battery system voltages and equivalent power because this is one of the issues that ' s asked about repeatedly ( in different ways ) i thought i ' d just outline the basics here for reference. for comparative purposes, this example uses eight " golf cart " batteries of 220 amp hours and 6 volts, or 1320 watt hours ( dc ) each. times eight that is a battery bank capacity of 10, 560 watt hours, up to 50 % of which would be " usable " for 5, 280wh. we will also assume a 10 % charge rate ( the array sizes would be equal ), 1200 watt load, and standardization of other factors ( including ignoring losses ) because the point here is to relate the differences between the three normal system voltages : 12, 24, and 48. first, the 12 volt system : this would be four parallel strings of two batteries in series. that ' s 880 amp hours @ 12 volts. charge rate : 88 amps, necessitating either a midnite classic controller or two other types of mppt controllers to handle the current or at least 2 pwm controllers without the efficiency of going mppt if the voltages are right for it. the wiring should have positive and negative bus bars, individual battery string fuses, and twelve interconnecting wires. the 1200 watt load will draw 100 amps. problems : keeping current flow even through all batteries, handling the charging current, many connections ( points of failure ). second, the 24 volt system : this would be two parallel strings of four batteries in series. that ' s 440 amp hours @ 24 volts. charge rate : 44 amps, which can be handled by one charge controller of many different types / brands. the wiring can be done with the " diagonal " system. individual string fuses can be used, but not as critical as with the 12 volt set - up. only eight interconnecting wires. the 1200 watt load will draw 50 amps. problems : most of the problems of the 12 volt configuration are eliminated. the issue of keeping current flow even is still there, but greatly reduced. far fewer connections. third, the 48 volt system : this would be one string of all eight batteries connected in series. that ' s 220 amp hours @ 48 volts. charge rate : 22 amps. easily handled by any number of different charge controllers. no wiring difficulties ; no need for individual string fuses. only seven interconnecting wires. the 1200 watt load


the japanese are more accepting of robots because they don ' t suffer from the judeo - christian guilt or fear associated with making idols, according to jean - claude heudin, a researcher at the university of he explained to wired. co. uk that because of exodus 20 ( " you shall not make for yourself an image in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below ", i. e. no idols ) many westerners see the creation of life or something as lifelike as a robot as a transgression of some sort of moral law. for that reason we have scary iconic figures such as dr frankenstein ' s monster and golem ( of jewish folklore, not lotr, fame ) and frequent hollywood robot horror movies such as terminator to pollute our attitudes towards heudin says : " that explains a bit culturally why the first impression about this technology is one of anguish, unlike our japanese contemporaries where robots are viewed as a companion of life or the saviour of humanity. " fujiko suda, the japanese founder of project kobo, agreed with heudin, talking of a culture of japanese accepting robots as friends. when asked why a lot of robotic innovation was coming from japan and korea rather than europe and the us, she responded : " i think it ' s that religious difference. in japan we don ' t have this one god who created mankind. when you create robot it can feel too godlike. we have eight million gods. god is in everything. so if you have a human - shaped robot, it ' s just another thing in nature that we work with. we ' re not afraid of it. " it is certainly true that japan has the world ' s highest use of industrial robots and that it specialises in humanoid types. however, there are no major studies that support this hypothesis. so while it ' s certainly an interesting theory, it will have to remain as such until it is scrutinised more scientifically. what do you think? tell us in the comments.


this year ' s flu vaccine was less effective than officials previously thought, particularly for the elderly, said officials with the centers for disease control and prevention. officials have said the worst may be over and flu cases are declining. the 2012 - 13 flu season began in december, much earlier than usual, and was more severe than last year ' s. that particularly was true for those 65 or older, according to a cdc report thursday. the vaccine was 9 percent effective in protecting people in that age group. " one possible explanation for this is that some older people did not mount an effective immune response to the h3n2 component of this season ' s vaccine, " the report said. " however, it ' s not possible to say that for sure. " an h3n2 flu strain has been the most dominant and has been especially hard on the elderly. among those over 65, 146 per 100, 000 were hospitalized for the flu virus, compared with a rate of 30 per 100, 000 last year, the cdc said. dr. thomas frieden, the cdc ' s director, said this month in a congressional hearing that about twice as many elderly people have been hospitalized with flu symptoms than in recent years. that includes the 2007 - 08 and 2003 - 04 seasons, which also saw a predominant h3n2 strain. " it seems that this year ' s flu vaccine is not nearly as effective as we would like among people over the age of 65 for one particular strain of flu, " frieden said thursday. " that ' s why early treatment is so important. " officials maintained, however, that those 65 and older should be vaccinated yearly, for reasons including that this population is at high risk of serious illness, hospitalization and death from the flu. " this flu season has been worse than average and particularly severe for the elderly, " frieden said. " although it ' s far from perfect, flu vaccination is by far the best tool we have to protect from the flu. "


research initiative funded in time for national aboriginal day women account for 48 per cent of aboriginal people living in canada who test positive for hiv, compared to 20 per cent in the non - aboriginal population. yet studies focused on the concerns of aboriginal women in the context of hiv infection are scarce. postdoctoral fellow dr. anita c. benoit is doing research that will help to improve hiv services, so that they better target and support aboriginal women. “ in one of my pilot projects, i ’ m working to identify the stressors that aboriginal women living with hiv face daily, ” says benoit. “ we ’ re hoping to design a stress - reducing therapeutic intervention that will allow aboriginal women to practice traditional healing approaches in addition to conventional stress - management approaches. ” benoit is doing this work in partnership with aboriginal women, community groups, researchers and allied researchers. what makes the study unique from other stress management interventions in the literature is that it ’ s informed by the community, which benoit explains is important when working with aboriginal people. “ the women are very engaged with this initiative, ” says benoit, “ they have provided important feedback throughout the study that will help to inform future phases of the research project. ” in addition, under the supervision of women ’ s college scientist dr. mona loutfy, benoit has been awarded a cihr planning grant entitled, canadian hiv women ' s sexual and reproductive health cohort study ( chiwos ) - expansion into a pan - canadian study with positive aboriginal women. in collaborations with aboriginal stakeholders and researchers, the grant will fund a meeting to discuss how to increase the engagement and recruitment of aboriginal women into the study. click here for the full issue of impact jump to top page


cairo - as egypt writes its new constitution, commentators are keeping a close watch on legislation that will safeguard individual religious and political freedoms - - concerns that are of course crucial to the country ' s future. but an important if less obvious factor in the future welfare of egyptians will be the role of the central bank of egypt. the cbe as we know it today was granted the status of an autonomous institution in 1961 in the era of the united arab republic. like other central banks, it performs a range of activities, the main ones being lending to commercial banks, stabilizing the national currency and setting the short - term interest rate. it is clear that the policies of the cbe must take into account a host of factors such as the amount of foreign aid received by the country, as well as the monetary policies pursued by sister central banks ( especially those of egypt ’ s main trading partners. ) furthermore, the cbe must harmonize its policies with the government ’ s economic policy objectives. there is a sense however that in egypt we may have gone unreasonably far in this harmonization of activities between the cbe and government. presidential decree number 17 of 2005 effectively strips the cbe of any autonomy. the decree states that the cbe will set the objectives of monetary policy “ in agreement with the government, through a coordinating council ”, and that this council is chaired by the prime minister, and comprises amongst its members the minister of finance, the minister of investment and the minister of planning. paradox of unemployment to understand why government meddling with the activities of the cbe is harmful to the majority of egyptians, we only need to recall that one central problem afflicting egypt ’ s economy is that of the high level of unemployment. and the persistence of unemployment in a country where labor is inexpensive is of course something of a paradox, and a problem that needs to be remedied. one reason that unemployment remains high has to do with the way the cbe sets the interest rate at a level lower than what would benefit the majority of egyptians. by raising the interest rate, borrowing would become expensive for capitalists, and thus capitalists would naturally have to switch modes of production toward labor - intensive technologies. the way to guarantee that the cbe safeguards the interests of ordinary egyptians – – not those of a handful of capitalists – – is to shield monetary authorities from meddling by the government. this is all the more important in the context of egypt : its recent political process is so clearly intertwined with a struggle to safeguard business interests and economic privileges for some. thus,


if you want to be in better physical shape, you ' re not alone. many people strive to look and feel healthier. maybe you have made resolutions to shape up, only to see them melt away before you made much progress. saying you will get into an exercise routine is much easier than actually doing it. it takes time and effort. other things get in the way. you may feel that it ' s just too hard. but you can make a commitment to fitness — and stick to it. it ' s important to make exercise a part of a normal day, like eating, working and getting dressed. where to begin? health experts say it all starts with a realistic plan. your goal is to change from a sedentary lifestyle to an active one. by changing your behaviors, you can reap health benefits, both physical and mental, that will last a lifetime. here are some guidelines to get started. - start small. don ' t set unreasonable goals for yourself. if you do, you could injure yourself. or you might get discouraged and give up. - select an activity that you can enjoy. if you like being around people, joining a fitness club or taking an exercise class might suit you. but if you ' re just getting started, working out at home gives you a chance to try out new pursuits without making a big investment. - pick something you can do year - round. ideally it ' s something you can do indoors or outdoors. weather shouldn ' t be an easy excuse not to work out. - put it on your schedule. you make time for doctor ' s appointments, haircuts and other obligations, don ' t you? set an appointment with yourself. aim for at least 30 minutes on most days. break it into two sessions if you ' re pressed for time. - gear up. buy a good pair of athletic shoes and wear comfortable clothes. your plan might include some modest home - exercise equipment. something simple such as light hand weights are a good place to start. - warm up, cool down. this means doing an activity at a slower speed or lower intensity. stretching can help increase flexibility, but flexibility exercises have no known health benefits and it ' s not clear if they lower the risk of injury. stretching is usually only recommended after exercise. how much is enough? the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults get both aerobic and strengthening exercise each week. aerobic exercise. exercise that makes you breathe harder and get your heart pumping faster is called aerobic exercise. moderate -


. how much is enough? the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults get both aerobic and strengthening exercise each week. aerobic exercise. exercise that makes you breathe harder and get your heart pumping faster is called aerobic exercise. moderate - intensity aerobic exercise includes things like brisk walking, dancing, pushing a lawn mower, water aerobics, playing doubles tennis, and riding a bike on level or slightly hilly ground. vigorous - intensity aerobics take more energy. those activities include running or jogging, playing basketball, swimming laps, riding a bike fast or on hills, and playing singles tennis. here ' s a good way to tell how intense your exercise level is : if you are at a moderate level, you ' re still able to talk but not sing. if you are at a vigorous level, you won ' t be able to say more than a few words before taking a breath. adults need at least two hours and 30 minutes of moderate - intensity aerobic activity every week. or, you can get a similar benefit from an hour and 15 minutes of vigorous - intensity aerobic exercise. as a third option, you can mix it up. include both moderate - and vigorous - intensity aerobic activity. it should be the equivalent of 150 minutes of moderate activity a week. vigorous activity counts for double the amount of time. so, for example, you can meet the goal by doing moderate activity for one hour ( 60 minutes ) and vigorous exercise for 45 minutes. feel free to spread the exercise throughout the week. in fact, it ' s best that way. you can break up your activity into chunks as small as 10 minutes and still get the benefit of the exercise. strength training. along with aerobic exercise, you need to keep your muscles in shape. it ' s important to work on all the major muscle groups. those are the legs, hips, back, chest, abdomen, shoulders and arms. strength training exercises include lifting weights, working with resistance bands, push - ups, sit - ups, heavy gardening and yoga. adults need muscle - strengthening exercises at least two days a week. the muscle - strengthening exercises do not count toward the aerobic time you need. other ways to build regular activity in your life are : - walk your children to school - go up hills instead of around them - pace the sidelines or circle the field at your kids ' games - do sit - ups in front of the tv. have a sit - up contest with your kids - wash the car by hand - take a


go up hills instead of around them - pace the sidelines or circle the field at your kids ' games - do sit - ups in front of the tv. have a sit - up contest with your kids - wash the car by hand - take a family walk after dinner doing moderate activity is safe for most people. it ' s a great idea to talk with your doctor before significantly increasing your level of activity. and check with your doctor about a new exercise program if you have a chronic condition like heart disease, diabetes or arthritis. sticking with it tracking your progress on a chart might motivate you. write down the number of minutes you exercise each day, or how far you ' ve walked or jogged. your workouts will soon become a healthy habit. try these tips to make sure you stick to your new routine : - keep it interesting. vary your routine so you don ' t get bored. mix up aerobic and strength training on consecutive days. - expect a little muscle soreness. some soreness is typical, especially when you ' re just getting started. it will go away as you exercise. however, noticeable pain or swelling are signs to stop and rest. - exercise with a buddy. this can keep you and your friend motivated and on track. maybe you can find a friend at work to walk with at lunchtime. - set a goal. working toward an event like a 5k fun run or organizing a group outing will give you something to look forward to. maybe your goal is a certain number of pounds lost, or taking an inch off your waist. you ' ll feel great once you hit your mark, and then it ' s time to stretch yourself a little more. - don ' t stop! the benefits of exercise start to wear off in two weeks and can disappear in as little as two months. - give yourself credit. congratulate yourself with a small reward, like an exercise tape or a book. the best reward of all is feeling better about your healthy choices. ginny greene contributed to this report. these web sites are for your informational use only. it is not a substitute for professional medical advice. it may not represent your true individual medical situation. do not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting a qualified health care provider. also consult your healthcare provider before starting any medications or supplements or beginning or modifying any exercise program. © 2013 optumhealth, inc. all rights reserved. no part of information on this page may be reproduced or transmitted in any


information contained on this page is provided by companies via press release distributed through pr newswire, an independent third - party content provider. pr newswire, worldnow and this station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. houston, march 3, 2013 / prnewswire - usnewswire / - - the space exploration technologies corp. ( spacex ) dragon spacecraft was berthed to the international space station at 8 : 56 a. m. est sunday. the delivery flight was the second contracted resupply mission by the company under nasa ' s commercial resupply services contract. space station expedition 34 crew members kevin ford and tom marshburn of nasa used the station ' s robotic arm to successfully capture dragon at 5 : 31 a. m. the capture came one day, 19 hours and 22 minutes after the mission ' s launch. the station was 253 miles above northern ukraine. following its capture, the spacecraft was installed onto the earth - facing port of the harmony module through ground commands issued by mission control at nasa ' s johnson space center in houston. " the newly arrived scientific experiments delivered by dragon carry the promise of discoveries that benefit earth and dramatically increase our understanding of how humans adapt to space, " said william gerstenmaier, nasa ' s associate administrator for the human exploration and operations mission directorate in washington. " spaceflight will never be risk - free, but it ' s a critical achievement that we once again have a u. s. capability to transport science to and from the international space station. the science delivered and to be returned from the space station has the promise of giving us a unique insight into problems that we face on earth. as the patch of expedition 34 states : ' off the earth... for the earth. ' " the dragon spacecraft lifted off from cape canaveral air force station in florida at 10 : 10 a. m. friday aboard a spacex falcon 9 rocket. shortly after spacecraft separation from the rocket ' s second stage, the dragon lost three of its four thruster pods. solar array deployment was delayed while spacex engineers worked to purge blocked valves and get the pods back online. ninety minutes after launch, dragon ' s arrays were deployed. by 3 p. m., all four thruster pods were online and attitude control was regained. following a series of tests to ensure the spacecraft could safely approach the space station, dragon was approved to approach the orbiting laboratory sunday morning, one day after its originally planned arrival, which is not expected to impact any of the scientific investigations being


was regained. following a series of tests to ensure the spacecraft could safely approach the space station, dragon was approved to approach the orbiting laboratory sunday morning, one day after its originally planned arrival, which is not expected to impact any of the scientific investigations being delivered. dragon is loaded with about 1, 268 pounds ( 575 kilograms ) of supplies to support continuing space station research experiments and will return with about 2, 668 pounds ( 1, 210 kilograms ) of science samples from human research, biology and biotechnology studies, physical science investigations, and education activities. newly delivered investigations include studies of how molecular biology, cells and plants grow in microgravity. one experiment, titled coarsening in solid liquid mixtures - 3, will examine solid and liquid mixtures made of lead and tin that contain a small amount of tin branch - like structures called dendrites. by understanding how temperature and time control the growth of such dendrites, researchers hope to develop more efficient and economical means of producing higher - quality products derived from the casting of molten metals. new student experiments include observing how gravity changes the growth of e. coli bacteria, studying the long - term impact of space travel on small coin - cell - sized batteries, and producing ammonium aluminum sulfate crystals of higher purity than is possible on earth. experiment samples coming back to earth will help researchers continue to assess the impact of long - duration spaceflight on the human body. returning plant samples will aid in food production during future long - duration space missions and enhance crop production on earth. crystals grown aboard and returning from the station could help in the development of more efficient solar cells and semiconductor - based electronics. the dragon capsule is scheduled to spend 22 days attached to the station before returning for a splashdown in the pacific ocean off the coast of baja california march 25. this flight is the second of at least 12 spacex cargo resupply missions to the space station through 2016. the resupply contract with nasa is worth $ 1. 6 billion. nasa ' s space network, which includes the tracking and data relay satellite system, provided space communications for spacex from launch through berthing with the space station. spacex built and tested new cargo spacecraft under nasa ' s commercial orbital transportation services ( cots ) program. nasa initiatives like cots and the agency ' s commercial crew program are helping develop a robust u. s. commercial space transportation industry with the goal of achieving safe, reliable and cost - effective transportation to and from the space station and low earth orbit. in addition to cargo flights, nasa


dorsett d ( 2007 ) roles of the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus in gene expression, development, and human syndromes. chromosoma 116 ( 1 ) : 1 - 13 abstract : the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus mediates physical pairing of duplicated chromosomes. this pairing is essential for appropriate distribution of chromosomes into the daughter cells upon cell division. recent evidence shows that the cohesion apparatus, which is a significant structural component of chromosomes during interphase, also affects gene expression and development. the cornelia de lange ( cdls ) and roberts / sc phocomelia ( rbs / sc ) genetic syndromes in humans are caused by mutations affecting components of the cohesion apparatus. studies in drosophila suggest that effects on gene expression are most likely responsible for developmental alterations in cdls. effects on chromatid cohesion are apparent in rbs / sc syndrome, but data from yeast and drosophila point to the likelihood that changes in expression of genes located in heterochromatin could contribute to the developmental deficits. | status : published | | type : journal article | | pubmed id : 16819604 | topics addressed in this paper number of different genes curated to this paper : 8 - to find other papers on a gene and topic, click on the colored ball in the appropriate box. - displays other papers with information about that topic for that gene. - displays other papers in sgd that are associated with that topic. the topic is addressed in these papers but does not describe a specific gene or chromosomal feature. - to go to the locus page for a gene, click on the gene name.


edentulism : causes and consequences of tooth loss edentulism, or tooth loss, can rob you of much more than the ability to chew and properly digest food. tooth loss has serious social, psychological and emotional consequences, impacting your quality of life, self - image and self - esteem. edentulism results when one or more teeth are missing, or need removing due to injury or disease. with full edentulism, all teeth are missing ; with partial edentulism, one or more teeth are missing. risks and causes of edentulism although tooth loss typically is associated with the elderly, edentulism also affects children and adults if they do not practice proper oral hygiene. children : toddlers and children run the risk of two types of traumatic tooth loss : premature loss of baby teeth and loss of permanent teeth due to injury or neglect. dental caries are a major cause of tooth loss in children and teens. is your jaw pain the sign of a serious problem? adults : gum disease ( gingivitis or periodontitis ) and dental caries are the leading causes of tooth loss among adults. periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection affecting the gums and bone supporting the teeth. as the disease destroys gum tissue and bone, teeth loosen and may require extraction. smoking, heart disease and diabetes also are associated with tooth loss. elderly : plaque accumulation and hardening, gum recession, older fillings and dry mouth put the elderly at greater risk for losing their natural teeth. the incidence of edentulism among certain populations reflects differences in healthy behaviors and attitudes toward oral health and dental care, as well as access to and use of dental services and treatments. research indicates that tooth loss caused by gum disease is commonly associated with risk indicators that include age, gender ( more common with males ), smoking, inadequate personal oral hygiene and professional dental care, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and rheumatoid arthritis. race / ethnicity and socioeconomics also play a role in tooth loss. for example, studies suggest that non - hispanic black adults keep fewer teeth than non - hispanic white and mexican - american adults. also, a higher percentage of people at every age living below the poverty level is edentulous compared to those living above the poverty level. other causes of edentulism other causes of edentulism include the following : - poor oral hygiene habits : not brushing and flossing daily can cause the development and progression of tooth decay and gum disease, increasing the risk of tooth loss. - poor


causes of edentulism other causes of edentulism include the following : - poor oral hygiene habits : not brushing and flossing daily can cause the development and progression of tooth decay and gum disease, increasing the risk of tooth loss. - poor diet : foods and beverages high in sugar, carbohydrates and acid may cause irreversible tooth and gum damage, resulting in tooth loss. - bad habits : smoking, chewing tobacco and / or drug use can damage teeth to the point of tooth loss. - lack of education about tooth loss : a lack of education about the causes and consequences of tooth loss prevents people from taking the proper preventative lifestyle and oral health care measures, or from getting periodic dental maintenance or necessary restorative treatment. - fear and embarrassment : many people suffer from dental phobia, or anxiety / fear of going to the dentist, and do not seek dental treatment, even if they know they have a problem or are in pain. others are embarrassed or ashamed to seek dental treatment because they feel they will be blamed or judged negatively for the condition of their teeth. ignoring tooth decay or other serious dental problems can prolong and aggravate the condition and eventually lead to tooth loss. - finances : some people have to postpone or forgo dental visits and treatments, including regular check - ups and cleanings, due to high dental care costs and / or lack of insurance coverage. unfortunately, prolonging or eliminating dental care increases the chances of developing serious problems and, subsequently, greater expense for repairs. - trauma : babies and young children are most susceptible to losing teeth prematurely due to trauma, because their tooth roots and gums are still developing. if parents do not take the proper and often immediate steps to deal with dental trauma, their children ' s oral health can be permanently affected. adults, particularly those who participate in sports or suffer accidents affecting the face, also are at risk for tooth loss. - systemic conditions : systemic conditions such as heart disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, hiv infection, malnutrition and immunosuppression are all associated with forms of periodontitis that often result in tooth loss. - medical treatments : certain treatments, such as chemotherapy, head radiation therapy and immunosuppresive medications, weaken the immune system. these treatments may increase the risk of tooth infections and, consequently, the need for tooth extraction. consequences of tooth loss reverse lingering numbness after dental treatment. the consequences of tooth loss can be dire and may include the following : -


the immune system. these treatments may increase the risk of tooth infections and, consequently, the need for tooth extraction. consequences of tooth loss reverse lingering numbness after dental treatment. the consequences of tooth loss can be dire and may include the following : - mental anxiety - changes in facial features, loss of bone and gum tissue, trouble eating and speaking, poor nutrition - self - consciousness, dissatisfaction with appearance and loss of confidence - pain, distress and relaxation problems - social embarrassment and isolation ( edentulous people may feel embarrassed about their appearance and not want to go out and engage in social interaction and activities. in addition, edentulous people often have to face stereotypical perceptions of being poor, uneducated and / or unhygienic. ) - embarrassed and / or ashamed to seek dental treatment - financial burden for costs of possible treatment options ( complex dental care ― such as dental implants ― is expensive and typically not covered by insurance ). treatments for tooth loss patients and their dentists should develop a treatment plan that emphasizes prevention and early detection of oral diseases in order to keep the remaining teeth ― especially in cases of partial edentulism. prevention and detection strategies include patient education about edentulism causes, consequences and treatments, and following preventive oral health practices ( e. g., daily oral health care ), as well as preventative and therapeutic treatment. however, if tooth loss is unavoidable, there are several options for restoring your teeth and your smile. dental implants are artificial tooth roots surgically attached to the jaw to secure a replacement tooth, bridge or denture. permanent and stable, implant - supported restorations look, feel and function like natural teeth. dental implants also can be used with a denture for better stabilization. some implants take two to six months for the bone and implant to bond together ( osseointegrate ). during this time, a removable temporary tooth replacement can be worn over the implant site. research also has advanced to where an implant can be placed immediately following tooth extraction in certain cases. dentures are removable replacements for missing teeth and adjoining tissues. partial dentures fill in the spaces created by missing teeth, keep remaining teeth from shifting and are an option if you have some natural teeth remaining. if you have lost most or all of your teeth, complete or full dentures are recommended. " immediate " dentures are inserted immediately after removal of the natural teeth ; " conventional " dentures are placed in the mouth about three to six months after tooth removal.


lost most or all of your teeth, complete or full dentures are recommended. " immediate " dentures are inserted immediately after removal of the natural teeth ; " conventional " dentures are placed in the mouth about three to six months after tooth removal. a dental bridge is a false tooth that is fused between two porcelain crowns to fill in or bridge the space left by a missing tooth. the two crowns holding the dental bridge in place are cemented to your teeth on each side of the space ; the bridge is secured into place and is irremovable. some bridges also may contain two or more false teeth between the crown components, depending on the case. who treats tooth loss? although general dentists are qualified to provide care for edentulous patients, they may choose to consult with or refer patients to qualified specialists. the specialists most qualified to treat edentulous patients are prosthodontists, who concentrate on the replacement of missing teeth and the restoration of natural teeth, and periodontists, who focus on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease and the placement of dental implants. endodontists, specialists in pulp problems, also may be consulted for possible endodontic treatments to save " hopeless " teeth. for a successful outcome, make sure you receive treatment from a dentist who is professional, yet also sensitive to your situation and offers options in a non - judgmental, non - pressuring manner. ideally, your dentist should be willing to work with you to develop a treatment plan that meets your clinical, emotional, personal and financial needs. communicate your feelings and expectations to establish realistic options and, if necessary, compromise. for instance, if money is an issue, your dentist might be able to place an extended wear temporary bridge while you arrange an affordable long - term treatment plan. or, your dentist might be able to use a laboratory that provides economic, natural - looking prostheses. the key to finding the right option is to overcome your embarrassment, lack of informed knowledge and shame in order to work with your dental team to establish short - and long - term esthetic, functional and financial goals that will keep your self - esteem and your smile intact.


soyuz apollo test project 2013 may 23 thursday, day 143 the partnership : a history of the apollo soyuz test project press kit ( pdf download ) the soviet union readied two spacecraft, two rocket boosters and four crews for the astp mission. three of the crews were at baikonur for the launch and the other was in spaceflight control centre at kaliningrad ( now renamed korolyov ) near moscow. apollo took into orbit with it the astp docking module - a compartment which could be used by both crews in transferring between the oxygen - nitrogen atmosphere in soyuz 19 and the low pressure oxygen - only atmosphere in apollo. the module was carried into orbit sitting below the apollo in the same way the apollo lm had been launched for the lunar missions. using another ' lunar ' technique, apollo turned round after launch, docked with the docking module and pulled it away from the rocket. the moment of rendezvous is captured in this nasa painting by robert mccall only one incident marred the mission. during apollo ' s return to earth, the crew missed an item on a checklist because of radio interference on the voice link. it meant that the command module ' s thrusters were still ' live ' while it was descending under the parachute. they fired automatically to try and steady the craft as it swung around. this resulted in poisonous gases entering the spacecraft through atmospheric pressure relief valves. the three crew members suffered blistering to their lungs - they had to use oxygen masks to breathe at one point. astp ' s was the final splashdown and the last expendable spacecraft to be launched by the us before the shuttle era began. the next flight into orbit by an american astronaut came in 1981 when columbia lifted off on its maiden voyage. soyuz, however, is still flying today - considerably updated from the 1975 model which, in turn, was an evolution from the 1966 version but nevertheless still the same basic structural components. soyuz 19 launch the basic rocket used to launch soyuz 19 was based on the same vehicle that launched sputnik and vostok and still launches soyuz today. it stands 49. 3 metres tall. the rocket uses three stages - at lift off, a central core fires, together with the four cone - shaped boosters. after two and a half minutes, the boosters are depleted and fall away. stage two is the central core firing alone. when this too has used all its fuel it falls away allowing the upper stage to fire and place soyuz into orbit. soyuz itself is covered at launch by a protective aerodynamic shroud.


depleted and fall away. stage two is the central core firing alone. when this too has used all its fuel it falls away allowing the upper stage to fire and place soyuz into orbit. soyuz itself is covered at launch by a protective aerodynamic shroud. on top of the shroud is a small rocket system which may be used to pull the spacecraft away from the rocket in case of an emergency during the ascent. the black objects attached to the shroud are airbrakes which would open out and slow the spacecraft down after an emergency separation. apollo was launched using a saturn 1b rocket from launch complex 39b at the kennedy space center, florida. the rocket was built in the vertical assembly building ( now known as the vehicle assembly building for the space shuttle ) which was originally constructed for the apollo moon landing programme. in order that the saturn 1b fit the handling equipment built for the saturn 5 launcher, a tall pedestal was constructed to place the top of the rocket at the same height as the saturn 5 - 110 metres. this arrangement was also used to launch saturn 1b for the skylab 2, skylab 3 and skylab 4 missions. the only other piloted mission to use the saturn 1b was apollo 7 which checked - out the apollo command and service modules for the first time with a crew aboard. it left from launch complex 34 at the cape canaveral air force station, which was specially built to handle the rocket. it was the same launch complex where the crew of apollo 1 died in 1967. the soyuz 19 spacecraft this magnificent photograph of soyuz 19 was taken by the crew of apollo while the two craft orbited in formation after they had undocked. it was the clearest photograph ever taken of an orbiting soyuz until that time. the white backdrop is the earth ' s cloud cover. at top is the orbital module, a near - spherical compartment which provides room for the crew to move about, to stow equipment and can act as an airlock. it is covered in a green multi - layered material which provides thermal insulation, keeping the inside at a comfortable temperature. the white discs are radio transmission aerials, and the two silver plates at the very top are the docking system. just below, also shrouded in green insulation, is the descent compartment which houses the crew at launch and is the only part of soyuz to return to earth. at bottom, with two panels of solar cells attached, is the instrument unit which houses fuel tanks, batteries and other electrical equipment, and a rocket motor system - the nozzles of which can be seen


only part of soyuz to return to earth. at bottom, with two panels of solar cells attached, is the instrument unit which houses fuel tanks, batteries and other electrical equipment, and a rocket motor system - the nozzles of which can be seen in the base. the complete vehicle is 7. 5 metres in length and weighs just over 6. 5 tonnes. the apollo spacecraft the crew of soyuz 19 took this photograph as the two craft flew in formation after separation. in it can be seen the apollo command module, and behind it the cylindrical service module with its bell - shaped rocket nozzle. the cylinder at the front with the box - like projections is the docking module. at the end facing is the three - petal arrangement of the docking unit developed specially for the mission. the idea behind it is that any two craft equipped with such a unit can dock with each other. both american and soviet docking units up to that time consisted effectively of a plug ( probe ) and socket ( drogue ). soviet and american designs were not compatible either. apollo is 3. 9 metres in diameter and the command and service modules together weigh 14. 7 tonnes. the docking module is 3. 15 metres long and 1. 4 metres in diameter. it weighs 2. 0 tonnes. the box - shaped object on the side houses gas bottles for storing oxygen and nitrogen to replenish the atmosphere inside the docking module. copyright © robert christy, all rights reserved reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited


the train station the building of the railroad that ran through pocantico hills began in 1880 - 1881. the railroad, planned as a direct route from new york city to montreal, was completed only as far as carmel, new york. originally the railroad crossed a swampy area which is now the larger of the two tarrytown water supply lakes. it stretched over a large trestle that held it high above the swampland. the trestle began at east view and lowered to the ground to go through the pocantico hills rock cut which is now closed to the public because of falling rocks. the train station was built where the tarrytown skating shed now stands. pocantico hills became a thriving business community because of the railroad. it consisted of two livery stables, two grocery stores, a butcher shop, two apartment houses, a post office and two hotels. mr. rockefeller found the presence of the train objectionable. bothered by the noise and dirt, he had to wear goggles while playing golf. eventually, mr. rockefeller jr. paid to have the railroad moved to briarcliff so he would not suffer. many people sold their houses to him so that the railroad could be relocated. this marked the end of the railroad ' s running through pocantico hills. it took twenty - five years and five million dollars for mr. rockefeller to achieve his goal. by regina bergen train station constructed by : back to the past


art of the western world, the take your students high into the dome of the florence cathedral to discover the beauty of its design and the genius of its immense structure. it ’ s just one of the unusual perspectives your class will enjoy in this beautifully filmed series surveying the western world ’ s seminal works of painting, sculpture, and architecture. on this journey from ancient greece to contemporary new york, art of the western world broadens students ’ understanding by presenting major artistic works within their religious, intellectual, and social context. 1. the classical ideal — part i : the origins of humanism and the immortal classical style are traced to ancient greece. part ii : roman engineering and architecture was used to build an empire, while sculpture exalted its rulers. 2. a white garment of churches romanesque and gothic — part i : with the fall of the roman empire, christianity flourished with the church as patron of romanesque architecture and sculpture. part ii : the origin of gothic architecture is found in the choir of the abbey church of st. denis and the chartres cathedral serves as a model of high gothic style. 3. the early renaissance — part i : the rebirth of classical themes and humanistic ideas marked the renaissance in italy, as seen in florentines brunelleschi, masaccio, ghiberti, and botticelli. part ii : glowing color and minute detail set the work of the flemish masters van eyck and grunewald apart from the florentines. 4. the high renaissance — part i : da vinci, michelangelo, and raphael displayed extraordinary talent working in a variety of media and elevated the status of the artist in italian society. part ii : venetians like titian, tintoretto, and palladio readapted the classical style with a theatrical flourish. 5. realms of light : the baroque — part i : the church ’ s campaign to counter the reformation relied on dramatic depictions of religious scenes, such as those of caravaggio and bernini. part ii : the royal courts in spain and the wealthy burghers in the netherlands commissioned and influenced major paintings by velazquez and rembrandt. 6. an age of reason, an age of passion — part i : the playful fantasy and provocative subjects of the rococo style practiced by watteau, fragonard, and boucher gave way to strict rationalism, which insisted on morality in art and the purity of classical form, as seen in the works of david. part ii : striving for individual expression,


practiced by watteau, fragonard, and boucher gave way to strict rationalism, which insisted on morality in art and the purity of classical form, as seen in the works of david. part ii : striving for individual expression, romantic painters goya, gericault, and delacroix demonstrated a range of styles and subjects. 7. a fresh view : impressionism and post - impressionism — part i : courbet and his followers rejected the standard themes and techniques, manet shocked paris, and impressionists bathed the world in color and changing light. part ii : post - impressionists seurat, van gogh, gauguin and cezanne broke new ground with daring use of color and form. 8. into the twentieth century — part i : modernity brought new forms in viennese building and painting. paris saw the emergence of the fauves and of picasso and cubism. kandinsky experimented with color abstraction. part ii : modernism also spawned the abstract and the surreal. le corbusier and wright applied the abstract principles to buildings. dad responded with nihilism ; surrealists dali, magritte, and miro showed freudian influence. 9. in our own time — part i : the abstract expressionist movement established new york as a center for the visual arts. works by pollock, warhol, lichtenstein, and the sculptor oldenburg are examined. part ii : with many of the rules tested and discarded, the art world has become international. art is now accessible to everyone to create and appreciate. host michael wood looks over the past and forward to implications for the future. use our classroom videos for every curriculum and every grade level. these programs have been dropped from the instructional resources offerings. sign up for our monthly e - newsletter to learn about new programs, classroom resources, and professional development opportunities! june - tri - city technology conference in fargo, north dakota june 8 - share a story event at rheault farm from 10 : 30 am to 4 : 00 pm june 14 - midwest kidsfest at island park in fargo, north dakota from 11 : 00 am to 7 : 00 pm june 25 - 26 - prairie region teacher training institute in moorhead, minnesota at concordia college


results of recent study on effective notes and increased retention you have identified important information, there are several techniques that can help you organize and remember it. there is not, however, one best method for remembering everything. experiment with different memory techniques to see which ones work best for you! new information to something you already know. and isolated idea / fact is hard to remember. if you associate or connect it with information that already makes sense to you, it will be more meaningful and easier to organize and remember. information into a vivid, clear mental picture. for example, to remember the necessary elements of a novel, form a picture with all the important characters dressed in the style of the period, doing something which shows what the character is like. if you have trouble picturing this in your head, draw itthe sillier the better! information that is hard to associate or visualize, try a memory technique. some effective memory devices include the following examples. a word from the first letter of each word in a series. example : homes for recalling the great lakeshuron, ontario, michigan, erie, a nonsense phrase so that the first letter of each word is the information. example : every good boy does fine for the e, g, b, d, f lines of the treble music staff. example, remember whether the denotative or connotative meaning of a word is the dictionary meaning by denotative and dictionary both beginning with d. up short, catchy sayings that include the essential information. for example, in 1492 columbus sailed the ocean blue. and use the information you want to remember! regular review and use of information will significantly improve retention and recall. than one long study session, plan frequent short study sessions. nighters never work! always include a review of previously learned information ( yes, even if you have already had that test! ) as well as learning when comparing the most commonly used forms of note - taking — cornell, concept mapping, outline, note cards — studies recently revealed that the strategy that leads to most effective retention is the use of note cards. the predominant difference from other formats is that with note cards the student is able to separate learned information from that which has not been retained. the benefit derives from the ability to periodically review the material that has been learned while placing more emphasis on that which has not been stored in memory. here is are some web sites that explain the effective use of note cards. study note cards learn the many uses of making note cards for studying. ( university of


that has been learned while placing more emphasis on that which has not been stored in memory. here is are some web sites that explain the effective use of note cards. study note cards learn the many uses of making note cards for studying. ( university of manitoba ) creating note cards to make studying easier : spanish example the site has examples and video explanation. ( center for research on language acquisition ) using note cards effectively : chemistry example ( university of north carolina at chapel hill ) work with note cards from both reading and lecture notes simple instructions with good illustrations ( the learning toolbox ) be sure to check the internet for free downloads of note cards for your computer or phone! curve of forgetting the curve of forgetting describes how we retain or get rid of information that we take in based on a one - hour lecture. ( university of waterloo ) note : the discussion refers to 100 % of what you took in. this does not necessarily mean 100 % of all information presented. short strategies to increase memory ( california polytechnic state university at san louis obispo ) get to know your memory skills and the tools to improve retention ( muskingum college ) background, purposes, advantages, and specific memory strategies ( muskingum college ) learning and remembering how can you become more efficient when you study? ( university of waterloo ) concept - or mind - mapping this site has fun, interactive demonstration of making a mind map. ( study guides and strategies ) concept maps : examples of anatomy the site also has good links to other mapping resources. try to ignore the flashing image and the floating menu. ( lionden. com ) types of maps see some examples of typical mind maps and adapt them to your needs. ( university of michigan ) learn how sensory, short - term and long - term memory work, then use this information for more effective study and retention. mnemonics to learn more effectively close the annoying ad on the left to access a lot of information and related links. ( mind tools ) this site has numerous examples from specific disciplines. check it out! ( eudesign )


i could have hoped that humanity would have learned the lesson that we know very little about the marine environment. over the last twelve months we have realized that a species of river dolphins is in fact two ( see our section on river dolphins ). when politicians tell us that there is ' x amount of cetaceans ', often latter evidence is that we actually had ' b ', ' c ' and ' d ' populations making up ' x - y ' of a total for the species. the whaling debate is littered with these issues. the bbc now reports that a species of skate could become the first marine fish driven to extinction by commercial fishing. the bbc goes onto say ' a study reveals that an error in the classification of the species has meant researchers have failed to see just how close to the brink it is '. ' the research team, led by samuel iglesias from the marine biology station in concarneau on the west coast of france, paints a very bleak picture for the future of the flapper skate.. dr iglesias said : " the threat of extinction for european dipturus together with mislabelling in fishery statistics highlight the need for a huge reassessment of population for the different dipturus species in european waters. " without revision and recognition of its distinct status the world ' s largest skate, d. intermedia, could soon be rendered extinct. " '


academic integrity for students there are a number of resources available to help you develop your understanding of academic integrity. these include : the centre for teaching and learning offers advice on academic literacy in the form of printable resources and workshops during semester. you can seek out one of these courses independently by contacting the learning development team. infoskills is a self - paced online learning module that you can access at any time. infoskills is designed to introduce you to the basics of academic literacy, including planning for research, finding information, evaluating information, writing and plagiariasm, and using information ethically. turnitin is an electronic text - matching tool that gives you individualised feedback on referencing in your written work. turnitin provides you with the opportunity to " presubmit " your work and modify it on the basis of the " originality report ". this helps you to refine your academic literacy and referencing skills. university academic integrity module students commencing from trimester 1 2013 are required to complete an academic integrity module ( aim ) before the end of their first enrolment period ( trimester, semester or block ). the university aim takes the form of an online test in blackboard and you must achieve 100 % on the test to pass. faculty academic integrity modules some faculties have developed disciplinary specific modules to help with understanding academic literacy as it applies to your course, program, or profession. your course coordinator will advise you if you need to complete one of these modules. academic integrity policy and procedures the student academic integrity policy and student academic integrity procedure support the universitya€™s commitment to the highest standards of academic and personal integrity. these have been developed in accordance with advice from the independent commission against corruption ( icac ). the policy and procedure explain your responsibilities in terms of academic integrity, and outline the process that will be followed if an allegation of a breach of academic misconduct is made about your work. student academic conduct officers each school has a student academic conduct officer ( saco ) who provides advice and training about academic integrity to staff and students. your first point of contact for advice on academic integrity issues such as plagiarism or collusion should always be your lecturer or tutor. if an allegation of a breach of academic integrity is made about your work the saco will contact you. advisors in research integrity each faculty has an advisor in research integrity to provide advice and training about academic integrity and research misconduct to staff and students. if an allegation of research misconduct is made about your work the


the douglas sbd dauntless was one of the truly great aircraft of world war ii. it played a major role throughout the pacific. on june 4, 1942, during the battle of midway, sbds destroyed four japanese carriers, dramatically altering the course of the war. the sbd ' s design was based on the northrop bt - 1, but with engine and structural changes. production orders were placed in april 1939, with all sbd - 1s going to u. s. marine corps units. subsequent models were sent to navy squadrons, with each succeeding model carrying such improvements as increased fuel capacity, illuminated gunsights, and armor plates for the crew. england, new zealand, and france also used sbds. the sbd - 6 was the last production model, with 450 built. this sbd - 6 carries the markings of vs - 51 ( navy scout squadron ), which operated in the pacific during world war ii. transferred from the united states navy. country of origin : united states of america overall : 13ft 8 15 / 16in. x 40ft 9in., 10555. 6lb., 54ft 2in. ( 4. 19m x 12. 42m, 4788kg, 16. 51m ) single engine, low wing, carrier based scout / dive bomber. both sides of fuselage : " 109, " u. s. star and bar insignia. on the tail, " navy " and u. s. navy bureau of aeronautics number " 54605 " and " sbd - 4 " in white. wings have u. s. star and bar insignia. the douglas sbd dauntless played one of the most significant roles in the course of world war ii. although considered obsolete and scheduled for replacement before the war began, the sbd would live up to the nickname given to it by its crews - slow but deadly ( a play on its official designation ). serving throughout the war, dauntlesses would sink more than 300, 000 tons of enemy shipping, including at least 18 warships, ranging from submarines to battleships. during 1942, sbds were the primary weapon in the u. s. war effort in the pacific, almost single - handedly sinking six enemy carriers. navy experience with dive bombing went back to the early years of naval aviation. united states marine corps pilots had experimented with the technique as early as 1919 although it was not known by that name at the time. with the commissioning of the first carrier, the uss langley, the navy realized


back to the early years of naval aviation. united states marine corps pilots had experimented with the technique as early as 1919 although it was not known by that name at the time. with the commissioning of the first carrier, the uss langley, the navy realized there would be limitations to the size of aircraft used at sea. carrier planes could not hope to carry the same bomb load as shore - based aircraft, so they needed to be able to deliver each bomb as accurately as possible. dive bombing was the answer. the technique gained official status in 1926 when the navy included it in the fleet exercises. accidents involving the bomb hitting the propeller or wheels on release, however, nearly ended its use. a solution was found in a bomb fork, which swung the bomb clear of the propeller arc. approval followed in 1931. in 1934 the bureau of aeronautics held a design competition for a new generation of carrier aircraft. the navy wished to replace its four main types - fighter, scout - bomber, torpedo bomber, and dive bomber - with modern all - metal monoplane aircraft. designs by vought, brewster, and northrop were chosen for further development in the dive bomber category. brewster lacked the facilities to meet the navy ' s needs and the vought design did not have the necessary performance, although 50 would later be ordered as the sb2u vindicator. the northrop entry bore a family resemblance to the firm ' s alpha series of mailplane aircraft. chief engineer ed heinemann ' s racy low - wing monoplane design incorporated many of the revolutionary construction techniques used in the earlier aircraft. unlike the vought entry, the xbt - 1 ( as the northrop aircraft was designated ), in an effort to save weight, did not include folding wings. split dive flaps on the trailing edge of the wing, which were perforated, eliminated tail buffeting and permitted a steeper diving angle. the navy approved the design and ordered 54 production models designated as bt - 1s. the bt - 1, however, had stability problems and with an 825 horsepower pratt & whitney engine, was underpowered. a second prototype, the xbt - 2, incorporated the new 1, 000 horsepower wright r - 1820 - 32 engine, which boosted the bt - 1 ' s top speed of 212 mph by 35 mph. the addition of a modified rudder corrected poor lateral stability. a fully retractable landing gear was also included on the new prototype. the new design featured improved stability and low - speed control. during the development of the xbt -


by 35 mph. the addition of a modified rudder corrected poor lateral stability. a fully retractable landing gear was also included on the new prototype. the new design featured improved stability and low - speed control. during the development of the xbt - 2, douglas took over the northrop contract. many northrop employees, including engineer ed heinemann, moved over with the project, and in 1938, northrop sold his el segundo, california factory to douglas. with the switch in manufacturers the xbt - 2 became the xsbd - 1 ( for experimental scout - bomber douglas - 1 ). after some more minor modifications, the navy ordered 144 sbds in april 1939. in common with other douglas aircraft whose names began with the letter " d ", the sbd was named the dauntless. although the navy had placed an order, it did not consider the sbd - 1 to be fully combat - ready. the main problem was a lack of fuel capacity, which limited the range of the dauntless. with the amount of time spent forming up and landing on a carrier, fuel capacity was considered to be critical. douglas agreed to address the problem, beginning with the 58th production model. the navy agreed to accept the first 57 sbd - 1s without modification and decided that the marines, who mostly operated from land bases, could use these aircraft. the marines, therefore, received the first dauntlesses in june of 1940. the remaining 87 aircraft of the original contract were delivered as sbd - 2s. while the modifications of this version did not solve all the problems, they did improve on the lack of range. in this model, the two small 15 - gallon auxiliary fuel tanks located in the wing center section of the sbd - 1 were replaced with two 65 - gallon tanks in the outer wings. fuel capacity was increased from 210 to 310 gallons and range increased to 1, 200 miles. the sbd - 2 also had an autopilot for the long over - water flights that were now possible. the increased weight, however, hurt performance and often one of the two. 50 caliber fuselage - mounted guns would be removed to compensate. deliveries of the sbd - 2 to vs - 2 and vb - 2 on board the uss lexington began in november 1940, with uss enterprises ' s vs - 6 and vb - 6 following shortly. the initial two models of the dauntless would see the first combat in the pacific on 7 december 1941, during the attack on pearl harbor


lexington began in november 1940, with uss enterprises ' s vs - 6 and vb - 6 following shortly. the initial two models of the dauntless would see the first combat in the pacific on 7 december 1941, during the attack on pearl harbor. marine air group ( mag ) 11 - equipped with the sbd - 1 - was caught on the ground and all aircraft were either damaged or destroyed by the japanese. at the same time, 18 navy sbd - 2s, launched from the enterprise, which was returning to hawaii from wake island, arrived just as the japanese were attacking. seven dauntlesses were shot down or crash - landed. two japanese aircraft were claimed shot down by the dauntlesses. three days later the sbd gained the distinction of destroying the first japanese warship of world war ii when lt dickinson of vs - 6 sank the imperial japanese submarine i - 70 off of hawaii. as 1942 began, it was obvious that any retaliation for pearl harbor would have to come from the carrier forces, which had been at sea during the attack and had therefore avoided destruction. the first action took the form of hit - and - run raids by the carriers enterprise, lexington, and yorktown, against remote japanese positions in the spring of 1942. while these raids caused little damage, they served notice that the u. s. navy was still fighting. dauntlesses were heavily involved and attacked many ships and shore installations in these raids. one of the most famous strikes of this period was the doolittle raid on tokyo. an sbd reported a japanese picket boat ahead of the task force. the dauntless crew also reported that the boat had probably sighted them, thus precipitating the early launch of doolittle ' s b - 25 bombers. deliveries of the new sbd - 3 began in march 1941, and were stepped up after the attack on pearl harbor, so that this was the main type to be used throughout the major battles of 1942. the sbd - 3 brought the dauntless up to full combat standards. self - sealing wing tanks, crew armor, and an armored windscreen were all introduced. experience gained in the battle of the coral sea prompted the introduction of twin. 30 caliber machine guns in the rear cockpit, thus increasing firepower. they were made standard in mid - production and earlier examples of the sbd - 3 were retrofitted with the guns in the field. the added weight of these improvements was offset to a certain extent by the use of alclad to replace


. they were made standard in mid - production and earlier examples of the sbd - 3 were retrofitted with the guns in the field. the added weight of these improvements was offset to a certain extent by the use of alclad to replace the dural skin of the earlier models, and the removal of the flotation equipment that was standard on the sbd - 2. maximum speed fell by a small margin to 250 mph, earning this model the tongue - in - cheek nickname of " the speedy three ". service ceiling, however, improved from 26, 000 to 27, 100 ft. in may 1942, the u. s. faced its first major operation against the japanese fleet at the battle of the coral sea. the battle resulted when admiral nimitz sent yorktown and lexington to block the japanese thrust towards australia. in this, the world ' s first carrier duel in which the opposing ships never came within sight of each other, dauntlesses were responsible for sinking the japanese small carrier shoho. despite the fact that the japanese sank the larger u. s. fleet carrier lexington, the battle was a strategic victory for the americans because it stopped the japanese move to the south. in less than a month ' s time, dauntlesses would improve on their coral sea performance. with the failure of the southern expedition, the japanese decided to strike at the u. s. base on midway island. the plan was to gain a base from where they could threaten the hawaiian islands and thus draw the remaining u. s. carriers out to be destroyed in a major fleet engagement. the u. s. navy had an advantage in that they had broken the japanese code and knew the attack was coming. also, the japanese did not realize that yorktown, which had been damaged ( and believed sunk ) at coral sea, had been hastily repaired and was able to join enterprise and hornet at midway. the three u. s. carriers carried 112 dauntlesses. most were the latest model, but a few sbd - 1s and - 2s were also aboard. while the japanese had a much larger fleet, the sides were more evenly matched in the crucial area of airpower. the japanese had four aircraft carriers, and the u. s. had three carriers and the land - based aircraft at midway, which included 19 sbd - 2s. by june 3, the american carriers were ready and had spotted the enemy troop transports. the next day the japanese opened the battle with a strike on midway. meanwhile,


the land - based aircraft at midway, which included 19 sbd - 2s. by june 3, the american carriers were ready and had spotted the enemy troop transports. the next day the japanese opened the battle with a strike on midway. meanwhile, a pby catalina had spotted the japanese fleet and the u. s. carriers began to launch their aircraft. because of the varying launch times and speeds of the different aircraft, the tbd torpedo planes were the first to attack the japanese carriers. the slow devastators were easy targets for the japanese fighters and were soon beaten back with no damage to the carriers. because of the uncoordinated nature of the attack, the sbd squadrons had trouble finding the carriers. the hornet sbd ' s never found the carriers. lieutenant commander wade mcclusky, the commander of the enterprise ' s air group, however, made a navigational guess that brought his vs - 6 and vb - 6 right over the japanese carriers. the attacking tbds had drawn down the japanese fighter screen and the dauntlesses found the targets wide open. japanese indecision as to whether to launch further strikes on the island or to attack the recently discovered american carriers, left bombs and torpedoes, along with aviation fuel, scattered on the carriers ' decks. at the same time as mcclusky ' s group attacked, vb - 3 from yorktown arrived. the combined onslaught rained 39 bombs on three japanese carriers in three to four minutes, and 11 direct hits mortally damaged the akagi, kaga and soryu. the fourth carrier, hiryu, was located later and was also sunk by dauntlesses. japan lost four carriers and many of its experienced aviators for the loss of 35 dauntlesses from the six navy and one marine sbd squadrons engaged. the sbd had stopped the japanese and allowed the u. s. to fight on an equal footing in the pacific. the dauntless would also play a significant part in the first major american offensive, the fight for guadalcanal. marine sbds based on the island attacked japanese ships, which were known as the " tokyo express ", that were attempting to reinforce the island. ship - based sbds also participated in the eastern solomon ' s campaign, of which guadalcanal was a part, and sank another japanese carrier. while the sbd is most often associated with the pacific theater of operations, it did serve in a limited capacity in the atlantic. in november 1942, dauntlesses flew


which guadalcanal was a part, and sank another japanese carrier. while the sbd is most often associated with the pacific theater of operations, it did serve in a limited capacity in the atlantic. in november 1942, dauntlesses flew from the carrier ranger and the escort carriers sangamon and santee in support of operation torch, the invasion of north africa. in contrast with the naval actions of the pacific, sbd attacks were mostly against ground targets in support of the allied landings. they were, however, called upon to attack seven vichy french cruisers that set out to attack the allied troopships. on november 10, nine sbds from the ranger sank the moored battleship jean bart which had been firing on the invasion fleet. with the sinking of the japanese battleship hiei in the pacific three days earlier, this was the second enemy battleship sunk by dauntlesses within one week. sbds from santee also conducted anti - submarine patrols in the atlantic during 1943, but the tbm avenger was better suited and was used more often for this type of work. marine dauntlesses operated in the patrol and scouting role from the virgin islands until mid 1944. the last offensive mission for the dauntless in the atlantic was an attack on enemy shipping in norway called operation leader. sbds from the carrier ranger attacked several ships in bodo harbor and roadstead. they sank two ships, shared in the destruction of two more, and damaged a further two. douglas continued to modify the dauntless throughout the war in an attempt to improve performance. the sbd - 4 was introduced in late 1942. it had an improved 24 - volt electrical system that allowed for the installation of radar. it also featured a hamilton - standard hydromatic propeller. but, at 245 mph maximum speed, this was also the slowest version. early in 1943 the sbd - 5, with a larger engine, started to enter squadron service. two additions that increased bombing accuracy were the replacement of the telescopic sight of the early models with a reflector sight and a heated windscreen, which overcame the fogging that had been common in the dive run. radar was also more commonly seen on this model. the additional weight of the extra equipment, however, largely cancelled out the increased horsepower. the sbd - 5 was the most produced variant of the dauntless and served throughout the battles of 1943. the last version of the dauntless, the sbd - 6 featured a larger engine, which raised top speed to 262 mph


. the sbd - 5 was the most produced variant of the dauntless and served throughout the battles of 1943. the last version of the dauntless, the sbd - 6 featured a larger engine, which raised top speed to 262 mph, and service ceiling to 28, 600 ft. in all other ways, however, it differed little from the previous model. by the time it entered production, the helldiver was replacing the dauntless in the fleet and the sbd - 6 remained, for the most part, stateside. by june 1943 the u. s. navy had four new, large, essex - class cv carriers. the helldiver was supposed to be the dive - bomber assigned to the new carriers, but in the summer of 1943 it was not ready for combat. the dauntless therefore soldiered on. its role on the new carriers changed however. the new cvs could carry 100 airplanes, compared to 80 on the older carriers, and the scout squadrons were eliminated. the difference in airplanes was made up by an increase in the numbers of fighters. scout duties were now taken over by the hellcats and avengers, both of which had long range capabilities. from then on, dauntlesses would serve almost exclusively as strike aircraft. sbds continued to fly throughout 1943 and not until late in the year did the sb2c helldiver finally enter service. many navy pilots did not see the helldiver as much of an improvement over the dauntless. pilots preferred the sbd ' s more responsive controls which made it an easy plane to fly when lightly loaded. the douglas aircraft also required less maintenance hours than did the curtiss. despite the introduction of the helldiver, dauntlesses continued in navy service until july 1944 when they participated in their last mission during an attack on guam. the marines continued to use them in the philippines campaign. by the end of world war ii, most dauntlesses had been relegated to the training and utility roles. a few marine sbds, however, were still at work neutralizing bypassed garrisons in the solomons until the end of the war. the dauntless was not only used by the u. s. navy, but also by the army. the success of the german dive - bombers during the early years of the war in europe convinced some army leaders of the need for a u. s. version. limited experience with this type of aircraft and no time to develop a new design, however, dictated that the united states


dive - bombers during the early years of the war in europe convinced some army leaders of the need for a u. s. version. limited experience with this type of aircraft and no time to develop a new design, however, dictated that the united states army air force ( usaaf ) place orders for the navy ' s sbd. in army service it was know as the a - 24 banshee. the main differences with the dauntless were the lack of a tailhook, and a larger pneumatic tailwheel. the banshee was delivered as the a - 24, a - 24a, and a - 24b, which were equivalent to the sbd - 3, - 4, and - 5. the idea of dive - bombing was not widely supported in the usaaf, however, and the banshee was not used extensively. in addition to the united states, new zealand ( in the solomons ) and the free french ( in europe ) also flew sbds. as late as 1949 the french were using sbds to carry out attacks on communist terrorists in indo - china. mexico flew banshees, which it had received for patrol missions in the gulf of mexico during world war ii, as border patrol planes until 1959. nasm ' s dauntless, bureau number 54605, was the sixth sbd - 6 model produced. it was accepted by the u. s. navy on march 30, 1944, and delivered a week later on april 7. it spent its entire operational career at naval air station patuxent river, maryland. from august to september 1944 it was used for tactical tests. from october 1944 to april 1948 it was used for flight tests. in may 1948 it was put in storage at nas weeksville, north carolina. stricken from navy service june 30, 1948, it was earmarked for the national collection. this was perhaps the last sbd to serve with the u. s. navy. dauntless 54605 was accessioned by the smithsonian in 1961 and restored in 1975. it was installed in the sea - air gallery in the new museum on the national mall in 1976, where it can be seen today.


cough ( both productive and non productive ) nasal output, shortness of breath, tachipnea, breath sounds are limited, retraction, fever, diaporesis, ronchii, cyanosis, leukocytosis. children will experience effective breathing pattern characterized by : - voice lung breath clean and the same on both sides - the body temperature within the limits of 36. 5 to 37. 2 oc - the rate of breathing within the normal range - there is no coughing, cyanosis, nasal output, retraction and diaporesis perform assessments every 4 hours of respiration rate, temperature, and the signs of the effectiveness of the airway. r / : evaluation and reassessment of the actions that will be / have been granted. perform chest physiotherapy is scheduled r / : removing the secretion of the airway, preventing obstruction give oxygen moist, review the effectiveness of therapy r / : increased lung tissue oxygen supply give antibiotics and antipyretic, review the effectiveness and side effects ( rash, diarrhea ) r / : eradication of germs as factors causing interference. make a check photo thoracic r / : evaluation of the effectiveness of the circulation of oxygen, evaluating the condition of lung tissue perform suction gradually r : helping cleaning airway record the results of pulse oximeter when installed, every 2 - 4 hours r : evaluate periodically the success of therapy / health team action. nursing diagnosis for pneumonia : ineffective breathing pattern


the leviathan of parsonstown : that ’ s what the public named the telescope built in 1845 by irish nobleman william parsons, the third earl of rosse. a leviathan is a giant sea monster. with a 72 - inch metal mirror weighing 4 tons and a tube 54 feet long, it ’ s easy to see why people were so impressed by the reflector. the telescope was the high point of lord rosse ’ s astronomical adventures. rosse had decided that he wanted to build the world ’ s largest telescope. but to do that, he first needed to build the biggest mirrors. william herschel hadn ’ t left behind any records of his mirror - making methods, so rosse had to start almost from scratch. over 17 years, he managed to make a 15 - inch ( 38 - centimeter ), 24 - inch ( 61 - centimeter ) and finally a 36 - inch - diameter ( 91 - centimeter ) mirror. technology improvements, such as grinding tools powered by a small steam engine, meant he had an easier time crafting the mirrors than herschel had experienced. rosse placed the 36 - inch mirror in a newtonian reflector. but he wasn ’ t satisfied yet. in 1842, he began to work on a 72 - inch mirror. it took five tries before he created a mirror that could be used, and 3 years to build the actual telescope. | light collector : | | metal mirror |


premium guide member join date : dec 2010 location : tampa, fl device ( s ) : droid 1, droid bionic, xoom thanked 1, 534 times in 989 posts hope this helps. in computing, preemption ( more correctly pre - emption ) is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time. such a change is known as a context switch. it is normally carried out by a privileged task or part of the system known as a preemptive scheduler, which has the power to preempt, or interrupt, and later resume, other tasks in the system. user mode and kernel mode in any given system design, some operations performed by the system may not be preemptible. this usually applies to kernel functions and service interrupts which, if not permitted to run to completion, would tend to produce race conditions resulting in deadlock. barring the scheduler from preempting tasks while they are processing kernel functions simplifies the kernel design at the expense of system responsiveness. the distinction between user mode and kernel mode, which determines privilege level within the system, may also be used to distinguish whether a task is currently preemptible. some modern systems have preemptive kernels, designed to permit tasks to be preempted even when in kernel mode. examples of such systems are solaris 2. 0 / sunos 5. 0, windows nt, the linux kernel 2. 6 and 3. x, aix and some bsd systems ( netbsd, since version 5 ). the term preemptive multitasking is used to distinguish a multitasking operating system, which permits preemption of tasks, from a cooperative multitasking system wherein processes or tasks must be explicitly programmed to yield when they do not need system resources. in simple terms : preemptive multitasking involves the use of an interrupt mechanism which suspends the currently executing process and invokes a scheduler to determine which process should execute next. therefore all processes will get some amount of cpu time at any given time. in preemptive multitasking, the operating system kernel can also initiate a context switch to satisfy the scheduling policy ' s priority constraint, thus preempting the active task. in general, preemption means " prior seizure of ". when the high priority task at that instance seizes the currently running task, it


context switch to satisfy the scheduling policy ' s priority constraint, thus preempting the active task. in general, preemption means " prior seizure of ". when the high priority task at that instance seizes the currently running task, it is known as preemptive scheduling. the term " preemptive multitasking " is sometimes mistakenly used when the intended meaning is more specific, referring instead to the class of scheduling policies known as time - shared scheduling, or time - sharing. preemptive multitasking allows the computer system to more reliably guarantee each process a regular " slice " of operating time. it also allows the system to rapidly deal with important external events like incoming data, which might require the immediate attention of one or another process. at any specific time, processes can be grouped into two categories : those that are waiting for input or output ( called " i / o bound " ), and those that are fully utilizing the cpu ( " cpu bound " ). in early systems, processes would often " poll ", or " busywait " while waiting for requested input ( such as disk, keyboard or network input ). during this time, the process was not performing useful work, but still maintained complete control of the cpu. with the advent of interrupts and preemptive multitasking, these i / o bound processes could be " blocked ", or put on hold, pending the arrival of the necessary data, allowing other processes to utilize the cpu. as the arrival of the requested data would generate an interrupt, blocked processes could be guaranteed a timely return to execution. although multitasking techniques were originally developed to allow multiple users to share a single machine, it soon became apparent that multitasking was useful regardless of the number of users. many operating systems, from mainframes down to single - user personal computers and no - user control systems ( like those in robotic spacecraft ), have recognized the usefulness of multitasking support for a variety of reasons. multitasking makes it possible for a single user to run multiple applications at the same time, or to run " background " processes while retaining control of the computer. please support babyblues - or someone you know - to fight breast cancer - here ' s her pledge button -


a publication of the archaeological institute of america top 10 discoveries of 2009 volume 63 number 1, january / february 2010 archaeology ' s annual list of the year ' s most exciting discoveries - - from north america ' s earliest canals to evidence for chemical warfare at a roman outpost in syria - - highlights sites, artifacts, and scientific studies we feel most enrich our knowledge of the past. archaeology is an incremental science, and " eureka " moments are rare. often the most significant advances result from many years of research. for instance, we feature the work of archaeologists who have dug for four decades at a second - century b. c. greek city in southern russia. they were only recently able to identify a large structure at the site as the palace of king mithradates vi, a legendary foe of rome. two elite tombs excavated this year are on the list, one belonging to a moche lord in peru and the other to a family of iron age priestesses on crete. meanwhile, graves of exotic animals now emerging at the predynastic egyptian capital of hierakonpolis show that the city ' s rulers kept extensive menageries - - the world ' s first zoos. we hope 2009 ' s remarkable finds inspire you to make your own connections with the past, and whet your appetite for the discoveries to come. as always, there were many more significant discoveries than our " top 10 " list allowed for. here are five more of the year ' s most important finds. maybe we should just call it the " top 15 discoveries of 2009. "


last week ' s announcement of the discovery of a new particle seemed to answer one of the great outstanding questions in physics. but for those who haven ' t been immersed in all things lhc, the results were likely to raise all sorts of new questions ( along with " what was all the fuss about again? " ). so, to help navigate the post - higgs world, we put together a short q & a, based on questions that some of the ars staff had. i know we detected it in the large hadron collider, but how did they actually make higgs bosons? there are two ways to answer that question. the first is that we ' re simply converting energy into matter. the protons in the collider carry a tremendous amount of energy, and it has to go somewhere. given einstein ' s e = mc2, we know that some of that energy can be converted into matter. that ' s why things that are much heavier than two protons at rest can pop out of the collisions. but einstein ' s equations aren ' t magic, in that particles don ' t just poof into existence — there are actual processes that create them. in the lhc, the most common process that ends in a higgs boson is gluon fusion. gluons are the ( apparently massless ) carriers of the strong force that holds quarks together to form things like protons and neutrons. if two of them merge, then one possible outcome is a single higgs particle. everyone says that this particle was predicted by the standard model, but how exactly? what was missing that made people theorize the higgs? the standard model describes the properties of fundamental particles and the forces that mediate their interactions. some of these, like the photon, are massless ; others, like the w and z bosons that mediate the weak force, weigh as much as entire atoms ( including some that the weak force causes to decay ). although its possible to just say " this is what these things weigh, " physicists find this sort of approach dissatisfying. so, they developed a theoretical mechanism that could supply some particles with mass. several papers, appearing about the same time, suggested that there ' s a pervasive field that all particles can interact with. some, like the photon, don ' t, and remain massless. others, like the w and z bosons, undergo large interactions with the field, picking up a large mass in the process.


the theory. and there ' s a major extension to the standard model, called supersymmetry, that suggests that the standard model ' s particles are all parts of larger families, meaning that there would be multiple higgs bosons, and we ' ve only found one. matt strassler told ars that a few more exotic theories suggest there will be higgs - like particles that do very different things, some involving extra dimensions. it ' s only by making more of these bosons that we can start to tell these possibilities apart. which brings us to our next question. the key thing here is that, if we haven ' t found the standard model higgs, then we don ' t get to keep the standard model as it is. we could end up with a mildly tweaked version, we could have a standard model plus extensions, or we could be seeing hints of something much more significant. until we have a better understanding of the particle we ' re seeing, we can ' t tell any of these apart. if the large hadron collider was made to find the higgs, what ' s it going to do now? make more higgs, so we can answer the previous question, for starters. cern ' s director announced that it will run for a few extra months specifically to get a better statistical handle on whether this is the standard model higgs. beyond that, many other theoretical particles, including some of those predicted by things like supersymmetry, are already within reach of the energies at the lhc. once it restarts in a couple of years, it will be running at much higher energies, opening up a greater range for discovery. even if you don ' t think it ' s worth chasing down theoretical particles, the universe keeps telling us that dark matter is likely to be comprised of a heavy fundamental particle. the lhc should be able to spot these if they ' re really out there. does this eliminate the need to build another collider? actually, it will certainly inform, and possibly motivate, the construction of anything that comes next. the lhc may have been a great higgs discovery machine, but it ' s actually not so hot if we want to look at the higgs in detail ( and wanting the answers to the above should suggest we do ). the problem is that proton collisions are messy, since you ' re actually colliding what ' s essentially a bag of quarks, gluons, and virtual particles, all of which


the answers to the above should suggest we do ). the problem is that proton collisions are messy, since you ' re actually colliding what ' s essentially a bag of quarks, gluons, and virtual particles, all of which may end up carrying some fraction of the total energy. all sorts of things spill out of the resulting collisions, making it difficult to separate out the higgs decay. some of the decay channels are so noisy that they actually made the discovery statistics worse in the recent announcements. a much cleaner way of going about looking at the higgs would be to collide fundamental particles, ideally with their antiparticles. we could then tune the energy to make producing our 126gev higgs much more likely. that was what motivated the construction of slac, which smashed electrons together to produce lots of the w and z bosons. unfortunately, building one will be a real challenge. electrons don ' t like to go around in circles ( they lose energy quickly ), so we ' d have to build a linear collider, one that is longer than anything we ' ve built previously. that gets expensive. the alternative is to build a muon collider, but this would involve the development of lots of new and unproven technology. in the age of tight science budgets, the prospects for a major construction project look bleak. that reminds me — the lhc cost a lot of money. couldn ' t that have been put to better use? it ' s really difficult to guess what scientific advances are going to pay dividends. logic gates were first considered around 1900 ; quantum mechanics was developed in the 1930s. it took until the 1970s for them to be married in the form that all of us now use. restriction enzymes were discovered in the 1960s when people were trying to figure out why only some viruses could infect some bacteria. they ended up being an essential foundation for the biotech industry. i could go on with examples for ages. if anyone tells you which areas of basic research will have the largest economic impact 30 years from now, i ' d bet money they ' re wrong. might the money have done more good in applied research? possibly, but even there, there are no guarantees. the technology we actually get is often radically different from what we ' d want or expect based on the state of scientific knowledge. in other words, we may want and expect flying cars, but we end up with always - online smartphones. and i ' d trade them both for fusion power,


in a new study of air pollution, scientists tuesday reported a link between hazy skies over u. s. cities and life - threatening illnesses, including lung cancer. a link to cancer had long been suspected but not established. now a team of researchers from canada, new york and utah has found that people living in hazy cities across the nation are more likely to die of lung cancer, heart attacks and respiratory failure than people in communities with cleaner air. they found that for every 10 micrograms of tiny particles swirling in the air, the risk of dying of lung cancer increased by 8 %. someone living in heavily polluted bakersfield or rubidoux, calif., faces a risk 20 % greater than someone living in pueblo, colo. while the threat pales in comparison with cigarette smoking or exposure to toxic chemicals in factories, it is comparable to the hazard posed by secondhand smoke, according to the american lung assn. " this study provides the most definitive epidemiological evidence to date that long - term exposure to air pollution is associated with lung cancer deaths, " said george thurston, a co - author of the study and associate professor of environmental medicine at new york university. the report is being published today in the journal of the american medical assn. it followed more subjects, about 500, 000 adults, for 16 years, longer than any other study of its kind and included 156 cities, ranging from buffalo to los angeles and from pittsburgh to huntington, ala. researchers from brigham young university, the university of ottawa, nyu and the american cancer society participated in the study. it was funded by grants from the national institutes of health and other government agencies. the study comes during a time of intense political debate over the future of air pollution controls, and clean - air advocates seized upon it to challenge the bush administration ' s recent attempts to alter the nation ' s clean - air regulations. two weeks ago, the white house unveiled a new anti - smog strategy for industrial and power plant emissions, but environmentalists and many air quality officials rejected it as an attempt to roll back pollution controls. last week, the epa ' s chief of air pollution enforcement resigned in protest over bush administration policies he said are weakening clean - air rules, particularly those that require power plants to install the most modern emission control equipment. emissions from power plants are a major source of haze in national parks and in the eastern half of the country. " it makes no sense to weaken the clean air act in light of this important new evidence. it raises urgency


most modern emission control equipment. emissions from power plants are a major source of haze in national parks and in the eastern half of the country. " it makes no sense to weaken the clean air act in light of this important new evidence. it raises urgency to moving forward to reduce fine particles, " said a. blakeman early, a consultant to the american lung assn. the new study will likely lend support to maintaining the nation ' s standard for regulating fine - particle pollution. the standard, which was approved in 1997 and affirmed by the u. s. supreme court, targets particles that are 2. 5 microns or smaller. health experts say the latest study reinforces the need to retain that air pollution standard and hasten air pollution cleanup. " this study is good news because it shows our efforts in the past and current efforts to improve our air quality are not in vain but will in fact result in significant improvements in public health, " said c. arden pope, the lead author of the study and an environmental epidemiologist at byu. for years, air pollution cleanup has focused on ways to reduce ozone, a gas that reduces respiratory function. yet, more and more studies implicate microscopic particles that form haze as a serious health risk. while ozone levels are generally in decline nationwide, and dramatically so in southern california, progress against particle pollution is more modest. haze comes from dust and soot. significant sources include farm equipment, dust blowing off unpaved roads, diesel trucks and buses and portable generators. the most dangerous particles are the smallest specks, which can float in the air for weeks, circumnavigate the globe and bypass the body ' s defenses to lodge deep in the lungs. those particles come primarily from fossil fuel combustion, and some are formed when emissions from power plants, factories and vehicles react with sunlight to form microscopic bits. california has some of the nation ' s highest particle pollution levels, due in part to its geography. valleys surrounded by mountains tend to trap the haze created by cars and factories. " we recognize it [ particle pollution ] as a major problem, " said shankar prasad, health advisor to the california air resources board. yet even in the latest study, scientists remain puzzled over which component of particle pollution is most injurious to health. some say it may be a specific component while others say the sheer volume of particles in the air is dangerous. " it may just be the insult of particles and the reaction they instigate in the lung, " said morton lippmann