influences both our perception of the world and perception of oneself. for instance, a woman who perceives herself as strong may well behave with confidence and come to see her actions as actions performed by someone who is confident. the self - concept does not necessarily always fit with reality, though, and the way we see ourselves may differ greatly from how others see us. for example, a person might be very interesting to others and yet consider himself to be boring. he judges and evaluates this image he has of himself as a bore and this valuing will be reflected in his self - esteem. the confident woman may have a high self - esteem and the man who sees himself as a bore may have a low self - esteem, presuming that strength / confidence are highly valued and that being boring is not. person centered therapy note : person centered therapy is also called client centered therapy. one major difference between humanistic counselors and other therapists is that they refer to those in therapy as ' clients ', not ' patients '. this is because they see the therapist and client as equal partners rather than as an expert treating a patient. unlike other therapies the client is responsible for improving his or her life, not the therapist. this is a deliberate change from both psychoanalysis and behavioral therapies where the patient is diagnosed and treated by a doctor. instead, the client consciously and rationally decides for themselves what is wrong and what should be done about it. the therapist is more of a friend or counselor who listens and encourages on an equal level. one reason why rogers ( 1951 ) ejected interpretation was that he believed that, although symptoms did arise from past experience, it was more useful for the client to focus on the present and future than on the past. rather than just liberating clients from there past, as psychodynamic therapists aim to do, rogerians hope to help their clients to achieve personal growth and eventually to self - actualize. there is an almost total absence of techniques in rogerian psychotherapy due to the unique character of each counseling relationship. of utmost importance, however, is the quality of the relationship between client and therapist. " the therapeutic relationship... is the critical variable, not what the therapist says or does. " if there are any techniques they are listening, accepting, understanding and sharing, which seem more attitude - orientated than skills - orientated. in corey ' s ( 1991 ) view " a preoccupation with using techniques is seen [ from the rogerian standpoint


techniques they are listening, accepting, understanding and sharing, which seem more attitude - orientated than skills - orientated. in corey ' s ( 1991 ) view " a preoccupation with using techniques is seen [ from the rogerian standpoint ] as depersonalizing the relationship. " the rogerian client - centered approach puts emphasis on the person coming to form an appropriate understanding of their world and themselves. a person enters person centered therapy in a state of incongruence. it is the role of the therapists to reverse this situation. rogers ( 1959 ) called his therapeutic approach client - centered or person - centered therapy because of the focus on the person ’ s subjective view of the world. rogers regarded every one as a “ potentially competent individual ” who could benefit greatly from his form of therapy. the purpose of roger ’ s humanistic therapy is to increase a person ’ s feelings of self - worth, reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal and actual self, and help a person become more of a fully functioning person. client - centered therapy operates according to three basic principles that reflect the attitude of the therapist to the client : 1. the therapist is congruent with the client. 2. the therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard. 3. the therapist shows empathetic understanding to the client. congruence in counseling congruence is also called genuineness. congruence is the most important attribute in counseling, according to rogers. this means that, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ' blank screen ' and reveals little of their own personality in therapy, the rogerian is keen to allow the client to experience them as they really are. the therapist does not have a facade ( like psychoanalysis ), that is, the therapist ' s internal and external experiences are one in the same. in short, the therapist is authentic. unconditional positive regard the next rogerian core condition is unconditional positive regard. rogers believed that for people to grow and fulfill their potential it is important that they are valued as themselves. this refers to the therapist ' s deep and genuine caring for the client. the therapist may not approve of some of the client ' s actions but the therapist does approve of the client. in short, the therapist needs an attitude of " i ' ll accept you as you are. " the person - centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the client ' s actions. empathy is the


short, the therapist needs an attitude of " i ' ll accept you as you are. " the person - centered counselor is thus careful to always maintain a positive attitude to the client, even when disgusted by the client ' s actions. empathy is the ability to understand what the client is feeling. this refers to the therapist ' s ability to understand sensitively and accurately [ but not sympathetically ] the client ' s experience and feelings in the here - and - now. an important part of the task of the person - centered counselor is to follow precisely what the client is feeling and to communicate to them that the therapist understands what they are feeling. in the words of rogers ( 1975 ), accurate empathic understanding is as follows : " if i am truly open to the way life is experienced by another person... if i can take his or her world into mine, then i risk seeing life in his or her way... and of being changed myself, and we all resist change. since we all resist change, we tend to view the other person ' s world only in our terms, not in his or hers. then we analyze and evaluate it. we do not understand their world. but, when the therapist does understand how it truly feels to be in another person ' s world, without wanting or trying to analyze or judge it, then the therapist and the client can truly blossom and grow in that climate. " because the person - centered counselor places so much emphasis on genuineness and on being led by the client, they do not place the same emphasis on boundaries of time and technique as would a psychodynamic therapist. if they judged it appropriate, a person - centered counselor might diverge considerably from orthodox counseling techniques. as mearns and thorne ( 1988 ) point out, we cannot understand person - centered counseling by its techniques alone. the person - centered counselor has a very positive and optimistic view of human nature. the philosophy that people are essentially good, and that ultimately the individual knows what is right for them, is the essential ingredient of successful person centered therapy as “ all about loving ”. mearns, p., & thorne, b. person - centred counselling in action ( counselling in action series ). london : sage publications ltd. rogers, carl. ( 1951 ). client - centered therapy : its current practice, implications and theory. london : constable. rogers, c. ( 1959 ). a theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client - centered framework. in ( ed


in a previous article, we laid out the framework for using os x in web development. with more than 60 % of the world ’ s web servers running apache, having the same local, database - driven development environment can accelerate web development, design and testing. in this piece, we will tackle getting an os x systems configured for localhost web development. a default os x install includes the majority of what you will need to get a basic web server up and running. since we previously discussed the lamp, or linux, apache, mysql and perl / php, platform, this is the base configuration we will cover here. i ’ ll also include links at the end of this article to information on installing python, as this is a growing and popular language for web scripting, along with some notes on using cvs. your os x system is somewhat pre - configured to run a static website with apache pre - installed and pre - configured. the primary website document root, which would be accessed at http : / / 127. 0. 0. 1 ( or http : / / localhost ; which you use is up to you ) is found in the / library / webserver / documents /. you will find a number of index files in here, due to apache ’ s ability to negotiate content for localization, i. e. serving up the same page in different languages. you may remove these files if you will be focusing on one language. additionally, each user on os x can, by default, serve web pages from their home directory using their short name, i. e. http : / / 127. 0. 0. 1 / ~ shortname ( i. e. blane warrene uses the shortname bwarrene ). content for these local sites should go in the local user ’ s existing sites folder within their home directory ( / users / shortname / sites / ). to enable browsing of these sites, you will need to start the apache web server, which is simply done in the system preferences menu by selecting sharing and turning on personal web sharing. if you prefer to ftp your content locally, rather than copying the files into directories, you should also turn on ftp access within this preference pane. apache on os x tip as with apache on linux, additional modules or services can be added in, or apache can be recompiled. these actions normally require that you restart apache. you can return to the system preferences menu, select the sharing pane


on os x tip as with apache on linux, additional modules or services can be added in, or apache can be recompiled. these actions normally require that you restart apache. you can return to the system preferences menu, select the sharing pane and simply stop and start personal web sharing to restart apache. if you require multiple local sites under development at once, you can easily establish a folder per project in the sites directory in your home folder. you can then access these for testing via browser using http : / / localhost / ~ shortname / project1, http : / / localhost / ~ shortname / project2, and so on. you can custom configure apache to use custom urls, such as http : / / project1, or http : / / project2, with a combination of edits to the httpd. conf ( found in / etc / httpd / httpd. conf ) and hosts files on your system, which can be found in / etc / hosts /. the rudimentary example below shows two sites. using vi or your favorite text editor, edit the httpd. conf file as follows : - uncomment the namevirtualhost line and replace the * with 127. 0. 0. 1 - add two virtual host containers : save and close the httpd. conf file. this will entail an apache restart, which is done in the system preferences menu under the sharing pane. finally, to ensure that we ’ re resolving locally, we will edit your local hosts file. using the terminal utility, issue the following command : sudo vi / etc / hosts after entering your admin password, press i for insert mode, move the cursor to the end of the file, and add these lines : then press the esc key, type : wq, and press return. your configuring is complete! you should be able to access these separate sites in your web browser at http : / / project1 and http : / / project2. remember to put some content in those directories when you first browse to them! some final notes on apache there are numerous features you can utilize to create a mirror test environment to your production apache web servers. take some time to peruse the httpd. conf file, which contains substantial documentation that can assist you in enabling features like server side includes. in addition, while we ’ re specifically discussing setting up os x as a localhost web


green tea, along with white, black, and oolong teas, are derived from the plant camellia sinensis. the chinese first discovered green tea 4, 000 to 5, 000 years ago. green tea includes flavonoids, which are plant - derived compounds that feature antioxidants. the antioxidants in green tea called catechins are stronger than vitamins c and e ; 30 % of the green tea leaves feature these polyphenols. of the four teas produced by this plant, green tea includes the most catechins, meaning it offers the most health benefits. green tea promises a range of health benefits that have been thoroughly researched for decades. green tea is capable of treating a number of health conditions. a wealth of research exists that credits green tea with helping to prevent cancer. clinical studies have indicated that green tea consumption may help reduce the risk of contracting the following cancers : bladder, breast, ovarian, colorectal, esophageal, lung, pancreatic, prostate, skin, and stomach. green tea polyphenols, including the tea ’ s main polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate, or egcg, have been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in studies. while not all of these studies have been conducted on humans — some animals have been studied, while other studies focused on test tubes — there is significant promising research that green tea can be an effective prevention measure against cancer. the health benefits of green tea extend beyond cancer prevention, however. individuals diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease, including crohn ’ s disease and ulcerative colitis, can experience symptom relief thanks to green tea. similarly, green tea may help prevent colon cancer. diabetics can benefit from green tea consumption, which can improve glucose tolerance. research conducted on laboratory animals also indicated that green tea can increase insulin sensitivity, another benefit for diabetics. green tea can also help to prevent atherosclerosis, more commonly known as hardening of the arteries. in part, green tea ’ s ability to combat coronary artery disease is due to its ability to lower cholesterol and raise hdl, or “ good, ” cholesterol. finally, evidence suggests that green tea can prove beneficial in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases, which are often difficult to treat. green tea ’ s antioxidants can help treat parkinson ’ s disease, and laboratory studies indicate that egcg in


suggests that green tea can prove beneficial in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases, which are often difficult to treat. green tea ’ s antioxidants can help treat parkinson ’ s disease, and laboratory studies indicate that egcg in green tea can delay the onset of alzheimer ’ s disease. this same polyphenol in green tea can also protect against neurological damage associated with stroke. green tea is also a popular ingredient for beauty and skin care products due to its range of benefits. the antioxidants that help treat and prevent diseases and health conditions have similarly beneficial effects on the skin. these antioxidant effects come in the form of green tea extract in many beauty and skin care products. research has indicated that egcg, the main polyphenol is green tea, can reactivate dying skin cells. this ability results in healthier, younger - looking skin. energized skin cells result in improved skin condition, and green tea ’ s egcg can provide this energy. research has also revealed that green tea can help protect the skin from the sun ’ s damaging rays. in this case, green tea can be taken in two forms. drinking 24 ounces of green tea a day can offer sun protection. alternatively, topical green tea cream can also protect skin cells from harmful uv radiation when used in conjunction with sunscreen. green tea in skin care products can also help in the fight against aging skin. the tea ’ s antioxidants possess anti - inflammatory properties that, in many cases, can slow down signs of aging. research continues to identify specific ways green tea helps minimize the symptoms associated with aging skin. green tea extract can be found in a range of beauty and skin care products thanks to these remarkable benefits. moisturizers for the face and body often feature green tea to rejuvenate skin. many creams are specifically marketed as green tea creams, giving users the antioxidant benefits of green tea extract. the ingredient can also be found in soaps, anti - aging serums, sunscreens and body washes. like other botanicals, green tea extract is a gentle, natural ingredient that is not associated with significant side effects. green tea is included on the food and drug administration ’ s generally recognized as safe list. thus, this plant - derived ingredient can produce significant health benefits as well as benefits for the skin and body without irritation for the majority of users. green tea extract, then, is an ideal ingredient in many beauty and personal care products


there are between 180 and 200 species of honeysuckle ( genus lonicera ), most of which are native to asia, although some originate in europe and north america. they vary widely in form – some species grow as vines, others as bushes ; most are deciduous, but some keep their leaves year - round – but they all have small, sweet - smelling trumpet - shaped flowers. honeysuckle is valued by gardeners for its scent and because it attracts butterflies, bees and hummingbirds, but the plant has a reputation of being aggressively invasive unless kept well - pruned. many species are cultivated for their flowers or as ground cover, but the most commonly found are italian ( l. caprifolium ), european or english ( l. periclymenum ) and japanese ( l. japonica ). honeysuckle is also sometimes referred to as woodbine. the plant occasionally called meadow honeysuckle is actually from a different genus, trifolium pretense. honeysuckle has a long history in traditional chinese medicine, in which stems of the plant were used to make a tea to detoxify the body. in europe, and later in america, the flowers were dried to make a tea or flower buds were crushed and mixed with honey for a syrup ; these treatments were used to relieve sore throats. the leaves and berries were avoided as they can be mildly toxic and cause irritation. currently, honeysuckle oil is steam distilled from the flowers and flower buds. used in massage and aromatherapy, the oil is considered to have a relaxing and calming effect and, conversely, has the reputation of causing very romantic dreams. when applied topically, products containing honeysuckle oil have been found to have anti - inflammatory benefits, particularly for treating contact dermatitis. the oil also has some antibacterial effects on the skin, although this has not been proven in clinical tests. honeysuckle oil is primarily used commercially in perfumes and as a scent in soap, body washes, shampoos ( particularly baby shampoos ) and candles.


new haven, conn. - overtreatment and overdiagnosis of lyme disease have become associated with inappropriate use of health services, avoidable treatment - related illness and substantial disability and distress, according to a study from yale university ' s school of medicine. the study indicates that apprehensive patients can also cause doctors to hastily prescribe treatments without fully recognizing the consequences. although some of the improper treatment and diagnosis was " patient driven, " some responsibility did lay with the attending physician, researchers said. of the 209 patients studied, 60 % turned out not to have lyme disease at all, but still made an average of seven visits to a doctor, had four blood tests and underwent 42 days of antibiotic treatment. of that group, 42 % said they suffered depression after becoming convinced they had the disease. more than half reported adverse events from the antibiotics and 20 % sought additional treatment. lyme disease remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat because the symptoms may mimic other illnesses and lab tests are often unreliable. current endemic areas include the northeastern coast of the united states, the upper midwest and northern california into oregon. ticks carry the infection and transmit the borrelia burgdorferi spirochete. much has been learned about lyme disease since it was first diagnosed more than two decades ago. it is a multi - stage bacterial infection that is difficult to diagnose and treat. it can also progress into a disease with debilitating symptoms including arthritis, cardiovascular and neurological problems. it has rapidly become the most common tickborne illness, with nearly 100, 000 cases reported in the united states since 1982. in 1996 alone, more than 16, 000 cases were reported - a 32 - fold increase since the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) began collecting surveillance data on the disease. however, this is a figure that most experts agree represents only a fraction of the cases that actually occur. the study patients were evaluated between april 1994 and may 1995. patients entered the study with a lyme disease diagnosis previously made by either referring doctors or the patients themselves. data were obtained on all patients through a 50 - item questionnaire. they also underwent comprehensive physical exam and serologic testing for the disease and agreed to follow - up exams. to identify adverse drug events, the patients were asked to report the name of the drug used, the duration of therapy, the mode of administration and whether any unanticipated reactions occurred with each course of antibiotic treatment. patients were instructed to document any reaction


drug events, the patients were asked to report the name of the drug used, the duration of therapy, the mode of administration and whether any unanticipated reactions occurred with each course of antibiotic treatment. patients were instructed to document any reaction to their treatment. if patients thought that an antibiotic treatment had caused a reaction that was not listed, they were instructed to record those reactions as well. a diagnosis of active lyme disease required the presence of erythema migrans or characteristic articular, neurologic or cardiac manifestations with serologic confirmation. a comprehensive history was taken and medical records were reviewed, as well as a complete physical exam. serologic testing was performed by enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ). a titer of 1 : 200 or greater for igm or igg was considered a positive result. all specimens with positive elisa results were subsequently tested for igm and igg antibodies in the laboratory by doing western blot analysis using a two - step procedure and were evaluated according to cdc criteria. for antibiotic reactions, minor events were defined as reactions that were self - limiting and did not require discontinuation of antibiotic therapy, or that required doctor intervention but was not serious or life - threatening. a major event was defined as any drug reaction that was potentially serious or life - threatening. as stated above, 60 % of the study ' s patients lacked any evidence of previous or active lyme disease, according to the researchers. most of the patients had been previously told they had lyme disease, and 75 % had received at least one course of antibiotic treatment. about one - third of these patients were thought to have a non - specific fatigue - arthralgia - myalgia syndrome. more than half of those had treatable disorders, such as depression, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis and myasthenia gravis. " failure to diagnose and treat these conditions represents an additional type of treatment - related illness, " said m. carrington reid, md, phd, associate professor of medicine at yale medical school. " we think our findings reflect a widespread phenomenon in current management of [ lyme disease ]. " inappropriate use of health services was great among those patients with no active lyme disease. these patients had a median of four serologic tests, seven office visits and 42 days of antibiotic treatment. drug therapy resulted in unavoidable treatment - related illness that included minor adverse drug reactions


those patients with no active lyme disease. these patients had a median of four serologic tests, seven office visits and 42 days of antibiotic treatment. drug therapy resulted in unavoidable treatment - related illness that included minor adverse drug reactions, such as diarrhea and stomach cramps. there was also a large amount of disability and depression found among patients with no evidence of lyme disease. researchers speculated that many patients and doctors viewed the disease as a chronic and often incurable illness that required multiple courses of antibiotic treatment. a physician diagnosis, as opposed to self - diagnosis, reinforced this belief and contributed to increased depression and stress. reid and his team recommend that serologic tests only be performed when trying to confirm a well - formulated clinical suspicion of lyme disease. the use of protracted courses of antibiotic therapy should be avoided because active lyme disease is effectively treated, with very few exceptions, by a single course of antibiotics. patients with active disease should be assured that complete resolution of symptoms is expected but may not occur for several months. also, among patients who present with non - specific symptoms, a diagnosis of other treatable conditions should be considered. and finally, for many patients who present with a presumptive diagnosis of lyme disease and lack evidence of active infection, customary reassurance may not suffice - simply removing the lyme disease label may not be enough for most patients. for more information : - reid mc, schoen r. the consequences of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of lyme disease : an observational study. ann intern med. 1998 : 128 ; 354 - 62. you can express your views on this article, or other relevant themes, in the infectious diseases in children specialty forums.


autistic students require appropriate instruction for all my many years as a social worker ( now retired ), as well as an education surrogate parent, i have been involved with helping families who have children with special needs, including dyslexia and autism. the other day i was at juvenile court to give support to a family called in because of poor school attendance for two of their children. it was the court ' s ruling that further absences will result in foster care placement of these children. in this particular family, the children in question have been diagnosed with autism in the past. i know of their original diagnoses because i worked intensively with this family when the children were very young to get them the help they needed at the time. ( although both children still receive special education services, i do not know whether autism is a factor in their individual education plans. ) the education of children with autism requires attention to a variety of factors, including adaptations to instructional strategies, but also to the ways in which such children are exposed to social stimuli and interaction. for example, autistic children are frequently sensitive to audio stimuli ( that is, the brain ' s response to sound waves is delayed, resulting in confusion and frustration ), which can affect their behavior and result in acute stress when confronted with classroom and transportation environments. in the case of these two children, attendance problems are largely due to their outright refusal to take buses for reasons noted above, and therefore reliance on walking to and from school ( a distance of two miles ). the family does not own a car. autistic people, when treated correctly, can make remarkable strides in both intellectual and social capabilities. einstein and van gogh, for instance, are now considered to have had autistic traits. in my professional experience with children with special needs, the only school in this area that dealt with this problem successfully was reads academy. it is my hope that the new bedford school department can come up with more holistic approaches to educating children with special needs, by seeking and treating reasons for unproductive behaviors, and not by " punishing " the behavior itself.


| learn spanish | lessons | programs | spanish software | dictionaries | hispanic culture | about learn spanish dvd free spanish lessons spanish movies online spanish courses | special offer! click here for free spanish lessons! spanish language lessons here are a few basic spanish lessons and links to quality online resources where you can learn how to speak spanish by starting - or continuing - the education process. also use these lessons and resources as quick reference on grammar and vocabulary. bookmark this page and look for updates as we regularly add new lessons. if you ' re looking for free online spanish lessons, click here. it ' s one of the best resources to learn to speak spanish. so is this — click here. spanish verbs if you want to receive the best spanish verb training available on the internet, and exercise your conjugation muscles to the point where you know how to deeply understand spanish verb forms, click on this advanced verb module now. for lessons on conjugating spanish verbs, check out our review of this amazing software that teaches more quickly and effectively than any book or classroom lesson plan, based on our observations teaching real beginner students. click here now to read our review. here on this page we also offer introductory spanish verb conjugation training : first you should know there are three verb forms in spanish, each distinguishable by the last two words, - ar, - er, and - ir verbs. hablar - to talk comer - to eat vivir - to live the above forms are what is known as the " infinitive " form of the verb. when using these words in the real world, they must change their form in order to make sense. for instance, when i want to express that " i talk " i must say hablo. when i want to express that you talk, i need to say hablas, and so on. here is the conjugation for hablar i talk - yo hablo you talk - tu hablas he, she, you ( formal ) talk ( s ) - el, ella, ud habla we talk - nosotros hablamos you ( plural ) talk - vosotros hablais they, you ( plural, formal ) talk - ellos, ellas, uds. habla this conjugation is standard for almost all verbs ending in - ar. the conjugation changes for - er and - ir verbs, although it is the same for both - er and - ir forms ( except in the " we "


habla this conjugation is standard for almost all verbs ending in - ar. the conjugation changes for - er and - ir verbs, although it is the same for both - er and - ir forms ( except in the " we " form ). here are the conjugations for comer and vivir : i eat - yo como you eat - tu comes he, she, you ( formal ) eat ( s ) - el, ella, ud come we eat - nosotros comemos you ( plural ) eat - vosotros comeis they, you ( plural, formal ) eat - ellos, ellas, uds. come i live - yo vivo you live - tu vives he, she, you ( formal ) live ( s ) - el, ella, ud vive we live - nosotros vivimos you ( plural ) live - vosotros viveis they, you ( plural, formal ) live - ellos, ellas, uds. vive in all languages, verbs have different conjugations in order to indicate who ( or what ) is carrying out the action that the verb describes. for example, i write, while she writes. notice that the s indicates the the third person singular form " she " while the lack of an s indicates that " i " am doing the writing. similarly, the absence of an s will indicate that " you ", " them ", or " we " write. as you can see, in english there is very little change in form of verbs as they are conjugated. in spanish, however, the form of the verb is different for almost every conjugation, as you can see above, and these verb forms are important to learn. good spanish lessons to learn verbs there is software to help you learn and conjugage spanish verbs in all their complex forms, and it works so much faster than those big, tedious grammar books. click here now to download the ultimate spanish verb conjugator in just seconds. become proficient at complex spanish verbs. here is a superb online resource for looking up the conjugation of spanish verbs. for more easy, yet precise language training click here to start the advanced verb module. © copyright 2007 - 2012 spanishprofessor. org - language learning resource


cottages – remains part of a fine old oak staircase. this has twisted balusters and a large twisted newel - pole, reaching the ceiling and supporting a beam above. the building also retains its original stone door lintel over the main entrance, although the original oak door and its iron hinges preserved well into this century have gone. oakenrod hall was radically altered by edmund butterworth, a merchant, who took it after the gartsyde family left. he tried to bring the hall in line with 18th century tastes by building on a wing in plain brick. in 1787, the hall was passed to the royds family, who held it for more than a century and let it as cottages. in the 1920 ’ s the hall was said to be in a state of “ semi dilapidation ” and the crumbling chimneys had to be rebuilt in brick. oakenrods stone and slate structure mark it out from other surviving halls around the place is first mentioned by name in a deed of about 1238, when it was described as an “ assart ” ( clearing ) called akenrode. ' oakenrod ' is old english and means a clearing in the oaks, or literally, a place rid of oaks. and as its earliest history reveals, it has roots which go deep into


veterans day 2011 provides us an opportunity to celebrate the millions of great americans who defended our country. during 2011 we should give special thanks to the 3. 8 million americans who fought in the civil war. many estimates claim that over 600, 000 soldiers died in the civil war from battles, disease, and death in prisons and other causes. clearly, more americans died in the civil war than in any other american conflict. the capital district was one of the first parts of the country to send soldiers to the civil war in april 1861. soldiers from local counties such as albany, columbia, fulton, montgomery, rensselaer, saratoga, schoharie, schenectady, warren, and washington and other counties continued to fight until the conflict ended in 1865. imagine four straight years of awful battles, death from disease and other causes. soldiers from this area staffed approximately 31 infantry units, 5 cavalry units and 7 artillery units. soldiers from our region show up at the first significant land battle of the civil war which was held at fortress monroe, virginia on june 11, 1861. the new york times reported on june 14, 1861 that colonel frederick townsend of the albany regiment participated in the battle. records also show that citizens from the capital district communities participated in almost every famous battle of the eastern portion of the civil war. union victories such as the battle of antietam in 1862, gettysburg in 1863, and the victories in virginia by general grant in 1864 and 1865 were supported by soldiers from our area. citizens from albany can be found in some of the deadliest battles in the civil war. for instance, local citizens who formed company e of the 44th new york volunteer infantry which was organized at the normal school of albany ( now known as the university at albany ) can be found charging up the hill against the confederate artillery and robert e. lee ’ s mass infantry at fredericksburg, virginia on december, 13 1862. members of the same unit can be found defending little round top at gettysburg, pennsylvania on june 2, 1863 thus leading to the defeat of the confederate army advance being led by confederate generals lee, longstreet, and hood.


ca studies flag, anthem | classmates harley haydon and alexander green assist chesapeake academy fourth - grader tyler dunaway as he learns the procedure for raising the virginia state flag from head of school debbie cook and teacher jennifer goodlett. | aware that nothing instills patriotism more than a good patriotic song, chesapeake academy music teacher beth somers has embarked on a no - child - left - behind mission to ensure that her students in grades k - 8 know the words to and understand the meaning behind our country ’ s national anthem, “ the star spangled banner. ” “ with the olympics behind us and the presidential elections before us, i can think of no better time, ” said somers, who conceived lesson plans on flag etiquette and patriotism while watching the occasional athlete stumble through the lyrics during medal ceremonies at this summer ’ s games. with a more in depth understanding of american history, somers ’ middle school students were able to comprehend the bigger picture at the time of the battle of baltimore in 1814 and the birth of the anthem. as a follow - up activity, representatives from the american legion post in reedville came to chesapeake academy in october to host an all - school assembly on flag etiquette and patriotism. as a culminating project, chesapeake academy will participate in the creation of an all - school human flag on the middle school soccer field in early november while wearing school uniform clothing of red, white and blue.


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from the definitions we can observe that there were no unanimity of views among the different writers. those who want to enlarge the scope can be called the macro demographic group and those who maintain narrow view can be put in the micro demography group. views of spencer, vance, ryder, lorimer, moore, etc., fail within the category of macro demography. under macro demography the writers have studied the causes of slow or rapid grow of birth rate, death rate, population growth, sex ratio and health conditions, etc. many economic issues like unemployment, income condition of the masses, standard of living, labour conditions and living standard, production, consumption, saving - habits, correlation between population and economic development are all part of macro demography study social problem ’ like marital status, composition of the family, growing trend about t caste, religion, education, etc, form part of macro demography. geography can also be studied with the help of macro demography for example problems of migration, urbanization, etc form part of macro demography. according to the narrow view we study demography as small units like individual, family, group etc in fact these units constitute the primary elements of macro analysis for instance if we study the fertility rate of women in rewa or bhopal, it forms part of micro demography. on the other hand, if we study the fertility of women for the whole of india or madhya pradesh, and rewa and bhopal divisions are included as units of the same, then the study will fall within the macro analysis. according to prof. bogue “ micro demography is the study of the growth, distribution and redistribution of the population within community, state, economic area or other local area. this included both numerical and composition aspects and is performed by using meaningful subdivision of community of local areas. ” [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2009, 02 ). scope and subject matter of demography. studymode. com. retrieved 02, 2009, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / scope - and - subject - matter - of - demography - 192476. html " scope and subject matter of demography " studymode. com. 02 2009. 02 2009 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / scope - and - subject - matter - of - demography - 192476. html >. " scope and subject matter of demography. " studymode. com. 02, 2009.


made obvious by the content of this piece of writing, is the fact that vaughn must have done a good bit of researching to thoroughly grasp the feelings of people during the times, and accumulate his opinion of this part of the era. being a historian, vaughn had to see the world as those who lived it, as well as maintain the perspective of his own time, and in doing this, he rid the article of bias, and only spoke his honest opinion. the issue of the article was the rebellion led by daniel shay, the events leading up to it, and the products of the actions. not only were tensions raised to extreme heights in communities during this time, but hundreds of people began to go against the government even more because of the level of unfairness. in his article, vaughn tries to explain the colonials ’ reasoning behind their actions, and has a tone which implies his position on the matter to be one in which the colonials were distressed and tired of being put in debt because of unreasonable laws. the author gives factual evidence throughout his work that tell of events where people were unhappy and of the consequences of these feelings. vaughn makes a good point in saying more or less that people wanted to understand why they were being treated this way, and wanted to know why their government was being so one sided and unjust. personally, i completely agree with the author ’ s position, and i understand why he wrote about the evidence that he did. vaughn made a point of telling about the rebellion from both the colonial and governmental perspectives, and stayed away from any bias that could have been brought in. the occurrences of shay ’ s rebellion are elaborated on in many textbooks and writings, and... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2008, 11 ). shay ' s rebellion critique. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2008, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / shays - rebellion - critique - 178461. html " shay ' s rebellion critique " studymode. com. 11 2008. 11 2008 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / shays - rebellion - critique - 178461. html >. " shay ' s rebellion critique. " studymode. com. 11, 2008. accessed 11, 2008. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / shays - rebellion - critique - 178461. html.


shelters in london this rare original document by one of the projects consulting engineers ; w. t. halcrow & partners, gives a fascinating insight into the construction and design of the ' deep tunel air raid shelters ' ( sic ). ' ministry of home security : deep tunel air raid shelters : london 1942 ' courtesy alan a. jackson ' s ` rails through the clay ' ©. ` the bombings of 1940 forced a reappraisal of deep - shelter policy and at the end of october the government decided to construct a system of deep shelters linked to existing tube stations. london transport was consulted about the sites and required to build the tunnels at the public expense with the understanding that they were to have the option of taking them over for railway use after the war. with the latter point in mind, positions were chosen on routes of possible north - south and east - west express tube railways. it was decided that each shelter would comprise two parallel tubes 16 foot 6 inches internal diameter and 12, 000 feet long and would be placed below existing station tunnels at clapham south, clapham common, clapham north, stockwell, oval, goodge street, camden town, belsize park, chancery lane and st. pauls. it may be assumed that at these points the deep - level express tubes would have no stations as the diameter was too small. each tube would have two decks, fully equipped with bunks, medical posts, kitchens and sanitation and each installation would accommodate 9, 600 people at a construction cost of 15 pounds per head. in the event, the capacity was reduced to 8000 as a result of improved accommodation standards and the actual cost varied between 35 and 42 pounds per head. work began on november 27th 1940 and it was hoped to have the first shelters ready by the following summer. there were great difficulties in obtaining labour and material and when the blitz abated the government had second thoughts. the old bogey of ' deep level mentality ' was brought out of the cupboard by those who opposed the lavish expenditure of money and labour on this project and in the middle of 1941 a select committee on national expenditure recommended that no further deep shelters be built, but those started should be completed. work at st. paul ' s was abandoned in august 1941 as it was feared the foundations of the cathedral might be affected. oval was also abandoned shortly after this as large quantities of water were encountered. the first complete shelter was ready in march 1942 and the other seven were finished later in that year. the board then urged the government to open


of the cathedral might be affected. oval was also abandoned shortly after this as large quantities of water were encountered. the first complete shelter was ready in march 1942 and the other seven were finished later in that year. the board then urged the government to open the shelters to relieve the strain on the tube stations, but the cabinet were alive to the great cost of maintaining the deep shelters once they were opened and decided to keep them in reserve pending an intensification of the bombing. towards the end of 1942 part of goodge street shelter was made available for general eisenhower ' s headquarters and later two others were adapted for government use. another was converted to a hostel for american troops and sections of the remaining four were used to billet british soldiers. these uses were maintained throughout 1943 despite agitation that the shelters should be opened for their proper purpose. at the beginning of 1944, the air attack warmed up again and on june 13th the v1 assault began to be followed on september 8th by the v2 rockets which then came over intermittently until march 27th 1945. the arrival of the flying bombs finally moved the government to open the shelters to the public. stockwell was available from july 9th 1944, clapham north from july 13th, camden town from july 16th, clapham south from july 19th and belsize park from july 23rd. the other three remained in government use. regular shelterers at nearby tube stations and homeless people were given admission tickets, but demand was not high and by september some of the spaces available were made available to troops on leave. the highest recorded nightly population was 12, 297 bon july 24 1944, about one third of total capacity. on october 21st, two of the shelters were closed again and nightly use fell until by january 1945 only about 25, 000 people were using the tube stations and deep shelters. the last air - raid warning of the war was sounded on march 28th 1945 ( the european war ended on may 8th ), but about 12, 000 homeless people and ' squatter ' continued to sleep in the tubes until may, when the bunks on the platforms were removed and a start was made on tidying up the stations. the 79 shelters stations were closed to shelterers after the night of may 6th and the board breathed a deep sigh of relief. after the war, various uses were found for the government deep shelters, including the storage of documents and the provision of overnight accommodation for students and troops. goodge street continued in use as an army transit centre until it was damaged by fire on the night of may 21st 1956. the


were found for the government deep shelters, including the storage of documents and the provision of overnight accommodation for students and troops. goodge street continued in use as an army transit centre until it was damaged by fire on the night of may 21st 1956. the fire coincided with parliamentary consideration of a government bill seeking power to take over the shelters ( the underground works [ london ] bill ) and the minister of works assured the commons they would not again be used for human occupation in peacetime ( although no one was killed, the fire had caused some alarm and proved difficult to put out ). during the progress of the bill, it was revealed that the option for railway use had been retained only on the three clapham shelters and the adjacent one at stockwell. ' in the 1950 ' s chancery lane was converted into a 500 line trunk telephone exchange with a six weeks food supply and its own artesian well. it was connected to 12 miles of 7 foot diameter deep cable tunnels constructed since the war by the post office. camden town has been used a as a set for ' dr. who ' and ' blakes 7 '. each set of tunnels had two entrances at the surface consisting of a roughly circular concrete ' pillbox ' most of them having a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof. this was the ventilation intake fitted with a gas filter. the ventilation exhaust was usually located some yards to one side of the ' pillbox ' usually consisting of a small brick building or a metal framework around an open shaft. it would appear that the exhaust shaft also served as a loading shaft for heavy or large items as the shaft tops are generally fitted with double doors and a strong metal beam for winching items down the shaft. the ' pillboxes ' generally had small brick extensions on either side for the entrance doors and some had other small brick extensions attached. apart from chancery lane ( and perhaps one entrance at clapham north ) where the entrances were reconstructed during it ' s conversion into a protected underground trunk exchange all the ' pillbox ' entrances remain intact although some of them have been somewhat altered by later use '. ( note : a cutaway diagram of a typical deep shelter appears on page 105 of " war plan uk ". ) rsg site visit report : 26th december 1999 ` with a few hours to spare christmas morning, banned from the kitchen and crap on the television, i decided to have a look at the entrances to the ww2 deep level shelters around london following the recent interest on the ( public ) locations & description of ( as of 25th


spare christmas morning, banned from the kitchen and crap on the television, i decided to have a look at the entrances to the ww2 deep level shelters around london following the recent interest on the ( public ) locations & description of ( as of 25th december 1999 ) location : at the end of a drive alongside flourstalk florists, 210 haverstock hill, nw3. it can also be viewed from a private housing estate in aspern grove. description : the main structure is circular ' pillbox ' made of concrete with a square brick ventilation shaft ( ventilation intake ) on the roof with lower brick extensions to the shaft overlapping the top of the circular concrete structure and running down to ground level. these housed the original doors. a few yards to the south there is an open vertical shaft surrounded by corrugated iron. there is a door in one side with a metal beam for a pulley for dropping large or heavy items into the tunnels. a few yards to the west is a low concrete structure with a trap door in the top. this was probably a water or fuel tank. a modern circular ventilation shaft stands close by in a fenced compound probably has no connection and links to the tube tunnels. the concrete is painted white the brick is unpainted. location : at the junction of haverstock hill and downside crescent, description : similar circular ' pillbox ' to the northern entrance with brick ventilation intake tower on the roof and brick extensions on either side. there is a brick extension in downside crescent which is the current entrance and behind it a 25 foot brick tower with a door at the bottom. in the grounds to the east there is a low rectangular concrete structure with a trap door in the top, probably a water or fuel tank. apart from the tank and the tower which are unpainted the whole structure is painted white. location : in stugley street, nw 1 opposite stugley place. description : the main structure is a circular ' pillbox ' faced with brick with a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof with 2 lower brick extensions either side of the shaft, overlapping the circular structure and coming down to ground level. these housed the original doors. on the east side, but separate from the main structure there is a second brick ventilation shaft at ground level with a door and a metal beam to take a pulley for loading large or heavy items into the tunnels. all the brick is unpainted. this entrance appears not to be used at present. location : at the end of a drive running


with a door and a metal beam to take a pulley for loading large or heavy items into the tunnels. all the brick is unpainted. this entrance appears not to be used at present. location : at the end of a drive running north alongside marks and spencer car park from underhill street, nw1. description : the surface ' pillbox ' is faced with brick and is almost circular but has one flat side. it has a square brick ventilation intake shaft on the roof with two lower brick extensions, at right angles to each other. these overlap the circular structure coming down to ground level. they originally housed the doors. there is a brick extension on the east side which now forms the main entrance. there is a modern sign on the wall that says ' loading bay '. there is an open shaft a few yards to the north surrounded by corrugated iron and a metal beam for taking a pulley to lower large or heavy items into the tunnels. there is a door with a sign saying ' danger deep shaft '. all the brickwork is unpainted. the building is called the eisenhower centre. location : in chenies street, wc1 at the junction of north crescent. description : the building consists of two concrete blocks one circular ' pillbox ' and the smaller one octagonal. they are joined by a long thin rectangular brick building. there is a brick ventilation shaft attached to the rear of this brick building. it has a door and a beam for carrying a pulley for loading large or heavy objects into the tunnels. the main entrance is at the front opposite alfred place. there is a square brick ventilation shaft on the roof of the circular ' pillbox ' with a small brick extension on the east side of the octagonal building. the whole structure is painted cream and red. location : in tottenham court road, w1 next to whitfield memorial church and opposite torrington place. description : the main structure is circular ' pillbox ' built of concrete. there is a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof and two lower brick extensions either side of the shaft coming down to ground level. these were for the original doors. on the entrance fronting onto tottenham court road there are the remains of a painted sign which reads ` - - - - d property - - - - trance strictly - - - - ohibited - - - - out authority '. the sign has been cut in half by the addition of a later door and may date from ww2 or 50 ' s use. there is a rectangular brick building


trance strictly - - - - ohibited - - - - out authority '. the sign has been cut in half by the addition of a later door and may date from ww2 or 50 ' s use. there is a rectangular brick building behind with a low ventilation shaft on the roof. the roof of this building has modern railings round it and is used as a play area by the fitzrovia children ' s centre in whitfield street who also use the building. the west entrance appears to be unused other than an emergency access to the eisenhower centre. converted into a trunk telephone exchange in the 1950 ' s and recently sold. location : the main entrance was an unobtrusive office entrance on the north side of high holborn wc1 just west of grays inn road. the building is currently being refurbished and the entrance is boarded up. for a picture see page 310 of war plan uk. location : at the junction of furnival st. ec 4 and tooks court. description : an 80 foot long rectangular brick building with two 25 foot ventilation towers, one at each end of the building. there is a drive in entrance to a walled compound in furnival street giving access to the goods lift and a pedestrian entrance into the building in tooks court for the passenger lift. location : on an island at the junction of lambeth road and clapham road, description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' and a low circular brick structure on the roof. there are entrances on opposite sides. the ' pillbox ' is painted with a mural, mainly depicting scenes from ww 1. it was painted in 1998 from designs by pupils of stockwell park school. this entrance appears to be unused except for emergency access. location : behind lock - up garages in studley road, sw 4. description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with small brick extensions on opposite sides housing the original doors. there is no ventilation shaft on the roof. the ' pillbox ' is painted white. there is an open shaft to one side with a metal framework around it covered in metal sheeting with a grille on one side. the tunnels are currently vacant and are available to let. they are advertised as having 60, 000 sq. feet of underground storage accommodation. location : on the west side of clapham road sw4, opposite 383 clapham road and beside russell pickering house ( council flats ) description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' painted grey with small brick extensions on opposite sides for the original entrance doors


: on the west side of clapham road sw4, opposite 383 clapham road and beside russell pickering house ( council flats ) description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' painted grey with small brick extensions on opposite sides for the original entrance doors. there is no ventilation shaft on the roof. there is also a narrow rectangular brick extension fronting onto clapham road. on the raised platform behind the ' pillbox ' is a square brick ventilation shaft with double doors and a beam for winching. heavy or large items into the tunnels. alongside there are a set of modern double doors flush with location : in a yard behind clapham north station between bedford road and clapham high street, sw 4. description : it was not possible to gain access to the yard but through a hole in the fence a square brick ventilation shaft could be seen. there didn ' t appear to be room for a circular ' pillbox ', there was however a rectangular brick building with a small vent on the top but this may have been connected with the location : behind hoardings on clapham high street sw 4 at its junction with carpenters place. description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof. there are brick extensions on either side for the original entrance doors and a new rectangular brick extension with loading bay at the rear. there is a separate square brick ventilation shaft in the compound behind the ' pillbox. '. location : behind hoardings at the junction of clapham high street and clapham park road, sw 4. description : a roughly figure of 8 shaped concrete ' pillbox ' with a square brick intake ventilation shaft on the roof and a 2nd brick ventilation shaft and entrance adjoined to the rear. beside this is a small brick extension with a door. this entrance appears not to be uses other than for emergency access. location : on clapham common at the junction of clapham common south side, nightingale lane and the avenue sw 4. description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with a semi - circular brick extension fronting onto the road. there is no ventilation shaft on the roof. there is a square brick ventilation shaft standing a few yards behind the ' pillbox '. this entrance appears to be unused other than for emergency access. location : on the west side of balham hill opposite gaskarth road, sw description : a circular concrete ' pillbox ' with small brick extensions on opposite sides that housed the original entrance doors. there is a square brick intake ventilation shaft on


many biking accidents could be prevented if riders protected themselves with the right equipment and maintained their bikes with safety in mind. the following checklist from the national highway traffic safety administration can help you avoid accidents and have more fun when you ride. check your bike check your bicycle manual for safety and maintenance instructions specific to your bike. you also should : make sure your bike is the right size for you. when you ' re on it, stand straddling the top bar so both feet are flat on the ground. there should be one to two inches between you and the top bar. adjust the seat so your knee is slightly bent when you sit on the seat with your foot on the bike pedal at its lowest position. tighten the seat, handlebars and wheels, and make sure the wheels are straight. check and oil your chain regularly. always check your brakes before riding to make sure they ' re working properly and don ' t stick. check your tires to make sure they have the right pressure. attach a basket to your handlebars or a rack over your rear tire if you need to carry anything. don ' t hold anything in your hands. put reflectors on your bike. you should put a red reflector, three inches wide, behind your seat. there also should be a white reflector in front of the handlebars and other reflectors in the spokes of both wheels. use your head because many bike accidents result in a head injury, you should always wear a helmet. look on your helmet for a sticker that indicates it meets safety standards set by the consumer product safety commission ( cpsc ) or snell. if it doesn ' t have this sticker, you should replace it with one that does. a cpsc sticker means the helmet meets tough government standards. a snell sticker means the helmet has been approved by the snell memorial foundation, a nonprofit organization that tests helmet safety and sets, maintains and updates stringent standards. make sure your helmet fits correctly. ask a qualified bike store employee to help you adjust it properly. a helmet should : sit level on your head, not be tilted forward or back have strong, wide straps that fasten snugly under the chin be tight enough with straps fastened so no sudden pulling or twisting can move the helmet around on your head always fasten your helmet straps when riding. in addition, be sure to follow rules of the road and obey all traffic signals. for example, don ’ t run stop signs and ride single file when in bike lanes.


what role does coal play in the future? the ability to build coal power plants remains under threat due to political and environmental pressures at the state and national levels. the costs to build new plants are another issue. estimates to build a clean coal power plant project related costs at $ 1. 5 billion with four years of construction. comparatively, constructing a nuclear power plant can cost more than $ 2 billion and take five years to complete. that ' s why the government is looking towards creating clean coal technology. the idea is to research and develop better ways of using coal for many different purposes. they also cite that clean coal technologies can create jobs, increase energy security, address climate concerns and coal conversion technologies, which can help unlock coal ' s full potential. tom sarkus, deputy director of the office of major demonstrations with the national energy technology laboratory, knows how important coal is for the country and the world. he thinks energy in the u. s. is like a three - legged stool with petroleum, natural gas and coal each representing a leg. since coal plays such a large role on the economy and the country in general, he said replacing coal with renewable energies is easier said than done. sarkus said peaking energy sources, such as wind turbines, solar and natural gas, are not cost effective compared to coal. natural gas tends to follow gas prices and coal prices tend to follow natural gas. the price of coal is less than oil and natural gas, making it a stable source price - wise for the country. " we have a relative abundance of coal and it ' s very economical here because it ' s a solid fuel, " sarkus said. according to u. s. energy information administration, there are about 500 billion tons of coal available here in the u. s., but only about 55 percent of it is recoverable. about 1 billion tons of coal is used each year in the u. s., leaving a forecast of coal being a dominant resource for the next 50 to 100 years. coal production reached a record level of 1, 171. 8 million short tons and the average mine - level prices increased by 21 percent to $ 31. 25 per short ton. the number of employees increased by 6. 9 percent while the national productivity declined by 4. 9 percent to 5. 96 short tons per miner per hour, according to the u. s. eia website. there are about 5, 400 power plants in the u. s., with about 600 powered by coal. with so many being powered by coal, the push


short tons per miner per hour, according to the u. s. eia website. there are about 5, 400 power plants in the u. s., with about 600 powered by coal. with so many being powered by coal, the push to make them run more efficiently and cleaner is bigger than before. when the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009, commonly known as the stimulus, was passed it included about $ 4. 6 billion for fossil fuel research and development, according to john grasser, director of fossil communications with the department of energy. " there was a realization inside the government in that coal is not going away, " grasser said. " the u. s. is the saudi arabia of coal compared to the rest of the world. we need to continue to learn how to use it in a more cleaner and efficient manner. " while much of the talk in the political spectrum focuses on green or clean energy jobs, there is still the possibility for a lot of growth in the future with coal - related jobs. with research needing to take place and the implementation of new technology in coal power plants, grasser thinks clean coal technology will play a big role in the future. " i ' m pretty optimistic about this ( clean coal ) working out in the future so we can really get around to testing out new technologies and possibly putting them into place. i don ' t think we can just close all of the coal power plants and rely on other sources and fuels right now. " but none of this will happen overnight. it will take some time for this to take place, " grasser said.


voice : the oceans are the earth ’ s single largest absorbers of carbon dioxide. but they are being overloaded by humans ’ co2 emissions. the result : acidification, with catastrophic consequences. yves paccalet - renowned french writer, philosopher and environmentalist ( m ) : if the acidification of the ocean continues as it is now, then these so - called major carbon sinks will no longer be able to play their role, and therefore, everything goes faster. dr. wendy watson - wright – assistant director - general, unesco intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( f ) : what ’ s happening with this absorption of carbon dioxide is # 1, the ocean is becoming saturated, and # 2, the ocean is becoming more acid. this has an enormous impact. professor jean - pierre gattuso – oceanographer, national centre for scientific research, france ( m ) : and those changes which occurred in the past were very slow, so there was a lot of time and scope for the organisms to adapt, to evolve to those changing conditions. and now we are changing in almost an instant. voice : as the oceans reach a co2 saturation point, their waters acidify faster, which in turn threatens all marine life. dr. wendy watson - wright – assistant director - general, unesco intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( f ) : ocean acidification is having impacts on many, many different species. dr. james barry - senior scientist, monterey bay aquarium research institute ( m ) : in areas where corals are living where it is now more acidic, they have more fragile skeletons, which allows more rapid coastal erosion, etc. voice : in the pacific northwest of the usa, coastal areas have already become so acidic that baby oysters are dying as their shells corrode before they are fully formed. fish, previously thought to be unaffected, may also perish in the vulnerable egg and larvae stages of life. this is just a sign of what is to come if carbon emissions continue unchecked. dr. carol turley – senior scientist, plymouth marine laboratory, uk ( f ) : sixty - five million years ago, there was a big carbon perturbation then, and the oceans became more acidic, they became warmer, they had less oxygen. many, many species on earth became extinct, including the dinosaurs. and we ’ re kind of going through something that ’ s even more rapid now. dr. james barry ( m ) : it will change more in the lifetime of our children than we ’ ve seen for


toddler activities : styrofoam tray prints with tempera toddler activities : a green craft using styrofoam trays to print. reuse styrofoam veggie and meat trays and make your own print. use a pencil to make a pattern, design or picture on the flat side of the styrofoam tray, add some paint and make some colorful prints. washed meat or vegetable trays. we found a four pack of tomatoes with a tray that had no markings on the bottom. pencil ( not too sharp ) sponge brush or roller ( brayer ) white paper ( water color paper or cardstock works well ) frame or construction paper to mount on. white scratch paper to test newspaper to work on. paint tray or small flat containers ( lids of plastic containers work well especially when using a roller ) - wash trays thoroughly and dry - draw with a pencil, trying not to puncture tray. - when your child is finished, go over the lines with a sharper pencil to add more definition if necessary. - pour tempera paint into small dish or lid for roller. roller produces smoothest results. you could probably use a regular paint brush as well but we didn ' t - roll or brush paint onto pattern. turn tray over onto test paper and rub the back gently in all areas to ensure best print results while making sure the tray does not slide. - do a couple test prints on scratch paper to see how much paint you need or if you need to deepen some of the lines. - lift tray gently from paper making sure not to slide or drop tray. - add more paint if needed and press onto your watercolor paper or cardstock. - let dry. frame or mount on construction paper. tips and suggestions look at the bottom of the tray for ones that are unmarked. keep it about 5 x 5 for best results and easier printing. test a few to get the results desired. deepen any lines necessary but try to keep it your child ' s work! we used a brayer and a sponge brush. the brayer has a slightly smoother finish. keep in mind the picture will be backwards so words are not advised unless they are palindromes ( words that can that can be read the same way in either direction ) that have mirror image letters like m and o in mom patterns are the easiest but my animals can be made too. this would make a simple, inexpensive toddler activity at a birthday party. words are tricky but you might find a


computers may crack ancient texts computer software that creates a statistical model of even indecipherable languages is being used in an attempt to better understand texts the meaning of which have been lost. ( indecipherable indus valley text cracked ) this fragment of text from the indus valley between 2600 and 1900 bc is part of more than 5, 000 seals, tablets and amulets discovered by archaeologists. experts even disagree on whether or not the markings, called the harappan script, even constitute a language. national pride is at stake ; some scholars have declared that the script only provides rudimentary pictograms and that the indus valley people were functionally illiterate. american and indian computer scientists entered the symbols and are running a statistical analysis. " the computer program operates on sequences of symbols, so it can be used to learn a statistical model of any set of unknown or known texts, " says rajesh rao, university of washington professor of computer science and co - author of the paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of science. " in fact, such statistical models have been used to analyze a wide variety of sequences ranging from dna and speech to economic data. " at present, researchers like rao are simply trying to determine if the markings are really a language. our results appear to favor the hypothesis that the indus script represents a linguistic writing system. our markov analysis of sign sequences, although restricted to pairwise statistics, makes it clear that the signs do not occur in a random manner within inscriptions but appear to follow certain rules : ( i ) some signs have a high probability of occurring at the beginning of inscriptions whereas others almost never occur at the beginning ; and ( ii ) for any particular sign, there are signs that have a high probability of occurring after that sign and other signs that have negligible probability of occurring after the same sign. furthermore, signs appear to fall into functional classes in terms of their position within an indus text, where a particular sign can be replaced by another sign in its equivalence class. such rich syntactic structure is hard to reconcile with a nonlinguistic system. additionally, our finding that the script may have been versatile enough to represent different subject matter in west asia argues against the claim that the script merely represents religious or political symbols. many experts, however, remain pessimistic, believing that these texts may never be fully translated without some sort of rosetta stone. the rosetta stone is a famous ancient egyptian stone with carved text in demotic, hieroglyphic and


many experts, however, remain pessimistic, believing that these texts may never be fully translated without some sort of rosetta stone. the rosetta stone is a famous ancient egyptian stone with carved text in demotic, hieroglyphic and classical greek ; it was the key to translating many important egyptian texts in the mid - 1800 ' s. this idea of cracking ancient languages was popularized in the 1998 film blade, based on the 1970 ' s marvel comics character. in the movie, deacon frost, an ambitious young vampire, believes that the key to ultimate power for himself lies in the untranslatable book of erebus, a set of long parchments. ( blade walks through displayed book of erebus ) deacon frost is the modern sort of vampire, who largely disdains the conservative, ancient ways ; he uses computers to crack the book of erebus to gain its power for himself. blade arrives at the opportune moment, with his own slashing analysis. ( deacon frost completes his computer translation ) perhaps indecipherable ancient texts are better left untranslated. read more about the indus valley computer analysis story at abc science and time ; read the original paper a markov model of the indus script ( pdf ). thanks to moira for suggesting the topic in association with blade. scroll down for more stories in the same category. ( story submitted 9 / 1 / 2009 ) follow this kind of news @ technovelgy. | email | rss | blog it | stumble | del. icio. us | digg | reddit | you like to contribute a story tip? get the url of the story, and the related sf author, and add comment / join discussion ( back on ) ( 1 ) related news stories - fujitsu touchscreen mixes real and virtual worlds ' his hands flashed over the keyboard - it had not been there a moment before, but it was operative... ' - frederik pohl, 1965. nanowire memristor networks form ' brains ' ' he had constructed... a brain, of metal... whose atomic structure he claimed was analogous to the atomic structure of a living brain. ' - edmond hamilton, 1926. us census will be online in 2020 ' most would be in english, but some would be in spanish, some in amerind languages, some in chinese... ' - john brunner, 1975. wireless brain - computer interface ' i used my implant to tell millie [ a mainframe


be in english, but some would be in spanish, some in amerind languages, some in chinese... ' - john brunner, 1975. wireless brain - computer interface ' i used my implant to tell millie [ a mainframe computer ] what we wanted and she took care of it, " art said. ' - pournelle and niven, 1981. technovelgy ( that ' s tech - novel - gee! ) is devoted to the creative science inventions and ideas of sf authors. look for the invention category that interests you, the glossary, the invention timeline, or see what ' s new. german firm seeks to recruit autistics not a deficit, but a strength. nasa supports pizza printer is it extra with printed pepperoni? could ground - based lasers de - orbit space junk? ' then their lasers vaporized the smaller satellites... ' ' hello, computer! ' google now highlighted at io13 mit robot cheetah video shows gait transition ' the legs are long, curled way up to deliver power, like a cheetah ' s. ' trackingpoint smart rifle not your typical ' smart bullet ' approach. sky city ' s 220 stories are go ' it rested among green parklands and... stood in total isolation, a glittering block of whites and flashing windows dotted with colors. ' carmat bioprosthetic total human heart replacement ' george walt ' s corporate existence proved the workability of wholly mechanical organs... ' personal sniffer robots '... the ticking combinations of the olfactory system of the hound. ' physical exam? we ' ve got apps see the future of handheld, personal medical devices. the interplanetary internet, vint cerf speaking ' this was the center of interplanetary communications. ' drosophila robotica, the mechanical fly '... the scarab [ flying robot ] buzzed into the great workroom as any intruding insect might... ' robo - raven flapping wing robot bird ' when he had first built them, they had been crude indeed, flying mechanisms with little more than a reflex - response unit. ' japan ' s nursing home robot plan let ' s make the roujin z - 0001 robotic bed! samsung smart tvs with gesture control ' he waved his hand and the circuit switched abruptly. ' swiss hcpvt giant photovoltaic ' flower ' '... leaning against one of the slender stalks of a sunshade - photocell


they are the most famous christmas presents in history, and roll off the tongue as easily as the alphabet : gold, frankincense and myrrh. every child still learns all about gold from a young age, but how many adults could tell you about those other holy stocking - fillers? both are aromatic resins, made from tree sap. when jesus was born, they cost roughly the same as gold. now they are hundreds of times cheaper than the precious metal, and are still grown in reasonable quantities around the middle east. that might be changing, however. myrrh, made from the commiphora tree, is relatively stable, but frankincense is in the grip of a serious crisis. over - exploitation, changing land use and a destructive beetle are killing its source tree, boswellia sacra. some scientists estimate that without intervention the species could be all but eradicated within 50 years, severing a living botanical connection to the past that is rich in religious and economic history. since ancient egyptian times, the resin has been prized for the sweet smoke it emits when it burns, and its oil, which is a key ingredient in many perfumes. traditionally it was expensive because it is difficult to cultivate. the quintessential biblical tree, boswellia prefers specific desert conditions, in particular the arabian peninsula and parts of north africa. when trees are eight to 10 years old, growers cut the bark, and resin flows out. the first, milky sap is impure and useless, but further cutting a few weeks later produces finer resins. solid “ tears ” of this are then sold as frankincense : the more opaque the better. gentile de fabriano ’ s ' adoration of the magi ’ ( bridgemanart. com ) the substance has been traded for more than 5, 000 years, along what is known as the incense road. a mural depicting sacks of frankincense adorns the temple of the egyptian queen hatshepsut, dating from around 1458bc, and it features throughout the old testament before its starring role in the nativity. recently, however, several factors have come together to pose a serious threat to boswellia. research led by dutch scientist professor frans bongers of wageningen university in holland, published last year, showed that commercial boswellia was in danger of extinction. he says that the situation is only getting worse. trees across ethiopia, where most commercial frankincense originates,


and die. we must encourage the governments in yemen, oman and sudan to realise that these trees are a part of their heritage, and preserve them in the wild. “ in theory, boswellia sacra can grow in california, arizona – even the uk. at one point, however, it went down to a bottleneck of only a couple of hundred specimens, so its genetic diversity really suffered. we are looking at ways of making it more cold - resistant, so we can expand its growing area. when a tree is heading close to extinction, you can ’ t ignore hybrid vigour. “ the problem is manpower, ” he adds. “ to stop a self - pollinating plant like boswellia from reproducing you have to be there armed with tweezers at exactly the right moment. ” for him, there is no question that the boswellia tree ’ s importance to our culture justifies the effort. “ people think it was christianity that made frankincense famous, ” he jokes, “ but i always say that it was frankincense which made the wise men famous. if they hadn ’ t had such a valuable gift, maybe we wouldn ’ t have heard about them. “ apart from its role in the bible, it changed the whole arabian peninsula. ships would come to collect frankincense, and bring technology and ideas with them. single - handedly, boswellia played a major role in the modernity of the arabian people. maybe it ’ s time we gave something back to the plant. ” frankincense tree stocks seeds, live plants and tears ( 01492 673 774 ; frankincensetree. com ) miniatree nursery ( miniatree. com )


the dom ( document object model ) is a language neutral and platform independent abstraction that allows the content, structure, and style of html pages to be updated dynamically. the dom explorer displays the dom in a tree format where you see all elements of a page at one time. the dom explorer is helpful with a complex page when simply using the mouse and hover - over - highlighting may not be enough to find the element you ' re looking for. the dom explorer typically shows the html page as the parent element, with head and body elements forming the next level. the elements we ' re testing are usually within the body element. right click an element to see the context menu and perform several operations against the element. - goto - navigate to a parent element. sample entries include the entire page or an iframe element within the page. - show element menu - loads the recording surface with the element highlighted and the elements menu showing. - add to project elements - adds the selected element to the elements explorer. - copy to clipboard - copy the dom element as html. choose either " tag only " or " tag and children ". - properties - show the element ' s properties in a separate window. - enable highlighting on recording surface - elements are highlighted in the recording surface to match selections in the dom explorer tree view. - hierarchical dom view - list elements in their original hierarchy order. - tagname dom view - group elements by their tagname. - parent element filter - contains entries for the entire page and for iframe elements within the page. - refresh tree - re - read the dom and reload the tree view. - search tree - display a second toolbar to search the dom. - search using find expressions - switch from a plain search string to a find expression. searching for elements a simple text search may not have enough horsepower to locate elements located deep in a large or complex dom. for that reason, the dom explorer search tool has rich element identification capabilities that range from simple searches by name to complex criteria expressed using xpath and regular expression searches. you can use simple find expressions that test an element against a value as shown in the screenshot above. that example shows a hit for an element that has an " id " attribute of " lga ". on the left side of the expression you can use any valid attribute name ( i. e. " id ", " div ", " name ", etc. ), or any of the following : - textcontent - returns an element