, desperate actions. if ignored, emotional suffering can lead to physical symptoms. a compassionate understanding of our human nature? what thinkers throughout history did not have that thinkers have today are the advanced methods of neuroscience. thanks to neuroscience, what were once theories of brilliant thinkers are now proven science. we are relationship beings by nature. not only because we are wired with circuitry for caring and empathic connection, or because our brain is a relationship organ, but also because our health, development and vitality rely on the formation of relationships. to the extent they are healthy and vibrant, so are we. we are concerned about the formation of connections, communication, verbal and nonverbal, from the day we are born. our deepest strivings are for love and meaningful connection to life within and around you. it makes sense, therefore, that we would be overwhelmed by fear at the prospect of not fulfilling these inborn strivings. this explains


born. our deepest strivings are for love and meaningful connection to life within and around you. it makes sense, therefore, that we would be overwhelmed by fear at the prospect of not fulfilling these inborn strivings. this explains why caring responses, our own and other ’ s, enhance our sense of security – and why some of our greatest fears, i. e., rejection or abandonment, have to do with what threatens to separate us from whom and what we love. as adults, to the extent we love, we are healthy. next time you are fearful of a situation, stop and notice how instantly the fear can turn to anger. then observe that, if you stay focused on thoughts that fuel the intensity of the anger, how the anger turns to hate or rage. a compassionate understanding of our children? children who experience difficulties in their relationships with others may be filled and overwhelmed by emotions of anger, hate and suffering. they live in anger. at the root of the anger or hatred they feel, however, is really fear. perhaps fear from the first time they were left alone, and felt abandoned. or, fear from the first time they felt rejection, a parent ’ s or teacher ’ s, or a classmate ’ s or friend ’ s. or, perhaps, fear from the first time they were hit, yelled or screamed at, or they experienced a parent lose control over their emotions and hit a sibling. if they had little opportunity to have someone listen and understand, empathize and validate their fear, their fear and anger likely build up. in time, their anger and rage may seem everywhere present, and their past fears are buried very deep. it ’ s not easy for them to “ see ” their own fear as the anger steps in to ‘ protect ’ and keep them ‘ safely ’ separated from their fear. it is too scary to look at that fear. thus, experiencing fear becomes what is feared most — and avoided at any cost. next time your child is angry, say to him / her, “ i can see you are really frustrated and hurt, it must be painful. ” or, “ you ’ re really upset, aren ’ t you? ” follow the words backwards. in time you will find the fear. the key to healing in your relationship with your child is seeing the fear, and creating an environment in which it is safe for the child to experience, recognize and feel his fears. be careful though, you can ’ t do it for her, you can only support


healing in your relationship with your child is seeing the fear, and creating an environment in which it is safe for the child to experience, recognize and feel his fears. be careful though, you can ’ t do it for her, you can only support her and make it safe for her to see her fear. once children feel safe enough, they will see the fear. use your energy to create safety for them to feel safe enough to see the fear. next time your child erupts, stop and take a deep, long breath. think. what might the child be afraid of right now. go beneath surface fears to the existential fears human beings face throughout life, fear of looking stupid ; fear of not being right ; fear of being scolded ; fear of rejection ; fear of being hurt, fear of loss of power to others ; fear of being invisible to others ; fear of loss of value or worth in relation to others, and so on. existential fears are connected to core emotional striving for safety, esteem, acceptance, love, power, safety, contribution, purpose, among others. an exercise to experiment with yourself. 1. think of something that makes you feel feelings of anger, hate, hurt. then look inside to explore the fear. 2. next, think about what you tell yourself when you feel afraid. 3. now imagine what someone you care about could do, when you are feeling emotions of anger, hatred, hurt, etc., to calm and help you restore your sense of safety. the steps above can help you see what your child would most benefit from as well. in the presence of acceptance, as it was for you, it will be easier for your child to see what they are most afraid of in a situation. something powerful happens when we connect to our fears as if feeling and understanding them were a natural way to relate to one another. it shines a new light. we suddenly realize a situation is not as scary as we once thought. are your responses to fear rooted in love or fear? emotions spark behaviors, and emotions and behaviors are rooted primarily in emotions of either love or fear. the following diagram displays some examples : anger, hostility, shame, frustration, envy, fear, guilt, jealousy happiness, joy, pride, confidence, elation, gratitude lying, stealing, fighting, bullying, aggression, resistance, retaliation, screaming, blaming, pitting others against one another cooperation, empathy, reciprocity, smiling, motivation, thoughtfulness, contribution, nurturing healthy relationships


, elation, gratitude lying, stealing, fighting, bullying, aggression, resistance, retaliation, screaming, blaming, pitting others against one another cooperation, empathy, reciprocity, smiling, motivation, thoughtfulness, contribution, nurturing healthy relationships whatever it is, it takes time and patience to calm yourself and gain the confidence to “ see ” a situation from a place that allows you to courageously face any fears, and know you are built to not only handle your own, but also be a holding place for your children to learn to handle theirs. so, the next time your child displays angry or upsetting behaviors, connect to what they may be feeling and yearning, and outwardly express this with a guess. for example, “ are you feeling upset that he didn ’ t share his toy because you wanted to play together? that makes sense. ” follow the words, find the fear, stay rooted in calm, centered confidence. this helps them face their fears, with the eyes of your love. a child most needs to feel safe enough to love, and so do you. we ’ re human, remember? we most want to matter, to feel valued in relation to life around us. it ’ s scary to love when, for whatever reason, we do not feel loved in return. make your first priority to feel your own fears, to be a firm yet kind and accepting presence. this best assures that you will be calm, confident, and present to your child. remember your job is not to fix their fear or upset, rather to teach them to feel safe enough to stay connected to the inner world of their mind and heart, in handling their upsets. “ please remember, it is what you are that heals, not what you know. ” – carl jung your presence in mind and heart builds a path that is brightly lit with a growing understanding of your self and children, first and foremost, as human beings who are phenomenally wired, with the capacity and strength, to learn to love with their whole hearts. this post currently has you can read the comments or leave your own thoughts. athena staik, ph. d. ( september 24, 2011 ) from psych central ' s website : psychcentral ( september 24, 2011 ) mental health social ( september 24, 2011 ) chi yon ( september 24, 2011 ) athena staik, ph. d. ( september 25, 2011 ) talkingteenage ( september 25, 2011 ) stefanie zucker ( september 26, 2011 )


february 22, 2013 | 7 it ’ s often said that we know less about the bottom of our own ocean than we do about the surface of mars. the governments of the world, and our government in particular, seem presently much less than enthusiastic about exploring the oceans of our own planet than in exploring other planets ( ocean research seems to have taken a particular hit in the last decade of congressional budget cuts, although admittedly, all agencies have seen cutbacks ). so film director and explorer james cameron decided to build his own extreme deep sea sub and explore the deepest ocean trenches in the world himself. in the last few years, he descended into several trenches — including the mariana last march, which at 36, 000 feet, is the deepest in the world — but remained pretty mum about what he found. here ’ s a pbs news hour report on that descent : there was also this raw and rather uninformative video of his dive released to the associated press : he dropped a few more public hints about what he saw at the american geophysical union meeting in december, but as far as i know that is all. the only other manned mission to the the mariana, in which jacques piccard and don walsh dropped to the bottom in the bathyscaphe trieste, took place in 1960, and the sediment stirred up by their vessel meant they were able to observe little about the life found there. apparently, at a rather obscure meeting in new orleans this morning ( the 2013 aquatic sciences meeting of the association for the sciences of limnology and oceanography ), natalya gallo, a grad student in charge of analyzing the 25 hours of footage cameron collected while on the bottom of these trenches, presented some “ preliminary findings ”. to me, this is a bit like televizing the images of the moon landing at an obscure planetary science conference. i don ’ t know if any science journalists were there, but the description of what was found in the press release announcing the talk was exciting enough i wanted to share it with you here. early results of gallo ’ s analysis reveal a vibrant mix of organisms, different in each trench site. the challenger deep featured fields of giant single - cell amoebas called “ xenophyophores, ” sea cucumbers, and enormous shrimp - like crustaceans called amphipods. the new britain trench featured hundreds of stunning stalked anemones growing on pillow lavas at the bottom of the trench, as well as a shallower seafloor community dominated by spoon worms, burrowing animals


crustaceans called amphipods. the new britain trench featured hundreds of stunning stalked anemones growing on pillow lavas at the bottom of the trench, as well as a shallower seafloor community dominated by spoon worms, burrowing animals that create a rosette around them by licking organic matter off the surrounding sediment with a tongue - like proboscis. in contrast, ulithi ’ s seafloor ecosystem in the pacific atolls featured high sponge and coral biodiversity. wait … what? the spoon worms “ create a rosette around them by licking organic matter off the surrounding sediment with a tongue - like proboscis ”? pictures or, even better, video please? spoon worms, which don ’ t get nearly the press coverage they deserve, appear to be annelids ( like earthworms ) that have lost their segmentation but otherwise preserve an internal annelid - like body plan. the proboscis is just weird, though. known species seem to use it chiefly for filter feeding, so this “ licking ” behavior, whatever it is, seems to be something out of the ordinary. here are some spoon worms photographed in a south korean market : xenophyophores are even weirder. they appear to be somewhat slime mold - like organisms that consist of a giant bag or cytoplasmic network of cell nuclei that comb the seafloor ingesting food by engulfment ( also called phagocytosis ). unlike terrestrial slime molds, their excretions and feces attract particles that are eventually cemented into odd - looking shells, or tests, that surround the organisms. they seem to have a thing for trenches. we know little about them because their tests are prone to crumbling when collected. here ’ s the one fuzzy photo i could find : here ’ s another interesting finding mentioned in the press release : proximity to land also played a role in the makeup of the deep - sea environment. deep in the new britain trench, located near papua new guinea, gallo identified palm fronds, leaves, sticks, and coconuts - terrestrial materials known to influence seafloor ecosystems. the challenger deep and ulithi, both more removed from terrestrial influence, were absent of such evidence. gallo also spotted a dive weight in the challenger deep footage, likely used as ballast on another deep - submergence vehicle. no where on earth, it seems, can escape our footprint. i hope someone was at this meeting to report on the talk. if not, i hope we


october 30, 2012 here at the smithsonian, we ’ ve got quite a sweet tooth. from wayne thiebaud ’ s fixation on all things sugar to astronaut candy, the collection is full of treats. so this halloween, look back on the trick or treats that might have been and ahead to the sure - to - be glorious tradition of outer space candy collecting. necco wafers, hershey ’ s kisses and heath bars had been delighting mouths for years by the roaring twenties. but the decade proved to be a decadent one, with the introduction of the milky way candy bar, milk duds, baby ruth bar and reese ’ s peanut butter cups. unfortunately, the term “ candy ” was thrown around a little loosely. laxatives and prescriptive chews were also permitted to call themselves candy. candy expert and rutgers university professor samira kawash told food and think, “ the first candies were medicinal! an apothecary in the 18th century would prescribe you sugar candy for things like chest ailments or digestion problems. back then, the “ spoonful of sugar ” idea was literal — if you had some sort of unpleasant medicine to take, usually a concoction of herbs that might not taste very good, the apothecary would suspend it in sugar. ” good thing trick or treating didn ’ t take off in america until the mid 20th century, otherwise we ’ re pretty sure some forgetful homeowner would ’ ve undoubtedly tried to pass these off as halloween handouts. by the 1940s and 50s, americans began their affair with candy in earnest. the tradition of trick - or - treating, originally a much more social activity that entailed visiting in neighbors ’ homes, began in the mid - 20th century. in 1943, hershey ’ s produced its tropical bar for troops in wwii as a heat - resistant, high - energy snack. according to the american history museum the product, called field ration d, was ” so successful that by the end of 1945, approximately 24 million bars were being produced every week. ” from the battle front to the final frontier, candy ’ s next stop was outer space. maybe not as revolutionary as freeze - dried astronaut ice cream, the space - bound candy treats were still pretty delicious orbiting the earth. and the relationship with candy continues : in july of this summer, the famous confectioners mars inc. donated $ 5 million to help construct an exhibit titled “ american enterprise ” about business and innovation, set to open


enter your weight in pounds and your height in inches in the form below and press the " compute bmi " button. what your bmi means body mass index ( bmi ) is one of the most accurate ways to determine when extra pounds translate into health risks. bmi is a measure which takes into account a personis weight and height to gauge total body fat in adults. someone with a bmi of 26 to 27 is about 20 percent overweight, which is generally believed to carry moderate health risks. a bmi of 30 and higher is considered obese. the higher the bmi, the greater the risk of developing additional health problems. heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure are all linked to being overweight. a bmi of 30 and over increases the risk of death from any cause by 50 to 150 percent, according to some estimates. according to health experts, people who are overweight but have no other health risk factors ( such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure ) should eat healthier and exercise to keep from gaining additional weight. for people who are overweight and also have health risks, they recommend trying to actively lose weight. be sure to consult your doctor or other health professional before beginning any exercise or weight - loss program. in june 1998, the federal government announced guidelines which create a new definition of a healthy weight - - a bmi of 24 or less. so now a bmi of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight. individuals who fall into the bmi range of 25 to 34. 9, and have a waist size of over 40 inches for men and 35 inches for women, are considered to be at especially high risk for health problems. bmi health information by the calorie control council


- health songs international health songs international is a not for profit organization dedicated to bringing vital health messages to vulnerable communities throughout the world through the use of songs. cutting trees in the amazon triggers a jump in malaria if a tree falls in the amazon, does it matter to malaria - carrying mosquitoes? some mosquitoes that transmit malaria don ’ t like the rain forest much. yes, say researchers from the university o malaria : new hope for the number 2 biggest killer by infection on the planet malaria is the second biggest cause of death by infection on earth, whilst in africa it is number 1, claiming 5 million victims per year. in adults if often reoccurs, whilst t a systems - based analysis of plasmodium vivax lifecycle transcription from human to mosquito up to 40 % of the world ’ s population is at risk for plasmodium vivax malaria, a disease that imposes a major public health and economic burden on endemic countri chemical genetics of plasmodium falciparum malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum is a disease that is responsible for 880, 000 deaths per year worldwide. vaccine development has proved difficult and resistance has emerged for most antimalarial drugs. - science direct use of magnetically purified plasmodium falciparum parasites improves the accuracy of erythrocyte invasion assays merozoite invasion of erythrocytes is a crucial step for the asexual cycle of plasmodium falciparum. multiple invasion pathways, which inv - 7th space. com severe neurological sequelae and behaviour problems after cerebral malaria in ugandan children. cerebral malaria is the most severe neurological complication of falciparum malaria and a leading cause of death and neuro - disability in sub - saharan africa. - emja – the medical journal of australia important information regarding the close monitoring of a returning treveller ’ s declining health, especially regarding potential malaria infections or other mosquito borne diseases - malaria no more – january 21, 2010 gorillas cause trouble for malaria eradication in a new study, researchers found that gorillas carry malaria. this is good news for humans because now gorillas could aid us in developing a malaria vaccine. however, this is also bad news for humans beca - the malaria journal – january 11, 2010 severe malaria – a case of fatal plasmodium knowlesi infection with post - mortem findings : a case report zoonotic malaria caused by plasmodium knowlesi


news for humans beca - the malaria journal – january 11, 2010 severe malaria – a case of fatal plasmodium knowlesi infection with post - mortem findings : a case report zoonotic malaria caused by plasmodium knowlesi is an important, but newly recognized, human pathogen. for the first time, post - mortem findings from - national institute of alleregy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) niaid malaria research program web site. - bbc health bbc health malaria information site. - the travel doctor malaria information page. lots of diagrams and useful information about malaria. malaria – symptoms – signs – treatment etc. - malaria hot spots this site is an educational initiative by glaxosmithkline travel health. you can find out about the country you are going to travel to and what the risks are likely to be. - cdc website human plasmodium knowlesi infection detected by rapid diagnostic tests for malaria we describe a pcr - confirmed case of plasmodium knowlesi infection with a high parasitemia level and clinical signs of severe malaria in a migrant worker from malaysian b - unicef – what every family and community has a right to know about malaria. a site with information about transmission, treatment, and prevention of malaria - royal perth hospital – malaria resource page this resource is presented by the division of laboratorymedicine at royal perth hospital. it is provided for the information of medical practitioners and laboratory scientists. it is regularly updated and provides the generally accepted best current p - malaria site – history of malaria treatment a comprehensive site on the treatment of malaria. - 2007 – unicef report on malaria this unicef report shows gains made in reducing the burden of malaria. - release of the first world malaria report video stored on youtube. - who world malaria report 2005 information and statistics on the roll back malaria program. - preventing malaria a uk website that enables travellers to get fast, accurate information about the relative risks of infection posed by the countries they intend to visit. it also provides them with details of the immunisation requirements of each region. - world health organization who malaria information page. - malaria in southern africa this is an entry page to websites with malaria content relevant to the southern african context - leiden universtity medical center background information about malaria - us center for disease control malaria information page.


netlogo ' s logging facility allows researchers to record student actions for later analysis. logging in netlogo, once initiated, is invisible to the student. the researcher can choose the type of events logged through a configuration file. netlogo uses the log4j package for logging. if you have previous experience with this package you ' ll find logging in netlogo familiar. logging is supported only by the special netlogo logging application. it doesn ' t work in applets. this depends on what operating system you are using. there is a special logging launcher in the netlogo directory called netlogo logging. double click on the icon. on windows, the netlogo directory can be found at c : \ program files, unless you chose a different location when you installed netlogo. to enable logging, invoke the netlogo. sh script as follows : netlogo. sh - - logging netlogo _ logging. xml you could also modify the script to include these flags, or copy the script and modify the copy. you can replace netlogo _ logging. xml with any valid log4j xml configuration file, which will be discussed in more detail later. when netlogo starts up it will ask for a user name. this name will appear in all the logs generated during this session. logs are stored in the os - specific temp directory. on most unix - like systems that is / tmp. on windows xp, logs can be found in c : \ documents and settings \ < user > \ local settings \ temp, where < user > is the logged in user and on windows vista the logs can be found in c : \ users \ < user > \ appdata \ local \ temp. on mac os x, the temp directory varies for each user. you can determine your temp directory by opening the terminal application and typing echo $ tmpdir at the prompt. there are two convenience commands that will help you manage the logs. _ _ zip - log - files filename will gather all the logs in the temp directory and put them in one zip file, at the location specified. after doing _ _ zip - log - files the existing logs are not deleted, you can do so explicitly by using _ _ delete - log - files. the following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the xmllayout. all the


explicitly by using _ _ delete - log - files. the following is a chart describing the name of the loggers available, the type of events each logs, at what level, and provides a sample output using the xmllayout. all the loggers are found in org. nlogo. log. logger. when referring to the loggers in the configuration file you should use the fully qualified name. so, for example, the logger globals would actually be org. nlogo. log. logger. globals | globals | | a global variable changes | | info, debug | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. globals " timestamp = " 1177341065988 " level = " info " type = " globals " > < name > foo < / name > < value > 51. 0 < / value > < / event > | greens | | sliders, switches, choosers, input boxes are changed through the interface | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. greens " timestamp = " 1177341065988 " level = " info " type = " slider " > < action > changed < / action > < name > foo < / name > < value > 51. 0 < / value > < parameters > < min > 0. 0 < / min > < max > 100. 0 < / max > < inc > 1. 0 < / inc > < / parameters > < / event > | code | | code is compiled, including : command center, code tab, slider bounds, and buttons | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. code " timestamp = " 1177341072208 " level = " info " type = " command center " > < action > compiled < / action > < code > crt 1 < / code > < agenttype > o < / agenttype > < errormessage > success < / errormessage > < / event > | widgets | | a widget is added or removed from the interface | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. widgets " timestamp = " 1177341058351 " level = " info " type = " slider " > < name >


info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. widgets " timestamp = " 1177341058351 " level = " info " type = " slider " > < name > < / name > < action > added < / action > < / event > | buttons | | a button is pressed or released | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. buttons " timestamp = " 1177341053679 " level = " info " type = " button " > < name > show 1 < / name > < action > released < / action > < releasetype > once < / releasetype > < / event > | speed | | the speed slider changes | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. speed " timestamp = " 1177341042202 " level = " info " type = " speed " > < value > 0. 0 < / value > < / event > | turtles | | turtles die or are born | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. turtles " timestamp = " 1177341094342 " level = " info " type = " turtle " > < name > turtle 1 < / name > < action > born < / action > < breed > turtles < / breed > < / event > | links | | links die or are born | | info | | < event logger = " org. nlogo. log. logger. links " timestamp = " 1177341094342 " level = " info " type = " link " > < name > link 2 7 < / name > < action > born < / action > < breed > links < / breed > < / event > the default logging configuration ( netlogo _ logging. xml ) looks something like this : netlogo defines 8 loggers, all descend directly from the root logger, which means unless you explicitly set the properties ( appender, layout, and output level ) in the configuration they will inherit them from the root. in the default configuration the root is set to level info, the appender is org. nlogo. log. xmlfileappender and layout is org. nlogo. log. xmllayout. together these generate a nicely formatted xml


the default configuration the root is set to level info, the appender is org. nlogo. log. xmlfileappender and layout is org. nlogo. log. xmllayout. together these generate a nicely formatted xml file as defined in the netlogo _ logging. dtd which is based on the log4j dtd. if the appender is a fileappender ( including the xmlfileappender ) a new file is start each time the user opens a model. <? xml version = " 1. 0 " encoding = " utf - 8 "? > <! doctype log4j : configuration system " log4j. dtd " > < log4j : configuration debug = " false " xmlns : log4j = ' http : / / jakarta. apache. org / log4j / ' > < appender name = " a1 " class = " org. nlogo. log. xmlfileappender " > < layout class = " org. nlogo. log. xmllayout " / > < / appender > < category name = " org. nlogo. log. logger. widgets " > < priority value = " off " / > < / category > < category name = " org. nlogo. log. logger. turtles " > < priority value = " off " / > < / category > < category name = " org. nlogo. log. logger. links " > < priority value = " off " / > < / category > < root > < priority value = " info " / > < appender - ref ref = " a1 " / > < / root > < / log4j : configuration > this configuration, first defines an appender named " a1 " of type xmlfileappender with an xmllayout. the appender defines where the logging data goes, in this case the data goes into a file. in fact, if netlogo is given a fileappender it will automatically start a new file every time the user opens a new model. the xmlfileappender also does some formatting and writes the appropriate headers to the file. the layout defines how to write each individual message. unless you are an advanced user there is no need change ( or worry about ) the appender or the layout. at the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. all


the layout defines how to write each individual message. unless you are an advanced user there is no need change ( or worry about ) the appender or the layout. at the end of the configuration notice the definition of the root logger. all of the other loggers descend from the root logger and, thus, inherit the properties of the root unless explicitly set. this case is fairly simple, having set up the appender a1 we make that the default appender for the root ( and all other loggers ) and make the default priority " info ". messages that are logged at the info level or higher will be written, messages logged at lower levels will not. note that with only one exception netlogo always logs at level info. sets to globals that don ' t change the value of the global are logged at level debug. which means that these messages are disabled by default, since debug is lower level than info. the rest of the body of the configuration file overrides properties of the root logger in a few specific loggers ( or categories as they are known in the configuration file, the terms can be assumed to be synonymous for the proposes of this document ). that is it turns off the widget, turtles, and links loggers, by default. to re - enable them you can changes the priority from off to info, like this : < category name = " org. nlogo. log. logger. turtles " > < priority value = " info " / > < / category > or you can simply remove the entire reference to the category from the configuration file, as it is not serving any other purpose. this is only a basic introduction to configuration files for logging in netlogo. there are many more configuration options available through the log4j framework. see the log4j documentation.


the simple act of placing the fingertips of either hand together in front of you to form a steeple is a very effective gesture that is rarely offensive and will establish you as someone [ who is ] both evaluative and in control. - - susan bixler ( the professional image, p. 238 ) gesture. a position in which the tactile pads of the fingertips of one hand gently touch their counterparts on the other. usage : the steeple cue, perhaps first identified by ray l. birdwhistell ( blum 1988 ) reflects precise thought patterns. it may be used while listening, speaking, or thinking, to entertain a provocative or novel idea, or to contemplate a creative solution to problems at hand. business. steeple gestures may be used above a conference table to show that one is listening thoughtfully to a colleague ' s ideas and comments. media. 1. in a classic black - and - white photo by alfred eisenstaedt, physicist robert oppenheimer steepled his fingers while conversing with albert einstein on december 29, 1947. 2. in a today show interview with katie couric on june 24, 2003, bernard kerak, u. s. administrator for iraq, steepled as he calmly explained that the postwar situation in iraq was largely in control. when katie asked about the exploding crime rate there, kerak broke the steeple and vigorously scratched the palm of his hand. after explaining his side of the issue, he resumed steepling until the interview concluded. ( on june 25, 2003, usa today ' s lead article was about the escalating crime rate in iraq. ) observation. 1. the condominium president steepled his fingers at chest level at his body ' s midline and replied, " i know what i ' m going to do about the board meeting. " 2. the ceo steepled and leaned back in his boardroom chair as he asked senior staff, " what shall we do about this problem? " 3. steeple gestures may be observed at training lectures, news briefings, and seminars on financial planning, e. g., where precise digital opposition reflects careful reasoning, calculation, scheming, and thought. parallel palms. a common variant of the steeple cue is the widespread parallel - palms gesture. in parallel palms, the open hands are held facing - - i. e., parallel to - - one another as they are raised and lowered together ( i. e., in tandem ) in beating or chopping motions


parallel - palms gesture. in parallel palms, the open hands are held facing - - i. e., parallel to - - one another as they are raised and lowered together ( i. e., in tandem ) in beating or chopping motions to strengthen a verbal point. as demonstrative speaking gestures, parallel palms are often seen in the courtroom as lawyers seek to manifest or prove an oral argument. parallel palms are used by politicians, as well, to present arguments which they believe to be cogent, sound, and valid. thus, parallel palms is an " exploded " version of the steeple cue, in which a speaker ' s opened hands are extended and aggressively shaken at listeners to show a. precise thought and b. a strong emotional conviction about the thought ' s validity. ( n. b. : note how, because the hands are held midway between the palm - down and palm - up positions, parallel - palms cues suggest the physical act of grasping, holding, or seizing a concept. ) world politics. winston churchill and mikhail gorbachev used the steeple gesture to signal self - confidence as they spoke and listened. regarding gorbachev, " he steeples in moscow. he steeples in washington. he steeples when he listens. he steeples when he talks. he steeples high. he steeples low. he even steeples when he smiles " ( blum 1988 : 3 - 14 ). research notes : 1. finger - thumb steeple : " one hand movement which we filmed in a wide variety of places, is habitually used in speech. this involves placing the tips of the thumb and forefinger together to emphasize a line of argument. usually, the hand moves agitatedly to and fro, and the speaker often concludes the gesture by abruptly baring his open palm at the other party " ( hass 1970 : 148 ). 2. " when a person in a private session with me displays this behavior and i ask what they are feeling, i can get a range of responses. if, however, i phrase my question in a leading way such as, ' i sense you ' re feeling pretty confident about what you ' ve just said..., ' i will invariably get an affirmation. if the person does not verbally confirm confident feelings, the steepling generally stops when i ask the question this way " ( blum 1988 : 3 - 13 ). 3. fingers steeple, a widespread gesture, means " i am thinking " ( morris 1994 : 65


chips questions and answers why is it important to study diffuse emission in the chips wavelength band? the chips band contains the significant majority of the radiated power from diffuse hot interstellar plasma in its most probable temperature range. although x - ray and uv studies can detect plasma at greater distances and map it with better angular resolution, extrapolation of such measurements to a total plasma luminosity will be fraught with significant uncertainty until spectroscopic observations of diffuse emission are carried out in the chips band. can observations with chips disentangle all of the cooling mechanisms that might be taking place in the local interstellar medium? the various cooling mechanisms make observationally distinct predictions for the emission in the chips band. in combination with observations of emission and absorption features at other wavelengths, chips data will be extremely helpful in disentangling these processes. chips will do an excellent job of constraining the electron temperature through measurement of collisionally excited line emission. determination of the electron temperature is a crucial step in understanding the cooling process. do current observational limits in the chips band set interesting constraints on the physical properties of plasma in the local bubble? no. current observational limits were set using instruments with limited spectral resolution and many are well above the expected emission - line fluxes. the marginal detection in 18 million seconds of euve observations in regions where the soft x - rays are bright does indicate that diffuse emission is present in our band. what if the foreground absorption column is higher than you have estimated? with nominal assumption, the bright iron emission lines will be detected at 20 to 50 in each sky resel. a higher absorption would reduce the line flux, but, barring some wholly unexpected distribution of the local neutral material, absorption will reduce the euv emission to undetectable levels in only a limited number of viewing directions. the chianti cie plasma model predicts somewhat brighter peak iron line fluxes than the raymond & smith code used in our analysis. select one of the following for more information : mission - education chips bibliography - chips q & a - for more information about chips please send an e - mail to dr. mark hurwitz. if you have questions about or problems with this web page, please send an e - mail to the webmaster. university of california, space sciences laboratory 7 gauss way, berkeley, ca 94720 - 7450, usa chips project manager : ( 510 ) 486 - 6340


sherman in georgia! immediately after his return to atlanta from jonesboro, sherman determined to make that city a military camp, and issued orders accordingly. " the city of atlanta, " these orders read, " being exclusively required for warlike purposes, will at once be vacated by all except the armies of the united states and such civilian employes as may be retained by the proper department of government. " the chief quartermaster was instructed to take possession of buildings of all kinds, and of all staple articles, such as cotton and tobacco. the chief engineer was to reconnoiter the city and suburbs for a more contracted line of defense, and designate such buildings as should be destroyed to make room for his operations. the remaining buildings would be set apart for different military uses, and under the direction of the quartermaster the troops were to be permitted to pull down buildings and use the materials for constructing shanties and bivouacs. the mayor, james m. calhoun, was compelled to issue the following proclamation, september 8th : to the citizens of atlanta : general sherman instructs me to say to you that you must all leave atlanta ; that as many of you as want to go north can do so, and that as many as want to go south can do so, and that all can take with them their movable property, servants included, if they want to go, but that no force is to be used ; and that he will furnish transportation for persons and property as far as rough and ready, from whence it is expected general hood will assist in carrying it on. like transportation will be furnished for people and property going north, and it is required that all things contemplated by this notice will be carried into execution as soon as possible. in a letter to general hood, sherman wrote that he considered " it to be to the interest of the united states that all citizens now residing in atlanta should remove, " to which hood replied : " this unprecedented measure transcends in studied and ingenious cruelty all acts ever before brought to my attention in the dark history of war. " he agreed, for the sake of humanity, to assist in the removal of the citizens, and a truce of ten days, applying to the vicinity of rough and ready, was arranged for that purpose. at the same time negotiations were opened for the exchange of prisoners. on the 10th, governor brown addressed general hood in behalf of the militia, stating that they had left their homes without preparation, expecting to serve but a short time, and should be permitted to visit them


time negotiations were opened for the exchange of prisoners. on the 10th, governor brown addressed general hood in behalf of the militia, stating that they had left their homes without preparation, expecting to serve but a short time, and should be permitted to visit them. hood ' s return for september 10th showed an effective total of 8, 417 in hardee ' s corps, 7, 401 in lee ' s, 8, 849 in stewart ' s, aggregate 24, 667 infantry. jackson had 3, 794 effective cavalry, and wheeler was in north alabama. the artillery with the army included 3, 382 men, making the total effective force ( excluding wheeler ' s command, absent on an expedition ), 31, 843. the aggregate present was reported at 60, 000, but deducting wheeler ' s 11, 237, shows present with hood on above date 49, 137 of all arms. on the 11th hood telegraphed bragg, now at richmond, that he wished to move by the left flank as soon as possible, so as to interrupt the communications of sherman. in accordance with this plan, wheeler was directed to enter north georgia again, destroy the railroad south of dalton, and connect with jackson, who was to be sent across the chattahoochee. wheeler promptly obeyed the orders and again caused an interruption of a week or two on the western & atlantic railroad. on the 18th, having caused the iron to be removed from the railroads running into atlanta, for a distance of forty miles, and directing railroad stock to be restored to the west point railroad, hood began his movement to the left. taking position from palmetto to the chattahoochee river, he waited there ten days for the accumulation of supplies. in this position he exposed augusta and macon, but he hoped to save them by his proposed flank march. on the 22d he advised general bragg that if sherman did not move south he would cross the chattahoochee and form line of battle near powder springs, which would prevent sherman from using the railroad in his rear, " and force him to drive me off or move south, when i shall fall upon his rear. " during this month sherman conceived the idea that georgia might be politically isolated from the other states in the confederacy. knowing that vice - president stephens and governor brown, both influential leaders in georgia, had opposed the president in some matters of policy, sherman conceived the idea that there was such hostility to mr. davis in georgia that he could induce these eminent men to entertain a proposition for


- president stephens and governor brown, both influential leaders in georgia, had opposed the president in some matters of policy, sherman conceived the idea that there was such hostility to mr. davis in georgia that he could induce these eminent men to entertain a proposition for peace, or even to advise the state to withdraw from the confederacy so as to avoid further destruction of its material interests. acting on this idea, sherman sent ambassadors to stephens and brown, but while they were willing to promote an honorable peace, they declined to consider any dishonor - ing proposition for independent state action, and refused peremptorily to visit the federal commander on the terms stated by him. they were fully determined to remain true to the confederacy, though the prospect of its affairs was very gloomy. president davis, accompanied by senator hill, now came to georgia, and made a speech at macon in which he endeavored to communicate to his hearers his own indomitable spirit. on the 25th and 26th the president visited the army and was enthusiastically received by the troops. during this visit lieutenant - general hardee was supplanted by major - general cheatham, and on october 5th was given command of the department of south carolina, georgia and florida, which had been under the charge of maj. - gen. samuel jones since april 20th. gen. howell cobb was put in command of the district of georgia. september 29th, hood began his northward movement with the entire army, crossing the chattahoochee, and the next day moved toward the line of dallas and marietta, with jackson ' s cavalry at powder springs. sherman was fully aware that he could not remain at atlanta with his great army depending on the western & atlantic railroad for supplies. neither did he feel able to move south against hood. he supposed forrest would cut his railroad, but it could not be helped, he said, for forrest could travel 100 miles while his own cavalry went 10. " i have sent two divisions up to chattanooga and one to rome, and thomas started to - day to clear out tennessee. " as soon as advised of hood ' s crossing of the chattahoochee toward his rear, sherman left general slocum and his corps to guard atlanta and the chattahoochee bridge, and started northward in pursuit of hood with five corps. hood reached the vicinity of lost mountain on the 3d, and on the 4th general stewart ' s corps struck the railroad at acworth and big shanty, capturing 400 prisoners and some stores. major - general french ' s


of hood with five corps. hood reached the vicinity of lost mountain on the 3d, and on the 4th general stewart ' s corps struck the railroad at acworth and big shanty, capturing 400 prisoners and some stores. major - general french ' s division, about 3, 000 strong, was sent against allatoona, one of sherman ' s most important depots, where were stored about 1, 000, 000 rations. the federal garrison of 890 men, under colonel tourtellotte, had been reinforced by gen. john m. corse with one brigade, 1, 054 strong, from rome, the orders being transmitted mainly by the signal stations established on the summits of the hills and mountains along the federal line of communication. corse reached allatoona about 1 a. m. of the 5th. french arrived about 3 a. m., uninformed of the federal reinforcements, and before daylight, while skirmishing was going on with the pickets, endeavored to gain the ridge commanding the town. at dawn he resumed his march, and by 7 : 30 the head of his column was on the ridge about 600 yards west of the federal works, which consisted of three redoubts on the west of the deep railroad cut, and a star fort on the east, with outer works, abatis, stockades and other obstructions. - meanwhile general corse had disposed his forces in and before his fortifications, with tourtellotte in command on the east of the cut. french sent general sears ' brigade to the north of the works, while major myrick opened fire with his artillery. the plan was for sears to begin the fight, upon which gen. f. m. cockrell ' s missouri brigade would attack from the other side, supported by four texas regiments under gen. w. h. young. at 9 o ' clock, when the troops were in position, general french sent in a summons for unconditional surrender, to avoid " the needless effusion of blood, " and gave five minutes for reply. general corse declined and the attack began. the missourians and texans struck the line on the west of the cut commanded by colonel rowett, and after severe fighting, says corse, swept part of his line back like so much chaff. corse was only able under cover of a heavy fire from tourtellotte to send an aide over for reinforcements. before they could arrive both sears and young, according to corse ' s report, assaulted with so much


like so much chaff. corse was only able under cover of a heavy fire from tourtellotte to send an aide over for reinforcements. before they could arrive both sears and young, according to corse ' s report, assaulted with so much vigor and in such force as to break rowett ' s line, and " had not the thirty - ninth iowa fought with the desperation it did, i never would have been able to bring a man back into the redoubt. " after a desperate struggle, rowett brought his force, the thirty - ninth iowa, seventh and ninety - third illinois into the redoubts, where they were reinforced by the twelfth and fiftieth illinois from the east side of the cut. the confederates gained two of the redoubts held by rowett, and then surrounded this last work with a storm of fire. tourtellotte, on the east side, though badly wounded, managed to hold his main works, while sears fought close up to the strong position. about 10 a. m. sherman had reached kenesaw mountain, and seeing the smoke and hearing the artillery, signaled corse to hold the fort, and ordered j. d. cox ' s corps westward to threaten french ' s connection with the main confederate army. corse himself was severely wounded, but his men fought on under the assurance of relief, until french, early in the afternoon receiving intelligence of the threatening movement by general cox, despaired of reducing the federal garrison before night, and withdrew to rescue his command ; but before leaving the place, he captured the blockhouse at allatoona creek, and burned the bridge. general french reported a capture of 205 prisoners and two flags, and gave his loss at 122 killed, 443 wounded, and 233 missing, total 798. general young was wounded and captured, and nearly 70 other gallant officers were either wounded or killed. these casualties were suffered by the confederate assaulting force of only a little over 1, 000. corse reported his own loss at 142 killed, 352 wounded, and 212 missing, total 706. hood now moved rapidly toward rome, and sherman followed through allatoona pass to kingston, and thence to rome, but hood crossed below that city and marched into the valley of the oostenaula, escaping any collision except between cavalry. the confederate advance attacked resaca and demanded its surrender, but the federal garrison was reinforced in time for safety. sherman also followed to resaca, but before his arrival on the 14th, hood had


kilpatrick. under sherman ' s orders capt. o. m. poe " thoroughly destroyed atlanta, save its mere dwelling - houses and churches. " the destruction was by fire purposely applied to buildings, and permitted to spread, as was expected, from house to house until the defenseless city was almost entirely reduced to ashes. no efforts were made to prevent the spread of the conflagration, and scarcely any structure was designedly spared. only about 450 buildings escaped this ruthless burning, among them many churches, which in those days generally stood apart from other buildings. the thoroughness of the destruction can be realized, when we consider that by the census of 1860 atlanta had a population of 10, 000, which in 1864 had increased to 14, 000. more than 4, 000 houses, including dwellings, shops, stores, mills and depots were burned, about eleven - twelfths of the city. capt. daniel oakey, of the second massachusetts volunteers, says : " sixty thousand of us witnessed the destruction of atlanta, while our post band and that of the thirty - third massachusetts played martial airs and operatic selections. " sherman himself noted the rising columns of smoke as he rode away from the city. considering that he had been in possession of the city since the 3d of september, he had had ample time to utterly destroy everything in it that could be of advantage to an enemy, without the wanton and inexcusable method to which he resorted. it was no more necessary from a military point of view to destroy mercantile establishments than private dwellings or churches. the destruction of atlanta can never be excused. the name of the federal commander will always be associated with this barbarous act. on november 15th the federal right wing and cavalry started toward jonesboro and mcdonough to make a feint at macon, but crossed the ocmulgee river near jackson, and reached gordon in seven days. slocum with one corps moved out eastward via decatur, with orders to burn the oconee bridge, east of madison, after which to turn south and reach milledgeville in seven days. sherman himself left atlanta on the 16th with jeff c. davis ' corps, and moved via lithonia and covington, directly on milledgeville. his object was to interpose his army between macon and augusta, and thus divide the confederate forces. gen. g. w. smith, in command of the first division, georgia reserves, had at lovejoy ' s station a force numbering about 2, 800 effective infantry


interpose his army between macon and augusta, and thus divide the confederate forces. gen. g. w. smith, in command of the first division, georgia reserves, had at lovejoy ' s station a force numbering about 2, 800 effective infantry, 200 or 300 cavalry, and three batteries. brigadier - general iverson with two brigades of cavalry covered his front. on the 12th, major - general wheeler arrived in person and his cavalry division soon followed from alabama. after the cavalry had skirmished with howard ' s advance, smith fell back to griffin, and there learning of the federal movements eastward, moved rapidly to macon. wheeler notified generals bragg and hardee, general beauregard at tuscumbia, gen. howell cobb, general taylor at selma, general hood and others, of the enemy ' s movements and evident intentions, and general cobb also advised those high in command of the danger that was threatening. general cobb, at macon, had but a small force, and reinforcements were urgently called for. but there were few that could be spared. beauregard could only send gen. richard taylor to take command, and himself follow, but he had no forces to take with him. the war department extended hardee ' s command to the chattahoochee, but he could only spare the fifth georgia without stripping the coast. president davis instructed general cobb to get out every man who could render service, and promised that colonel rains, at augusta, would furnish torpedoes to plant in the roads. stirring appeals were made to the people of georgia by senator hill and the georgia congressmen to fly to arms, remove all subsistence from the course of sherman ' s army, and destroy what could not be carried away ; burn all bridges, block up roads, and assail the invader night and day. meanwhile sherman marched on, creating a charred avenue over 40 miles wide through the unprotected state, destroying the railroads, seizing all provisions, pillaging, plundering and burning. there was no force available to obstruct his onward course. he had simply to accomplish the military feat of " marching through georgia. " the forces of generals wheeler, smith and cobb being concentrated at macon on the 19th, general hardee took command, and sent wheeler up to clinton to reconnoiter. six of his men dashed into clinton and captured the servant of general osterhaus, corps commander, with. in twenty feet of headquarters. charging and counter - charging followed, ending in the repulse of a federal


to reconnoiter. six of his men dashed into clinton and captured the servant of general osterhaus, corps commander, with. in twenty feet of headquarters. charging and counter - charging followed, ending in the repulse of a federal cavalry command by wheeler ' s escort. on the 20th there was active skirmishing by wheeler. kilpatrick advanced as far as the redoubts about macon, held by the infantry and dismounted cavalry, and the head of his ' column entered the works but were repulsed. on the 22d, howard having approached gordon, sent wood ; s division and kilpatrick ' s cavalry toward macon for another demonstration. this force was met by wheeler ' s men, who charged early in the morning and captured one of the federal picket posts, causing the loss of about 60 to the enemy. a considerable cavalry fight followed, and in the afternoon walcutt ' s federal brigade behind barricades was attacked by the confederate infantry and a battery. with great vigor. walcutt was wounded, but managed to hold his ground with the assistance of cavalry. on another part of the line of invasion the federal twentieth corps, opposed only by desultory skirmishing of small confederate bands, had made a path of destruction through madison and eatonton. geary ' s division destroyed the fine railroad bridge over the oconee, and the mill and ferryboats near buckhead. on the 19th he also destroyed about 500 bales of cotton and 50, 000 bushels of corn, mostly on the plantation of col. lee jordan. this corps entered milledgeville on the 20th, and davis ' corps, accompanied by sherman, arrived next day. the state legislature hastily adjourned, and under the direction of gen. ira r. foster, quartermaster - general of the state, great efforts were made to remove the state property and archives, but on account of the scarcity of wagons and the demoralized condition of the people, adequate help could not be obtained. as the penitentiary had been used for the manufacture of arms, and was expected to be destroyed, governor brown released all the convicts and organized them into a regularly mus - tered - in and uniformed battalion under captain roberts, which subsequently did good service in removing property and in battle. upon the arrival of the federals, two regiments under colonel hawley, of wisconsin, occupied the capital city, and according to his own report, burned the railroad depot, two arsenals, a powder magazine and other public buildings and shops


battle. upon the arrival of the federals, two regiments under colonel hawley, of wisconsin, occupied the capital city, and according to his own report, burned the railroad depot, two arsenals, a powder magazine and other public buildings and shops, and destroyed large quantities of arms, ammunition and salt. a general pillage followed these acts of war. then the two federal corps pushed on by way of hebron, sandersville, tennille and louisville, and howard ' s wing crossed the oconee at bali ' s ferry and advanced in two columns by the 1st of december to the neighborhood of sebastopol. howard at this date reported that he had destroyed the ocmulgee cotton mills, and had supplied his army from the country, which he found full of provisions and forage. " i regret to say that quite a number of private dwellings which the inhabitants have left have been destroyed by fire, but without official sanction ; also many instances of the most inexcusable and wanton acts, such as the breaking open of trunks, taking of silver plate, etc. i have taken measures to prevent it, and i believe they will be effectual. the inhabitants are generally terrified and believe us a thousand times worse than we are. " the wanton destruction went on, however, with rarely such efforts to restrain the soldiery from depredations. as howard advanced, gen. h. c. wayne, with the cadets of the georgia military institute and part of the reserves, fell back across the oconee. maj. a. l. hart - ridge in a gallant fight defended the oconee railroad bridge. the federals by the feint at macon had managed to hold general hardee there with some forces in their rear, and the similar feint toward augusta detained gen. b. d. fry, with about 4, 000 troops. on the 23d, austin, with the cadets, successfully held the railroad bridge against the enemy, and hartridge, at the ferry, drove back across the river a federal detachment which had forced its way over. this permitted the removal of the stores from tennille. gen. a. r. wright took command in this quarter under authority of a telegram from president davis, all communication between the east and the west sides of the state being broken. augusta was reinforced by troops under generals chestnut and gartrell from south carolina. beauregard, arriving at macon, where lieutenant - general taylor also was, reported that sherman was doubtless


the east and the west sides of the state being broken. augusta was reinforced by troops under generals chestnut and gartrell from south carolina. beauregard, arriving at macon, where lieutenant - general taylor also was, reported that sherman was doubtless en route to the sea, thence to reinforce grant, and he instructed hood that he should promptly crush thomas in middle tennessee, to relieve lee. on the 24th, wayne reported to general mclaws that the federals were shelling him at oconee bridge, but he kept up a gallant fight till night, holding one end of the bridge while the enemy set fire to the other. finally parties crossed the river to his right and left, and he was compelled to withdraw his few hundred men. wheeler crossed the river to the south on the same day and moved to the support of the confederates. on the 25th general bragg reached augusta and took command. wheeler, pushing on to sandersville, reinforced the local troops which were skirmishing with the federal cavalry advance, and drove the latter back with some loss. on the same evening, learning that kilpatrick had started out toward augusta, he left iverson before the federal infantry, and overtaking kilpatrick at midnight, drove him from the main augusta road. pushing on rapidly he struck the enemy several times during the early morning, capturing prisoners. the way was lighted with the barns and houses, cotton gins, and corn - cribs fired by the federals. kilpatrick was forced to turn off by way of waynesboro, where he destroyed the bridge and set fire to the town, but wheeler arrived in time to extinguish the flames. beyond waynesboro, kilpatrick hastily barricaded a line which wheeler assailed with great spirit, humes and anderson attacking on the flank. the enemy was routed, losing a large number in killed, wounded and prisoners, general kilpatrick himself escaping with the loss of his hat. in a swamp the fight was renewed, and the enemy again stampeded with the loss of about 200. retreating over buckhead creek, kilpatrick fired the bridge but could not hold his ground long enough to see it burned, and wheeler repaired the structure and crossed in pursuit. his worn - out troopers had now been riding and fighting a night and a day, but before night again arrived he attacked the federal line behind their barricades and again sent them flying. " during the night, " wheeler reported, " kilpatrick sought the


troopers had now been riding and fighting a night and a day, but before night again arrived he attacked the federal line behind their barricades and again sent them flying. " during the night, " wheeler reported, " kilpatrick sought the protection of his infantry, which he did not venture to forsake again during the campaign. " the third period of sherman ' s advance, in the first ten days of december, was toward savannah in five columns : the fourteenth corps immediately south of the savannah river, the seventeenth corps on the north side of the ogeechee, the twentieth midway between, and the fifteenth in two columns south of the ogeechee, the southerly column passing through statesboro. on december 2d sherman sent kilpatrick out toward waynesboro again, supported by baird ' s division of infantry. wheeler checked the advance at rocky creek, but was flanked from this position. next day he attacked the enemy in force, and renewed the attack at midnight. on the 3d the federals advanced, and wheeler threw up barricades and fought desperately, but was pushed back to waynesboro. here he was so warmly pressed that it was with difficulty he succeeded in withdrawing from his position, but a gallant charge of texans and tennesseeans enabled him to retreat in safety. the remainder of his operations mainly consisted in persistent attacks upon the federal rear. after approaching savannah closely, he left iverson to watch the enemy on the georgia side, while he crossed into south carolina and held the line of communication from huger ' s landing to hardeeville, protecting the new river bridge, east of the charleston railroad. wheeler reported that in this campaign his force never exceeded 3, 500 men, and he seldom had more than 2, 000 in his immediate command. " the enemy had been falsely informed by their officers that we took no prisoners, which caused him to fight with desperation and to run very dangerous gauntlets to escape capture, which frequently accounts for the large number of killed. in every rout of their cavalry, and in the many fights that ensued, they continued to flee, refusing to surrender, notwithstanding the demands of our men in close pursuit. consequently no alternative was left but to shoot or saber them to prevent escape. " in approaching savannah, sherman ' s left wing struck the charleston railroad near the bridge over the savannah river, and established batteries. the right wing arriving promptly, the confederate outer works, beginning about 4 miles above the city on the savannah and extending southwest to the little ogeechee, were closely invested


struck the charleston railroad near the bridge over the savannah river, and established batteries. the right wing arriving promptly, the confederate outer works, beginning about 4 miles above the city on the savannah and extending southwest to the little ogeechee, were closely invested. gen. g. w. smith, by presenting a bold front at griffin, forsyth and macon, successively caused howard to pass those places unmolested. at griswoldville the state troops, contrary to smith ' s orders, made an attack upon an intrenched federal division, and were repulsed with a loss of 51 killed and 472 wounded. yet they remained close to the federal line until dark. then they were withdrawn to macon and sent on the cars by way of albany and thomasville to savannah. though the troops of general smith had not enlisted for service outside the state, they marched in the latter part of november to grahamville, s. c., to defend the railroad to charleston from the operations of general foster, who advanced from broad river. there they fought gallantly november 30th, in the battle of honey hill, beating back the repeated federal attacks. general smith in his report particularly commended the service of colonel willis, commanding first brigade of georgia militia ; major cook, commanding the athens and augusta battalions of reserves, and lieutenant - colonel edwards, commanding the forty - seventh georgia regiment. after this brilliant affair the georgia militia returned to the state. a notable feature of this battle was the presence in the ranks of the confederates of some boy volunteers, even under the age subject to conscription. some of these boys were not tall enough to shoot over the parapet. but they curiously and enter - prisingly so arranged that one would get upon his hands and knees, making a bench on which another would stand, deliver his fire and then change places with his comrade, so that he in his turn might get a shot at the " yankees. " vigorous fighting continued in the vicinity of coosaw - hatchie, threatening hardee ' s only avenue of escape, and a fleet of sixty vessels was reported at hilton head. these carried supplies for sherman ' s men, who were subsisting mainly on rice and finding it inadequate. hardee saw that retreat was inevitable, and entertained reasonable fears that delay would render escape impossible. on the 8th general beauregard advised him, as there was no army of relief to be expected, whenever it became necessary to choose between the safety of his army and that of the city of savannah, to sacrifice the latter. one of


impossible. on the 8th general beauregard advised him, as there was no army of relief to be expected, whenever it became necessary to choose between the safety of his army and that of the city of savannah, to sacrifice the latter. one of the precautions taken by hardee to prevent sherman from cutting off his retreat into south carolina was the sending of flag - officer w. w. hunter up the savannah river to destroy the charleston and savannah railroad bridge. taking his flagship sampson, the gunboat macon and a small transport steamer laden with supplies, hunter successfully accomplished his mission and then returned to savannah. as he approached the city, however, he found the federal batteries in position, and after a gallant attempt to pass, in which the transport was disabled and captured, he was compelled to take his two small wooden gunboats up the river. taking advantage of unusually high water, he was enabled to pass the obstructions and reach augusta, where he and the most of his command were finally surrendered under general johnston ' s capitulation. to open up communications with the federal fleet, howard marched farther south and rebuilt king ' s bridge, while kilpatrick reconnoitered fort mcallister, upon which fire was opened by degress ' battery on the 13th. hazen ' s division, which, with j. e. smith ' s division, had marched by statesboro where a number of their foragers had been killed and captured by confederate cavalry, and later had forced a passage across the canouchee opposed by confederate infantry and artillery, was sent against fort mcallister, the vicinity of which was reached about 11 a. m. on december 13th. they were delayed by the picket line and torpedoes in the road, and it was not until 4 : 45 that the assaulting column of nine regiments closed up around the fort, which was held by maj. george w. anderson and 250 men. general hazen reported that the fort was carried at precisely 5 p. m. " at close quarters the fighting became desperate and deadly. just outside the works a line of torpedoes had been placed, many of which were exploded by the tread of the troops, blowing many men to atoms, but the line moved on without checking, over, under and through abatis, ditches, palisading and parapet, fighting the garrison through the fort to their bomb - proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered. " the report of general hazen is as high a


ditches, palisading and parapet, fighting the garrison through the fort to their bomb - proofs, from which they still fought, and only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered. " the report of general hazen is as high a compliment as the brave confederate garrison of fort mcallister could desire. the federal loss in the assault was 24 killed and 110 wounded. sherman, who was watching the assault from the rice mill, as soon as he saw the united states flag hoisted, went down the river in a boat, and observing a federal vessel farther down the ogeechee, went on and for the first time communicated with dahlgren ' s fleet. next day he met dahlgren at warsaw sound, and arranged that he should be furnished with siege guns for the reduction of the lines before savannah. on the 17th he sent in from slocum ' s headquarters on the augusta road a demand for surrender, and on the following day received a refusal from general hardee, who had about 15, 000 troops, besides general smith ' s 2, 000 georgia state troops occupying the intrenched line west of the city. sherman, having next arranged for the assault by slocum, went to port royal by boat to urge the movement against the charleston & savannah railroad. on the 21st he was informed, to his great disappointment, that hardee had escaped into south carolina. a pontoon bridge, about half a mile in length, having been constructed from hutchison ' s island across the savannah, hardee moved his army out in safety on the 21st, taking with him his artillery and baggage wagons, and made a secure retreat, one of the most successful in the course of the war. general smith ' s command brought up the rear and was then transferred to augusta. commodore tattnall had been prevented from making a dash seaward with his fleet, the main strength of which was the armored ship savannah, by the placing of seven monitors in the savannah river and other channels of escape. the remainder of admiral dahlgren ' s fleet had bombarded battery beaulieu on vernon river and other works on the ogeechee and ossabaw. before the evacuation, commodore tattnall destroyed the ships and naval property, blowing up the water battery georgia, burning and sinking the milledgeville and waterwitch, and destroying the navy yard and a large quantity of ship timber. an unfinished torpedo boat, the small steamers beauregard and general lee, 150 pieces of ordnance and 32, 000 bales of cotton


the milledgeville and waterwitch, and destroying the navy yard and a large quantity of ship timber. an unfinished torpedo boat, the small steamers beauregard and general lee, 150 pieces of ordnance and 32, 000 bales of cotton fell into the hands of the federals. the savannah was still in the river when the united states flag was hoisted over fort jackson, and captain brent, its commander, at once opened fire, driving the troops from the guns of the fort, and defiantly flying the stars and bars until night of the 21st. brent then ran the savannah over to the south carolina shore, disembarked, that his crew might join hardee ' s column, and at 10 o ' clock the ironclad was blown up. general slocum had discovered the evacuation at 3 a. m. on the 21st, and his command at once occupied the city. in his report of the march to the sea, general sherman declared that he had destroyed the railroads for more than 100 miles, and had consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country 30 miles on either side of a line from atlanta to savannah, as also the sweet potatoes, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry, and carried away more than 10, 000 horses and mules, as well as a countless number of slaves. " i estimate the damage done to the state of georgia and its military resources at $ 100, 000, 000 ; at least $ 20, 000, 000 of which has inured to our advantage, and the remainder is simply waste and destruction. " after admitting that " this may seem a hard species of warfare, " he comforted himself with the reflection that it brought the sad realities of war home to those who supported it. thus condoning all the outrages committed by an unrestrained army, he further reported that his men were " a little loose in foraging, and did some things they ought not to have done. " howard, evidently ashamed of the manner of the marching through georgia, claims that the " sherman bummers " were not with his wing. he reported the capture of about 1, 200 prisoners, 10, 500 cattle, about $ 300, 000 worth of subsistence, 931 horses, 1, 850 mules, about 5, 000, 000 pounds each of corn and fodder, and the destruction of 3, 500 bales of cotton and 191 miles of railroad. slocum ' reported a similar amount of subsistence taken, 119 miles of railroad wrecked, 17, 000


000, 000 pounds each of corn and fodder, and the destruction of 3, 500 bales of cotton and 191 miles of railroad. slocum ' reported a similar amount of subsistence taken, 119 miles of railroad wrecked, 17, 000 bales of cotton destroyed. the limits of this chapter do not permit of an adequate description of the ruin wrought throughout georgia. the imagination, acting upon the basis of the outline here given, cannot exceed the reality. in his message of february 17, 1865, governor brown, after recounting the destruction wrought by sherman, said : in these misfortunes georgia has been taunted by some of the public journals of other states because her people did not drive back and destroy the enemy. those who do us this injustice fail to state the well - known fact that of all the tens of thousands of veteran infantry, including most of the vigor and manhood of the state, which she had furnished for the confederate service, but a single regiment, the georgia regulars, of about 300 effective men, was permitted to be upon her soil during the march of general sherman from her northeast border to the city of savannah, and that gallant regiment was kept upon one of our islands most of the time and not permitted to unite with those who met the enemy. nor were the places of our absent sons filled by troops from other states. one brigade of confederate troops was sent by the president from north carolina, which reached georgia after her capital was in possession of the enemy. for eight months the confederate reserves, reserve militia, detailed men, exempts, and most state officers, civil as well as military, had kept the field almost constantly, participating in every important fight from kenesaw to honey hill. if the sons of georgia under arms in other states had been permitted to meet the foe upon her own soil, without other assistance, general sherman ' s army could never have passed from the mountains to the seaboard. in conclusion, governor brown claimed that georgia during the fall and winter had a larger proportion of her white male population under arms than any other state in the confederacy. source : " the confederate military history, " volume 6, chapter xvii you ' ve just read the confederate version, now read the union. this page last updated 02 / 10 / 02 return to confederate states of america page return to civil war chronology page


prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients undergoing coronary angiography abdominal aortic aneurysms ( aaa ) are localized, blood - filled dilations ( balloon - like bulges ) of the aorta. approximately 90 % of abdominal aortic aneurysms occur infrarenally ( 1 ). it is most commonly asymptomatic and can be detected randomly during screening. its prevalence rate in men aged 65 years and more is 5 - 8 % ( 3 ). the risk factors for the occurrence of aaa are male gender, advanced age, history of atherosclerosis, cigarette smoking and 1st degree family history ( 4 ). the prevalence rate is higher in patients with history of atherosclerosis of peripheral blood vessels and coronary arteries ( 5 - 7 ). as the size of an aneurysm increases, there is an increased risk of rupture, which can result in severe hemorrhage and death. the death rate due to rupture in the elderly population is 90 % ( 3, 8 ). elective surgical repair of the abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with a death rate of 8 % ( 9 ). therefore, the importance of the screening of populations at elevated risk is obvious ( 5 - 7, 10 - 14 ). among imaging techniques, ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm is technically simple, accurate and devoid of ionizing radiation. ultrasonographic diagnosis of aaa is associated with a major reduction in the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm - related mortality ( 15 - 19 ). the sensitivity of ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm is about 100 % ( 19 ). the most common clinical indications for ultrasonographic screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm are a palpable abdominal mass, hemodynamic impairment of aortic system in lower extremities, pain in the chest, lower back or scrotum, and abdominal bruits. ultrasonography is used to screen for aneurysms when the outer aortic diameter is more than 3 cm ( normal diameter of the aorta is around 2 cm ( 20 ). there is disagreement regarding the follow - up of patients after detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm in diameter of 2. 6 cm - 2. 9 cm ( 22 ). random detection of abdominal aortic aneurysm where the aorti