was at once converted into criminal proceedings, death sentence hastily pronounced, and balboa beheaded for high treason in 1517 at darien. one of the main pretexts for the sentence was balboa ' s action towards enciso and nicuesa. balboa has been credited by most authors with having been first to hear of peru. this is incorrect. in his few attempts at exploring the coast of southern panama he heard only of indian tribes of northern or northwestern colombia. more catholic encyclopedia browse encyclopedia by alphabet the catholic encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. this easy - to - search online version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. designed to present its readers with the full body of catholic teaching, the encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. in the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration. no one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the catholic church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. in the past century the church has grown both extensively and intensively among english - speaking peoples. their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny. browse the catholic encyclopedia by topic copyright © catholic encyclopedia. robert appleton company new york, ny. volume 1 : 1907 ; volume 2 : 1907 ; volume 3 : 1908 ; volume 4 : 1908 ; volume 5 : 1909 ; volume 6 : 1909 ; volume 7 : 1910 ; volume 8 : 1910 ; volume 9 : 1910 ; volume 10 : 1911 ; volume 11 : - 1911 ; volume 12 : - 1911 ; volume 13 : - 1912 ; volume 14 : 1912 ; volume 15 : 1912 catholic online catholic encyclopedia digital version compiled and copyright © catholic online


in the late 1850s the railroad came to town. two lines came to chadds ford — the east - west running philadelphia & baltimore central rr in 1858 and the north - south running wilmington & reading rr a few years later. the two lines met at chadds ford junction, while only a few hundred yards away on the east side of the brandywine was chadds ford station. the railroads played a significant role in the economic growth of the area. spurs were laid out to accommodate the kaolin companies where fine white potter ’ s clay was mined at the turn of the century. the railroad also brought city people from wilmington and philadelphia who discovered the lush rolling hills of the brandywine valley. to have a summer house in chadds ford became the vogue. it was about this time that howard pyle held summer art classes in chadds ford that attracted students from all over the country including frank schoonover, maxfield parrish, and violet oakley. one of them, young n. c. wyeth from massachusetts, came to study under pyle and never left. pyle ’ s studio and its students gave rise to the celebrated brandywine school of art, fostered by three generations of the wyeth family. in the early 20th century the village of chadds ford was still a quiet crossroads surrounded by acres of farmland. after ww ii, better roads and the population explosion of the 1950s brought people from the cities to the countryside transforming the rural landscape into a burgeoning suburban community.


bnl chemistry department | photo - and radiation chemistry | group members | leaf facility layout | | leaf system components | | features of leaf | | leaf publications | research highlights from leaf : ionic liquids : designer solvents for a cleaner world ( pdf ) storing energy in dendrimer trees : stabilizing charge separation in dendrimers ( pdf ) they bend before they break : fast scission of chemical bonds ( pdf ) the center for radiation chemistry research ( crcr ) exploits pulse radiolysis techniques to study chemical reactions ( and other phenomena ) by subjecting samples to pulses of high - energy electrons. the reactions are followed by various methods of time - resolved spectroscopy and other detection techniques. the crcr includes the new picosecond laser - electron accelerator facility ( leaf ), a 2 mev van de graaff, and a cobalt - 60 source. user access to crcr facilities is encouraged, either through collaboration with bnl staff or via the bnl center for functional nanomaterials ( cfn ) user program. please contact one of our principal investigators or the general facility address ( email @ example. com ) for more information. the design of the leaf accelerator is innovative : the electron pulse is produced by laser light impinging on a photocathode inside a resonant cavity, radio frequency ( rf ) gun about 30 cm long. the emitted electrons are accelerated to 9. 2 mev within the length of the gun by ~ 15 megawatt pulse of rf power from a slac - type 2. 856 ghz klystron. the laser pulse is synchronized with the rf power to produce the electron pulse near the peak field gradient ( about 1 mev / cm ). thus the pulse length and intensity are a function of the laser pulse properties, and electron pulse lengths as short as 5 picoseconds are attainable. rf photocathode electron guns of this type have been built at brookhaven ' s accelerator test facility and source development laboratory as well as at several other laboratories and universities, but almost all of these installations are dedicated to accelerator physics or free electron laser development. the bnl chemistry department ' s leaf accelerator was the first photocathode gun accelerator in the world to be dedicated to pulse radiolysis studies. today, there are seven other pulse radiolysis facilities similar to leaf operating or under construction around the world. the international symposium on ultrafast accelerators for pulse radiolysis was held at the bnl chemistry department in june, 2004, to discuss the state -


from south carolina, usa : my 7 - year - old has just been diagnosed with type 1. she is in the honeymoon phase and her blood glucose levels are staying between 80 - 150, but when i give her the insulin her blood glucose drops to 38 - 68. what should i do when she is not high enough to actually need her shots? is her pancreas working again or what? during the honeymoon period, the amount of insulin required can be very small. during this time, the pancreas does still produce a very small amount of insulin. the end of the honeymoon is actually the time that the pancreas finally stops producing insulin. in addition, a child can be very sensitive to insulin during this time. if you are struggling with low blood sugars, i would review the dosing of the insulin with your diabetes team and adjustments can be made to help prevent low blood sugars. additional comments from jeff hitchcock, the editor : you can dilute the insulin to deliver smaller doses, which might help reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. ask your diabetes team about it. last updated : tuesday april 06, 2010 15 : 09 : 08 this internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. if you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional. this site is published by children with diabetes, inc, which is responsible for its contents. © children with diabetes, inc. 1995 - 2013. comments and feedback.


hesychius of alexandria ( ο αλεξανδρευς ), a grammarian that flourished probably in the 5th century ce, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure greek words that has survived ( in a single 15th century manuscript ). alexandria ( egyptian arabic : اسكندريه eskendereyya ; standard arabic : ar الاسكندرية al - iskandariyya ; αλεξανδρεια grammar is the field of linguistics that covers the rules governing the use of any given natural language. the 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the julian calendar in anno domini / common era. the work includes approximately 51, 000 entries, a copious list of peculiar words, forms and phrases, with an explanation of their meaning, and often with a reference to the author who used them or to the district of greece where they were current. hence the book is of great value to the student of the greek dialects ; while in the restoration of the text of the classical authors generally, and particularly of such writers as aeschylus and theocritus, who used many unusual words, its value can hardly be exaggerated. aeschylus ( ˈɛskɨləs or / ˈiːskɨləs / greek : ασχυλος, aischylos, 525 bc / 524 bc 456 bc / 455 bc was an ancient greek playwright theocritus ( greek : θεοκριτος the creator of ancient greek bucolic poetry, flourished in the 3rd century bc hesychius is important, not only for greek philology but also for studying lost languages ( such as thracian and the ancient macedonian language ) and in reconstructing proto - indo - european. " thracians " also refers to modern inhabitants of thrace, regardless of ethnicity for the unrelated modern slavic language see macedonian language. hesychius ' explanations of many epithets and phrases also reveal many important facts about the religion and social life of the ancients. in a prefatory letter hesychius mentions that his lexicon is based on that of diogenianus ( itself extracted from an earlier work by pamphilus ), but that he has also used similar works by the grammarian aristarchus of samothrace, apion, heliodorus, amerias and others. diogen


researchers used to call it the “ magic bullet, ” a drug that would seek out cancer cells and destroy them while leaving healthy tissue alone. it ’ s taking much longer to find that bullet than scientists first hoped, but they ’ re getting closer. for one, researchers have successfully engineered antibodies that target the workings behind cancer, as well as other diseases. these drugs home in on diseased cells much more specifically than chemotherapy and radiation do — but they still can cause side effects that interfere with treatment. | john c. williams | now, city of hope researchers and colleagues have taken a step forward. they ’ ve developed a strategy to make these monoclonal antibodies even more effective while lessening their uncomfortable effects. some monoclonal antibodies, like erbitux, work by blocking activity of a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor, or egfr. this protein is key to tumor cells ’ survival. but normal, noncancerous cells also use egfr, making them vulnerable to the drugs ’ effects. the research team, which included john c. williams, ph. d., assistant professor in molecular medicine and director of the x - ray crystallography core at city of hope, began looking at how to keep erbitux from hurting healthy cells. if they succeed, that might mean fewer skin rashes and less debilitating stomach and intestinal upset for cancer patients. but the researchers also realized their efforts might have another bonus. they might be able to concentrate the therapy directly on tumors, making it more effective, too. williams and the research team designed a molecule that would become active around tumors, but not healthy cells. the molecule is made up of two egfr - blocking monoclonal antibodies, matuzumab and erbitux, linked by a chemical chain. that chain can be broken by an enzyme that is very active in tumors. when linked by the chain, the monoclonal antibodies resist their natural attraction to bind to egfr. but when the cancer - related enzymes break the link between the antibodies, the antibodies become active once again and block the protein. “ we designed a product that is inactive around healthy tissue in its ‘ masked ’ state and is only activated at the tumor site into an ‘ unmasked ’ state by the action of enzymes overproduced by cancer cells, ” said williams. “ the design has potential to improve the targeted release of therapeutic antibodies at disease sites, sparing healthy tissue and possibly lessening any side effects. ” the researchers are continuing their


the human rights council, comprising 47 elected states ( among them 13 states from africa ), replaced the commission on human rights in june 2006. it now meets several times for no less than 10 weeks a year under new procedures. the council is a subsidiary body of the general assembly and is responsible for promoting universal respect for the protection of all human rights and fundamental freedom for all. one of the innovations being introduced is the universal periodic review mechanism which will assess the human rights situations in all 192 un member states. the first session of upr working groups started in april 2008. additional, credible and reliable information provided by ngos will be taken into consideration by the council. the office of the high commissioner for human rights will prepare a summary of such information. states have to justify their candidature for becoming a member of the human rights council in writing. they are elected for a three - years - term by the un general assembly. the candidatures of the states and the current members from africa and other continents can be found here : the human rights council has its own complaint procedure, similar to the former 1503 procedure of its predecessor. important to note is that individual cases as such are not examined under this procedure ; communications are merely collected in order to identify a situation involving consistent patterns of flagrant and systematic violations of human rights. many of the special procedures that have been founded by the human rights council can be invoked as well.


deborah dwork is the rose professor of holocaust history and the director of the strassler center for holocaust and genocide studies at clark university. her now classic children with a star gave voice to the silenced children of the holocaust ; it was the first history of the daily lives of young people caught in the net of nazism. children with a star received international critical acclaim and was translated into german, italian, dutch and japanese. it was the subject of a documentary, also called " children with a star, " by the canadian broadcasting company. auschwitz, co - authored with robert jan van pelt, established the context in which historians now view that annihilation camp. dwork and van pelt argued that germany sought to reconstruct central europe in its own image, and the germans ' program at auschwitz was key to that ambition. they drew the critically important connection between industrial killing and the daily functions of a society that believed it was involved in constructive activity. the bbc and pbs recognized auschwitz as a remarkable project, and produced the horizon / nova television documentary " blueprints of genocide " ( bbc ) / " nazi designers of death " ( pbs ) based upon it. auschwitz also provided the core of a seven - part series " auschwitz : inside the nazi state, " which was aired in january 2005 in conjunction with the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the camp. auschwitz received the national jewish book award and the spiro kostof award, given every other year to the best book on the physical environment. it has been translated into german, dutch, czech and polish, to much critical acclaim. thinking about the significance of auschwitz in the context of the whole of the holocaust prompted dwork and van pelt to widen the lens, to try to understand the place of the holocaust in the history of the western world. this research yielded holocaust : a history, which spans the long and broad history in which the holocaust was rooted, from the middle ages to the middle of the twentieth century, and across the continent of europe. holocaust explores how different occupation regimes shaped the local populations " ability to respond to the genocide enacted outside their windows, and it negotiates the chasm between two histories : that of the perpetrators and that of the victims ; the nazis ' push towards a " final solution, " and the jews ' reactions and responses. translated into spanish and portuguese as well as dutch, holocaust is helping to shape the study of the holocaust in south america and the iberian peninsula. in the course of writing holocaust, dwork and van pelt investigated the


the jews ' reactions and responses. translated into spanish and portuguese as well as dutch, holocaust is helping to shape the study of the holocaust in south america and the iberian peninsula. in the course of writing holocaust, dwork and van pelt investigated the failure of the allies to respond to the refugee crisis triggered by nazi persecution. they thus became interested in the concept of asylum and the dilemmas of democratic governments when faced with the prospect of mass expulsions of jews from central european countries. should they offer refuge to these people, and thus, indirectly, condone these expulsions? the prospect of another book opened. flight from the reich : refugee jews, 1933 - 1946 examines the ever dwindling choices open to asylum seekers, and the often painful decisions of the many people who dealt with them — consuls ; immigration officers and other government officials ; church, health, and social workers ; volunteers ; private individuals. government policy and individual practice, and international action and local initiatives loomed large in this chapter of holocaust history. published by w. w. norton in 2009, flight from the reich : refugee jews, 1933 - 1946 encompasses all the occupied and host countries and includes all manner of participants. dwork and van pelt integrate the history of events with the history of people, moving back and forth between the private and the public realms, between personal memory and official history. public events would be of no significance if they did not affect the individual lives of people, and people ' s lives would not have been so sharply and violently shaped as they were had it not been for the sharp and violent events of the public realm. flight from the reich is a story with which the authors have personal connection : both are related by friendship and kinship to many people who left nazi europe as refugees, and to a few who had the opportunity to flee, chose to remain, and survived. flight was a foreword reviews book of the year finalist. now translated into dutch and french, fuir le reich ( as the latter is titled ) was chosen as a grand livre du mois selection. dwork turned her attention to the transit camp the czechs called terezin and the germans theresienstadt in two publications. the terezin album of marianka zadikow ( university of chicago press, 2008 ), is an annotated, edited, facsimile edition, with a historical introduction. marianka zadikow, a young inmate, collected entries by well - known and illustrious people from many walks of life ( artists, musicians, religious


, is an annotated, edited, facsimile edition, with a historical introduction. marianka zadikow, a young inmate, collected entries by well - known and illustrious people from many walks of life ( artists, musicians, religious leaders ) as well as young children whose promise would never be actualized. in her annotations and introduction, dwork explores the meaning and significance of creative work to the inmates of theresienstadt. a boy in terezin : the private diary of pavel weiner, april 1944 - april 1945 ( northwestern university press, 2011 ), with introduction and extensive annotations by dwork, follows this young inmate ' s life through his bar mitzvah year. closely written in tiny script, pavel ' s diary provides a youngster ' s view of significant events in the history of the camp. equally important, his narrative traces his daily life and lays achingly bare his maturation in the midst of a nazi camp. as founding director of the strassler center for holocaust and genocide studies at clark university, professor dwork has given shape to an exciting forum for education and scholarship about the holocaust, the armenian genocide, and other genocides around the world. dedicated to teaching, research, and public service, the center trains the holocaust historians and genocide studies scholars of the future — the next cadre of scholars, teachers, holocaust museum directors and curators, and non - government organization and government agency experts about genocide and genocidal situations. the mission of the strassler center for holocaust and genocide studies reaches beyond the boundaries of the university : to educate professionals of many fields about genocide and the holocaust, to provide a lecture series free of charge and open to the public, to use scholarship to address current problems stemming from the murderous past, and to engage the world by providing an educated voice in the public arena. deborah dwork has received many academic awards and honors. she has been, inter alia, a guggenheim fellow, a fellow at the woodrow wilson international center for scholars, and a fellow of the american council of learned societies. dwork currently serves on the american delegation to the international task force on holocaust education, remembrance, and research. still : she remains a staunch educator. in addition to university lecturing, she is a guest teacher throughout the united states in schools and at teacher workshops to further the holocaust education of those who were not trained in this period of history, and want to learn now. indeed, her book voices and views : a history of the holocaust,


the shelby american car manufacturing company was founded by the world - renowned racing driver, carroll shelby. during the 1950s, he spent his life racing some of the fastest cars. a heart condition ended his motor sports career in 1960 and he turned his attention to manufacturing automobiles. his goal was to install an american engine into a british sports car. soon, shelby learned that ac motor cars limited of england needed a new engine supplier. the british company agreed to work with the ex - race car driver. shelby then approached the ford company and convinced a ford representative to send him two v8 engines. shelby paired the british sports car with the ford engine and test drove the vehicle in 1961 at england ' s silverstone racetrack. the car reached incredible speeds of 150 mph. in 1962, the ford company agreed to provide shelby with more engines so that shelby ' s new prototype would appear in the new york auto show. shelby painted the car yellow and christened it the cobra. the car was an instant hit at the auto show and was known as the fastest production sports car. dealers quickly began placing orders for the cobra. by 1965, shelby had manufactured the gt350. this particular car was a mustang and won the b production championship in 1965 and 1966. shelby continued to manufacture cars, eventually creating one of his most popular vehicles, the gt40. this particular car was designed to compete against the ferrari. after the introduction of the gt40, it went on to compete in le mans, an important racing competition. the gt40s famously finished first, second and third during this historic race. in 1967, the company manufactured the shelby gt 500. while previous shelby cars were designed primarily for racing, the gt500 was suitable for daily driving. the car featured a three - speed automatic or four - speed manual transmission. it also included e70x15 tires and standard front disc brakes. gt500s offered power steering, air conditioning and mustang gt - level interior trim. february 1970 signaled the end of shelby ' s association with ford. together they had built stylish, powerful vehicles that captivated people who loved fast cars. in 1996, shelby american manufactured updated versions of cobra 289 fia, cobra 427 s / c and cobra - component cars. it wasn ' t until 2004 that ford and shelby created a new partnership. during that particular year, the two companies collaborated on the ford gt. today, shelby cars continue to fascinate muscle car enthusiasts who expect excellence, beauty and speed. - fire damages philadelphia vintage vehicles - classic gt mustang refreshed -


rachel francis celebrates wales ’ record in incubating a treasury of sustainable enterprisemay 27th, 2012 at the top of cardiff ’ s city hall is a magnificent dragon sculpted in bronze by h. c. fehr. the dragon is an important part of wales ’ sense of identity, making the connection between the welsh people, their land, their culture and their ancestors. the word dragon probably comes from an old greek verb δρακειν ( drakein ) meaning ‘ to see clearly ’. the welsh dragon appears in many stories, from the arthurian legends to the mabinogion and is used symbolically to represent the primal forces of nature. in mythology dragons are associated with wisdom and longevity and it is said that we were originally taught to speak by dragons. in short, dragons are a good symbol for sustainability. the story of sustainable development and indeed the story of unsustainable development, is the story of human civilization. but, for the purposes of this article, i start with recent history. in 1987, just over twenty years ago, the united nations released the brundtland report, which included what is today one of the most widely recognised definitions of sustainable development : “ sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ” this definition contains within it two key concepts : ‘ needs ’ and ‘ limitations ’, and the active word is development, not growth. it is a catastrophe that, despite brundtland, despite the 1992 rio earth summit, despite the kyoto protocol, despite science, and despite the universal declaration of human rights, many powerful human organisations, with supreme detachment, are denying climate change. they are also turning a blind eye to social injustice and seeking to redefine sustainability to suit their own ends. as a result, the ‘ economic ’ requirement of financial sustainability comes before social justice and before the actual environment. the slight twist to the truth comes from a clever use of words : business as usual. which is why so - called ‘ green capitalism ’ has a ring of hopelessness about it. yet, if today ’ s ‘ leaders ; don ’ t have the strength and imagination to drive through true sustainability, responding effectively to human needs and the world ’ s limitations, then others do. right across the world, amongst communities of interest and communities of place, the concept of what a truly sustainable society might look like has been incubated, debated, tried and tested. the concept of a steady state or circular economy has grown


do. right across the world, amongst communities of interest and communities of place, the concept of what a truly sustainable society might look like has been incubated, debated, tried and tested. the concept of a steady state or circular economy has grown alongside new democratic and transitional ways of living, ways of doing business, ways of connecting. the answers for today ’ s social, environmental and economic problems exist. combining the wonders of modern science and technology with the old wisdom of our ancestors and forebears who worked with the land, we now have a truly sustainable vision. it is not capitalism, but neither is it communism. it is something else. the national assembly was formed in the years following rio 1992 and very much grew out of local agenda 21. in 2009 the scheme one wales : one planet provided leadership and direction for the embedding of sustainable approaches throughout wales. as jonathon porritt of the sustainable development commission said at the time : “ wales may well be close to the goldilocks ( just right ) scale for leading on sustainable development. ” in today ’ s wales a vibrant network of family farms, small businesses and other enterprises that form part of the fabric of welsh community are threatened by the march of global businesses associated with the ‘ growth ’ economy. even so, the ‘ trickle - down ’ of corporate business based in centres from london to new york to dubai is, indeed, a very small trickle by the time it reaches wales. and that is quite aside from a double dip recession. nonetheless, wales is rich in vital resources such as clean fresh water, agricultural land and renewable energy sources. it is also rich in pioneering spirit, from the centre of alternative technology to 70 per cent recycling and industrial sized resource recovery. indeed, wales has been incubating a treasury of sustainable enterprise. ask a welsh farmer : growth is cyclical. the notion of a circular or steady state economics has its roots in industrial ecology, a theory first developed by environmental academics in the 1970s and still used today. it involves remodelling industrial systems along lines of ecosystems, recognizing the efficiency of resource cycling in the natural environment. and to be truly sustainable, it needs to work alongside open democracy in all sectors and that means new legislation … a sustainability bill for example. this june, at rio + 20 the mythic battle between the outmoded ruling dragon of capitalism / growth and the eager young sustainable dragon will continue to play out on a global stage. the outcome is not clear. without a country coming forward to take the lead


japan ’ s nuclear crisis explained : a sampler the crippled fukushima nuclear plant as of march 15, 2011. credit : daveeza / flickr difficult though it is to believe, the massive earthquake and tsunami that devastated northeast japan happened less than a week ago. it would have been even harder to believe, when the first damage reports began rolling in, that the quake and tsunami would have taken a backseat in the headlines to the worst nuclear accident since chernobyl, whose 25th anniversary is coming next month. in fact, there ' s still a distinct possibility that the fukushima disaster will surpass chernobyl and three mile island to become the worst nuclear disaster in history ( if you discount hiroshima and nagasaki, of course ). getting a handle on exactly what ' s happening at fukushima is difficult, for a couple of reasons. first, nobody can actually get inside the plants to inspect the damage close - up. it ' s simply too dangerous. second, japanese officials haven ' t been very good at providing what information they do have. and third, the situation keeps changing, day - to - day and even hour - to - hour. nevertheless, a number of news and other organizations have quickly put together some useful resources that can help us understand something of what ' s happening at fukushima, and what could happen next. for an up - to - date timeline of the disaster, for example, check out this wikipedia page. the new york times has, as always, compiled a wealth of information. they ' ve posted a graphic showing how a plume of radioactivity released from the plant is likely to spread ( this graphic does not include information about actual radiation levels ; only about wind patterns ). the times also has an excellent page showing the current status of each of the six reactors at fukushima, which is updated daily. and there ' s an interactive graphic showing how a reactor shuts down and — if things spin out of control, as they may now be doing — how it melts down. there ' s also an excellent multipart series of graphics at the washington post that lays out almost anything you ' d care to know about the disaster, from information about the reactors themselves to evacuation plans and more. the u. k. ' s guardian website has a terrific multimedia explainer starring reporter ian sample on video, with all sorts of supplementary material. and finally, slate comes at the story from its usual different angle by providing a worldwide interactive map of where, when and how powerfully tsunamis have struck the world since


our wetlands, our world : our wetlands, our world high school activity guide to upper newport bay our wetlands, our world provides information and activities to help high school students learn about the importance of wetlands and to become involved in the restoration of these valuable, unique environments. it also helps bring state content standards to life by linking science concepts to local resources. the focus of the guide is on upper newport bay in orange county ; however, much of the information is applicable to other wetland sites. - entire guide ( 9. 5 mb ) - introduction, contents ( 335 kb ) - watersheds and wetlands unit ( 1. 3 mb ) - human impacts unit ( 5. 6 mb ) - taking action unit ( 1. 1 mb ) - appendices ( 2. 4 mb ) upcoming workshops for educators ( please note that workshops are currently only being held in orange county. ) if you would like to participate in an orientation workshop for our wetlands, our world, please send an e - mail to email @ example. com which includes your contact information, as well as the name of your school or program and the grade level that you teach. please check back here for announcements of future trainings. coastal restoration at upper newport bay hands - on ecological restoration activities are available in the upper newport bay through the california coastal commission ' s community - based restoration and education program. depending on the time of year, students can participate in installing native plants, removing invasive weeds, mulching and watering previously installed native plants, collecting seeds or transplanting seedlings in our native plant nursery. these activities are the perfect complement to our wetlands, our world to enhance your students ' learning experience. for more information, please visit the program ' s home page. to sign up your class for a restoration work day, please contact matt yurko at firstname. lastname @ example. org. extensions and resources - learn about coastal restoration at upper newport bay. - take part in coastal cleanup day. - adopt a beach. - check out our " for youth " page for web - based activities. - browse the marine, coastal & watershed resource directory for educational resources and for volunteer and internship opportunities. - visit our " how can i help? " web page. - take the coastal stewardship pledge. - for advanced students, use a webpage of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s coastal services center to investigate three alternatives for developing a coastal site. the scenarios presented allow students to explore the specifics of each development plan and to consider the environmental and economic consequences


this archived web page remains online for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. this page will not be altered or updated. web pages that are archived on the internet are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the communications policy of the government of canada, you can request alternate formats of this page on the contact us page. entered confederation : 1999 the earliest people to inhabit the region now known as nunavut were the tuniit ( dorset ) people, believed to have crossed the bering strait - - then a land bridge - - from russia, approximately 5, 000 years ago. the tuniit were the sole occupants of the land until about 1, 000 years ago, when the thule, the ancestors of today ' s inuit, began appearing in the area. the thule, who eventually displaced the tuniit, relied on whales as their main source of food and necessities, and had a trading relationship with the norse through which they acquired metal tools. about 500 years ago, for unknown reasons, the thule abandoned the high arctic and their whaling ventures for the smaller living groups and the caribou and seal hunts that characterized the inuit way of life at the time of european expansion into the canadian arctic. the inuit ' s early contact with europeans, other than the norse, was probably with the basque and portuguese whalers working off newfoundland and labrador shores. as well, there were the explorers who sought the northwest passage. both groups had minimal influence on the inuit way of life. the whalers were integrated into the barter system of trade that the inuit had already established, and the explorers tended not to stay in the arctic for extended periods of time. europeans began exerting a more long - lasting influence in the arctic with the formation of the hudson ' s bay company ( hbc ) in 1670. rapidly establishing a commercial network throughout the arctic, the hbc relied on the inuit to supply furs and hides in return for tools and food. this caused substantial changes in inuit culture : on one level, the focus shifted from hunting entirely for food, clothing, and other needs, to supplying outsiders with desirable goods. traditional trade and migration patterns were altered, as the inuit began trading almost exclusively with the hbc, abandoning their seasonal migrations to remain near trading posts. this influence continued into the twentieth century. when the canadian government began asserting its sovereignty over the arctic, the hbc acted as a de facto government agency. unfortunately, when the fur market collapsed in the 1930s, the inuit were left


near trading posts. this influence continued into the twentieth century. when the canadian government began asserting its sovereignty over the arctic, the hbc acted as a de facto government agency. unfortunately, when the fur market collapsed in the 1930s, the inuit were left without the means to continue a way of life to which they had grown accustomed. the years during and following world war ii brought even more disruption. the war had exposed the inuit ' s economic situation to many in the south for the first time and other nations criticized canada for not providing enough assistance. as a result of this pressure, the canadian government made the inuit wards of the state in 1941. then, in the 1950s, the government relocated many of the inuit to centralized villages, in areas where they would supposedly have a greater degree of prosperity, an action that may also have been meant to solidify canadian sovereignty in the arctic by spreading the population throughout the area. children were taken from their families and placed in residential schools. not only did these actions force the inuit to rely almost totally upon others for their livelihood, they seriously injured the traditional social structure by breaking up families, or by forcing them to relocate. various social programs, while well intentioned, also fostered dependence. the government, which administered the area directly from ottawa, was perceived as distant and out of touch with northern concerns. exploration of the natural resources in the arctic was conducted with little, if any, consultation with the inuit who lived on the land. developers traversed the area in various vehicles, sunk wells, and dug mines without considering the environmental effects of their actions. there was a change in the system of government in 1967 with the establishment of the territorial government at yellowknife, but in reality there was little difference to the people. although yellowknife was closer than ottawa, its location in the western arctic was still perceived as remote by those in the eastern half of the territory. the government itself was dominated by people who were more interested in transferring the southern style of government to the north, than in adapting it to the needs and circumstances of the region. interestingly, an early attempt at territorial division was discussed just prior to the transfer of government, during the period between 1959 and 1963, when the territorial council contemplated creating the mackenzie territory. the motivation for this was more economic than socio - political ; those who supported division felt that the more populous and diverse western half of the northwest territories ( nwt ) would develop more quickly if separated from the eastern half. neither the opinions of the inuit, nor indeed those of anyone


economic than socio - political ; those who supported division felt that the more populous and diverse western half of the northwest territories ( nwt ) would develop more quickly if separated from the eastern half. neither the opinions of the inuit, nor indeed those of anyone from the eastern arctic, were considered. still, the campaign for division progressed far enough that in 1963 federal legislation was introduced to create the territories of mackenzie ( western nwt ) and nunassiaq ( eastern nwt ). the matter stalled, however, when it became clear that the idea was not supported in the eastern nwt, and had only scant support in the western nwt ; the legislation died with the dissolution of parliament in 1963. in the aftermath of this debate, the carrothers commission of 1966 concluded that while division was probably inevitable, discussion of the idea should be delayed for ten years. the commission also stated that the inuit would be isolated, with little if any political power, if division were carried out in the wrong way. there were several cases in 1973 that brought the concept of aboriginal land title and rights to national prominence. one of these was the " calder case ", a grievance brought by the nishga indians of northwestern british columbia against the provincial government. this case was the first to use the terms " aboriginal rights " and " land claim, " acknowledging that aboriginals did have some original claim to land, albeit in a narrow sense. the inuit and cree of northern quebec also began their grievance ( reaching a settlement in 1975 ) against the james bay hydroelectric project, which they claimed was in violation of their aboriginal rights. as well, the dene of the western arctic were given leave to file an aboriginal claim in the nwt. these cases demonstrated to the inuit the possibility of success in making their own such claim in the eastern arctic. the early 1970s also saw the creation of the inuit tapirisat of canada ( itc ), formed in 1971 from a meeting of native leaders at coppermine, nwt, with tagak curley as its founding president. the first conference, held at carleton university in ottawa, brought together thirty delegates from all regions of the nwt, as well as inuit from quebec and labrador. the itc would become an important force in the quest for nunavut. the itc was in fact heavily involved in the preparation of the first inuit claims proposal, submitted to the federal government in 1976. it proposed not only a land claim, but also the creation of a new territory, suggesting a new form of


it outlined a fifteen - year schedule for achieving this goal. the same meeting was attended by a federal representative, marking one of the first times that the federal government actively solicited inuit opinions on constitutional change. another landmark year for the nunavut claim was 1982. at the national level, it saw the patriation of the constitution, which included a clause protecting aboriginal land claims. at the territorial level, the recommendations made two years earlier by the committee examining division were acted on and a plebiscite was held on the question. though there was only a moderate voter turnout, 56 % of those who did vote were in favour of division ; moreover, in the eastern arctic, where the inuit population was highest, the percentage in favour of division was around 80 %. the plebiscite campaign saw the formation of the constitutional alliance of the northwest territories ( ca ). after the results of the vote were known, the ca agreed to create two forums, intended to provide a medium for formal debate and planning : the nunavut constitutional forum ( ncf ) for the eastern arctic, and the western constitutional forum ( wcf ) for the western, with the ca acting as moderator. at the same time, the tungavik federation of nunavut ( tfn ) was formed to pursue actual claims negotiation, taking over these duties from the nlcp. the ncf began meeting in september of 1982 ; all proceedings were open, with the media having full access. among its activities were the production of a " history " of nunavut, and many studies about matters affecting its creation. within a year, the ncf had drafted a comprehensive working proposal, entitled " building nunavut. " a revised and expanded edition followed two years later. early successes with negotiations included agreements on an inuit role in wildlife management ( reached in 1981 ), on offshore rights, and on a wide - ranging resource management system that included a prominent role for inuit in the decision - making process. there were difficult areas, however ; one of these was the negotiation of a boundary. although inuit lived primarily in the eastern arctic, and the dene - metis in the western arctic, there were overlapping areas in the central part of the territory where both claimed traditional rights. a tentative agreement, endorsed by both the ncf and wcf, was reached in 1985 ; however, it fell apart at the last minute when the dene - metis refused to ratify it. a similar fate befell the iqaluit agreement of 1987. finally, john parker,


ncf and wcf, was reached in 1985 ; however, it fell apart at the last minute when the dene - metis refused to ratify it. a similar fate befell the iqaluit agreement of 1987. finally, john parker, a former territorial commissioner, was appointed to decide on a boundary in 1991. though this proposed line was also disputed, it was passed in a territory - wide plebiscite with a narrow majority. the concept of nunavut itself also presented difficulties. the inuit were adamant that it be incorporated directly into the claims agreement, as an embodiment of aboriginal rights. federal representatives, on the other hand, stated that it was inappropriate to use an aboriginal land claim to create a public government that was meant to serve all people, including the white minority, within the proposed territory. a compromise was reached by including a clause in the claim. this clause committed the government to negotiating a political accord that would provide for the creation of the new territory, without actually making division part of the claim. an agreement - in - principle was finally reached in 1990, a final version of which appeared in december of 1991. members of both the tfn and federal negotiating teams signed this document, the " nunavut land claims agreement " ( nlca ), in september of 1992. it was then put to a plebiscite in october of 1992, and saw a record turnout of voters. the agreement passed the plebiscite with an overwhelming majority of 84. 7 %. once past this hurdle, matters moved quickly. the nunavut land claims agreement act, ratifying the agreement, and the nunavut act [ laws. justice. gc. ca / en / n - 28. 6 / index. html ], which created the new territory, were both passed on june 10, 1993. after ratification of the two acts in 1993, attention turned towards implementation ; a deadline of april 1, 1999 had been fixed for the completion of all arrangements. jack anawak was appointed interim commissioner of nunavut. the nunavut implementation commission ( nic ) formed to undertake planning for the new government ; it was a nine - member committee, overseen by chief commissioner john amagoalik. to ensure the integrity of the nlca, nunavut tunngavik incorporated ( nti ) was created, with jose kusugak as its president. it assumed what had previously been the responsibilities of the tfn. both organizations had much to do in a relatively short span of


nunavut tunngavik incorporated ( nti ) was created, with jose kusugak as its president. it assumed what had previously been the responsibilities of the tfn. both organizations had much to do in a relatively short span of time, and had to face many challenges : a vast territory to cover, new departments to create, and employees to train. added to these were the desire to decentralize the new government as much as possible, and the commitment to employing a percentage of inuit representative of the general population. an election also had to be held in order to choose the nineteen members of the new legislative assembly ; this took place on february 15, 1999. after the election, the new members chose paul okalik as their premier. on march 26 of that year, helen maksagak was appointed as the first commissioner of nunavut by the federal government. as with the ratification of the nunavut act in 1993, the actual birth of nunavut on april 1, 1999 became an international news story. parties, speeches, fireworks, traditional inuit games and dances, and other activities marked the occasion. cameron, kirk ; white, graham. - - northern governments in transition : political and constitutional development in the yukon, nunavut, and the western northwest territories. - - montreal : institute for research on public policy, 1995. - - 151 p. jull, peter. - - an aboriginal northern territory : creating canada ' s nunavut. - - [ casuarina, n. t. : australian national university, north australia research unit ], 1992. - - 39 p. merritt, john et al. - - nunavut : political choices and manifest destiny. - - ottawa : canadian arctic resources committee, 1989. - - 126 p. the nunavut handbook 1999. - - ed. marion soubliere. - - iqaluit : nortext multimedia inc., 1999. - - [ 414 p. ]. nunavut ' 99 : changing the map of canada : the birth of a territory fulfills a dream. - - ed. marion soubliere ; greg coleman. - - iqaluit : nortext multimedia inc., 1999. - - 131 p. purich, donald. - - the inuit and their land : the story of nunavut. - - toronto : james lorimer & co., 1992. - - 126 p.


how child hunger affects children and their families child hunger kills nearly 16, 000 children a day. that ' s one child every 5 seconds who dies from child hunger. for those who live, more than 300 million children go to bed hungry every night. rising food prices and an escalating global food crisis is creating more child hunger. worldwide, one person in seven goes to bed hungry every night. child hunger can be eliminated child hunger doesn ' t have to continue. compassion ' s church - based program fights child hunger through sponsorship. one of the best ways to fight child hunger is to sponsor a child through compassion. when you sponsor a child, you defeat child hunger because sponsorship helps children receive adequate nutrition. child hunger escalating your help to end child hunger is needed now more than ever. the current global food crisis is being called by many a " silent tsunami " that could plunge millions more children into child hunger. food prices have doubled in some countries since 2006. many of the countries compassion serves are among those hit hard by rising food prices. you can help a child affected by child hunger by sponsoring a child today. as a new sponsor, you ' ll receive your child ' s photo, personal story and a complete child sponsorship packet by mail. fact sources : www. one. org, www. bread. org, www. unicef. org, www. who. int, www. unep. org


santa cruz — hopping on a bumper car and setting the gps destination to outer space, " toy story " character buzz lightyear would have been thrilled by a scene at the santa cruz beach boardwalk. a science channel tv crew and ucsc astronomy professor greg laughlin were equally excited friday morning, using the speed bump ride as a visual analogy to illustrate the concept of gravity assist in outer space. the crew approached laughlin and the santa cruz boardwalk to shoot an episode of " through the wormhole. " hosted by morgan freeman, the series explores scientific questions. the episode " can we outlive the sun? " is expected to air in the show ' s fourth season in 2013. " in billions of years, the sun will get so bright and luminous that life on earth will be in big trouble, " laughlin said. to preserve life forms, humans would have to find a way for earth to move away from the sun by expanding the orbit, laughlin said. that ' s where asteroids, gravity and the boardwalk ' s bumper cars come in. " you could cause our planet to slowly expand its orbit by having asteroids flying by the earth hundreds of thousands of times, " laughlin said. " this is what i ' m showing when i ' m driving around our little earth with my magnet. " using a metal reproduction of the earth, a yellow beach ball for the sun and a red magnet, laughlin and camera operators rode bumper cars, circling their miniature solar system to mimic asteroids. in real space, this merry - go - round action produces a double effect, laughlin explained. because of gravity, the mass of the asteroid entering in our orbit produces a force that slightly pulls the earth forward, causing our planet to expand the trajectory of its orbit. simultaneously, gravity forces the asteroid to deviate from its trajectory while gaining speed. this latter phenomenon, used by scientists as a " gravity assist " to speed spacecrafts, is ultimately the most interesting part, laughlin said. " whether we can outlive the sun is the last thing we need to worry about. we don ' t have the technology to control asteroids and this won ' t be an issue before a billion years, " laughlin said. " it ' s a just a dramatic way of showing how gravity assist works. " nasa sent its spacecraft new horizons in jupiter ' s orbit and it gave it a huge boost on its trip to pluto, laughlin said. " that will enable us to discover how pluto looks like years ahead of schedule. " the boardwalk provided


as a contractor, you are only as good as your last job. so being able to find information quickly and easily is an important skill. the following list of engineering resources in the form of charts, tables, graphs, definitions and links will hopefully make life easier. if you would like to see a particular topic added to the toolbox then let us know - select the link at the bottom of the page. ascii character table the basic ascii character table for numbers 0 to 127. eu directive 94 / 9 / ec, compliance and equipment markings. the selection and sizing of cable glands. ce marks and their application. control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002. formulas relating to electric motors electronic wire and cable stranding, diameters & areas of copper electronic wire & cable. glossary of general engineering terms and acronyms glossary of nuclear terms and acronyms classification of hazardous areas and comparison of standards hazid studies and hazid study guide words hazop studies and hazop study guide words the practice of removing and replacing or freeing and re - tightening bolts on live piping and equipment hydraulic fluid cleanliness - use of current standards comparison of iso and nas cleanliness classes rough guide to the meaning of the 13 incoterms. ingress protection ratings ip codes, and comparisons with nema system. machineability of materials points to note when cutting. pipe flange dimensions for common sizes and ratings. common terms for surface roughness of flange mating faces. pipe schedules, wall thickness and weights. polarisation index of electric windings use of polarization index for ac & dc drives and generators. power factor correction power factor definition, calculation and correction techniques. selection, installation & use of bourdon tube pressure gauges. pump affinity laws affects of changing pump speed on flow rate, head and power. relief valve orifice sizes api standard relief valve orifice sizes the 7 base units and the derived units defined and explained. form decimal multiples and submultiples of si units. safety integrity ratings sil ratings and how to determine them. grades of stainless steels, their compositions and properties. straight length requirements straight lengths needed & installation notes for vortex flow meters stud and nut sizes stud diameters & corresponding nut sizes in metric & imperial. temp class for hazardous area products - european & us standard combinations of metals and their measuring ranges on line conversion between all units of temperature. valve leakage classes and testing explained. limits to the location of nozzles on vessels. definitions, units


in 1966, foia was passed but it was not enforceable. amendments dealing with how to make it practical were added in 1974 after a long debate in congress. in the 80s, another debate emerged about weakening foia in the reagan administration. and now, in 2005, there is yet another debate concerning the future of the act and how weak or strong it needs to be. " weak " is not a word that seems to fit with the roots of the united states. our roots are strong and run deep and so should the act that protects the public from behind - the - scenes decisions. foia is corruption ' s worst enemy. governing bodies will always do a small amount of conversing about business in the absence of the public. it is the nature of the system. taxpayers and journalists have to accept that fact, however. in theory, if public topics come up in a casual conversation, public servants should halt the conversation or talk about anything but business. foia is an imperative tool in how the media watches taxpayer ' s money. when elected officials gather for a meeting, tax dollars are at work. when decisions are made, tax dollars are definitely at work. we have the right to know where and how our money is spent. the system is built on people, and people aren ' t perfect. maintaining the current foia will prove to be beneficial to the public. rules and regulations are in effect for a reason. all journalists aim to get their hands on the real story and foia is an important tool in that journey. the people have more to loose through a weakened foia than the media. if we begin to loosen the hold foia has on the flow of legal information, you will see more private meetings, hidden agendas and corruption will become evident. newspapers will battle for foi, but we ' re fighting for the people because we know how much they have to lose. we know first - hand how hard it would be to publish news that influences our readers ' lives without it. leave foia alone. a watered - down foia would be a step in the wrong direction. taxpayers deserve to know, and foia sets the stage for the public to see the show. they are paying for it. shouldn ' t they at least get a seat in the theater?


prostate cancer forms in the tissue of the prostate gland which is approximately the size of a walnut and found below the bladder and in front of the rectum. there are approximately 250, 000 new cases each year with approximately 35, 000 patients dying of the disease annually. prostate cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in men of all ages and the most common cause of death in men over the age of 75. known risks for prostate cancer include race with african - american men being more likely to develop prostate cancer. another risk factor is age, men who are older than 60 are at increased risk. family history is also a risk factor, in particular patients with a father or brother diagnosed with prostate cancer. most patients with prostate cancer have no definitive symptoms when it is caught at early stages. testing for prostate cancer includes an annual prostate specific antigen test ( psa ) as well as a digital rectal exam to assess the prostate. some signs of advancing prostate cancer are also signs of benign growth within the prostate gland including : weakened urinary stream, difficulty evacuating the bladder, blood in urine or semen, and pelvic pain or bone pain once the disease has progressed. there are multiple treatment options for prostate cancer which are best discussed with your urologist. however, these can include observation, hormonal ablation, cryosurgery, chemotherapies, high intensity focused ultrasound ( hifu ), external beam radiation therapy, prostate seed implant, radical prostate surgery including : traditional surgery, laparoscopic surgery as well as da vinci robotic - assisted prostatectomy, occasionally requiring removal of lymph nodes as well. the most common type of kidney cancer in adults is renal cell carcinoma primarily diagnosed between the ages of 50 and 70 years of age with no exact cause identified. some factors can increase the risks of kidney cancer including : dialysis treatment for kidney failure, family history of renal cell carcinoma, high blood pressure, congenital abnormalities of the kidneys, polycystic kidney disease, and smoking. although most kidney cancers are found incidentally on radiologic imaging for other reasons, kidney cancers can include some symptoms such as abdominal pain, flank pain, blood in the urine, weight loss, and constipation. radiologic imaging can easily diagnose most kidney tumors including renal ultrasound or abdominal ct scan traditionally performed to evaluate the kidney as well as mri ' s and multiple other radiologic imaging. treatment for kidney cancer typically includes removal of the kidney which was performed in the past using


easily diagnose most kidney tumors including renal ultrasound or abdominal ct scan traditionally performed to evaluate the kidney as well as mri ' s and multiple other radiologic imaging. treatment for kidney cancer typically includes removal of the kidney which was performed in the past using open surgical techniques and currently more commonly using laparoscopic or da vinci robotic - assisted techniques to remove either the entire kidney or a portion of the kidney. most chemotherapy agents will not cure the cancer although it may decrease its growth once the tumor has spread. while several types of bladder cancer can develop, the most common type in the united states is transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder which often starts as small papillary tumors within the bladder, although less commonly it can be sessile or flat appearing lesions within the bladder. there are several risk factors that are known to increase the incidence of bladder cancer including cigarette smoking and other tobacco products as well as chemical exposure, chemotherapies, radiation treatments as well as chronic infection or indwelling catheters. the typical signs of bladder cancer can include blood in the urine, irritative urinary symptoms including voiding frequently and urgently, incontinence, as well as lower abdominal pain and weight loss. bladder cancer is commonly diagnosed by cystoscopy which includes visualizing the bladder with a telescope performed in the office as well as x - ray imaging with ct scans or other x - rays using contrast such as ivp as well as urine cytologies which evaluate the urine for abnormal cells which have been passed. treatment options include removing the bladder tumor through telescopes placed into the bladder, chemotherapy agents which are placed into the bladder or if advanced it may require surgical removal of the bladder by traditional surgery, laparoscopic techniques, or da vinci robotic - assisted techniques with alternative drainage of urine into small segment of bowel or a newly developed bladder pouch. there is also partial removal of the bladder, radiation therapy and chemotherapy which are alternative options for advanced disease as well as immunotherapy. testicular cancer occurs most frequently in men between the ages of 15 and 35, although it can occur in older men as well. rare types of tumors can develop in extremely younger men as well as those of advanced age. race also plays a part in testicular cancer as caucasians are more likely to develop the disease than african americans and asian americans. there are two general categories of tumors including seminomas and non - seminomas. risk factors include abnormal testicular development, history of testicular cancer, undescend


##s are more likely to develop the disease than african americans and asian americans. there are two general categories of tumors including seminomas and non - seminomas. risk factors include abnormal testicular development, history of testicular cancer, undescended testicles and congenital abnormalities. the symptoms typically include pain in the testicle or scrotum, a testicular mass which is easily palpable or enlargement of the testicle, weight loss, and back pain. evaluation typically includes physical examination, scrotal ultrasound, further x - rays to assess for any progression of the disease as well as blood tests which are used as tumor markers including alpha - fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin. treatment options typically include removal of the affected testicle to assess the type of tumor as well as follow up radiologic imaging and blood testing to assess as to whether the disease has progressed. further treatment may be necessary including possible radiation therapy or chemotherapy and becoming more popular is observation with careful follow with radiologic imaging to be sure that the disease is not recurrent in both that have been treated with chemotherapy and radiation as well as those that are simply being followed after removal of the testicle alone. the disease can progress into the lymph nodes and other parts of the abdomen as well as lungs, spine and brain with advanced disease. the prognosis in patients even with advanced disease oftentimes is quite good.


the steps cattle producers take to improve the environment aren ' t new ; they have been around for many decades. in fact, as long as cattle have been raised on the land, american families have worked to protect and enhance the environment. farmers ' and ranchers ' families walk the same land, breathe the same air and drink the same water as your family. they are committed to protect and improve natural resources. so, i ' m sharing with you a few of the many ways raising cattle can contribute to environmental sustainability and a few facts about the important nutrients beef provides to help people sustain health and well - being. · about two - thirds of cattle farms and ranches have been in the same family for two generations or more. · today ' s cattlemen provide more people with nutritious beef products using fewer natural resources than in the past. · today ' s american farmer feeds about 144 people worldwide. experts estimate global food production will need to increase 70 percent by 2050 to feed a growing world population. · some ranchers serve as land managers for vast amounts of public open space, while others create wildlife habitat on their private property. · cattlemen are also recyclers, raising their animals on the abundant source of grains available in this country and then turning the manure into natural fertilizers. · iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide. beef provides the most readily available and easily absorbed dietary source of iron. · just one 3 - ounce serving of beef supplies 10 nutrients essential for life. south dakota cattle producers live and work on the land. for them, protecting the environment isn ' t a choice ; it ' s essential to their survival and the success of future generations. be sure to thank local farmers and ranchers in your area for the superior work they do. i encourage environmentally conscious consumers to enjoy great - tasting, nutrient - rich lean beef. try serving these chimichurri steak wraps, a fun, easy and nutrient - rich recipe that ' s sure to be a family favorite. for more healthy beef recipes and information contact holly swee, rd, ln, director of nutrition & consumer information for the south dakota beef industry council at 605 - 224 - 4722 or http : / / www. beefitswhatsfordinner. com. chimichurri steak wraps 12 ounces grilled beef steak, cut into slices 3 cups fresh baby spinach 1 / 2 large red bell pepper, cut into thin strips 4 medium whole wheat tortillas ( 8 to 10 - inch diameter


if churchill were a gardener, he could have used similar words to describe madagascar periwinkle or annual vinca ( catharanthus roseus ), at least in terms of this plant ' s performance in los angeles. at times, madagascar periwinkle appears oblivious to garden conditions, no matter how extreme. i have seen it thrive in constantly wet soil, bone - dry earth, full - day sun and virtual shade. then again, i have seen madagascar periwinkle languish and die when the soil was perfectly amended and mixed with slow - release fertilizer, sun was plentiful but not too hot, and beautiful mulch covered the bed. still, when all is said and done, excellent soil drainage is imperative to the flourishing of madagascar periwinkle, even if such drainage does not guarantee success. you should also avoid planting it in successive summers in the same garden spot since there is a buildup of fungal pathogen in the absence of rotation with other summer annuals. however, do not rotate madagascar periwinkle with petunias since they are susceptible to the same disease. although it is often considered an annual, i have seen madagascar periwinkle persist as a perennial for up to three years when growing conditions, which usually include a near cactuslike watering regime, madagascar periwinkle is susceptible to a lethal phytophthora fungus that causes stem lesions, wilting and sudden death. progress of the disease is swift. once leaves begin to shrivel there ' s nothing you can do to revive the plant. and then most, if not all, of the periwinkle in the same bed will become infected with fungus and die. perhaps this plant ' s enigmatic persona may be traceable to its origins. madagascar is an island off the southeast coast of africa that is home to many endemic species, which means that their habitat is confined to the island. eighty percent of the island ' s plants, including 850 orchids and many unusual cactus and succulent arboreal species, are endemic. madagascar, like hawaii and the canary islands, are on the " must see before i die " list of every plant lover. if you want to see a healthy bed of madagascar periwinkle, plant them from seed. plants grown from seed sown directly in the earth are invariably healthier than transplanted, nursery - grown fare. still, no matter the quick mortality probability associated with madagascar periwinkle, it is hard to resist taking them home from the


. plants grown from seed sown directly in the earth are invariably healthier than transplanted, nursery - grown fare. still, no matter the quick mortality probability associated with madagascar periwinkle, it is hard to resist taking them home from the nursery. their botanical name, catharanthus, comes from two words : cathar, although classic madagascar periwinkles are either white with a red center or lavender pink, many other colors have become available in recent years, including apricot, cherry red and rose. annual vinca is grown throughout the tropics for its medicinal properties. alkaloids contained in vinca flower extract have been used to combat diabetes, malaria, leukemia and hodgkin ' s disease. vinca belongs to the dogbane plant family, all of whose members possess white latex sap as well as allergenic to hallucinogenic to lethally toxic qualities. relatives include common oleander ( nerium oleander ), star jasmine ( trachelospermum jasminoides ) and yellow oleander or lucky nut ( thevetia neriifolia ). yellow oleander was planted several years ago by caltrans along the ventura freeway in encino. it has butter yellow flowers and shiny light green foliage. annual vinca is another common name for madagascar periwinkle. the word vinca means " bind " and is a name associated with the perennial ground cover vincas, whose long shoots are utilized in binding garlands of flowers together. these shoots may also wind their away around tree trunks and lampposts when conditions for growth are optimal, and underground rhizomes also encourage perennial vincas to spread. locally, however, our dry summers tend to keep perennial vincas in check. there are two ground cover vincas to enjoy : vinca major and vinca minor. vinca major possesses violet - blue flowers and elliptical leaves that are twice the size of flowers and leaves found on vinca minor. in los angeles, perennial vincas must be protected from hot sun, but must also receive excellent ambient light to bloom well. in hot weather, they may require a good soaking several times a week. by the same token, i have seen vinca major go through a very hot summer with barely any water, wilting and turning brown, only to revive completely with winter rain. tip of the week on the balcony of hedy ( heidi ) herbert in encino, carrion flowers ( stapelia sp. ) are in bloom. with an


water, wilting and turning brown, only to revive completely with winter rain. tip of the week on the balcony of hedy ( heidi ) herbert in encino, carrion flowers ( stapelia sp. ) are in bloom. with an appearance like that of bronzish - red starfish, carrion flowers are so named because they are attractive to pollinating flies and, depending on the species, may have an aroma of rotting flesh, although no such scent emanates from herbert ' s flowers. stapelias hybridize easily and there is much variability among them, with flowers of some species reaching up to 6 inches in diameter. stapelias are among the easiest of container plants to grow on account of their succulent stems and minimal demand for sunlight. frequently, patios and balconies have no more than half a day or less of sun, and so stapelias become a logical choice for these semi - outdoor rooms. joshua siskin ' s column appears every saturday in this section. he welcomes questions from readers and will answer them in his column. if you have a question, please send an email to joshua @ perfectplants. com. include your full name and the city you live in. visit joshua siskin ' s plant of the day at www. perfectplants. com.


ares i - x rocket produced 2. 6 million pounds of thrust, accelerating the rocket to nearly 3 g ' s and a top speed of mach 4. 76. the rocket reached a peak sub - orbital altitude of 150, 000 feet after the separation the first stage from the main stage. the ares i is the first new rocket to launch from the kennedy space center since shuttle in 1981. " this is a huge step forward for nasa ' s exploration goals, " said doug cooke, the associate administrator for the exploration systems mission directorate at nasa headquarters in washington. " ares i - x provides nasa with an enormous amount of data that will be used to improve the design and safety of the next generation of american spaceflight vehicles - - vehicles that could again take humans beyond low earth orbit. " the ares i - x mission was conceived almost four years ago as an early demonstration for the constellation program, which envisions a manned return to the moon. the ares program includes the ares i rocket which will carry crews into earth orbit, and the much larger ares v to launch cargo. can ' t say enough about this team, " cooke added. " they ' ve been together probably a little over three years now, and they went from a concept to flying this vehicle in that period of time, which is the first time this has been done by a human spaceflight team in a today ' s test flight will be followed by the ares i - y test flight in 2014, following years of data analysis and computer modeling. flight engineers were especially concerned about roll torque, and will be carefully scrutinizing the data collected by over 700 onboard sensors. a wide range of performance data was relayed to the ground during the flight and also stored in the onboard flight data recorder. this flight test engineering data will be examined to see how well it correlates with current computer models. the sensors gathered information during several key aspects of the mission, including assembly and launch operations, as well as the separation of the vehicle ' s first and second stages. was some initial speculation that the new kevlar parachutes being used for the first time did not deploy properly. they are part of the first stage which will be recovered for inspection. the simulated upper stage and boilerplate fell into the atlantic ocean as planned and will not be recovered. " the most valuable learning is through experience and observation, " said bob ess, the ares i - x ' s mission manager. " tests such as this - - from paper to flight - - are vital in gaining a deeper


agronomic lessons learned from the drought al - kaisi and his iowa state colleagues identified several additional agronomic lessons that were learned from the 2012 drought : • crop residue retention with no - till systems improves water infiltration rate and conserves soil water content by reducing soil cracking and crusting and preserving soil structure. • corn following corn suffered greater yield losses than corn following soybean. continuous corn typically does not yield as well as corn after soybean, but the yield differential was much greater in 2012. • cover crops can accumulate residual no3 - n, thus decreasing losses from the root zone. much of the n accrued in cover crops will become available to subsequent crops. • the reduction of corn plant growth and grain fill during drought led to high no3 accumulations in vegetative plant tissues, particularly in the lower corn stalk. testing corn silage or baled stalks was important in 2012 to determine if no3 - n levels were safe for livestock. • corn n fertilization rates necessary to provide optimum yield typically are lower in years with below - normal rainfall. this effect can persist across multiple years of dry conditions, even with a return to normal rainfall. therefore, effects of dry conditions should be considered in decisions for n application rates to 2013 corn crops. • corn silage harvest results in greater p and k removal than grain harvest alone since most of the aboveground plant is harvested. this increased removal rate from grain - only harvest should be considered in nutrient plans for subsequent crops. • dry fall conditions can impact soil test results. predicting nutrient availability during drought is difficult. sampling after fall rainfall occurs or sampling in the spring improves soil test reliability. • drought revealed that genetics may have a limited role in protecting yield without optimum moisture availability in the absence of an integrated crop management system. significant rootworm feeding damage was observed in 2012 on hybrids with bt rootworm resistance. decreased root volume following root pruning results in lower water use under drought conditions, more crop stress, and reduced yields. • the jury is still out on drought - tolerant hybrids. unfortunately, results of scientifically valid comparisons of similar genetics with and without drought tolerance are not yet available. • planting a range of hybrid maturities will help spread risk, but plant only hybrids adapted to your area. non - adapted hybrids may have neither the yield potential nor disease resistance of adapted hybrids. while the drought could continue in some portions of the cornbelt in 2013, some good lessons have been learned that may help prevent a recurrence of poor yields


big boats up the river students will practice addition skills using information about ships visiting the port of albany on the hudson river estuary. students will solve problems that require them to : - read and interpret data from a table ; - add strings of single digit numbers to compare use of the port of albany by different vessels ; - recognize that ships play a role in transportation and commerce in the hudson valley. elementary ( grades 2 - 3 ) math, social studies ( geography ) new york state learning standards : mathematics, science, & technology standards 1, 2, 3 social studies standard 3 - interpret data from a table. - add using single digit whole numbers. - apply mathematics in real world settings. - reason mathematically. preparation time : 5 minutes activity time : 20 minutes each student should have : - worksheet : big boats up the river ( pdf ) 190 kb the port of albany is the destination of many vessels seen on the hudson. the largest grain export elevator east of the mississippi loads ships with grain brought to albany by rail. a few loads of molasses come in each year, to be mixed with grain to produce feed for livestock. road salt also arrives by ship. scrap metal is shipped out of albany, as is wood pulp. heavy equipment - windmill blades, generators, and turbines - enters and leaves the port on heavy lift vessels. containers are barged between albany and new york harbor. while oil is not included in data on cargoes handled at the port of albany ( the tank farms located in the area are privately owned ), gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, and other petroleum products are - by volume and value - the most important cargos on the hudson river. tankers and tanker barges bring oil to albany, and carry ethanol, brought in by rail, to refineries elsewhere in the northeast, where it is blended into gasoline. likewise not included in the port data are the frequent shipments of gypsum brought by ship to a wallboard ( sheetrock ) factory in rensselaer, across from albany. - discuss the kinds of ships and cargoes seen on the hudson. - go over the worksheet with the class, or assign as in - class work or homework. - have students share answers to questions from worksheet, or collect and grade sheets. - use other data from the table to make up similar problems for quiz. vocabulary list and answer key : available in the pdf version of this teacher ' s section and in the package that bundles all of the readings. - information about the port of


threats to frogs one of the most pressing threats to frogs today is the chytrid fungus, a deadly skin fungus that has moved across the globe causing amphibian declines in australia, south america, north america, central america, new zealand, europe, and africa killing frogs by the millions. the chytrid fungus is responsible for over 100 frog and other amphibian species extinctions since the 1970 ’ s. chytrid fungus has been detected on at least 285 species of amphibians ( including frogs ) from 36 countries. climate change is also having an impact on frogs that live on mountain tops. they are being hit hard since they are dependant on moist leaf litter found in cloud forests as a suitable place to lay their eggs. as temperatures increase further up mountain sides, clouds are being pushed further away and leaves are drying out leaving less suitable habitat for frogs to lay their eggs. as frogs migrate further up the mountain they are faced with the inevitable problem that once they reach the top, unlike birds, they can go no further. frogs are also facing many threats from many different environmental factors : pollution, infectious diseases, habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, and over - harvesting for the pet and food trades are all contributing to the rapid rise of frog extinctions since 1980. reasons for hope chytrid fungus has been recognized as one of the largest threats to amphibian populations around the world. in 2009 a group of organizations came together to respond to the crisis. defenders of wildlife ( washington dc ), africam safari park ( mexico ), cheyenne mountain zoo ( colorado ), the smithsonian national zoological park ( washington dc ), the smithsonian tropical research institute ( panama ), zoo new england ( massachusetts ) and houston zoo ( texas ) have launched the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project. there are yet undiscovered species of frogs in the world. a new species of flying frog was discovered in the himalayan mountains in 2008.


a three - year analysis commissioned by the u. s. forest service has found that the most efficient air - attack strategy to suppress wildfires would use water - scooping aircraft — not the heavy tankers that the government favors. but forest service leaders plan to press ahead in acquiring more heavy tankers, which drop up to 3, 000 gallons of fire - retardant chemical slurry. nonprofit think tank rand corp. ' s cost - benefit analysis being released monday morning — launched in 2009, costing $ 800, 000 — is aimed at perfecting the nation ' s methods for swiftly suppressing wildfires of the sort seen this summer along colorado ' s front range. fire - suppression aircraft fought blazes all over colorado in june, including the devastating waldo canyon fire, which burned 346 homes and 18, 247 acres in colorado springs, and the high park fire, which chewed through 87, 284 acres and destroyed 259 homes west of fort collins. " our proposal would be to evolve to a portfolio of firefighting aircraft that is dominated by water - bearing scoopers. you can drop more water from a scooper per hour than you can drop slurry from a tanker, " said ed keating, an economist who ran rand ' s project. " our perspective was to look at it from the taxpayer ' s perspective. our estimates are that the most cost - effective portfolio would be dominated by water - scoopers, " keating said. the scoopers are chubby yellow aircraft the size of commuter planes with propellers on each wing and inlets below. they swoop over water, needing a three - quarter - mile stretch several feet deep. they ' re deployed in canada, russia and other areas with abundant water near fire - prone forests. rand analysts said the 1, 600 - gallon scoopers could be had new for about $ 30 million each, with annual costs of $ 3 million, compared with $ 80 million for air tankers and annual costs of $ 7 million. wildfire - suppression costs have increased to about $ 1. 65 billion a year as more people live near forests. forest service chief tom tidwell issued a statement calling rand ' s analysis " interesting " but " based in part on crucial and flawed assumptions " on costs. the forest service leases firefighting aircraft from contractors. for decades, firefighting ground crews have relied on slurry bombers that " paint " terrain with retardant to contain flames so that ground crews can move closer and build fire lines. the forest service hired rand to help determine the best mix


. for decades, firefighting ground crews have relied on slurry bombers that " paint " terrain with retardant to contain flames so that ground crews can move closer and build fire lines. the forest service hired rand to help determine the best mix of helicopters and air tankers for a modernized fleet of firefighting aircraft. the current fleet has dwindled, and some tankers are more than 40 years old. a plan announced to congress would add 18 to 28 new tankers as well as water - bearing helicopters and two scoopers. " our 50 - year history has shown us that, while there ' s a time and place for water — and we drop a lot of it — that for our large air tankers, retardant is the way to go. you can build the line with the retardant. it has residual, positive benefits for firefighters even when the water has evaporated. in the arid west, it is just a better buy for us, " said tom harbour, the forest service ' s director of fire and aviation management. rand ' s analysis includes a look at all fires in federal forests over a decade in relation to water bodies that would enable use of scoopers. " we found that about two - thirds of fires have been within 10 miles of a scooper - accessible body of water, " keating said. " we were surprised at the scooper - appropriate water accessibility, even in arid parts of the country. " the increased development in forests is driving efforts to perfect wildfire suppression. forest service managers say tens of thousands of communities nationwide are at risk of wildfires, in part because aggressive suppression has left forests loaded with fuel. harbour said managers are discussing how to deal with a complex public - policy question : given the risks of super - large catastrophic wildfires in the future, to what extent does aggressive fire suppression make sense? the forest service will use mechanical tools and prescribed fire to thin forests, harbour said. " but there ' s always going to be a role for putting fires out, " he said. " we ' re simply always going to always have places where the proximity of communities and volatile vegetation and the time of year simply doesn ' t mix. "


adapted physical education q & a - what is adapted physical education? - what is the goal of adapted physical education? - what makes a child eligible for adapted physical education? - what are the qualifications for an adapted physical education teacher? - what is the role of the adapted physical education teacher? - should all students with disabilities receive adapted physical education - if the iep team determines that a child with an orthopedic impairment or other health impairment requires only adapted physical education as special instruction, may the child receive occupational and physical therapy? - where is the provision of adapted pe shown on the iep? questions and answers adapted physical education is specially designed instruction provided to students who are unable to participate in a regular physical education class, even with modifications, accommodations or supplementary aids and services. adapted p. e. includes special p. e., adapted p. e., movement education, and motor development. it is considered a special education service. the primary goal of adapted physical education should be to ensure that the child is provided with physical education services that meet his / her unique needs. a consideration of the iep team when determining if the child needs an adapted program would be the safety of the student. another consideration would be the development of the student ’ s motor skills. adapted physical education programs strive to ensure that each student actively participates in physical education programs at his or her own level and that the student is integrated into the regular education program whenever possible. other goals might include assisting students to develop self - esteem, further socialization skills, and promote sportsmanship. the iep team determines whether a student requires adapted physical education or is able to participate in regular physical education. federal regulations under idea ( 300. 108 ) states : “ physical education services, specially designed if necessary, must be made available to every child with a disability receiving fape, unless the public agency enrolls children without disabilities and does not provide physical education to children without disabilities in the same grades. each child with a disability must be afforded the opportunity to participate in the regular physical education program available to nondisabled children unless : ( 1 ) the child is enrolled full time in a separate facility ; or ( 2 ) the child needs specially designed physical education, as prescribed in the child ’ s iep. ” when developing an iep, regular pe would be the first consideration. if necessary, the team would next consider regular pe with accommodations or modifications to the curriculum and / or performance expectations. if these two models are not appropriate, the team may determine that adapted pe services


iep, regular pe would be the first consideration. if necessary, the team would next consider regular pe with accommodations or modifications to the curriculum and / or performance expectations. if these two models are not appropriate, the team may determine that adapted pe services are necessary in the child ’ s iep to assist the student in a parallel physical education curriculum. adapted physical education is not a related service. related services, such as ot and pt cannot be considered a substitute for physical education. the adapted pe service may be provided by a physical education teacher or a special education teacher. this is one circumstance in which it is not necessary that the specialized instruction be provided by a teacher certificated in special education. the individual providing the adapted physical education should collaborate with the occupational therapist, the physical therapist, the special education teacher and / or the physical education teacher to meet the child ’ s needs related to : health and safety, including specific medical needs. modifications of equipment or the environment. specific sensorimotor programming. specific play or leisure needs. activities of daily living related to physical education such as dressing, showering or toileting. positioning during exercises and games. access to the general curriculum. no. many children do quite well in regular physical education with or without modifications / accommodations or support help, and they benefit from being with their non - disabled peers. 7. if the iep team determines that a child with an orthopedic impairment or other health impairment requires only adapted physical education as special instruction, may the child receive occupational and physical therapy? yes. adapted physical education is considered special education. if the iep team determines the student requires ot and / or pt to benefit from adapted physical education, then the child may receive the related service of ot or pt. therapy must relate to the goals and objectives in the child ’ s iep. it is shown as a special education service in the services summary section.


school lunch fuels success for spring sports ( bpt ) - springtime packs a punch for students. between tests, papers, school trips, extracurricular performances and jobs, finding the energy for spring ' s after - school sports is often a challenge. time and energy are at a premium. eating well can help ease the crush. while breakfast is often tapped as the most important meal of the day, lunch is arguably just as critical for all - day performance, says sue moores, a registered dietitian in st. paul, minn. " what kids eat during lunch at school should help them stay focused and concentrate for afternoon classes, plus help to carry them through their after - school activities. " according to moores, the best school lunch contains foods rich in protein and wholesome carbohydrates, plus foods filled with vitamins and minerals, and some good old - fashioned fiber. this mix of foods provides energy for the brain and muscles that can last for several hours. missing out on lunch means missing out in class and on the field. skipping lunch, or choosing a lunch of chips, cookies and a sugary drink - two options school food service directors say they see far too often at the middle and high school age - is detrimental to school performance and athletic endeavors. " we know that eating poorly affects a student ' s physical and concentration capabilities, so we work hard in our program to make sure we provide good options - foods students like to eat, such as teriyaki chicken stir - fry and whole - grain, reduced - fat pizza, that are created to be more healthful and wholesome, " says amy herrold, child nutrition supervisor, edmond, okla. what makes a good lunch? herrold suggests these options from the lunch line : * salad bar that includes romaine lettuce, shredded or diced vegetables, cottage cheese or hard - boiled eggs, a drizzle of dressing, plus whole - grain breadsticks, fruit and a low - fat milk. * roast beef or ham sandwich on whole - wheat bread, accompanied by an orange, carrot sticks with dip and a low - fat milk. * tony ' s ( r ) livesmart schools ( tm ) whole - grain crust pizza, with carrot and celery sticks, grapes and water. * quesadillas or a flatbread sandwich with a mixed lettuce salad, melon and a low - fat milk. * turkey / veggie wrap with pineapple and mandarin oranges, pretze


sticks, grapes and water. * quesadillas or a flatbread sandwich with a mixed lettuce salad, melon and a low - fat milk. * turkey / veggie wrap with pineapple and mandarin oranges, pretzel sticks and a low - fat chocolate milk. * baked potato with broccoli and low - fat cheese sauce, orange wedges, whole - wheat roll and a low - fat milk. a good lunch equals better results after school " on any given day, i can tell you within minutes which kids have eaten a healthy lunch and will be productive during practice or in a tournament, and which ones haven ' t, " says jeff doherty, golf coach at edmond north high school, edmond, okla., who was recently named one of just 20 national coaches of the year for 2011 by the national federation of state high school associations. " food is so closely tied to sports performance. more kids today are realizing just how important what they eat is to how they ' ll practice or play in the game that afternoon. " " athletes who want to get the most out of themselves and rise to the top pay attention to food, " says moores. " there ' s an undeniable connection between food and performance whether it ' s on the golf course, the soccer field, the stage or as first chair in the trombone section. " lunch provides the energy and endurance for afternoon activities. a nutrient - rich lunch leaves the stomach within four hours and is in the muscles ready for release come afternoon, when the student really needs it, says moores. no lunch means no energy. the chips - cookie - and - sugary - drink - meal may offer a surge of " liveliness " but, as moores explains, is quickly followed by a significant dip in it. doherty appreciates the work being done by edmond public schools to provide the best options for students. " the increased attention being paid to nutrition throughout our district and at schools across the country is a benefit to all student athletes, " says doherty. " we want to help kids understand they ' re putting fuel in to run a machine - their body, " continues doherty. " when you eat good food, it allows you to have better results, and i can tell you, the results are noticeable, immediate and lasting. "