. you can try the prospectors and miners association of victoria as a good starting point for research about the ownership of gold nuggets. hi omega. it might be possible for one of our mineralogists to look at an image of the gold pieces and advise on whether they are real. if they can ' t tell from a photo, they can suggest some other avenues for you to try. forward your images and request from our identifications page and we ' ll get back to you. katie, we don ' t have a photo of the welcome nugget on our website but you can see it the powerhouse museum ' s here monica, the museum does not offer valuations, and the hand of faith is not an item in our collection. you could contact a professional gold valuer for further advice. hi naomi. the precious nugget was valued at about 6868 sterling pounds. a model of the nugget and further information can be found at the powerhouse museum. unfortunately we couldn ' t find the value of the viscount canterbury nugget when it was discovered in 1870 but it weighed 1114 oz and you be able to find out the gold prices of that period in the newspapers of the day. try searching them on australia trove on the national library of australia website. gold prices vary daily, so to work out what they are worth today you could calculate it by looking at the gold prices in the daily paper, on the internet or on the nightly news. hi, the museum does not offer valuations, and the hand of faith is not an item in our collection. you could contact a professional gold valuer for further advice. hi haley, bailey & rochelle. we don ' t have the biggest nuggest in australia but we do have a list of those in victoria. 1. the welcome stranger, 2284oz, finder : john deason & richard oates, 1859, moliagul ; 2. the welcome, 2217oz, red hill mining co, 1858, bakery hill ballarat ; 3. the blanche barkly, 1743oz, unknown, 1857, kingower ; 4. the precious, 1717oz, ah chang & party, 1871, catto ' s paddock, berlin ; 5. the canadian, 1619oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat ; 6. the lady hotham, 1177oz, unknown, 1854, dalton ' s flat ballarat ; 7. the sarah sands, 1177oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ball


unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat ; 6. the lady hotham, 1177oz, unknown, 1854, dalton ' s flat ballarat ; 7. the sarah sands, 1177oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat ; 8. viscount canterbury, 1114oz, schlossman & davis, 1870, john ' s paddock kangederaar ; 9. unnamed nugget, 1034oz, unknown, 1855, blackman ' s lead maryborough ; 10. unnamed nugget, 1011oz, unknown, 1853, canadian gully ballarat. hi haley and bailey, we have found a reference in the mineralogical record that suggests australia ' s biggest 10 nuggets by net weight are 1. welcome stranger, victoria, 2, 520 ounces, 2. welcome, vic, 2, 217. 3. blanche barkly, vic, 1, 743. 4. precious, vic, 1, 717. 5. canadian, vic, 1, 319. 6. burrandong, nsw, 1, 286. 7. lady hotham, vic, 1, 177. 8. the golden eagle, wa, 1, 135. 9. sarah sands, vic, 1, 117. 10. viscount canterbury, vic, 1, 114. hi olivia, the berlin goldfield is now known as rheola, and is in the greater bendigo region of victoria. thanks for your question misael. the largest gold nugget on display is the hand of faith, found at kingower in victoria, in 1980. it was purchased privately by the golden nugget casino in las vegas, and is on display there. melbourne museum also has life - sized replicas of nuggets on display, and a genuine nugget, the bunyip nugget, in its collection. hi amy, the welcome stranger no longer exists. it was sold after it was found and melted down. a replica is housed in the old treasury building in melbourne. olivia, we do not have an image of the blanche barkly nugget in our own collection. nor do we have a replica of the nugget. there may have been an image of this nugget in london newspapers when it was returned to the uk. you may also wish to search for image of the nugget using the picture australia website. hi lisa, perhaps contact the south australian museum, they may offer an identification service, or be able to suggest somewhere closer


it was returned to the uk. you may also wish to search for image of the nugget using the picture australia website. hi lisa, perhaps contact the south australian museum, they may offer an identification service, or be able to suggest somewhere closer to home for you to take your specimens. the best source for this kind of information would be the department of primary industries. best of luck! hi kylie, gold was formed millions of years ago and as a molten metal was forced into seams in various rock formations. as those millions of years passed, the action of water and temperature changes destroyed the rocks and the gold was washed out into rivers and creeks. why is gold found on the bottom of rivers? gold is a very heavy metal - it is nearly twice as dense as lead - so it quickly falls to the bottom of the stream. hope this helps. hi kylie, it appears that gold is usually found in quartz rocks. due to erosion, the rocks are broken down and the gold particles are then released into the environment and run - off carries these particles to rivers. because gold is a heavy metal, it sinks to the bottom of the river bed, see here. some nuggets have been found in some rivers and creeks in png, but obviously these aren ' t very common because gold itself is quite rare. significant finds have been made near mt kare in png, for example. hi! thanks for the question, without an image an accurate identification is impossible, the object sounds like a nugget of pure ' blue '! good question, bro - we ' ve done some research on this and we think a useful educational site with links to other sources is : http : / / www. enotes. com / topics / gold - rush. an interesting first - hand account of a gold - seekerfrom the california gold rush, with information about the discovery, can be read at : http : / / www. eyewitnesstohistory. com / californiagoldrush. htm. many of the diggers came to victoria in 1851 when gold was discovered here, and made a contribution to victoria ’ s history. hope this information is of interest you can find lots more information on gold by visiting dynamic earth, a stunning exhibition at melbourne museum that uses cutting - edge technology and thousands of minerals to tell the story of our ever - changing planet. whilst visiting the museum stop in at the discovery centre and have a look at some of fantastic books on gold and mineralogy. hi maddi, gold


uses cutting - edge technology and thousands of minerals to tell the story of our ever - changing planet. whilst visiting the museum stop in at the discovery centre and have a look at some of fantastic books on gold and mineralogy. hi maddi, gold was first discovered near bathurst, nsw in 1823 by o ' brien, the nsw government surveyor. the first gold nugget ( 16 ounces ) appears to have been found in january 1849 by thomas chapman at daisy hill, near maryborough, victoria. but, in june 1851, james esmond was the first to claim a registered finding of a 51 ounce nugget in clunes, victoria. hi kim, the largest nuggets found are listed in the article above, under the ' which are the biggest nuggets? ' heading. the largest nugget in moliagul was found at black lead, at a depth of 1 inch. hello eden - we checked with our geology department on this, and they ' ve provided the following info : the precious is 40. 5 x 29 x 11. 5 cm hope this helps! the following museum victoria webpages have information and images relating to your father ; photograph - brian mchugh, 1990s, csiro division of radio... to read the latest tweets from @ museumvictoria follow museum victoria on this exhibition is really good - go. hire the audio guide and be prepared for more gold than tutankhamun. i guarantee you will go home both reflective on the w...


earth cuisine for longevity ( photo credit : barry gourmet and raw ) healthy diet essentials according to the united states department of agriculture, a healthy diet as one that emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat - free or low - fat milk and milk products ; includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts ; and is low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt ( sodium ), and added sugars. but just what minerals and nutrients are vital to our health and well - being? consider these nutrient - dense foods when you ’ re looking to improve your vitamin and mineral intake. vitamin a is needed for good eyesight and optimal functioning of the immune system. cod liver oil, dairy products, sweet potatoes and dark green leafy vegetables are all great natural food sources of vitamin a. vitamin b1, also known as thiamine, is imperative to the body ’ s ability to process carbohydrates. whole grain breads, cereals and pastas have high amounts of thiamine. riboflavin, or b2, can be found in fortified cereals, almonds, asparagus, eggs, and meat. it ’ s used in many body processes, including converting food into energy and the production of red blood cells. niacin, also known as b3, can be found in lean chicken, tuna, salmon, turkey, enriched flour, peanuts, and fortified cereals. it aids in digestion and also plays a key role in converting food into energy. vitamin b6 can be found in fortified cereals, fortified soy - based meat substitutes, baked potatoes with skin, bananas, light - meat chicken and turkey, eggs, and spinach. it ’ s vital for a healthy nervous system, and helps break down proteins and stored sugars. vitamin b12 is needed for creating red blood cells, and can be found in beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry, and soybeans. citrus fruits, red berries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, red and green bell peppers, cabbage, and spinach are all loaded with vitamin c, which is vital to promoting a healthy immune system, and making chemical messengers in the brain. vitamin d can be found in fortified milk, cheese, and cereals ; egg yolks ; salmon ; but can also be made by the body from sunlight exposure. it ’ s needed to process calcium


, and making chemical messengers in the brain. vitamin d can be found in fortified milk, cheese, and cereals ; egg yolks ; salmon ; but can also be made by the body from sunlight exposure. it ’ s needed to process calcium and maintain the health of bones and teeth. vitamin e functions as an antioxidant and is essential to your skin ’ s good health. eat plenty of leafy green vegetables, almonds, hazelnuts, and vegetable oils like sunflower, canola, and soybean to get this vital nutrient. folic acid can be found in fortified cereals and grain products ; lima, lentil, and garbanzo beans ; and dark leafy vegetables. it ’ s vital for cell development, prevents birth defects, promotes heart health, and helps red blood cells form. pregnant women need to take special care to ensure they are getting enough of this for themselves and their developing baby. dairy products, broccoli, dark leafy greens like spinach and rhubarb, and fortified products, such as orange juice, soy milk, and tofu are all loaded with calcium. like vitamin d, it ’ s very important in helping to build and maintain strong bones and teeth. organ meats, oysters, clams, crabs, cashews, sunflower seeds, wheat bran cereals, whole - grain products, and cocoa products are all high in copper, which aids in metabolism of iron and red cell formation. it also assists in the production of energy for cells. iron can be found in leafy green vegetables, beans, shellfish, red meat, poultry, soy foods, and some fortified foods. it ’ s needed to transport oxygen to all parts of the body via the red blood cells. potassium can be found in foods like broccoli, potatoes ( with the skins on ), prune juice, orange juice, leafy green vegetables, bananas, raisins, and tomatoes. it aids in nervous system and muscle function and also helps maintain a healthy balance of water in the blood and body tissues. red meat, fortified cereals, oysters, almonds, peanuts, chickpeas, soy foods, and dairy products are great dietary sources of zinc. zinc supports the body ’ s immune function, reproduction capabilities, and the nervous systems. protein is the main component of muscles, organs, and glands. every living cell and all body fluids, except bile and urine, contain protein. the cells of muscles, tendons, and ligaments


function, reproduction capabilities, and the nervous systems. protein is the main component of muscles, organs, and glands. every living cell and all body fluids, except bile and urine, contain protein. the cells of muscles, tendons, and ligaments are maintained with protein. children and adolescents require protein for growth and development, and adults need it to maintain cell integrity. it can be found in foods like beans, milk and meat. the primary function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, especially the brain and the nervous system. complex carbohydrates are the best choice for a stable blood sugar level. whole grain breads and cereals, legumes, and starchy vegetables are all good complex carbohydrate sources. essential fatty acids play a part in many metabolic processes, and there is evidence to suggest that low levels of essential fatty acids, or the wrong balance of types among the essential fatty acids, may be a factor in a number of illnesses. good sources are fish and shellfish, flaxseed, canola oil, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, leafy vegetables, and walnuts. though this list is far from complete, it gives a good base of knowledge on which to build a healthy, well - balanced diet. brussels sprout, dairy product, eating, food, health, healthy diet, healthy ways to lose weight, human nutrition, international food information council, leaf vegetable, milk, nutrition, red blood cell, united states department of agriculture, usda, vitamin, weight


by kwesi pratt, jnr dr. kwame nkrumah was not just the first president of ghana but a very extraordinary man whose life and works contributed significantly to changing the world. he grew from a little village boy in nkroful in the western region of ghana to a world leader fully devoted to the struggle to free all black people from all forms of racism. he was also against everything which kept people irrespective of their colour in conditions of slavery. he opposed oppression and exploitation in all its forms. many historians including basil davidson and f. k. buah credit nkrumah with the leadership of the struggle which led to granting independence to many african countries under various forms of colonialism. indeed nkrumah is placed in the same category as einstien, karl marx, v. i. lenin, tousant o ’ liverture and mahatama ghandi whose ideas and actions helped to make the world a better place. amongst the many things which make nkrumah stand out as an extraordinary personality was his realization that africans everywhere ought to unite in common effort to assert their dignity and use their resources for meeting their needs and realizing their aspirations. his ideas for the unity of all africans has come to be known as pan - africanism and they have their roots in his experiences as a colonial subject, his sojourn in the united states of america and the racist experience he suffered there and his association with pan - africanist thinkers of the time including w. e. b. dubious, marcus garvey, george padmore and makonnen. after completing his elementary school education, nkrumah went to achimota school from where he graduated as a teacher. he was still burning with ambition to excel academically and in 1935, he left for the united states of america where he enrolled at the lincoln university, first obtaining a bachelor of arts degree and later doing a masters course at the philadelphia university. given the fact that nkrumah came from a poor background, he had to work to pay for his education. he worked as a waiter and sometimes as a dish washer. he did anything which would put a few dollars in his pocket and help him fend for himself in a land which was obviously strange to a village boy from nkroful. nkrumah experienced racism at first hand. he saw that africans were all victims of racism no matter where they came from. in searching for to questions about racism nkrumah joined black students organizations and became acquainted with the ideas of such activists as


. nkrumah experienced racism at first hand. he saw that africans were all victims of racism no matter where they came from. in searching for to questions about racism nkrumah joined black students organizations and became acquainted with the ideas of such activists as marcus garvey. he read widely and was transformed into an activist. when nkrumah moved to london in 1945, he joined other africans and persons of african decent in implementing the ideas he had formed. they worked in the west african students union and the west african national secretarial for the sole purpose of accelerating the independence process in west africa as part of the general struggle of emancipating the african wherever he may be. nkrumah had established contact with george padmore one of the key organizers of the 5th pan african congress before he arrived in the united kingdom and it was indeed padmore who found accommodation for him at the west african students union ’ s hostel. padmore guided nkrumah in his early days in london and together they plunged into work for the 5th pan african congress held in manchester in october 1945. according to june milne, a biographer of nkrumah, the 5th pan african congress was a departure from earlier ones to the extent that there was a strong participation from the youth and students of africa. in her book “ kwame nkrumah, a biography ” she asserts that earlier pan african congresses were dominated professionals and members of the intellectual class. it is widely held that nkrumah ’ s own involvement with the west african students union and associations of african students in the united states of america contributed largely to this departure. the strong participation of youth and students in this congress was also a clear manifestation of nkrumah ’ s organizational ability. the 5th pan african congress was particularly important because it defined and clarified the ideology of pan - africanism. it defined pan africanism as an anti - imperialist concept and saw its prime movers as workers and the underprivileged. pan africanism was also seen as an enterprise at building socialism. a resolution which was drafted by nkrumah and adopted by the congress read as follows ; “ we believe in the rights of all peoples to govern themselves. we affirm the rights of all colonial peoples to control their own destiny. all colonies must be free from foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic. the peoples of the colonies must have the right to elect their own government ; a government without restrictions from a foreign power. we say to the peoples of the colonies that they must strive for these goals by


foreign imperialist control, whether political or economic. the peoples of the colonies must have the right to elect their own government ; a government without restrictions from a foreign power. we say to the peoples of the colonies that they must strive for these goals by all means at their disposal. “ the object of imperialist powers is to exploit. by granting the right to the colonial peoples to govern themselves, they are defeating that objective. therefore, the struggle for political power by the colonial and subject peoples is a first step towards, and the necessary pre - requisite to complete social, economic and political emancipation. “ the fifth pan - african congress, therefore, calls on the workers and farmers of the colonies to organize effectively, colonial workers must be in the frontlines of the battle against imperialism … … ” nkrumah ’ s success in helping to organize the 5th pan african congress and his activities in the west african union spread way beyond england to all corners of the african world. the leadership of the united gold coast convention ( ugcc ) heard of the exploits of this man at a time when their own organization needed rejuvenation. they quickly invited nkrumah to take up the full time position of general secretary of the convention. by accepting to become the general secretary of the ugcc, nkrumah did not abandon the pan african ideal. as a matter of fact when he returned to the gold coast in 1947, he recognized that he was only taking one step towards the unification of the african continent as a home for africans everywhere. he kept his contacts with padmore, mahonnen, and all the others with whom he had worked on the pan african project. it is significant that on the eve of ghana ’ s independence on 6th march 1957, he declared loudly that “ the independence of ghana is meaningless until it is linked to the total liberation of the african continent ” the organization of the all african people ’ s conference in accra only one year after the declaration of independence attest to the pan - african agenda of dr kwame nkrumah. this conference brought together the newly independent states in africa and the national liberation movement to strategize on how to speed up the decolonization process. it was also the beginnings of what became known as the organization of african unity ( oau ). one year after ghana ’ s independence, nkrumah pushed for the ghana - guinea union as the nucleus of the continental union government of africa. in 1961, mali was drawn into the union which became the spearhead of the agitation for


##au ). one year after ghana ’ s independence, nkrumah pushed for the ghana - guinea union as the nucleus of the continental union government of africa. in 1961, mali was drawn into the union which became the spearhead of the agitation for a continental government. the oau was eventually formed in 1963. whiles desperately forging the unity of the states in africa, nkrumah maintained his contacts with africans everywhere in the world. he spoke out for the civil rights movement in the usa and met with malcom x on more than one occasion. malcom was even invited to visit ghana and to hold discussions with the ghanaian authorities on the links that existed between the struggle of african - americans and developments on the continent. nkrumah was also a keen inspiration for the black panther movement. he was also the most strident advocate of pan africanism in his days. many of the books he authored advocated the unity of africans from all over the world. some of these books were “ africa must unite ’ “ neo - colonialism, the last stage of imperialism ” and “ class struggle in africa ” nkrumah ’ s strongest arguments for african unity are made in his book “ africa must unite ”. he writes “ we in africa who are pressing now for unity are deeply conscious of the validity of our purpose. we need the strength of our combined numbers and resources to protect ourselves from the very positive dangers of returning to colonialism in disguised forms. we need it to combat the entrenched forces dividing our continent and still holding back millions of our brothers. we need it to secure total african liberation. we need it to carry forward our construction of a socio - economic system that will support the great mass of our steadily rising population at levels of life which will compare with those in the most advanced countries ” for nkrumah the situation in which africa remains the richest continent on the globe whiles its people are counted amongst the poorest is untenable. he saw pan - africanism defined loosely as the ideology and activism of africans everywhere united in the battle against their under development as a redeeming force. pan africanism was not just an intellectual exercise, for nkrumah it was the ideology for the liberation of the african from the clutches of oppression and exploitation.


examples of wildlife management in the national park service one of the most endangered species in north america, the black - footed ferret, has been reintroduced to bandlands national park and wind cave national park. historically, this member of the weasel family was found throughout the great plains, but came close to extinction due to disease and the widespread extermination of its primary food source, the prairie dog. some nps units have problems with wildlife that have become food - conditioned. animals from ground squirrels to bears can become a threat to human safety if they begin approaching humans for food in an aggressive manner. never feeding wildlife, careful food storage, and proper disposal of trash are key to preventing food - conditioned wildlife. if prevention fails, more aggressive management actions may be required to protect human safety and return the “ wild ” to wildlife. planning and implementation of management actions to address overabundant wildlife populations is occurring in numerous national parks. high concentrations of elk in wintering areas at rocky mountain national park have contributed to severe degradation of vegetation in those areas which, in turn, has negatively affected the distribution of other wildlife species. additionally, high elk density may contribute to a high prevalence of chronic wasting disease in the elk. implementation of management actions can help restore ecosystems to natural function. non - native gemsbok, a large african antelope introduced on neighboring white sands missile range, has had a large impact on vegetation on white sands national monument. after fencing the monument lands, gemsbok were removed through relocation to restore natural conditions in the monument. in nps units where hunting is authorized it is a useful wildlife management tool. however, hunting only occurs if it is determined that harvesting will not unacceptably impact park resources or natural processes, including the natural distributions, densities, age - class distributions, and behavior of the harvested species as well as species that are directly impacted by the harvested species. the nps organic act and longstanding nps policy allow hunting only where it is either mandated or authorized by federal statute. there are 61 park units that authorize hunting. these units are designated primarily as national rivers, lakeshores, seashores, recreation areas, preserves, and monuments. outside of alaska, congress has not allowed hunting in any unit which is designated as a national park. wildlife biologists may mark animals as part of research projects to increase knowledge and improve management. radio - telemetry collars allow biologists to follow an animal ' s movements to learn about it habits, habitat use, and surviorship


york primary schools tell parallel stories in illustrative prints : parables for our time photo / broadcast opportunity archbishop of york ' s junior school york, yo23 2qt wednesday 15 june at 1. 30pm pupils from six primary schools in york are taking part in a series of workshops, entitled ' parallel stories : parables for our time ', which explores the history, art and culture within the king james bible, as part of its 400th anniversary, which takes place this year. the project is led by the national centre for early music as part of the first york festival of ideas, a partnership between the ncem, the university of york, york theatre royal, and york museums trust. ' parallel stories : parables for our time ' involves archbishop of york ' s junior school, westfield, new earswick, woodthorpe, park grove and dunnington primary schools. becky wirtz, class teacher at archbishop of york ' s junior school says : " our year 6 pupils have thoroughly enjoyed the creative approach these workshops have taken to examining the cultural background of the king james version. focusing on the parables within the bible, discussing these stories and their meanings, and re - telling them in a modern setting for a present - day audience, has enabled the children to understand the bible ' s significance today. " they have also looked at how the parables are illustrated within the king james version and have emulated the woodcutting techniques used in it to create their own illustrative prints. they are all very proud and excited that their prints will be bound into a large presentation book and displayed at the national centre for early music as part of york early music festival, running from 8 - 16 july 2011, and subsequently at explore york library centre and york minster library as part of their a book fit for a king kjv exhibition. " the project, which is run by the national centre for early music in partnership with the university of york community and volunteering unit ( careers service ), also provides volunteering and professional development opportunities for students from the university of york. a group of eleven undergraduate and ma students from the english, education, history of art, and history departments have attended seminars and training sessions on the cultural, historical and artistic aspects of the project and have been responsible for carrying out workshops in the schools. laura bootland and elizabeth cole, students from the university of york, said : " it has been a great experience to take such a central role in delivering the workshops in these schools and working with very enthusiastic and


for carrying out workshops in the schools. laura bootland and elizabeth cole, students from the university of york, said : " it has been a great experience to take such a central role in delivering the workshops in these schools and working with very enthusiastic and engaged groups of children and teachers. having a real hands - on approach has provided an invaluable opportunity to develop our own teaching and leadership skills, while supporting the children ' s learning. " for further information visit : www. ncem. co. uk / parallelstories and www. yorkfestivalofideas. com shona galletly, on behalf of national centre for early music m : 07813 796 733 notes to editors : the york festival of ideas is a partnership between the university of york, york theatre royal and the national centre for early music and york museums trust. the festival explores a series of intriguing links between past and present, showcasing contemporary ideas, arts and culture, and brings these ideas into conversation with the heritage of the city to reveal new and exciting stories about york, britain and the world. york early music festival is supported by the arts council england, yorkshire, media partner bbc radio 3, the national centre for early music, tourism partners welcome to yorkshire, the city of york council and members of the york hoteliers association. visit : www. ncem. co. uk / yemf


the day of the skulls has its roots in ancient, pre - inca rituals for death in bolivia, the day of the skulls is a colourful collision of ancient ritual with catholic belief. the bbc ' s andres schipani went to a central la paz cemetery to find out more. oscar morales kneels down facing two crystal boxes, each containing two beret - wearing human skulls. " i pray to saddam [ hussein ] and che [ guevara ], " he says. " i have them with me, at my place in a shrine. i give them offerings and they give me their protection. they ' ve never failed me, never, i am their most faithful devotee. " oscar morales says he makes offerings to his skulls, seeking " protection " surrounding him, thousands of people are walking around the huge graveyard, singing and playing popular music to their decorated skulls, praying to them, and making all kinds of offerings, from flower bouquets to sweets and bread. monica, an andean indigenous woman, is wearing a bowler hat and flouncy skirt. she sits by a grave next to justo, her great - grandfather ' s skull. " he is so good and he takes such good care of my mother and me that he is an integral part of my family. i have a lot of faith in him, " she says. this is dia de los natitas - a local religious rite that reaches its high point each year in early november - just a week after the catholic all saints day. ' ancient death rituals ' the " natitas " - or " flat noses " in the local aymara indigenous language - are human skulls that are revered by thousands of catholic indigenous bolivians who believe they protect them from evil, help them attain goals and even work miracles. captain victor is one of la paz ' s most popular skulls the skulls - which are not necessarily from relatives or loved - ones - are sometimes exhumed and sometimes passed from hand to hand. they spend most of their time indoors but are paraded in the city ' s main public cemetery every year at this time. " the rite is now a blend of catholic and indigenous beliefs, but has its roots in ancient rituals for the death practised by the country ' s indian groups such as the pre - inca aymara and quechua, " says dr josef estermann, an andean theology expert. " these practices remain very much embedded in the everyday life of bolivia ' s indigenous majority. " all of the " natitas " have names - but


the national cancer institute ( nci ) and the national human genome research institute ( nhgri ), both part of the national institutes of health ( nih ), today announced the first three cancers that will be studied in the pilot phase of the cancer genome atlas ( tcga ) project. the cancers to be studied in the tcga pilot project are lung, brain ( glioblastoma ), and ovarian. these cancers, which collectively account for more than 210, 000 cancer cases each year in the united states, were selected because of the availability of biospecimen collections that met tcga ' s strict scientific, technical, and ethical requirements. " the selection of the first three cancer types to be studied by tcga signals the scientific start of this initiative. thanks to the tools and technologies developed by the human genome project, scientists can collaborate to determine whether it will be possible to develop a useful atlas of the changes in the human genetic blueprint associated with all types of cancer, " said nih director elias a. zerhouni, m. d. it is estimated that 174, 470 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in the united states in 2006. lung cancer is the major cause of cancer - related mortality in both men and women, with an estimated 162, 460 deaths expected to occur in 2006. brain tumors account for nearly 90 percent of all primary central nervous system tumors. it is estimated that 18, 820 new cases of brain cancer will be diagnosed in the united states this year, and 12, 820 patients will die from the disease. glioblastomas, also called glioblastoma multiforme or grade iv astrocytoma, are often fatal, malignant brain tumors that grow and spread very aggressively, and are the most frequently occurring type of brain cancer. an estimated 20, 180 new cases of ovarian cancer and an estimated 15, 310 deaths from the disease are expected in the united states in 2006. often detected late, ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproduc contact : geoff spencer nih / national human genome research institute


email to a friend researchers discover which organs in antarctic fish produce antifreeze life sciences editor photo to enlarge by l. brian stauffer “ christina ” c. cheng, a professor of animal biology at illinois, and colleagues have discovered that antifreeze glycoproteins originate in the exocrine pancreas and the stomach of antarctic fish, not the liver as long presumed. — thirty - five years ago arthur devries of the university of illinois at urbana - champaign first documented antifreeze glycoproteins ( afgps ) in antarctic notothenioid fishes. this month three colleagues report they ’ ve solved the ensuing, long - running mystery of where these afgps, which allow the fish to survive in icy waters, are produced. “ ever since the discovery of these antifreeze proteins, it was assumed they had to be produced in the liver, since the vertebrate liver is well known as a source of secreted plasma protein, so there was no reason to think otherwise ” said chi - hing “ christina ” c. cheng, a professor of animal biology. “ it turns out that the liver has no role in the freezing avoidance in these fishes at all. ” instead, antifreeze glycoproteins ( afgp ) originate primarily from the exocrine pancreas and the stomach, say cheng, paul a. cziko and clive w. evans in a paper appearing online this week ahead of regular publication in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. cziko is a research specialist at illinois. evans is a professor of molecular genetics and development at the university of auckland in new zealand. the liver - synthesis mindset dominated earlier studies even though results appeared to be at odds, cheng said. the first radioactive - tracer characterization of liver afgp biosynthesis, in fact, suggested another source of production was possible. later on, northern - blot studies had shown very low expression levels of antifreeze messenger rna in the liver, but this was inconsistent with high levels of production of the protein, the researchers noted. cheng and colleagues used northern blots of total rna from various tissues to hybridize with an afgp gene probe. a clear picture of strong afgp mrna expression came into focus in the pancreatic tissues in all notothenioids tested. the use of cdna cloning and sequencing showed that the mrna all encode secreted an rna analysis from tissues of a single notothenioid unveiled


mrna expression came into focus in the pancreatic tissues in all notothenioids tested. the use of cdna cloning and sequencing showed that the mrna all encode secreted an rna analysis from tissues of a single notothenioid unveiled the anterior portion of the stomach, next to the esophagus - stomach junction, as being the only other site with strong afgp mrna expression. using antibodies, the researchers found the absence of liver synthesis and strong pancreas expression in newly hatched fish larvae and young juveniles. the exocrine pancreas is the larger of the two parts that make up the pancreas. it consists of tubuloacinar glands that primarily manufacture and secrete digestive enzymes that break down food in the intestine so it can be absorbed. in this case, afgps are secreted into the intestinal lumen where they protect the intestinal fluid from being frozen by ice crystals that come in with seawater and food. internal fluids in notothenioids are about one - half as salty as seawater. while seawater reaches its freezing point at – 1. 91 degrees celsius, fish fluids freeze at about – 1 degree celsius. these species dwell in water that rarely rises above the freezing point and is regularly filled with ice crystals. from the intestine, the afgps are, apparently, absorbed into the blood. this hypothesis is based on the near - identical composition and abundance of afgps found in the fish serum. “ in this comprehensive study, we confirm that the exocrine pancreas is the major afgp synthesis site in antarctic notothenioid fishes from hatching through adulthood, while the liver is afgp - expression null in all life stages, ” the researchers conclude. “ because the notothenioids are confined to chronically icy antarctic waters, and face high risks of ice inoculation from frequent seawater drinking, the evolution of afgps in these fishes was probably driven first and foremost by the need to prevent the hyposmotic intestinal fluid from freezing. ” the researchers also studied a variety of fishes from arctic waters that have liver expression of afgps, and found that all of them also express antifreeze in the pancreas. the findings, they wrote, bring a new perspective to teleost freeze - avoidance physiology and “ reveals that the long - held paradigm of hepatic - based af synthesis and secretion is no longer universally applicable. ” instead,


are brazil nuts really sustainable? only if hunting is controlled rhett a. butler, mongabay. com december 20, 2006 a lot of rainforest conservation initiatives embrace sustainably harvested non - timber forest products ( ntfps ) like seeds and nuts as a means to provide income to locals without harming the forest. operating on the premise that such products are eco - friendly, hundreds of outfits ranging from whole foods to the body shop to ben & jerry ' s homemade ice cream tout their use of sustainably harvested brazil nuts and related products. but really, how sustainable are these products? dr. forget ' s study tree carapa procera in paracou, french guiana ( top ). fruit and seeds of carapa procera fruit and seeds undispersed beneath trees ( second ). undispersed fruit of carapa procera and seeds at brownsberg natural park in suriname ( third ). carapa guianensis seeds used for oil production at waini river, north west region, guyana ( bottom ). all photos courtesy of dr. pierre - michel forget. agouti ( top ) and brazil nut pods ( bottom ) in the amazon rainforest, photos by rhett butler. examining carapa procera seed dispersal by rodents in french guiana and suriname, pierre - michel forget of the museum national d ' histoire naturelle in france and patrick a. jansen of wageningen university in the netherlands found that hunting reduces the viability of ntfp harvesting. in latin american forests, carapa depends on large rodents carapa procera, the seeds of which are used to produce an oil nontimber forest product used medicinally for skin ailments, is dependent on dispersal by " scatter - hoarding " rodents, specifically the red acouchy ( myoprocta acouchy ) and the red - rumped agouti ( dasyprocta leporina ). as described by forget and jansen in their paper, these rodents disperse the seeds by collecting them " one by one from below parent trees and burying these as food reserves in shallow caches at distances up to 125 m from the tree, each seed at a different spot. " while the rodents feed heavily on these caches during the lean dry season, some seeds are invariably forgotten and germinate into seedlings, ensuring the next generation of carapa trees. seeds that are not quickly dispersed by rodents rot under the parent tree or become infested with insects. as such, the rodents play a key role in the life cycle


germinate into seedlings, ensuring the next generation of carapa trees. seeds that are not quickly dispersed by rodents rot under the parent tree or become infested with insects. as such, the rodents play a key role in the life cycle of the tree species. given the significance of the rodent population, forget and jansen wanted to see the impact of hunting on the propagation of the carapa trees. using four study sites in french guiana and suriname, each with protected and hunted rodent populations, the scientists found that hunted areas had a lower proportion of seeds dispersed than in protected areas, indicating reduced likelihood that seeds would germinate and become seedlings. the findings are consistent with other studies that show hunting reduces dispersal rates among other tree species. the problem that arises is when subsistence hunting accompanies seed extraction. in many areas, wild game is a key supplemental source of protein for human populations living in and around forest areas where seeds and nuts are harvested. " the sustainability of natural non - timber forest products on the international market is a topic of hot debate, " said forget, who has spent more than 20 years studying the relationships between plants and animal dispersers. " we need to be careful when purchasing and using natural products from the amazonian forest, as well as other areas. these seeds and nuts are part of the natural cycle. seeds naturally lost to rodents ( predation following seed dispersal ) are the price to pay to for efficient propagation of the tree species. when human harvest all seeds to maximize income, rodents might suffer or put greater pressure on other seed species, thus threatening biodiversity as a whole. " " in the short term, trees lose seedlings. over the long term, human communities might lose their sustainable livelihood as less ntfp trees germinate and reach maturity, " forget told mongabay. com. " andiroba or crabwood oil is a major income for local communities but overharvesting of game ( rodents such as agouti and acouchy ) may also preclude efficient recruitment. the situation might be even worse when seeds are, at the same time, harvested for oil production. " while over - harvesting of seeds can be a problem for seed dispersers and hence overall forest health, the authors say that seed extraction in moderation can actually be beneficial to the forest ecosystem and human inhabitants, especially in years with a bumper seed crop. the reasoning? since undispersed seeds have a low probability of sprouting and generally not collected by seed dispersers which prefer freshly


##ration can actually be beneficial to the forest ecosystem and human inhabitants, especially in years with a bumper seed crop. the reasoning? since undispersed seeds have a low probability of sprouting and generally not collected by seed dispersers which prefer freshly fallen seeds, their commercial extraction does not necessarily hurt disperser populations or affect the overall number of seedlings. " ironically, because undispersed seeds have a negligible probability of recruitment, their commercial extraction need not negatively affect seedling recruitment further, " wrote the authors. " extraction of undispersed seeds might even promote recruitment, given that accumulations of seeds below parent trees facilitate a buildup of seed - predating insect populations and may result in increasing seed predation over time. " " in contrast, " added forget, " in lean years the entire crop of seeds might be just enough to feed rodents and no extra seeds might be invested in the regeneration of the tree species, as shown by the doctoral thesis of patrick jansen. in such years, seed extraction might be detrimental to rodent survival on the short term, and to tree regeneration on the long term. " andiroba oil ( imported from brazil ) for sale in cayenne, the prefecture of french guiana ( top ). in guyana, carapa oil is produced by maria and terry gonsalves for a sea turtle conservation project ( bottom ). gmtcs is working along with iwokrama to develop an international market for carapa oil. photos courtesy of dr. pierre - michel forget. " the subsistence hunting that usually accompanies seed extraction is at the cost of seed dispersal and may contribute to recruitment failure of these ntfps, " they wrote. " seed extraction from natural populations may less affect seedling recruitment and therefore be more sustainable if accompanied by measures adequately incorporating and protecting seed dispersers. " " given the importance of animals ( frugivores ) for forest regeneration, we need to find a good balance between all those different uses ( game hunting and seeds / fruits ) in parks and reserves, " said forget. " the best solution may be to encourage the development of diverse multi - species plantations of these ntfp trees on degraded lands... this may help save rainforests in south america and other parts of the world. " nontimber forest products are also known as non - wood forest products ( nwfp ). recommend this article? comments? > digg this article | > hugg this article | contact


since 1960, when the gates were closed on the newly built glen canyon dam, the colorado river has only rarely flowed to the sea, and the river ’ s delta started to fade. water users in the united states saw lake powell, the reservoir behind the dam, as a bounty for booming cities in the desert. communities in the colorado ’ s delta saw a river disappear. in a new chapter of an age - old story, the upstream sovereign controlled the resource while the downstream sovereign bore the costs. “ poor mexico ” people said, “ so far from god and so close to the united states. ” this history makes it all the more remarkable that on november 20, 2012, mexico and the united states turned a new page in their relationship to the colorado river, joining together to restore flows to the colorado river delta. leaving behind unilateralism, the two countries united to sign the most important bilateral colorado river agreement since the 1944 treaty. the term of the agreement is short – five years – but the framework it sets and the tools it provides are exactly the kind of innovations that will be needed for both the river and the communities who use it to weather the impacts of climate change. moreover, there is every expectation that if that agreement works as hoped, the commitments will be renewed. the agreement signed today provides water for the delta, as well as a system to share water surpluses in times of plenty and shortages in drought. it allows mexico to store water in lake mead, benefitting mexico and the u. s. states dependent on this vital reservoir, and it commits the two countries to cooperative investments in water conservation, with benefits accruing both to water users and the environment. this new agreement, known as minute 319, is a new way forward, but the journey to this accomplishment started years ago. in the waning days of the clinton administration, rules allocating colorado river “ surpluses ” were adopted to benefit u. s. water users over formal protest from mexico, whose complaint was all but ignored. in the face of this controversy, the two countries signed minute 306, acknowledging the importance of the colorado river delta to both countries, promising further study of the issue of water supply for the environment. events over the last twelve years that led to today ’ s agreement have been a soap opera – a telenovela if you will – with a storyline influenced by language barriers, cultural differences, and geopolitics much larger than the colorado river. the twists and turns were many in this arduous and complicated negotiation, and at times it


high school students have an advantage when it comes to organizing to demilitarize their schools and counter military recruiters. the constitution guarantees them an inherent right to speak out on controversial topics at their schools as long as they don ' t violate legitimate time, place and manner rules. and when it comes to convincing district trustees or superintendents, students can speak with authority about what they are experiencing in their schools. for more information on students ' rights, check out the organizing guides and toolkits. start a club to do cr work. talk to your friends or folks you think might be interested in participating. have a meeting with a few people to start the process. assign tasks like : - find out about the rules regarding clubs / organizations at your school - begin the process of starting a club ( paperwork if necessary, etc. ) - make a flyer about the group - make copies of the flyer - pass out flyers - hang flyers up at the school, around town at libraries, events, stores, etc. - get an advisor - talk to some teachers who might be supportive and are willing to help out ( make copies, reserve meeting rooms, talk to the administration, offer advice, etc. ) look for allies allies are often available in the community to support and assist students who wish to educate their peers and organize. use the nnomy national database to see if any such groups are located in your area. college information sessions / workshops you could invite a representative from a college or someone who has been in college ( especially a young person ) to lead info. sessions / workshops on college, including some of the following topics : - what is college for? why go to college? - what is college like? the basics. - can i afford college? how to get financial aid. - figuring out what to study / choosing a major. some colleges have active outreach programs to help students answer the above questions. click here to learn about one example, the california student opportunity and access program, which is instrumental in improving the flow of information about postsecondary education and financial aid while raising the achievement levels of low - income elementary and secondary school students, or geographic regions with low - eligibility or college participation rates. here are some recommended links available to better inform you as a student. this is a work in progress and nnomy will be adding new documents as they are prepared and as policies change that effect enlistment. check back periodically. - dmz : a guide to taking your school back from the military - 10 points to consider before you


in progress and nnomy will be adding new documents as they are prepared and as policies change that effect enlistment. check back periodically. - dmz : a guide to taking your school back from the military - 10 points to consider before you sign a military enlistment agreement - hosting a high school event - using equal access to counter militarism in high schools - jsd opt - out form for students - guynn notes toward more powerful organizing : pitfalls and potential in counter - recruitment o - starting up a project to counter military recruiting - project yano resources - know before you go, ' cause there ' s no reset button organizations you should know : - alternatives to the military - lincoln, nebraska - american friends service committee peacebuilding and conflict prevention - philadelphia, pennsylvania - bay - peace : better alternatives for youth - san francisco, california - coalition for alternatives to militarism in our schools ( cams ) - los angeles, california - penn army of none - philadelphia, pennsylvania - project yano - san diego, california - rogue valley peace veterans - rogue valley, oregon - sustainable options for youth - austin, texas - veterans for peace, tampa bay, florida - war resisters league - norwich, connecticut - youth activists youth allies ( ya - ya ) network - new york city, new york articles on the web : - students campaign to restrict military recruiting at high schools - chicago - area high school students face expulsion for antiwar sit - in - the battle of berkeley : this war must stop - high school students win right to counter - recruitment table - five years of counter recruitment in chicago - counter recruitment program at american friends service committee - last modifiedthursday, 28 february 2013 - hits8737 vues


please use this identifier to cite or link to this item : http : / / hdl. handle. net / 1959. 13 / 42991 - learning english from signed english : an impossible task? - the university of newcastle. faculty of education & arts, school of education - a sample of elementary school - and high school - age deaf students in special education programs in the australian state of queensland using australasian signed english ( ase ) took the test of syntactic abilities ( quigley, steinkamp, power, & jones, 1978 ) and wrote a story in response to a wordless picture sequence. several analyses of the students ' test scores and of the written language of their stories were undertaken. it was found that classroom use of ase was of benefit to these students in developing english and telling a story in writing, but that there were complex aspects of syntax that required special teaching. the implications for the use of signed english systems and the teaching of english to deaf students who use signed english communication are examined. - american annals of the deaf vol. 153, issue 1, p. 37 - 47 - gallaudet university outreach services hearing impaired children ; australasian signed english ( ase ) ; - resource type - journal article


ants are mainly beneficial to our well - being. there are over 400 species of ants that inhabit north america. some are parasitic to other insects - including other ants, and some are plant eaters. many others are omnivores and feed on both plants and flesh of vertebrates and invertebrates. their food source may be alive or dead. most of the species do not cause direct harm to humans, but a few can cause a painful sting, such as the fire ant. one of the species that are found in lawns is the little black ant that makes a crater of very fine soil around their nest opening. the life cycle of the ant consists of four stages : egg, larva, pupa, and adult. fertilized eggs produce female ants ( queens, workers, or soldiers ) ; unfertilized eggs produce male ants. egg : ant eggs are oval shaped and tiny ( they are on the order of 1 mm long, but the queen ' s egg is many times larger ). larva : the worm - like larvae have no eyes and no legs ; they eat food regurgitated by adult ants. the larvae molt ( shed their skin ) many times as they increase in size. pupa : after reaching a certain size, the larva spins a silk - like cocoon around itself ( against a solid object, like the wall of the chamber ) and pupates. during this time the body metamorphoses ( changes ) into its adult form. adult : the pupa emerges as an adult. the entire life cycle usually lasts from 6 to 10 weeks. some queens can live over 15 years, and some workers can live for up to 7 years. ants are generally not a problem in lawns, and can contribute significantly to the control of other insect pests by feeding on their eggs or larvae. occasionally, their nest can get large and can cause some aesthetic damage to the lawn. the ants can create mounds on the surface which can smother the grass, and the tunneling creates galleries in the soil which disturb the roots, dry the soil and cause the grass to thin out. the mounds can also be a nuisance when mowing as they can damage the mower blades. imported fire ants are a big problem in the southern eastern us but are not found in the northern us and canada, so far. fire ants can cause nasty stings and create large mounds within a lawn that can damage mowing equipment. ants prefer dry, sunny locations, so ensuring adequate soil moisture is important


south western kenya is the heartland of the maasai. the maasai are a strongly independent people who still value tradition and ritual as an integral part of their everyday lives. they regard themselves not just as residents of this area but that they are as much a part of the life of the land as the land is part of their lives. traditionally, the maasai rarely hunt and living alongside wildlife in harmony is an important part of their beliefs. lions and wildebeest play as important a role in their cultural beliefs as their own herds of cattle. this unique co - existence of man and wildlife makes this maasai land one of the world ’ s most unique wilderness regions. at the heart of these lands is the maasai mara game reserve, widely considered to be africa ’ s greatest wildlife reserve. the mara comprises 200 sq miles of open plains, woodlands and riverine forest. contiguous with the plains of the serengeti, the mara is home to a breathtaking array of life. the vast grassland plains are scattered with herds of zebra, giraffe, gazelle, and topi. the acacia forests abound with birdlife and monkeys. elephants and buffalo wallow in the wide musiara swamp. the mara and talek rivers are brimming with hippos and crocodiles. each year the mara plays host to the world ’ s greatest natural spectacle, the great wildebeest migration from the serengeti. from july to october, the promise of rain and fresh life giving grass in the north brings more than 1. 3 million wildebeest together into a single massive herd. they pour across the border into the mara, making a spectacular entrance in a surging column of life that stretches from horizon to horizon. at the mara river they mass together on the banks before finally plunging forward through the raging waters, creating a frenzy as they fight against swift currents and waiting crocodiles. the wildebeest bring new life to the mara, not just through their cycle of regeneration of the grasslands, but for the predators who follow the herds. the mara has been called the kingdom of lions and these regal and powerful hunters dominate these grasslands. cheetah are also a common sight in the mara, as are hyena and smaller predators such as jackals. the mara is an awesome natural wonder, a place where maasai warriors share the plains with hunting lions, a place of mighty herds and timeless cycles of life, death and regeneration. the mara is probably the best serviced of all kenyan parks and reserves


the mara is an awesome natural wonder, a place where maasai warriors share the plains with hunting lions, a place of mighty herds and timeless cycles of life, death and regeneration. the mara is probably the best serviced of all kenyan parks and reserves with a wide range of accommodation for any budget. the reserve is a popular attraction with safari operators. the reserve is ideal for game drives, and some lodges and camps offer walks and balloon safaris. wildlife moves freely in and out of the reserve, and through neighbouring maasai lands. outside the boundaries of the reserve there are many other small camps and lodges, some of which offer walking, horse riding and other safari options. the loita hills and the nguruman escarpment, both considered sacred to the maasai, offer high forest trekking opportunities for the adventurous traveller..... to explore this area further, select a safari from the menu on the left... the point of road access to this region is narok, a 3 hour drive from nairobi. there are regular buses and matatus to narok from nairobi and other destinations. some people choose to fly to the mara, which is serviced by 2 airstrips. there are daily scheduled flights from nairobi, and the coast. private charters also use these strips. accessing the mara area is difficult without private transport. most visitors come to maasai mara as part of a safari package from nairobi or in a hire car. the park has well established internal roads and tracks. accessing areas outside the reserve is only possible using basic public transport, and finding your way around can be difficult. several safari operators can arrange specialized tours, treks or hikes in this area. magicalkenya. com - the official destination website of kenya tourist board


we often hear how southerners promoted " lost cause mythology " after the war in defending their history ( which all nations involved in war do to one extent or another ). but how often do we hear those same critics discuss " holy cause mythology " and how many northerners embellished lincoln ' s record and glorified his persona in defense of their history. the correct answer would be " not very often " ; though we ' re beginning to see it more. case in point : a watch that belonged to the 16th president was in the hands of a watchmaker when fort sumter was fired upon. the watchmaker marked the historic event by secretly inscribing something on the inside of the watch. after lincoln was assassinated, he told family and friends that he had inscribed the following words : " the first gun is fired. slavery is dead. thank god we have a president who at least will try. " recently, the watchmaker ' s descendant had the watch opened to see if this was truth or legend and it was then revealed that the watchmaker had actually written the following : " jonathan dillon april 13 - 1861. fort sumpter [ sic ] was attacked by the rebels on the above date thank god we have a government. " he added ' washington ' and his name again. " no reference whatsoever to the watch ' s owner ( lincoln ). no reference whatsoever to what lincoln ostensibly went to war over - slavery. only thankfulness for the " government " or, by reference, " the union ", which is what lincoln actually fought for. also, by mentioning " washington " was the watchmaker tying the cause to the " untarnished greatness " of our nation ' s first president? the evidence suggests the watchmaker had embellished the story after the war was over which, i believe, illustrates that many northerners wanted to change the focus from " saving the union " to " freeing the slaves. "


related links in the gsr : related links in the library : st thomas aquinas ( b. 1225, near aquino, sicily ) was an italian dominican theologian whose scholarship propelled him to the first rank among the scholastics of the middle ages. his major works are the summa theologiae and the summa contra gentiles. thomas joined the dominican order in his teens and was sent in 1245 to study at the university of paris. his mentor there was albertus magnus ( 1206 - 80 ), a noted scholar during a time when the influx of arabic - aristotelian thought was arousing a sharp reaction among christians. some feared that islam ' s appropriation of the ancient philosophers would somehow be used to prove a rational basis for islam over christianity. others feared the influence of rationalism, especially the form advocated by the adherents taking up the work begun by boethius, both thomas and albertus believed that philosophy could be used to strengthen religious conviction in general, and to vindicate christianity in particular. the two men traveled to cologne in 1248 and remained there for four years, studying and conducting classes. in 1252 the two returned to paris so that thomas could prepare for the master ' s degree. he obtained his degree in 1256 and began teaching that year. in 1259 he was appointed adviser and lecturer to the papal curia. he remained in that position until 1268, and then returned to paris to argue his position concerning the relation of faith and reason. like augustine, boethius, rhazes, averroes, maimonides, and even the founder of neoplatonism, plotinus, aquinas did not believe that philosophy and religion were in conflict. he went the furthest of them all, however, in attempting to delineate, in good aristotelian fashion, the various categories that constitute the spiritual nature of man. where augustine relied on a platonist notion of the abstract but perfectly real city of god versus the corrupt and sinful city of man, aquinas, who otherwise accepted humankind ' s helplessness without god ' s active grace, attempted to show that man ' s imperfection and its relation to the divine could be understood and described rationally. ironically, some have argued, this very attempt placed religion and philosophy in even sharper contrast to each other. on the one hand, the tools of reason imply a definite power on the part of man to comprehend creation ; on the other hand, human imperfection denies that


argued, this very attempt placed religion and philosophy in even sharper contrast to each other. on the one hand, the tools of reason imply a definite power on the part of man to comprehend creation ; on the other hand, human imperfection denies that this is ultimately possible. this tension eventually worked to break asunder the delicate consensus over the mysterious union of free will in a divinely predestined universe, with some theologians favoring one or the other extreme, as exemplified in the later split between luther and erasmus. but these consequences were not aquinas ' s intention. indeed, the " neo " - averroeists in the west, also taking their predecessor ' s positions to unintended extremes and contending that reason was faith, were the main focus of thomas ' s opposition. aquinas hoped to demonstrate that reason could work within faith but was not the same or superior. it was a delicate balance. in 1272, he established a dominican house of studies at the university of naples and defended the aristotelian current of thought against the franciscan scholar bonaventure. aquinas died on his way to the second council of lyons in 1274. he was canonized in 1323. his feast day is january 28. works by the author aquinas, thomas. the soul : a translation of st. thomas aquinas ' de anima. translated by john patrick rowan. st. louis : b. herder book company, 1949. aquinas, thomas. the de magistro of st. thomas aquinas. translated by james shannon. annapolis : st. john ' s bookstore. aquinas, thomas. concerning being and essence. translated by george g. leckie. new york : d. appleton - century company, inc., 1937. aquinas, thomas. truth. 3 vols. translated by robert w. mulligan. chicago : henry regnery company, 1954. aquinas, thomas. the political ideas of st. thomas aquinas. edited by dino bigongiori. new york : hafner publishing company, 1953. aquinas, thomas. selected political writings. translated by j. g. dawson. edited by d ' entreves. oxford : basil blackwell, 1954. aquinas, thomas. basic writings of st. thomas aquinas. 2 vols. edited by anton c. pegis. new york : random house, 1945. aquinas, thomas. the summa theo


10 discussion questions for young readers the invention of hugo cabret : a novel in words and pictures by brian selznick source : one - minute book reviews, http : / / www. oneminutebookreviews. wordpress. com [ this is a repost in full of a totally unauthorized reading group guide to the invention of hugo cabret that appeared on one - minute book reviews on april 21, 2007. the novel won the american library association ' s 2008 caldecott medal, which honors the most distinguished american picture book for children, on jan. 14, 2008. ] take a 12 - year - old orphan whose name begins with h. write a novel about him that involves magic, a train station and a female sidekick. get scholastic press to publish it … and what do you have? no, not a new harry potter book. you ’ ve got the invention of hugo cabret, a novel about a young thief who lives in a paris train station and tries to finish a project begun by his father – fixing a broken wind - up man or automaton that may contain a secret message. in this innovative book, brian selznick merges the picture - and chapter - book formats. the invention of hugo cabret has 533 pages, but the text would fill only 100 or so pages of most novels. why? selznick tells hugo ’ s story alternately through words and 158 black - and - white pictures. the illustrations are mostly pencil drawings but include memorable stills from the movies of the filmmaker georges melies, whose life helped to inspire the book. this book is called the invention of hugo cabret. what is hugo ’ s “ invention ”? could the word refer to more than one thing? could hugo have “ invented ” a new life for himself ( or for someone else ) in addition to a mechanical man? brian selznick tells hugo ’ s story in a unique way. he uses a lot more pictures than you find in most novels. sometimes he tells hugo ’ s story in words and sometimes in pictures. why do you think he did this? how did you like it? what are some advantages and disadvantages of having so many pictures in a novel? selznick also uses only black - and - white pictures on the pages of in this novel, no color ones. what are some reasons why he might have done this? some authors say that they like to use black - and - white art because it lets people use their imagination and fill in the colors in their minds. did


in this novel, no color ones. what are some reasons why he might have done this? some authors say that they like to use black - and - white art because it lets people use their imagination and fill in the colors in their minds. did you “ fill in ” any colors while you were reading the book? what are some of the colors you saw in your mind? why? a lot of other authors have at times used only black - and - white pictures. for example, chris van allsburg has done this in some books. and all of the pictures that matt phelan did for susan patron ’ s the higher power of lucky, winner of the 2007 newbery award, are black - and - white. what books have you read that have only black - and - white illustrations? how do they compare to the invention of hugo cabret? you may have noticed that a lot of the drawings in this book look as though they have something draped over them. it ’ s as though you ’ re looking at the pictures through a veil or net. can you think of any reasons why selznick might have used this technique? does it make the story seem a little more mysterious? does it remind you of the lenses you can put on a camera, including a movie camera? hugo loves a movie called the million that he and isabelle go to a theater to see. it has an “ amazing ” chase in it. “ he thought every good story should end with a big, exciting chase. ” [ page 202 ] why do you selznick wrote that? what happens right after it in the invention of hugo cabret? hugo spends a lot of time trying to fix things like clocks or the mechanical man, or automaton, that he finds on the street. he likes machines because each one has a purpose. “ maybe that ’ s why a broken machine always makes me a little sad, because it isn ’ t able to do what it was meant to do, ” hugo says. he adds, “ maybe it ’ s the same with people. if you lose your purpose … it ’ s like you ’ re broken. ” [ page 374 ] how does this relate to the rest of the novel? the story of prometheus is important in the invention of hugo cabret. there ’ s a picture of prometheus on pages 344 – 345. we learn that he was “ finally set free ” from his chains. what character or characters in this book does he resemble? hugo ’ s friend isabelle loves looking


cabret. there ’ s a picture of prometheus on pages 344 – 345. we learn that he was “ finally set free ” from his chains. what character or characters in this book does he resemble? hugo ’ s friend isabelle loves looking at photographs. she says, “ you can make up your own story when you look at a photo. ” [ page 193 ] pick a photograph in the invention of hugo cabret and make up a story to go with it. you might start with the picture of the man hanging from the clock on pages 173 – 174 or with the picture of the rocket crashing into the moon on pages 352 – 353. hugo thinks it ’ s his fault that his father had died in a fire. [ page 124 ] do you agree or disagree with him? why? if you ’ ve read any of the harry potter books or seen the movies, you may have noticed that the invention of hugo cabret has some things in common with them. what are some of them? often a novel is written by one person and illustrated by another. that ’ s because not many people are equally good at writing and drawing. most of us are better at one or the other. the invention of hugo cabret is unusual in that selznick both wrote and illustrated it. do you think he was better at writing or drawing? which did you like better in his novel, the words or the pictures? why? the invention of hugo cabret : a novel in words and pictures. by brian selznick. scholastic, 533 pp., $ 22. 99. ages 9 – 12. published : january 2007. winner of the caldecott medal from the american library association www. ala. org on january 14, 2008. this reading group was not authorized or approved by the author, publisher or agent for the book. this guide is copyrighted by janice harayda, and its sale or reproduction in any form is illegal except by public libraries that many reproduce it for use in their in - house reading groups. other groups that wish to use this guide should link to this site or use “ contact ” page on one - minute book reviews to learn how to request permission to reproduce the guide. if you are a librarian and found this guide helpful, please consider adding one - minute book reviews http : / / www. oneminutebookreviews. wordpress. com to the “ ready reference ” links at your library. one - minute book reviews accepts no advertising and has been approved by, and appears


fish oil supplements of so - called omega - 3 fatty acids, found in oily fish like tuna and salmon, may not do much to ward off heart attacks and strokes in people who already have heart disease, according to an international analysis. the research, which appeared in the archives of internal medicine and covered 14 studies, found that there was no difference in the number of heart attacks, strokes or deaths among more than 20, 000 people with heart disease who were randomly assigned to take either fish oil supplement or fish oil free placebo pills. research has been mixed on the possible heart - related benefits of the omega - 3 fatty acids, specifically those known as epa and dha, which can be taken as fish oil supplements as well as eaten. places such as the american heart association recommend at least two servings of such fish a week. " there is a common perception that fish oil supplements have been proven to prevent cardiovascular disease, and in fact the evidence has been inconsistent and inconclusive, " said joann manson, head of preventive medicine at brigham and women ' s hospital in boston, who co - wrote a commentary published with the study. " it ' s an important issue, because a large percentage of the population is taking fish oil supplements over - the - counter, " she told reuters health. researchers from korea combined the results of 14 studies that tracked heart disease patients taking fish oil or a placebo, without knowing which they were getting, for between one and five years. that included reports from the united states and india, as well as italy, germany and elsewhere in europe. those who were assigned to take the fish oil supplements were just as likely to have a range of heart - related emergencies, or to die, as study participants taking placebos containing vegetable oil or other substances not associated with heart health.


- safety and security - network and phone - mobile devices blocking e - mail spam network engineering uses several tools to help keep spam from reaching your mailbox. read on for more information about what we are doing to prevent spam, what you can do, and how to keep your address off of spammers ' lists. what is spam? spam is defined as unsolicited, bulk e - mail. typically spam comes from strangers - people who have obtained your e - mail address without your permission. if you signed up for the mailing ( intentionally or accidentally ), it may be undesirable e - mail, but it is not technically spam. likewise, if you have some sort of business relationship with the sender, it is not spam. so, an e - mail sent to you from your bank, an online service you signed up for, or your department at osu would not be considered spam. note : using osu ' s e - mail system to send unauthorized bulk mailings is against the acceptable use policy. for information about how to do a bulk mailing at osu correctly, please see the guidelines for release of e - mail addresses. step 1 - using filtering on your account step 2 - reporting spam if step 1 doesn ' t stop the spam from coming through, you can report the spam to osu network engineering : greylisting works by sending a temporary failure message on the first attempt of a unique combination of sender ip, sender and recipient. legitimate, properly - configured mail servers deal with a temporary failure by queuing the message and resending later ( typically within 15 to 30 minutes ). on subsequent attempts to send a message, the greylisting server allows the message to be delivered. greylisting works as an effective method to prevent spam because spammers typically do not bother to queue mail. rather they blast the spam out once and ignore delivery failures. the downside of greylisting is that it may cause a legitimate message to be delayed. messages may also appear to arrive out of order, as subsequent messages from the same sender are not delayed. also some sites do not queue and redeliver messages properly. osu addresses these issues by building up a comprehensive whitelist of allowed senders. if there are sites that you are concerned about, please send us a list at net ( at ) oregonstate. edu, and we will add them to the whitelist. note : grey


up a comprehensive whitelist of allowed senders. if there are sites that you are concerned about, please send us a list at net ( at ) oregonstate. edu, and we will add them to the whitelist. note : greylisting does not apply to e - mail sent within osu. real - time black hole lists ( rbls ) a rbl is a list of hosts that are known untrustworthy e - mail senders. when we receive email from one of these sites, we bounce the message back to the site with an explanation that they are in an rbl and a link with directions on how to get unlisted from it. in addition to rbls, we have an access list of domain names and email addresses of known spammers that we reject mail from. we also block mail from dynamic ip ranges, because mail servers should never have a dynamic ip. finally, we block mail from dialup users and cable modem users - these users must relay through their isp ' s mail server ( or they can relay through osu with onid authentication ). we use the following rbls at osu - spamhaus. org pbl ( pbl. spamhaus. org ) - spamhaus. org sbl ( sbl. spamhaus. org ) - spamhaus. org xbl ( xbl. spamhaus. org ) - dynablock ( dynablock. njabl. org ) - njabl. org ( dnsbl. njabl. org ) - virbl - virus black list ( virbl. dnsbl. bit. nl ) if you are having trouble receiving mail from another site because they are listed in one of our rbls, please tell the person at the remote location to contact their e - mail administrator or isp and give them the information in the bounce message that they received from osu. contact us at net ( at ) oregonstate. edu if the sending site is unable or unwilling to get unlisted - we may be able to help them get unlisted, or whitelist the site here. for more information about phishing, please see the phishing helpdoc page. osu blocks e - mail messages that contain a reply - to address that goes to a known phisher. if practical, we will also " poison dns " for links included in phishing e - mails, so that clicking the link will redirect


e - mail messages that contain a reply - to address that goes to a known phisher. if practical, we will also " poison dns " for links included in phishing e - mails, so that clicking the link will redirect you to a safe page instead. if you respond in any way to a phishing e - mail that asks for your username and password, we will disable your account and ask you to reset your password. osu has had several accounts become hacked in the past and these hacked accounts have been used to send hundreds of thousands of spam e - mails to osu and to the world, causing serious e - mail disruption. never respond to phishing e - mails! content - based filtering & spamassassin content - based filtering refers to sorting or deleting mail based on the content of the message itself. we do content - based tagging at the mail relays using spamassassin, and these tags can be used to filter spam in your e - mail client. many e - mail clients now come with " junk mail " filters built - in, which you can turn on to help sort out the messages you don ' t want to see. when you use a junk mail filter, make sure that you set it to sort the unwanted mail into a junk folder, rather than your deleted items. that way, you can check the junk folder once in a while to make sure that no innocent e - mails have ended up there. spamassassin headers that you can filter on : x - spam - flag : yes ( indicates that this message has a score of 5 or more ) x - spam - level : * * * * * * * * ( the number of stars indicates the spam score ) for example, to filter all messages with a score of 3 or higher, you could create a rule in your email client to match on " x - spam - level : * * * ". how to keep your e - mail address off spam lists the best way to avoid being spammed is to be careful how you share your e - mail address. every time that you sign up for something online and provide your e - mail address to do so, you are potentially sharing your contact information with not only that site, but with third parties as well. the following are things you can do to keep your address off spammers ' lists : - don ' t sign up for work - at - home or other


potentially sharing your contact information with not only that site, but with third parties as well. the following are things you can do to keep your address off spammers ' lists : - don ' t sign up for work - at - home or other too - good - to - be - true offers ; they are typically scams and your contact information will definitely go to spammers. - never reply to spam or phishing emails. if you do, it verifies to the spammer that your address is a real working address and that makes it even more valuable to them ( and makes it more likely that you will get more spam ). - if you post your e - mail address on a publicly accesible website, try to obscure it in some way ( e. g. bob ( at ) oregonstate. edu ). - when signing up for various accounts online, uncheck the boxes that ask about putting you on their mailing list. typically these will be checked by default. osu email statistics where does spam come from? in the past, most spam came from misconfigured mail servers or proxy servers. but today most spam comes from virus - infected personal computers, hacked e - mail accounts and free e - mail providers. see the wikipedia article on spam for more information about how spammers operate. one very important thing that you can do in the fight against spam is to keep your computer up - to - date on software patches and anti - virus software. it ' s also a good idea to run a personal firewall. use caution when opening e - mails from addresses you don ' t recognize, and always scan email attachments for viruses. if your computer has become noticeably slower, it ' s a good idea to run virus - detection software. finally : never share your password!


| user guide | transform guide | osw on the web | many real - time computer - music systems employ two different notions of time : “ physical time ” that is associated with hardware clocks and low - level scheduling, and “ virtual time ” which can be scaled or otherwise controlled by the user. osw provides a unified user - configurable view of physical and virtual time that encompasses both system functions ( such as scheduling and sample clocks ) and user control. all transforms that depend on time, such as the sinewave transform, a sample playback transform or a midi sequencer are automatically synchronized to a single clock ( by default, the clock of an audio device being used ). users can gain more explicit control over time by optionally connecting such time - dependent components to time machines, special transforms that map physical time from clocks to virtual time, or scale virtual time output from other time machines. time machines include parameters for scaling virtual time or resetting to a specified value ( i. e., " go to this time " ), thus allowing users to control the flow of time in the connected signal - processing components. the control functions can be arbitrarily complex, and include user input from midi or high - resolution gestural input devices. consider the following example that uses two time machines : both sinewave transforms are explicitly synchronized to the same time source via time machine tm0. however, while slow is directly connected to tm0, fast is connected to tm0 through a second time machine, tm1, which scales time by a factor of 1. 5 ( i. e., time at tm1 “ runs 1. 5 times faster ” ). even though both fast and slow are set to the same frequency ( 261hz or middle c ), the explicit speedup of time into fast will cause it to sound 1. 5 times ( or a perfect fifth ) higher. a similar example is used in the “ rate controls pitch ” tutorial. time machines can be used to mimic the speed control on profession record players or tape decks ( see the sample loop tutorial example ), or as an expressive tempo controller when playing scores. when you connect a signal generator, such as a sinewave or a noise generator, to an audio output, it will continuously generate samples as long as the audio output is turned on. however, if a sinewave transform is connected to a time machine, it will only generate output when it receives time input. thus, time machines can


an audio output, it will continuously generate samples as long as the audio output is turned on. however, if a sinewave transform is connected to a time machine, it will only generate output when it receives time input. thus, time machines can be used to switch signals on and off even while the audio output is on : turning the toggle on sets the switch to 1, routing time output from the time machine tm1 to the brownnoise transform, which then outputs samples. if the switch is set to 0 ( by turning the toggle off ), then output from the time machine will no longer be routed to the noise generator, which is effectively shut off. you can also use time machines to switch among several potential signals in a patch : setting the switch from 0, 1 or 2 switches on the sinewave, phasor or noise generator. open the switcheroo tutorial to try out the examples in this section. implicit and explicit time machines can be used to control not only signals, but events as well. the most general method for synchronizing events to the osw time system is through the ticker transform. the ticker transform can be used to emit units at regular time intervals that can be controlled by the user. tickers can be used to design systems based on regular events, such as complex music sequencers. it is also used by transforms such as wacom ( the graphics - tablet interface ) that poll input devices at regular intervals. music - playing transforms, such as the midisequencer for standard sequencing of midi files and the playscore for the more general osw score format, can be controled via time machines ( see chapter 4 for more details on the osw score system ). time machines allow expressive control of both the tempo and control of such musical sequencers. patches can also sequence events stored in osw lists by attaching a ticker to a list : : sequence transform. ticker allows users to synchronize events to regular time intervals. events that happen at specific times rather than regular intervals can be triggered using the oneshot transform. oneshot emits a unit value when its time input ( either an implicit connection to the main clock or an explicit connection to a time machine ) reaches a specified time. oneshot is useful for events that happen only once at a specific time during a program ' s execution, or at irregular intervals by explicit control via a time machine.


do you know at sai alpha, acupressure points are applied, along with a combination of heating effect of far infrared light with the help of infrared acupressure massagers. these massagers have proven to be much more effective than by giving acupressure point alone. the acupressure points are applied in such a way so as to cover the whole spinal cord along with stomach. there are 365 acupuncture points on our body. most of these points lie along & near the spine, comprising the 12 primary meridian pathways, crucial for the well being of one ’ s health. the acupressure treatment is carried out with pressure points, and not needles. the science of acupressure therapy is based on a theory that is totally different from allopathy ( i. e. western medicine ). the acupresure point theory states that the human body has some " imaginary meridians " that carry energy throughout the body. these meridians start at the fingertips, connect to the brain, and then connect to the organ associated with the specific meridian. the names of these meridians specify the organ associated with them as is clear from the " acupressure point chart " given below. for example, the lung meridian is connected to the lungs via the nervous system. theoretically, a lung problem arises if there is an obstruction in the lung meridian that slows down the flow of energy. if somehow the obstruction is removed or dissolved, the energy flow becomes regular and the lungs start functioning well. how is the obstruction removed? the answer to this question defines the basic concept of acupressure. usually, an analogy of a water pipe makes this concept easier to understand and visualize. a stone in a pipe that carries water lowers the rate at which the water flows through the pipe. if the - pipe is pinched right before the area where the stone is located and the water is allowed to build up, the potential energy of the water that is stopped from flowing rises. when the water that has high potential energy is freed by releasing the pinch, water flows faster than normal, pushing the obstruction alone, with it. the obstruction is thus removed from the area and enables the water to resume its flow. this is exactly the way acupressure works. the theory states that obstruction in meridians cause the energy to flow slower which results in a malfunction or even dysfunction in the organ that is associated with the meridian. the acupressure therapy technique is used to remove the obstruction so that


. the theory states that obstruction in meridians cause the energy to flow slower which results in a malfunction or even dysfunction in the organ that is associated with the meridian. the acupressure therapy technique is used to remove the obstruction so that energy can flow with regularity and the organ can be made to resume its normal function. one interesting theory of acupressure therapy states that it is not necessarily the organ that relates to the system the cause of the problem. refer to nervous system chart. it is the " root cause " that is the main cause of the disease / malfunction and if the root problem is cured, the external problem is cured as well. this can be explained in an easier way by using, an example. suppose a person is suffering from asthma. an allopathic doctor would prescribe a medicine or steroid that would give rest to the lungs and relieve the symptoms because an allopathic thinks that the cause for asthma problems is the lungs. an acupressurist on the other hand, will try to find the root cause i. e. the reason why the lungs are malfunctioning. an acupressurist would read the whole body ( please see acupressure point chart ) by reading energy pulses located on the arms to diagnose the root cause and once the root cause is diagnosed, the doctor will give acupressure points to cure that specific problem, not asthma. a root cause could be anything like poor digestion, excessive heat, bad circulation, depression, or bad hormones. a root cause could even be just the organ that is giving the problem. so a person with asthma could have weak lungs that are the root cause of the problem. there have been cases where people with totally healthy lungs suffer from asthma because of other problems like bad stomach, weak circulation, or even bad hormones, and allopathic doctors give them steroids like cortisone to " cure the weak lungs ". 1. relieves stress & tension 2. relaxes mind & body 3. increases blood oxygenation & circulation 4. aids in the removal of toxic wastes 5. provides relief from head, neck & shoulder aches 6. stimulates speedy healing of injuries 7. increases energy levels 8. helps in treatment of back pain, sciatica, piles, slipped disk, arthritis, migraine, blood pressure, diabetes, paralysis, acidity, constipation, numbness, skin problems, nerves disorder etc. we have helped several people with


disaster preparedness chemical wmd chemical agents are poisonous gases, liquids or solids that have toxic effects on people, animals or plants. chemical incidents are characterized by the rapid onset of medical symptoms and easily observed signatures, such as colored residue, dead foliage, pungent odor and dead animals and insects. most chemical agents cause serious injuries or death. they are classified by their effects : nerve, blood, choking or blister. these weapons kill by destruction or disruption. the infamous " gases " of world war i - - mustard gas, for instance - - essentially burn away parts of the respiratory system. more modern nerve gases - - tabun, sarin and vx - - disrupt the chemical processes through which one nerve cell communicates with another. severity of injuries depends on the type and amount of the chemical agent used, and the duration of exposure. chemical agents are generally liquid when containerized but are disseminated as an aerosol or gas. to be effective, chemical agents must be dispersed in sufficient quantity to cause serious damage. these agents are heavily influenced by weather conditions, such as temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity and air stability, that make it difficult to achieve sufficient concentrations to be effective in an open - air environment. unlike biological and radiological weapons, chemical agents are fast acting. protection from these agents requires full respiratory and skin protection. were a chemical agent attack to occur, authorities would instruct residents to either seek shelter where they are and seal the premises or evacuate immediately. exposure to chemical agents can be fatal. leaving the shelter to rescue or assist victims can be a deadly decision. there is no assistance that the untrained can offer that would likely be of any value to the victims of chemical agents. in this section, we discuss sarin gas, mustard gas, vx and tabun. sarin is a manufactured compound that is toxic to humans. it is colorless, odorless and tasteless ; it also is highly volatile and highly lethal, occurring both as a liquid and vaporized as a gas. the gas, which is 26 times more deadly than cyanide gas, causes severe damage to the respiratory system, and difficulty breathing may render the victim unconscious. sarin is rapidly absorbed through the skin, but vaporized sarin is mainly absorbed through the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. most victims encounter vaporized sarin, which affects the eyes and the respiratory system. six - tenths of a milligram of sarin is enough to kill an adult. sarin was developed by nazi