grigory dolinin ( григории долинин ) ( 1893 - 1943 ) was a russian poet. * 1917, yasnaya polyana, lenin * death & reception dolinin was born in pochinok, a small jewish community 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) southeast of smolensk. as a child he lived in the same street as el lissitzky, who would later prove to be a key figure in his artistic development. his father was the official heraldic painter of the town. he was paid to record all official events and to draw up new insignia for the locality. dolinin said in his 1937 collection of essays ' collage - collaboration ' that " he ( dolinin snr. ) did not create each work anew or original, but relied on copying models and standards that he had developed over time and then catalogued. each commission would be an assemblage of previous types, and his skill was in composition - ensuring that nobody noticed. as far as i can tell, this was common practice amongst painters back then, only no - one attached fancy words to the strategy as they would now. " 1 dolinin was one of a limited number of jews selected to study at st. petersburg university and after moving to the city became part of the radical literary group opoyaz ( society for the study of poetic language ). dolinin ' s major literary innovation was the verse - montage, the reuse of old lines in a new context. he wrote " there is much shit out there and i don ' t want to add any more. it makes sense to be economical - to recycle, to translate bad works into good. russia must use its natural resources smartly. similarly, there is a mountain of heroic poetry that i can only hope to emulate. as the englishman eliot said, " all artists borrow, great artists steal ". by placing an old word or an old phrase in a new context, we give it new life in the bolshevik era. we make it relevant, estranged from its original role, with an amalgam of inter - textual connectivity. only a poetry that connects the very oldest with the very newest can express the timelessness of the communist narrative. " 2 the innovation mirrored advances made in the field of photo - montage by constructivists such as lissitzky, klucis and stepanova, who themselves drew inspiration from the montage sequences and quick editing


the communist narrative. " 2 the innovation mirrored advances made in the field of photo - montage by constructivists such as lissitzky, klucis and stepanova, who themselves drew inspiration from the montage sequences and quick editing evident in eisenstein ' s films. "... sometimes the cut should be bold and noticeable, disruptions in rhythm and rhyme jolting the reader from their automatised consciousness. other times two pieces should merge seamlessly so that we search for the join, that invisible ideological glue connecting divergent histories and literatures. " 3 1917, yasnaya polyana, lenin his 1932 opus ' 1917 ' is noted as the masterpiece of his ' verse - montage ' technique of writing. dolinin constructed the majority of the poem using quotes assembled from elsewhere, either from works of literature or from other media. the poem deals with dolinin ' s lack of faith in the aftermath of the revolution, the death of his close friend mayakovsky, and the question of what constituted authentic communist art ( often opposed to the reactionary proletarianism of demyan bedny ). excerpt from 1917 for i do not wish to turn again, from the left, left, left yezhov looks at lili ' s note of volodya she ' s bereft. an enemy of the five - year plan dreaming on a softened brain, i never promoted friends to spies, by this you know my pain. 4 yasnaya polyana was a populist piece comprised entirely of lines from the works of lev tolstoy, brooding on issues of home and nationhood. many russians at the time would ' ve been familiar with tolstoy ' s work, and there was a challenge issued in the newspaper pravda for readers to source each and every line down to the page number. the competition was won by a housewife from kazan. 5 his poem entitled ' lenin ' was commissioned by stalin in 1939 and was accompanied with original art work by el lissitzky. due to the molotov - ribbentrop pact of 1939 and the racial antagonism that ensued, the poem did not achieve a wide release on account of dolinin and lissitzky ' s jewish heritage. dolinin lost stalin ' s patronage after taking affront to what he saw as cynical realpolitik. 6 death & reception dolinin died of malnutrition in the siege of leningrad in november 1943, just two months


1 streams and lazy evaluation ( 40 points ) we know that comparison sorting requires at least o ( n log n ) comparisons where were are sorting n elements. let ’ s say we only need the first f ( n ) elements from the sorted list, for some function f. if we know f ( n ) is asymptotically less than log n then it would be wasteful to sort the entire list. we can implement a lazy sort that returns a stream representing the sorted list. each time the stream is accessed to get the head of the sorted list, the smallest element is found in the list. this takes linear time. removing the f ( n ) elements from the list will then take o ( nf ( n ) ). for this question we use the following datatype definitions. there are also some helper functions defined. ( * suspended computation * ) datatype ' a stream ' = susp of unit - > ' a stream ( * lazy stream construction * ) and ' a stream = empty | cons of ' a * ' a stream ' note that these streams are not necessarily infinite, but they can be. q1. 1 ( 20 points ) implement the function lazysort : int list - > int stream '. it takes a list of integers and returns a int stream ' representing the sorted list. this should be done in constant time. each time the stream ' is forced, it gives either empty or a cons ( v, s ' ). in the case of the cons, v is the smallest element from the sorted list and s ' is a stream ' representing the remaining sorted list. the force should take linear time. for example : - val s = lazysort ( [ 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4 ] ) ; val s = susp fn : int stream ' - val cons ( n1, s1 ) = force ( s ) ; val n1 = 4 : int val s1 = susp fn : int stream ' - val cons ( n2, s2 ) = force ( s1 ) ; val n2 = 5 : int val s2 = susp fn : int stream ' - val cons ( n3, s3 ) = force ( s2 ) ; val n3 = 6 : int val s3 = susp fn : int stream ' here is what is given as code : ( * suspended computation * ) datatype ' a stream ' = susp of unit - >


s2 ) ; val n3 = 6 : int val s3 = susp fn : int stream ' here is what is given as code : ( * suspended computation * ) datatype ' a stream ' = susp of unit - > ' a stream ( * lazy stream construction * ) and ' a stream = empty | cons of ' a * ' a stream ' ( * lazy stream construction and exposure * ) fun delay ( d ) = susp ( d ) fun force ( susp ( d ) ) = d ( ) ( * eager stream construction * ) val empty = susp ( fn ( ) = > empty ) fun cons ( x, s ) = susp ( fn ( ) = > cons ( x, s ) ) ( * inspect a stream up to n elements take : int - > ' a stream ' - > ' a list take ' : int - > ' a stream - > ' a list * ) fun take 0 s = | take n ( s ) = take ' n ( force s ) and take ' 0 s = | take ' n ( cons ( x, xs ) ) = x : : ( take ( n - 1 ) xs ) my attempt at a solution i tried to do the following which get the int list and transforms it to int stream ' : ( * lazysort : int list - > int stream ' * ) fun lazysort ( : int list ) = empty | lazysort ( h : : t ) = cons ( h, lazysort ( t ) ) ; but when calling force it does not return the minimum element. i have to search for the minimum, but i do not know how... i thought of doing insertion sort like following : fun insertsort = | insertsort ( x : : xs ) = let fun insert ( x : real, ) = [ x ] | insert ( x : real, y : : ys ) = if x < = y then x : : y : : ys else y : : insert ( x, ys ) in insert ( x, insertsort xs ) end ; but i have to search for the minimum and to not sort the list and then put it as a stream... any help would be appreciated.


until recently, western scholarship ignored west africa. the blind spot reflects europes historical view of africa as a continent to be exploited, not examined. to europe, africa was a market for products and a source of raw goods. in short, it was an object of mercantilism the economic system by which colonial powers economically exploit weaker regions. thus, west africa was defined in terms of economic goods the ivory coast, the gold coast, the slave coast. beneath the definitions imposed by mercantilism, however, lay a remarkable network of peoples and cultures that amazed and even frightened the west. black africa sometimes called the heart of africa is one of four distinct areas on the continent. the other three are the mediterranean coast to the north ; east africa ; and south africa. the mediterranean and the east have been known to the world since biblical times, and south africa was one of europes earliest colonies. but, until the 19th century, black africa was almost unexplored. west africa bulges into the atlantic ocean and offers a doorway into black africa. at first, europeans frequented the approximately 500 - mile coast of lower west africa but rarely traveled inward because the rivers were impassable. those who conquered the many barriers found wild animals, unpredictable natives, and tropical disease. ultimately, however, the niger river would provide access into the heart of africa, and the area surrounding the river would become known as nigeria. nigeria comprises the lower section of west africa. europeans created nigeria as a political unit in 1914, but since the stone age it has been peopled by a multitude of ethnic groups with distinct customs and languages. until about 2000 b. c., the sahara region was fertile and probably well inhabited, with the peoples of northern and western africa trading freely. then, as the sahara began to dry, the desert severed most of west africa, especially the south, from contact with the outside. what is known about the early history of southern west africa comes from oral traditions, which are often unreliable. nevertheless, they render a sense of the souths separate development. people seemed to live on roots, wild animals, and fruits, with the main crafts being pottery and woodcarving. empires, such as that of the ibos, arose. the ibos were organized into a lineage system with the nuclear family as the basic unit. a cluster of families constituted a family group ; a collection of family groups made up a lineage ; lineages formed a village ; villages formed a town. religion was a main foundation of social control but the ib


with the nuclear family as the basic unit. a cluster of families constituted a family group ; a collection of family groups made up a lineage ; lineages formed a village ; villages formed a town. religion was a main foundation of social control but the ibos were also bound together by a well - established economic system in which the village market was the center of socializing as well as of trade. a london commission later described the network of crucial paths that connected such marketplaces : you must pass through it by files. it is like a town a thousand miles long. the paths lead to perfectly definite spots, from one village to another. every village is a road - block ; the path comes to the village... regathers itself, and leads out the other side. in 1472, the portuguese arrived in west africa on an exploratory expedition ; perhaps, through west africa, they could find a trade route to india? instead, they encountered the african empire of benin on the coast. hitherto, most trade had been overland. now the portuguese established factories as european trading stations were called to purchase slaves and other commodities for which they traded firearms. benin was uniquely suited to the slave trade. it had access to the ocean and rivers, and dominated the slave - supplying forest regions. soon, a large and well - equipped army allowed benin to expand. the dutch and british followed. europe was hungry for pepper, ivory, timber, gold, and slaves. the slave trade soon dominated, largely because the trading nations were also colonizing the new world across the atlantic. the colonization was a brutal process during which much of the indigenous population died. this created a labor shortage, especially on the sugar - cane plantations that fed the european sweet tooth. estimates of the total number of slaves exported from africa range from 14 million to 24 million, with half or fewer surviving the cruel atlantic passage. many more died in the wars and raids that netted slaves or in the forced marches to ports and the brutal waiting camps. slavery in africa slavery was not new to africa but it differed from the european variety in at least three major ways. first, the europeans transported slaves over long distances under inhumane conditions. second, slaves within africa had well - defined privileges and rights, while slaves within european societies were virtually nonhuman. third, european slavery was immense in scope. it affected four continents : europe, africa, north america, and south america ; it spanned centuries. it is scant exaggeration to say that much of the wealth of


were virtually nonhuman. third, european slavery was immense in scope. it affected four continents : europe, africa, north america, and south america ; it spanned centuries. it is scant exaggeration to say that much of the wealth of the british empire was built on the slave trade. meanwhile, west africa was desolated. the slave trade first affected the peoples who lived on the atlantic seaboard, then it moved inward along the banks of major rivers. those kidnapped were the healthy and young, leaving tribes without productive members to care for the old and weak. constant warfare and the slave trade disrupted all traditional social and economic life. power now became concentrated in the hands of traders whose business concerns were called houses the house system being the clearing place through which europeans carried out major financial transactions, such as granting credit. the traditional economic system, which was based on villages that traded with each other through various established currencies, was destroyed. ideas and culture had also been exchanged along with goods ; they, too, disintegrated. james s. coleman, in his study nigeria : background to nationalism, pointed to the lasting impact on modern nigeria : many educated africans believe that the slave trade is the main explanation for their so - called primitiveness. they bitterly resent the stigma of inferiority implicit in the fact that their race was once a race of slaves. they feel that they were victims of history, held back while other peoples were advancing. by the end of the 18th century, all of west africa seemed in flux, not only because of the widespread collapse of traditional societies but also because of warfare between competing kingdoms over good slave land. ending european slavery at the same time, europe experienced what has been called the age of enlightenment, which emphasized freedom and the equality of men under law. these ideas would spark the american and french revolutions ; they also brought slavery into question, especially in britain. having dominated the atlantic slave trade, britain would become instrumental in banning it. in 1772, somersett v. knowles a test case was brought before british lord chief justice mansfield to establish whether slaves were free men under british law. mansfield ruled that slaves who set foot on english soil became free. the ruling signaled the beginning of the end of european slavery. in 1776, adam smith published an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, in which he argued that the work of free men was cheaper than that of slaves. economic arguments became mixed, with the religious ones being advanced by quakers. the obstacles were incredible. many politicians


inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, in which he argued that the work of free men was cheaper than that of slaves. economic arguments became mixed, with the religious ones being advanced by quakers. the obstacles were incredible. many politicians were personally involved in the slave trade, which they argued was necessary to the british economy. in 1790, britain had approximately 170 million invested in the slave - dependent west indies alone. back at home, in just one city birmingham 100, 000 muskets a year were manufactured to barter for slaves. in lancashire, textile mills ran at full - tilt to produce material both to trade for slaves and to clothe them. nevertheless, a moral and political tide had turned. in 1807, the slave trade became illegal for english merchants. in 1833, it was abolished throughout the british empire, and britain pressed other nations to abandon the trade as well. to the utter bewilderment of west african chiefs, the british started making treaties for them not to provide slaves. the british now adopted three basic strategies toward west africa : first, they attempted to substitute other goods, especially palm oil ; second, they took over parts of africa, ostensibly to aid in the production of the substituted goods ; and, third, missionaries increased their efforts to save african souls. but, without the slave trade, most british merchants had little interest in a ravaged west africa. investment flowed instead to america, europe, australia, and canada. the two elements within british society that kept interest in west africa alive were explorers and missionaries. exploration and trade even after hundreds of years of exploitation, europeans had not mapped the regions two main rivers the niger and the congo. the conventional method of exploration that is, by simply sailing up rivers did not work well in west africa. many rivers had unnavigable, swampy deltas at their mouths and, farther inland, giant waterfalls plunged down to the plain. but the greatest barrier to exploration was disease. nevertheless, in the 1820s, the british government funded an expedition under captain hugh clapperton, which became the first european venture to reach lake chad in the heart of black africa. hinting at the richness of african culture, clapperton described a city in this near mythical region : the market is well supplied. bands of musicians rove between stalls to attract purchasers to particular booths. here are displayed coarse writing paper of french manufacture, brought from barbary ; scissors and knives of native workmanship ; unwrought silk of a red color... arm


musicians rove between stalls to attract purchasers to particular booths. here are displayed coarse writing paper of french manufacture, brought from barbary ; scissors and knives of native workmanship ; unwrought silk of a red color... armlets and bracelets of brass ; beads of glass, coral, and amber ; finger rings of pewter and a few silver trinkets, but none of gold... coarse moorish dresses, pieces of egyptian linen... sword blades from malta, etc. missionaries spread not only christianity but also the virtues of hard work, a combination called the bible and plow. missionaries believed that teaching africans to make money by other means would prevent slavery ; happily for british merchants, it would also enable them to buy british goods. anti - slavery efforts often coincided with british merchant interests. for example, the british tried to persuade the influential king of dahomey to stop slave trading. the king refused, arguing that this would give an advantage to his rival in lagos, who would continue to trade. lagos was a strategically placed island, of great importance to trade on the coast, with a king notoriously hostile to british merchants. in 1851, the british captured lagos. the new king signed a treaty that denounced slavery and favored british trade. although the anti - slavery aspect of such treaties often dissolved the slave trade withered only after american slaves were emancipated nevertheless, the anti - slavery treaties tended to cement british power in west africa. british power was also aided by the close - to - constant hostility among indigenous peoples that left them unable to unite in opposition.


grow your own tree give your tree seedling the best chance to grow into a healthy tree by following these simple steps below ( or download a pdf version ). 1. register your tree - use your unique tree - code on your instruction booklet to register your tree in forestnation. - you can give your tree a name, place it on a map, and see where we plant all the other trees. - you plant one, we plant one - for every tree kit we sell we plant another tree in a developing country. 2. arranging all the parts - place the growing pot into one half of the white globe. if you have the espresso cup design, use the cup. - the growing pellet should be in the bottom of the pot dimple side up. - depending on the species, some tree seeds are tiny and stuck to the pellet with biodegradable glue so you may not be able to see them. - if you have large seeds leave them on top of the pellet. 3. add lukewarm water - gradually pour 70 ml of lukewarm water onto the growing pellet and wait for it to expand. - you can use the other half of the white globe to measure and pour the water. it holds about approximately 90ml, so don ' t fill it right up. add the water carefully, and gently. - ensure the seeds are covered by using a fork or pencil to gently brush the surface of the expanded pellet. - if you have large seeds push them below the surface and ensure they are well covered, but not too deep. - be careful not to over - water. 4. cover until it your seedling sprouts - close the globe to create an ideal germinating environment for your tree. if you have the espresso cup design just replace the lid. - keep in a warm place until it sprouts ( about 2 – 6 weeks ). - temperature is important! - your tree shouldn ' t need any more water during this period, but check it every 3 to 4 days to make sure it hasn ' t dried out. if it has dried out add a very small amount of water ( 10ml ) and then cover again. - growing times vary. the photo below shows 2xstone pine tree kits after just 3 weeks, and you can see a massive difference in growth stage. temperature and moisture are important! during germination cooler temperatures below 15c and the soil being too wet can cause the seed not to germinate, then rot


kits after just 3 weeks, and you can see a massive difference in growth stage. temperature and moisture are important! during germination cooler temperatures below 15c and the soil being too wet can cause the seed not to germinate, then rot and start decomposing. in winter, this can happen when the tree kit is located next to a window with a cold draft. it ' s best to give your tree kit continual heat, but not excessive. the optimum temperature for most plants / trees to germinate is 20 – 25c 24hrs per day. while you wait for your tree to sprout... - find out more about your tree species and all the benefits it will bring. - give your tree a name, add a message to it ' s tree page and share it with your friends. - read our blog and help to spread the word. 5. care for your new tree every day - when your seeds have sprouted you will see one or a few little green needles poking out from the soil. - remove the top half of the globe, or lid, and place your seedling somewhere with lots of sunlight for upto 12 weeks depending on how quickly it grows. - don ' t shock your new tree! it ' s best to make the transition from darkness to direct sunlight gradually over a week or so. first keep your seedling in a place with lots of indirect sunlight so it can adjust. - check every day to ensure it does not dry out, and add water gradually. once it starts growing faster it will probably need a little water everyday. so when you see the top soil start to dry add around 10ml of water. - be careful : like any new baby living thing your tree is very fragile! don ' t give it too much direct sunshine, or too much water as this will harm your tree. tip : a harmless moisture mold can occur if the kept in the dark too long. make sure you remove the covering globe and place in a well lit location. if the mould does occur just scratch it off with a fork ( kids get permission first! ). or you can hydrogen peroxide ( at 3 % ), a standard antiseptic available in any pharmacy. this will stimulate oxygenation in the soil and also encourages increased root growth. 6. ready to plant - you can plant your tree in a pot and keep it inside, or plant it directly in the garden. - your tree seedling is ready to plant when it is 6cm to 9cm


also encourages increased root growth. 6. ready to plant - you can plant your tree in a pot and keep it inside, or plant it directly in the garden. - your tree seedling is ready to plant when it is 6cm to 9cm tall ( about 8 to 12 weeks old, provided you have given it the right amount of sun and water ). - you can keep your tree in its original growing pot, no need to take it out. just make sure that the new soil is deep enough to cover the growing pot completely. - water well daily for two weeks, then as needed as it grows into a tree. - your tree may require fertilizer food, which you can buy from most garden centers. - don ' t plant it outside if their is risk of frost, keep it in a pot inside your warm home. - plant in area where the ground isn ’ t too compact and there ’ s a good source of water all year round. 7. put your tree on the map - you ' ve registered your tree, grown your tree, given it a name and shared it with all your friends. now you can tell us where you have planted it! - just login, select your tree and locate it with our mapping tool. - remember you can also see where we plant all the other trees too. 8. tree help - if your tree doesn ' t grow, and you don ' t see any seedlings sprout after 6 weeks, please contact us : firstname. lastname @ example. org - don ' t throw your growing pot and pellet away! sometimes seeds don ' t work, that ' s nature. but you can always get some more. contact us here for more details : email @ example. com


i ' m stuck on a problem where i have to provide x86 code for a switch statement given in c. my instructor gives an example in one of his lectures, but i am having difficulty understanding this example. we use red hat linux for this course. in the first section ( which is red ) the code checks if a is less than 1, and jumps to the default if it is which makes sense. in the second section ( which is green ) the code checks if a is greater than 4, and jumps to the default if it is which makes sense. in the third section ( which is red ). t gets put into register % rbx 1 is subtracted from the register, % eax, which has a ( why? ) 8 is put into % ecx the product 8 * ( a - 1 ) is stored into % eax ( why? ) the instruction " movslq " is used, but i do not know what it does. i ' ve used movl and the conditional move instructions, but i ' m not quite sure what movslq is and am having a hard time finding this out with google. and everything after that point is uncertain to me because i do not understand why some things are being done, for the most part, or what movslq does.


monday, march 11, 2013 today in history - monday, march 11, 2013 today is monday, march 11, the 70th day of 2013. there are 295 days left in the year. today ' s highlight in history : on march 11, 1888, the blizzard of ' 88, also known as the " great white hurricane, " began inundating the northeastern united states, resulting in some 400 deaths. on this date : in 1513, giovanni de ' medici was proclaimed pope, succeeding julius ii ; he took the name leo x. in 1861, the constitution of the confederate states of america was adopted by the confederate congress in montgomery, ala. in 1862, during the civil war, president abraham lincoln removed gen. george b. mcclellan as general - in - chief of the union armies, leaving him in command of the army of the potomac, a post mcclellan also ended up losing. in 1930, former president and chief justice william howard taft was buried in arlington national cemetery. in 1942, as japanese forces continued to advance in the pacific during world war ii, gen. douglas macarthur left the philippines for australia. ( macarthur, who subsequently vowed, " i shall return, " kept that promise more than 2½ years later. ) in 1959, the lorraine hansberry drama " a raisin in the sun " opened at new york ' s ethel barrymore theater. in 1965, the rev. james j. reeb, a white minister from boston, died after being beaten by whites during civil rights disturbances in selma, ala. in 1977, more than 130 hostages held in washington, d. c. by hanafi muslims were freed after ambassadors from three islamic nations joined the negotiations. in 1985, mikhail s. gorbachev was chosen to succeed the late soviet president konstantin u. chernenko. in 1993, janet reno was unanimously confirmed by the senate to be attorney general. in 2004, ten bombs exploded in quick succession across the commuter rail network in madrid, spain, killing 191 people and wounding more than 2, 000 in an attack linked to al - qaida - inspired militants. in 2011, a magnitude - 9. 0 earthquake and resulting tsunami struck japan ' s northeastern coast, killing nearly 20, 000 people and severely damaging the fukushima dai - ichi nuclear power station. ten years ago : a u. s. army helicopter crashed near fort drum in upstate new york, killing eleven soldiers. recep tayyip erdogan ( reh ' - jehp ty ' - ihp ur ' - do


station. ten years ago : a u. s. army helicopter crashed near fort drum in upstate new york, killing eleven soldiers. recep tayyip erdogan ( reh ' - jehp ty ' - ihp ur ' - doh - wahn ), the leader of turkey ' s governing party, was named prime minister. after a four - day walkout that cost new york city $ 10 million, broadway musicians settled the first strike on the great white way in nearly 30 years. five years ago : the top u. s. military commander for the middle east resigned amid speculation about a rift over u. s. policy in iran ; defense secretary robert gates said that adm. william j. fallon had asked for permission to retire and that gates agreed. democrat barack obama beat hillary rodham clinton in the mississippi primary. one year ago : sixteen afghan villagers — mostly women and children — were shot dead as they slept, allegedly by u. s. army staff sgt. robert bales, in an attack that reignited fury at the u. s. presence in afghanistan following a wave of deadly protests over americans burning qurans. today ' s birthdays : media mogul rupert murdoch is 82. abc news correspondent sam donaldson is 79. supreme court justice antonin scalia is 77. musician flaco jimenez ( flah ' - koh hee - meh ' - nez ) is 74. actress tricia o ' neil is 68. actor mark metcalf is 67. rock singer - musician mark stein ( vanilla fudge ) is 66. singer bobby mcferrin is 63. movie director jerry zucker is 63. actress susan richardson is 61. recording executive jimmy iovine ( eye - veen ' ) is 60. singer nina hagen is 58. country singer jimmy fortune ( the statler brothers ) is 58. singer cheryl lynn is 56. actor elias koteas ( ee - ly - uhs koh - tay - uhs ) is 52. actor - director peter berg is 51. actor jeffrey nordling is 51. actress alex kingston is 50. country musician david talbot is 50. actor wallace langham is 48. former u. s. rep. jesse jackson jr., d - ill., is 48. actor john barrowman is 46. singer lisa loeb is 45. singer pete droge is 44. actor terrence howard is 44. rock musician rami jaffee is 44. actor johnny knoxville is 42. rock singer - musicians joel and benji madden (


financing a free state note : the opinions and commentary expressed in this essay are those of the author and are an exercise of free speech. they do not necessarily represent the views of free state project inc., its directors, its officers, or its participants. financing a free state by john martin oct 2, 2003once a free state is chosen, one of the first orders of business will be to repeal all forms of excessive and abusive taxes and revenues and replace them with fair and very limited financial sources. even in a free state, these changes may take some time, but they will at least be workable. of course the reductions in funding must coincide with equal reductions in spending and downsizing of the state and local governments. because all forms of taxation are forms of theft, libertarians must be very careful to construct any financing proposals so that they can never provide too much revenue or abuse any people. although no taxes are ideal, some are much more abusive and prone to excesses than others. to make a wise decision on what is preferred, one must first analyze all forms of taxation and revenue sources and then choose one or two that are the least oppressive. of course, we must also identify those that are the most oppressive so we can put them on a fast track toward early repeal. let ' s begin with the pros and cons of current forms of government revenue sources beginning with the worst and working toward the best : - licensure : licensure is basically government " permission " to earn a living or perform some other routine activity upon the payment of a " fee " or other remuneration, and also in some cases, the following of certain regulations and meeting certain " qualifications. " although it consumes only relatively small amounts of people ' s wealth directly, it is highly invasive and limits the amount of free enterprise that can enter the economy. in a free libertarian society, one of the most sacrosanct rights is earning a living and enjoying the fruits of one ' s labor. the very thought of any form of licensure or regulation is anethema, and all forms of it should be repealed asap. - property taxes : this is probably the oldest form of taxation and was implemented centuries before income, sales and other taxes were ever conceived. but being old and well - entrenched does not make it desirable. property taxes mandate that people must pay " rent " to the state ( or whatever government ) just to keep and use their own private property. in other words, they deprive the property


and well - entrenched does not make it desirable. property taxes mandate that people must pay " rent " to the state ( or whatever government ) just to keep and use their own private property. in other words, they deprive the property owners and users a portion of their own property. the value of a person ' s property does not necessarily relate to his income or ability to pay. although some people can pay these taxes with little difficulty, others can suffer the loss of their homes, farms and other property through unemployment, medical emergencies, natural disasters or other hardships. during the great depression in the 1930 ' s, losses like these were routine even though the taxes property taxes are also invasive, although the invasiveness varies with the type of property being taxed. the most invasive are personal property taxes and taxes on so - called " business - personal property. " these require that either the owners provide the government with inventories or allow the government to snoop into their private homes and businesses. the invasiveness is somewhat less on land, buildings and vehicles, but it is present nevertheless. governments like property taxes because they are easy to enforce. if someone doesn ' t pay his tax, the government yanks his property out from under him and sells it. they are also " recession proof. " when the economy turns down, sales and income tax collections fall with it, forcing government to downsize somewhat. but even though property values also fall, governments rarely adjust assessments downward to compensate. property assessments can be arbitrary. constitutions and civics books will say " fair market value. " but what is going to prevent any government from stretching a property ' s market value towards its higher replacement value and taxing it accordingly? furthermore, governments love to re - assess property. re - assessments are now occurring more frequently than ever, sometimes as often as every year. some of these re - assessments can be invasive. and the costs of the re - assessments ( often inflated ) are added to the property tax bills. governments inflate property values in other ways. cities routinely annex surrounding property ( they have a particular affinity for businesses ), often without the owners ' consent and against their wishes. once annexed, the cities impose their own property taxes ( over and above existing state and county taxes ) and also add numerous regulations and restrictions. they frequently provide " services " and " improvements " like water and sewer lines, street lights, etc. that the owners may neither need nor want and jack up the properties ' assessments. the cities get tax windfalls


also add numerous regulations and restrictions. they frequently provide " services " and " improvements " like water and sewer lines, street lights, etc. that the owners may neither need nor want and jack up the properties ' assessments. the cities get tax windfalls, and the owners get screwed. a property tax variation endorsed by henry george and others, is a tax on land only. the argument is that since land is natural and not the product of one ' s labor, it is a suitable item to tax. nevertheless, even if none of the improvements are taxed, they are attached to the land and are therefore lost if the land is seized. a more sensible form of land taxation for a free state might be to exempt a person ' s first 160 acres ( the size of a typical farm ) as tax - free. this would help protect a person ' s home and other basic assets from seizure. to avoid any form of invasiveness to establish the land ' s taxable value, any remaining acreage could be taxed a fixed amount ( about $ 1 or $ 2 ) per acre statewide, regardless of its value. but even this form of land taxation would not be desirable except, perhaps, in a special emergency where foreigners or corporations conspired to buy up large acreages in an effort to corrupt the government or deprive the free state citizens of available land. however, a more practical solution in a situation like this would be to simply prohibit massive investments and occupations by foreigners with idealologies hostile to a free state environment. if land ownership diversity diminishes too much and small numbers of people hoard too much land, a limit can be placed on how much land any person, family or corporation can own and occupy. bottom line, no form of property tax is desirable in a free state. - income taxes : income taxes are much newer than property taxes. a first if not the first proponent of an income tax was abraham lincoln. he decreed that one be imposed upon the american people to finance the war of northern aggression. fortunately, the supreme court declared that it was income taxes did not get a foothold in america until 1913, and state income taxes did not begin until the 1930 ' s. since then, they have grown from very modest rates on the richest people to complicated nightmares for everybody. we all know the horrors of income taxes withholding, fica, complex deductions, mountains of paperwork, and sometimes draconian enforcement. needless to say, no form of income or occupational tax should ever be tolerated in


for everybody. we all know the horrors of income taxes withholding, fica, complex deductions, mountains of paperwork, and sometimes draconian enforcement. needless to say, no form of income or occupational tax should ever be tolerated in a free state. - sales and use taxes : sales taxes are much simpler than income taxes. and since they tax consumption rather than production, they are less disruptive to nevertheless, general sales taxes have serious disadvantages. they should never be imposed on basic essentials. food, heating oil, utilities, services, medicine, vehicles, used items, and sales between individuals should never be taxed. even a sales tax on only luxuries at a rate of only 5 % might generate more revenue than a free state can legitimately use. therefore any widespread form of a sales or use tax should be considered undesirable. - motor fuel tax : in a free state, huge money pits like government - run education, housing, medical care, public assistance, and numerous similar programs would be eliminated. the one relatively large program remaining would be the construction and maintenence of roads and bridges. the way to do this is with a user fee. but things like toll booths and tracking devices impose serious problems ranging from traffic jams to privacy invasions not to mention high costs and inefficiency. the best and fairest form of user fee is what we already have in every state a motor fuel tax earmarked exclusively for roads and bridges. it is simple. it is easy to implement and collect. it is fair. the big trucks and gas guzzlers that impact the roads the most pay proportionally more fuel tax. all roads remain absolutely free to use at all times without checkpoints, roadblocks, privacy invasions and other impositions. the only adjustment needed here is to streamline expenditures, eliminate waste and unnecessary projects, and ensure that fuel tax rates remain low. - " sin " taxes : these are sales taxes on strictly nonessential things that are considered harmful or frivolous by large numbers of people. these include tobacco, whiskey, gambling, prostitution, recreational drugs, and similar since sin taxes are not nearly as unpopular as most others, their rates are often much higher. in many cases they are so high they promote lucrative black markets that act as a limit on the revenue governments can collect. a limited number of sin taxes might be tolerable in a free state. but rates should be kept low certainly not above 10 %. - a state lottery :


they promote lucrative black markets that act as a limit on the revenue governments can collect. a limited number of sin taxes might be tolerable in a free state. but rates should be kept low certainly not above 10 %. - a state lottery : the beauty of a state lottery is that it is strictly voluntary. it requires absolutely no expenditure for enforcement except to enforce honesty in its own ranks. neal boortz calls it " a tax on stupid people. " certain " christian " types claim that it rips off poor people. but the bottom line is that it is totally voluntary, and regardless of how stupid or poor a person might be, he is better off buying tickets voluntarily than being forced to pay any tax he cannot afford. a state lottery will not generate a great deal of revenue. in every state, a lottery has a built - in limit. this is a desirable feature for a free state as it will provide a limit on government growth. with the exception of roads and bridges, a state lottery might provide all the revenue a state needs to provide the remaining essential services like law enforcement and courts ( remember, illegitimate victimless law enforcement and imprisonment will be ended ). - voluntary contributions : if anybody has doubts that voluntary contributions could never adequately fund a free government, he should drive around the countryside and look at the multitudes of new churches that are mushrooming everywhere. many of these churches are ugly but are still expensive. some churches have programs that are not popular with many people. nevertheless, people generously fund them voluntarily. if people are willing to fund churches, there is no reason they would not be willing to voluntarily fund government. in fact, a mere look at the excesses seen in some churches is prima facie evidence that some people might be inclined to over - fund necessary government. obviously voluntary funding would not be able to finance today ' s government behemoths. this, of course, makes voluntary funding a useful limit on government growth. but even with voluntary funding, some checks and balances must be put in place. a constitutional limit should be set so that no government will be over - funded ( in addition, of course, to spending limits and the absolute prohibition of debt ). any surplus funds that accumulate shall be placed in a special account and remain untouchable until it either reaches $ 50 per capita or 10 years pass, whichever is sooner, whereupon it is refunded in equal amounts to every adult citizen. the funding must be structured so that it is totally anonymous. nobody should be ostraci


##able until it either reaches $ 50 per capita or 10 years pass, whichever is sooner, whereupon it is refunded in equal amounts to every adult citizen. the funding must be structured so that it is totally anonymous. nobody should be ostracized for not contributing his " fair share, " or even if he contributes nothing. this is necessary to protect the people ' s freedom of choice and to ensure the natural limits of voluntary funding. in addition, nobody should get " credit " for financing any part of government or program. otherwise people in high places can be bribed into doing special favors for generous donors. conclusion : the most important thing to consider when financing a free state is not providing " enough " revenue, but to make sure the sources of revenue are sufficiently limited so that government cannot grow out of control. if one must err in his calculation of revenue, it is far safer to fall on the low side with inadequate funding than to estimate too high and risk a runaway government. all forms of revenue should have strict limits regarding amounts and rates. they should not be allowed to increase. one must always remember that it is the nature of government to grow. it is an uphill climb to downsize government or even to keep it in check. but it must be done if a free state is to remain


i thought it should be “ je viens du acheter ”. is it because “ acheter ” has a vowel at the beginning? de le becomes du only when le is an article, meaning " the ". in this case le is a pronoun, meaning " it " ( the book ). this sentence contains the particle de ( part of the verb venir de ) followed by the personal pronoun l ' followed by the verb acheter. the usual form of this pronoun is le when referring to a masculine noun, and la when referring to a feminine noun. however, when the article is followed by a word that begins with a vowel, the pronoun is always elided to l '. the form l ' exists for both genders. this elision is also done when le or la is a definite article : le matin, la nuit, l ' apres - midi. it is also done when le or la is part of a partitive article : du pain, de la confiture, de l ' eau. now let ' s suppose the verb didn ' t start with a vowel : “ je viens de le vendre ”. why don ' t we say “ je viens on the other hand, there is no contraction when de and le happen to be next to each other but they do not form a single unit. here, de is part of the verbal compound venir de and le is a personal pronoun which forms a complement of this verb. there is no contraction when le is a pronoun : “ je viens de le vendre ”. you are right about the vowel part, consider these two examples : however, in your example the words " de " and " l ' " are not linked at all, so you can ' t replace them by " du ". consider these two examples : here " de " isn ' t quantitative but is used to introduce another subsentence, here " manger ". so they have no relation, and you can ' t say, for example : but you need to say :


as a teenager i spent hours in my room listening to arch - miserabilist pop band the smiths. i felt they really understood my teenage angst, and my love for them withstands even david cameron ’ s unrepentant fandom and morrissey ’ s regular and unsavory announcements. we spend a lot of time and money trying to feel good, but there is also a pleasure in the melancholy that listening to every smiths ’ song played back to back can engender. alongside teenagers, researchers use various experimental methods for inducing mood states. these are often used in studies which aim to investigate the correlation between mood and neurological function. self referential statements one of the first mood induction procedures was the velten mood induction procedure. subjects read aloud self - referent statements, which progress from the relatively neutral to those associated with either a negative or positive mood. example of questions – this site suggests that the velten mood induction procedure should be used as a form of “ guided meditation ”. music can arouse deep emotions in the listener. the majority of studies use classical music, but a wide variety of musical pieces is used to experimentally induce mood states. this paper lists music used in forty - one music mood induction procedure studies. the authors find that most musical pieces are used in one study only, but find twelve studies that use delibes coppelia to induce happy or elated moods. no mention of the smiths. habitual cinema - blubbers will not be surprised that requesting participants to watch movie clips is a common way to manipulate moods experimentally. in a 2008 study positive mood was induced by participants watching a 10 minute excerpt from a british comedy series ( the actual series itself is not identified alas – monty python? ). neutral mood induction involved an excerpt from a nature documentary, and negative mood was brought about by an excerpt from a film about dying from cancer. according the many authors film and music based mood induction is the most effective. another technique is to use verbal feedback. this 2008 study asked participants to complete a series of anagrams and then report their answers through an intercom system. to induce a negative mood state they received insults in return. after the 4th anagram, the experimenter said : “ look, i can barely hear you. i need you to speak louder please. ” after the 8th anagram, the experimenter said in a louder and more frustrated voice : “ hey, i still need you to speak louder. ” after the 12th anagram,


can barely hear you. i need you to speak louder please. ” after the 8th anagram, the experimenter said in a louder and more frustrated voice : “ hey, i still need you to speak louder. ” after the 12th anagram, the experimenter said in a very frustrated voice : “ look, this is the third time i ’ ve had to say this! can ’ t you follow directions? speak louder! forming mental images / autobiographical recall. this approach can use emotionally charged sentences, with subjects asked to try and experience the affective state they would feel if the situation were real. “ imagine that you just won the lottery and you will have all the money you could ever want ” ( paper ) ( these lottery winners are in the lucky situation of not having to use their imagination ). in a similar approach participants were instructed to write a short essay about an event they experienced that provoked specific feelings such as anger or sadness. combining methods and effectiveness the most effective mood induction procedures may combine two procedures in the belief that multiple interactions contribute additively to mood. one type of induction occupies the foreground attention, whilst the other forms the background atmosphere. so, for example the velten mood induction procedure has been combined with music mood induction. the effectiveness of mood induction procedures is questioned by some authors, who dispute whether they can produce moods of sufficient intensity. another debate concerns whether the results of experiments using mood induction result from the expectations that the protocol induces in participants, rather than because of the induced mood per se ( demand characteristics ).


a growing understanding of the role micrornas ( mirnas ) play in brain development and function and in synaptic plasticity, combined with the recognition that a single mirna can regulate the expression of multiple genes across networks of biochemical pathways, is fueling interest in mirnas as targets for intervening in psychiatric disorders. at the recent society for neuroscience annual meeting in washington, d. c., researchers presented studies evaluating the association between mirna dysregulation, neurodevelopment, schizophrenia risk, and anxiety disorders. schizophrenia and bipolar disorder each affect about 1 % of the population in the u. s., costing more than $ 100 billion / year and taking a high toll on families of affected individuals. although both disorders tend to have high heritability, they are not strictly genetic diseases and disease development may depend on a complex interplay between genes and environmental triggers. further complicating the picture, both diseases involve dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways ; additionally, different molecular aberrations can result in a similar phenotype. the predominant mechanism by which a mirna silences a target gene in mammals is through post - transcriptional regulation, preventing a strand of messenger rna ( mrna ) from being translated into a protein. claes wahlestedt, m. d., ph. d., professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, miller school of medicine, university of miami, described mirnas as “ master regulators ” due to the ability of a single mirna to target hundreds of mrnas and the emerging consensus that mirnas regulate more than half of all protein - coding genes. this regulatory layer “ may account for some of the missing genetic / epigenetic variability in the etiology of psychiatric disease, ” he said. at present, the most significant known risk factors for schizophrenia are copy number variations ( cnvs ), with the 22q11 deletion being the most common. it is present in about 1 in 4, 000 people and in 1 % of people with schizophrenia. most cases of 22q11 deletion syndrome ( ds ) involve a de novo deletion, typically about 3 million base pairs in size, and are not inherited. the disorder has variable presentations and individuals carrying the deletion have about a 25 % risk of developing schizophrenia. included in the 22q11 deletion is the dgcr8 gene, which has a key role in the biogenesis and maturation of mirnas to their mature, shortened form. linda brzu


a 25 % risk of developing schizophrenia. included in the 22q11 deletion is the dgcr8 gene, which has a key role in the biogenesis and maturation of mirnas to their mature, shortened form. linda brzustowicz, m. d., professor, department of genetics, rutgers university, introduced the concept of canalization, which refers to the robustness of a trait or phenotype and the ability of a phenotype to be expressed regardless of genotypic or environmental variability. she proposed that “ mirnas may be a mechanism of canalization. ” the fact that schizophrenia does not develop in about 75 % of people with 22q11 - ds may be attributable to the increased capacity of canalized traits to absorb mutational variance. dr. brzustowicz presented a model in which 22q11 - ds results in dgcr8 haplotype insufficiency, which perturbs the mirna regulatory system, allowing previously silenced regulatory mutations to alter gene expression. dgcr8 mutations result in a reduction in one or more subsets of mirna, with the consequence of increased gene expression. by determining which mirnas are reduced in the brains of patients with 22q11 - ds and applying the canalization hypothesis, it may be possible to predict which genes are likely to have increased expression and to have a role in the development of schizophrenia. maria karayiorgou, m. d., professor of psychiatry at columbia university, is also studying 22q11 mutations, and specifically the 22q11. 2 microdeletion. dr. karayiorgou uses a mouse model of 22q11 cnvs, characterized by deletions on mouse chromosome 16 that correlate to 22q11 cnvs in humans. she applies behavioral assays to study cognitive deficits and has reported deficits in spatial working memory tasks indicative of decreased working memory capacity. these behavioral deficits are associated with dgcr8 deficiency in dgcr8 knockout mice. the 22q11. 2 microdeletion does not appear to affect basal synaptic transmission in mice, but it may affect the activity of neuronal networks in the prefrontal cortex. the mutated mice exhibited reduced synaptic memory in this region of the brain. dr. karayiorgou concluded that mirna dysregulation likely contributes to the cognitive impairment seen in the mouse model by altering short - term synaptic plasticity. a presentation by


ph. d., university of helsinki, looked at differences between inbred mouse strains as a means of studying mrna and mirna networks and defining mechanisms that regulate genes associated with anxiety disorders. dr. hovatta presented data on mirna expression in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, and identified anticorrelations between mirna and mrna pathways. as expression of a mirna increases, expression of its target mrna decreases. an unbiased genome - wide screen led to the identification of 69 mirnas with expression levels that correlated with anxiety - like behavior. the researchers used pathway analysis to predict their target mrnas and the gene - regulatory networks that control anxiety in mice. schahram akbarian, m. d., ph. d., associate professor of psychiatry, university of massachusetts medical school, described “ neural epigenomes in developing and diseased prefrontal cortex. ” epigenomic mapping studies, with a focus on hydroxymethylation of cytosine, have identified more than 100 site - specific covalent modifications affecting nucleosome core histone proteins that are important for normal brain development. as part of the brain epigenome project at umass medical school, researchers have studied more than 80 billion base pairs of dna from nucleosomes derived from neurons in the prefrontal cortex. a comparison of 15 epigenomes identified differences between neuronal and non - neuronal epigenomic signatures.


full text view the big picture : a lithospheric cross section of the north american continent | table of contents | | pdfs of supplemental insert for download | search googlescholar for search gsa today a lithospheric cross section constructed within a 6000 - km - long corridor across southern canada and its margins at 45 – 55°n illuminates the assembly of the north american continent at an unprecedented scale. based on coordinated, multidisciplinary research, the profile emphasizes lithospheric - scale relationships between orogens — plate collisions and accretions have sequentially stacked orogen upon orogen such that the older crust forms basement to the next younger. this large - scale perspective highlights the similarities among crustal structures produced by orogenic processes despite the broad range of age from the mesoarchean to the present. heterogeneities in the lithospheric mantle suggest that, in certain situations, relict subducted or delaminated lithosphere can remain intact beneath, and eventually within, cratonic lithospheric mantle. in contrast, the dominantly subhorizontal moho appears to be re - equilibrated through mechanical and / or thermal processes ; few crustal roots beneath orogens are preserved. manuscript received 31 mar. 2010 ; accepted 12 dec. 2010 a unique cross section of the north american continent represents a synthesis of more than two decades of coordinated research conducted by lithoprobe, canada ’ s national geoscience project. based on existing interpretations within eight study regions, or transects, that are linked directly or by projection along strike, we have constructed a transcontinental lithospheric profile ( fig. 1 and poster insert 1 ). from west to east, this 6000 - km profile crosses the juan de fuca oceanic plate, the active cascadia subduction zone, the southern cordillera ( 0. 19 ga – present ), the alberta and trans - hudson orogens ( 1. 92 – 1. 8 ga ), the superior province ( 3. 82 – 2. 60 ga ), the mid - continent rift system ( 1. 1 – 1. 0 ga ), the grenville orogen ( 1. 19 – 0. 99 ga ), the newfoundland appalachian orogen ( 0. 47 – 0. 28 ga ), the grand banks continental shelf, and the atlantic passive margin ( 0. 2 ga ). the diversity of tectonic history and ages included in the section


ga ), the newfoundland appalachian orogen ( 0. 47 – 0. 28 ga ), the grand banks continental shelf, and the atlantic passive margin ( 0. 2 ga ). the diversity of tectonic history and ages included in the section facilitates direct comparison of the secular and spatial variation of orogenic processes. data and interpretations are based on coordinated multidisciplinary research combined with a strong, steadily improving base of regional geotectonic knowledge. the structures displayed are primarily based on active - source seismic ( reflection and refraction ) data. however, the regional geometry and interpretations of the structure and tectonic processes utilize the full array of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data available for that region. appendix 1 ( see gsa ’ s supplemental data repository 2 ) summarizes how the cross section was constructed. a complete listing of references used to construct the cross section is provided in appendix 2 ( see footnote 2 ). in addition, hammer et al. ( 2010 ) provide an in - depth description and two complementary lithospheric cross sections. the cross section is portrayed in terms of the “ tectonic age ” within the crust. we define this as the time since the most recent episode of significant tectonic deformation ( fig. 1 and insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). tectonic age was chosen over more typical designations ( e. g., geology or terranes / domains ) because it simplifies the interpreted cross section to highlight comparative structures and to convey the sequence of orogenic development based on the current structural interpretations. in some areas, we chose to modify the tectonic age designations in order to convey key aspects of structure as well as the sequence of orogenic development based on current structural interpretations. for example, the archean sask, hearne, and superior continents were welded together in the paleoproterozoic trans - hudson orogen ( 1. 92 – 1. 80 ga ), yielding the core of the laurentian craton. the largely unexposed sask craton, discovered by lithoprobe seismic studies ( e. g., lucas et al., 1993 ; lewry et al., 1994 ; hajnal et al., 2005 ), lies almost entirely beneath juvenile crustal imbricate structures. although the sask craton dates to 2. 45 – 3. 3 ga, the lithospheric fragment was likely deformed by the paleoproterozoic orogeny. however, to clarify


crustal imbricate structures. although the sask craton dates to 2. 45 – 3. 3 ga, the lithospheric fragment was likely deformed by the paleoproterozoic orogeny. however, to clarify its role in the assembly of laurentia, we have chosen to label it with an archean tectonic age but stippled to indicate paleoproterozoic modification. similar display procedures have been applied in other parts of the lithospheric cross section. location of transcontinental corridor ( yellow lines ) on a simplified tectonic age map of northern north america. tectonic age is defined as the time since the most recent episode of tectonic deformation. red arrows show along - strike offsets linking profile segments. the interpreted cross section incorporates earth curvature and is displayed using a vertical exaggeration of 2 : 1. at this scale, features are difficult to identify ; see insert ( text footnote 1 ) for a 1 : 1 version extended to full lithospheric depth. results from the trans - hudson orogen ( tho ) transect. ( a ) simplified tectonic element map and interpretation across the orogen on the front face. ffb — flin flon belt ; hl — hanson lake block ; lrb — la ronge belt ; rd — rottenstone domain. inset location map includes yellow lines that outline the bounds of the tho. ( b ) simplified interpretation based on geological, near - vertical incidence ( nvi ) reflection, refraction / wide - angle reflection ( r / war ), and magnetotelluric studies. the archean sask craton is a previously undiscovered microcontinent separate from either the hearne to the west or the superior to the east. bar at top identifies the different domains crossed by the section. wb — wathaman batholith ; nacp — north american central plains conductivity anomaly ; orange ovals identify regions of high conductivity from interpretation of magnetotelluric ( mt ) results shown in d. ( c ) depth - migrated seismic section. pink dashed lines show interpreted crustal domain boundaries or prominent structures ( adapted from white et al., 2005 ). ( d ) resistivity model derived from mt surveys ( adapted from jones et al., 2005a ). very low resistivity at 160 km is the nacp. white dashed lines show interpretation from reflection data. ( e ) interpreted velocity model across the tho ( adapted from


model derived from mt surveys ( adapted from jones et al., 2005a ). very low resistivity at 160 km is the nacp. white dashed lines show interpretation from reflection data. ( e ) interpreted velocity model across the tho ( adapted from nemeth et al., 2005 ). solid lines, including the moho, identify locations from which wide - angle reflections were identified. dashed lines are iso - velocity contours. numbers are p - wave velocities in km / s. circled numbers show velocities in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the figure, thus indicative of velocity anisotropy. stippled area in the mantle identifies the limited region showing velocity anisotropy. orogenic crustal structures a first - order observation from the interpreted cross section is that, despite the wide range of age, geometry, and complexity of the many orogens crossed, there is a remarkable similarity in orogenic style. the orogens are doubly vergent and exhibit a stacked or wedged form that is indicative of the thermal and compositional state of the orogen as it formed and, in some cases, of post - orogenic processes. the preserved collisional zones exhibit structures that fall into three categories : ( 1 ) subcretion ( mechanical underplating ), as is observed in subduction / accretion zones ( e. g., southwestern cordilleran orogen ) ; ( 2 ) tectonic wedging with either the overriding crust ramping up a full crustal - scale decollement from the moho ( e. g., the eastern cordilleran, grenville, and trans - hudson orogens ; insert [ see footnote 1 ] and fig. 2 ) ; or ( 3 ) mid - crustal wedging ( e. g., the appalachian and superior orogens ). subcretion of small terranes and sediments in a subduction zone ( e. g., ellis and beaumont, 1999 ) is imaged within the southwestern cordilleran orogen, and remnants of these types of structures are interpreted to be trapped within virtually all of the older orogens. moore and wiltschko ( 2004 ) show that although the crust - mantle boundary is the natural interface for syncollisional delamination, intracrustal delamination will take place if a mafic lower crust is eclogitized, providing sufficient density contrast to subduct or subcrete the lower crust with its lit


for syncollisional delamination, intracrustal delamination will take place if a mafic lower crust is eclogitized, providing sufficient density contrast to subduct or subcrete the lower crust with its lithospheric mantle. this provides a mechanism for the obduction of thin slivers or accreted terranes. archean cratons and their boundaries contain structures that are very similar to those observed in proterozoic and phanerozoic orogens. this leads to the conclusion that fundamental tectonic processes in the neoarchean were similar to those in present - day plate tectonics and provides geometric data that are inconsistent with large - scale gravity driven overturn of the crust ( e. g., van der velden et al., 2006 ). magmatism related to subduction, post - orogenic extension, or orogenic collapse does not dominate the cross sections. although intrusions are detected in the upper crust ( generally as poorly reflective zones ), the passage of large volumes of melt apparently does not destroy the gently dipping structures in the mid - lower crust. examples of this can be found in many regions, including the southeastern superior province ( inset c on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ) and in the newfoundland appalachians ( insert ). this requires that the conduits are ( a ) offset from the two - dimensional seismic profiles ; ( b ) narrower than the seismic data can resolve ; or ( c ) overprinted by postmagmatic deformation ( e. g., van der velden et al., 2004 ). the preserved structures document the integrated orogenic effects, although these are often dominated by late deformation sequences. this overprinting complicates the structure and makes interpretation challenging, particularly in situations such as the reversal of subduction polarity ( e. g., eastern trans - hudson orogen ) or where an internal zone is caught between colliding continents ( e. g., trans - hudson, appalachian, and grenville orogens ). however, interpretations of orogenic structures may be improved or validated when geological, geochemical, and geophysical studies for a given orogen are combined with geodynamic modeling applied to test hypotheses directly against the multidisciplinary data for that orogen ( e. g., beaumont and quinlan, 1994 ; beaumont et al., 2010 ). the moho, crustal thickness, and the crust -


test hypotheses directly against the multidisciplinary data for that orogen ( e. g., beaumont and quinlan, 1994 ; beaumont et al., 2010 ). the moho, crustal thickness, and the crust - mantle transition more than 20, 000 km of seismic profiling in canada reveals that, although there are variations in moho depth, the transition remains remarkably flat ( ~ 33 – 43 km deep ) despite the great diversity of overlying crustal properties ( topography, age, composition, and degree of exhumation ) ( e. g., cook et al., 2010 ; hammer et al., 2010 ). small excursions ( < 5 km ) in moho depth are observed in many locations. these often correlate with geotectonic boundaries but not with topography. in contrast, large crustal roots are unusual, even beneath much of the canadian cordillera. crustal roots extending down 60 – 70 km are well documented beneath the active himalaya and andean orogens. however, despite superb preservation of crustal structure in the lithoprobe transects, few crustal roots associated with collisional tectonics were imaged ; three are within the transcontinental profile. the sask craton ( trans - hudson orogen, 1. 92 – 1. 80 ga ) has a root that extends to 52 km depth, bulging 14 – 20 km below the adjacent crust ( fig. 2 and insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). a second, smaller root ( 47 km maximum depth adjacent to ~ 40 - km - thick crust ) lies beneath the grenville front ( 1. 19 – 0. 99 ga ; see insert ). the metamorphic grade of exposed rock in the region suggests the crust was thickened up to 70 km ( e. g., carr et al., 2000 ) ; the observed root is interpreted to have been preserved by eclogitization ( e. g., eaton, 2005 ). some orogens are thermally supported and do not form a root. for example, the majority of the canadian portion of the phanerozoic cordilleran orogen exhibits a shallow ( 33 – 36 km depth ) and exceptionally flat moho. only beneath the easternmost cordillera does the crust thicken to 45 – 50 km ( see insert ). therefore, the lithoprobe dataset indicates that crustal roots are not always formed beneath orogens and, if there is crustal thick


the easternmost cordillera does the crust thicken to 45 – 50 km ( see insert ). therefore, the lithoprobe dataset indicates that crustal roots are not always formed beneath orogens and, if there is crustal thickening, the roots are not commonly preserved. syn - or post - orogenic re - equilibration of the moho must therefore be a widespread process. the preservation of orogenic roots may be associated with the relative lack of post - orogenic heating ( e. g., the trans - hudson orogen ; white et al., 2005 ). in contrast, the relatively uniform crustal thickness throughout most of canada indicates that either ( a ) thick crustal roots are not commonly formed beneath orogens ( e. g., obduction of thin terranes [ cordillera ] or weak continental lithosphere during orogeny ) ; or ( b ) the moho has been reset to a shallower, roughly subhorizontal boundary. re - equilibration could occur through mechanical ( shear, extension, delamination ) and / or thermal ( metamorphism, partial melting ) processes ( e. g., eaton, 2005 ; cook et al., 2010 ). finally, it remains possible that in some situations, the moho and the base of seismic reflectivity do not represent the petrologic crust - mantle boundary. eclogitization of the lower crust could yield rock that is seismically indistinguishable from other mantle. in that case, the moho, representing an eclogitic metamorphic front, would be shallower than the petrologic crust - mantle boundary ( e. g., cook and vasudevan, 2003 ; moore and wiltschko, 2004 ; eaton, 2005 ). a second scenario could occur in a subduction setting where fluids and associated serpentinization may reduce mantle velocities such that the petrologic base of the crust may be shallower than the moho indicates. this possibility has led to debate over the depth of the subducting juan de fuca plate beneath northern cascadia ( inset a on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). recent teleseismic analyses ( nicholson et al., 2005 ; bostock et al., 2010 ) position the plate boundary where several different active source seismic studies ( e. g., clowes et al., 1987 ; hyndman et al., 1990 ; ramchandran


., 2005 ; bostock et al., 2010 ) position the plate boundary where several different active source seismic studies ( e. g., clowes et al., 1987 ; hyndman et al., 1990 ; ramchandran et al., 2006 ; calvert et al., 2006 ) have consistently interpreted a zone of lower crustal reflectivity associated with a combination of shear, fluids, and accretionary duplexing. this conflict remains unresolved and has implications for understanding the earthquake dynamics in the region. heterogeneity in the upper mantle heterogeneity in the upper mantle is observed in three forms : ( 1 ) crustal structures penetrating into the mantle ; ( 2 ) seismic wave scattering that may be indicative of compositional variation ; and ( 3 ) seismic anisotropy ( e. g., clowes et al., 2010 ). in the majority of orogens, reflection data display structures dipping from the crust into the uppermost mantle ( e. g., van der velden and cook, 2005 ). these reflections are consistent with collisional geometries and are interpreted as subducted or subcreted lithosphere preserved beneath and eventually within cratonic lithospheric mantle. in some cases, reflections are spectacular, with relict subducted crust well - defined to 35 – 50 km beneath the moho ( e. g., calvert et al., 1995 ; inset c on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). a comparable but even more extensive structure was imaged by reflection ( e. g., cook et al., 1999 ) and refraction ( oueity and clowes, 2010 ) data and by teleseismic receiver functions ( mercier et al., 2008 ) beneath the wompay orogen ( 1. 84 – 1. 88 ga ) in northwestern canada. more commonly observed are dipping lower crustal reflections that penetrate ~ 5 km beneath the moho, linking directly to crustal reflections above which are associated with mid - crustal delamination ( e. g., western superior [ inset b on insert ] and appalachian orogens ) or full - crustal decollements ( e. g., trans - hudson orogen ; fig. 2 and insert ). virtually all of the preserved subduction / subcretion reflections dip beneath the older cratonic crust, suggesting that mantle reflections are more likely to be preserved beneath older domains or that, during final


hudson orogen ; fig. 2 and insert ). virtually all of the preserved subduction / subcretion reflections dip beneath the older cratonic crust, suggesting that mantle reflections are more likely to be preserved beneath older domains or that, during final phases of accretion, subduction preferentially dips beneath the craton. in many cases, long - offset refraction / wide - angle seismic profiles ( e. g., nemeth et al., 2005 ; clowes et al., 2010 ), teleseismic studies ( e. g., bostock et al., 2010 ), and magnetotelluric ( mt ) investigations ( e. g., jones et al., 2005a ; craven et al., 2001 ) show evidence for significant structure and / or anisotropy within the subcrustal lithosphere. the structures vary in scale from those that are tens to hundreds of kilometers in lateral extent and are identified on a deterministic basis ( e. g., traveltime modeling of refracted or wide - angle reflected phases, receiver function analyses, and inversion of mt data ) to fine - scale heterogeneities on the scale of tens of kilometers to less than a kilometer ( e. g., clowes et al., 2010 ). thickness of the lithosphere estimates of lithospheric thickness vary depending on the technique used ( artemieva, 2009 ). to be consistent across the cross section, recent syntheses by artemieva ( 2009 ) and sha - piro and ritzwoller ( 2002 ) were used ( insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). however, many other observations carried out along or near the corridor constrain lithospheric thickness. these include teleseismic studies ( e. g., bostock et al., 2010 ), xenolith and deep volcanic studies ( e. g., abraham et al., 2005 ), geodynamic modeling ( e. g., perry and forte, 2010 ), magnetotelluric profiles ( e. g., jones et al., 2005b ), and wide - angle reflection studies ( e. g., clowes et al., 1995 ). although the constraints on lithospheric thickness are not always strong, the lithosphere is very thin ( 55 – 70 km ) beneath the cordillera, thickens to about 200 km


clowes et al., 1995 ). although the constraints on lithospheric thickness are not always strong, the lithosphere is very thin ( 55 – 70 km ) beneath the cordillera, thickens to about 200 km beneath the alberta and trans - hudson orogens, to 250 – 270 km beneath the superior craton, and then thins eastward beneath the appalachians and atlantic margin ( insert ). conclusions : a look forward the continental - scale lithospheric cross section provides a unique perspective on four billion years of crustal assembly, recycling, and reorganization. the cross section presented here is one “ slice ” through the north american continent at one geologic time — today. because it traverses orogens that span a large fraction of earth ’ s history, it may provide a representative view of the geometry of orogenic evolution through time. in addition, the continent - wide scale of the cross section offers an opportunity to formulate questions that may not be apparent on much smaller scales, such as within a single orogen. a few such thoughts are presented here : - the moho is remarkably flat even in regions with substantial structural relief ( 10 + km ) within the crust. this likely resulted from late to post - orogenic heating, but the uniformity of depth ( 33 – 43 km ), with a few exceptions as noted previously, is surprising and deserving of more thorough investigation. - orogenic structures appear to have been formed by horizontal tectonic forces in all of the orogens of canada, regardless of age. this is strong evidence that some form of plate tectonism has been operating throughout the past 2. 5 – 3. 0 ga of earth ’ s history ( e. g., van der velden et al., 2006 ). furthermore, because orogens are commonly “ stacked, ” with older orogens forming the basement to younger orogens, continental evolution in canada appears to have been dominated by recycling, with minimal crustal growth. how such recycling occurred ( e. g., whether some crustal material ended up in the lower lithosphere, whether it proceeded to deeper in the mantle, or whether both occurred ) remains a target for future research. - complexity in the subcrustal lithosphere is increasingly revealed by multidisciplinary studies. for example, imbricated or stacked mantle lithosphere, as proposed by cook ( 1986 ) and helmstaedt and schulze ( 1989 ), was interpreted from seismic data (


increasingly revealed by multidisciplinary studies. for example, imbricated or stacked mantle lithosphere, as proposed by cook ( 1986 ) and helmstaedt and schulze ( 1989 ), was interpreted from seismic data ( e. g., cook et al., 1998, 1999 ) and later affirmed by studies of mantle xenoliths ( e. g., canil, 2008 ). in a different setting, frederiksen et al. ( 2007 ) use teleseismic and magnetotelluric methods to demonstrate a stratified lithospheric mantle beneath the grenville front ( inset b on insert [ see footnote 1 ] ). geodynamic modeling ( e. g., beaumont et al., 2010 ) illuminates how lithospheric structure and crust - mantle relationships can develop through changing crustal coupling, slab breakoff, post - convergent extension, and other orogenic processes. despite the successes, the internal structure of the lithospheric mantle remains difficult to image, largely due to its seismic homogeneity. it is uncertain, for example, whether seismic anisotropic effects ( e. g., clowes et al., 2010 ; insert ) are related to structural variations, such as imbricates, or whether they may be a consequence of preferred crystal orientations, as with c - axis orientation of orthorhombic olivine. the lithoprobe dataset indicates that combining active - source seismic experiments with passive seismic and magnetotelluric studies and deep geological sampling over the same regions may resolve some of the uncertainties. advancing our understanding of lithospheric processes and the structures they create requires a research approach that integrates all applicable earth - science disciplines. lithoprobe ’ s success as a project and in generating the detailed continental lithospheric cross section was possible because of its scientific approach, which involved focusing multidisciplinary studies in selected areas of investigation. as a project - and continent - scale synthesis of over two decades of research, this paper pulls together the superb work done by hundreds of researchers. a detailed reference listing of the publications contributing to the cross section is provided in the data repository ( see text footnote 2 ). we thank all of the researchers who made lithoprobe a success and whose work contributes to this synthesis. journal reviewer peter cawood provided highly constructive comments that better focused the content of the paper. lit


repository ( see text footnote 2 ). we thank all of the researchers who made lithoprobe a success and whose work contributes to this synthesis. journal reviewer peter cawood provided highly constructive comments that better focused the content of the paper. lithoprobe ’ s primary funding agencies were the natural sciences and engineering research council ( nserc ) and the geological survey of canada ; however, many other sources of funds and support were provided by a wide range of organizations — we thank them all. support for preparation of this paper derived from an nserc discovery grant to r. m. clowes. earlier versions of the lithospheric cross sections benefited from support through an nserc discovery grant to f. a. cook. - abraham, a - c., francis, d., and mireille, p., 2005, origin of recent alkaline lavas by lithospheric thinning beneath the northern canadian cordillera : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 42, p. 1073 – 1095. - artemieva, i. m., 2009, the continental lithosphere : reconciling thermal, seismic, and petrologic data : lithos, v. 109, p. 23 – 46. - beaumont, c., and quinlan, g., 1994, a geodynamical framework for interpreting crustal - scale seismic - reflectivity patterns in compressional orogens : geophysical journal international, v. 116, p. 754 – 783. - beaumont, c., jamieson, r., and nguyen, m., 2010, models of large, hot orogens containing a collage of reworked and accreted terranes : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 47, p. 485 – 515. - bostock, m. g., eaton, d. w., and snyder, d. b., 2010, teleseismic studies of the canadian landmass : lithoprobe and its legacy : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 47, p. 445 – 461. - calvert, a. j., sawyer, e. w., davis, w. j., and ludden, j. n., 1995, archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the superior province : nature, v. 375, p. 670 – 674. - calvert, a. j., rama


, j. n., 1995, archean subduction inferred from seismic images of a mantle suture in the superior province : nature, v. 375, p. 670 – 674. - calvert, a. j., ramachandran, k., kao, h., and fisher, m. a., 2006, local thickening of the cascadia forearc crust and the origin of seismic reflectors in the uppermost mantle : tectonophysics, v. 420, p. 175 – 188. - canil, d., 2008, canada ' s craton : a bottoms - up view : gsa today, v. 18, no. 6, p. 4 – 10, doi : 10. 1130 / gsat01806a. 1. - carr, s. d., easton, r. m., jamieson, r. a., and culshaw, n. g., 2000, geologic transect across the grenville orogen of ontario and new york : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 37, p. 193 – 216. - clowes, r. m., brandon, m. t., green, a. g., yorath, c. j., sutherland - brown, a., kanasewich, e. r., and spencer, c., 1987, lithoprobe — southern vancouver island : cenozoic subduction complex imaged by deep seismic reflections : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 29, p. 1813 – 1864. - clowes, r. m., zelt, c. a., amor, j. r., and ellis, r. m., 1995, lithospheric structure in the southern canadian cordillera from a network of seismic refraction lines : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 32, p. 1485 – 1513. - clowes, r. m., white, d. j., and hajnal, z., 2010, mantle heterogeneities and their significance : results from lithoprobe seismic reflection and refraction / wide - angle studies : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 47, p. 409 – 443. - cook, f. a., 1986, continental evolution by lithospheric shingling, in barazangi, m., and brown, l.,


earth sciences, v. 47, p. 409 – 443. - cook, f. a., 1986, continental evolution by lithospheric shingling, in barazangi, m., and brown, l., eds., evolution of the continental crust : agu geodynamics series, v. 14, p. 13 – 19. - cook, f. a., and vasudevan, k., 2003, are there relict crustal fragments beneath the moho? : tectonics, v. 22, doi : 10. 1029 / 2001tc001341. - cook, f. a., van der velden, a. j., hall, k., and roberts, b., 1998, tectonic delamination and subcrustal imbrication of the precambrian lithosphere in northwestern canada mapped by lithoprobe : geology, v. 26, p. 839 – 842. - cook, f. a., van der velden, a., hall, k., and roberts, b., 1999, frozen subduction in canada ' s northwest territories : lithoprobe deep lithospheric reflection profiling of the western canadian shield : tectonics, v. 18, p. 1 – 24. - cook, f. a., white, d. j., jones, a. g., eaton, d. w. s., hall, j., and clowes, r. m., 2010, how the crust meets the mantle : lithoprobe perspectives on the m discontinuity and the crust - mantle transition : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 47, p. 315 – 351. - craven, j. a., kurtz, r. d., boerner, d. e., skulski, t., spratt, j., ferguson, i. j., wu, x., and bailey, r. c., 2001, conductivity of western superior province upper mantle in northwestern ontario : geological survey of canada, current research, no. 2001 - e6. - eaton, d. w., 2005, origin of the continental moho : terra nova, v. 18, p. 34 – 43. - ellis, s., and beaumont, c., 1999, models of convergent boundary tectonics : implications for


w., 2005, origin of the continental moho : terra nova, v. 18, p. 34 – 43. - ellis, s., and beaumont, c., 1999, models of convergent boundary tectonics : implications for the interpretation of lithoprobe data : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 36, p. 1711 – 1741. - frederiksen, a. w., miong, s. - k., darbyshire, f. a., eaton, d. w., rondenay, s., and sol, s., 2007, lithospheric variations across the superior province, ontario, canada : evidence from tomography and shear wave splitting : journal of geophysical research, v. 112, b07318, doi : 10. 1029 / 2006jb004861. - hajnal, z., lewry, j., white, d., ashton, k., clowes, r., stauffer, m., gyor?, i., and takacs, e., 2005, the sask craton and hearne province margin : seismic reflection studies in the western trans - hudson orogen : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 42, p. 403 – 419. - hammer, p. t. c., clowes, r. m., cook, f. a., van der velden, a. j., and vasudevan, k., 2010, the lithoprobe trans - continental lithospheric cross - sections : imaging the internal structure of the north american continent : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 47, p. 821 – 857. - helmstaedt, h., and schulze, d., 1989, southern african kimberlites and their mantle sample : implications for archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution, in ross, j., ed., kimberlites and related rocks : geological society of australia special publication 14, p. 358 – 368. - hyndman, r. d., yorath, c. j., clowes, r. m., and davis, e. e., 1990, the northern cascadia subduction zone at vancouver island : seismic structure and tectonic history : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 27, p. 313


brocher, t. m., 2006, regional p - wave velocity structure of the northern cascadia subduction zone : journal of geophysical research, v. 111, doi : 10. 1029 / 2005jb004108. - shapiro, n. m., and ritzwoller, m. h., 2002, monte - carlo inversion for a global shear velocity model of the crust and upper mantle : geophysical journal international, v. 151, p. 1 – 18. - van der velden, a. j., and cook, f. a., 2005, relict subduction zones in canada : journal of geophysical research, v. 110, 08403, doi : 10. 1029 / 2004jb003333. - van der velden, a. j., van staal, c. r., and cook, f. a., 2004, crustal structure, fossil subduction, and the tectonic evolution of the newfoundland appalachians : evidence from a reprocessed seismic reflection survey : gsa bulletin, v. 116, p. 1485 – 1498. - van der velden, a. j., cook, f. a., drummond, b. j., and goleby, b. r., 2006, reflections of the neoarchean : a global perspective : agu geophysical monograph 164, p. 255 – 265. - white, d. j., thomas, m. d., jones, a. g., hope, j., nemeth, b., and hajnal, z., 2005, geophysical transect across a paleoproterozoic continent - continent collision zone : the trans - hudson orogen : canadian journal of earth sciences, v. 42, p. 385 – 402.


which came first? test your invention smarts! the school bell rings and you take your seat in the comfy recliner in the family room. you hold your portable keyboard on top of your lap. you put on your headset and listen to your robot virtual teacher robot. you chat with your classmates who are actually sitting in their homes, just like you! at the touch of a button, you have a hologram right in your living room with an interactive exercise you have to complete. time for a break! you take a bite of the turkey sandwich your personal robot assistant has prepared, just for you. then it ' s back to the grind! while this may sound futuristic, this scenario is inches away from reality. your grandparents only knew one basic tennis shoe. technology changes everything in the past few decades, advances in technology have changed our daily lives. technology influences how we communicate, how we work, and how we live. it ' s also created many new jobs and a need for more employees with technical skills. to put this in perspective, when they were your age : your parents didn ' t dream of spending an evening playing games online with their friends. computer games didn ' t exist. the world wide web wasn ' t introduced until 1991! your great - grandparents never watched sporting televisions on tv because television was unknown. computers, computer games, fancy athletic shoes, tv — things that are so routine in your lifetime — have all been created over the past three generations! it ' s anyone ' s guess, but the one certainty is that the need for technical workers will increase...


fluoridated tap water and toothpaste are oftentimes considered the main sources of fluoride exposure, but it turns out that common food items could actually be largely contributing to your fluoride intake. according to fluoride expert jeff green, who has been actively protesting and studying the effects of fluoride on the body for other 15 years, one common food product contains up to 180 times more fluoride than your fluoridated tap water! ( “ sodium fluoride is currently added to the water supply of many cities worldwide, despite extreme opposition … “ ) ~ fluoride linked to # 1 cause of death in new research groundbreaking new research has linked sodium fluoride to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. researchers found that fluoride consumption directly stimulates the hardening of your arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis that is highly correlatedwith the # 1 killer. sodium fluoride is currently added to the water supply of many cities worldwide, despite extreme opposition from health professionals and previous studieslinking it to decreased iq and infertility. prison planet. com » mobile fluoride vans to target communities that voted to remove chemical from public water supply ethan a. huff december 27, 2011 ( naturalnews ) back in october, the pinellas county, fla., commission voted 4 – 3 to stop adding artificial fluoride chemicals to the county ’ s municipal water supply, which serves roughly 700, 000 residents ( http : / / www. naturalnews. com / 033801 _ f … ). but now local health officials are suggesting that the county purchase a mobile fluoride van as an alternative, which would drive around town and administer fluoride and other conventional dental services directly to children. believe it or not, the st. petersburg timesreports that the pinellas county commission will soon vote on whether or not to purchase this mobile fluoride van for $ 532, 339 in taxpayer funds, which is more than twice the $ 205, 000 a year the county has been spending to purchase fluoride chemicals for the water supply. the commission had asked the county ’ s health and human services department to come up with a new way to use the $ 205, 000 for other dental purposes, and the mobile fluoride van was their proposal. “ there ’ s no way i ’ m going to support a $ 532, 000 item, ” said commissioner john morroni, who was one of the members


for other dental purposes, and the mobile fluoride van was their proposal. “ there ’ s no way i ’ m going to support a $ 532, 000 item, ” said commissioner john morroni, who was one of the members who voted in favor of ending water fluoridation. “ you can buy a lot of toothpaste and help the dentists disburse it. ” the fluoride debacleby bob conferthe new american in a move that screamed “ too little too late, ” the department of health and human services and the environmental protection agency announced earlier this month that they were working together to lower the amount of fluoride both suggested and allowed in drinking water. it was their knee - jerk reaction to findings that have indicated a rise in the occurrence of dental fluorosis, the discoloration or spotting of teeth that comes with excess fluoride. citing the addition of fluoride to everything from toothpaste to health supplements, they finally admitted that we have too much of the substance in our diets. to overcome that, hhs suggests that the chemical be added to water at a rate of 0. 7 milligrams per liter of water, which is at the absolute minimum of their current standard of 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg. it ’ s too bad that it took visual defects – we are, after all, a nation obsessed with appearance – to twist the federal government ’ s arm into cutting fluoride levels. their sudden change of mind ignores the ample, conclusive evidence showing that most of the damage wreaked by the chemical isn ’ t of a dental nature, but is instead found deep within the body, in our bones and organs. professor paul connett : your toxic tap water must see! make it go viral!


polycystic kidney disease ( pkd or pckd, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome ) is a cystic genetic disorder of the polycystic kidney disease ( pkd ) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys. the kidneys are two organs, each about the size of a fist, located in the upper part of a person ’ s abdomen, toward the back. the kidneys filter wastes and extra fluid from the blood to form urine. they also regulate amounts of certain vital substances in the body. when cysts form in the kidneys, they are filled with fluid. polycystic kidney disease cysts can profoundly enlarge the kidneys while replacing much of the normal structure, resulting in reduced kidney function and leading to kidney failure. when polycystic kidney disease causes kidneys to fail — which usually happens after many years — the patient requires dialysis or kidney transplantation. about one - half of people with the most common type of polycystic kidney disease progress to kidney failure, also called end - stage renal disease ( esrd ). polycystic kidney disease can also cause cysts in the liver and problems in other organs, such as blood vessels in the brain and heart. the number of cysts as well as the complications they cause help doctors distinguish polycystic kidney disease from the usually harmless “ simple ” cysts that often form in the kidneys in later years of life. - genetic disorder. - inheritance : autosomal dominant. - autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common, inherited form. symptoms usually develop between the ages of 30 and 40, but they can begin earlier, even in childhood. about 90 percent of all pkd cases are autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. - autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is a rare, inherited form. symptoms of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease begin in the earliest months of life, even in the - acquired cystic kidney disease ( ackd ) develops in association with long - term kidney problems, especially in patients who have kidney failure and who have been on dialysis for a long time. therefore, it tends to occur in later years of life. it is not an inherited form of polycystic kidney disease. symptoms of polycystic kidney disease - dull aching in loins. - vague abdominal pain. - frequent urination. - anaemia : moderate to severe. - blood pressure