mideast strategists : president truman and secretary of state dean acheson set the united states on a cold war course that began with the formulation of the truman doctrine in 1947 and didn ' t end until eight presidents later with the disintegration of the soviet union in 1991. the middle east was never far from either side ' s strategic calculations. ( harry truman library ) on march 31, 1947, british forces were due to withdraw from turkey and greece, and british aid to the two countries would end. greece was in the grip of a civil war that would leave 158, 000 dead and 800, 000 refugees as its brutal, right - wing but pro - western monarchy was battling communist insurgents supported by yugoslavia ’ s josip broz tito. since late 1946, soviet forces were believed to marauding along the turkish border ( not long after withdrawing from iran under british and american pressure ). without british support, neither turkey nor greece could face down a soviet onslaught. truman doctrine and dominoes “ greece and turkey form the sole obstacle to soviet domination of the eastern mediterranean which is an economic and strategic area of vital importance, ” a report to truman by the state department ’ s bureau of near eastern affairs had read. the report had been commissioned by undersecretary of state dean acheson, a conservative democrat and emerging cold war hawk who ’ d go on to be the architect of the north atlantic treaty organization and urge the building of the hydrogen bomb. several years before president eisenhower made the “ domino theory ” a household phrase in his description of what would happen if the united states did not prevent the fall of vietnam to communist forces, the state department and the department of defense ( then still known as the war department ) argued to truman that if turkey and greece fell, the rest of the middle east and possibly western europe would follow, like dominoes. truman v. republicans accurate or not, the dramatic scenario of a soviet take - over had resonance in the united states for political reasons. for the first time since the great depression, both houses of congress were controlled by republicans. with sen. joseph mccarthy in the senate and richard nixon in the house, the red scare was defining the political discourse. harry truman ’ s popularity, at less than 40 % approval, was at the lowest of his presidency. he needed something to revive it. truman found it in what became known as the truman doctrine, a strategic and philosophical vision of the post - world war ii order that defined the cold war from then on. philosophically, truman endorsed


a reference resource anna eleanor roosevelt “ never wanted to be a president ’ s wife. ” after discovering in 1918 her husband ’ s infidelity, eleanor roosevelt ( known to her friends as er ) purposefully constructed a life of her own over the next fifteen years, one in which she found just as much fulfillment in her personal endeavors as she did in her husband ’ s career. during these years, fdr and er became political and social partners rather than intimates in a loving and warm marriage. still, er feared that as first lady she would have to forsake her hard - won autonomy. once in the white house, however, she succeeded not only in maintaining her independence, but in remaking the role of the first lady. eleanor roosevelt used the position of first lady to further causes she considered important. indeed, she relished the opportunity, believing that she was now “ in a position where i can do the most good to help the most people. ” her activism became legendary. she brought much - needed attention to new deal programs, to the cause of civil rights, to the need for low - income housing, to the hardships of jobless young people, and to demands for women ’ s political involvement and equality. in embracing these causes, er did not win every political fight - - and surely earned a good number of implacable enemies - - but she became a leading advocate for america ’ s poor, forgotten, and disfranchised. eleanor roosevelt seemed to be everywhere as first lady. she gave speeches on the radio, wrote a daily column for newspapers and articles for magazines, appeared in film shorts and newsreels, held weekly press conferences expressly for female reporters, and spoke at the democratic national convention in 1940 on behalf of fdr ’ s controversial vice - presidential choice, henry wallace. between 1933 and 1940, she visited every state in the union except for south dakota. as the great depression ravaged the united states during the 1930s, er set out to learn about the plight of the nation ’ s poor. she traveled to appalachia and saw first - hand the devastation wrought by the depression on poor, rural americans. armed with this experience, she impressed upon fdr the need for new deal programs to assist these oft - neglected people. when the national industrial recovery act ’ s subsistence homestead administration established model communities for poor americans, er became the staunchest defender of one project, the arthurdale community in west virginia, though it was not a success. as first lady, er vigorously


. when the national industrial recovery act ’ s subsistence homestead administration established model communities for poor americans, er became the staunchest defender of one project, the arthurdale community in west virginia, though it was not a success. as first lady, er vigorously promoted african - american civil rights. she held membership in, and was on the board of, the national association for the advancement of colored people ( naacp ), campaigned to end the poll tax, assisted in howard university ’ s fundraising efforts, and sought to make more new deal programs address the needs of black americans. she also convened the white house conference on negro women and backed the appointment of her friend mary mcleod bethune to a leadership position in the national youth administration. one of her most well - known stands for civil rights came in 1939 when she rebuked the daughters of the american revolution ( dar ) for refusing to allow the distinguished african - american contralto marian anderson to sing in its concert hall and resigned from the organization in protest. her activism continued during world war ii. she flew to europe and to the south pacific, where she comforted wounded american troops. like so many other american women, she joined the workforce during world war ii, becoming the first first lady to be “ employed ” by the government - - although she did not receive a salary. she served as deputy director of the office of civilian defense ( ocd ), an agency created by fdr in may 1941 to coordinate civilian air defenses, but she did not prove to be an able administrator. er fulfilled the traditional first lady ’ s role as white house hostess as well. at first, she performed the function grudgingly, calling it a “ useless burden. ” gradually, however, she recognized that her social role “ had real meaning and significance. ” she came to believe that in welcoming visitors and guests to the white house, she was, in effect, introducing them to the american political system. in addition, she realized that as white house hostess, she could further her own political interests and causes by inviting members of various organizations to high - profile white house teas and receptions. all of these activities garnered eleanor many admirers, but also substantial numbers of detractors. conservatives, already appalled by franklin roosevelt ’ s liberalism, attacked her for lending her name to liberal causes. southerners, in particular, opposed er ’ s support of civil rights and sometimes slandered the first lady viciously. these attacks were politically motivated - - a shot at er being almost as good as one at fdr - -


liberal causes. southerners, in particular, opposed er ’ s support of civil rights and sometimes slandered the first lady viciously. these attacks were politically motivated - - a shot at er being almost as good as one at fdr - - but they also arose because eleanor roosevelt shunned traditional gender roles and criticized contemporary race relations. in some cases, er could not even count on the support of her husband. though fdr appreciated and was proud of his wife ’ s activities, he also knew that support for controversial portions of her agenda - - like civil rights - - might erode his political and public support. on matters like an anti - lynching bill and proposals to admit jewish refugees, fdr refused to commit the full power and prestige of his office, even though he privately ( and sometimes publicly ) supported such measures. er understood that his reluctance was the price she had to pay for congressional support for numerous other initiatives, but she continued to press her case even without her husband ’ s full backing. as the end of world war ii approached, eleanor prepared to adjust to a new role - - that of first lady in an america that was not beset by economic depression or war. but she never got the chance. franklin delano roosevelt died some three weeks before the allies achieved victory in europe. arriving in new york after leaving washington and the first ladyship, she told reporters, “ the story is over. ” it was far from over, however, as er spent the next seventeen years working on many of the same issues she had championed as first lady. as u. s. delegate to the united nations general assembly, she chaired the commission on human rights of the economic and social council. when in 1948 she won adoption of a declaration on human rights for which she was primarily responsible, the delegates from around the world rose from their seats to give her a standing ovation. after her death in 1962, eleanor roosevelt continued to capture the imagination of americans, as well as admirers from all over the globe. her tenure as first lady has become the standard by which other presidential spouses are measured - - often an impossible mark, given the difficult times in which er lived, her energy and activism, and her wide range of interests. because of eleanor roosevelt, the role of first lady took on a greater significance and a greater visibility in the minds of the american people than ever before.


assembly : presentationframework ( in presentationframework. dll ) this method pauses the storyboard, but has no discernible effect if it is not active or currently paused. as a side effect, all associated children are also paused. a controllable storyboard can pause, resume, seek, stop, and be removed. to make a storyboard controllable in code, you must use the appropriate overload of the storyboard ' s begin method and specify true to make it controllable. for an example, see how to : control a storyboard after it starts. beginning a paused storyboard when you begin a storyboard that was paused, it appears to resume and restart. however, that is not what actually happens. the begin method actually replaces the paused storyboard with a new unpaused version. each time the begin method is called, clock objects are created for the storyboard. these clocks are distributed to the properties they animate. so, when the begin method is called again, it does not restart its clocks ; it replaces them with new clocks. windows 8, windows server 2012, windows 7, windows vista sp2, windows server 2008 ( server core role not supported ), windows server 2008 r2 ( server core role supported with sp1 or later ; itanium not supported ) the. net framework does not support all versions of every platform. for a list of the supported versions, see. net framework system requirements.


annual beaches report finds water quality lacking along u. s. shores wednesday, june 27 ( healthday news ) - - if you ' re headed to the seashore this summer, the last thing you want to hear is that you and your family could bring home a nasty disease after taking a dip in the ocean. but, the nation ' s beaches continue to put swimmers at risk for catching a variety of bacterial and viral illnesses, according to a report released wednesday by the natural resources defense council ( nrdc ). the report found that the number of beach closings and official advisories about polluted water at coastal u. s. beaches in 2011 reached the third - highest level in two decades. more than two - thirds of the closings and advisories were due to bacterial levels in the water that exceeded public health standards. " beaches can make you sick, " said steve fleischli, water program director at the nrdc. the biggest causes of contamination are human and animal waste, largely from sewage brought to the sea through storm water run - off, he noted. fleischli said those at greater risk of contracting a sea - borne illness at the beach are people with weakened immune systems and small children who are more likely to ingest water while swimming. the u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) estimates that up to 3. 5 million people become ill from contact with raw sewage from sewer overflows each year, which typically occur after a period of intense rain. beach water pollution can cause a range of illnesses in swimmers including diarrhea, skin rashes, conjunctivitis ( " pinkeye " ) ; ear, nose and throat problems ; hepatitis ; respiratory ailments ; neurological disorders ; and other serious health problems, according to the nrdc. ratings based on indicators of beach water quality, monitoring frequency and public notification systems were issued by the nrdc to 200 popular beaches in the country. twelve beaches got a five - star rating, including newport beach in california and wallis sands beach in new hampshire. at the other end of the spectrum were the worst beaches, which included avalon beach and doheny state beach, both in california. this year ' s report found water quality at the nation ' s beaches was stable, with 8 percent of water samples violating public health standards in 2011, as in 2010. the only inland beaches included in the report were the great lakes, which had the highest violation rate of the public health standards : 11 percent of the samples were below par. fleischli


samples violating public health standards in 2011, as in 2010. the only inland beaches included in the report were the great lakes, which had the highest violation rate of the public health standards : 11 percent of the samples were below par. fleischli said budget shortfalls have caused some states to cut back on regular beach water testing and federal monies may be reduced soon. without such testing, and subsequent online and site notifications of any problems, people are unaware of the risks. jon devine, senior attorney of the water program at the nrdc, said there are several causes of contamination. " there are a number of reasons a beach may have a high rate of violation, " he explained. " geography, proximity to sources of pollution, such as storm water outfalls, and even frequent testing, " which, although desirable for the public, can make a beach look less attractive for swimming than another that simply checks the water less often. the nrdc is pressing the epa to reconsider its proposed recommended standards for beach water quality, which it says are too lenient. it also is urging the epa to reform and better enforce national requirements about sources of polluted storm water. what can families do to stay healthy while swimming at the beach? devine suggested selecting beaches with frequent water testing programs. " stay out of the water when advisories are in effect or after heavy rains, " he said. devine also encouraged people to be good stewards of the beach environment : " don ' t feed wildlife, and clean up after your pet. if you ' re a boater, don ' t dump sewage in the ocean. " check the water at your favorite beach by going to the natural resources defense council. sources : june 27, 2012, media briefing with : steve fleischli, water program director, and jon devine, senior attorney, water program, natural resources defense council ; june 27, 2012, testing the waters : a guide to water quality at vacation beaches


the following story is contributed by the florida museum of natural history, one of natural history magazine ’ s museum partners. members of any of our partner organizations receive natural history as a benefit of their museum membership. at the florida museum of natural history, visitors may enjoy hundreds of exotic butterflies in a rainforest setting, witness a south florida calusa indian welcoming ceremony, experience a life - sized limestone cave, and see a mammoth and mastodon from the last ice age. permanent exhibits include northwest florida : waterways & wildlife ; south florida people & environments ; florida fossils : evolution of life & land ; and the mcguire center for lepidoptera and biodiversity, which features the screened, outdoor butterfly rainforest exhibit with hundreds of live butterflies. located at the university of florida, in gainesville, this is florida ’ s state museum of natural history, dedicated to understanding, preserving and interpreting biological diversity and cultural heritage. for further information, visit the museum ’ s web site, www. flmnh. ufl. edu. when asked if mountains grow slowly and steadily versus in rapid spurts, most people intuitively gravitate to the “ slow and steady ” model. mountains, we are taught, take an incomprehensively long time to build up their scads of boulders, jagged peaks and high - altitude plateaus. in fact, most known mountain building processes do require large amounts of time to complete their skyward climb. but for every rule there is an exception. consider the himalaya and andes mountains — despite their relative geologic youth, these mountain belts rank among the world ’ s tallest peaks. and therein lies the mountainous paradox : how do geologically young mountains grow extremely tall in extremely short time periods? conventional geology tells us that as the earth ’ s tectonic plates collide and dive beneath one another, and these actions cause the earth ’ s skin to crumple and fold. for a superficial visual effect, pinch together an inch or two of your forearm skin. just as your skin crumples into peaks and valleys under pressure from your fingers, deforming tectonic pressures cause the earth ’ s crust to shorten and thicken into crenulations and folds, which alpinists yearn to climb and landscape photographers strive to capture on film. but below the surface, mountains have deep roots where dense material accumulates over time, often from the action of one tectonic plate diving beneath another whereby material is scraped off of one onto the other. it was previously thought that a gradual erosion of


but below the surface, mountains have deep roots where dense material accumulates over time, often from the action of one tectonic plate diving beneath another whereby material is scraped off of one onto the other. it was previously thought that a gradual erosion of this root by the more plastic asthenosphere resulted in the gradual rise of the crust ( see figure right ). but a new study tracking the uplift of a central portion of the massive andes mountains in south america shows that mountain building — what geologists term “ orogeny ” — may actually occur in much faster fits and spurts than previously realized due to the rapid loss of large amounts of material from the mountain ’ s root. while conventional theory would predict that the andes mountains rose gradually and in sync with the scrunching of the nazca plate beneath the south american plate, which scientists know has caused dense material to accumulate millennia after millennia up to 70 kilometers below south america ’ s western coast, florida museum of natural history paleontologist bruce macfadden said that this is not what happened after all. macfadden is a co - author of the study published june 6 in the journal science. “ instead of the altiplano rising little by little each year, we found two phases of spasmodic or punctuated uplift interspersed by millions of years of stability, ” macfadden said. the authors assert that as the crustal layer, or lithosphere ( which floats above the mantle ) was squeezed under deforming pressures, earth processes caused large parts of the accreted dense material to plummet downwards into the more plastic upper mantle layer, also known as the athenosphere. this loosening of the root load caused the surface crust layer to rise, buoyed upward like a released cork, by the excision of massive extra weight below. “ our findings will force geologists to acknowledge that removal of lower lithosphere material could be an important process that causes rapid surface uplift in different mountain belts worldwide and over geologic time, ” said lead author carmala garzione, a geologist at the university of rochester. “ the subduction process may cause shortening and thickening of the mantle lithosphere and dense lower crust that accumulates at depth until that dense material is removed rapidly — either by downward dripping, which is a convective process, or by another process called delamination. ”


the pepper wreck virtual tour text by filipe castro ships were and still are complex machines, perhaps among the most sophisticated artifacts built by men at all times. for this reason it is often times difficult to explain the importance of the archaeological record to the general public, journalists, politicians and treasure hunters. the shiplab team would like to explain how exciting and interesting the history of shipbuilding is, and hopefully raising people ' s awareness towards this subject. our main objective is to engage sport divers, looters, and treasure hunters in constructive discussions about shipbuilding and try to salvage whatever information is possible to salvage from archaeological sites salvaged or looted. this project intends to be a guide to the basic archaeological recording of one of these shipwrecks. what archaeologists do this page is intended as an explanation of what archaeologists do. often times i have been asked - mostly by treasure hunting supporters - about the relevance of our work at the shiplab, and the differences between what we do and what treasure hunters do. at the shiplab we have gathered as much information as we could find on 16th century iberian shipbuilding, and now we can make a strong case for the importance of the study of this subject, and consequently argue for the necessity to protect the few shipwreck sites still left untouched from the destructions of treasure hunters and looters. the pepper wreck is an almost perfect case - study to explain what we do and why. it was destroyed and scattered in the shipwrecking process, it was salvaged by skilled divers in subsequent summers ( at least until 1612 ), it was probably smashed by the 1755 tidal waves that followed the earthquake, and it was looted in the 1970s and 1980s. from what was left, we have reconstructed the site formation process, recorded the archaeological remains, and reconstructed the original ship, to the best of our knowledge. the drawings presented here pretend to illustrate the conjectural reconstruction. the model presented here is just an educated guess. we have also planned to look at it as a financial asset, part of a large and complex economic process. separately, we are attempting to address this ship as a cultural answer to a particular question : how can we [ the 16th century portuguese merchants ] bypass the ottoman - venetian intermediaries and access the asian markets directly? and finally, we want to compare this ship with the other merchantmen of its time and try to understand the differences between the portuguese ocean - going vessels and those of their neighbors and competitors, in the north of europe and in the mediterranean world. why is this relevant


we want to compare this ship with the other merchantmen of its time and try to understand the differences between the portuguese ocean - going vessels and those of their neighbors and competitors, in the north of europe and in the mediterranean world. why is this relevant? why should we study these archaeological remains instead of breaking them apart for short - term profit? there are many answers to this question. the first is because the understanding of our past is paramount to our well - being. historian howard zinn said that a society without a memory would have to trust its politicians. it is difficult to conceive a civilization without roots. culture is the software of our minds. to understand who we are we must know where we came from. and ships were and still are among the most complex and sophisticated artifacts produced by any society. the history of seafaring is a relevant part of the human experience. as george bass said, long before there were farmers there were sailors. ships are means of transport, communication, and power. and the portuguese naus were the ships that first opened direct relations between europe and east and west africa, the indian subcontinent, and southeast asia. these were the ships that first arrived with europeans in india, malaysia, myanmar, thailand, cambodia, vietnam, china, japan, and indonesia, as well as brazil. their economical and cultural importance is enormous. as michael krondl reminds us in a recent book ( the taste of conquest, new york : balantine books, 2007 ), can you imagine asian cuisine without the red peppers brought by the portuguese from brazil? how many artifacts around the world attest the exciting intellectual climate experienced after the portuguese and spanish seafarers established economic, cultural and social contacts between the previously isolated populations of the europe, africa, asia and the americas? and yet we know so little about their ships : how were they conceived? how were they built? why were they different ( if they were different ) from the genoese carracks of their time? can we weight the importance of their study against the earnings of a small bunch of treasure hunters? i don ' t think so. and yet, most portuguese ships have been destroyed by looters or treasure hunters wherever they are found. for those who don ' t know, the difference between treasure hunters and looters is a mere technicality : the first are supposed to have licenses to destroy the shipwrecks they salvage, and the second are supposed to destroy them illegally. treasure hunters may leave us pictures, often times in auction catalogs


and looters is a mere technicality : the first are supposed to have licenses to destroy the shipwrecks they salvage, and the second are supposed to destroy them illegally. treasure hunters may leave us pictures, often times in auction catalogs ; looters generally leave us nothing. this page is therefore intended as a detailed and clear explanation about what we believe must be done with every shipwreck found around the world. their rapid evolution through the period 1500 - 1640 reflects the cultural changes of their makers : necessity, ideology, technological advances, changes in taste, foreign influences, supply and demand dynamics, and other factors worth studying. these ships were made in a world that knew no industrialization and are all unique artifacts. to understand the culture that produced them we need a large sample. treasure hunters and archaeology some treasure hunters have voiced their frustrations regarding the logics of their business. to them time is money. they work for profit. therefore they must act fast, salvage whatever they can, avoid wasting time recording anything or spending money preserving artifacts without market value. understandably, they have to avoid letting archaeologists see whatever they leave behind. i suspect that it is not pretty. and it is part of their marketing strategy to avoid discussing the destructions left behind. peter throckmorton wrote that a particular treasure hunter dynamited his site after salvaging the porcelain cargo in an attempt to erase from the face of the earth. a treasure hunter that i know personally said recently about a shipwreck that he has salvaged somewhere that he treated it like a baby. yet, he is not disclosing its location or showing any pictures of the site, before, during, or after the salvage operations. without even dreaming of approving what they do, i would like them to understand how important the sites they destroy are, and ask them to record at least a small number of important pieces of information, and then share them with us. i believe that it is possible to make treasure hunting illegal worldwide and i spend a lot of time every year lobbying to have treasure hunting illegalize in many countries. in the mean time, i believe that we have an obligation to try to improve the situation within the boundaries of what is possible to achieve. archaeologists and archaeology having experienced all sorts of dysfunctional behaviors from my colleagues, i think that it is only fair to write here that treasure hunters are only a part of the problem. many iberian shipwrecks have been excavated by archaeologists and never published, and i know more than one case of


this process leaves marks of the temporary nails on the plank ' s faces. these marks should be recorded in situ, weather we are planning to raise all timbers of a particular site or not. we do not know how the portuguese erected the hulls above the first futtocks. were the second futtocks supported by scaffolds? were they sandwiched between the stringers and the wales, and their final positions defined through the runs of the hull strakes to which they were fastened? pictures are always a good help and the least we can say about them is that we can never take too many. treasure hunters should try to make mosaics of the sites at different stages of their work, and take as many detailed pictures as possible, always with a scale. some treasure hunters are already making mosaics of the sites before disturbance. beyond the obvious reasons regarding to the relations between artifacts and their positions on the shipwreck site, a good recording of the site plan will allow a better understanding of the site formation process, the way in which each piece end up it each particular position. remember, we are trying to reconstruct the ship as it was before the shipwreck. although the account of the loss of the nossa senhora dos martires is lost, a letter suggests that the wind fell suddenly, while the ship was in front of the fortress, and the waves and tide drove it to the rocks. it also suggests that the upper portion of the stern castle broke away and drifted to the fortress, and both the hull remains and an anchor we found a few hundred years away, hooked on a rocky outcrop and bent in the direction of the ship remains, suggest that the orientation of the keel when the vessel hit the rocks was as indicated here, in kevin ' s drawing. the distribution of the artifacts around the site is absolutely compatible with the presumed position of the hull. for instance, two of the three astrolabes and the two dividers found were all located in the area were the stern broke, on the port side of the presumed position of the ship. we know that a number of guns were salvaged right after the shipwreck, and some were looted in the 1970s and 1980s. nevertheless, there were two guns on the site, also both located to port side of the shipwreck, suggesting that it listed in that direction after hitting the bottom. often times ships have great stories. for instance, in 1978 archaeologists found the archaeological remains of an american china packet named niantic.


both located to port side of the shipwreck, suggesting that it listed in that direction after hitting the bottom. often times ships have great stories. for instance, in 1978 archaeologists found the archaeological remains of an american china packet named niantic. it had been built in connecticut in 1835 and destroyed by fire in 1851, on the waterfront of san francisco, ca, where it had been beached and transformed into a storeship. during its 16 - year life niantic was a merchantman, then a whaler, then a passenger ship, transporting adventurers to san francisco during the gold rush, and finally was transformed into a building on that city ' s waterfront. all this information was stored in the bilge of niantic ' s remains : about 4, 000 artifacts related to each one of the phases of the ship ' s life. due to its small dimensions, the pepper wreck site plan was made from 1 : 1 drawings, and corrected with tape measures and sketches. there are other ways to record ship ' s hulls and affordable software is available to both amateur divers and treasure hunters. often times it is not possible, or even desirable, to excavate the sites entirely and measures should be taken to cover and protect the undisturbed portions of a shipwreck. as mentioned previously, treasure hunters tend to be particularly destructive after sacking the sites of materials with market value and avoid spending money protecting the remains. the group that salvaged the molasses reef wreck dynamited the site out of spite when they learned that archaeologists from the institute of nautical archaeology had won a permit to excavate it. we hope to contribute to develop a more responsible atitude among treasure hunters - and perhaps even the politicians that support their activity - by showing how much information could be retrieved from a site such as the pepper wreck, which was both salavaged and looted. site plans and photographic mosaics are almost useless without sections. stratigraphy and curvature of the timber structures are as important as the horizontal projection we designate as site plan. sections can be taken by many different sorts of ways, and again, affordable software is available that can make these tasks easy and relatively quick. again, pictures should be taken to illustrate the process. unreliable data, obtained in sloppy ways is generally worse than the absence of data. it is not uncommon for treasure hunters to lie about the sites, claim that " there was only a gun port " and the rest were lumps of ingots lying on the sand, ready to be picked up without


worse than the absence of data. it is not uncommon for treasure hunters to lie about the sites, claim that " there was only a gun port " and the rest were lumps of ingots lying on the sand, ready to be picked up without the need to disturb anything. this attitude should be avoided. in the treasure hunting particular case hypocrisy is a far worse crime than greed. it is a daunting task, but it is progressing in good rythm. only a small number of the pepper wreck hull timbers were raised and carefully recorded. 2. keels ( quilhas ) total length = length preserved = - a. is it constant? - b. sided dimensions = - c. molded dimensions = - d. rabbet ( alefriz ) shape and depth - - at the bow - - amidships - - at the stern how many timbers ( paus ) form the keel? are the sections connected with scarves? what fastenings are used? a. are there recesses for the spike heads? b. are the spikes clenched? is there a stern heal ( couce de popa )? is there a bow heal ( couce de proa )? timber species - the section of the keel of the pepper wreck was not preserved. its depth was estimated from a preserved bolt, which was bent under the keel when the ship hit the bottom. iberian ships have been found with very different keel sections. for example : the small but robust basque whaler san juan ( 1565 ) has a particular type of keel with the garboards carved from one single timber ; the pepper wreck keel was assembled from several rather small timbers connected with flat vertical scarves ; the cais do sodre ship keel timbers were not connected in any way. 3. stern heels, or keel knees ( couces ) as kinks in structures tend to concentrate stresses some shipbuilding traditions emphasized the reinforcements of the ship ' s weaker points. joao baptista lavanha is the author that better explains the design of the ' couces ' that connect the keel to the posts. to my knowledge, all archaeological parallels to these typical iberian features are northern - the cog ' s ' hooks ' for instance - and these ' couces ' make a strong case for a mix origin of the iberian oceangoing ships, which look like they were conceived as mediterranean vessels and reinforced as northern craft. a number of iberian shipwrecks have been found with these ' couces, '


' make a strong case for a mix origin of the iberian oceangoing ships, which look like they were conceived as mediterranean vessels and reinforced as northern craft. a number of iberian shipwrecks have been found with these ' couces, ' always with different configurations and differing in many details. a few archaeological examples of stern heels : 4. stems ( rodas de proa ) only a few stem posts have been recorded archaeologically and none, to my knowledge, is complete. particularly interesting features of which we do not know much are the reinforcements, such as deadwoods, inner stem posts, cutwaters, and the beak structures. the forecastle was supported by the stem post arrangement, and unfortunately this is an area of which we do not know much. we can only make educated guesses based on information pertaining to later examples. 5. sterns ( popas ) evidence suggests that stern panels appeared around 1500, although one painting in the church of zumaya, in the basque country, dated to c. 1475, shows two vessels with stern panels ( brad lowen pers. comm. ). richard barker ( pers. comm. ) reminds us that paintings were often restored and changed in the process of restoration. gudgeons found on the molasses reef shipwreck, probably portuguese - probably dating to the very early 16th century, and perhaps even dating to the late 15th century, in the time of the earliest portuguese voyages to the new world, such as the ones mentioned by duarte pacheco pereira - show that had a stern panel. it is by no means sure that portuguese indiamen had stern panels in the first half of the 16th century. iconography shows these ships with both square sterns and round sterns with square tucks. only a few archaeological examples have survived, together with a drawing by joao baptista lavanha, included in his treatise livro primeiro de arquitectura naval, that dates to c. 1600 :


the poole bills, also called " poole monkey bills, " were a series of attempts in the 1920s by general assembly member d. scott poole to outlaw the teaching of evolution in state - supported schools. inspired by actions of the tennessee legislature that precipitated the infamous scopes trial of 1920, and backed by fundamentalist forces centered around a committee of 100 churchmen of the north carolina presbyterian synod, poole introduced his first bill in 1925 and saw it defeated by a narrow margin. in february 1927 poole ' s bill was reintroduced and defeated in committee by a margin of 25 to 11 after a rousing speech by paul j. ryan, a law student at the university of north carolina in chapel hill. victory for the bill ' s opponents was widely attributed to some presentations and debates in charlotte sponsored by former students of horace williams ( 1858 - 1940 ), the controversial philosophy professor at unc - chapel hill. the evolution controvery in north carolina in the 1920 ' s, unc libraries : primary sources : http : / / www. lib. unc. edu / ncc / evolution / primarysources. html glossary : http : / / www. lib. unc. edu / ncc / evolution / glossary. html 1 january 2006 | mills, jerry leath


| glaucoma | | diabetic eye disease | | low vision | | healthy eyes | send free e - cards diabetic eye disease faq diabetes is a very serious disease that can cause problems such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputations. but by taking good care of yourself through diet, exercise, and special medications, you can control diabetes. and there is more good news. diabetic eye disease, a complication of diabetes, can be treated before vision loss occurs. all people with diabetes need to get a comprehensive dilated eye exam at least once a year. what is diabetic eye disease? diabetic eye disease refers to a group of eye problems that people with diabetes may face as a complication of this disease. all can cause severe vision loss or even blindness. diabetic eye disease includes : what is the most common diabetic eye disease? diabetic retinopathy. this disease is a leading cause of blindness in american adults. it is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the retina. in some people with diabetic retinopathy, retinal blood vessels may swell and leak fluid. in other people, abnormal new blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. these changes may result in vision loss or blindness. what are its symptoms? there are often no symptoms in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. there is no pain and vision may not change until the disease becomes severe. blurred vision may occur when the macula ( the part of the retina that provides sharp, central vision ) swells from the leaking fluid. this condition is called macular edema. if new vessels have grown on the surface of the retina, they can bleed into the eye, blocking vision. even in more advanced cases, the disease may progress a long way without symptoms. this symptomless progression is why regular eye examinations for people with diabetes are so important. who is most likely to get diabetic retinopathy? anyone with diabetes. the longer someone has diabetes, the more likely he or she will get diabetic retinopathy. between 40 - 45 percent of those with diagnosed diabetes have some degree of diabetic retinopathy. how is diabetic retinopathy detected? if you have diabetes, you should have your eyes examined at least once a year. your eyes should be dilated during the exam, which means eyedrops are used to enlarge your pupils.


restore the gulf, the official federal government ' s website about the deepwater horizon oil spill, has issued its latest report in an attempt to track the effect of the bp oil spill on animals in the region. the group consolidates numbers from experts on the ground, including the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration. what are the current counts from the november 1st report? the latest numbers are : 6, 104 dead birds, 609 dead sea turtles and 100 dead mammals, including dolphins. the tallies include counts for five states : alabama, florida, louisiana, mississippi and texas. it must be noted that the report constitutes only an initial, field - level evaluation. not all of the deaths were necessarily caused by deepwater horizon. final determination of cause of death comes later. when found or captured, the specimens get identification numbers. after initial counts, more thorough examinations of the birds and wildlife may include a search for oil in the throat, mouth and eyes, as well as a necropsy to rule if the spill was to blame. the report also catalogs the number of birds and wildlife that have been collected alive and how many of those were visibly oiled. experts collected 535 living sea turtles, 456 of which were visibly oiled. mammals fared better, with two out of nine live mammals collected visibly oiled. worst were the birds : 2, 079 have been collected alive, every single one of them visibly oiled. the report admits their counts may include birds and wildlife felled by natural causes. photo : associated press


saturday, may 29 ( healthday news ) — about 6, 000 americans under the age of 14 are hospitalized each year because of a diving injury, and 20 percent of diving accidents result in a severe spinal cord injury, researchers say. to encourage diver safety, university of michigan ( u - m ) researchers urge bathers to use caution near any body of water and to jump feet first in shallow water or if the depth is unknown. “ our neurosurgery team here at u - m knows how heartbreaking spinal cord injuries can be, ” karin muraszko, chair of the department of neurosurgery and chief of pediatric neurosurgery, said in a news release. “ we can provide these patients with top - notch, state - of - the - art care, but we ’ d much rather they are not hurt to begin with. we can ’ t put the spinal cord back together. so the best thing we can do is prevent these injuries. ” you don ’ t have to hit bottom to get injured, the team pointed out. “ the surface tension on the water can be enough to injure the spinal cord, ” cautioned dr. shawn hervey - jumper, a neurosurgery resident, in the same news release. the spinal cord transmits signals from the brain to a muscle. when the spinal cord gets injured, the brain ’ s signal is blocked, hervey - jumper explained. to drive home the message, the department of neurosurgery has launched a series of public service announcements and videos that will air at movie theaters in michigan this summer. “ just think if you could never get out of a seat, think if you woke up in the morning and couldn ’ t get yourself out of bed, ” josh weber, a 32 - year - old michigan resident injured in a diving accident, says in one video. “ you really need to think about your actions because your life can change in a split - second. it kind of opens up your eyes and you understand that life is fragile. ” and, weber adds, “ don ’ t think it couldn ’ t happen to you. it could happen to anyone. ” for more on life with a spinal cord injury, visit the american occupational therapy association. – alan mozes source : university of michigan, news release, may 26, 2010 last updated : may 29, 2010 copyright © 2010 healthday. all rights reserved.


features include interactive map, in - depth stories, and more. download now. » the week ' s top five must - sees, delivered to your inbox. hamburg, officially free and hanseatic city of hamburg, is the second largest city in germany and the sixth largest city in the european union. it is also the thirteenth largest german state. the city is home to over 1. 8 million people, while the hamburg metropolitan region has more than 5 million inhabitants. situated on the river elbe, the port of hamburg is the second largest port in europe and tenth largest worldwide. hamburg ' s official name, free and hanseatic city of hamburg, reflects hamburg ' s history as a member of the medieval hanseatic league, as a free imperial city of the holy roman empire, and that hamburg is a city - state and one of the sixteen states of germany. before the 1871 unification of germany, hamburg was a fully sovereign state of its own. prior to the constitutional changes in 1919, the stringent civic republic was ruled by a class of hereditary grand burghers or hanseaten. hamburg is a major transport hub in northern germany and is one of the most affluent cities in europe. it has become a media and industrial centre, with plants and facilities belonging to airbus, blohm + voss and aurubis. the radio and television broadcaster norddeutscher rundfunk and publishers such as gruner + jahr and spiegel - verlag are pillars of the important media industry in hamburg. hamburg has been an important financial centre for centuries, and is the seat of the world ' s second oldest bank, berenberg bank. in total, there are more than 120, 000 enterprises. ( via freebase )


after seven years of keeping sugar from genetically modified sugar beets out of their food, kellogg, hershey ’ s and the wyoming based american crystal sugarwill use sugar made from genetically modified ( gm ) beets. the decision marks a turnaround for crystal sugar, the nation ’ s largest sugar producer, which declared in may of this year that it had no plans to use gm sugar beets, and indicated that herbicide - resistant varieties developed using biotechnology would not “ be sold, given away, distributed, or planted in year 2007. ” but according to a recent article in the glyphosate based herbicide roundup is widely used to kill weeds, but is strong enough to kill crops. a genetically modified beet is resistant to roundup, allowing farmers to kill the weeds and keep the beets. but the health risks of glyphosate are poorly understood. some studies have connected glyphosate exposure to cancer, organ damage in animals, human reproduction and fetal development. glyphosate has also created super - weeds, resistant to the herbicide much like humans are becoming resistant to some antibiotics. genetically modified foods can also spread and interbreed with non - gm crops, reducing crop diversity and creating other, uncontrollable super - weeds. while the ecological and health issues are debated, the often overlooked factor in the increasing use of gm seed and food is that it gives monsanto a great deal of control over the production of food. a handful of corporations like monsanto are involved in agricultural biotechnology. their products of genetically modified corn, soybeans and sugar beets are then patented much like the work of other inventors in order to limit the way seeds can be used and distributed. biotech patents have been controversial however because the companies are patenting biology, dna, the basic structure of life and then claiming it as their invention in order to sell it. these patents have already caused problems for farmers and ranchers. in the last decade, farmers whose non - gm crops inadvertently breed with monsanto ’ s genetically modified and patent protected crops have actually been sued for illegally growing monsanto ’ s seed. in 2000, monsanto sued a canadian farmer when a neighboring farm ’ s roundup ready crops went to seed and mixed with the their crops. nelson farms of north dakota is also being sued for saving roundup ready seed and planting it the next year. while saving seed is the ancient and core practice of farming, farmers sign a monsanto agreement not to save or share any


the their crops. nelson farms of north dakota is also being sued for saving roundup ready seed and planting it the next year. while saving seed is the ancient and core practice of farming, farmers sign a monsanto agreement not to save or share any seed. while organizations like the organic consumers organization ’ s millions against monsanto campaign against biotechnology, monsanto continues to develop new seed technologies. as it expands the number of patents it has on those technologies it will also expand its power to sue individual producers and control the market. in doing so, vandana shiva, a physicist, farmers ’ rights activist and author of monocultures of the mind argues that farmers and ranchers using gm seeds will continue to find themselves limited by gm seed rather than enabled by it. as she writes, “ corporate strategies and products can lead to diversification of commodities ; they cannot enrich nature ’ s diversity. ” even so, the rocky mountain west has become a testing ground for genetically modified foods. in 2001 roundup ready wheat was grown in fields in idaho and washington and gm alfalfa grown in idaho. genetically modified beets have already been grown on 300 acres in idaho during test trials for monsanto and another 2, 200 acres in wyoming ’ s big horn basin. while sugar beet farmers await the outcome of these trials and the products full release next year, the sugar industry is keeping a low profile about their use of gm beets in order to reduce the chance of a public outcry according to the new york times. to further protect its interests, monsanto recently hired parven pomper schulyer inc. to lobby the federal government on agriculture, trade and tax issues. those registered to lobby for monsanto include brian pomper, who served as chief international trade counsel for montana senator max baucus from 1997 to 2003, beau schuyler, who was legislative director to rep. john tanne ; and melissa wier, former assistant to the chief of staff to sen. tom carper. with this effort and continued growth in gm foods, monsanto “ expects to double the gross profit potential of business from the end of 2007 through 2012. ”


schematic of the htr - pm ( high temperature reactor pebble bed module ) link is to eight page design paper. a 200 mwe high temperature reactor will be the safest nuclear power plant ever designed and built. high temperature reactors can be adapted to use thorium for fuel and the plan is for factory mass produced reactors. two year construction times and mass production driving costs down to less than half the cost of the first units. china sees these as supplemental reactors to the big reactors. they will be used in smaller cities and towns and by factories for generating industrial heat. also, they are looking to use heat for hydrogen generation, desalination and coal liquification ( at least that would be cleaner than straight coal burning ). the major safety issue regarding nuclear reactors lies in how to cool them efficiently, as they continue to produce residual heat even after shutdown. gas - cooled reactors discharge surplus heat and don ’ t need additional safety systems like water - cooled reactors do. the htr - 10 was subject to a test of its intrinsic safety in september 2004 when, as an experiment, it was shut down with no cooling. fuel temperature reached less than 1600 c and there was no failure. “ using the existing operating htr - 10 reactor at the institute of nuclear and new energy technology of tsinghua university in beijing, we have already done what would be unthinkable in a conventional reactor — we switched off the helium coolant and successfully let the reactor cool down by itself, ” said wu. a simpler, more rational way to think about nuclear safety : four levels of safety * [ definition developed by professor lawrence lidsky, massachusetts institute of technology. ] no hazardous materials or confined energy sources. no need for active systems in event of subsystem failure. immune to major structural failure and operator error. no need for active systems in event of subsystem failure. no immunity to major structural failure or operator error. positive response required to subsystem malfunction or operator error. defense in depth. no immunity to major structural failure. the mhr is the only reactor that meets the criterion of level 1 safety. second, the modular design enables the plant to be assembled much quicker and cost - effectively than traditional nuclear generators. its streamlined construction timetable is also a first for the nuclear power industry, where designing and building generators usually take decades, rather than years. the modules are manufactured from standardized components that can be mass - produced, shipped by road or rail and assembled relatively quickly. the new plants


is also a first for the nuclear power industry, where designing and building generators usually take decades, rather than years. the modules are manufactured from standardized components that can be mass - produced, shipped by road or rail and assembled relatively quickly. the new plants are smaller and new modules can be added as needed. multiple reactors can be linked around one or more turbines, all monitored from a single control room. the site of the shidaowan project will install 18 additional modules, which will total 3, 800 mwe. a demonstration high - temperature gas - cooled reactor, the htr - pm of 200 mwe was approved in november 2005, to be built at shidaowan, near rongcheng in weihai city, shandong province by huaneng shidaowan nuclear power company. this consortium is led by the china huaneng group co. - the country ' s largest generating utility but hitherto without nuclear capacity. the project received environmental clearance in march 2008 for construction start in 2009 and commissioning by 2013. the modular high temperature pebble bed reactor should also use half of the steel and one third of the concrete of light water reactors. a 10 mwt high - temperature gas - cooled demonstration reactor ( htr - 10 ), having fuel particles compacted with graphite moderator into 60mm diameter spherical balls ( pebble bed ) was commissioned in 2000 by the institute of nuclear energy technology ( inet ) at tsinghua university near beijing. it reached full power in 2003 and has an outlet temperature of 700 - 950°c and may be used as a source of process heat for heavy oil recovery or coal gasification. it is similar to the south african pbmr intended for electricity generation. it was subject to a test of its intrinsic safety in september 2004 when as an experiment it was shut down with no cooling. fuel temperature reached less than 1600°c and there was no failure. initially the htr - 10 has been coupled to a steam turbine power generation unit, but second phase plans are for it to operate at 950°c and drive a gas turbine, as well as enabling r & d in heat application technologies. this phase will involve an international partnership with korea atomic energy research institute ( kaeri ), focused particularly on hydrogen production. a key r & d project is the demonstration shidaowan htr - pm of 200 mwe ( two reactor modules, each of 250 mwt ) which is being built at shidaowan in shandong province, driving a single steam turbine at about 40


& d project is the demonstration shidaowan htr - pm of 200 mwe ( two reactor modules, each of 250 mwt ) which is being built at shidaowan in shandong province, driving a single steam turbine at about 40 % thermal efficiency. the 40 % efficiency of a mhr driving steam can turbine can be seen. china will switch to higher efficiency gas turbine cycle in later versions. the size was reduced to 250 mwt from earlier 458 mwt modules in order to retain the same core configuration as the prototype htr - 10 and avoid moving to an annular design like south africa ' s pbmr. china huaneng group, one of china ' s major generators, is the lead organization in the consortium with china nuclear engineering & construction group ( cnec ) and tsinghua university ' s inet, which is the r & d leader. chinergy ( a 50 - 50 joint venture of inet and cnec ) is the main contractor for the nuclear island. projected cost is us $ 430 million, with the aim for later units being us $ 1500 / kwe. the licensing process is under way with nnsa and construction is likely to start early in 2009 with completion expected in 2013. the htr - pm will pave the way for 18 ( 3x6 ) further 200 mwe units at the same site in weihai city - total 3800 mwe - also with steam cycle. inet is in charge of r & d, and is aiming to increase the size of the 250 mwt module and also utilise thorium in the fuel. eventually a series of htrs, possibly with brayton cycle directly driving the gas turbines, will be factory - built and widely installed throughout china. in march 2005 an agreement between pbmr of south africa and chinergy of beijing was announced. pbmr pty ltd is has been taking forward the htr concept ( based on earlier german work ) since 1993 and is ready to build a 125 mwe demonstration plant. chinergy co. is drawing on the small operating htr - 10 research reactor at tsinghua university which is the basis of their 100 mwe htr - pm demonstration module which also derives from the earlier german development. both pbmr and htr - pm are planned for operation about 2013. the new agreement is for cooperation on the demonstration projects and subsequent commercialisation, since both parties believe that the inherently safe pebble bed technology built in relatively small units will eventually displace


over the next two weeks, next city will unroll short profiles of 77 people, places and ideas that have changed cities this year. together, they make up our 2012 disruption index. forefront subscribers can download the index in full as a pdf, complete with beautiful designs and graphics by danni sinisi. readers who make a $ 75 donation to next city will have a full - color printed copy of the index mailed to them. poverty tends to concentrate and reinforce itself. this is no surprise to the u. s. department of housing and urban development, which has watched for decades as its housing projects devolved into pits of criminality and hopelessness. in the 1990s, the department decided to try something new. as a sort of test, it launched a program called moving to opportunity for fair housing that relocated public housing residents from high - poverty areas to low - poverty areas to see what would happen. hud figured this would help bring people out the downward cycle of poverty. but research published this year in the journal science found that moving didn ’ t really result in any economic gains. however, it did greatly improve the mental and physical health of the people who moved, as well as their sense of personal wellbeing. some discounted the effort as a failure ; poor people stay poor even if you move them to richer neighborhoods, the findings suggest. but xavier de souza briggs, a professor of sociology and urban planning at the massachusetts institute of technology and co - author of the book moving to opportunity, says the results are actually important signs that the program, in some ways, is a success. “ ‘ quality of life ’ sounds like a consolation prize until you think about what it would be like to raise your kids in an urban war zone, ” briggs says, “ which is what these neighborhoods were, especially at the height of the crack epidemic in the early 1990s, when the experiment launched. ”


in girl in forest, mount macedon frederick mccubbin revisits a central theme in his oeuvre : the activities of children in the australian bush. he had previously painted scenes of children lost in the bush – narratives of innocence and vulnerability within the landscape. mccubbin also explored the magical worlds invented by children through storytelling and imagination. in works such as what the little girl saw in the bush 1904 ( private collection, reproduced p. 28 ) he sought to capture ideas of creative freedom and expression that children unselfconsciously bring to their surrounds. in girl in forest, mount macedon a young girl wanders through the bush carrying a basket, possibly collecting wildflowers or berries. she is small beside the large trees and thick growth, her white dress setting her apart from her environment. mccubbin has paid close attention to the study of dappled light through trees and foliage. areas of the canvas appear abstracted and flecks of colour are layered over each other using a palette knife. moving back from the work the scene comes into focus – a glorious image of gold, pink and violet ; bracken, bark and gum. girl in forest, mount macedon depicts the bush close to ‘ fontainebleau ’, the mccubbin ’ s residence at mount macedon about 60 kilometres north - west of melbourne. the child in the image is the artist ’ s youngest daughter, kathleen, who posed for her father numerous times.


your guide to the twin cities 5 - day print and 7 - day e - edition versions of the star tribune available for your classrooms. the 2013 - 14 catalog is ready for you to start planning. the star tribune newspaper connects kids to the real world. it ' s a textbook that is updated daily and a collection of history as it happens. for more info call 612 - 673 - 4929 or 1 - 800 - 927 - 9131. weekly features ( updated every monday ) tap the wealth of information in your newspaper as a teaching tool : daily science webcasts for a special pair of ospreys, " virginia is for lovers ". - - jun 20, 2013 helping kids cope with natural disasters unfortunately, natural disasters do happen, and people are often affected adversely. it ’ s a traumatic time for everyone, but can be especially distressing to children. as a parent, caregiver or educator, you can help children cope by monitoring their emotional state, answering their questions, and creating opportunities to connect with family, friends, and the larger community. download a lesson based on political cartoons and print it out for use in your classroom. ( pdf format ) diversity, multiculturalism, worldwide events. you ' ll find plenty for classroom discussions in this listing of events.


corvallis, ore. – a new study has found that each step of the marine food chain is clearly controlled by the trophic level below it – and the driving factor influencing that relationship is not the abundance of prey, but how that prey is distributed. the importance of the spatial pattern of resources – sometimes called “ patchiness ” – is gaining new appreciation from ecologists, who are finding the overall abundance of food less important than its density and ease of access to it. results of the study are being published this week in the royal society journal biology letters. kelly benoit - bird, an oregon state university oceanographer and lead author on the study, said patchiness is not a new concept, but one that has gained acceptance as sophisticated technologies have evolved to track relationships among marine species. “ the spatial patterns of the resource ultimately determine how the ecosystem functions, ” said benoit - bird, who received a prestigious macarthur fellowship in 2010. “ in the past, ecologists primarily used biomass as the determining factor for understanding the food chain, and the story was always rather muddled. we used to think that the size and abundance of prey was what mattered most. “ but patchiness is not only ubiquitous in marine systems, it ultimately dictates the behavior of many animals and their relationships to the environment, ” she added. benoit - bird specializes in the relationship of different species in marine ecosystems. in one study in the bering sea, she and her colleagues were estimating the abundance of krill, an important food resource for many species. closer examination through the use of acoustics, however, found that the distribution of krill was not at all uniform – which the researchers say explained why two colonies of fur seals and seabirds were faring poorly, but a third was healthy. “ the amount of food near the third colony was not abundant, ” she said, “ but what was there was sufficiently dense – and at the right depth – that made it more accessible for predation than the krill near the other two colonies. ” the ability to use acoustics to track animal behavior underwater is opening new avenues to researchers. during their study in the bering sea, benoit - bird and her colleagues discovered that they could also use sonar to plot the dives of thick - billed murres, which would plunge up to 200 meters below the surface in search of the krill. although the krill were spread throughout the water column, the murres ended up focusing on areas where the patches of krill were the densest. “


, which would plunge up to 200 meters below the surface in search of the krill. although the krill were spread throughout the water column, the murres ended up focusing on areas where the patches of krill were the densest. “ the murres are amazingly good at diving right down to the best patches, ” benoit - bird pointed out. “ we don ’ t know just how they are able to identify them, but 10 years ago, we wouldn ’ t have known that they had that ability. now we can use high - frequency sound waves to look at krill, different frequencies to look at murres, and still others to look at squid, dolphins and other animals. “ and everywhere we ’ ve looked the same pattern occurs, ” she added. “ it is the distribution of food, not the biomass, which is important. ” an associate professor in the college of earth, ocean, and atmospheric sciences at oregon state university, benoit - bird has received young investigator or early career awards from the office of naval research, the white house and the american geophysical union. she also has received honors from the acoustical society of america, which has used her as a model scientist in publications aimed at middle school students. her work has taken her around the world, including hawaii where she has used acoustics to study the sophisticated feeding behavior of spinner dolphins. those studies, she says, helped lead to new revelations about the importance of patchiness. ocean physics in the region results in long, thin layers of phytoplankton that may stretch for miles, but are only a few inches thick and a few meters below the surface. benoit - bird and her colleagues discovered a layer of zooplankton – tiny animals that feed on the plankton – treading water a meter below to be near the food source. next up in the food chain were micronekton, larger pelagic fish and crustaceans that would spend the day 600 to 1, 000 meters beneath the surface, then come up to the continental shelf at night to target the zooplankton. and the spinner dolphins would emerge at night, where they could reach the depth of the micronekton. “ the phytoplankton were responding to ocean physics, ” benoit - bird said, “ but all of the others in the food chain were targeting their prey by focusing on the densest patches. we got to the point where we could predict with 70 percent accuracy where the dolphins would show up


| line 107 : | | line 107 : | revision as of 05 : 15, january 25, 2013 | this article forms part of the series on the | the old testament - septuagint | or simply " lxx ", the koine greek version | of the hebrew bible. | pentateuch or " the law " | | 1. genesis | 2. exodus | 3. leviticus | 4. numbers | 5. deuteronomy | | 6. joshua | 7. judges | 8. ruth | 9. i kingdoms | 10. ii kingdoms | 11. iii kingdoms | 12. iv kingdoms | books of wisdom | | 24. book of psalms | 25. job | 26. proverbs | 27. ecclesiastes | 28. song of solomon 29. wisdom of solomon | 30. wisdom of sirach | the minor prophets, or " the twelve " | | the major prophets | | iv maccabees | the old testament is first of the two divisions of holy scripture. according to historians, the old testament was composed between the 5th century bc and the 2nd century bc, though parts of it, such as the torah, and song of deborah ( judges 5 ), date back much earlier. - and he said unto them, these are the words which i spake unto you, while i was yet with you, that all things must be - fulfilled, which were written in the law of moses, and in the prophets, and in the psalms, concerning me. ( kjv ) the term old testament itself is a translation of the latin vetus testamentum, from the greek η παλαια διαθηκη ( he palaia diatheke ), all meaning " the old covenant " ( or " testament " ). the latin rendered testament in english originally came from the latin for " witness " and from there expanded to mean " to make a will " ; thus, though it is purported to be synonymous with " covenant, " it has a distinct legal flavoring. further semantic extensions in english have made the english term more ambiguous. the orthodox church also numbers among the genuine books of the old testament the so - called apocryphal books, literally meaning the " secret " or " hidden " writings. a less protestant - biased term for these parts of scripture is the deuterocanonical writings. the five books of the law the five books of the law are the first five books of the old testament, known jointly as the pen


" writings. a less protestant - biased term for these parts of scripture is the deuterocanonical writings. the five books of the law the five books of the law are the first five books of the old testament, known jointly as the pentateuch ( gr. πεντατευχος, literally five volumes ), and they describe god ' s creation of the world, the rebellion of adam and eve and the fall of man. these books are also called the books of moses. they detail the early history of god ' s people of israel from the days of abraham ( ca. 2000 bc ) right through to the era of moses ( ca. 1250 bc ). the five books of the law are : - genesis, meaning " beginning " - exodus, meaning " exit " or " departure " - deuteronomy, meaning " second law " although scholars believe that the law was not written by the personal hand of moses, and that the books show evidence of being the result of a number of oral and written traditions and time periods, the church connects the law with moses, the great man of god to whom " the lord used to speak... face to face, as a man speaks to his friend " ( exodus 33 : 11 ). the books of history the second section of the lxx old testament is known as the historical books. this group covers the history of israel from the settlement in the promised land of canaan to the first centuries before christ. - third and fourth kingdoms - first and second chronicles - i paraleipomenon ( i chronicles ) - ii paraleipomenon ( ii chronicles ) - i esdras - ii esdras ( ezra ) - the final books in the canon of the orthodox church — which is generally that of the septuagint, the greek translation of the hebrew bible — 1 & 2 samuel are called 1 & 2 kings ; and 1 & 2 kings are called 3 & 4 kings. also, the so - called apocryphal books, listed above ( i esdras, ii esdras, tobit, judith, i maccabees, ii maccabees, iii maccabees, iv maccabees ), are considered by the orthodox as genuine parts of the bible. the old testament apocrypha is a body of writings considered by the non - orthodox to be of close association with the bible, but not actually part of its official canonical contents. the historical books of


the orthodox as genuine parts of the bible. the old testament apocrypha is a body of writings considered by the non - orthodox to be of close association with the bible, but not actually part of its official canonical contents. the historical books of the bible were written well after the events described in them actually took place. the wisdom books include job, psalms, proverbs, ecclesiastes, and the song of solomon, as well as the wisdom of jesus, son of sirach, also called ecclesiasticus, and the wisdom of solomon from the so - called apocrypha. - prayer of manasseh - song of solomon ( song of songs or canticle of canticles ) - wisdom of solomon - wisdom of sirach ( wisdom of jesus, son of sirach, also called ecclesiasticus ) although not technically a wisdom book, the prayer of manasseh from the so - called apocrypha, is a penitential prayer of the king of judah, which for the orthodox is part of the bible. ( it is included in the great compline service of the orthodox church. ) 16 books in the old testament are called by the names of prophets, although not necessarily written by their hands. a prophet is one who speaks the word of god by direct divine inspiration, not just one who foretells the future. four of the prophetic books are those of the so - called major prophets : the books of the 12 so - called minor prophets : some orthodox churches include :


timeline of church history ( modern era ( 1821 - 1917 ) ) | timeline of church history | | this article forms part of the series | | holy scripture | the symbol of faith | the holy trinity | | god the father | the holy spirit | edit this box | the history of the church is a vital part of the orthodox christian faith. orthodox christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of jesus christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever - dynamic holy tradition of the orthodox church. modern era ( 1821 - 1917 ) - 1821 metr. germanos of patra declares greek independence on day of annunciation ( march 25 ), also kyriopascha ; martyrdom of patr. gregory v of constantinople, abp. kyprianos of cyprus, and abp. gerasimos of crete in retaliation. - 1823 icon of panagia evangelistria found on tinos, led by a vision from pelagia of tinos, becoming the most venerated pilgrimage item in greece, at the church of evangelistria. - 1825 russia and britain establish alaska / canada boundary. - 1829 treaty of adrianople ends greek war of independence, culminating in the creation of the modern greek state. - ca. 1830 slavophile movement begins in russia. - 1831 return of 3, 000, 000 uniates with the orthodox church at vilnius in 1831. - 1832 church of serbia becomes de facto autocephalous. - 1833 church of greece declares autocephaly, making it independent of the constantinople ; death of seraphim of sarov. - 1839 synod of polotsk abolishes union of brest - litovsk in all areas under russian rule as greek catholic dioceses in lithuania and belarus re - enter the orthodox church ( with the exception of the eparchy of chelm, in polish territory, which was itself integrated into the russian orthodox church in 1875 ). - 1840s correspondence of anglican william palmer with alexei khomakiov, and philaret of moscow towards establishment of western rite church in england. - ca. 1840s emergence of the neo - byzantine architectural revival style in the russian empire and western europe. - 1843 - 46 massacre of over 10, 000 assyrian christians ( nestorian, jacobite, chaldean ) in tiyare and hakkari, near nineveh in kurdistan,


byzantine architectural revival style in the russian empire and western europe. - 1843 - 46 massacre of over 10, 000 assyrian christians ( nestorian, jacobite, chaldean ) in tiyare and hakkari, near nineveh in kurdistan, by beder khan - bey. - 1847 restoration of latin patriarchate of jerusalem by pope pius ix. - 1848 encyclical of the eastern patriarchs sent by the primates and synods of the four ancient patriarchates of the orthodox church, condemning the filioque as heresy, declaring the roman catholic church to be heretical, schismatic, and in apostasy, repudiating ultramontanism and referring to the photian council of 879 - 880 as the " eighth ecumenical council. " - 1850 church of constantinople recognizes autocephaly of church of greece. - 1851 translation into english of septuagint by lancelot c. l. brenton ; ottoman empire recognizes france as supreme christian authority in holy land and grants it possession of the church of the nativity. - 1852 ottoman empire makes division of church of the holy sepulchre permanent. - 1852 - 72 tregelles ' critical greek text of the new testament. - 1853 - 56 crimean war fought between russia and the ottoman empire together with britain and france, beginning over which church would be recognized as the " sovereign authority " of the christian faith in the holy land. - 1854 immaculate conception declared dogma by roman catholic church. - 1859 constantin von tischendorf discovers codex sinaiticus at st. catherine ' s monastery ; charles darwin ' s on the origin of species by means of natural selection published ; christian quarter of damascus sacked by a muslim mob also involving turkish troops. - 1860 death of alexei khomiakov, co - founder of the slavophile movement. - 1864 first orthodox parish established on american soil in new orleans, louisiana, by greeks ; death of jacob netsvetov ; pope pius ix presented his syllabus of errors. - 1865 church of romania declares its independence from the church of constantinople. - 1867 sale of alaska to united states ; death of ignatius brianchaninov. - 1869 celebration of first miracle of the icon of the theotokos at chernigov - gethsemane ; russian synod authorizes corrected text of western rite liturgy and benedictine offices. - 1870 papal infallibility declared roman catholic dogma necessary for salvation by first vatican council ; papal states cease to exist ; old catholic schism occurs ; old catholics openly court


; russian synod authorizes corrected text of western rite liturgy and benedictine offices. - 1870 papal infallibility declared roman catholic dogma necessary for salvation by first vatican council ; papal states cease to exist ; old catholic schism occurs ; old catholics openly courted by russian church in france and germany. - 1871 nikolai kasatkin establishes orthodox mission in japan. - 1872 council in jerusalem declares phyletism to be heresy ; church of bulgaria gains de facto autocephaly by a decree of the sultan. - 1873 philotheos bryennios discovers the didache in manuscript with copies of several early church documents. - 1875 uniate diocese of chelm in poland incorporated into russian orthodox church under alexander ii, with all of the local uniates converted to orthodoxy. - 1876 theophan the recluse begins issuing a translation of the philokalia in russian. - 1877 death of arsenios of paros. - 1879 church of constantinople recognizes autocephaly of church of serbia ; death of innocent of alaska ; joseph julian overbeck journeys to constantinople to request approval from patriarch for use of roman liturgy and benedictine offices. - 1881 wave of anti - jewish pogroms in russia causes mass migration of jews ( 2. 5 million jews settle in the united states, thousands settle in palestine ). - 1882 synod of constantinople gives conditional approval to use of roman liturgy and benedictine offices ; nihilist philosopher friedrich nietzsche declares “ god is dead ” ; mitrophan ji becomes the first chinese ordained a priest in the church of china. - 1884 the way of a pilgrim published in kazan. - 1885 church of constantinople recognizes autocephaly of church of romania ; english revised version published ; archbishop of canterbury officially removes all of apocrypha from king james bible. - 1886 church of maria magdalene built on slope of mount of olives, in the garden of gethsemane in jerusalem by tsar alexander iii. - 1888 typikon of the great church of christ is published with revised church services, prepared by protopsaltis george violakis, issued with the approval and blessing of the ecumenical patriarch, while the sabaite ( monastic ) typikon continues to be used in russia. - 1889 federation of old catholic churches, not in communion with rome, at the union of utrecht. - ca. 1890 unseen warfare further revised by theophan the recluse. - 1890 - 1 bp. vladimir ( sokolovsky - avtonomov ) receives a parish of swiss old catholics at dyckes


union of utrecht. - ca. 1890 unseen warfare further revised by theophan the recluse. - 1890 - 1 bp. vladimir ( sokolovsky - avtonomov ) receives a parish of swiss old catholics at dyckesville, wisconsin, as western rite parish. - 1891 death of ambrose of optina. - 1892 pastoral visit of bp. nicholas ( ziorov ) to western rite parish in wisconsin. - 1895 reply of synod of constantinople to pope leo xiii. - 1896 pope leo xiii issues the bull apostolicae curae which declares anglican orders " absolutely null and utterly void ". - 1896 - 1906 oxyrhynchus papyri discovered in egypt dating from the ptolemaic and roman periods, including portions of the new testament. - 1898 last ethnically greek patriarch of antioch deposed ; western rite diocese organized in czechoslovakia by church of russia ; russia established a missionary station in urmia, iran, resulting in a group of nestorians, headed by a bishop, being received into the communion of the russian orthodox church. - 1899 restoration of arabs to the patriarchal throne of antioch. - 1900 martyrdom of orthodox christians in chinese boxer ( yihetuan movement ) rebellion. - 1901 " evangelakia " riots in athens greece in november, over translations of new testament into demotic ( modern ) greek, resulting in fall of both government and metropolitan of athens. - 1903 uncovering of the relics of seraphim of sarov. - 1904 ecumenical patriarchate publishes the " patriarchal " text of the greek new testament, based on about twenty byzantine manuscripts ; petition to russian synod by abp. tikhon ( belavin ), bp. raphael ( hawaweeny ), and fr. john kochurov to permit adaption of services taken from anglican book of common prayer for use by orthodox people. - 1905 death of apostolos makrakis ; tsar nicholas romanov ' s decree on freedom of religion results in about 250, 000 ruthenians returning to uniatism ; seat of russian orthodox bishop in america moved from san francisco to new york, as immigration from eastern europe and the reception of ex - uniates shifts the balance of orthodox population to eastern north america. - 1907 archim. eusebius matthopoulos founds zoe brotherhood ; papal bull ea semper issued, effectively subordinating greek catholic clergy in the united states to local roman catholic bishops ; commission on anglican and old catholic affairs of russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services


matthopoulos founds zoe brotherhood ; papal bull ea semper issued, effectively subordinating greek catholic clergy in the united states to local roman catholic bishops ; commission on anglican and old catholic affairs of russian synod reports in favor of adaptation of services from book of common prayer and sets out criteria ; ordination in constantinople of first black american orthodox priest, fr. raphael morgan. - 1908 fr. nikodemos sarikas sent to johannesburg, transvaal, by ecumenical patriarchate as first orthodox priest there, leaving after a short time for german east africa ( later tanzania ) because of the opposition of johannesburg greeks to mission among africans. - 1908 death of john of kronstadt. - 1910 edinburgh missionary conference is the formal beginning of the modern protestant christian ecumenical movement, a precursor to the world council of churches. - 1912 death of nicholas of japan. - 1915 - 18 armenian genocide in turkey. - some of these dates are necessarily a bit vague, as records for some periods are particularly difficult to piece together accurately. - the division of church history into separate eras as done here will always be to some extent arbitrary, though it was attempted to group periods according to major watershed events. - this timeline is necessarily biased toward the history of the orthodox church, though a number of non - orthodox or purely political events are mentioned for their importance in history related to orthodoxy or for reference. - timeline of orthodoxy in america - timeline of orthodoxy in australia - timeline of orthodoxy in china - timeline of orthodoxy in greece - timeline of orthodoxy in new zealand - timeline of orthodoxy in japan - timeline of orthodox church and roman catholic relations the following are published writings that provide an overview of church history : from an orthodox perspective - schmemann, alexander. the historical road of eastern orthodoxy. - ware, timothy. the orthodox church : new edition. ( isbn 0140146563 ) from a heterodox perspective - boer, harry r. a short history of the early church. ( isbn 0802813399 ) - cairns, earle e. christianity through the centuries : a history of the christian church. ( isbn 0310208122 ) - chadwick, henry. the early church. ( isbn 0140231994 ) - collins, michael, ed. ; price, matthew arlen. story of christianity : a celebration of 2000 years of faith. ( isbn 0789446057 ) - eusebius pamphilus ; cruse, c. f. ( translator ). eusebius ' ecclesiastical history. ( isbn


. story of christianity : a celebration of 2000 years of faith. ( isbn 0789446057 ) - eusebius pamphilus ; cruse, c. f. ( translator ). eusebius ' ecclesiastical history. ( isbn 1565633717 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 1 : from the beginnings to the council of chalcedon. ( isbn 0687171822 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 2 : from augustine to the eve of the reformation. ( isbn 0687171830 ) - gonzalez, justo l. a history of christian thought, volume 3 : from the protestant reformation to the twentieth century. ( isbn 0687171849 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 1 : the early church to the reformation. ( isbn 0060633158 ) - gonzalez, justo l. the story of christianity, volume 2 : reformation to the present day. ( isbn 0060633166 ) - hall, stuart g. doctrine and practice in the early church. ( isbn 0802806295 ) - hastings, adrian, ed. a world history of christianity. ( isbn 0802848753 ) - hussey, j. m. the orthodox church in the byzantine empire : oxford history of the christian church. ( isbn 0198264569 ) - jones, timothy p. christian history made easy. ( isbn 1890947105 ) - noll, mark a. turning points : decisive moments in the history of christianity. ( isbn 080106211x ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 1 : the emergence of the catholic tradition ( 100 - 600 ). ( isbn 0226653714 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 2 : the spirit of eastern christendom ( 600 - 1700 ). ( isbn 0226653730 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 3 : the growth of medieval theology ( 600 - 1300 ). ( isbn 0226653749 ) - pelikan, jaroslav. the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, volume 4 : reformation of church and dogma ( 1300 - 1700 ).


aristotle, law and justice : the tragic hero humboldt university of berlin - faculty of law northern kentucky law review, vol. 35, pp. 1 - 18, 2008 aristotle was the greatest scientist in western history. he established the scientific paradigm and the instruments thereof ( materialism and logic ). his work covered all basic sciences : astronomy, botany, logic, mathematics, meteorology philosophy, psychology and political science. aristotle ' s conception of justice pervades the law and heavily influenced the anglo - saxon court system to this day. yet, the mark of a hero in greek tragedy is his tragic flaw. aristotle was not only a great scientist. he was also racist, sexist and homophobic - he thought slavery was natural and good. this tragic flaw in aristotle ' s work has distorted all of western thought since. in order to cure the disease we must understand its origin. this essay describes aristotle ' s theory of justice and law in order to explain just how pervasively his thought influenced the common law. we can and should reject the dark shadow of this great scientist whilst enjoying the greater and better part of his work. number of pages in pdf file : 164 keywords : aristotle, legal theory, philosophy of law, jurisprudence, justice, theory, theory of justice, distributive justice, geometric justice, arithmetic justice, transactional justice, social justice, ratio jel classification : b3, b30, b31, d63accepted paper series date posted : april 30, 2008 ; last revised : november 13, 2009 © 2013 social science electronic publishing, inc. all rights reserved. this page was processed by apollo5 in 0. 422 seconds


tuesday, november 30, 2010 eating breakfast increases cognitive performance in children, especially tasks that involve processing complex thoughts. other benefits of breakfast include the increased ability to concentrate, stay alert, solve problems, and memorize. some studies have linked a good breakfast to better moods and improved performance on tests. a healthy breakfast should consists of whole - grain bread or cereal combined with a calcium and protein source, such as low fat or fat - free milk, yogurt or cheese. a piece of fresh fruit is a good way to round out the meal. consider the atmosphere in which your children eat their breakfast, too. do they have enough time to sit and eat what you or they have prepared or do they feel rushed? planning enough time for a sit down breakfast is a great way to start the day at a low stress level. it may take some planning ahead to make a healthy breakfast part of your child ’ s morning routine, but it can yield benefits related to academic performance as well as nutritional status and health. and that is certainly worth the effort. hillsborough county school children are provided a free breakfast, so if your morning routine just doesn ’ t allow breakfast at home, be sure your child gets to school in time for breakfast in the cafeteria. monday, november 29, 2010 according to the apa research, when combining television, internet and video games, children use media an average of 6 ½ hours per day. girls now equal boys in video game use as well as internet use. the researchers explain, “ massive exposure to media among youth creates the potential for massive exposure to portrayals that sexualize women and girls and teach girls that women are sexual objects. ” however, parents can still have a powerful influence on how their children interpret media messages and make healthy choices for themselves. for example, the apa recommends teaching girls to value themselves for who they are, rather than how they look ; and teaching boys to value girls as friends, sisters and girlfriends rather than sexual objects. they also suggest that parents “ tune in and talk. ” watch, listen and read the same media your children are using and talk to them about it. ask them what they think and listen carefully to what they tell you. also speak up if you don ’ t like a tv show, video, music lyrics or even a doll. let your children know what you object to and why. wednesday, november 24, 2010 university of florida researchers recommend that parents introduce pre - teens between the ages of 9 and 12 to spending plans, savings and bank accounts. a teen ’ s


doll. let your children know what you object to and why. wednesday, november 24, 2010 university of florida researchers recommend that parents introduce pre - teens between the ages of 9 and 12 to spending plans, savings and bank accounts. a teen ’ s income sources might include allowances, gift and / or employment. if you chose to give an allowance to your kids, determine the amount of an allowance they will receive based on how much her or she actually needs for school or other expenses, and how much the teen can spend as he or she chooses. encourage them to open a savings or checking account to begin managing their own money. once teens have experience managing a checking account, they should be introduced to debit cards or pre - paid checking cards. they gradually become ready for credit cards. as a parent, we need to teach them to keep track of their purchases and to pay off balances each month. begin planning for the future with 16 to 18 years olds. explain taxes and other with - holding that appear on their paychecks. also, encourage them to open an investment account, placing whatever money they can into the account each pay period. by teaching financial dos and don ’ ts at an early age, researchers say we can reverse the trend of over - extended college students and personal bankruptcies later in life. tuesday, november 23, 2010 sometimes parents and children have different temperaments, and in that case, parents may need to adjust. how can you, as a parent, create a good fit between your own temperament and your child ’ s temperament? first, be aware of your temperament and how your child ’ s temperament is similar to or different from your own. keep these differences in mind when you don ’ t see eye to eye on things, when your youngster pushes your limits, and when you have trouble understanding your child ’ s behavior. embrace what makes her or him unique, without comparing your child to others or trying to change your child. for example, you may have been painfully shy as a child and when you see your young child being shy, you might want to “ force ” your child to be more outgoing. be patient, and actively work to change any negative reactions you have to your child ’ s behavior. also, avoid situations that might set your child off. if your child becomes anxious around crowds and commotion, having a large birthday party at a busy play center may ruin the day for everyone. when we can adjust our parenting methods so there is a good fit between our own temperament and the child ’ s


. if your child becomes anxious around crowds and commotion, having a large birthday party at a busy play center may ruin the day for everyone. when we can adjust our parenting methods so there is a good fit between our own temperament and the child ’ s, time together can be more enjoyable. monday, november 22, 2010 all children are born with their own style of interacting with or responding to the world. in a groundbreaking study in the 1950 ’ s, researchers identified nine temperament characteristics, or behavior traits, that clinicians and researchers continue to use today. the researchers found that these nine traits were present at birth and continued to influence development throughout life. the nine temperament traits include a child ’ s activity level, their rhythm or lack of rhythm in sleeping and eating habits, and approach or withdrawal ( for example, does the child shy away from new people or make friends with every stranger ). three additional temperament traits include adaptability, intensity, and a child ’ s typical mood. a child ’ s persistence and attention span are also examined for temperament, as well as their sensory threshold, or their ability or inability to tolerate external stimuli, such as loud noises or bright lights. the final trait is distractibility ; the child ’ s ability to shut out external distractions and stay with an activity. as parents understand and embrace their children ’ s temperaments, they usually have better responses to their children, hopefully making the adventure of parenthood a more pleasant ride. more on temperament to follow on another day. thursday, november 18, 2010 keep a positive attitude. find something you enjoy in each activity and event. limit time with negative people as much as you can. it ’ s important that you take care of yourself throughout the year and especially important during the holidays. this means watching what you eat and drink, getting enough rest and exercising. take care of your own needs and pace yourself. if you are getting together with relatives or returning to your parent ’ s home, anticipate what might happen and be prepared with a non - defensive response. be realistic about your family and don ’ t use holiday celebrations to settle old conflicts. plan on taking a quiet walk when people get to be too much. remember to engage in fun activities that aren ’ t costly so that you can focus on the true meaning and essence of the holidays. as a family, plan an event which involves helping the less fortunate. spend time individually with each child so they get the attention they need during the busy holiday season. practicing stress management exercises will help control your stress, too.