fish oils have many health benefits, including lowering triglycerides, blood pressure, and regulating abnormal heart rhythms. it can also reduce the risk of death from heart attack and strokes, and slows plaque buildup in the arteries. now researchers from the university of california, san diego school of medicine have identified the molecular mechanism that makes omega - 3 fatty acids such a great health benefit, particularly in reducing chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. the scientists say omega - 3 fatty acids activate a “ macrophage receptor, ” which is found in abundance in the fat of people who are obese. macrophages are white blood cells that engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens. since obese people have a lot of these macrophages in their fat tissue, this can cause chronic inflammation and a rise in insulin resistance. when resistance occurs, insulin becomes less effective at regulating blood sugar levels in the body, which causes a number of health issues, including type 2 diabetes. but omega - 3 fatty acids seem to have a strong anti - inflammatory effect. “ it ’ s just an incredibly potent effect, ” said olefsky, a professor of medicine and associate dean of scientific affairs for the uc san diego school of medicine. “ the omega - 3 fatty acids switch on the receptor, killing the inflammatory response. ” the study is further progress in finding a dietary way to combat the dangerous rise in diabetes cases. “ our work shows how fish oils safely [ control inflammation ], and suggests a possible way to treat the serious problems of inflammation in obesity and in conditions like diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease through simple dietary supplementation, ” said olefsky. september 10th, 2010


| | this article may be too technical for most readers to understand. ( may 2011 ) | properties of magnetic materials change with temperature. in physics and materials science, the curie temperature ( tc ), or curie point, is the temperature where a material ' s permanent magnetism changes to induced magnetism, or vice versa. the force of magnetism is determined by magnetic moments. the curie temperature is the critical point where intrinsic magnetic moments change directions. magnetic moments are permanent dipole moments within the atom which are made up from electrons angular momentum and spin. materials have different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments that depend on temperature. it is at a material ' s specific curie temperature where they change directions. permanent magnetism is from aligned magnetic moments and induced magnetism is disordered magnetic moments forced to align in a magnetic field. for example, the ordered magnetic moments ( ferromagnetic, figure 1 ) change and become disordered ( paramagnetic, figure 2 ) at the curie temperature, and vice versa. higher temperatures make magnets weaker as spontaneous magnetism only occurs below the curie temperature. magnetic susceptibility only occurs above the curie temperature and can be calculated from the curie - weiss law which is derived from curie ' s law. in analogy to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, the curie temperature can also be used to describe the temperature where a material ' s spontaneous electric polarisation changes to induced electric polarisation, or vice versa. | material | | curie temperature ( k ) | | iron ( iii ) oxide ( fe2o3 ) | | 948 | | iron ( ii, iii ) oxide ( feofe2o3 ) | | 858 | magnetic moments electrons inside atoms contribute magnetic moments from their own angular momentum and from their orbital momentum around the nucleus. magnetic moments from the nucleus are insignificant in contrast to magnetic moments from electrons. thermal contribution will result in higher energy electrons causing disruption to their order and alignment between dipoles to be destroyed. ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials have different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments. it is at a material ' s specific curie temperature where they change properties. the transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic ( or vice versa ) occurs at the neel temperature which is analogous to curie temperature. | below tc | | above tc | ferromagnetism the magnetic moments in a


the transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic ( or vice versa ) occurs at the neel temperature which is analogous to curie temperature. | below tc | | above tc | ferromagnetism the magnetic moments in a ferromagnetic material. the moments are ordered and of the same magnitude in the absence of an applied magnetic field. paramagnetism the magnetic moments in a paramagnetic material. the moments are disordered in the absence of an applied magnetic field and ordered in the presence of an applied magnetic field. ferrimagnetism the magnetic moments in a ferrimagnetic material. the moments are aligned oppositely and have different magnitudes due to being made up of two different ions. this is in the absence of an applied magnetic field. antiferromagnetism the magnetic moments in a antiferromagnetic material. the moments are aligned oppositely and have the same magnitudes. this is in the absence of an applied magnetic field. materials with magnetic moments that change properties at the curie temperature ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagntic structures are made up of intrinsic magnetic moments. if all electrons within the structure are paired these moments cancel out due to having opposite spins and angular momentums and thus even with an applied magnetic field will have different properties and no curie temperature. a material is paramagnetic only above its curie temperature. paramagnetic materials are non - magnetic when a magnetic field is absent and magnetic when a magnetic field is applied. when the magnetic field is absent the material has disordered magnetic moments ; that is, the atoms are unsymmetrical and not aligned. when the magnetic field is present the magnetic moments are temporarily realigned parallel to the applied field ; the atoms are symmetrical and aligned. the magnetic moment in the same direction is what causes an induced magnetic field. for paramagnetism this response to an applied magnetic field is positive and known as magnetic susceptibility. the magnetic susceptibility only applies above the curie temperature for disordered states. sources of paramagnetism ( materials which have curie temperatures ) ; - all atoms which have unpaired electrons ; - atoms where inner shells are incomplete in electrons ; - free radicals ; above the curie temperature the atoms are excited, the spin orientation becomes randomised, but can be realigned in an applied field and the material paramagnetic. below


- atoms where inner shells are incomplete in electrons ; - free radicals ; above the curie temperature the atoms are excited, the spin orientation becomes randomised, but can be realigned in an applied field and the material paramagnetic. below the curie temperature the intrinsic structure has under gone a phase transition, the atoms are ordered and the material is ferromagnetic. the paramagnetic materials induced magnetic fields are very weak in comparison to ferromagnetic materials magnetic fields. materials are only ferromagnetic below their corresponding curie temperatures. ferromagnetic materials are magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field. when a magnetic field is absent the material has spontaneous magnetization which is a result of the ordered magnetic moments ; that is for ferromagnetism, the atoms are symmetrical and aligned in the same direction creating a permanent magnetic field. the magnetic interactions are held together by exchange interactions ; otherwise thermal disorder would overcome the weak interactions of magnetic moments. the exchange interaction has a zero probability of parallel electrons occupying the same point in time implying a preferred parallel alignment in the material. the boltzmann factor contributes heavily as it prefers interacting particles to be aligned in the same direction. this is what causes ferromagnets to have strong magnetic fields and high curie temperature ' s around 1000k. below the curie temperature the atoms are aligned and parallel causing spontaneous magnetism ; the material is ferromagnetic. above the curie temperature the material is paramagnetic as the atoms lose their ordered magnetic moments as the material undergoes a phase transition. not to be confused with ferromagnetic. materials are only ferrimagnetic below their materials corresponding curie temperature. ferrimagnetic materials are magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are made up of two different ions. when a magnetic field is absent the material has a spontaneous magnetism which is the result of ordered magnetic moments ; that is, for ferrimagnetism one ion ' s magnetic moments are aligned facing in one direction with certain magnitude and the other ion ' s magnetic moments are aligned facing in the opposite direction with a different magnitude. as the magnetic moments are of different magnitudes in opposite directions there is still a spontaneous magnetism and a magnetic field is present. similar to ferromagnetic materials the magnetic interactions are held together by exchange interactions. the orientations of moments however are anti - parallel which results in a net momentum by subtracting their momentum from one


one. | | g | | the lande g - factor | | j ( j + 1 ) | | the eigenvalue for eigenstate j2 for the stationary states within the incomplete atoms shells ( electrons unpaired ) | | µb | | the bohr magneton | | total magnetism | | is n number of magnetic moments per unit volume | the curie - weiss law is then derived from curie ' s law to be for full derivation see curie - weiss law physics of curie temperature approaching curie temperature from above as the curie - weiss law is an approximation a more accurate model is needed when the temperature, t, approaches the materials curie temperature, tc. magnetic susceptibility occurs above the curie temperature. an accurate model of critical behaviour for magnetic susceptibility with critical exponent γ ; as temperature is inversely proportional to magnetic susceptibility when t approaches tc the denominator tends to zero and the magnetic susceptibility approaches infinity allowing magnetism to occur. this is a spontaneous magnetism which is a property of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials. approaching curie temperature from below magnetism depends on temperature and spontaneous magnetism occurs below the curie temperature. an accurate model of critical behaviour for spontaneous magnetism with critical exponent β ; the critical exponent differs between materials and for the mean - field model as taken as β = 0. 5 where t < < tc. the spontaneous magnetism approaches zero as the temperature increases towards the materials curie temperature. the spontaneous magnetism, occurring in ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials, approaches zero as the temperature increases towards the material ' s curie temperature. spontaneous magnetism is at its maximum as the temperature approaches 0k. that is, the magnetic moments are completely aligned and at their strongest magnitude of magnetism due to no thermal disturbance. in paramagnetic materials temperature is sufficient to overcome the ordered alignments. as the temperature approaches 0k the entropy decreases to zero, that is, the disorder decreases and becomes ordered. this occurs without the presence of an applied magnetic field and obeys the third law of thermodynamics. both curie ' s law and the curie - weiss law fail as the temperature approaches 0k. this is because they depend on the magnetic susceptibility which only applies when the state is disordered. gadolinium sulphate continues to satisfy


, which gives a specific size of magnetic moment to the electron ; the bohr magneton. electrons orbiting around the nucleus in a current loop create a magnetic field which depends on the bohr magneton and magnetic quantum number. therefore the magnetic moments are related between angular and orbital momentum and affect each other. angular momentum contributes twice as much to magnetic moments than orbital. for terbium which is a rare earth metal and has a high orbital angular momentum the magnetic moment is strong enough to affect the order above its bulk temperatures. it is said to have a high anisotropy on the surface, that is it ' s highly directed in one orientation. it remains ferromagnetic on its surface above its curie temperature while it ' s bulk becomes ferrimagnetic and then at higher temperatures it ' s surface remains ferrimagnetic above its bulk neel temperature before becoming completely disordered and paramagnetic with increasing temperature. the anisotropy in the bulk is different to its surface anisotropy just above these phase changes as the magnetic moments will be ordered differently or ordered in paramagnetic materials. changing a material ' s curie temperature composite materials composite materials, that is, materials composed from other materials with different properties, can change the curie temperature. for example a composite which has silver in can create spaces for oxygen molecules in bonding which decreases the curie temperature as the crystal lattice will not be as compact. the alignment of magnetic moments in the composite material affects the curie temperature. if the materials moments are parallel with each other the curie temperature will increase and if perpendicular the curie temperature will decrease as either more or less thermal energy will be needed to destroy the alignments. preparing composite materials through different temperatures can result in different final compositions which will have different curie temperatures. doping a material can also affect it ' s curie temperature. the density of nanocomposite materials changes the curie temperature. nanocomposites are compact structures on a nano - scale. the structure is built up of high and low bulk curie temperatures, however will only have one mean - field curie temperature. a higher density of lower bulk temperatures results in a lower mean - field curie temperature and a higher density of higher bulk temperature significantly increases the mean - field curie temperature. in more than one dimension the curie temperature begins to increase as the magnetic moments will need more thermal energy to overcome the ordered structure. particle size the size of particles in a material ' s crystal


temperature significantly increases the mean - field curie temperature. in more than one dimension the curie temperature begins to increase as the magnetic moments will need more thermal energy to overcome the ordered structure. particle size the size of particles in a material ' s crystal lattice changes the curie temperature. due to the small size of particles ( nanoparticles ) the fluctuations of electron spins become more prominent, this results in the curie temperature drastically decreasing when the size of particles decrease as the fluctuations cause disorder. the size of a particle also affects the anisotropy causing alignment to become less stable and thus lead to disorder in magnetic moments. the extreme of this is superparamagnetism which only occurs in small ferromagnetic particles and is where fluctuations are very influential causing magnetic moments to change direction randomly and thus create disorder. the curie temperature of nanoparticles are also affected by the crystal lattice structure, body - centred cubic ( bcc ), face - centred cubic ( fcc ) and a hexagonal structure ( hcp ) all have different curie temperatures due to magnetic moments reacting to their neighbouring electron spins. fcc and hcp have tighter structures and as a results have higher curie temperatures than bcc as the magnetic moments have stronger effects when closer together. this is known as the coordination number which is the number of nearest neighbouring particles in a structure. this indicates a lower coordination number at the surface of a material than the bulk which leads to the surface becoming less significant when the temperature is approaching the curie temperature. in smaller systems the coordination number for the surface is more significant and the magnetic moments have a stronger affect on the system. although fluctuations in particles can be minuscule, they are heavily dependent on the structure of crystal lattices as they react with their nearest neighbouring particles. fluctuations are also affected by the exchange interaction as parallel facing magnetic moments are favoured and therefore have less disturbance and disorder, therefore a tighter structure influences a stronger magnetism and therefore a higher curie temperature. pressure changes a material ' s curie temperature. increasing pressure on the crystal lattice decreases the volume of the system. pressure directly affects the kinetic energy in particles as movement increases causing the vibrations to disrupt the order of magnetic moments. this is similar to temperature as it also increases the kinetic energy of particles and destroys the order of magnetic moments and magnetism. pressure also affects the density of states ( dos ). here the dos decreases causing the number of electrons available to the system to decrease. this leads to the number of magnetic moments decreasing as they depend


and destroys the order of magnetic moments and magnetism. pressure also affects the density of states ( dos ). here the dos decreases causing the number of electrons available to the system to decrease. this leads to the number of magnetic moments decreasing as they depend on electron spins. it would be expected because of this that the curie temperature would decrease however it increases. this is the result of the exchange interaction. the exchange interaction favours the aligned parallel magnetic moments due to electrons being unable to occupy the same space in time and as this is increased due to the volume decreasing the curie temperature increases with pressure. the curie temperature is made up of a combination of dependencies on kinetic energy and the dos. it is interesting to note that the concentration of particles also affects the curie temperature when pressure is being applied and can result in a decrease in curie temperature when the concentration is above a certain percent. orbital ordering orbital ordering changes the curie temperature of a material. orbital ordering can be controlled through applied strains [ disambiguation needed ]. this is a function that determines the wave of a single electron or paired electrons inside the material. having control over the probability of where the electron will be allows the curie temperature to be altered. for example the delocalised electrons can be moved onto the same plane by applied strains within the crystal lattice. the curie temperature is seen to increase greatly due to electrons being packed together in the same plane, they are forced to align due to the exchange interaction and thus increases the strength of the magnetic moments which prevents thermal disorder at lower temperatures. curie temperature in ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials in analogy to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, the curie temperature can also used to describe the temperature where a material ' s spontaneous electric polarisation changes to induced electric polarisation, or vice versa. electric polarisation is a result of aligned electric dipoles. aligned electric dipoles are composites of positive and negative charges where all the dipoles are facing in one direction. the charges are separated from their stable placement in the particles and can occur spontaneously, from pressure or an applied electric field. ferroelectric, dielectric ( paraelectric ) and piezoelectric materials have electric polarisation. in ferroelectric materials there is a spontaneous electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. in dielectric materials there is electric polarisation aligned only when an electric field is applied. piezoelectric materials have electric polar


. in ferroelectric materials there is a spontaneous electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. in dielectric materials there is electric polarisation aligned only when an electric field is applied. piezoelectric materials have electric polarisation due to applied mechanical stress distorting the structure from pressure. t0 is the temperature where ferroelectric materials lose their spontaneous polarisation as a first or second order phase change occurs, that is the internal structure changes or the internal symmetry changes. in certain cases t0 is equal to the curie temperature however the curie temperature can be 10 kelvin lower than t0. | below t0 | | above t0 | all ferroelectric materials are piezoelectric. an external force applies pressure on particles inside the material which affects the structure of the crystal lattice. particles in a unit cell become unsymmetrical which allows a net polarisation from each particle. symmetry would cancel the opposing charges out and there would be no net polarisation. below the transition temperature t0 displacement of electric charges causes polarisation. above the transition temperature t0 the structure is cubic and symmetric, causing the material to become dielectric. electric charges are also agitated and disordered causing the material to have no electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. ferroelectric and dielectric materials are only ferroelectric below their corresponding transition temperature t0. ferroelectric materials are all piezoelectric and therefore have a spontaneous electric polarisation as the structures are unsymmetrical. materials are only dielectric above their corresponding transition temperature t0. dielectric materials have no electric polarisation in the absence of an applied electric field. the electric dipoles are unaligned and have no net polarisation. in analogy to magnetic susceptibility, electric susceptibility only occurs above t0. ferroelectric materials when polarised are influenced under hysteresis ( figure 4 ) ; that is they are dependent on their past state as well as their current state. as an electric field is applied the dipoles are forced to align and polarisation is created, when the electric field is removed polarisation remains. the hysteresis loop depends on temperature and as a result as the temperature is increased and reaches t0 the two curves become one curve as shown in the dielectric polarisation ( figure 5 ). a heat - induced ferromagnetic - paramagnetic transition is used in


as a result as the temperature is increased and reaches t0 the two curves become one curve as shown in the dielectric polarisation ( figure 5 ). a heat - induced ferromagnetic - paramagnetic transition is used in magneto - optical storage media, for erasing and writing of new data. famous examples include the sony minidisc format, as well as the now - obsolete cd - mo format. other uses include temperature control in soldering irons, and stabilizing the magnetic field of tachometer generators against temperature variation. see also - " pierre curie - biography ". nobelprize. org. the nobel foundation 1903. retrieved 14 / 03 / 2013. - buschow 2001, p5021, table 1 - jullien 1989, p. 155 - kittel 1986 - hall 1994, p. 200 - jullien 1989, pp. 136 - 138 - luth, harald ibach, hans ( 2009 ). solid - state physics : an introduction to principles of materials science ( 4th extensively updated and enlarged ed. ed. ). berlin : springer. isbn 978 - 3 - 540 - 93803 - 3. - levy 1968, pp. 236 - 239 - dekker 1958, pp. 217 - 220 - levy 1968 - fan 1987, pp. 164 - 165 - dekker 1958, pp. 454 - 455 - mendelssohn 1977, p. 162 - levy 1968, pp. 198 - 202 - cusack 1958, p. 269 - hall 1994, pp. 220 - 221 - palmer 2007 - hall 1994, p. 220 - jullien 1989, pp. 158 – 159 - jullien 1989, pp. 156 - 157 - jullien 1989, pp. 153 - hall 1994, pp. 205 - 206 - levy 1968, pp. 201 - 202 - kittel 1996, pp. 444 - myers 1997, pp. 334 - 345 - hall 1994, pp. 227 - 228 - kittel 1986, pp. 424 - 426 - spaldin 2010, pp. 52 - 54 - hall 1994, pp. 225 - mendelssohn 1977, pp. 180 - 181 - mendelssohn 1977, p. 167 - bertoldi 2012 - brout 1965, pp. 6 - 7 - jullien 1989, p. 161 - rau 1988 - skomski 2000 - jullien 1989, pp. 138 - hall 1994 - hwang 1998 - jones 2003 - lopez -


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school lunch vs. bag lunch : what ' s best for your kids? ( bpt ) - bag it or buy it? what ' s healthier and what will they eat? it ' s a question faced by parents each school year. often, there ' s an assumption that bagging is better, but there ' s also the convenience and choices of school lunch to consider. good news : both the tray and the tote can be winning meals. a few important facts can help make this year ' s lunchtime decisions a breeze. new school lunch initiatives much attention has been paid to children ' s health and there ' s an increased awareness that lunch at school is a critical source of nutrition for students. new federal guidelines have been introduced to ensure that menus provide more whole grains, more fruits and vegetables and less fat and sodium. thanks to dedicated efforts driven by schools, parents and the federal government, many positive changes are occurring. " there ' s a lot happening in the lunch line, " says dr. brian wansink, researcher and professor at cornell university. wansink and dr. david just, researcher and associate professor at cornell university, created smarter lunchrooms, a multi - faceted program that provides schools with tools that can improve children ' s eating behaviors in the cafeteria. " it ' s a common misconception that kids won ' t eat healthy foods, but our work shows that not to be the case. we can encourage healthy choices in the way we present foods to kids, " says wansink. he and his team have carefully studied the cafeteria line and how kids choose foods. the placement of foods on the lunch line, how foods are named on the menu and offering choices significantly affect which foods kids select. for example, moving fruit from a commercial bin to an attractive fruit bowl near the end of the line is proven to increase selection. " banning favorite foods such as tacos and pizza from a cafeteria can backfire, " adds wansink. " when kids feel restricted or forced into a decision, they rebel and may choose not to eat. nobody wins in that scenario. we know a healthy lunch is necessary for good school performance. " companies have stepped up to improve nutrition by creating new versions of kid - favorite foods that meet the new usda school meal rules. stir - fry, tacos, pastas and pizzas have become healthy fare as lower fat, lower sodium, whole grain versions have been introduced. for example, schwan ' s food service created big daddy ' s


the romans were the first to plant vineyards in this area of northeast france with the region being cultivated by at least the 5th century, possibly earlier. wines from the champagne region were known before medieval times. churches owned vineyards and monks produced wine for use in the sacrament of eucharist. french kings were traditionally anointed in reims and champagne wine was served as part of coronation festivities. the champenois were envious of the reputation of the wines made by their burgundian neighbours to the south and sought to produce wines of equal acclaim. however, the northerly climate of the region gave the champenois a unique set of challenges in making red wine. at the far extremes of sustainable viticulture, the grapes would struggle to ripen fully and often would have bracing levels of acidity and low sugar levels. the wines would be lighter bodied and thinner than the burgundy wines they were seeking to outdo. contrary to legend and popular belief, dom perignon did not invent sparkling wine. the oldest recorded sparkling wine is blanquette de limoux, which was apparently invented by benedictine monks in the abbey of saint hilaire near carcassonne in 1531. over a century later, the english scientist and physician christopher merret documented the addition of sugar to a finished wine to create a second fermentation six years before dom perignon set foot in the abbey of hautvillers and almost 40 years before it was claimed that the famed benedictine monk invented champagne. merret presented the royal society with a paper in which he detailed what is now called methode champenoise in 1662. although dom perignon did not invent champagne, he did develop many advances in production of the drink, including holding the cork in place with a wire collar ( muselet ) to withstand the fermentation pressure. in france, the first sparkling champagne was created accidentally ; its pressure led it to be called “ the devil ’ s wine ” ( le vin du diable ) as bottles exploded or the cork jolted away. even when it was deliberately produced as a sparkling wine, champagne was for a very long time made by the methode rurale, where the wine was bottled before the only fermentation had finished. champagne did not utilize the methode champenoise until the 19th century, approximately 200 years after christopher merret documented the process. the 19th century saw an explosive growth in champagne production going from a regional production of 300, 000 bottles a year in 1800 to 20 million bottles in 1850. in the 19th century


damian dovarganes / associated press damian dovarganes / associated press new york – rarely does a week go by without news of another hacking incident, whether it ’ s chinese hackers accused of breaking in to the new york times ’ computer systems or burger king finding its twitter account taken over by pranksters. security threats aren ’ t new and have long been part of online life. but the increased attention on them makes now a good time to review ways you can protect yourself. if nothing here feels new, that ’ s good, as it means you ’ ve been doing the things you need to do to keep your accounts safe from hackers. although there ’ s no way to completely eliminate threats, minimizing them will go a long way. one of the best things you can do is to make sure your password is strong. if someone ’ s able to guess the password to your email or facebook account, that person can post or send embarrassing things on your behalf. someone was able to access burger king ’ s twitter account recently and changed its profile picture to a mcdonald ’ s logo. if a banking or amazon account is involved, someone could pay bills or buy ipads under your name – with your money. what ’ s worse, getting a password to one account is often a stepping stone to a more serious breach. someone can use your email or facebook account to send spam and scam messages to your friends, for instance. and because many services let you reset your password by sending an email to your address on file, someone with access to your email account can reset passwords and gain access to all sorts of things. if the compromised password is one you use for work, someone can snoop around for files on your employer ’ s network with trade secrets or customers ’ credit card numbers. here are ways you can keep your password strong to ward off that initial intrusion : make your password long. the recommended minimum is eight characters, but 14 is better and 25 is even better than that. some services have character limits on passwords, though. use combinations of letters and numbers, upper and lower case and symbols such as the exclamation mark. some services won ’ t let you do all of that, but try to vary it as much as you can. “ password! 43 ” is far better than “ password43. ” avoid words that are in dictionaries, even if you add numbers and symbols. there are programs that can crack passwords by going through databases of known words. one trick is to add


! 43 ” is far better than “ password43. ” avoid words that are in dictionaries, even if you add numbers and symbols. there are programs that can crack passwords by going through databases of known words. one trick is to add numbers in the middle of a word – as in “ pas123swor456d ” instead of “ password123456. ” another is to think of a sentence and use just the first letter of each word – as in “ tqbfjotld ” for “ the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ” substitute characters. for instance, use the number 0 instead of the letter o, or replace the s with a dollar sign. avoid easy - to - guess words, even if they aren ’ t in the dictionary. you shouldn ’ t use your name, company name or hometown, for instance. avoid pets and relatives ’ names, too. likewise, avoid things that can be looked up, such as your birthday or zip code. but you might use that as part of a complex password. try reversing your zip code or phone number and insert that into a string of letters. as a reminder, you should also avoid “ password ” as the password, or consecutive keys on the keyboard, such as “ 1234 ” or “ qwerty. ” never reuse passwords on other accounts – with two exceptions. over the years, i ’ ve managed to create hundreds of accounts. many are for one - time use, such as when a newspaper website requires me to register to read the full story. it ’ s ok to use simple passwords and repeat them in those types of situations, as long as the password isn ’ t unlocking features that involve credit cards or posting on a message board. that will let you focus on keeping passwords to the more essential accounts strong. the other exception is to log in using a centralized sign - on service such as facebook connect. hulu, for instance, gives you the option of using your facebook username and password instead of creating a separate one for the video site. this technically isn ’ t reusing your password, but a matter of hulu borrowing the log - in system facebook already has in place. the account information isn ’ t stored with hulu. facebook merely tells hulu ’ s computers that it ’ s you. of course, if you do this, it ’ s even more important to keep your facebook password secure. how do you keep track of these passwords? there are programs


. of course, these violate good password practices by requiring you to use something that can be easily looked up. others ask for your favorite movie or hobby. that might not be easily looked up, but your tastes change over time. furthermore, because these questions get repeated from site to site, the answers you use violate the rule against repeating passwords. i try to make these answers complex just like passwords, by adding numbers and special characters and making up responses. unfortunately, some sites won ’ t let you do that, and you ’ ll be stopped if you try to enter a numeral when asked for a city name, for instance. these services will often send an email when a password gets reset this way, so be sure the address on file is current. change your password and security questions immediately if you ’ re notified of a reset you didn ’ t initiate. you might want to contact the service as well. while you ’ re at it, make your username complex, too, if you ’ re allowed to choose one. banking sites typically do. beyond passwords, here are a few other things to help you stay safe : software flaws. many break - ins result from flaws in the software program you use, whether it ’ s the windows or mac operating system, a web browser or a video player. it ’ s a good idea to let those programs automatically check for software updates, as those updates may contain fixes to known flaws. you can also check this government website to learn of the latest threats and fixes : http : / / us - cert. gov. malicious software. even if the software you ’ re using is flawless, hackers may create a security opening by tricking you into installing a malicious program. that can happen if you click on a bad email attachment or link in your email. in rare cases, visiting a problematic website can cause the software to download. should malicious software get on your computer, a hacker might be able to use the opening to look around for sensitive data, or record your keystrokes to capture your complex passwords. to minimize the threat, use caution when visiting unknown sites or opening mysterious email. security software. many companies sell anti - virus and other software to protect your computer from malicious software. there ’ s a free one available at http : / / www. avg. com. windows and mac computers also come with firewalls to block some threats. be sure it ’ s turned on.


" it is the most interesting book i have ever read and inspires me to do something immediate to save our civilization. " — hanh lien, translator for the vietnamese edition of world on the edge the united states completely restructured its economy within months once it decided to enter world war ii, changing the course of the war. we, too, can change the world, but we need to start now. the choice is ours — yours and mine — to either adopt plan b and move the world onto a path of sustainability or go along with business as usual and allow further destruction of our natural support systems. the choice will be made by our generation, but it will affect life on earth for all generations to come. the overriding plan b goals are to : - stabilize climate - stabilize population - eradicate poverty - restore the earth ’ s damaged ecosystems the following is a short list of political and personal actions that you can take to help move us in a sustainable direction. for more ideas, visit our people in action page. in order to save our failing global civilization, there are two fundamental policy changes that must be brought to the attention of governments : restructuring taxes and reordering fiscal priorities. lowering taxes on labor and increasing taxes on environmentally damaging activities will require markets to tell the ecological truth. additionally, reexamining fiscal arrangements will allow governments to prioritize necessary resources for the plan b budget. - elect leaders who support positive environmental and social initiatives. - contact or meet with your elected representatives and outline the plan b goals and the need to create an honest market. draft a statement of your concerns and a list of policies he or she should implement. invite friends and community members to join you — the bigger your group, the more influence you might have. what to discuss : - raising environmental taxes and reducing income taxes. you can download information on tax restructuring from chapter 13 of plan b 3. 0 here. - increasing financial support for poverty eradication, education, family planning, reforestation, and conservation. the proposed $ 190 billion per year budget for restoring the earth and meeting basic social goals is a small fraction of the annual military spending of $ 1 trillion, but will go far in reducing the true threats to security. ( see plan b budget and explanation. ) - stabilizing climate. express your support for initiatives that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources and raising energy efficiency. ( see our 8 - page climate blueprint. ) - outline the elements of plan b. ( see


- if you find our publications useful, share them with others. all of our books can be downloaded free of charge. visit our books section. you can also distribute our epi releases or download and share our powerpoint presentations. if you would like to reprint our materials in newsletters, e - zines, bulletins, etc. contact reah janise kauffman at firstname. lastname @ example. org. click here for more examples of how people have taken personal action in their community. having trouble picking an issue to stand for? here ’ s a list of topics highlighted in plan b 3. 0. each one is linked to more information from our updates, indicators, or other publications on our site. banning new coal - fired power plants – coal accounts for over 70 percent of the co2 emissions from electricity generation. recently, local communities, wall street investors, and politicians are backing away from coal. the same justification being used now to halt the construction of new coal plants can be used to shut down existing facilities. phasing out coal power is necessary to stabilize climate and will also reduce air pollution. harnessing the wind – wind is the centerpiece of the plan b energy economy. it is abundant, inexpensive, and widely distributed. a mass production of wind turbines would reinvigorate manufacturing capacity and create jobs. production tax credits can help the wind compete with highly subsidized fossil fuels. turning to the sun – the sun ’ s energy can be harnessed by solar photovoltaics and collectors for both heat and electricity generation. a global push for more solar rooftop water and space heaters would help cut co2 emissions worldwide. no new nuclear plants – nuclear energy is expensive to maintain and poses a serious threat to security. if we use full - cost pricing — requiring utilities to absorb the costs of disposing of nuclear waste, of decommissioning the plant when it is worn out, and of insuring the reactors against possible accidents and terrorist attacks — building nuclear plants in a competitive electricity market is clearly not economical. “ back - to - the - tap ” anti - bottled water movement – manufacturing the 29 billion plastic bottles used to package water in the united states alone requires 17 million barrels of oil. after they are used, more than four fifths of these bottles end up as garbage or litter. high - priced bottled water is often simply processed tap water. the movement away from bottled water involves a broad effort to reduce its use in schools, restaurants, companies, and government


more than four fifths of these bottles end up as garbage or litter. high - priced bottled water is often simply processed tap water. the movement away from bottled water involves a broad effort to reduce its use in schools, restaurants, companies, and government buildings. redesigning cities and promoting mass transit – city planners are shifting their thinking from paving more roads for cars to building up urban transport, meaning less congestion and pollution. a “ complete streets ” movement — an effort to ensure that city streets are friendly to pedestrians and bicycles as well as to cars — is gaining momentum. electrifying transportation : plug - in hybrid vehicles and rail – running cars and trains on cheap green electricity can free us from dependence on oil and help to stabilize climate. now more than ever before, automakers need government incentives to manufacture highly efficient cars. electrifying rail to move freight and link cities will reap further gains. shifting from incandescent light bulbs to cfls – if every person around the world were to switch from using conventional light bulbs to compact fluorescent lamps ( cfls ), with office, industry, and traffic lighting changing to the most efficient technologies available, total world electricity use would fall by 12 percent — the output equivalent of 705 coal - fired power plants. building green – buildings are responsible for a large share of global electricity consumption and raw materials use, but people are thinking about how to make them better. retrofitting existing buildings with better insulation and more - efficient appliances can cut energy use by half. a u. s. - based group of forward - thinking architects and engineers has set forth the architecture 2030 challenge, with the goal of reducing fossil fuel use in new buildings 80 percent by 2020 on the way to going entirely carbon - neutral by 2030. universal basic education – children without any formal education are likely to remain in poverty — with the gap between the poor and the rich widening. supporting education for all children around the world can reap enormous gains in health care, equality, agricultural productivity, and economic growth. ensuring global food security – we live in a rich world, but more than 1 billion people are hungry. climate change, water stress, land deterioration, and a shrinking backlog of unused agricultural technologies all are playing a role in the slowing growth in world food supplies, all while populations are growing. ensuing food security means tackling these challenges from all fronts. food before fuel – since converting increasing amounts of food into fuel for automobiles in recent years, the annual growth in world grain demand has more than doubled. with the owners


while populations are growing. ensuing food security means tackling these challenges from all fronts. food before fuel – since converting increasing amounts of food into fuel for automobiles in recent years, the annual growth in world grain demand has more than doubled. with the owners of the world ’ s 910 million automobiles competing with the poorest 2 billion for food, more people are urging governments to reexamine their policies of subsidizing the turning of food into fuel. reproductive health care and family planning – the benefits of providing reproductive health and family planning services far outweigh the costs of offering these services. providing access to contraception and health care for all would lower the rate of unwanted pregnancies, induced abortions, and infant deaths, helping to stabilize the global population. protecting and restoring forests – ending forest destruction will involve reducing wood and paper consumption, boosting recycling, and providing alternative fuel sources to wood. curbing the pressures to deforest stemming from population growth and the expansion of agriculture and rangelands is also important. beyond protecting existing forests that are crucial habitats to wildlife, we can plant trees in deforested areas. planting trees can help stabilize soils, prevent runoff, and remove co2 from the atmosphere. protecting plant and animal diversity – humans have an enormous influence on the habitability of the planet for the millions of other species with which we share it. but if the world ’ s population increases to 9 billion by mid century as projected, countless more plant and animal species may simply be crowded off the planet. raising water productivity – low water prices present in many countries give the illusion that water is abundant when it is in fact scarce, and encourages wasteful water use. because of this, water tables are falling at an accelerating rate around the world, putting additional pressures on food production. shifting to more water - efficient crops and switching from flood irrigation to drip irrigation are two ways farmers can boost water productivity. rethinking the materials economy – our current “ throwaway economy ” is not only disrupting our environment, it is also wasting valuable energy and resources. many products are manufactured with little intent for reuse or recycling. the big challenge is for cities to recycle the many components of garbage and for industry to produce easily - disassembled and recycled goods, since recycling uses only a fraction of the energy of producing the same items from virgin raw materials. increasing efficiency in this way will keep our environment cleaner, while reducing carbon emissions. need more information? you can browse our publications by topic here, and get data


cougar this species can grow up to eight feet long and can jump 16 feet vertically. closely related to the house cat, the cougar does not roar, but purrs instead, and it does very well in captivity. learn more about the cougar. join the featured creature mailing list would you like to receive a notice and link when the new creature feature is posted? enter your e - mail address golden lion tamarin scientific name : leontopithecus rosalia other names and / or listed subspecies : golden marmoset the golden lion tamarin is one of the most endangered mammals and also one of the most striking because of its silky golden hair and beautiful mane that frames its face. this species is only found in rio de janeiro of brazil. adults only reach about the size of a squierrel and are between 8 and 13 inches long with a tail length of 12 to 15 inches. the average weight is about 620 grams ( 1. 4 lbs ). males are usually larger than females. they have small, rounded heads, and their faces are flat with widely spaced nostrils. their bodies are covered with long, soft silky, pale golden to reddish - brown fur. they have long claws with delicate claw - like nails that help with their movement in the trees and also with foraging for small prey. this species prefers extremely humid tropical forest for its habitat where there are plenty of trees entangled with vines and where there is lots of fruit. to hide from predators and to keep warm, they sleep in tree holes 10 to 30 meters from the ground. they are active only in the day, and remain in tree holes at night. diet consists of spiders, snails, small reptiles and amphibians, eggs, small birds, fruits and flowers. they prefer to live in family groups of 2 to 8, and food sharing helps to maintain social bonds in the family. breeding occurs between september and march, and females typically give birth to twins after a gestation period of 130 to 135 days. all members of the group help to care for the young. this species has suffered from poaching for its hide and capture for the pet trade. it also suffers from loss of habitat, disease, and hunting by predators. todays population estimate is around 800, but this species can also be found in many zoos. captive breeding programs have been establish to preserve the species and have been successful with reintroducing tamarins into the wild.


getting your child to break bad habits having a cigarette with your morning coffee. reading the sports section of the newspaper first. ordering out pizza on friday nights or chinese on sundays. these may be a few of your favorite things. but do you remember how or when these routines began? are you even aware that they exist? don ’ t be alarmed by your answers. doing these things repeatedly and often without thought is what qualifies them as habits. humans are creatures of habit. our behavior patterns, developed over time, “ program ” us to follow predictable routines everyday. your children, too, are developing their own habits and routines - some of which may be undesirable or downright harmful. as parents, it is important for us to take an interest in our children ’ s habits. by understanding the nature of habits and by employing some habit - breaking strategies, you can help your child break bad habits. just as good habits can help improve the quality of our children ’ s lives, bad habits can be embarrassing, annoying, or threatening to their physical and emotional well being. because all habits are reinforced over time, the earlier parents begin taking notice, the better the chance of helping children avoid and curtail bad habits. but what is a bad habit? many parents would probably agree that wearing a seat belt, brushing teeth regularly, saying “ thank you ” and “ please ”, studying after school, and eating healthfully are good habits. parents may also agree that thumb sucking, knuckle cracking, finger nail biting, and nose picking constitute bad habits. but before parents intervene, they should understand how habits develop in children. at first children are quite conscious of the behaviors that they exhibit. as the behaviors continue in frequency, they become more involuntary and become habits. habits develop due to factors including imitation, positive reinforcement, and / or anxiety or tension relief. ironically, parents accidentally reinforce these negative behaviors they wish to extinguish by making a big deal about them. for example, the “ fuss ” parent makes is often reinforcing to a child who is seeking attention. the best tool for parents wanting their child to discontinue a habit is patience. parents should evaluate the habit as objectively as possible over a couple of weeks, observing the child and keeping track of the number of times the behavior occurs. it is also important to note the circumstances under which the behavior takes place, including the time of day and surroundings. these observations may help identify important patterns. if, after employing this observe - and - evaluate approach


want your students college ready? use pblfebruary 7, 2011 | thom markham editor ' s note : today ' s guest blogger is thom markham, a psychologist, educator, and president of global redesigns, an international consulting organization focused on project - based learning, social - emotional learning, youth development, and 21st - century school design. he formerly directed the buck institute for education ' s national training program in pbl and is the primary author of bie ' s handbook on project based learning. college readiness, always a hot topic, is getting hotter. the obama administration has set a national goal of having the highest proportion of college - educated citizens in the world by 2020. yet at the same time, researchers tell us that two out of five college students are not equipped to handle the academic, financial, and social responsibilities of college. ( download a recent report on college readiness from act ) in other words, 40 % of high school students aren ' t " college ready. " predictors of college success what ' s really interesting is that, once again, the research reminds us that the deficiencies in college readiness don ' t represent cognitive deficits. i realize that many high school graduates require remedial courses to learn to write an essay or master basic math. but this research shows that the biggest predictor of college success is a student ' s conscientiousness, as measured by dependability, perseverance, and work ethic. the next best predictors are agreeableness, including teamwork, and emotional balance. all this, in my mind, leads to one conclusion : more project - based learning. role of social - emotional learning in pbl what do these personality attributes associated with college readiness - - dispositions, as they ' re known to psychologists - - have to do with pbl? let me briefly digress to explain how pbl and social - emotional learning support one another. in the last two decades, social - emotional learning experts have settled on three factors that support the success of a young person : ( 1 ) a solid relationship with an adult mentor, such as a parent, priest, teacher, or coach ; ( 2 ) a sense of mastery that develops as the mentor guides the young person forward and reviews their performance ; and ( 3 ) an internal sense of meaning and purpose that comes as the young person is offered opportunities to explore questions of value and relevance. pbl draws upon these exact elements for success. great pbl begins with a respectful relationship between teacher and student. pbl


) an internal sense of meaning and purpose that comes as the young person is offered opportunities to explore questions of value and relevance. pbl draws upon these exact elements for success. great pbl begins with a respectful relationship between teacher and student. pbl is also a process of learning, not merely a method for ingesting information for a test at the end of the unit. this process allows for plenty of regular, ongoing feedback, which leads to student mastery. and, at the heart of a good project is a relevant, open - ended, student - centered question that speaks to a student ' s innate desire to know more about the world and how he or she fits into it. bottom line : if you use pbl in the classroom, you are not only teaching the stuff of school, you are supporting the social - emotional development of your students and getting them ready for college. pbl to teach student behavior i ' ll just add one other thought : what if you want to specifically teach work ethic, perseverance, or dependability - - the kinds of dispositions that really prepare a student to be a self - managing learner in college? pbl works well here, too, if you use well - designed rubrics that identify the exact behaviors you expect, teach students how to use the rubrics to guide their behavior, and - - the critical piece - - put a grade in your grade book that reflects how " dependable " a student has been in the project. common core standards for social - emotional learning are coming, but there will never be a test or national curriculum for " dependability. " so you will need to judge these " soft " skills by " soft " standards. it ' s not that difficult, however. most teachers and students know what this behavior looks like in practice - - and they can identify the necessary levels of performance. ( if you need sample rubrics, visit my site and click " contact. " ) thom markham, ph. d., president of globalredesigns, and senior national faculty member at the buck institute for education, is a psychologist and educator who served as a director with active learning, inc., an innovative motivational and learning skills camp program for high school and college students, taught at an award - winning high school, where he led school reform efforts and developed a highly - acclaimed internship - based program, and co - founded the marin school of arts and technology, an innovative charter high school in novato, california.


description from flora of china paracyclea kudo & yamamoto. vines. petiole usually long ; leaf blade peltate, palmately veined. inflorescences axillary, terminal or on old stems, thyrsoid, usually narrow, rarely broad and sparse ; bracts small. male flowers : sepals usually 4 or 5 ( or 6 ), usually connate, 4 - or 5 - lobed, rarely free ; petals 4 or 5, usually connate, entire or 4 - 8 - lobed, rarely free, sometimes absent ; stamens 4 or 5, connate into a peltate synandrium, anthers dehiscing transversely. female flowers : sepals and petals 1 or 2, opposite to each other, rarely absent ; carpel 1, stigma short, 3 - or many lobed. drupes obovate - globose to rotund, often slightly flat, style scar near base ; endocarp bony, horseshoe - shaped, abaxially bearing 2 or 3 rows of tubercles on both surfaces of rib ; condyle usually 1 or 2 cavities, often perforate between style scar and base. seed horseshoe - shaped ; embryo terete, embedded in endosperm. about 29 species : s and se asia ; 13 species ( five endemic ) in china.


description from flora of china trees or shrubs, evergreen. leaves alternate, petiolate ; stipules apparently absent ; leaf blade ovate or lanceolate, leathery, margin entire, venation pinnate, sometimes with 3 basal veins, abaxially usually glaucous. inflorescence capitate, axillary, pedunculate, usually nodding, 5 – 8 - flowered ; involucral bracts 5 – many, imbricate, ovate - rounded, outer bracts usually much smaller than inner bracts. flowers bisexual, zygomorphic. floral cup very short, enclosing base of ovary. sepals absent or rudimentary, number not distinguishable. petals 2 – 5, well developed only on abaxial side of flower, red, spatulate or oblanceolate, clawed, straight in bud, head as whole rayed and flowerlike. stamens 4 – 11, equal to or somewhat shorter than petals ; filaments linear ; anther thecae 2 - sporangiate, each dehiscing by 2 valves ; nectariferous disk scales present. ovary semi - inferior ; ovules 12 – 18 per locule, inserted on septum ; styles long, very slender, nearly equal to stamens, apex acute, caducous or persistent in fruit. capsules dehiscing loculicidally above middle by 4 valves ; pericarp thin. seeds flattened, mostly sterile and wingless, fertile seeds laterally narrowly winged ; endosperm rather copious ; cotyledons ovate, flat, fleshy ; radicle cylindric, ca. 1 / 3 as long as cotyledons. 2n = 24. vink ( flora malesiana, ser. 1, 5 : 371 – 374. 1957 ) regarded rhodoleia as monospecific. about ten species : china, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar, vietnam ; six species ( three endemic ) in china.


u. s. energy information administration - eia - independent statistics and analysis today in energy note : all data are preliminary and subject to revision. final data will be published later this fall. only power plants that reported operational cooling systems that withdrew water for cooling in 2011 are displayed. cooling systems are aggregated to the plant level. prolonged drought can affect power plants that rely on large volumes of fresh water for a variety of reasons. though there have been few reported problems this year, lower water levels are a potential concern for grid operators and system planners during periods of extended drought. the map above shows the relative size of electric power plants, expressed in megawatts, for the subset of power plants that reported operating cooling systems, by type, that withdrew water for cooling during 2011 ( the latest full summer season of data available ). - once - through, fresh water cooling systems are more likely to be affected by lower water levels in lakes, rivers, and streams that occur in sustained drought periods. - once - through, salt water cooling systems withdraw and discharge from larger bodies of water ( oceans, bays and sounds ) which are slightly less likely to be affected by lower water levels in sustained drought periods, though they can be affected by temperature regulations. - closed - cycle, hybrid and other systems either reuse water after withdraw or use very little water for cooling. over half of the cooling systems at u. s. power plants re - use water through a cooling tower, though some of the larger plants in the nation have once - through systems from fresh water sources. dry - air cooled systems use essentially no water for cooling purposes but are not in wide use at this time. thermoelectric power plants use water to cool down ( condense ) steam after it has been used to turn a steam turbine to generate power. for once - through cooling systems fed by fresh water sources, the need to withdraw significant amounts of water makes these plants more vulnerable to deratings or outages when water levels drop or water temperatures rise. when water levels fall significantly, water intake structures may be exposed above the water surface, causing the plant to become nonoperational. additionally, at higher water temperatures, generators are less efficient, reducing the power capability of the plant. again, no major system effects have been reported so far this year due to drought. some areas also place regulatory limits on the temperature of the water a cooling system discharges. at times of excessive heat, power plants are not allowed to raise water temperatures past levels safe for species of fish and


gender composition of scholarly publications ( 1665 - 2011 ) what it does the gender browser provides a multiscale view of gender representation across multiple domains of scholarly publishing. a pre - print paper describing the study can be found here. how to use it click on any field to and zoom in to that field. click on the bar on the left to move back up to higher levels of structure. you can also use the hoptree at the top to navigate from field to field. how it works the jstor corpus is a collection of research articles and other documents from scholarly fields including biology, economics, law, sociology, and statistics. ( some areas such as physics and engineering are not well represented in the jstor collection and thus are not mapped here. ) we use the hierarchical map equation to uncover the structure of disciplines, subdisciplines, specialties, subspecialties, and so forth in the jstor corpus, based upon the network of citations among 1. 8 million scholarly articles connected by citation and spanning the period from 1665 to 2011. this generates the hierarchical classification of scholarly activities revealed in the gender browser. we have named each field manually by inspecting the papers therein. for each author of each paper in the collection, gender is determined by extracting the given ( first ) name, and looking at the gender distribution of this name in the us social security administration database ; gender is recorded only when we can assign gender with greater than 95 percent confidence. we have also identified the most influential papers in each discipline and sub - discipline using eigenfactor algorithms. click on " top papers " in the top left bar. the data are displayed in the following format : journal | year | title | first author.


posts for : november, 2011 a number of factors can lead to dental caries ( tooth decay ). to find out if you are at high risk, ask yourself these questions. is plaque visible in my mouth? dental plaque is a whitish film of bacteria that collects on your teeth. if it is clearly visible, it means that there is a lot of it. among the bacteria in the plaque are those that produce tooth decay, particularly in an acidic environment. ( a normal mouth is neutral, measured on the ph scale, midway between the extreme acidic and basic ends of the scale. ) do i have a dry mouth? saliva protects your teeth against decay by neutralizing an acidic environment and adding minerals back to the outer surface of enamel of your teeth, so reduced saliva is a high risk for caries. many medications can cause dry mouth as a side effect. do i eat a lot of snacks, particularly unhealthy ones? frequently eating sugars, refined carbohydrates, and acidic foods promotes the growth of decay - producing bacteria. the more frequently you eat, the longer your teeth are bathed in sugars and acids. acidic foods not only promote bacterial growth, they also directly cause erosion of the tooth ' s hard surface by softening and dissolving the minerals in the enamel. do i wear retainers, orthodontic appliances, bite guards or night guards? these appliances are recommended for various conditions, but they tend to restrict the flow of saliva over your teeth, cutting down on the benefits of saliva mentioned above. do my teeth have deep pits and fissures? the shape of your teeth is determined by your heredity. if your teeth grew in with deep grooves ( fissures ) and pits in them, you are at higher risk for bacterial growth and resulting decay. do i have conditions that expose my teeth to acids? if you have bulimia ( a psychological condition in which individuals induce vomiting ), or gerd ( gastro - esophageal reflux disease ), your teeth may be frequently exposed to stomach acids that can cause severe erosion to your teeth. do i already have cavities? visible cavities can range from those only visible with laser technology or x - ray examination to those a dentist can see with a naked eye. if you already have small cavities, you are at high risk for developing more. do i have white spots on my teeth? white spots are often the first sign of decay in a tooth ' s enamel. at this point,


naked eye. if you already have small cavities, you are at high risk for developing more. do i have white spots on my teeth? white spots are often the first sign of decay in a tooth ' s enamel. at this point, the condition is often reversible with fluorides. have i had a cavity within the last three years? recent cavities point to a high risk of more cavities in the future, unless conditions in your mouth have significantly changed. if you have any of these indications of high risk, contact us today and ask us for suggestions for changing the conditions in your mouth. you can also learn more by reading the dear doctor magazine article “ tooth decay. ” dental crowns are excellent tools that we use to restore functionality, color and / or beauty to teeth and your smile. and while many people may have heard of them, often times there are many questions surrounding the process, costs and their maintenance. this is why we have put together this list of some of the questions we are commonly asked on this subject. our goal is to provide you with straightforward answers so that you have a clearer understanding of the treatment and are comfortable making the decision to go forward with these excellent tooth restorations should they ever be required. what is a crown? a dental crown is a tooth - shaped “ cap ” or cover that a dentist places over a tooth that is badly damaged from trauma or decay in order to restore its color, strength, size and functionality. they are also used for cosmetic reasons to improve discolored or misshapen teeth. why can the cost of crowns vary? the reason the cost of a crown can vary greatly, even from dentist to dentist is quite simple. the most beautiful crowns require the artistry and years of experience of a team of dental professionals ; your dentist and the laboratory technicians that handcraft crowns. to meet higher expectations of some individuals requires more experience, artistry and skill. and great art just tends to cost more. a customized temporary crown may even be used as a preview to see what a final crown will look like. another critical factor is the choice of materials used. for example, while all porcelain crowns are made from high - quality ceramic ( glass ) material, they are not equal. it is therefore more expensive in terms of time, skill and expertise to produce the most natural looking results. how long will a crown last? most dentists expect a crown to last at least 7 - 10 years with normal wear and proper maintenance. however, depending on the materials used


terms of time, skill and expertise to produce the most natural looking results. how long will a crown last? most dentists expect a crown to last at least 7 - 10 years with normal wear and proper maintenance. however, depending on the materials used and location of the tooth, they can last upwards of 50 years or more. for example, a gold crown has the longest lifespan because gold is such a durable material that has little to no negative impact on surrounding teeth. on the other hand, porcelain produces a completely natural look but can cause wear to adjacent teeth. what materials are most often used for crowns? the three most common materials used to make crowns are as follows : - porcelain - fused - to metal ( pfm ) - all porcelain welcome to the blog of sandra embree dentistry! whether you are an existing patient or searching for a dentist in the ann arbor area, we ' re excited you are here. with the dental industry advancing, we recognize the importance of keeping our patients and visitors up to date with all of the new and exciting things taking place in our practice. as we move forward with our blog, we hope to promote dental awareness as a vital part of your healthy lifestyle. here you will find a variety of articles and topics including dental news, advancements in dental technology and treatment, practical dental health advice and updates from dr. embree and her staff. we hope you find our blog to be helpful, engaging and informational to ensure your best dental health. as always, feel free to contact us with any dental questions or concerns. - - dr. sandra embree


reaching out to prevent diabetes based on the success of the diabetes prevention program trial, eisenhower medical center created an outreach program for the coachella valley to identify people who are at - risk for diabetes and to enroll them in an educational program for lifestyle changes. in june 2003, eisenhower medical center received a diabetes prevention grant from the desert healthcare district. highly successful, the eisenhower diabetes prevention program maintained a 98 percent retention rate, and the desert healthcare district extended the grant through 2006. diabetes is an insidious disease. diabetes is the number one cause of kidney failure, limb amputation and blindness. diabetes is also a major cause of heart disease and stroke. type 2 diabetes is most prevalent over the age of 45. currently, 18 percent of all men and women over the age of 65 have diabetes. type 2 diabetes is even more common in hispanics, native americans, asians and pacific islanders. once rare in adolescents, the dramatic increase in obesity among american teens exposes them to diabetes at an early age. who is at - risk for diabetes? the strongest risk factor is family history, followed by obesity, hypertension, an abnormal lipid pattern ( high triglycerides and low hdl cholesterol ), and a fasting blood sugar between 100 mg / dl and 126 mg / dl. it is estimated that there are about 30 to 40 million people in this country who are at - risk for diabetes, and about 30, 000 people who are at - risk in the coachella valley. desert diabetes alert program eisenhower ’ s desert diabetes alert program reaches out to the community with screenings, lab tests and comprehensive education. to date, eisenhower medical center has screened more than 5, 500 people, of which approximately 25 percent were identified as at - risk, and 12 percent were found to have diabetes. screeners are present at pharmacies, supermarkets and health fairs. individuals who have a family history of diabetes, are overweight or have high blood pressure, simply fill out a questionnaire, the responses to which may qualify them for a blood test. program participants are taught healthy eating habits, and how to lose weight and exercise – all at no cost. because of the increasing number of teens who are at - risk for diabetes, the palm springs unified school district and desert sands unified school district allow eisenhower ’ s desert diabetes alert program to screen teenagers ( ages 12 to 18 ) in the high schools. to date, eisenhower has screened more than 1, 400 students, finding 33 percent at - risk for diabetes. more than 340 students and adults


in this article there is no known way to prevent most types of leukemia. most people with leukemia do not have known risk factors. a risk factor is anything that raises your chances of getting a disease. some types of leukemia may be prevented by avoiding high doses of radiation, exposure to the chemical benzene, smoking and other tobacco use, or certain types of chemotherapy used to treat other types of cancer. during treatment for any stage of leukemia, there are things you can do at home to help manage the side effects of leukemia or its treatment. home treatment may be all that is needed to manage the following common problems. if your doctor has given you instructions or medicines to treat these symptoms, be sure to use them. eating a balanced diet and getting enough sleep and exercise may help you feel better. dealing with your emotions if you have recently been diagnosed with leukemia, you may have many different emotions. there is no " normal " or " right " way to react. but if your reaction is interfering with your ability to make decisions about your health, it is important to talk with your doctor. your cancer treatment center may offer psychological or financial services. you may also contact your local chapter of the american cancer society to help you find a support group. talking with other people who may have had similar feelings can be very helpful. there are other emotional issues you may face : if leukemia or its treatment causes pain, there are many ways to relieve it. if your doctor has given you instructions or medicines for pain, be sure to use them. and check with your doctor before trying any home treatment for pain. while some home treatments may be fine, others ( such as a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medication ) may not be safe if you have leukemia. emedicinehealth medical reference from healthwise to learn more visit healthwise. org © 1995 - 2012 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise logo are trademarks of healthwise, incorporated. find out what women really need. pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharmacies


robert e. lee robert edward lee ( january 19, 1807 - october 12, 1870 ) was born at stratford, in westmoreland county, virginia, son of revolutionary war hero henry lee ( " lighthorse harry " ). lee is best remembered in his role of commanding general of the confederate forces during the american civil war. like hannibal and rommel, his victories against superior forces in a losing cause made him as famous if not more famous than the general who defeated him. lee entered west point in 1825. when he graduated ( second in his class of forty six ) in 1829 he had not only attained the top academic record but was the first cadet ( and so far the only ) to graduate the academy without a single demerit. he was commissioned as second lieutenant in the engineers. lee served for seventeen months at fort pulaski on cockspur island, georgia. in 1831, he was transferred to fort monroe, virginia, as assistant engineer. while he was stationed there, he married mary anna randolph custis, the great - granddaughter of martha washington. they lived in the custis mansion, located on the banks of the potomac river in arlington, just across from washington, d. c. they eventually had three sons and four daughters. lee served as an assistant in the chief engineer ' s office in washington from 1834 to 1837, but spent the summer of 1835 helping to lay out the state line between ohio and michigan. in 1837, he got his first important command. as a first lieutenant of engineers, he supervised the engineering work for st. louis harbour and for the upper mississippi and missouri rivers. his work there earned him a promotion to captain. in 1841, he was transferred to fort hamilton in new york harbour, where he took charge of building fortifications. lee distinguished himself in the mexican war 1846 - 1848. he was one of winfield scott ' s chief aides in the march from vera cruz to mexico city. he was instrumental in several american victories by finding a route to attack the mexicans which was not defended because the terrain was thought to be impassable. he was promoted to major after the battle of cerro gordo in april, 1847. he also fought at contreras, cherubusco and chapultepec, and was wounded at the latter. by the end of the war he had been promoted to lieutenant - colonel. after the mexican war, he spent three years at fort carrol in baltimore harbor then became the superintendent of west point in 1852. during his three years at west point,


. by the end of the war he had been promoted to lieutenant - colonel. after the mexican war, he spent three years at fort carrol in baltimore harbor then became the superintendent of west point in 1852. during his three years at west point, he improved the buildings, the courses, and spent a lot of time with the cadets. these were not happy years for lee as he did not like to be away from his family for long periods of time, especially as his wife was becoming increasingly ill. lee came home to see her as often as he could. he happened to be in washington at the time of john brown ' s raid on harpers ferry, virginia ( now west virginia ) in 1859, and was sent there to arrest brown and to restore order. he did this very quickly and then returned to his regiment in texas. when texas seceded from the union in 1861, lee was called to washington, dc to wait for further orders. on april 18, 1861, on the eve of the american civil war, president abraham lincoln, through secretary francis blair, offered him command of the united states ( union ) army. there was little doubt as to lee ' s sentiments. he was opposed to secession. however his loyalty to his native virginia led him to join the confederacy. at the outbreak of war he was appointed to command all of virginia ' s forces, and then as one of the first five full generals of confederate forces. after commanding confederate forces in western virginia, and then in charge of coastal defenses along the carolina seaboards, he became military adviser to jefferson davis, president of the confederacy, whom he knew from west point. following the wounding of gen. joseph e. johnston at the battle of seven pines, on june 1, 1862, he received the command of the army of northern virginia and soon launched a series of attacks, the seven days campaign against general george b. mcclellan ' s union forces threatening richmond, virginia, the confederate capital. after mcclellan ' s retreat, lee defeated another union army in the battle of second manassas. he then invaded maryland, but retreated after evading destruction by mcclellan ' s superior force at battle of antietam. disappointed by mcclellan ' s failure to destroy lee ' s army, lincoln named ambrose burnside as commander of the army of the potomac. burnside ordered an attack across the rappahannock river at fredericksburg. delays in getting bridges built across the river allowed lee ' s army ample time to organize strong defenses, and the attack on december 12,


of the army of the potomac. burnside ordered an attack across the rappahannock river at fredericksburg. delays in getting bridges built across the river allowed lee ' s army ample time to organize strong defenses, and the attack on december 12, 1862 was a disaster for the union. lincoln then named joseph hooker commander of the army of the potomac. hooker ' s advance to attack lee in may 1863 near chancellorsville, virginia was defeated by lee and stonewall jackson ' s daring plan to divide the army and attack hooker ' s flank. it was an enormous victory over a larger force, but came at a great cost as jackson was fatally wounded. lee then proceeded to invade the north again, hoping for a southern victory that would compel the north to grant confederate independence. but his attempts to attack the union forces at gettysburg, pennsylvania failed. lee was compelled to retreat again and, as after antietam, was not vigorously pursued. following his defeat at gettysburg, lee sent a letter of resignation to confederate president jefferson davis on august 8, 1863 but davis refused lee ' s request upon receipt. in 1864, the new union supreme commander ulysses grant sought to destroy lee ' s army and capture richmond. lee and his men stopped each advance, but grant had courage and enough men to keep trying again a bit further to the east. these battles included the wilderness, spottsylvania courthouse, and cold harbor. after stopping a union attempt to capture petersburg, virginia, a vital railroad link supplying richmond, lee ' s men built elaborate trenches and stayed on the same lines from june 1864 until april 1865. on january 31, 1865, lee was promoted to be general - in - chief of confederate forces. in early 1865, he urged adoption of a scheme to allow slaves to join the confederate army in exchange for their freedom. the scheme never came to fruition in the short time the confederacy had left. as the confederate army was worn down by months of battle, a union attempt to capture petersburg on april 2, 1865 succeeded. lee abandoned the defense of richmond and sought to join general joseph johnston ' s army in north carolina. his forces were surrounded by the union army and he surrendered to general grant on april 9, 1865, at appomattox courthouse, virginia. following the war, lee applied for, but was never granted, the official postwar amnesty. his wife ' s family home the custis - lee mansion, where they had lived before the civil war, had been confiscated by union forces and now is part of arlington national cemetery.


a tale of two lakes : one gives early warning signal for ecosystem collapse first experimental evidence that radical ecosystem change can be detected in advance researchers eavesdropping on complex signals from a remote wisconsin lake have detected what they say is an unmistakable warning - - a death knell - - of the impending collapse of the lake ' s aquatic ecosystem. the finding, reported in the journal science by a team of researchers led by stephen carpenter, an ecologist at the university of wisconsin - madison ( uw - madison ), is the first experimental evidence that radical change in an ecosystem can be detected in advance, possibly in time to prevent ecological catastrophe. " for a long time, ecologists thought these changes couldn ' t be predicted, " says carpenter. " but we ' ve now shown that they can be foreseen. the early warning is clear. it is a strong signal. " " this research shows that, with careful monitoring, we can foresee shifts in the structure of ecosystems despite their complexity, " agrees alan tessier, program director in nsf ' s division of environmental biology. " the results point the way for ecosystem management to become a predictive science. " the findings suggest that, with the right kind of monitoring, it may be possible to track the vital signs of any ecosystem and intervene in time to prevent what is often irreversible damage to the environment. " with more work, this could revolutionize ecosystem management, " carpenter says. " the concept has now been validated in a field experiment and the fact that it worked in this lake opens the door to testing it in rangelands, forests and marine ecosystems. " " networks for long - term ecological observation, such as the [ nsf ] long - term ecological research network, increase the possibility of detecting early warnings through comparisons across sites and among regions, " the scientists write in their paper. ecosystems often change in radical ways. lakes, forests, rangelands, coral reefs and many other ecosystems are often transformed by overfishing, insect pests, chemical changes in the environment, overgrazing and shifting climate. for humans, ecosystem change can impact economies and livelihoods such as when forests succumb to an insect pest, rangelands to overgrazing, or fisheries to overexploitation. a vivid example of a collapsed resource is the atlantic cod fishery. once the most abundant and sought - after fish in the north atlantic, cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s due to overfishing, causing widespread economic hardship in new england and canada. now,


vivid example of a collapsed resource is the atlantic cod fishery. once the most abundant and sought - after fish in the north atlantic, cod stocks collapsed in the 1990s due to overfishing, causing widespread economic hardship in new england and canada. now, the ability to detect when an ecosystem is approaching the tipping point could help prevent such calamities. in the new study, the wisconsin researchers, collaborating with scientists at the cary institute for ecosystem studies in millbrook, n. y., the university of virginia in charlottesville and st. norbert college in de pere, wis., focused their attention on peter and paul lakes, two isolated and undeveloped lakes in northern wisconsin. peter is a six - acre lake whose biota were manipulated for the study and nearby paul served as a control. an explosion of largemouth bass young - of - year accelerated the manipulated lake ' s changes. credit : tim cline the group led by carpenter experimentally manipulated peter lake over a three - year period by gradually adding predatory largemouth bass to the lake, which was previously dominated by small fish that consumed water fleas, a type of zooplankton. the purpose, carpenter notes, was to destabilize the lake ' s food web to the point where it would become an ecosystem dominated by large predators. in the process, the researchers expected to see a relatively rapid cascading change in the lake ' s biological community, one that would affect all its plants and animals in significant ways. " we start adding these big ferocious fish and almost immediately this instills fear in the other fish, " carpenter says. " the small fish begin to sense there is trouble and they stop going into the open water and instead hang around the shore and structures, things like sunken logs. they become risk - averse. " the biological upshot, says carpenter, is that the lake became " water flea heaven. " the system becomes one where the phytoplankton, the preferred food of the lake ' s water fleas, is highly variable. " the phytoplankton get hammered and at some point the system snap into a new mode, " says carpenter. throughout the lake ' s three - year manipulation, all its chemical, biological and physical vital signs were continuously monitored to track even the smallest changes that would announce what ecologists call a " regime shift, " where an ecosystem undergoes radical and rapid change from one type to another. it was in these massive sets of data that carpenter and his colleagues were able to


monitored to track even the smallest changes that would announce what ecologists call a " regime shift, " where an ecosystem undergoes radical and rapid change from one type to another. it was in these massive sets of data that carpenter and his colleagues were able to detect the signals of the ecosystem ' s impending collapse. ecologists first discovered similar signals in computer simulations of spruce budworm outbreaks. every few decades the insect ' s populations explode, causing widespread deforestation in boreal forests in canada. computer models of a virtual outbreak, however, seemed to undergo odd blips just before the outbreak. the problem was solved by william " buz " brock, a uw - madison economist who for decades has worked on the mathematical connections of economics and ecology. automated equipment monitored lake conditions every five minutes. credit : james coloso brock utilized a branch of applied mathematics known as bifurcation theory to show that the odd behavior was in fact an early warning of catastrophic change. in short, he devised a way to sense the transformation of an ecosystem by detecting subtle changes in the system ' s natural patterns of variability. the upshot of the peter lake field experiment, says carpenter, is a validated statistical early warning system for ecosystem collapse. the catch, however, is that for the early warning system to work, intense and continuous monitoring of an ecosystem ' s chemistry, physical properties and biota are required. such an approach may not be practical for every threatened ecosystem, says carpenter, but he also cites the price of doing nothing. " these regime shifts tend to be hard to reverse. it is like a runaway train once it gets going and the costs - - both ecological and economic - - are high. " in addition to carpenter and brock, authors of the science paper include jonathan cole of the cary institute of ecosystem studies ; michael pace, james coloso and david seekell of the university of virginia at charlottesville ; james hodgson of st. norbert college ; and ryan batt, tim cline, james kitchell, laura smith and brian weidel of uw - madison. april 28, 2011 - cheryl dybas, nsf ( 703 ) 292 - 7734 email @ example. com - terry devitt, university of wisconsin - madison ( 608 ) 262 - 8282 firstname. lastname @ example. org


- light ( n. ) - " brightness, radiant energy, " old english leht, earlier leoht " light, daylight ; luminous, beautiful, " from west germanic * leukhtam ( cf. old saxon lioht, old frisian liacht, middle dutch lucht, dutch licht, old high german lioht, german licht, gothic liuhaþ " light " ), from pie * leuk - " light, brightness " ( cf. sanskrit rocate " shines ; " armenian lois " light, " lusin " moon ; " greek leukos " bright, shining, white ; " latin lucere " to shine, " lux " light, " lucidus " clear ; " old church slavonic luci " light ; " lithuanian laukas " pale ; " welsh llug " gleam, glimmer ; " old irish loche " lightning, " luchair " brightness ; " hittite lukezi " is bright " ). the - gh - was an anglo - french scribal attempt to render the germanic hard - h - sound, which has since disappeared from this word. the figurative spiritual sense was in old english ; the sense of " mental illumination " is first recorded mid - 15c. meaning " something used for igniting " is from 1680s. meaning " a consideration which puts something in a certain view ( e. g. in light of ) is from 1680s. something that ' s a joy and a delight has been the light of ( someone ' s ) eyes since old english : ðu eart dohtor min, minra eagna leoht [ juliana ]. to see the light " come into the world " is from 1680s ; later in a christian sense. - light ( adj. 1 ) - " not heavy, " from old english leoht " not heavy, light in weight ; easy, trifling ; quick, agile, " from proto - germanic * lingkhtaz ( cf. old norse lettr, swedish latt, old frisian, middle dutch licht, german leicht, gothic leihts ), from pie root * legwh - " not heavy, having little weight " ( cf. latin levis " light, " old irish lu " small ; " see lever ). the notion in make light of ( 1520s ) is of " unimportance. " alternative spelling lite, the darling of advertisers, is first