in his sacred journeys in a modern world, roger housden writes that travelers in the sahara often wear a long scarf called a jelaba as protection from the elements. that makes sense. however, some who live in the desert believe the jelaba also keeps evil spirits from entering the mouth or nose. no - nonsense types dismiss such spiritual concerns as a harking back to the dark ages, thus having little or nothing to do with 2013. not so fast. the passage mentioned above is memorable because i once knew a southern illinoisan who refused to whistle for fear the devil would slip into his person by way of the melody. others likely believed the same. it could be a few still do. with hazards of whistling in mind, i turn to proverbs and proverbial phrases of illinois, a useful work to have on hand whether in a whistling mood or not. published by siu press in 1965, and edited by frances m. barbour, the book is crowded with print so small it is barely readable without a magnifying glass. the final word is at hand, or is it? expecting a wealth of devil / whistling references, i find the following : 1. clean as a whistle. 2. keen as a whistle. 3. slick as a whistle. 4. you can ’ t make a whistle out of a pig ’ s tail. also included, is that old standby “ whistling in the dark, ” which happens to be a line by john dryden, the poet and scholar who so detested sentences ending with prepositions, most of us still shy away from such usage, that according to c. s. lewis. if we rely on folk sayings handed down, ( and who among us doesn ’ t? ) it would appear whistling is a minor pleasantry, no more or less important than whittling, or doodling, or watching tv. but what if folk sayings merely gloss the surface? that question returns us to the beginning, i. e., the quaint conviction held by a few that the act of whistling is too dark an invitation ever to be extended. it does sound pretty odd. too bad we don ’ t have john dryden to solve this burning question once and for all. of course, if still alive dryden would probably not respond, busy far too busy weeding prepositions from the tail end of sentences.


these functions can be used to interrogate the status of an existing database connection object. tip : libpq application programmers should be careful to maintain the pgconn abstraction. use the accessor functions described below to get at the contents of pgconn. reference to internal pgconn fields using libpq - int. h is not recommended because they are subject to change in the future. the following functions return parameter values established at connection. these values are fixed for the life of the pgconn object. returns the database name of the connection. char * pqdb ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the user name of the connection. char * pquser ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the password of the connection. char * pqpass ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the server host name of the connection. char * pqhost ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the port of the connection. char * pqport ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the debug tty of the connection. ( this is obsolete, since the server no longer pays attention to the tty setting, but the function remains for backward compatibility. ) char * pqtty ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the command - line options passed in the connection request. char * pqoptions ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the following functions return status data that can change as operations are executed on the pgconn object. returns the status of the connection. connstatustype pqstatus ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the status can be one of a number of values. however, only two of these are seen outside of an asynchronous connection procedure : connection _ ok and connection _ bad. a good connection to the database has the status connection _ ok. a failed connection attempt is signaled by status connection _ bad. ordinarily, an ok status will remain so until pqfinish, but a communications failure might result in the status changing to connection _ bad prematurely. in that case the application could try to recover by calling see the entry for pqconnectpoll with regards to other status codes that might be returned. returns the current in - transaction status of the server. pgtransactionstatustype pqtransactionstatus ( con


the entry for pqconnectpoll with regards to other status codes that might be returned. returns the current in - transaction status of the server. pgtransactionstatustype pqtransactionstatus ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the status can be pqtrans _ idle ( currently idle ), pqtrans _ active ( a command is in progress ), pqtrans _ intrans ( idle, in a valid transaction block ), or pqtrans _ inerror ( idle, in a failed transaction block ). pqtrans _ unknown is reported if the connection is bad. pqtrans _ active is reported only when a query has been sent to the server and not yet completed. looks up a current parameter setting of the server. const char * pqparameterstatus ( const pgconn * conn, const char * paramname ) ; certain parameter values are reported by the server automatically at connection startup or whenever their pqparameterstatus can be used to interrogate these settings. it returns the current value of a parameter if known, or null if the parameter is not known. parameters reported as of the current release include server _ version, server _ encoding, client _ encoding, application _ name, is _ superuser, session _ authorization, datestyle, intervalstyle, timezone, integer _ datetimes, and standard _ conforming _ strings. ( server _ encoding, timezone, and integer _ datetimes were not reported by releases before 8. 0 ; standard _ conforming _ strings was not reported by releases before 8. 1 ; intervalstyle was not reported by releases before 8. 4 ; application _ name was not reported by releases before 9. 0. ) note that server _ version, server _ encoding and integer _ datetimes cannot change after startup. pre - 3. 0 - protocol servers do not report parameter settings, but libpq includes logic to obtain values for server _ version and client _ encoding anyway. applications are encouraged to use pqparameterstatus rather than ad hoc code to determine these values. ( beware however that on a pre - 3. 0 connection, changing client _ encoding via set after connection startup will not be pqparameterstatus. ) for server _ version, see also pqserverversion, which returns the information in a numeric form that is much easier to if no value for


client _ encoding via set after connection startup will not be pqparameterstatus. ) for server _ version, see also pqserverversion, which returns the information in a numeric form that is much easier to if no value for standard _ conforming _ strings is reported, applications can assume it is off, that is, backslashes are treated as escapes in string literals. also, the presence of this parameter can be taken as an indication that the escape string syntax ( e '... ' ) is accepted. although the returned pointer is declared const, it in fact points to mutable storage associated with the pgconn structure. it is unwise to assume the pointer will remain valid across queries. interrogates the frontend / backend protocol being used. int pqprotocolversion ( const pgconn * conn ) ; applications might wish to use this function to determine whether certain features are supported. currently, the possible values are 2 ( 2. 0 protocol ), 3 ( 3. 0 protocol ), or zero ( connection bad ). the protocol version will not change after connection startup is complete, but it could theoretically change during a connection reset. the 3. 0 protocol will normally be used when communicating with postgresql 7. 4 or later servers ; pre - 7. 4 servers support only protocol 2. 0. ( protocol 1. 0 is obsolete and not supported by libpq. ) returns an integer representing the backend version. int pqserverversion ( const pgconn * conn ) ; applications might use this function to determine the version of the database server they are connected to. the number is formed by converting the major, minor, and revision numbers into two - decimal - digit numbers and appending them together. for example, version 8. 1. 5 will be returned as 80105, and version 8. 2 will be returned as 80200 ( leading zeroes are not shown ). zero is returned if the connection is bad. returns the error message most recently generated by an operation on the connection. char * pqerrormessage ( const pgconn * conn ) ; nearly all libpq functions will set a message for pqerrormessage if they fail. note that by libpq convention, a result can consist of multiple lines, and will include a trailing newline. the caller should not free the result directly. it will be


message for pqerrormessage if they fail. note that by libpq convention, a result can consist of multiple lines, and will include a trailing newline. the caller should not free the result directly. it will be freed when the associated pgconn handle is passed to pqfinish. the result string should not be expected to remain the same across operations on the obtains the file descriptor number of the connection socket to the server. a valid descriptor will be greater than or equal to 0 ; a result of - 1 indicates that no server connection is currently open. ( this will not change during normal operation, but could change during connection setup or reset. ) int pqsocket ( const pgconn * conn ) ; returns the process id ( pid ) of the backend process handling this connection. int pqbackendpid ( const pgconn * conn ) ; the backend pid is useful for debugging purposes and for comparison to notify messages ( which include the pid of the notifying backend process ). note that the pid belongs to a process executing on the database server host, not the local host! returns true ( 1 ) if the connection authentication method required a password, but none was available. returns false ( 0 ) if not. int pqconnectionneedspassword ( const pgconn * conn ) ; this function can be applied after a failed connection attempt to decide whether to prompt the user for a password. returns true ( 1 ) if the connection authentication method used a password. returns false ( 0 ) if not. int pqconnectionusedpassword ( const pgconn * conn ) ; this function can be applied after either a failed or successful connection attempt to detect whether the server demanded a password. returns the ssl structure used in the connection, or null if ssl is not in use. ssl * pqgetssl ( const pgconn * conn ) ; this structure can be used to verify encryption levels, check server certificates, and more. refer to the openssl documentation for information about this structure. you must define use _ ssl in order to get the correct prototype for this function. doing so will also automatically include ssl. h from openssl.


pixar faced some unique challenges in bringing their scottish river to life in the film " brave ". not only did they have to construct, simulate and render a convincing and beautiful mountain river with a waterfall, they also had to have a girl and a huge bear interact with it. at their presentation during the " wild rides " talk at siggraph 2012 they gave some insights into how they approached this situation. one main problem with simulating any body of freely flowing water is that the simulation resolution, the fineness of detail, needed to provide a convincing interaction with character animation is very expensive. the coarseness of what might work to capture the feel of the overall river set location wouldn ' t be nearly fine enough to capture the nuances of how the water needs to flow around the characters. and the resolution needed to capture the character interactions would be prohibitively expensive to use on the larger scale. pixar solved this with the tried and true technique of divide how they approached this was ingenious. they defined regions where they needed higher resolution, for instance around the characters, and then defined what they called a " windowed simulation " in that spot. essentially it involves plopping a finer detail resolution simulation into the middle of the larger scale simulation and using the conditions of the larger to control the smaller. basically the boundary around the finer simulation gets data from the surrounding simulation and interpreted it as a series of faucets and drains that maintain the flow of water into and out of the region. they did this using the " physbam " physics computing engine. they found they had to add some additional artistic controls, like virtual hot - tub jets, to make all of the mathematical accuracy look good though. the result was a river of water that looked as though it had been simulated at an impossibly high resolution, and with even scott singer can be reached at : firstname. lastname @ example. org.


this dictionary covers graphic design, prepress and print terminology. stan schwartz supplied most of the terms of this online glossary. abbreviation for magenta, one of the colors used in full color printing. abbreviation for media access control : unique address ( number ) build into each network interface card. it is sometimes referred to as the hardware or physical address. it can be found in either the properties of the network card or by typing ‘ ipconfig / all ’ in the command window of windows. the ethernet connection in my system has mac address 00 - 20 - 18 - 2b - ba - 43. paper that has had a coating applied to either one or two of its sides during the papermaking process. an alternate term for grain direction. a paper finish that results from the interaction of the paper with the fourdrinier process as opposed to post machine embossing. reference, fourdrinier any number of keyboard characters that have been programmed and assigned to a single key. when the programmed key is pressed, all of the characters that were programmed and stored in the macro are played back, or executed exactly as if each character key in the macro were entered again. reddish color that is part of the cmyk colors that are used in 4 - color printing. the color is named after a small italian town, west of milan, in which napoleon iii won a battle over the austrians in 1859. to celebrate this victory, the french named the color that had been invented that same year after the city. black pigments containing black iron oxides, used for magnetic ink character recognition. synonym for uppercase or for a capital letter. the process of adjusting final plate on the press to fine tune or modify plate surface. in letterpress, makeready is done by building up or reducing the impression level under the tympan cylinder packing to make sure that all image area are type high. the ideal result is a “ kiss ” impression. abbreviation for metropolitan area network : a network that stretches across an entire city. late 15 - th century scholar and printer. he designed the bembo and cloister italic typefaces. of course we all know him because his portrait appeared on some many boxes of pagemaker and other aldus programs. the blank space bordering the printed area on a page. the marking of typesetting specifications or instructions on layout and copy for the typesetter to follow. - the credit box in a newspaper or periodical that lists the publication name, editors, writers, designers, illustrators, photographers,


a page. the marking of typesetting specifications or instructions on layout and copy for the typesetter to follow. - the credit box in a newspaper or periodical that lists the publication name, editors, writers, designers, illustrators, photographers, and others, as well as the publication office address, subscription and advertising information, etc. - the title of a newspaper or periodical as it appears across the front cover, or title page of each issue. it is also called the nameplate. a photographic proof made from all color flats and form composite proof showing color qualityas well as accuracy, layout, and imposition before plates are made. a coated paper finish that goes through minimal calendaring. abbreviation for megabyte or megabit – a lowercase b should indicate megabit but not everybody sticks to this convention. a megabyte equals 1048576 bytes. the width of type as measured in picas. a term used to describe finished artwork that is camera ready for reproduction, including all type, photos, illustrations etc heidelbergs version of a chain screen a list of program demands and functions displayed on a computer ’ s monitor screen. in most layout programs, there are two ways to access the font ‘ times italic. ’ the first way is to select a block of text, and assign it to the font ‘ times italic. ’ the second way, known as ‘ menu styling, ’ is to assign the block of text to the font ‘ times ’ and then assign it the characteristic ‘ italic. ’ in general, using menu styling is considered bad practice. data about data : metadata provide additional data about electronic files. these can include how the file was created ( e. g. the type of digital camera or layout application ), the creation date, the name of the author, copyright restrictions, the intended use, … the way in which two color samples can look the same in one lighting condition but different in another lighting condition. it can also refer to a single color sample that changes color under different lighting conditions. - a fine art, etching process that produces a “ burred ” surface - a line conversion of a photo that imitates a mezzotint effect. - a special halftone screen with a grainy look. the appearance of density variation between adjacent scan lines in an otherwise uniform pattern. microprinting is an anti - counterfeiting technique in which very small text is added to the artwork. a 2d barcode that is used for adding web links or other types of information to a


between adjacent scan lines in an otherwise uniform pattern. microprinting is an anti - counterfeiting technique in which very small text is added to the artwork. a 2d barcode that is used for adding web links or other types of information to a printed page or a web page. the technology is somewhat similar to qr codes. the area between highlight and shadow area of a subject ’ s face in halftone image. colors or graylevels of intermediate value ( the range from 25 % to 75 % value ). ‘ magnetic ’ ink, ink with iron particles that can be magnetized, used for check printing. - abbreviation for management of information services – the designation for the field of computer solutions internal to an organization. - abbreviation for management information system - a computer application or set of applications used for managing processing processes, such as costing, stock control or production control. abbreviation for multipurpose internet mail extensions – mime is a standard that allows the embedding of arbitrary documents and other binary data of known types ( images, sound, video, and so on ) into e - mail handled by ordinary internet electronic mail interchange protocols. type of web press that is used to print brochures, newsletters, and other products whose flat trim size is typically 11 by 17 inch. mini webs use rolls that are 11 to 14 inches wide. synonym for lowercase or for a lowercase letter. symbolic names or letter combinations that permit that one set of codes to represent a more complex, longer set or string of codes. a repetitive interference pattern. in printing, it can be caused by interference between the dot patterns of the different colors or by interference between a pattern in the data being printed and the screened dots. in scanning, moire can be caused by interference between the grid of the scanner ccds and patterns in the original that is being scanned. a cotton fabric used on the dampening rollers of a printing press. an ink pigment made from precipitating lead molybdate, lead sulfate and lead chromate. having or being of one color. having a single wavelength. laser beams have a narrow frequency range that is very nearly monochromatic. letterspacing that is the same for all characters regardless of their shape or width. courier is an example of a monospaced font. a single image made up of photographs or drawings. sound that the dogcow makes spotty or uneven ink absorption. abbreviation for motion pictures experts group : data compression standard for motion - video and audio coarse muslin glue


heart pacemaker - discharge cardiac pacemaker implantation - discharge ; artificial pacemaker - discharge ; permanent pacemaker - discharge ; internal pacemaker - discharge ; cardiac resynchronization therapy - discharge ; crt - discharge ; biventricular pacemaker - discharge when you were in the hospital you had a pacemaker placed in your chest to help your heart beat properly. - a small cut was made on your chest below your collarbone. the pacemaker generator was then placed under the skin at this location. - leads ( wires ) were connected to the pacemaker, and one end of the wires was threaded through a vein into your heart. the skin over where the pacemaker was placed was closed with stitches. most pacemakers have only one or two wires that go to the heart. these wires stimulate the right or left side of the heart when the heartbeat gets too slow. some pacemakers also can deliver electric shocks to the heart that can stop life - threatening arrhythmias ( irregular heartbeats ). this is called a " cardioverter defibrillator. " you should know what type of pacemaker you have. what to expect at home you will be given a card to keep in your wallet. - the card has information about your pacemaker and includes your doctor ’ s name and telephone number. it also tells others what to do in case of an emergency - you should always carry this wallet card with you. it will be helpful to any health care provider that you may see in the future because it says what kind of pacemaker you have. you should wear a medic alert bracelet or necklace that says you have a pacemaker. in a medical emergency, health care workers taking care of you should know you have a pacemaker. be careful around things with magnets most machines and devices will not interfere with your pacemaker. but some with strong magnetic fields may. always ask your doctor or nurse about any specific device that you need to avoid. do not put a magnet near your pacemaker. most appliances in your home are safe to be around. this includes your refrigerator, washer, dryer, toaster, blender, computers and fax machines, hair dryer, stove, cd player, remote controls, and microwave. you should keep several devices at least 12 inches away from the site where the pacemaker is placed under your skin. these include : - battery powered cordless tools ( such as screwdrivers and drills ) - plug - in power tools ( such as drills and table saw


devices at least 12 inches away from the site where the pacemaker is placed under your skin. these include : - battery powered cordless tools ( such as screwdrivers and drills ) - plug - in power tools ( such as drills and table saws ) - electric lawn mowers and leaf blowers - slot machines - stereo speakers tell all health care providers that you have a pacemaker before any tests are done. some medical equipment may interfere with your pacemaker. stay away from large motors, generators, and equipment. do not lean over the open hood of a car that is running. also stay away from : - radio transmitters and high - voltage power lines - products that use magnetic therapy, such as some mattresses, pillows, and massagers - large electrical or gasoline powered appliances if you have a cell phone : - do not put it in a pocket on the same side of your body as your pacemaker. - when using your cell phone, hold it to your ear on the opposite side of your body. be careful around metal detectors and security wands. - handheld security wands may interfere with your pacemaker. show your wallet card and ask to be hand searched. - most security gates at airports and stores are okay. but do not stand near these devices for long periods. your pacemaker may set off alarms. after any operation, have your doctor check your pacemaker. you should be able to do normal activities in 3 - 4 days. for 2 - 3 weeks, do not do these things with the arm on the side of your body where the pacemaker was placed : - lifting anything heavier than 10 - 15 pounds - too much pushing, pulling, or twisting do not lift this arm above your shoulder for 6 weeks. do not wear clothes that rub on the wound for 2 or 3 weeks. keep your incision completely dry for 4 - 5 days. afterwards, you may take a shower and then pat it dry. always wash your hands before touching the wound. your doctor or nurse will tell you how often they will need to check your pacemaker. most times, it will be every 6 months to a year. the exam will take about 15 - 30 minutes. the batteries in your pacemaker should last 6 - 15 years. regular checkups can detect if the battery is wearing down or if there are any problems with the leads ( wires ). your doctor will change the generator along with the battery when the battery gets low. when to call the doctor call your doctor if : - your wound looks infected ( red


st. louis, mo ( prweb ) june 29, 2012 the st. louis county library is pleased to present military historian and missouri university of science and technology professor john c. mcmanus for a discussion and signing of his book “ september hope : the american side of a bridge too far ” on tuesday july 31, at 7 : 00 p. m. at st. louis county library headquarters, 1640 s. lindbergh blvd. the program is free and open to the public. books will be available for purchase at the event from barnes & noble. in “ september hope, ” acclaimed historian john c. mcmanus explores world war ii ’ s most ambitious invasion, an immense, daring offensive to defeat nazi germany before the end of 1944. operation market - garden is one of the war ’ s most famous, but least understood, battles, and mcmanus tells the story of the american contribution to this crucial phase of the war in europe. august 1944 saw the allies achieve more significant victories than in any other month. soviet armies annihilated more than twenty german divisions and pushed the hated enemy deep inside poland. general eisenhower ’ s d - day invasion led to the liberation of france. encouraged by these triumphs, british and american armored columns plunged into belgium, holland and luxembourg. the germans were in disarray, overwhelmed on all fronts as allied bombers pulverized their cities. rumors swirled that the war would soon be over and that everyone would be home for christmas. then came september, and holland. on september 17, the largest airborne drop in military history commenced — including two entire american divisions. their mission was to secure key bridges until british armored forces could relieve them. however, the germans were much stronger than the allies anticipated. in eight days of ferocious combat, they mauled the airborne and prevented the allies from crossing the rhine. for the first time, using countless personal interviews, “ september hope ” reveals the american perspective on one of the most famous and decisive battles of world war ii. john c. mcmanus earned a ph. d. in american history and military history from the university of tennessee, where he served as assistant director of the center for the study of war and society, helping oversee a project collecting the firsthand stories of american veterans of world war ii. he is currently associate professor of u. s. military history at missouri university of science and technology. he also currently serves as the official historian for the united states army ’ s seventh infantry regiment. program sites are accessible.


crime and inequality by chris grover published december 14th 2010 by willan – 288 pages this book examines key relationships between material circumstances and crime, and analyzes the areas of social policy – in particular social security and labour market policy – that are most important in terms of dealing with inequality at the lower end of the income hierarchy. it seeks to explain why inequality is linked to offending behaviour and the evidence underpinning explanations for this, and looks in detail at the relationship between offending and anti - social behaviour and its management through social policy interventions. crime and inequality draws upon both criminological and social policy approaches to understand this vital relationship, moving beyond criminological approaches which often fail to analyse the way the state attempts to manage poor material circumstance, offending and anti - social behaviour through social policy. the main aims of the book are threefold : to draw upon the disciplines of both criminology and social policy to understand the relationship between crime and inequality ; to provide an in - depth analysis of those aspects of social policy that have a bearing on the context, management and punishment of offending behaviour ; to examine government crime and anti - social behaviour policies in the context of social security and labour market policies, and to identify the tensions that have resulted from attempts to address social justice issues while also making individuals responsible for their actions. 1. introduction. crime, inequality and social policy. criminalising social policy?. inequality, poverty and social exclusion 2. crime and inequality. introduction. inequalities in contemporary society. young people : particularly disadvantaged. crime and inequality. conclusion 3. young men. introduction. the problem for young men. the problem with young men. men, crime and unemployment in policy. not in education, employment and training ( neet ). tackling the unemployment of young men. conclusion 4. parenting and anti - social behaviour. introduction. families, anti - social behaviour and the ' parenting deficit '. parenting and anti - social behaviour. parenting, anti - social behaviour and criminal justice policy. parenting, anti - social behaviour and social policy. parenting, material context and gender. parenting, anti - social behaviour and state welfare. conclusion 5. women, crime and inequality. introduction. women and inequality. women, crime and poverty. breeding delinquents? lone mothers and role models. getting lone mothers into paid work. lone mothers and paid work : rationalities and consistencies. lone mothers and policy : reproducing the material context of offending. conclusion. 6. crime, inequality


- pumpkins are a fruit that originated in central america. - the name " pumpkin " comes from the greek word " pepon, " meaning a large melon. - 90 % of the pumpkin is made up of water. - the yellow - orange flowers that bloom from a pumpkin vine are edible. - using pumpkins as lanterns at halloween is based on an ancient celtic custom brought to america by european immigrants. - the world ' s heaviest pumpkin was grown by chris stevens ( usa ) and was recorded on october 9, 2010 weighing 1, 810. 5 lbs. ( source : guinness world records ) - pumpkins, and their seeds, were a celebrated food of the native american indians who treasured them both for their dietary and medicinal properties. - illinois grows more pumpkins than any other state in the country. it harvests nearly 12, 300 acres of fruit. - the carving of jack - o ' - lanterns originated from the tradition of carving the faces of lost souls into hollowed out pumpkins and turnips. a candle was placed inside the carvings making the faces glow. the halloween lanterns were placed on doorsteps to ward off evil spirits. - the world ' s fastest time to carve a face into a pumpkin is 20. 1 seconds, by david finkle ( uk ), on october 7, 2010 ( source : guinness world records ) - more than 93 percent of children go trick - or - treating each year. ( source : nca ) - halloween also is recognized as the 3rd biggest party day after new year ' s and super bowl sunday. - trick - or - treating is thought to have its origins in a european custom called souling where people would beg for " soul cakes. " - there were estimated 36. 8 million potential " trick - or - treaters " ages 5 - 13. - legendary magician harry houdini died in detroit from a ruptured appendix on halloween in 1926.


eugene pintard bicknell eugene pintard bicknell was born at riverdale - on - hudson on september 23, 1859, the sixth son of joseph inglis bicknell and maria theresa pierrepont. he never went to college but was well - educated which was evident in his writing. mr. bicknell went into business at an early age, connecting himself with the financial firm of john munroe & co., where he eventually became a partner. on october 9, 1901 eugene married edith babcock at riverdale and together they had two daughters, eleanor franklin and edith evelyn. the same year as their marriage, they moved their home to long island where for a number of years mr. bicknell served as vestryman of trinity church, hewlett, and delegate to the diocesan convention. mr. bicknell was interested in natural history from an early age. he was one of the few ornithologists of his time who used his field glass more than his gun and kept daily records of every species he observed. his thorough documentations of observed species were kept in his riverdale diaries, though he also maintained a collection of local birds which were later presented to the vassar institute in poughkeepsie, n. y. during the spring and fall migration period, mr. bicknell would send a daily postcard to dr. a. k. fisher who lived about twenty miles north. in 1878, at the age of 18, mr. bicknell published his first technical paper, " evidences of the carolinian fauna in the lower hudson valley ", appearing in the bulletin of the nuttall ornithological club. the same year he was one of ten naturalists to organize the linnaean society of new york where he also served as president from 1879 to 1887. in 1882 this society published his " review of the summer birds of part of the catskill mountains. " it was at that time he discovered bicknell ' s thrush, described by ridgway in the ' proceedings of the united states national museum. ' mr. bicknell was the youngest founder of the american ornithologists ' union and was elected temporary secretary of the first meeting. he was also appointed to the committees on migration of birds and on the european house sparrow. the second year he was appointed a member of the original committee of bird protection and in 1885 became secretary of that committee. throughout mr. bicknell ' s life, he spent more and


committees on migration of birds and on the european house sparrow. the second year he was appointed a member of the original committee of bird protection and in 1885 became secretary of that committee. throughout mr. bicknell ' s life, he spent more and more time devoted to the study of botany which he focused on primarily after 1895. in 1880, mr. bicknell was elected a member of the torrey botanical club and began contributing to the club ' s bulletin the same year. in 1896, he became a member of the newly organized new york botanical garden and also the philadelphia botanical club. later, his extensive collections of plants along with his botanical books were presented to the new york botanical garden by mrs. bicknell. over his lifetime, mr. eugene bicknell published contributions amounted to 26 titles and installments to ornithology and natural history and 74 on botanical subjects. mr. bicknell was known as a modest man who rarely attended scientific meetings or mingled with fellow naturalists. though reserved, he maintained a kind disposition and was known to help younger students. mr. euegene bicknell passed away on february 9, 1925. to learn more about eugene pintard bicknell, please visit : http : / / elibrary. unm. edu / sora / auk / v043n02 / p0143 - p0149. pdf


in this chapter, the linguistic consequences of settlement by migration are analyzed. the area of the fieldwork is a small island in the ryukyu or nansei ( south - western ) islands. dialectal expressions from two settlements are examined from a linguistic geographical point of view. linguistic geographical surveys have often ignored newly settled villages because the language there was not considered to be pure, and because information from such villages offers no keys to a historical reconstruction of the language of the area. in the survey of tokunoshima discussed here, however, all the villages were investigated, and two villages were found which had a history of recent migrations from nearby villages. several items showed common characteristics with the “ mother ” village ( where the settlers came from ) in spite of a separation of more than 200 years. these results may be contrasted with the situation in hokkaido ( the northern - most island in japan ), the japanese frontier area in the modern era. the author also refers to the united states and australia, and states that 200 years is not enough for a new dialect to be established. in the future, universal sociolinguistic tendencies in this field must be pursued by acquiring data from as many cases as possible from all over the world. the present study is a precursor to the recent body of work in ‘ new dialect ’ formation. figure 14 – 0. tokunoshima questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : book title : sociolinguistics in japanese contexts. contributors : tetsuya kunihiro - editor, fumio inoue - editor, daniel long - editor. publisher : mouton de gruyter. place of publication : new york. publication year : 1999. page number : 249. this material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.


this articlerand health quarterly, 2011 ; 1 ( 1 ) : 15 an estimated 36 percent of american adults have health literacy levels rated at “ basic or below, ” indicating that they have difficulty obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information and services. to help healthcare decisionmakers in missouri identify neighborhood - level “ hotspots ” of suboptimal health or healthcare that may be due to low health literacy, rand developed a prototype interactive web - based mapping tool. this builds on earlier rand work to develop a predictive model of health literacy and estimate levels of health literacy in small geographic areas ( e. g., census tracts ). the interactive mapping tool allows stakeholders to select the level of geography ( e. g., census tract, county ), obtain information for and map specific regions of interest, select the characteristics to be mapped ( i. e., estimates of community - level health literacy, health outcomes and care quality, neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics, and neighborhood health services data ), and generate tables and reports on the regions and characteristics of interest. housed on a dedicated rand website ( http : / / www. rand. org / health / projects / missouri - health - literacy. html ), the mapping tool makes it possible for a range of stakeholders, from health plans to community organizations, to access and use the tool to help address healthcare disparities in their communities. for more information, see rand tr - 811 - mfh at http : / / www. rand. org / pubs / technical _ reports / tr811. html over the past decade, providers and policymakers alike have recognized the need to shift from documenting the existence of gaps in quality of care and health outcomes to doing something about them. numerous efforts have identified characteristics of individuals who are deemed to be “ at risk ” for poor health outcomes and lower - quality care, such as belonging to certain minority groups or having low income or low education. in addition, health literacy has emerged as a potentially critical pathway through which education, income, and other fundamental determinants impact healthcare quality and disparities. health literacy is “ the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions ” ( ratzan and parker, 2000 ). individuals with low health literacy ( lhl ) have difficulty with tasks ranging from understanding directions for taking medication to navigating the healthcare system. many stakeholders recognize that achieving equity in the u. s. healthcare system requires addressing challenges related


, 2000 ). individuals with low health literacy ( lhl ) have difficulty with tasks ranging from understanding directions for taking medication to navigating the healthcare system. many stakeholders recognize that achieving equity in the u. s. healthcare system requires addressing challenges related to lhl. however, efforts to translate such evidence into cost - effective actions and interventions have been only marginally successful. identifying geographic areas with large numbers of people with lhl can help stakeholders target interventions more efficiently and cost - effectively. such a population - based approach is especially attractive in view of the recent acceleration of interest in public health literacy, defined as “ the degree to which individuals and groups can obtain, process, understand, evaluate, and act on information needed to make public health decisions that benefit the community ” ( freedman et al., 2009 ), and the concomitant need to develop more multifaceted and population - based approaches to improving health. the feasibility and success of a population - based approach to addressing lhl and resulting health disparities, however, relies in part on the ability to identify geographic areas where large numbers of at - risk people live in order to determine effective types of interventions and optimal locations for implementation. a prototype interactive web - based tool to target lhl stakeholders are in need of a tool to help them maximize the impact of limited resources available to address lhl and to target those resources toward communities at greatest need. in response, rand developed a prototype interactive web - based mapping tool to help healthcare decisionmakers in missouri identify community - level “ hot spots ” of suboptimal health or healthcare that may be due to lhl. this work is part of a multiphase project, sponsored by the missouri foundation for health, to develop a predictive model of health literacy and to estimate levels of health literacy in small geographic areas ( e. g., census tracts ). the resulting tool incorporates the following data : - estimates of community - level health literacy. in an earlier phase of this project, we developed predictive models of health literacy using data from the national assessment of adult literacy ( naal ) ( lurie et al., 2010 ; martin et al., 2009 ). these models, when applied to census - derived variables for small geographic areas, provide an estimate of the percentage of individuals within that region with “ basic ” or “ below basic ” health literacy skills, as well as their mean naal scores. - health outcomes and care quality, including breast and colon cancer screening and quality of diabetes care. these were obtained from


of individuals within that region with “ basic ” or “ below basic ” health literacy skills, as well as their mean naal scores. - health outcomes and care quality, including breast and colon cancer screening and quality of diabetes care. these were obtained from missouri ’ s county level study ( cls ). - neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from the 2000 u. s. census and the 2007 american community survey ( acs ). - neighborhood health services data including medically underserved areas ( muas ), health professional shortage areas ( hpsas ), and the locations of hospitals and federally qualified health centers ( fqhcs ), obtained from the american hospital association ( aha ) and the health resources and services administration ( hrsa ). using gis technology, this prototype tool presents the above data in the form of colorcoded maps that quickly show stakeholders where individuals with different characteristics reside and where health or healthcare is suboptimal. this gis mapping tool is part of rand ’ s q - dart project, which applies emerging analytic and decision tools to better target gaps in the quality of care and health outcomes in diverse populations, helping decisionmakers more wisely allocate scarce resources. by simultaneously mapping neighborhood levels of health literacy and low - quality care, stakeholders obtain a more empirically based understanding of the geographic distribution of these problems in and around their communities, helping to reverse the “ inverse care law, ” which states that the availability of quality medical care tends to vary inversely with the need among the population served ( schillinger, 2007 ; tudor - hart, 1971 ). as such, this tool may not only help stakeholders target population health interventions in communities of greatest need ( lalonde, 1974 ) but also support the development of tailored approaches to improving health among vulnerable populations ( frolich and potvin, 2008 ). the interactive mapping tool allows stakeholders to select the level of geography ( e. g., census tract, county ), obtain information for and map specific regions of interest, select the characteristics to be mapped, generate tables and reports on the regions and characteristics of interest, import their own data, export data from the tool, and save and print their projects. the prototype tool is housed on a dedicated rand website ( http : / / www. rand. org / health / projects / missouri - health - literacy. html ), making it possible for a range of stakeholders, from health plans to community organizations, to access and use the tool to help address healthcare disparities in


/ www. rand. org / health / projects / missouri - health - literacy. html ), making it possible for a range of stakeholders, from health plans to community organizations, to access and use the tool to help address healthcare disparities in their communities. freedman d, bess k, tucker h, boyd d, tuchman a, and wallston k, “ public health literacy defined, ” american journal of preventive medicine, vol. 36, 2009, pp. 446 – 451. frolich k and potvin l, “ the inequality paradox : the population approach and vulnerable populations, ” american journal of public health, vol. 98, 2008, pp. 216 – 221. lalonde m, a new perspective on the health of canadians, ministry of supply and services canada, 1974. lurie n, martin lt, ruder t, escarce jj, ghosh - dastidar b, sherman d, bird ce, and fremont a, estimating and mapping health literacy in the state of missouri, santa monica, calif. : rand corporation, wr - 735 - mfh, 2010. as of june 30, 2010 : http : / / www. rand. org / pubs / working _ papers / wr735. html martin l, ruder t, escarce j, ghosh - dastidar b, sherman d, elliott m, et al., “ developing predictive models of health literacy, ” journal of general internal medicine, vol. 24, 2009, pp. 1211 – 1216. missouri department of health and senior services, missouri county - level study ( cls ), 2007. national center for education statistics, national assessment of adult literacy ( naal ), 2003. national center for education statistics, the health literacy of america ’ s adults : results from the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy, washington, d. c. : u. s. department of education, 2006. ratzan s and parker r, “ introduction, ” in selden c, zorn m, ratzan s, and parker r, eds., national library of medicine current bibliographies in medicine : health literacy, bethesda, md. : national institutes of health, u. s. department of health and human services, 2000. schillinger d, “ literacy and health communication : reversing the ‘ inverse care law, ’ ” american journal of bioethics, vol. 7, 2007, pp. 15 –


champion. it ' s not a complicated word to pronounce or to use in a sentence ; however, we often overuse the word, thereby reducing its magnitude and importance. a champion is defined as one who fights for another or for a cause ; excelling all others or one who shows marked superiority. champion. when a class of third grade students was asked what a champion is, they supplied the following thoughts : “ it ' s something you want to be. it ' s a winner. it ' s a friend. it ' s my dad. i ' m not sure, but i know there are not a lot of them. ” and finally, “ i think it means something special. ” so, now you might be asking how these “ champions ” were selected? each of our “ champions ” was nominated for and received a care award some time during the past year. as our care committee was voting on the care award recipients, they were also selecting those whose actions and attitudes distinguished them from all others nominees and defined them as champions. after identifying those who met the champion criteria, they were then voted on by the care committee. click here to view past care champions. a gentleman was escorted into the emergency department ( ed ) by 6 police officers. he was very uncooperative, even combative, and the officers did all that they could to control his violent outbursts. in the course of the officers trying to contain this man, michelle realized that he was only crying out for help. he was trying to tell the police officers that he wanted a shower and something to eat. while the officers struggled to keep the man subdued, michelle found him a room and somewhere to shower, and then bought him a hot sandwich when he got back to the ed. these small gestures of kindness did not go unnoticed by the patient. freshly showered and fed, this man who was so full of violence upon arrival became calm and remained very cooperative for the remainder of his time at randolph hospital. care champions : first quarter 2011 derrick is a c. a. r. e champion because of a situation he handled in the emergency department recently. he was faced with a horrific situation, in which a heart - broken family had just lost one their beloved sons in a car accident. there was general hysteria around the situation and the events leading up. derrick helped prepare the child ’ s body, insuring that he appeared as normal as possible considering the circumstances of his death. derrick tenderly cared for the child, conveying compassion and dedication for his work. lane


the situation and the events leading up. derrick helped prepare the child ’ s body, insuring that he appeared as normal as possible considering the circumstances of his death. derrick tenderly cared for the child, conveying compassion and dedication for his work. lane is a c. a. r. e champion because of a situation he handled in the emergency department recently. he was faced with a horrific situation, in which a heart - broken family had just lost one their beloved sons in a car accident. there was general hysteria around the situation and the events leading up. lane helped prepare the child ’ s body, insuring that he appeared as normal as possible considering the circumstances of his death. lane tenderly cared for the body of the child, conveying compassion and dedication for his work. an icu patient who was awake and on a ventilator had just received the devastating diagnosis of lung cancer. as if the news weren ’ t traumatic enough, melisa realized the patient had just received this news on his birthday. in an effort to lighten the mood and to help bring a spot of joy to this day, melisa went to the hospital gift shop and bought birthday balloons for the patient. while walking across the street for a meeting in the main hospital, lisa stopped to help an elderly gentleman who was lost. lisa volunteered to ride with the gentleman to the parking deck and assisted him in parking his car. lisa then retrieved a wheelchair for the gentleman and escorted him to the patient he was visiting. once at the patient room, lisa noticed that the patient was on isolation precautions and she helped the gentleman gown up and glove - up so he could enter the room. before leaving, lisa made sure the visitor had the number to the welcome center so that he could request help getting back to his car. sherry, resource management on thanksgiving day, sherry was the on call staff for resource management. as sherry was assisting a patient with discharge plans she realized he had no pay source to secure his diabetic supplies. he needed a box of insulin syringes, a glucometer and strips for the glucometer. sherry with her compassionate and generous nature gave the patient $ 60 of her own money to pay for these needed supplies. there was a patient on pcu during the christmas season. the patient was told by her oncologist that her treatments for cancer were no longer working. once the staff found out about her diagnosis, they immediately came together and planned something magical. they decorated one of the rooms with two windows to view asheboro with


patient was told by her oncologist that her treatments for cancer were no longer working. once the staff found out about her diagnosis, they immediately came together and planned something magical. they decorated one of the rooms with two windows to view asheboro with christmas decorations. each staff member made a snowflake, which had words of encouragement that were hung from the ceiling in her room. her husband went out and got a small christmas tree. they put a stocking in her room. it was absolutely amazing! brenda, diabetes center a participant in a diabetes class lost her balance and fell in the restroom causing damage to her clothing. the participant did not want to leave the class. brenda made a special trip to the store to purchase sweat pants and socks for the participant. when she returned, brenda asked the participant if she would like to change into the new items. the participant was very happy with being able to change into new clothes. kenita, in - home aide kenita is a certified nursing assistant for a patient who has alzheimer ’ s disease. the patient has been cared for in the home for several years. kenita has done many things to improve the quality of life for her patient. the patient ’ s husband had a birthday, and kenita took it upon herself to plan a surprise birthday party for him. kenita and her mom cooked a great meal, got a birthday cake and arranged for guests to attend. she even worked it out so that the patient ’ s son and grandson from out - of - town were in attendance. kenita did something for the patient that she no longer has the ability to do. candace was drawing labs on a patient who was going to surgery. the patient ’ s family member mentioned that she received cancer treatments at cancer facility that was an hour away. she expressed what a burden it was to travel that far to receive chemotherapy. candace then went back to the lab, and later returned to the patient ’ s room and informed the family member of the benefits in coming to randolph hospital cancer center. she explained the program and informed her of the knowledgeable nurses and doctors at randolph hospital. she then offered and to have the patient ’ s orders and medical records sent to our facility in order to have her chemotherapy done closer to home. the patient and family member were very thankful and took her up on her offer. candace was able to save two extra hours for the patient and family member. they can now spend that time with each other giving and receiving lots of love and savoring the time they have. heather


very thankful and took her up on her offer. candace was able to save two extra hours for the patient and family member. they can now spend that time with each other giving and receiving lots of love and savoring the time they have. heather was assisting a patient in the intensive care unit, who was very concerned that some oranges he bought would go bad at his home. after finishing a night shift, heather went to the patient ’ s home, picked up his oranges and brought them to work the next evening for him. this act of kindness brightened up the patient and made him very appreciative of the care he received at randolph hospital. while ruth was caring for a patient with congestive heart failure, she learned that he did not have a scale to weigh himself at home, which is key to monitoring congestive heart failure flair ups. ruth brought a scale from home and gave it to the patient to use at this home. kathleen riley, md, rma - pediatrics dr. riley recently examined a newborn with significant jaundice and requested that a phototherapy blanket be set up for the baby at home. however the mother was unable to find transportation to go to the medical equipment company. when dr. riley heard about the problem, she left her office early, drove to the medical equipment company and bought the phototherapy blanket herself. then she drove to the family ’ s home, set up the blanket for the infant and instructed the parents on proper use. this prevented the infant from being readmitted and the jaundice was quickly resolved. leo, service excellence when a school bus turned over and nearly 20 children were brought to the ed, there was no interpreter available to speak with children or their families. however when leo colon, who was off for the day, was called he dropped his personal plans and arrived in perfect timing with the children. he immediately jumped in and assisted ems personnel, nursing staff and the families involved. he provided comfort and support to the children and escorted them to exam rooms. leo ’ s actions speak volumes about his character and commitment to excellence. sometimes the most meaningful acts are also the simplest. when cathy learned that one of her patients was going to be spending his birthday in the hospital, she quickly thought of what she could do. so she went down to the gift shop, and bought a card and balloon. she made sure all of the staff signed the card and then went in to surprise him. cathy ’ s small act showed she truly cared and exemplified the meaning of service


. so she went down to the gift shop, and bought a card and balloon. she made sure all of the staff signed the card and then went in to surprise him. cathy ’ s small act showed she truly cared and exemplified the meaning of service excellence. rebekah was caring for a two - month old patient whose twin brother had died earlier in the week, after being hospitalized since birth. rebekah saw the family needed an experienced and trusted individual to sit with the baby so they could attend the viewing and the funeral of the child who had passed. she told the family she would stay after her shift to sit with their baby, and that she would come in the next day to watch the hospitalized child so they could attend the twin brother ’ s funeral. rebekah stayed for two hours after her 12 hour shift that evening, and came in for five hours on her day off. rebekah ’ s actions made it possible for the family to mourn the loss of one child meanwhile knowing the other baby was being cared for by someone they trusted. brandy & debbie, emergency department brandy harris and debbie thomas worked together to reach out to a patient and family in need. during their shift in the emergency department, a 14 - month old baby came in, needing to be placed on life support and then transferred to baptist hospital. the mom was allowed to go with the transport team, but the dad was not. unfortunately, he had no way to get there. brandy and debbie worked 12 hours that night and when their shift ended, they drove the dad to baptist hospital to be with his family. they not only drove him, but they parked and walked him to the unit he needed to go to. brandy and debbie also realized the man had no money. debbie decided to take some money out of the atm and gave it to the gentleman for food. after making sure he was situated, they left him to be with his family. noted in their care nomination form, “ this act of kindness showed dedication, not only to their jobs, butmore importantly to another person who was in need of help. their compassion exceeded the norm and helped meet the needs of not only the patient, but also the parents. this is true care champion work! ” nina, home health services nina albright reached out to a patient struggling with car problems. the patient ’ s van needed work done that would cost an estimated $ 800. nina decided to speak with her uncle who is a mechanic about the situation. he was able to get the car part for less


out to a patient struggling with car problems. the patient ’ s van needed work done that would cost an estimated $ 800. nina decided to speak with her uncle who is a mechanic about the situation. he was able to get the car part for less than $ 200 and installed it at no cost. now, the patient is able to make her doctor appointments and run errands without any car troubles. dianne, emergency department dianne brady knows that delivering extraordinary patient care requires action above the call of duty. as a patient sitter in the emergency department, she took the initiative to create care bags for mental health patients who stay in the department over 24 hours. the bags include items to help the patient feel more at home. dianne ’ s positive attitude, compassion and professionalism make her a care champion. susan, volunteer services susan harrell, a local artist, has shown compassion to patients through volunteering her artistic talent. susan began painting with inpatients, as well as cancer patients, last year. this complimentary wellness service gives patients a positive distraction while they are receiving treatment. susan has embraced this gift to others by planning the art sessions, buying the materials needed, and empowering patients with the gift of art. ed poole, volunteer services ed is a volunteer in the cafe gifts opc ; ed has been invaluable in starting the new cafe gifts because of his dedication in volunteering extra shifts, helping to create a manageable flow of inventory, keeping a weekly inventory check and taking his time to research cost effective products from costco to purchase to sell in the cafe gifts. he has helped tremendously in managing inventory and cost effectiveness of items purchased for the new shop. ed has been instrumental in helping to recruit other volunteers which has proven to be a challenge. his enthusiasm and dedication to excellence for our gift shop is something that to be very proud of. skip was heading through the parking deck on his way to the maintenance truck when he noticed cars lined up on level 3, so he decided to check it out. there was a pregnant lady who was unable to park her car. she was crying and very upset. she spoke very little english, but communicated to skip that she needed help. skip parked the truck, called on his radio for someone to get an interpreter and then escorted the lady to the emergency department. laranda, diagnostic imaging a patient came in as an outpatient for a routine chest ct. laranda performed the scan and quickly noticed the patient had a pulmonary emboli. the proportion was so


and then escorted the lady to the emergency department. laranda, diagnostic imaging a patient came in as an outpatient for a routine chest ct. laranda performed the scan and quickly noticed the patient had a pulmonary emboli. the proportion was so large it was life threatening. she immediately notified the radiologist on duty and called the patient ’ s doctor. the patient was taken to the emergency department and admitted. if laranda had not picked up on the pulmonary emboli, it ’ s possible the patient could have gone home and suffered the effects of an emboli without having medical help around. fulfilling one patient ’ s last wish as he neared the end of battling cancer, karen took it upon herself to act with a kind heart. the patient wanted to attend the relay for life event even though he was unable to walk. so karen had purple balloons delivered, gave him her old relay for life t - shirt and escorted the patient to the front of the cancer center. sitting in his wheelchair outside of the cancer center with his family and karen on may 15, he released his purple balloons to the sky in celebration of life. while traveling through randolph county, a gentleman suffered a stroke and was taken to randolph hospital. the family hurried to the hospital from their home in tennessee to be with him. myra noticed that the patient ’ s young son was having an especially hard time with the situation. so she called the nc zoo and arranged free tickets for the family. myra showed us that sometimes patient care extends into the family. the young boy brought back a stuffed animal that he named " randolph ". in june, an auto accident involving two young girls was called into the emergency room. one of the girls was transported to baptist hospital and the other was pronounced dead on the scene. shonda was the charge nurse in the ed that day. she had the responsibility to notify the deceased girl ’ s family. shonda spent several hours answering questions, and supporting the family through the difficult news. her compassion and professionalism is an example to us all. jerzy sopala, md in february, while a nurse was in the middle of feeding a patient, she was called away to assist in another room. dr. jerzy sopala noticed the patient waiting to finish her meal and decided to take the iniative to walk in and finish feeding her before the food became cold. dr. sopala is a great hospitalist and never hesitates to help out any nurses or nursing assistants in need. rolanda, mps director in march, a


the iniative to walk in and finish feeding her before the food became cold. dr. sopala is a great hospitalist and never hesitates to help out any nurses or nursing assistants in need. rolanda, mps director in march, a baby girl was born at randolph hospital. although weighing under 5 pounds, she was healthy and thriving just 3 days later. upon discharge, the family learned the carseat they brought was unusable because of their daughter ’ s weight. they needed a car bed, a special transporter for small babies, but the closest one was in forsyth county. after hearing this, rolanda traveled to winston - salem on her day off, bought a car bed for the family and refused reimbursement. this gift gave the family the ability to take their new daughter home. rolanda demonstrated a compassionate heart to the family as well her co - workers. brenda is a care champion because she reached out to the family of a fellow employee by raising over $ 2600 to equip a van for disability assistance. a member of that family experienced a tragic accident that restricts his ability to communicate and perform many everyday routines. brenda took the initiative to mobilize the hospital community and make a difference by providing for this family. brenda is a great example of someone who truly cares for others. kelly, home health while randolph hospital staff were treating physical therapy patients at the ymca pool, an 88 year old ymca member had finished her swim and had made her way to the shower area. all of a sudden the women ran out of the shower onto the pool deck, showing extreme distress and hyperventilating. randolph hospital staff immediately jumped out of the pool after first securing their patients and rushed into action to assist the woman. they stabilized her until emergency services arrived.


long before any roman settlements, greek navigators settled in what would become provence. the phoceans founded important cities such as massalia ( marseille ) and nikaia ( nice ), bringing them in to conflict with the neighboring celts and ligurians. the phoceans were great navigators such as pytheas who was born in marseille. the celts themselves often fought with aquitanians and germans, and a gaulish war band led by brennus invaded rome circa 393 or 388 bc following the battle of the allia. however gaulish tactics would not evolve and the romans would learn to counter them, the gauls would from then be defeated in battles such as sentinum and telamon. when carthaginian commander hannibal barca fought the romans, he recruited several gaulish mercenaries which fought on his side at cannae. it was this gaulish participation that caused provence to be annexed in 122 bc by the roman republic. later, the consul of gaul — julius caesar — conquered all of gaul. despite gaulish opposition led by vercingetorix, the overking of the warriors, gauls succumbed to the roman onslaught ; the gauls had some success at first at gergovia, but were ultimately defeated at alesia. the romans founded cities such as lugdunum ( lyon ) and narbonensis ( narbonne ). gaul was divided into several different provinces. the romans displaced populations in order to prevent local identities to become a threat to the roman control. thus, many celts were displaced in aquitania or were enslaved and moved out of gaul. there was a strong cultural evolution in gaul under the roman empire, the most obvious one being the replacement of the gaulish language by vulgar latin. it has been argued the similarities between the gaulish and latin languages favoured the transition. gaul remained under roman control for centuries and the celtic culture was then replaced by the gallo - roman culture. gauls became better integrated with the empire with the passage of time. for instance marcus antonius primus, an important general of the roman empire, and emperor claudius were both born in gaul, as were general gnaeus julius agricola and emperor caracalla ; antoninus pius also came from a gaulish family. in the decade following valerian ’ s capture by the persians in 260 postumus established a short - lived gallic empire, which included the iberian peninsula and britannia in addition to gaul itself. germanic tribes, the franks and the


gaulish family. in the decade following valerian ’ s capture by the persians in 260 postumus established a short - lived gallic empire, which included the iberian peninsula and britannia in addition to gaul itself. germanic tribes, the franks and the alamanni, entered gaul at this time. the gallic empire ended with emperor aurelian ' s victory at chalons in 274. a migration of celts appeared in the 4th century in armorica. they were led by the legendary king conan meriadoc and came from britain. they spoke the now extinct british language which evolved into the breton, cornish, and welsh languages. in 418 the aquitanian province was given to the goths in exchange for their support against the vandals. those goths had previously sacked rome in 410 and established a capital in toulouse. the roman empire had difficulty responding to all the barbarian raids, and flavius aetius had to use these tribes against each other in order to maintain some roman control. he first used huns against burgundians and these mercenaries destroyed worms, killed king gunther, and pushed the burgundians westward. the burgundians were resettled by aetius near lugdunum in 443. the huns, united by attila became a greater threat, and aetius used the visigoths against the huns. the conflict climaxed in 451 at the battle of chalons, in which the romans and goths defeated attila. the roman empire was on the verge of collapsing. aquitania was definitely abandoned to the visigoths, who would soon conquer a significant part of southern gaul as well as most of the iberian peninsula. the burgundians claimed their own kingdom, and northern gaul was practically abandoned to the franks. aside of the germanic peoples the vascones entered wasconia from the pyrenees and the bretons formed three kingdoms in armorica : domnonia, cornouaille and broerec. in 486, clovis i, leader of the salian franks, defeated syagrius at soissons and subsequently united most of northern and central gaul under his rule. clovis then recorded a succession of victories against other germanic tribes such as the alamanni at tolbiac. in 496, he adopted christianity. this gave him greater legitimacy and power over his christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the visigoths. he defeated alaric ii at vouille in 507 and annexed aquitaine


at tolbiac. in 496, he adopted christianity. this gave him greater legitimacy and power over his christian subjects and granted him clerical support against the visigoths. he defeated alaric ii at vouille in 507 and annexed aquitaine, and thus toulouse, into his frankish kingdom. the goths retired to toledo in what would become spain. clovis made paris his capital and established the merovingian dynasty but his kingdom would not survive his death. the franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among heirs, so four kingdoms emerged : paris, orleans, soissons, and rheims. when the majordome of austrasia pepin of herstal defeated his neustrian counterpart at tertry the merovingian dynasty eventually lost effective power to their successive mayors of the palace ( majordomes ). the house of herstal was to become the carolingian dynasty. by this time muslims invaders had conquered hispania and were threatening the frankish kingdoms. duke odo the great defeated a major invading force at toulouse in 721 but failed to repel a raiding party in 732. the mayor of the palace, charles martel, defeated that raiding party at the battle of tours ( actually the battle between tours and poitiers ) and earned respect and power within the frankish kingdom. the assumption of the crown in 751 by pippin the short ( son of charles martel ) established the carolingian dynasty as kings of the franks. the new rulers ' power reached its fullest extent under pippin ' s son charlemagne. with charlemagne german influences become paramount in france. in 771 charlemagne reunited the frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the lombards under desiderius in what is now northern italy ( 774 ), incorporating bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm, defeating the avars of the danubian plain ( 796 ), advancing the frontier with islamic spain as far south as barcelona ( 801 ), and subjugating lower saxony ( 804 ) after prolonged campaigning. in recognition of his successes and his political support for the papacy, charlemagne was crowned emperor of the romans, or roman emperor in the west, by pope leo iii in 800. charlemagne ' s son louis i ( emperor 814 – 840 ) kept the empire united ; however, this carolingian empire would not survive louis i ' s death. two of his sons — charles the bald and louis the german — swore allegiance to each other against their brother


i ( emperor 814 – 840 ) kept the empire united ; however, this carolingian empire would not survive louis i ' s death. two of his sons — charles the bald and louis the german — swore allegiance to each other against their brother — lothair i — in the oaths of strasbourg, and the empire was divided among louis ' s three sons ( treaty of verdun, 843 ). after a last brief reunification ( 884 – 887 ), the imperial title ceased to be held in the western realm which was to form the basis of the future french kingdom. the eastern realm, which would become germany, elected the saxon dynasty of henry the fowler. under the carolingians, the kingdom was ravaged by viking raiders. in this struggle some important figures such as count odo of paris and his brother king robert rose to fame and became kings. this emerging dynasty, whose members were called the robertines, was the predecessor of the capetian dynasty, who were descended from the robertines. led by rollo, the vikings had settled in normandy and were granted the land first as counts and then as dukes by king charles the simple. the people that emerged from the interactions between vikings and the mix of franks and gallo - romans became known as the normans. france was a very decentralised state during the middle age. the authority of the king was more religious than administrative. the eleventh century in france marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king when states like normandy, flanders or languedoc enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name. the capetians, as they were descended from the robertines, were former powerful princes themselves who had successfully removed the weak and unfortunate carolingian kings. the carolingians kings had nothing more than a royal title when the capetian kings added their principality to that title. the capetians in a way had this double status of king and prince, as king they held the crown of charlemagne and as count of paris they held their personnal fief best known as ile - de - france. the fact the capetians both held lands as prince as well as the title of king gave them a complicated status, thus they were involved in the struggle for power within france as princes but also gave them a religious authority over the church of france. however and despite the fact the capetians kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than subordonates his royal title was often recognised yet not often respected.


as princes but also gave them a religious authority over the church of france. however and despite the fact the capetians kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than subordonates his royal title was often recognised yet not often respected. the authority was so weak in some remote places that bandits were the effective power. some of the king ' s vassals would grow so powerful that they would be among the strongest rulers of western europe. the normans, the plantagenets, the lusignans, the hautevilles, the ramnulfids, and the house of toulouse successfully carved lands outside of france for themselves. the most important of these conquests for french history was the norman conquest of england following the battle of hastings by william the conqueror because it linked england to france through normandy. although the normans were now both vassals of the french kings and their equals as king of england, their zone of political activity remained centered in france. these norman nobles then commissioned the bayeux tapestry. an important part of the french aristocracy involved itself in the crusades. french knights founded and ruled the crusader states. an example of legacy left in the mideast from these nobles is the krak des chevaliers ' enlargement by the counts of tripoli and toulouse. hugh capet was elected by an assembly summoned in reims on 1 june 987. capet was previously " duke of the franks " and then became " king of the franks " ( rex francorum ). he was recorded to be recognised king by the gauls, bretons, danes, aquitanians, goths, spanish and gascons. the danes here are certainly the normans ( of normandy ), and the spanish entry probably refers to the carolingian spanish marches. hugh capet ' s reign was marked by the loss of the spanish marches as they grew more and more independent. count borell of barcelona called for hugh ' s help against islamic raids, but even if hugh intended to help borell, he was otherwise occupied in fighting charles of lorraine. the loss of other spanish principalities then followed. hugh capet, the first capetian king, is not a well documented figure, his greatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the caroligian claimant, thus allowing him to establish what would become one of europe ' s most powerful house of kings. hugh ' s son — robert the pious — was crowned king of france before capet ' s demise. hugh capet decided so in order to


from 1127 onward the royal advisor was a skilled politician — abbot suger —. the abbot was the son of a minor family of knights however his policital advices would show extremely valuables to the king. louis vi successfully defeated, both military and politically, many of the robber barons. louis vi often summoned his vassals to the court, those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and then military campaigns were mounted against them. this drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on paris and its surrounding areas. when louis vi died in 1137 there still was a long way to go, however a lot of efforts had been done. thanks to abbot suger ' s political advices king louis vii enjoyed greater moral authority over france than his predecessors. even more powerful vassals such as henry plantagenet paid homage to the french king. abbot suger arranged the marriage between louis vii and eleanor of aquitaine in bordeaux which made louis vii duke of aquitaine and gave him considerable power. however the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in vitry during the conflict against the count of champagne. king louis vii was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the holy land. he later involved the kingdom of france in the second crusade but his relationship with eleanor did not improve. the marriage was ultimately annulled by the pope under the pretext of consanguinity and eleanor soon married the duke of normandy — henry fitzempress — who would become king of england as henry ii two years later. louis vii was once a very powerful monarch and was now facing a much stronger vassal, who was his equal as king of england and his strongest prince as duke of normandy and aquitaine. abbot sugar ' s vision of construction became known as the gothic architecture during the later renaissance. this style became standard for most french cathedrals built in the late middle - age. the late direct capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influential than the earliest ones. while philip i could hardly control his parisian barons philip iv, on the other hand, could dictate popes and emperors. the late capetians, although they often ruled for a shorter time than their earlier peers, were often much more influential. this period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, kings of france and england and holy roman emperor. philip ii spent an important part of his reign fighting the so - called angevin empire, which was probably the greatest threat to the king of france


of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, kings of france and england and holy roman emperor. philip ii spent an important part of his reign fighting the so - called angevin empire, which was probably the greatest threat to the king of france since the rise of the capetian dynasty. during the first part of his reign philip ii tried using henry ii of england ' s son against him. he allied himself with the duke of aquitaine and son of henry ii — richard lionheart — and together they launched a decisive attack on henry ' s castle and home of chinon and removed him from power. richard replaced his father as king of england afterward. the two kings then went crusading during the third crusade however their alliance and friendship broke down during the crusade. the two men were once again at odds and fought each others in france and richard was on the verge of totally defeating philip ii. adding to their battles in france the kings of france and england were trying to install their respective allies at the head of the holy roman empire. if philip ii augustus supported philip of swabia, member of the house of hohenstaufen, richard lionheart supported otto iv, member of the house of welf. otto iv had the upper hand and became the holy roman emperor at the expense of philip of swabia. the crown of france was saved by richard ' s demise after a wound he received fighting his own vassals in limousin. john lackland, richard ' s successor, refused to come to the french court for a trial against the lusignans and like louis vi often did to his rebellious vassals philip ii confiscated john ' s possessions in france. john ' s defeat was swift and his attempts to reconquer his french possession at the battle of bouvines showed being a complete failure. his allies, most notably emperor otto iv, were all defeated or captured and even as king of england he had no mean to reconquer normandy and anjou. not only philip ii annexed normandy and anjou but he had captured the counts of boulogne and flanders. otto iv was overthrown by frederick ii, allied of philip ii of france and member of the house of hohenstaufen. the king of france however stopped before conquering aquitaine and gascony who remained loyal to the plantagenet king. in addition to defeating john of england, philip augustus founded the sorbonne and made paris a city for scholars. prince louis ( the future louis viii ) was involved in the subsequent english civil war


gascony who remained loyal to the plantagenet king. in addition to defeating john of england, philip augustus founded the sorbonne and made paris a city for scholars. prince louis ( the future louis viii ) was involved in the subsequent english civil war as french and english ( or rather anglo - norman ) aristocracies were once one and were now split between allegiances. while the french kings were struggling against the plantagenets, the church called for the albigensian crusade. southern france was then largely absorbed in the royal domains. it can be said that france became a truly centralised kingdom under louis ix, who initiated several administrative reforms. saint louis has often been portrayed as a one dimensional character, a flawless representant of the faith and an administrator caring for the governed ones. however his reign was far from perfect for everyone, he made unsuccessful crusades and his expanding administrations raised oppositions. his judgments were not often practical, although they seemed fair by the standards of the time. it appears louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge people himself before applying any sentence. this was said about louis and french clergy asking for excommunications of louis ' vassals : for it would be against god and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when the clergy were doing him wrong. louis ix was only twelve years old when he became king of france, his mother — blanche of castile — was the effective power although the king was indeed louis ix. blanche ' s authority was strongly opposed by the french barons yet she could maintain her position as regent ( although she did not formally use the title ) until louis was old enough to rule by himself. in 1229 the king had to struggle with a long lasting strike at the university of paris, the quartier latin was strongly hit by these strikes. war was still going on in the county of toulouse, the royal army was occupied fighting resistance in languedoc and the kingdom was therefore vulnerable. count raymond vii of toulouse finally signed the treaty of paris in 1229, in which he retained much of his lands to life, but his daughter, married to count alfonso of poitou, produced him no heir and so the county of toulouse went to the king of france. king henry iii of england had not yet recognised the capetian overlordship over aquitaine and still hoped to recover normandy and anjou and reform the angevin empire. he landed in 1230 at saint - malo with a massive force. henry


king henry iii of england had not yet recognised the capetian overlordship over aquitaine and still hoped to recover normandy and anjou and reform the angevin empire. he landed in 1230 at saint - malo with a massive force. henry iii ' s allies in brittany and normandy fell down because they did not dare fight their king who led the counterstrike himself. this evolved into the saintonge war, henry iii was defeated and had to recognise louis ix ' s overlordship although the king of france did not seize aquitaine from henry iii. louis ix was now the most important landowner of france, adding to his royal title. there were some opposition to his rule in normandy, yet it proved remarkably easy to rule, especially compared to the county of toulouse which had been brutally conquered. the conseil du roi, which would evolve into the parlement, was founded in these times. saint louis also supported new forms of art such as gothic architecture ; his sainte - chapelle became a very famous gothic building, and he is also credited for the morgan bible. after his conflict with king henry iii of england louis established a cordial relation with the plantagenet king. an amusing anecdote is about henry iii ' s attending the french parlement, as duke of aquitaine, the king of england was always late because he liked to stop each time he met a priest to hear the mass, so louis made sure no priest was on the way of henry iii. henry iii and louis ix then started a long contest in who was the most faithful up to the point none ever arrived anymore on time to the parlement which was then allowed to debate in their absence. the kingdom was involved in two crusades under saint louis : the seventh crusade and the eighth crusade. both proved to be complete failures for the french king. he died in the eighth crusade and philip iii became king. philip iii took part in another crusading disaster : the aragonese crusade, which cost him his life. more administrative reforms were made by philip the fair. this king was responsible for the end of the templars, signed the auld alliance, and established the parlement of paris. philip iv was so powerful that he could name popes and emperors, unlike the early capetians. the papacy was moved to avignon and all the contemporary popes were french such as philip iv ' s puppet : bertrand de goth. the tensions between the houses of anjou and capet climaxed during the so - called hundred years '


francis i faced powerful foes, and he was captured at pavia. the french monarchy then sought for allies and found one in the ottoman empire. the ottoman admiral barbarossa captured nice on 5 august 1543 and handed it down to francis i. these times also gave birth to the protestant reformation, and john calvin and his reformed doctrine challenged the power of the catholic church in france. during the 16th century, the spanish and austrian habsburgs were the dominant power in europe. in addition to spain and austria, they controlled a number of kingdoms and duchies across europe. charles quint, as count of burgundy, holy roman emperor, king of aragon, castile and germany ( among many other titles ) encircled france. the spanish tercio was used with great success against french knights and remained undefeated for a long time. finally on 7 january 1558 the duke of guise seized calais from the english. despite the challenge to french power posed by the habsburgs, french became the preferred language of europe ' s aristocracy. holy roman emperor charles v ( born in 1500 ) said this about languages : i speak spanish to god, italian to women, french to men, and german to my horse. because of its international status, there was a desire to regulate the french language. several reforms of the french language worked to uniformise it. the renaissance writer francois rabelais ( probably born in 1494 ) helped to shape the french language as a literary language, rabelais ' french is characterised by the re - introduction of greek and latin words. jacques peletier du mans ( born 1517 ) was one of the scholars that reformed the french language. he improved nicolas chuquet ' s long scale system by adding names for intermediate numbers ( milliards instead of thousand million, etc... ). during the 16th century the french kingdom also established colonies began to claim north american territories. jacques cartier was one of the great explorers who ventured deep into american territories during the 16th century. the largest group of french colonies became known as new france, and several cities such as quebec city, montreal, detroit and new orleans were founded by the french. the italian navigator giovanni da verrazzano worked for the french crown and discovered new angouleme which would later come to be known as new york city. renewed catholic reaction headed by the powerful duke of guise, led to a massacre of huguenots at vassy in 1562, starting the first of the french wars of religion, during which english, german, and spanish forces intervened


york city. renewed catholic reaction headed by the powerful duke of guise, led to a massacre of huguenots at vassy in 1562, starting the first of the french wars of religion, during which english, german, and spanish forces intervened on the side of rival protestant and catholic forces. in the most notorious incident, thousands of huguenots were murdered in the st. bartholomew ' s day massacre of 1572. the wars of religion culminated in the war of the three henrys in which henry iii assassinated henry de guise, leader of the spanish - backed catholic league, and the king was murdered in return. following this war henry iii of navarre became king of france as henry iv and enforced the edict of nantes ( 1598 ). religious conflicts resumed under louis xiii when cardinal de richelieu forced protestants to disarm their army and fortresses. this conflict ended in the siege of la rochelle ( 1627 – 1628 ), in which protestants and their english supporters were defeated. the following peace of alais confirmed religious freedom yet dismantled the protestant defences. this was also a time of philosophy. rene descartes sought answers to philosophical questions through the use of logic and reason and formulated what would be called cartesian dualism in 1641. the religious conflicts that plagued france also ravaged the habsburg - led holy roman empire. the thirty years war eroded the power of the catholic habsburgs. although cardinal richelieu, the powerful chief minister of france, had previously mauled the protestants, he joined this war on their side in 1636 because it was the raison d ' etat. imperial habsburg forces invaded france, ravaged champagne, and nearly threatened paris. richelieu died in 1642 and was replaced by mazarin, while louis xiii died one year later and was succeeded by louis xiv. france was served by some very efficient commanders such as louis ii de bourbon ( conde ) and henry de la tour d ' auvergne ( turenne ). the french forces won a decisive victory at rocroi ( 1643 ), and the spanish army was decimated ; the tercio was broken. the truce of ulm ( 1647 ) and the peace of westphalia ( 1648 ) brought an end to the war. but some challenges remained. france was hit by civil unrest known as the fronde which in turn evolved into the franco - spanish war in 1653. louis ii de bourbon joined the spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat at dunkirk ( 1658 ) by henry de la tour d ' auvergne. the terms


fronde which in turn evolved into the franco - spanish war in 1653. louis ii de bourbon joined the spanish army this time, but suffered a severe defeat at dunkirk ( 1658 ) by henry de la tour d ' auvergne. the terms for the peace inflicted upon the spanish kingdoms in the treaty of the pyrenees ( 1659 ) were harsh, as france annexed northern catalonia. the sun king wanted to be remembered as a patron of the arts, like his ancestor louis ix. he invited jean - baptiste lully to establish the french opera. a tumultuous friendship was established between lully and moliere. jules hardouin mansart became france ' s most important architect of the period. louis xiv ' s long reign saw france involved in many wars that drained its treasury. his reign began during the thirty years ' war and during the franco - spanish war. his military architect, vauban, became famous for his pentagonal fortresses, and jean - baptiste colbert supported the royal spending as much as possible. france fought the war of devolution against spain in 1667. france ' s defeat of spain and invasion of the spanish netherlands alarmed england and sweden. with the dutch republic they formed the triple alliance to check louis xiv ' s expansion. louis ii de bourbon had captured franche - comte, but in face of an indefensible position, louis xiv agreed to a peace at aachen. under its terms, louis xiv did not annex franche - comte but did gain lille. peace was fragile, and war broke out again between france and the dutch republic in the franco - dutch war ( 1672 – 1678 ). louis xiv asked for the dutch republic to resume war against the spanish netherlands, but the republic refused. france attacked the dutch republic and was joined by england in this conflict. through targeted inundations of polders by breaking dykes, the french invasion of the dutch republic was brought to a halt. the dutch admiral michiel de ruyter inflicted a few strategic defeats on the anglo - french naval alliance and forced england to retire from the war in 1674. because the netherlands could not resist eternally, it agreed to peace in the treaties of nijmegen, according to which france would annex france - comte and acquire further concessions in the spanish netherlands. on 6 may 1682, the royal court moved to the palace of versailles, which louis xiv had greatly expanded. peace did not last, and war between france and spain again resumed. the war of the reunions broke out ( 1683 – 168


netherlands. on 6 may 1682, the royal court moved to the palace of versailles, which louis xiv had greatly expanded. peace did not last, and war between france and spain again resumed. the war of the reunions broke out ( 1683 – 1684 ), and again spain, with its ally the holy roman empire, was easily defeated. meanwhile, in october 1685 louis signed the edict of fontainebleau ordering the destruction of all protestant churches and schools in france. its immediate consequence was a large protestant exodus from france. france would soon be involved in another war, the war of the grand alliance. this time the theatre was not only in europe but also in north america. although the war was long and difficult ( it was also called the nine years war ), its results were inconclusive. the treaty of ryswick in 1697 confirmed french sovereignty over alsace, yet rejected its claims to luxembourg. louis also had to evacuate catalonia and the palatinate. this peace was considered a truce by all sides, thus war was to start again. in 1701 the war of the spanish succession began. the bourbon philip of anjou was designated heir to the throne of spain. the habsburg emperor leopold opposed a bourbon succession, because of the power that such a succession would bring to the bourbon rulers of france, and claimed the spanish thrones for himself. england and the dutch republic joined leopold against louis xiv and philip of anjou. the allied forces were led by john churchill and by prince eugene of savoy. they inflicted a few resounding defeats to the french army ; the battle of blenheim in 1704 was the first major land battle lost by france since its victory at rocroi in 1643. yet, after the extremely bloody battles of ramillies and malplaquet, pyrrhic victories for the allies, they had lost too many men to continue the war. led by villars, the french forces recovered much of the lost ground in battles such as denain. finally, a compromise was achieved with the ultrecht in 1713. philip of anjou was confirmed as philip v, king of spain, and emperor leopold did not get the throne, but philip v was barred from inheriting france. louis xiv died in 1715 of gangrene. in 1718 france was, once again, at war as philip ii of orleans ' s regency joined the war of the quadruple alliance against spain. king philip v of spain had to withdraw from the conflict confronted with the reality that spain was no longer a great power of europe. under fleur