bookweb / subject. cgi? year = 2013 & sem = 01 & subject1 = csc3407 ) please contact us for alternative purchase options from usq bookshop. ( https : / / bookshop. usq. edu. au / contact / ) mark a dye, rick mcdonald and antoon w rufi 2007, network fundamentals, ccna exploration companion guide, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 208 - 7, isbn - 13 : 9781587132087. ) rick graziani and allan johnson 2008, routing protocols and concepts, ccna exploration companion guide, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 206 - 0, isbn - 13 : 9781587132063. ) introductory / study book 2013, course csc3407 network fundamentals and routing, available on the course website in the studydesk. johnson, a latest version, ccna exploration labs and study guide, routing protocols and concepts, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 204 - 4, isbn - 13 : 978 - 1 - 58713 - 204 - 9. ) rufi, a, oppenheimer, p, woodward, b & brady, g latest version, network fundamentals, ccna exploration labs and study guide, cisco press. ( isbn - 10 : 1 - 58713 - 203 - 6, isbn - 13 : 978 - 1 - 58713 - 203 - 2. ) student workload requirements | description | | marks out of | | wtg ( % ) | | due date | | notes | | assignment 1 | | 100 | | 25 | | 05 apr 2013 | | assignment 2 | | 100 | | 25 | | 31 may 2013 | | 2 hour restricted examination | | 100 | | 50 | | end s1 | | ( see note 1 ) | - examination dates will be available during the semester. important assessment information it is the students ' responsibility to attend and participate appropriately in all activities ( such as lectures, tutorials, laboratories and practical work ) scheduled for them, and to study all material provided to them or required to be accessed by them to maximise their chance of meeting the objectives of the course and to be informed of course - related activities and administration. requirements for students to complete each assessment item satisfactorily : to complete each of the assessment items satisfactorily, students must obtain at


of meeting the objectives of the course and to be informed of course - related activities and administration. requirements for students to complete each assessment item satisfactorily : to complete each of the assessment items satisfactorily, students must obtain at least 50 % of the marks available for each assessment item. penalties for late submission of required work : if students submit assignments after the due date without ( prior ) approval of the examiner then a penalty of 5 % of the total marks gained by the student for the assignment may apply for each working day late up to ten working days at which time a mark of zero may be recorded. no assignments will be accepted after model answers have been posted. requirements for student to be awarded a passing grade in the course : to be assured of receiving a passing grade a student must achieve at least 50 % of the total weighted marks available for the course. method used to combine assessment results to attain final grade : the final grades for students will be assigned on the basis of the weighted aggregate of the marks obtained for each of the summative assessment items in the course. candidates are allowed access only to specific materials during a restricted examination. the only materials that candidates may use in the restricted examination for this course are : writing materials ( non - electronic and free from material which could give the student an unfair advantage in the examination ) ; calculators which cannot hold textual information ( students must indicate on their examination paper the make and model of any calculator ( s ) they use during the examination ) ; examination period when deferred / supplementary examinations will be held : any deferred or supplementary examinations for this course will be held during the next examination period. university student policies : students should read the usq policies : definitions, assessment and student academic misconduct to avoid actions which might contravene university policies and practices. these policies can be found at http : / / policy. usq. edu. au / portal / custom / search / category / usq _ document _ policy _ type / student. 1. html. the due date for an assignment is the date by which a student must despatch the assignment to the usq. the onus is on the student to provide proof of the despatch date, if requested by the examiner. in accordance with university policy, the examiner may grant an extension of the due date of an assignment in extenuating circumstances. the faculty will not accept submission of assignments by facsimile. students who do not have regular access to postal services or who


accordance with university policy, the examiner may grant an extension of the due date of an assignment in extenuating circumstances. the faculty will not accept submission of assignments by facsimile. students who do not have regular access to postal services or who are otherwise disadvantaged by these regulations may be given special consideration. they should contact the examiner of the course to negotiate such special arrangements. in the event that a due date for an assignment falls on a local public holiday in their areas, such as a show holiday, the due date for the assignment will be the next day. students are to note on the assignment cover the date of the public holiday for the examiner ' s convenience. students who have undertaken all of the required assessments in a course but who have failed to meet some of the specified objectives of a course within the normally prescribed time may be awarded the temporary grade : im ( incomplete - make up ). an im grade will only be awarded when, in the opinion of the examiner, a student will be able to achieve the remaining objectives of the course after a period of non directed personal study. students who, for medical, family / personal, or employment - related reasons, are unable to complete an assignment or to sit for an examination at the scheduled time, may apply to defer an assessment in a course. such a request must be accompanied by appropriate supporting documentation. one of the following temporary grades may be awarded ids ( incomplete - deferred examination : idm ( incomplete deferred make - up ) ; idb ( incomplete - both deferred examination and deferred make - up ). the referencing system to be used in this course is supported by the department. information on this referencing system and advice on how to use it can be found in the course materials. students will require access to e - mail and the internet.


the first week of was busy for the pilots of air group 15, flying from the uss essex. at 0630 on the morning of november 6th, twenty - six f6f hellcat fighters, nine sb2c helldiver dive - bombers, and five tbm avenger torpedo - bombers left the deck of the uss essex to join air groups from other carriers in the task force under the command of admiral w. f. bull halsey in the first wave of strikes against the japanese forces at clark field, as well was enemy ships in manila and salanguin harbors. seated in the cockpit of one of the sb2c helldivers was pilot, navy lieutenant william s. bill rising. behind him was his radioman / gunner, arm2 / c john montgomery. one week earlier john had celebrated his 21st birthday. now he carefully scanned the heavens for signs of the enemy in hopes of eventually celebrating his 22nd. as the aircraft neared the target on a dock area near manila, ground fire began to burst around the american planes. lieutenant rising looked below and found a choice target, a japanese destroyer. he put his dauntless into a vertical dive, screaming in on the enemy ship at almost a 90 degree angle to lay his bombs on its deck. around the rapidly falling airplane burst the deadly rounds of enemy anti - aircraft fire. manning the gun behind his pilot, john montgomery did his best to ignore it and concentrate on the mission at hand. though young, he had already completed 38 such missions, and was becoming an " old hand ". suddenly the sound of the diving helldiver ' s engine changed. enemy fire had struck home, lieutenant rising ' s airplane was crippled. quickly the pilot pulled out of his dive, struggling to level his aircraft. both men removed their safety belts and climbed out on a wing to bail out. then, as the helldiver began to level more, lieutenant rising yelled across to montgomery, " i think i can still control ' er. let ' s see if we can make it out past manila bay. " both men climbed back into the falling helldiver, buckled up, and headed out to sea and away from the bay that was filled with enemy ships. the airplane would definitely not be returning to the essex, but any distance the two men could put between themselves and the enemy controlled bay would decrease their chances of capture. as they moved further from manila bay, they continued to also drop closer to the swells of the sea. montgomery took the life raft from its storage


distance the two men could put between themselves and the enemy controlled bay would decrease their chances of capture. as they moved further from manila bay, they continued to also drop closer to the swells of the sea. montgomery took the life raft from its storage tube and put it across his cockpit, bracing his head against it as a cushion. lieutenant rising struggled against the controls, bouncing the helldiver over a couple of waves before it nosed into the sea with great force. in the brief moments before the airplane slipped to the ocean floor, bill rising climbed out onto the wing and montgomery threw him the raft. the contents of two 30 caliber ammunition boxes had spilled on the gunner during the crash landing, and as the cockpit filled with water montgomery struggled to free himself. then, to his horror, the young man from kentucky realized that in the adrenaline charged moment of danger, he had forgotten to unbuckle his safety belt. working feverishly against both the weight of the ammo and the restraint of his harness, he lost precious seconds. water washed over him as the plane sank beneath the waves. somehow, miraculously, he worked his way free and actuated his life vest. only one side inflated, and john montgomery popped to the surface coughing up the briny water, and tilted at an awkward angle. but at least he was alive. the salty water stung the open wounds of montgomery ' s ankles where enemy flak had punctured flesh, and lieutenant rising tried to shake off the fuzziness caused by a wound to his head when the airplane slammed into the sea. on impact, the cans containing fresh water had popped open and filled with marking dye, making it useless to the men. so quickly had the helldiver sank, none of the emergency rations could be saved. they were two men with no supplies, no fresh water, and only a small raft... adrift in the south pacific. at least they were not alone. other fighters circled overhead for a time, keeping pace with the downed airmen. one dropped a lifejacket and canteen of water. another dropped a life raft. then, low on fuel, the other planes of the task force returned to their carriers. less than 3 hours after the strike force had taken off, the deck log entry on the uss essex reported, " 6 nov 44, 0952 landed planes of strike no. 1 and sweep no. 1, less vf sb2c piloted by lt ( jg ) w. s. rising, usnr and crewman montgomery, j.


reported, " 6 nov 44, 0952 landed planes of strike no. 1 and sweep no. 1, less vf sb2c piloted by lt ( jg ) w. s. rising, usnr and crewman montgomery, j. w., arm2 / c usnr. failed to return from strike no. 1 and believed to have made water landing 26 miles near sampolec point, subic bay area. " the two airmen didn ' t feel abandoned. they knew, as did their fellow pilots, that an american submarine was in the area. before the other pilots had left to refuel, they had received radio information that the sub was 21 minutes away from their comrades, and would pick them up. as the morning wore on into the afternoon, however, rising and montgomery saw no sign of rescue. soon, rather than scanning the surface for the rescue sub, they scanned for japanese gunboats and watched the skies for enemy planes. as the day wore on, survival turned into a plan for escape and evasion. the men knew they were at the mercy of the enemy, floating alone on the surface of the sea. already they had been spotted by a japanese sea plane that had strafed their raft, pitting it with bullet holes. ( fortunately neither man was hit. ) scanning the horizon for a safe landing place, the two survivors knew that if they made their way to the nearest side of luzon, they would be putting to shore in an area heavily controlled by the enemy. they elected, instead, to row southward to the smaller fortune island. the small strip of land only half - mile long and 150 yards wide doesn ' t even show on most maps. working through the evening and into the night, they finally made the shoreline shortly before dawn. exhausted, the men hid their raft and then used the daylight hours to get some much needed sleep. in the darkness of their second night they patched the bullet holes in their raft, then began rowing to the far side of luzon island. during their second night of escape and evasion, they were suddenly startled when a flying fish landed in their raft. surprise turned to thanksgiving as they cut it up in chunks and shared its meat for nourishment. as they neared the island, they could see the lights of nasugbu, but they steered past it to avoid any signs of the enemy. eventually they found a small cove, beached their raft and made their way several hundred yards into the jungle to rest until daylight. the crowing of


the lights of nasugbu, but they steered past it to avoid any signs of the enemy. eventually they found a small cove, beached their raft and made their way several hundred yards into the jungle to rest until daylight. the crowing of a rooster signaled dawn, and also the presence of a home nearby. cautiously making their way towards civilization, they found the home belonged to leon lagos, who identified himself as a member of the fil - american guerrillas. while food was prepared for the two men, lagos sent men back to the cove to insure that the american ' s life raft would not be discovered. his son, andres, spoke english and operated as interpreter for the soldiers of different tongues. he explained that the following day, the guerrillas would attempt moving the downed airmen to a hideout in the hills. in the weeks that followed, the two americans literally placed their lives in the hands of the people that inhabited the rural farms in the japanese controlled philippine islands. the poor farmers had little, and what they had was often brutally taken from them by enemy patrols. still, they were quick to share their meager supplies with the two downed airmen. the wounds in montgomery ' s legs were untreated and, in the tropical climate, quickly became infected. montgomery himself struggled against the pain and fought for survival. eventually someone found some sulfa, and the infection began to disappear. not only did the local civilians share their meager supplies to sustain the americans, they also shared their danger. theirs was the same brutal enemy that had conducted the infamous bataan death march, that had raped at will, and killed for sheer pleasure. any trace of the american ' s presence, or any hint that the civilian populace had rendered assistance to them, would be met with quick and brutal violence. likewise, the guerrillas that moved with the two men, shared danger on an almost daily basis. occasionally, they encountered enemy patrols. always, they moved with great caution... crawling through rice paddies, hiding in hills, and slipping quietly into occasional huts for sleep. one night they bedded down in a small hut along the coast, only to awake to the sound of japanese voices. not far away, neatly camouflaged with tree branches, an enemy destroyer had tied to the bank. on december 11, 1944 mrs. sarah katherine montgomery received a western union telegram at her home in shelbyville, notifying her that " the navy department deeply regrets to inform you that your son... is missing following action while in he service of his country


11, 1944 mrs. sarah katherine montgomery received a western union telegram at her home in shelbyville, notifying her that " the navy department deeply regrets to inform you that your son... is missing following action while in he service of his country. " meanwhile, john montgomery and bill rising had made their way to the natipuan mountain garrison where the guerrilla ' s were commanded by rotc cadets from the philippine military academy and some former philippine scouts. many of these had lived... and fought... in the jungles for three years. all were determined to do all things necessary to rid their homeland of the invading japanese. from the natipuan camp, the two airmen were moved deeper into the hills to join a guerrilla force commanded by colonel terry magtongol. there, they learned, that stories of the valiant efforts of the filipino people to rescue and nurture downed airmen and prisoners, were not at all uncommon. for the first time in weeks they saw other american faces, lieutenant ( jg ) donald dondero, usn, cpo burt c. fuller and sergeant raymond humphreys. the two latter men had escaped a japanese prison camp where they had been held since the early days of the invasion of the philippine islands. a short time later, the guerrillas began the dangerous trek south through enemy lines to the southern coast of luzon, moving the five americans towards what they hoped would be rescue. the trip took several days, dangerous days when friendly civilians hid the escaping americans in their homes and shared their meager supplies to sustain them. from luzon, the men were placed on small boats under the cover of darkness for a night voyage from balayan bay to the northern coast of mindoro. there they met up with yet another guerrilla force, this one under the leadership of commander george rowe, us navy. while waiting for rescue, john montgomery developed a high fever that lingered for four days. then, the plan for their rescue was delivered by radio to commander rowe. the men were to sit offshore in a small rowboat and fly an american flag. feeling somewhat conspicuous, for eleven days the americans followed the procedure, attracting only the attention of japanese airplanes. finally, the plan was abandoned. when at last american forces invaded mindoro, the men were picked up by pt - 222 and pt - 220 from the mtb squadron. the rescued americans spent the night with the invasion forces, enduring the japanese efforts to thwart the invasion by dropping phosphorus bombs. they spent christmas eve with the american forces on leyte beachhead


pt - 222 and pt - 220 from the mtb squadron. the rescued americans spent the night with the invasion forces, enduring the japanese efforts to thwart the invasion by dropping phosphorus bombs. they spent christmas eve with the american forces on leyte beachhead, and then christmas dinner aboard the uss curratuck. as a christmas gift, montgomery received a bar of soap, writing paper, and a broken pencil from the red cross. but, of course, no christmas present could equal his new sense of freedom. from leyte rising and montgomery were flown to manus, then on to hawaii. the following day, lieutenant rising flew back to the united states. his wife, with the couple ' s young baby, drove from brooklyn to meet him on the west coast. during their brief reunion, lieutenant rising who would eventually receive the navy cross, signed up for another tour. he returned to finish the war flying " single - seater " aircraft. john montgomery joined many other returning americans in operation magic carpet, returning to alameda, california on an escort carrier. in january he arrived, still wearing marine greens and the oversize army boots that had been issued to him at the beachhead in southern mindoro. after returning home for a 30 day leave, he reported to the naval air training center in memphis, then refresher training at gunnery school, and finally on to a pb4y squadron in jacksonville, florida. on september 13, 1945, just eleven days after the signing of the surrender documents that ended world war ii, john montgomery finished his military service and was discharged. among his many awards was the distinguished flying cross ( for action on october 25, 1944... 12 days before he was shot down ), air medal, purple heart, and numerous campaign and service ribbons. returning to his native shelbyville, kentucky home, john montgomery went to work the for us postal service, from which he later retired. on veterans day, 1997, john montgomery was selected among 50 former members of the navy, marine corps, and coast guard, for induction into the enlisted combat aircrew roll of honor aboard the uss yorktown in patriots point, south carolina. unable to personally attend, john told a local newspaper, " my legs don ' t work like they did. i haven ' t even been able to put my flag out. " in his place, his son attended the impressive ceremony. he is also a member of the u. s. navy memorial on pennsylvania avenue in our nation ' s capitol where a plaque and his photo hang


even been able to put my flag out. " in his place, his son attended the impressive ceremony. he is also a member of the u. s. navy memorial on pennsylvania avenue in our nation ' s capitol where a plaque and his photo hang in honor of his service. this year john ' s grandson robert joined the united states marine corps, inspired by the example of his grandfather. in the years that followed the war, john maintained contact with his former comrades of ag - 15 and the uss essex. he has never forgotten the brave filipino civilians, or the courageous fil - american guerrillas to whom he owes his freedom, if not his life. years later he says : " i cannot find enough words of praise to describe the manner in which the friendly fil - american guerrillas took care of me and the other american fliers who were in the same helpless condition. the philippine people made great sacrifices to feed us when they didn ' t have enough food for themselves. they sheltered us and kept us hidden from the japs at great risk to themselves and their families. our survival would have been impossible without the aid of the fil - americans. some of these wonderful people are leon lagos, andres lagos, l. a. desacola, pedro rinosa, crisogon bayani, ernesto villamarin, jose samaniego, hilario angeles, julian teserero, venancio gondenara, ramon lisboa, emelie baryon and florentine selano. there were many more, too numerous to recall their names, who aided us greatly. " john montgomery also remembers his friend and pilot with whom he shared the dangers of combat missions in the pacific, being shot down over manila bay, six weeks of harrowing escape and evasion in the hills of the philippines, and a daring rescue. lieutenant rising was unable to counter - sign john ' s 1958 letter in support of the brave fil - american guerrillas. returning home in 1945 from his second combat tour, rising ' s wife and daughter again made the drive from brooklyn to the west coast to meet him. on their return trip to new york, lieutenant william rising and his young wife were killed in an automobile accident. only his infant daughter survived the horrible crash.


how old is my cat? most of the time, animal shelter workers can accurately guess a cat ' s age if she was brought to the shelter with no information. veterinarians can usually estimate a stray or adopted cat ' s age based on several physical factors. using these tips, you may be able to determine the age of a feline you have taken into your home. before you examine your cat to figure out her age, it ' s important to have a basic understanding of a cat ' s lifespan. according to catster. com, many people incorrectly assume that cats age seven years for every one human year. in fact, felines age much faster than that in their first two years of life - they reach the approximate age of 15 during their first year, then by age 2, they are approximately 24 in human years. each year after that, your cat will age about four years to every human calendar year. vca animal hospitals reports that cats usually live 12 to 14 years, but can live much longer if you take steps to prevent pet health concerns such as parasites, dental issues and obesity in cats. how you can determine age you can generally tell a cat ' s age by her teeth, muscle tone, coat and eyes. • teeth. assuming the previous owner was negligent about teeth cleaning for cats, or the cat never had an owner to brush her teeth, older cats usually have more staining than younger felines. a cat who has a set of permanent, white teeth is about a year old, according to catster. com. some yellowing would indicate an age between 1 and 2, tartar build up points to an age closer to 5, and missing teeth can be proof of a senior cat. • muscle. older cats may be bony with protruding shoulder blades and hanging skin, while younger cats have muscle definition because they tend to be more active. • coat. a younger cat typically has a soft, fine coat, but with age, a feline ' s fur can become thicker, coarser and have patches of gray or white. • eyes. a healthy, young cat will have bright, clear eyes with no tearing or discharge. cats over the age of 12 can have some cloudiness in their eyes, and their irises may appear jagged instead of smooth like a younger feline. a cat ' s physical characteristics can be affected if she has led a hard outdoor life or if she has a medical condition. your veterinarian will be able to give your cat a full exam and determine her age


fukushima, japan ( ap ) - last year ' s crop sits in storage, deemed unsafe to eat, but toraaki ogata is back at his rice paddies, driving his tractor trailing neat rows of seedlings. he ' s living up to his family ' s proud, six - generation history of rice farming, and praying that this time his harvest will not have too much radiation to sell. that conflict is shared by several thousand farmers in more than 7, 000 hectares ( 17, 000 acres ) of fukushima, where some of last year ' s harvest exceeded government safety standards because of radiation released when the march 2011 tsunami set off the world ' s second - worst nuclear accident. for their rice to be sold, it will have to be tested - every grain of it. " all i can do is pray there will be no radiation, " ogata, 58, said last week, wiping his sweat during a break in his 1. 5 - hectare paddy 60 kilometers ( 35 miles ) from the fukushima dai - ichi nuclear plant. " it ' s not our fault at all, but the land of our ancestors has been defiled. " rice farming is almost sacred in rural japan, and the government protects farmers with tight restrictions on imports. many farmers are too close to the nuclear disaster to return to the fields, but others have gotten the go - ahead, even with the risk their harvests may end up being too radiated to ship. hopes are high in this major agricultural northeastern prefecture ( state ) that farmers will meet the unprecedented challenge of producing safe - to - eat rice in contaminated soil. following orders from the government, they have sprinkled zeolite, a pebble - like material that traps radioactive cesium, and added fertilizer with potassium to help block radiation absorption. that work is part of the 100 billion yen ( $ 1. 3 billion ) tokyo has allocated for decontamination efforts this year. there had been no time for that last year. tens of thousands of bags of rice from that harvest were too radiated to be sold. the government bought those crops, which sit in giant mounds in storage. rice planting has been banned in the most contaminated areas, but the government allowed it at some farms in areas that produced contaminated rice last year, including ogata ' s. after the october harvest, their rice will be run through special machines that can detect the tiniest speck of radiation. ogata is filled with uncertainty. though the government recently set up a system to buy and


year, including ogata ' s. after the october harvest, their rice will be run through special machines that can detect the tiniest speck of radiation. ogata is filled with uncertainty. though the government recently set up a system to buy and destroy his crop from last year, he has no assurances that it will do so again if this year ' s rice can ' t be eaten. he also doesn ' t know which experts to believe. scientists often come to fukushima to discuss radiation at neighborhood meetings, but some say there will be no health effects at all, while others say tens of thousands may get sick. radiation is expected to decline year by year. but ogata and other farmers acknowledge they are in for a long haul. japan has a safety limit of radiation exposure at 1 millisievert per year, although some areas in fukushima measure higher at about 20 millisieverts. a 20 - kilometer ( 12 - mile ) no - go zone was set around the nuclear plant, displacing some 100, 000 people. right next to the no - go zone, in minami soma, 135 farms have been granted special permission to plant rice as an experiment but on the condition that all rice, regardless of radiation levels, will be destroyed. " we couldn ' t even plant last year. we are doing everything we can as a whole town so we will be growing rice next year, " said yukio nishi, a minami soma agricultural cooperative official. the government toughened its restrictions on radiation in rice and other food from april to 100 becquerels a kilogram ( 2 pounds ) from the emergency 500 becquerels set in march last year. the limits are lower for milk, baby food and drinking water. medical experts say risks from low - dose radiation can ' t be ruled out, but it may be impossible to prove whether a person got cancer from radiation or something else. exposure is cumulative and differs among individuals, depending on size and age, diet and habits. certain foods, such as mushrooms and bamboo shoots, tend to be high in radition. and children are more susceptible to radiation - related sicknesses. " the balance that the government is now trying to strike is between allowing people to stay in the fukushima area and recover their lives, and keeping the rest of japan happy about buying food, " said edward lazo, who advises fukushima as a radiation expert at the organization for economic cooperation and development ' s nuclear energy agency. " and that '


people who have a case in the juvenile division come in contact with many people. those people include : social worker – the dcf family services caseworker works with children and families to work out the problems that brought them to court. they also gather information to assist the court in making decisions about a case. in delinquency cases, they may supervise juvenile probation. police officers – work with the social worker and state ' s attorney to investigate complaints. court security officers – make certain the courthouse is safe and that people treat each other respectfully. court staff & court officers – answer questions, notify you of the judge ’ s decisions, and help run the court. lawyer – parents and children in these cases have a right to have a lawyer. if you can ' t afford a lawyer, the court will consider appointing one. speak to the court staff. guardian ad litem – a parent or a court appointed volunteer who looks out for the youth ' s best interest. in a delinquency proceeding, the child ' s parent often serves as the child ' s guardian ad litem. state ' s attorney ( prosecutor ) – the prosecuting attorney who presents and proves the petition ( allegations ) to the court. judge – makes the decisions based on the facts and the law. ( there are no jury trials in the juvenile division. ) diversion staff – youth charged with a delinquent act may be referred to the diversion program which is an alternative to court. the guardian ad litem, lawyers, or social worker may need to gather information from schools, clergy, counselors, etc. they must keep all information confidential.


bosphorus strait. the castle was built in 1452 by mehmet the conqueror in preparation for his invasion of constantinople. at that point in time, the ottoman empire had transplanted the byzantine empire from all of its former lands, with the exception of its capital city. the fort was used to control the bosphorus and to cut off supplies to constantinople. the castle is located about 15 minutes north of the city, next to fatih sultan mehmet bridge. built by mehmet the conqueror to aid his campaign against the byzantine emperor, rumeli hisari still stands 450 plus years late on the western shore of the bosphorus near the fatih sultan mehmet bridge ( or the second bridge as istanbulis call it ). the fort was built in a miraculous 4 months in 1452. it was strategically placed opposite the ruins of a fort on the eastern shore, anadolu hisari. by doing so, mehmet could control bosphorus traffic and prevent aid from reaching constantinople. the strategy worked and mehmet was soon able to conquer the city and the byzantine empire. these days the fort is perodically used for outdoor concerts in its amphitheater and is a nice place to stroll through ( after paying an entance fee ) and get great views of the bosphorus and the asian side by hiking along the ramparts and walls. be careful, however, as there aren ' t many guard rails that would prevent one from falling quite a few / several feet. take a bus from besiktas and the bus will pass right by the fortress on yahya kemal caddesi. duatepe park is the last stop on the rumeli hisar ustu bus route, and boasts stunning views over the bosphorus and the 2nd europe - asia bridge. however, stunning views can be had in many places in istanbul, so it is not really worth making a special trip out here... unless you do so on a saturday. saturday is market day in rumeli hisar ustu, the area i used to live in. a steep cobbled street running from the park down to the castle below is transformed into a lively sprawl of fruit and vegetable stalls. old women stop to gossip, blocking the street with their shopping trolleys overflowing with aubergines, apricots and mounds of fresh sheep ' s cheese. students from nearby bogazici university stock up on olives, tomatoes and vine leaves, while tea


gossip, blocking the street with their shopping trolleys overflowing with aubergines, apricots and mounds of fresh sheep ' s cheese. students from nearby bogazici university stock up on olives, tomatoes and vine leaves, while tea boys weave in and out of shoppers carrying trays of steaming glasses of tea for the traders. every so often, a loudspeaker announces the deals of the day ; a kilo of cherries for 2ytl, a box of multicoloured easter chicks looking for a new home, a watermelon man trying to shift the last of his melons before nightfall. tourists never come here, and why would they? a local market for local people, one of hundreds in istanbul... except that this one can be incorporated into a pleasant day trip, starting with the views from the park, then once you ' re done haggling over peaches in the pazar, keep going downhill, past a few ottoman mansions and sleeping dogs, until you reach the back of rumeli hisar, the fortress of europe. either navigate your way through the village on the left, or cut through the cemetery on the right... either way you ' ll soon reach the seafront, where you can enter the castle, eat in one of the fish restaurants and walk off your meal along the promenade towards upmarket bebek and arnavutkoy. frequent buses head to rumeli hisar ustu from taksim square, and buses running along the coast road will take you back to taksim or eminonu. the market starts early morning, and begins to pack up shortly before sunset. you can see rumeli hisari on your left side while you on the bosphorus boat trip. this is a big fortress that was built in 1452 by a sultan called mehmet the 2nd ( muhamed the second ). a sunny sunday afternoon i visited rumeli hisari. it is a fortress by bosphorus, just by fatih sultan mehmet bridge. the fortress was built in 1452 as a preparation for the invation of constantinopel. there are stairs so you can climb up along the walls and admire the view over bosphorus and the boats. but be careful, there are no fences. entrance fee is 4 000 000 tl ( for tourists ). the shore along bosporus are popular to visit on sundays and people, cars and motorbikes are cruseing back and forth


. but be careful, there are no fences. entrance fee is 4 000 000 tl ( for tourists ). the shore along bosporus are popular to visit on sundays and people, cars and motorbikes are cruseing back and forth. just below rumeli hisari there are several cafes. to go here you can take a bus from eminonu, taksim or besiktas. the bosphorus ferry stops in belek and from there you can walk. the rumeli fortress is the most imposing sight on the bosphorus straights, dating back to the 15th century and buþt by sultan mehmet ii prior to the conquest of istanbul. his aim was to block any possible sea support which might have come from the black sea to assist the flailing byzantines. it finished after 4 months and 19 days. now it serves as a museum, displaying the canons that were used during the conquest. there is also an outdoor mini - amphi - theater used during the various music festivals in istanbul. the walls and ramparts are still in excellent condition. fortress of europe, rumeli hisari. this features in guide books, but because it doesn ' t have a ferry terminal, frequently missed out on the bospherous cruises. fantastic location at the narrowest point of the bospherous, this deeply impressive fortress was built in just 4 months. hardly used for its original intention, much remains as it was, with the exception of the obvious restoration and landscaping of the interior gardens ( controlled wilderness - welcome shady resting areas from the heat and the quite difficult clambering about on the castle walls ). three or four very nice restaurants / cafes along the shores of the bospherous make this quite a sedate ' day out ' away from the excesses of the more obvious tourist jaunts. not the easiest place to get to - in the end, a taxi was simplest ( $ 10 ) and a long ( one hour to otokoy market ) but enjoyable walk back all along the shoreline. four seasons istanbul istanbul 6 reviews and 476 opinions this is the 2nd time i come to istanbul.... the last time i came i came with my buddies, so we stayed... dersaadet hotel istanbul 5 reviews and 726 opinions dersaadet oteli is a small inn located in the shadow of the blue mosque in sultanahmet. the inn is a... esans hotel istanbul 7 reviews and 271 opinions a


skeletal modelling system a skeletal modelling system is a mesh that sits inside the main model mesh. it consists of invisible elements only? straight line? bones? connected by vertexes at either end. where any vertex joins two or more bone lines, that vertex is assigned a scope of movement, dictating how it can bend the lines? through which degrees and to what limits. typically, only one skeletal mesh is required for any number of models with similar constraints. below, we offer a selection of links from our resource databases which may match this term. related dictionary entries for skeletal modelling system : resources in our database matching the term skeletal modelling system : a new modelling system, videotrace ; the result of a collaboration between the australian centre for visual technologies at the university of adelaide, and the oxford brookes computer vision group, is capable of taking the output of any handheld digital camcorder, and turn it into a 3d model. one of the most important aspects when working with any skeletal system, is the joint where bones connect. if you don ' t get this area right, then bone will grind against prosthesis, and the bone is likely to take critical damage first. you inflame a joint, that did not have a problem in the first place, and spread further complications throughout the body. not a platform or modelling software specific book, modelling digital dinosaurs is ken? s first book, and it takes you through the basics of creating 3d representations of something which has fascinated and captivated for centuries? dinosaurs. the book does this in a patient, kind, step by step manner, demonstrating techniques which really aid the beginning to intermediate modeller. contains a free copy of amapi version 1. 5 on the cd in case the reader does not have a 3d modeller. we are so caught up in our desire for ever greater realism and ever greater accuracy when using vr and modelling tools to render the human body for diagnosis in whole or in part, that we often forget the benefits of simplicity. hemovis, a medical vr tool for assessing weak points in the coronary system, achieves far better results with a 2d system than 3d with all the bells and whistles used more commonly in diagnosis. recreating utterly realistic, and believable humanoid avatars has been a goal of graphic design and modelling since time immemorial. we take a look at the limit of the real - time capabilities of the nvidia 8800, as to progression made, to date. the proceedings of the second modelling and simulation conference


of graphic design and modelling since time immemorial. we take a look at the limit of the real - time capabilities of the nvidia 8800, as to progression made, to date. the proceedings of the second modelling and simulation conference iasted ( international association of science and technology for development ) ran, back in 2002. this inch and a half thick paperback tome contains a 115 full papers from experts around the world. the proceedings of the first modelling and simulation conference iasted ( international association of science and technology for development ) ran, back in 2002. this inch thick paperback tome contains a myriad of papers from experts around the world. industry news containing the term skeletal modelling system : results by page neural - like stem cells from muscle tissue may hold key to cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases scientists at wake forest baptist medical center have taken the first steps to create neural - like stem cells from muscle tissue in animals. details of the work are published in two complementary studies published in the september online iss... what will happen when the world ' s most popular art museums become just too overcrowded for a viewer to get a decent look at an artwork, let alone enjoy the luxury of slow, uninterrupted contemplation? with the rapidly improv... july 6? 8, 2009 banff, alberta, canada the 20th iasted international conference on modelling and simulation ( ms 2009 ) will be a major forum for international researchers and practitioners interested in all areas of mo... industrial design modelling, used to make prototypes of home appliances or mock - ups of car parts, could soon make the leap from the world of plaster, plastic and sticky tape into the digital domain thanks to an augmented reality design syst... modelling the fabrication processes for integrated circuits can slash production development time and costs by up to 40 %. but as transistors, already at nano - scales, become ever smaller, researchers are modelling new worlds.


site shop > an invitation to 3 - d vision note : this is not an ideal beginner? s book on machine vision, and it was designed to be read by someone who is already grounded in the basics, as it takes things just that little bit further, into the advanced realm. basics are covered, briefly. this book gives senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students and researchers in computer vision, applied mathematics, computer graphics, and robotics a self - contained introduction to the geometry of 3d vision ; that is the reconstruction of 3d models of objects from a collection of 2d images. part i provides background materials for the rest of the book. the two fundamental transformations, namely rigid body motion and perspective projection are introduced and image formation and feature extraction discussed. part ii covers the classic theory of two view geometry based on the so - called epipolar constraint. part iii shows that a more proper tool for studying the geometry of multiple views is the so - called rank considtion on the multiple view matrix. part iv develops practical reconstruction algorithms step by step as well as discusses possible extensions of the theory. exercises are provided at the end of each chapter. as is becoming the norm, example software is on a website, rather than included with the book. 1 - introduction 2 - representation of a 3d moving scene 3 - image formation 4 - image primitives and correspondence 5 - reconstruction from two calibrated views 6 - reconstruction from two uncalibrated views 7 - segmentation of multiple moving objects from two views 8 - multiple view geometry of points and lines 9 - extension to general incidence relations 10 - geometry and reconstruction from symmetry 11 - step by step building of a 3d model from images 12 - visual feedback reviews by our members. become a member today, and submit a review!


in 1882 - 4, frances groome ' s ordnance gazetteer of scotland described airds moss like this : airdsmoss or airsmoss, a morass in the e of ayrshire, between the water of ayr and lugar water. it begins about 1½ mile ene of auchinleck village, extends about 6 miles north - eastward, has a mean breadth of about 1½ mile, and is approached over most of its se side, and crossed over a small part of its further end, by the railway from auchinleck to muirkirk. it was the scene, on 20 july 1680, of a sharp skirmish between 63 of the covenanters and a party of dragoons, fatal to richard cameron : and it contains, at a spot where the deadliest of the strife occurred, a monument popularly called cameron ' s stone.... the present monument is neat and modern : but the original one was a large flat stone, laid down about 50 years after the event, and marked with the names of the covenanters who fell in the skirmish, and with the figures of an open bible and a hand grasping a sword. the skirmish of airdsmoss is the subject of the well - known effusion, beginning - in a dream of the night i was wafted away, to the moorland of mist where the martyrs lay ; where cameron ' s sword and his bible are seen, engraved on the stone where the heather grows green. ' a vision of britain through time includes a large library of local statistics for administrative units. for the best overall sense of how the area containing airds moss has changed, please see our redistricted information for the modern district of east ayrshire. more detailed statistical data are available under units and statistics, which includes both administrative units covering airds moss and units named after it. gb historical gis / university of portsmouth, history of airds moss in east ayrshire | map and description, a vision of britain through time. date accessed : 23rd may 2013 click here for more detailed advice on finding places within a vision of britain through time, and maybe some references to other places called " airds moss ".


the town of watson lake owes its existence to two major factors : the construction of a military airport in 1941 and the construction of the alaska highway in 1942. in 1939 the government of canada committed to building a chain of airfields across the northwest under the northwest staging route program. the airfield at watson lake was a link in this chain. the site for the airport was surveyed, funds were made available towards the end of 1940 and construction began in 1941. when the united states entered the second world war, there was a threat of a japanese invasion of alaska. the necessity of a military overland supply rout linking the state of alaska to the lower 48 states became an immediate wartime measure. during the course of planning, it was decided that the highway would be modified in order to service the airfield sites selected under the northwest staging route program. the road alignment was purposely engineered to meander and avoid long, straight stretches which would jeopardize large supply convoys from strafing air attacks. in recent years, highway improvements have all but eliminated these winding sections of road, and now the alaska highway is maintained to a very high standard. the road surface is mainly pavement or bitminous treated surface. gravel surfaces now occur only in construction zones. the original highway from dawson creek, b. c. to fairbanks, ak was little more than a pioneer trail wandering through 2, 450 kilometers ( 1, 522 miles ) of mountains, muskeg and permafrost. the new highway was built in a short 8 months and 12 days by the united states army corps engineers. the robert campbell highway was started during the post world war 11 era as the service road to mining developments in the east - central yukon and completed in 1968. the original watson lake town site was at the airport but moved to the “ wye ” as it was now the regional link between the alaska and robert campbell highways. the community of watson lake began as an accommodations and supply center for the construction of the highway. in that same year, a roadway was built between watson lake and lower post, the northern most community in b. c. today, the town of watson lake is the key transportation, communication and distribution center for mining and logging activities in the southern yukon, northern b. c. and a portion of the n. w. t. it also serves as a major service area for tourism and is the site of the regional territorial government administration services.


few paintings have been more viewed, more analyzed, studied and interpreted, than leonardo da vinci ' s " mona lisa, " otherwise known as " la gioconda. " despite this, no one has come up with an explanation for that enigmatic smile, or a lot of other details in this painting that, despite all the ink and hot air expended on it, measures a mere 77 by 52 centimeters ( about 30 by 21 inches ). in the frigid bowels of a derelict building in central florence, italy, that covers the ruins of an old franciscan convent, a group of researchers is trying to nail down some of the elusive details of the woman featured in the iconic painting. it is here that old city records say the woman who posed for the painting, lisa gherardini, the second wife of wealthy florentine silk merchant francesco del giocondo, was buried. silvano vinceti is leading a team to exhume and identify gherardini ' s remains. those remains are wrapped in aluminum foil and packed into large tupperware containers stacked in an old filing cabinet. vinceti and his colleagues took them out, one by one, and eventually found one packet with what appeared to be skull fragments. " this is probably it, " vinceti tells me excitedly, his eyebrows arching. the remains, he says, will be sent for dna testing to several universities in italy and abroad, where they will be checked against the dna of two confirmed relatives of gherardini buried elsewhere. i ask vinceti : why go to all this trouble to find out if this was the woman who posed for da vinci more than 500 years ago? " once we identify the remains, " he says, gesticulating dramatically, " we can reconstruct the face, with a margin of error of 2 to 8 percent. by doing this, we will finally be able to answer the question the art historians can ' t : who was the model for leonardo? " i ' ve seen this before. several years ago, i did a report about the reconstruction of the face of the pharaoh tutankhamen ( aka king tut ) by french and american forensic experts using his mummified remains as a model. after piecing together gherardini ' s skull fragments, researchers will be able to reconstruct her face, factoring in that she was probably in her early 20s when she posed for da vinci.


what is a virtual colonoscopy? colonoscopy uses x - rays and computers ( computed tomography [ ct ] or magnetic resonance imaging [ mri ] ) to take two - or three - dimensional images of the interior lining of your large intestine ( colon ) and rectum. a virtual colonoscopy can be used to screen for precancerous and cancerous growths in the colon or rectum ( colorectal cancer ), such as polyps or tumors. virtual colonoscopy ( also called computed tomographic colonography, or ctc ) is still being studied to determine whether the results are as accurate as a regular colonoscopy. virtual colonoscopy is not yet virtual colonoscopy is one of many tests that may be used to screen for colon cancer. which screening test you choose depends on your risk, your preference, and your doctor. talk to your doctor about what puts you at risk and what test is best for you. for more information on screening tests for colon cancer, see : colon cancer : which screening test should i have? why is it done? a virtual colonoscopy may be done - screen for colorectal cancer or - monitor the growth of polyps. - screen for recurrence of colorectal cancer in people who have had surgery for this disease. - evaluate abnormal results from other - replace a regular colonoscopy if the thin lighted scope cannot be inserted in the colon for some reason, such as when a tumor blocks the passage. virtual colonoscopy is not commonly done for other conditions at this time but may prove to be useful to : - detect other problems or diseases of the anus, rectum, or large intestine ( colon ). - check the source of - check the cause of chronic - monitor the treatment of inflammatory bowel how do i prepare for it? requires the same cleansing colon prep as a regular colonoscopy. colon prep takes 1 to 2 days depending on which type of prep your doctor recommends. for many people, the prep for a colonoscopy is more trying than the actual test. researchers are studying methods that could be used to mark ( tag ) stool in the colon before virtual colonoscopy so cleansing colon preps would not be one to two days before a colonoscopy, you will need to stop eating solid foods and drink only clear liquids, such as water, tea, coffee, clear juices, clear broths, popsicles, and


the first step in any exercise program should be setting fitness goals. by taking a little time to map out your goals and plan your strategy for reaching them, you will be more successful and feel more satisfied when you achieve them. the first thing you should do when starting a fitness program is ask yourself some questions that will help you figure out what your fitness goals are. here are some questions to get you started : - what do you hope to get out of this fitness program? - are your expectations realistic? - when do you want to accomplish your goals? - how will you measure your success as you go? - how will you reward yourself when you achieve your goals? take a few minutes to think about these questions. write down your answers and refer to them as you go about setting your goals. what is your long - term goal? can it be broken into smaller steps? if you break your long - term objective into “ mini goals ” that you can accomplish more quickly, you will be more likely to stay motivated and stick with your fitness program. for instance, if you are hoping to lose 20 pounds, you might consider setting the following mini goals : - exercise for at least 30 minutes five times each week - be able to walk / jog for three miles at the end of six months - lose five pounds in one month another important thing to think about when setting your fitness goals is your timetable. before you begin, think about when you expect to achieve your goals. are your expectations realistic? if you want to drop 10 pounds by next wednesday or reduce your cholesterol levels significantly before your doctor ’ s appointment in two weeks, you need to reevaluate your timetable. more realistic expectations are losing 1 - 2 pounds per week or reducing your cholesterol by 10 % for next year ’ s physical. after you have come up with the specifics of your goals, write them down. putting your plan on paper will help you commit and will give you something to turn to in a week or a month, when you may begin veering off track. write down all of your goals ( including mini goals ) and when you expect to achieve them. leave room to log your successes and the challenges you face. you can modify your goals and timetable as you go. post your goals some place where you will see them often — your bathroom mirror, the refrigerator, your office bulletin board. this will keep you motivated and increase your chances for success. while you are writing down your goals, make a schedule that you can follow. decide how


place where you will see them often — your bathroom mirror, the refrigerator, your office bulletin board. this will keep you motivated and increase your chances for success. while you are writing down your goals, make a schedule that you can follow. decide how many times a week you will exercise, what time of day will be best for you, and which days of the week work best for your schedule. by having a concrete schedule on paper, you are one step closer to incorporating exercise into your weekly routine. if you do not measure your progress, it will be hard to stay motivated. schedule regular intervals when you will measure your success. for example, if you are trying to lose weight, you might log your weight first thing every monday morning. if you want to build muscle, you can log how much weight you lift each time you workout. as your muscles get stronger, you will be able to lift more weight. if you are trying to bring your blood pressure or cholesterol under control, you can still measure your progress as you go. instead of heading to your doctor every week for a blood test, log the number of times you exercise in a week or the weight you have lost. consider these accomplishments as progress toward your ultimate goal. then, when the doctor gives you the results, you can study your own log and modify it according to your success or failure. yes, by adopting a regular fitness program, you will be rewarded with a better physique, better health, and more energy. but why not add a little extra motivation to your plan — in the form of rewards. as you set your goals ( pounds lost, trips to the gym, extra weight lifted ), plan ways to reward your progress. you might consider buying yourself a new outfit, treating yourself to a round at a new golf course, or going to a new restaurant you have been wanting to try. taking some time to set goals before you begin a fitness program will do wonders to keep you motivated and on the right track. remember, patience is essential in any exercise program. keep your mind focused on your goal, and enjoy both the pleasure and the benefits of exercise that you will gain along the way.


research presented at a just - concluded breast cancer symposium will help doctors understand how to use existing drugs better when certain drugs don ' t work, and how chemotherapy may not be to blame for so - called " chemo brain. " breast cancer doctors and researchers from around the world gathered at the san antonio breast cancer symposium in san antonio, texas, last week to learn about the latest developments in treating the disease. here are some of those latest developments : 1. ' chemo brain ' starts before chemo it ' s been known for a long time that when women undergo breast cancer treatment, they can have trouble remembering regular tasks and jobs. chemotherapy, or so - called " chemo brain, " has often been blamed. there ' s still no good explanation for why this happens or how to treat it. doctors are concerned about this because patients ' concerns over " chemo brain " may result in a reluctance to accept life - saving therapy, said bernadine cimprich, an associate professor emerita at the university of michigan school of nursing in ann arbor, who presented a new study at sabcs. using an mri, her team tested patient ' s brain function while performing a working memory task in the scanner. this was done before any chemotherapy started and a month after treatment was completed. the study involved a total of 97 participants : 28 patients receiving chemotherapy, 37 patients who got radiation therapy and 32 healthy women. the results showed that women who were scheduled to undergo chemotherapy had the lowest activation of the part of the brain that is critical for the effective performance of a working memory task : the left inferior frontal gyrus. women who were not able or less able to activate the frontal brain region suffered greater fatigue over time, regardless of treatment, cimprich said. also, women expecting chemotherapy were more worried and more fatigued than the other groups, including the radiation group.


| bitters : the revival of a forgotten flavor | | written by danielle charles - davies | | monday, 17 january 2011 21 : 25 | of all the flavors to grace our palate, there is perhaps none as fascinating as that of bitterness. it is a flavor that is universally despiseda€ ” used linguistically to characterize pain, harshness and things that are extremely difficult to bear. 1 yet, it is also a flavor used in cultures the world over to strengthen digestion, cleanse the body and build vitalitya€ ” in short, considered an ingredient essential to good health. 2, 3 in fact, so many of the plants humans have traditionally used to tonify and heal the body are bitter tasting that we still today often rate the strength and usefulness of our medicine by how terribly bitter it tastes. it is unfortunate, then, that our modern diet seems to be completely lacking in the wild bitter tasting plants our ancestors considered so fundamental to their health. 4 many of the diseases riddling our modern culturea€ ” from indigestion and gastric reflux to metabolic disorders ranging from elevated cholesterol to type 2 diabetesa€ ” seem to all point back to the deficiency of bitterness in our diets, and the lack of the protection and tone it imparts to our digestion and metabolic functions. 5 not a medicine but a necessity according to many, bitter herbs and foods play a helpful role in alleviating many of these conditions not so much because they act as specific remedies but because they provide components necessary to overall good health. 4, 5 it is very possible that the current national health crisis could be radically turned around simply by rebalancing our palate with the medicinal virtues of bitterness. why do so many cultures around the world revere bitter foods and herbs, not just as supplements, but as a necessary component of health? to answer this question, leta€™s first consider the class of plant compounds collectively known as a€sbitters. a€t these compoundsa€ ” including iridoids, sesquiterpene, lactones and alkaloidsa€ ” occur widely throughout the plant kingdom. they are considered secondary plant metabolitesa€ ” meaning that they serve no nutritional purpose to the plant, or for that matter, to us. rather, these compounds are used by the plant to protect itself against microbes and oxidative damage, and to deter feeding by predators ( such as us ). 3, 6 an evolved taste


the plant, or for that matter, to us. rather, these compounds are used by the plant to protect itself against microbes and oxidative damage, and to deter feeding by predators ( such as us ). 3, 6 an evolved taste researchers speculate that our bodies evolved to identify the bitter taste as an indication of toxicity, based on the natural aversion most mammals demonstrate towards bitter - tasting substances and the highly poisonous nature of some of these bitter compounds. 7 however, this evolutionary aversion would be disadvantageous when humans were faced with bitter - tasting nutritional plant foods in times of famine, during which time periods, according to researchers, humans developed a selective tolerance for these bitter compounds. 8, 9 when eaten in small amounts, especially in combination with carbohydrates, the body is able to tolerate their presence ; interestingly, many herbivores consume bitter - tasting plants selectively, deliberately choosing plants that are only mildly bitter, thus building up an immunity that helps protect the animal from the toxicity of highly bitter plants. 10 this adaptation allowed us to profit from some of the beneficial roles these compounds perform in the plant, such as inhibiting the growth of microbes, protecting against oxidation, and reducing inflammation. 3, 6 but most important, the protective mechanism designed to expel these potentially poisonous compounds from the body became muted and changed into a highly beneficial reflex that stimulates and tonifies our entire digestive tract. 2 humans eventually recognized the digestion - stimulating effects of bitters, and began to apply them in the diet for this purpose, as well as to promote appetite. the bitter reflex and its implications when a bitter substance is recognized by bitter receptors on the tongue, a chain of neural and endocrine events begins, labeled as the a€sbitter reflex. a€t2 mediated by the release of the gastric hormone gastrin, this reflex results in an overall stimulation of digestive function, which over time strengthens the structure and function of all digestive organs ( liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, etc. ). 6 leta€™s take a more in - depth look at this reflex. imagine youa€™ve tasted a bitter - tasting substance. within fifteen to thirty minutes, your appetite is noticeably increased, your digestive juices are flowing, and your intestines begin to contract in anticipation of food. 2, 3, 11 starting in your mouth, youa€™ll notice that your salivary glands have increased their


appetite is noticeably increased, your digestive juices are flowing, and your intestines begin to contract in anticipation of food. 2, 3, 11 starting in your mouth, youa€™ll notice that your salivary glands have increased their output of enzyme - rich saliva, helping to break down complex starches into smaller and more easily digested oligosaccharides. 2, 3, 11 in the stomach, the hormone gastrin has stimulated the secretion of hydrochloric acid. 2, 3, 11 the acidity helps break down protein, enhances the bioavailability of many minerals ( especially calcium ) and destroys any harmful microbes present in your food. 12 ita€™s interesting to note that more people have levels of gastric acid that are too low rather than the opposite, due to stress13 or simply aging. 11 low levels of gastric acid contribute to poor nutrition and increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections. 11 considered cooling by nature, bitters can reduce hot inflammatory conditions. 11 interestingly, low stomach acidity is associated with a variety of allergic and immune - mediated disorders, including asthma ; skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis and rosacea ; gallbladder disease and arthritis. 2, 14 gastrin also stimulates secretion of pepsina€ ” an enzyme necessary for breaking large protein molecules into smaller partsa€ ” and intrinsic factor, necessary for the absorption of vitamin b12. the smooth muscle of the stomach is also stimulated by the bitter reflex, which increases the rate of gastric emptying, and contracts the esophageal sphincter to prevent the movement of acidic stomach contents upwards into the esophagus. 2, 3, 11 self - repair mechanisms in the intestinal wall are stimulated, enhancing cell division and growth. 3, 11 while many people with gerd are hesitant to partake of bitters due to the potential increase in stomach acidity, the combined effect of these actions actually can help this condition by ensuring that the stomach contents are moved downward rather than allowed to reflux back up and out of the stomach. bitters also act to heal any damage done to the gastric mucosa. 11 down in the small intestine, the stimulation caused by the bitter taste prompts your liver to increase its production of bile, and your gallbladder to increase bile excretion. 2, 3, 11 bile is necessary for fat digestion and the absorption of fat


, 11 and reduce the incidence of allergic disorders. 2, 14 in short, the daily use of bitters can address some of the most rampant and heavily medicated health conditions of our time. 4 adding bitters to your diet historically, the use of bitters has been more of a culinary tradition than a medicinal one. perhaps our ancestors understood better than we do today the concept of prevention, of keeping well through strengthening our system rather than fighting an already established disease process. most bitters were taken in the form of bitter wild greens eaten before a meal, or alcoholic beverages, known as apa©ritifs, brewed with bitter and aromatic herbs. 2, 4 these traditions still exist todaya€ ” serving a salad or cocktail before a meala€ ” but unfortunately the bitter taste is now often lacking. 4 the best way to bring bitterness into your life is to incorporate the bitter taste of nutrient dense greens into your salads. chicory, dandelion, arugula, radicchio or endive are all wonderfully complex - tasting greens that can be found in your garden or local farmersa€™ market. slowly increase their proportion to the sweeter tasting lettuces to build up your tolerance. bitter tasting roots, such as dandelion or burdock, can also be included in stir - fries or soups. you might also try partaking of a bitter apa©ritif or cocktail before meals. there are many traditional apa©ritifs available on most bar menus, including such traditional blends as angostura bitters, campari, cynar, or peychauda€™s bitters. not surprisingly, many of these liqueurs were initially marketed as health tonics. 16 urban moonshine, an herbalist - owned botanical company located in vermont, has reinfused this old world tradition with a healthful and contemporary twist by blending all organic and locally sourced herbs into a delicious bitters tonic full of gentle, tonifying bitter herbs and spices. their line of original, maple or orange bitters make for particularly delicious apa©ritifs. visit urbanmoonshine. com for recipes. in the busy - ness of everyday life, the most convenient method of using bitters may be to take a small amount of bitters tincture ( alcoholic extract ) in a little water before you eata€ ” as you might lose your day job if you fix yourself a bitter cocktail at work! swedish bitters is a formula easily found on


to take a small amount of bitters tincture ( alcoholic extract ) in a little water before you eata€ ” as you might lose your day job if you fix yourself a bitter cocktail at work! swedish bitters is a formula easily found on healthfood store shelves, and is based on a traditional blend of herbs created by the physician paracelsus in the sixteenth century. do exercise caution with this product if you are prone to constipation, as several of the ingredients have a strongly stimulating action on the colon wall, creating a potential for dependency. 2, 3, 6 most herb companies offer various a€sbitters formulasa€t created from somewhat gentler herbs, and they are becoming increasingly available in natural foods stores. herb pharm, wise woman herbals, avena botanicals and urban moonshine all offer organically certified bitters blends in convenient, transportable sizes. most local herbalists and small scale herbal companies will also offer a bitters blend. please visit the websites listed below for specific product information. bitters products available commercially avena botanicals ( www. avenabotanicals. com ) ingredients : gentian root ( gentiana lutea ), burdock root ( arctium lappa ), blessed thistle leaves ( cnicus benedictus ), licorice root ( glycyrrhiza glabra ), ginger root ( zingiber officinale ) herb pharm ( www. herb - pharm. com ) ingredients : angelica root ( angelica archangelica ), hyssop leaf and flower ( hyssopus officinalis ), juniper berry ( juniperus communis ), cardamom ( elettaria cardamomum ), ginger ( zingiber officinale ), gentian ( gentiana lutea ), anise seed ( pimpinella anisum ), cinnamon ( cinnamomum aromaticum ), myrrh ( commiphora molmol ), peppermint essential oil ( mentha piperita ) maria trebena€™s authentic swedish bitters ( www. swedishbitters. com ) ingredients : aloe, myrrh, saffron, senna leaves, camphor, rhubarb roots, zedvoary roots, manna, theriac venezian, carline thistle roots and angelica roots in a base of purified water swedish bitters ( www. florahealth


, camphor, rhubarb roots, zedvoary roots, manna, theriac venezian, carline thistle roots and angelica roots in a base of purified water swedish bitters ( www. florahealth. com ) ingredients : aloe ( aloe vera ), angelica root ( angelica archangelica ), manna ( fraxinus ornus ), rhubarb root ( rheum palmatum ), senna leaf ( senna alexandrina ), zedvoary root ( curcuma zedoaria ), theriac venezian ( pimpinella saxifraga ), carline thistle root ( carlina acaulis ), myrrh ( commiphora molmol ), camphor ( cinnamomum camphora ), saffron ( crocus sativus ) urban moonshine ( www. urbanmoonshine. com ) ingredients : dandelion root and leaf ( taraxacum officinale ), angelica root ( angelica archangelica ), burdock root ( arctium lappa ), yellow dock root ( rumex crispus ), gentian root ( gentiana lutea ), orange peel ( citrus aurantium ), fennel seed ( foeniculum vulgare ), ginger root ( zingiber officinale ), gum arabic and organic essential oils wise woman herbals ( www. wisewomanherbals. com ) ingredients : dandelion root ( taraxacum officinale ), gentian ( gentiana lutea ), elecampane ( inula helenium ), fennel ( foeniculum vulgare ), ginger ( zingiber officinale ), turmeric ( curcuma longa ), slippery elm ( ulmus rubra ), fennel essential oil ( foeniculum vulgare ) 1. agnes, michael. webstera€™s new world dictionary. new york, ny : pocket, 2003 2. mills s, bone k. principles and practice of phytotherapy. 2000. london : churchill livingstone 3. hoffmann, david. medical herbalism : the science and practice of herbal medicine. rochester, vt : healing arts, 2003 4. mcdonald, jim. a€sblessed bitters. a€t herbcraft. org. jim mcdonald. accessed from < www. herbcraft. org / bitters. pdf >


medicine. rochester, vt : healing arts, 2003 4. mcdonald, jim. a€sblessed bitters. a€t herbcraft. org. jim mcdonald. accessed from < www. herbcraft. org / bitters. pdf > on 6 july 2010 5. green, james. the male herbal : the definitive health care book for men & boys. berkeley, ca : crossing, 2007 6. yarnell, eric. phytochemistry and pharmacy for practitioners of botanical medicine. wenatchee, wa : healing mountain publishing, inc. 2003 7. mueller m, hoon m, erlenbach i, chandrashekar j, et al. a€sthe receptors and coding logic for bitter taste. a€t nature, 2005 mar 10 ; 434 ( 7030 ) : 225 - 9 8. behrens m and meyerhof w. a€sbitter taste receptors and human bitter taste perception. a€t cell. mol. life sci. 63 ( 2006 ) 1501a€ “ 1509 9. wang x, thomas s and zhang j. a€srelaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes. a€t human molecular genetics 2004 13 ( 21 ) : 2671 - 2678 10. torregrossa a and dearing m. a€snutritional toxicology of mammals : regulated intake of plant secondary compounds. a€t functional ecology 2009, 23, 48a€ “ 56 11. waler jm. a€sthe bitter remedy. a€t the european journal of herbal medicine. 6 ( 2 ) : 28 - 33 12. marieb e. human anatomy and physiology : sixth ed. san francisco, ca : pearson benjamin cummings, 2004 13. esplugues jv, et al. a€sinhibition of gastric acid secretion by stress : a protective reflex mediated by cerebral nitric oxide. a€t proc natl acad sci usa. 1996 december 10 ; 93 ( 25 ) : 14839a€ “ 14844 14. bone k. a clinical guide to blending liquid herbs. st. louis, mo : elsevier, 2003 15. bergner p. a€sgastrointestinal : leaky gut, molecular mimicry, microchimerism, and autoimmunity. a€t medical herbalism 9 ( 4 ) : 14 - 17 16. a€sthedrinkshop. com :


the first settlers arrived in weymouth around the mid - 18th century ( the 1760s ) from the new england colonies, more specifically, massachusetts. among these early immigrants were members of the strickland family from weymouth, massachusetts, who settled along the banks of the river in 1765. it is believed that the strickland family influenced the naming of the district to ‘ sissiboo ’. sissiboo later became weymouth, and the section at the mouth of the river, on the east side, was changed to weymouth north and weymouth point. the river retained the name sissiboo. the founding of weymouth in 1783 was no accident. that year, the treaty of paris ended the american revolution and thousands of people loyal to the british crown left new england for europe, england and other communities in british north america. nova scotia was an obvious destination and weymouth was one of many coastal communities that saw a large influx of new england settlers immediately following the american war of independence. the most well known loyalist to settle in weymouth during this post - revolutionary period was james moody ( known locally as colonel moody from new jersey ). the story of moody ’ s involvement in the american revolution has all the hallmarks of a hollywood movie, including secret intelligence missions into enemy territory and daring escapes from prison at the 11th hour. moody ’ s escapades were so well known to american rebels that george washington once called him “ that villain moody ”. moody arrived in weymouth in june, 1786 with a fistful of money from the british government, compensation for his military duties during the revolution. moody was a community builder, and is considered by many as one of the founding fathers of weymouth. moody built a shipyard, donated land for an anglican church ( at weymouth north ) and assisted local acadians in receiving clear title to their land. despite the fact that moody was a slaveholder, he possessed outstanding leadership qualities and is considered one of the best of the loyalist leaders. among the thousands of people who left new england after the american revolution, was an estimated 5, 000 black people ( about 3, 000 black loyalists ) who sailed from new york to nova scotia, the west indies, quebec, england, germany and belgium. about 3, 500 of these newly freed slaves, former slaves or slaves of white loyalists, landed in nova scotia, establishing communities in birchtown, annapolis royal, port mouton and weymouth. these black loyalists were


, germany and belgium. about 3, 500 of these newly freed slaves, former slaves or slaves of white loyalists, landed in nova scotia, establishing communities in birchtown, annapolis royal, port mouton and weymouth. these black loyalists were strong people, who unlike their white loyalist counterparts were often given small barren plots of land that made survival difficult. there were few opportunities, forcing many of these early settlers to leave nova scotia or lapse back into semi - slavery. by the mid - 1800s weymouth had developed into a prosperous shipbuilding and commercial center. local shipyards constructed barques and schooners that carried lumber and other products to the american seaboard, the west indies and the british isles. while it was fish that first attracted settlers to the banks of the sissiboo, by the late 1800s it was the forest upon which the local economy was built and sustained. in 1896, s. fawes smith, an american summer resident from philadelphia, built a pulp mill near weymouth ; the mill was the mainstay of the local economy for nearly half a century. disaster struck the village in october, 1929. a huge fire raged through the downtown area destroying 25 buildings including retail shops, factories and private homes. the loss was estimated at $ 250, 000, with only $ 20, 000 of that covered by insurance. the devastating loss combined with the collapse of the north american economy caused by the great depression, was something from which weymouth never fully recovered. today, the forests still play an important role in the economy of weymouth. the lewis sawmill ( owned by j. d. irving ltd. ) at weymouth falls is one of the major employers in the area. lumber products including kiln - dried lumber and quality studs are shipped from the port of weymouth to destinations around the world ; and wood chips are loaded from the weymouth north wharf to barges destined for paper mills in new brunswick. another major employer in the village is lewis moldings and wood specialties ltd. at weymouth north. the manufacturing company produces high quality wood moldings for markets across north america. but weymouth is changing as well. new residents, overwhelmed by the raw beauty of the landscape, have moved to the area from the united states, europe and upper canada. there is a new enthusiasm in the community, which has led to an infusion of new ideas and insights into the potential of the area. new retail, accommodation and service businesses have been created, which offer visitors and


| essential nutrients : minerals | vitamins | carbohydrates | proteins | fats | diets | lab test | food | pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by germs, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. you may cough, run a fever, and have hard time breathing. for most people, pneumonia can be treated at home. it often clears up in 2 to 3 weeks. although different types of pneumonia tend to affect children in different age groups, pneumonia is most commonly caused by viruses. pneumonia tends to be more serious than bronchitis. sometimes bronchitis and pneumonia occur together which is called broncho - pneumonia. you can get pneumonia in your daily life, such as at school or work. you can also get it when you are in a hospital or nursing home. causes of pneumonia there are different causes of pneumonia : once organisms enter the lungs, they usually settle in the air sacs of the lung where they rapidly grow in number. this area of the lung then becomes filled with fluid and pus as the body attempts to fight off the infection. risk factors of pneumonia adults age 65 or older and very young children, whose immune systems aren ' t fully developed, are at increased risk of pneumonia. there are certain risk factors of pneumonia : signs & symptoms of pneumonia symptoms of pneumonia vary, depending on the age of the child and the cause of the pneumonia. some common symptoms include : symptoms caused by viruses are the same as those caused by bacteria. but they may come on slowly and often are not as obvious or as bad. diagnosis of pneumonia to diagnose pneumonia, the doctor begins with a medical history and physical examination. doctor may perform several kinds of test. if you are normally well, but then develop recurrent bouts of pneumonia, it may be the first sign of a problem of your lung or immune system. following tests may be advised if pneumonia recurs for no apparent reason. sputum test : sputum sample can be collected and examined under the microscope. if the pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi, the organisms can often be detected by this examination. blood test : a blood test that measures white blood cell count ( wbc ) may be performed. an individual ' s white blood cell count can often give a hint as to the severity of the pneumonia and whether it is caused by bacteria or a virus. bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted viewing tube is inserted into the nose or mouth after a local an


give a hint as to the severity of the pneumonia and whether it is caused by bacteria or a virus. bronchoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible, lighted viewing tube is inserted into the nose or mouth after a local anesthetic is administered. the breathing passages can then be directly examined by the doctor, and specimens from the infected part of the lung can be obtained. sometimes, fluid collects in the pleural space around the lung as a result of the inflammation from pneumonia. this fluid is called a pleural effusion. if the amount of this fluid that develops is large enough, it can be removed by inserting a needle into the chest cavity and withdrawing the fluid with a syringe in a procedure called a thoracentesis. preventions of pneumonia there are a number of steps you can take to help prevent getting pneumonia. treatments of pneumonia in most cases, pneumonia can be treated with oral antibiotics given to your child at home. the type of antibiotic used depends on the type of pneumonia. sometimes oxygen and other supportive treatments are needed if you have severe pneumonia. serious pneumonia can be life - threatening, go to your doctor right away if you feel symptoms of pneumonia like chest pain, fever of 102 f or higher along with chills and sweats - or if you suddenly feel worse after a cold or the flu. home treatment of pneumonia the effect of pneumonia can be decreased by using following home remedies : | • back and neck | | • bone and joints | | • cancer | | • child health | | • eye and vision | | • kidney and liver | | • lungs and chest | | • pregnancy | | • women health | | more on whereincity. com | | fun & info. | | : | | jokes | shayari | articles | poems | stories | tongue twisters | sms | quotations | lyrics | recipes | personal pages | | city pages | | : | | ahmedabad | bangalore | chandigarh | delhi | hyderabad | kolkatta | mumbai | lucknow | ludhiana | pune | more | | india | | : | | history | pincodes | std codes | isd codes | lok sabha | indian railways | culture | | freedom fighters | great indians | | medical | | : | | doctors | hospitals | articles | contraception | diseases | vitamins | minerals | proteins | fats | carbohydrates | | astrology | | : | | horoscopes | vedic astrology | gem therapy


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skip the diet soda and pick up a cup of joe? new research claims that sweetened beverages increase the risk of depression in older adults, while coffee slightly lowers the chances. " sweetened beverages, coffee and tea are commonly consumed worldwide and have important physical - - and may have important mental - - health consequences, " study author dr. honglei chen, a researcher with the national institutes of health in research triangle park in north carolina and a member of the american academy of neurology, said in a written statement. chen ' s new study looked at data from 263, 925 people between the ages of 50 and 71 that were first collected from 1995 to 1996. soda, tea, fruit punch and coffee consumption was recorded for all participants, then researchers followed up about 10 years later and asked the participant if he or she had been diagnosed with depression since 2000. out of all the subjects, 11, 311 had been diagnosed with depression in that time frame. it was discovered that people who drank more than four cans or cups of soda per day were 30 percent more likely to be depressed than those who did not drink sweetened drinks. diet drinkers had a higher chance of being diagnosed than their counterparts who drank the regular versions of soda, fruit punch and iced tea respectively. coffee drinkers who consumed four or more cups of coffee a day had a 10 percent lower chance of having depression. " our research suggests that cutting out or down on sweetened diet drinks or replacing them with unsweetened coffee may naturally help lower your depression risk, " said chen. " more research is needed to confirm these findings, and people with depression should continue to take depression medications prescribed by their doctors. " however, some doctors are skeptical that a connection between drinking sugary drinks and becoming depressed exists. " there is much more evidence that people who are depressed crave sweet things than there is to suggest that sweetened beverages cause depression, " dr. kenneth m. heilman, a professor of neurology at the university of florida college of medicine in gainesville, said to webmd. heilman added that studies like these do not show a cause and effect, so telling people to cut down on drinking sweetened beverages may not affect depression levels at all. gaynor bussell, dietician and spokesperson for the british dietetic association emphasized to the bbc that this study only showed a link, not a reason for depression. he believes it was a " one - off " study that may or may not be replicated, and added drinking diet


learn only 3 things about them... they are fierce predators! some can bore a hole through the prey ' s shell. it takes them a long time to get at their prey. don ' t lay large collections of egg capsules on the rocks. where seen? you will almost be certain to meet this ferocious predator on our rocky shores! drills are commonly seen on boulders and rocks, including man - made structures such as breakwaters and jetty features : among the common drill species on our shores are rock - shell ( thais sp. ), drupes ( morula sp. ) and murex ( chicoreus sp. ). drills usually have thick shells and a thick operculum made of a horn - like material. those with complicated spines on their shells usually move by holding their shells above the surface as they move along the surface. bored to death : drills that live on the rocks are predatory molluscs that bore into other shelled creatures, to bore a hole through the victim ' s shell, a drilling snail softens the shell with a weak acid secreted by a special gland on the underside of its foot. the softened shell is then slowly scraped off by the snail ' s radula. the radula is the main physical tool in creating the hole. it can take eight hours for a drill to get through a shell 2mm other drill food and feeding methods : some drills may also pry open the shells of bivalves with a tooth on the lip of their shell. others may also get to limpets by inserting their proboscis under the limpet ' s shell. some may also hunt buried clams. some prey on worms, the eggs of other snails and even corals. some deeper - water members of the family muricidae eat worms and sea urchins. we have also seen in groups of drills on silty sandy shores feeding on nest mussels to dye for : many drills have a gland that secretes a colourless mucus that turns purplish when exposed to air. this secretion is a neurotoxin that paralyses or kills other sea creatures. humans have used this mucus as a rare dye ( see below ). drill babies : some drills lay masses of bright yellow egg capsules. each egg capsule may contain 20 - 40 eggs. the egg capsules turn purple when the free - swimming larvae hatch. these swim about for a few weeks before they change into crawling juveniles. in some, however, crawling juveniles


yellow egg capsules. each egg capsule may contain 20 - 40 eggs. the egg capsules turn purple when the free - swimming larvae hatch. these swim about for a few weeks before they change into crawling juveniles. in some, however, crawling juveniles emerge from the egg human uses : since 1, 500 bc in the mediterranean, snails of the family muricidae were harvested to produce a dye called tyrian purple ( which was actually more maroon ). the dye resisted fading, but involved so much labour to produce that only royalty and the very rich could afford it. thousands of shells were crushed to obtain minute quantities of the dye. the dye was worth several times its weight in gold. the dye industry brought fame and fortune to tyre ( now modern lebanon ). tyre was a great phoenician city. in fact phoenicia means " purple people ". tyre ruled the seas and founded prosperous colonies such as cadiz and carthage. the prosperity of tyre allowed the arts and sciences to flourish. for example, marinus of tyre was considered the founder of mathematical geography and introduced the concept of latitude and longitude in map design. as merchants who needed to keep records, the phoenicians simplified the 550 characters in the cuneiform alphabet with a phonetic alphabet, based on distinct sounds, consisting of 22 alphabets. this alphabet, with modifications introduced by the greeks and romans, is the one we use today. predators, some drills are considered a pest on oyster farms in taiwan drills have become useful as bioindicators of pollutants in the environment, such as for anti - fouling chemicals used to prevent encrusting animals from growing on ships and other installations in the sea. the toxins kill drill larvae, or result in deformities in adults. status and threats : chicoreus ramosus is listed as ' endangered ' and the murex snail ( murex trapa ) as ' vulnerable ' in the red list of threatened animals of singapore. our other drills are not on this list. however, like other creatures of the intertidal zone, they are affected by human activities such as reclamation and pollution. trampling by careless visitors and over - collection can also have an impact on drills laying eggs on a rock pulau sekudu, jan 06 close up of egg capsules changi, jul 05 a ' gang ' of drills stuck onto a clam. tuas, may 07 a drill with what seems to be a small bivalve in its shell opening. pulau hantu,


close up of egg capsules changi, jul 05 a ' gang ' of drills stuck onto a clam. tuas, may 07 a drill with what seems to be a small bivalve in its shell opening. pulau hantu, feb 08 kusu island, dec 04 different kinds of drill egg capsules. punggol, jun 12 chek jawa, apr 08 muricidae recorded for singapore tan siong kiat and henrietta p. m. woo, 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore. in red are those listed among the threatened animals of singapore from davison, g. w. h. and p. k. l. ng and ho hua chew, 2008. the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore. commonly seen awaiting identification species are difficult to positively identify without on this website, they are grouped by external features for convenience chicoreus brunneus ( burnt murex ) chicoreus capucinus ( mangrove chicoreus ramosus ( ram ' s murex ) chicoreus torrefactus ( firebrand murex ) ( rare - spined murex snail ) ( vu : vulnerable ) semiricinula fusca ( dark drill ) ( thais gradata ) and ketem ( chicoreus capucinus ) ng, peter k. l. & n. sivasothi, 1999. a guide to the mangroves of singapore ii ( animal diversity ). singapore science centre. 168 pp. murex ( murex martineaus ), mangrove murex ( chicoreus capucinus ), thais and morula tan, leo w. h. & ng, peter k. l., 1988. a guide to seashore life. the singapore science centre, singapore. 160 pp. murex ( chicoreus ramosus ) and rare - spined murex ( murex trapa ) on the nparks flora and fauna website. muricidae on the gladys archerd shell collection at washington state university tri - cities natural history museum website : brief fact sheet on drills with photos muricidae ( murex, rock or coral shells ) on the the seashells of new south wales website by des beechey research associate, australian museum : family introductions with photos of shells and detailed fact sheets for many species. shells ( family muricidae ) on life on australian seashores by keith davey on the marine education society of australia website : fact sheet on drills and details


, australian museum : family introductions with photos of shells and detailed fact sheets for many species. shells ( family muricidae ) on life on australian seashores by keith davey on the marine education society of australia website : fact sheet on drills and details on various species found in australia. muricidae in the gastropods section by j. m. poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds, corals, bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website. of molluscs for personal adornment on the man and molluscs website : an introduction to the wide range of dyes produced by members of the family muricidae with links to photos of the shells. purple : details about the chemical structure of the dye and how it was collected in the past and a massive bibliography of further readings on the subject. - tan siong kiat and henrietta p. m. woo, 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ), raffles museum of biodiversity research, national university of singapore. - tan, k. s. & l. m. chou, 2000. a guide to the common seashells of singapore. singapore science centre. 160 pp. - wee y. c. and peter k. l. ng. 1994. a first look at biodiversity in singapore. national council on the environment. 163pp. g. w. h. and p. k. l. ng and ho hua chew, 2008. the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore. nature society ( singapore ). 285 pp. - abbott, r. tucker, 1991. seashells of south east asia. graham brash, singapore. 145 pp.