copyright © 2009 audubon nature institute p. o. box 4327 new orleans, la 70178 ( 504 ) 861 - 2537 firstname. lastname @ example. org malayan sun bear the smallest of the bear species, sun bears have impressive claws and short, sleek fur. a long, thin tongue assists in harvesting honey from bee hives – a favorite sun bear activity, along with climbing. the sun bear relies heavily on its sense of smell, as its eyesight is thought to be poor. sun bears love termites and ants, but have been known to consume more than 100 species of insects and more than 50 different kinds of plants. figs are a favorite sun bear treat. the bears will also eat lizards, turtles and eggs. southeast asia tropical rainforests sun bears can be a nuisance for farmers. they are also captured for the pet trade. poaching is another threat, as the sun bear fur and bile are ingredients in some traditional chinese medicines. - sun bears appear to be pigeon - toed due to characteristically inward - turning feet. - the distinctive marking on the sun bear chest is shaped like a horseshoe. - the sun bear has jaws strong enough to crack nuts. animalia, chordata, mammalia, carnivora, ursidae place of birth 4 feet tall, 44 - 88 lbs. dark brown with pale orange on the muzzle, around the eyes and on the chest up to 30 years


strep throat exposure - exposure to someone with a strep throat infection - also called close contact - living in the same house as someone ( sibling, parent, or other household member ) who has a throat culture or rapid - strep test that is positive for strep throat. - kissing relationship with someone ( boyfriend, girlfriend ) who has a throat culture or rapid - strep test that is positive for strep throat. for this to be relevant, the last close contact to the infected person should be within 10 days of onset of symptoms in exposed child. other types of contact : - limited contact with strep : exposed to someone outside the home with a positive strep test ( e. g., at school ). - sometimes the contact is with a person who was treated for clinical symptoms of a strep infection without any culture or testing. - if the contact was with someone taking antibiotics for over 24 hours, they are not contagious. - throat cultures and rapid strep tests aren ' t urgent. most can be done in your doctor ' s office. return to school - if your child doesn ' t have any symptoms, he does not need to miss any child care or school. - if your child has symptoms compatible with strep throat, he should avoid child care or school until results of a throat culture are known. when to call your doctor call your doctor now ( night or day ) if - your child looks or acts very sick - great difficulty swallowing fluids or saliva - difficulty breathing or working hard to breathe - fever over 104° f ( 40° c ) and not improved 2 hours after fever medicine - signs of dehydration ( very dry mouth, no tears with crying and no urine in more than 8 hours ) - you think your child needs to be seen urgently ( note : a throat culture or rapid strep test alone is not urgent ) call your doctor within 24 hours ( between 9 am and 4 pm ) if - you think your child needs to be seen, but not urgently ( or needs a throat culture ) - sore throat pain is severe and not improved 2 hours after taking ibuprofen - age under 1 year old - earache or sinus pain / pressure also present - child with mild symptoms compatible with strep throat ( e. g., sore throat, cries during feedings, puts fingers in mouth, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, fever ) call your doctor during weekday office hours if - you have other


mild symptoms compatible with strep throat ( e. g., sore throat, cries during feedings, puts fingers in mouth, enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, fever ) call your doctor during weekday office hours if - you have other questions or concerns parent care at home if - strep contact but no symptoms and you don ' t think your child needs to be seen home care advice for strep contacts - a throat culture isn ' t urgent. - it could be a strep throat or just a viral infection of the throat. - a sore throat is commonly part of a cold. - here are some ways to keep your child comfortable until you get a throat culture. - sore throat relief : - children over age 1 can sip warm chicken broth, apple juice or other warm fluid. - children over age 6 can suck on hard candy ( e. g., butterscotch ) or lollipops. - children over age 8 can also gargle warm water with a little table salt or liquid antacid added. - pain medicine : give acetaminophen ( e. g., tylenol ) or ibuprofen for severe throat discomfort or fever above 102° f ( 39° c ). - soft diet : cold drinks and milk shakes are especially helpful. ( reason : swollen tonsils can make some foods hard to swallow ). - contagiousness : your child may have a strep throat infection and should avoid child care or school until the results of the throat culture are known. - call your doctor if : - your child becomes worse - reassurance : most children exposed to someone with strep throat do not come down with it, especially if exposure occurs outside the home. throat cultures are unnecessary for children without any symptoms. - incubation period : most children who do catch strep develop some symptoms 2 to 5 days after exposure. - contagiousness : your child does not need to miss any daycare or school. - call your doctor if : - your child develops any strep symptoms in the next 7 days author : barton d. schmitt, m. d. last reviewed : 9 / 15 / 2011 last revised : 8 / 12 / 2011 5 : 17 : 17 pm


text by joe babiasz, photos courtesy of the nahc automotive historians tend to concentrate on the big three when writing about the emergence of the automotive industry. many smaller companies, including those who produced vehicles for many years, lacked representation in their achievements. hudson motor car company, a firm that produced vehicles for nearly 50 years, has had little written about its participation of the evolution of the auto industry. in an effort to compete with the big three, hudson worked arduously to assemble high quality vehicles. eight men of vision and keen business background organized the hudson motor car company on october 28, 1908. this exceptional group consisted of j. l. hudson, r. b. jackson, hugh chalmers, h. e. coffin, f. o. benzer, roy d. chapin, j. j. brady, and lee counselman. their vision was to build a high quality car that would sell for less than $ 1, 000. work immediately began and by february 24, 1909, the design for the hudson model “ twenty ” was agreed upon. with that agreement, all partners incorporated the firm under michigan laws. the first hudsons were built in a leased building previously used by the now - defunct aerocar company. it encompassed 80, 000 square feet of floor space, and was typical of early automotive factories. five hundred men were hired and using $ 20, 000 in capital, the first hudson, a model 20 roadster, rolled out of the factory on july 3, 1909. the car became an instant success, selling over 4, 000 units during its first year. after 16 months, net sales amounted to $ 3, 980, 999. production and sales continued to grow, and the hudson partners quickly realized that expansion was needed. early in 1910, 22 acres were purchased at the corner of jefferson and conner avenue in detroit for $ 48, 400. the new factory would cost an additional $ 500, 000. original floor space was 172, 000 square feet. the facility was designed by the prestigious albert kahn, a well - known architect of commercial buildings in detroit and elsewhere. his reinforced concrete design allowed additional buildings to be built outward and upward as necessary, something hudson demanded. after the first year it was clear that additional floor space was needed, and an additional 128, 000 square feet of production space was added to keep up with demand and to produce the new model 33. buyers continued to line up, requiring hudson to once again add additional floor space to the factory. models now included the 33, a five - passenger


000 square feet of production space was added to keep up with demand and to produce the new model 33. buyers continued to line up, requiring hudson to once again add additional floor space to the factory. models now included the 33, a five - passenger open car, and model 54, america ’ s first medium - priced, six - cylinder car. in 1912, the hudson roadster became the first low - priced car to go 60 miles per hour. by 1914, the hudson six - forty was added to the model list, and that year hudson began putting six - cylinder engines in all of their vehicles. 1915 became a pivotal year for hudson. their new super - six engine was displayed at the new york auto show. it featured the first fully balanced crankshaft that improved the smoothness of the engine, and allowed it to increase its maximum rpm. the change increased horsepower from 48 to 76. demand for the super - six was so great that production reached over 26, 000, necessitating another round of expansion. floor space was increased to 847, 000 square feet. sales grew, and hudson ’ s new body styles kept the public content. in 1920, hudson developed an entirely closed car at an open - car price. at the time, most closed cars sold for up to $ 1, 000 more than open cars. hudson was banking on the low price to continue the rise in vehicle sales. the buying public ’ s response was so great, hudson had to triple production and double the floor space of the jefferson avenue assembly plant. by 1925, hudson was the third - largest carmaker in the nation behind ford and chevrolet. additional models including the essex were designed. as sales continued to grow, so did the jefferson avenue plant. employment grew along with plant expansion. by 1929, over 300, 000 vehicles rolled off of hudson ’ s assembly lines. unfortunately, the depression had a negative impact and sales fell to 114, 000 in 1930 and 57, 000 in 1931. in 1932, hudson phased out the essex nameplate, a part of hudson since 1919, and replaced it with the terraplane brand name. the new brand was highly marketed by amelia earhart. during the rest of the 1930s, hudson developed many improvements to their vehicles including exceptionally large interior spaces, powerful engines, and column - mounted shift levers. in 1940, independent front suspension was added to the hudson lineup. the 1940s brought major changes to hudson ’ s jefferson avenue assembly plant. employment grew to 17, 000 and until the war started, hudson continued to deliver high


- mounted shift levers. in 1940, independent front suspension was added to the hudson lineup. the 1940s brought major changes to hudson ’ s jefferson avenue assembly plant. employment grew to 17, 000 and until the war started, hudson continued to deliver high - quality vehicles at an attractive price. during the war years, the jefferson avenue plant ceased auto production from 1942 until 1945 in order to manufacture war materials like aircraft parts, naval engines, and anti - aircraft guns. the hudson “ invader ” engine powered many of the landing crafts used during the d - day invasion of normandy. detroit was a much different city by the late 1940s. population grew, as did automotive - related businesses. other auto firms and suppliers including the continental engine company, budd body company, chrysler corporation, and the dodge main assembly plant surrounded the hudson plant. close by were the packard and studebaker plants. detroit had become the epicenter of automotive production. unlike many manufactures of the time that simply assembled cars using parts from other companies, hudson ’ s jefferson avenue plant manufactured a majority of components for their vehicles. by the late 1940s the plant encompassed 1, 934, 000 square feet within 23 buildings. everything from axles and rear end gears, sheetmetal, engines, and transmissions were manufactured at the facility. other buildings incorporated research and experimental laboratories, engineering, personnel, and executive offices. surprisingly, hudson offered no employee parking. employees were on their own to find street parking, sometimes requiring them to rent a garage at a nearby house in order to guarantee a nearby spot. by 1947, hudson produced its three - millionth vehicle and was getting ready to ramp up for their new 1948 step - down design. unlike other domestic cars, the “ step down ” hudson provided much - improved interior room. the new styling was based on hudson ’ s uni - body design. this design put the occupant ’ s location between the lowered frame area, offering additional headroom and improved handling. the “ step down ” design was an enormous success. employment grew to 30, 000, and by 1948 sales were 142, 454, an increase of 38 percent over 1947. during the early 1950s, hudson continued to have a good following primarily due to the combination of the step - down body and the new twin - h powerplant, a 308 cubic - inch, six - cylinder engine developing 170 horsepower. it was hudson that was perhaps most known for providing the first factory race engines, with their 7 - x powerplant. under the direction of vince piggins – who


- h powerplant, a 308 cubic - inch, six - cylinder engine developing 170 horsepower. it was hudson that was perhaps most known for providing the first factory race engines, with their 7 - x powerplant. under the direction of vince piggins – who later went on to fame working for general motors – a “ severe duty ” or “ police package ” allowed customers to up the power to an unheard - of 220 horsepower. this engine went on to help hudson win many stock car races in the early 1950s. by 1952 – and with other manufacturers now having new body styles and overhead valve v - 8 engines, hudson ’ s sales began to crumble. by the end of the 1953 model year, sales were a mere 66, 000. the company was bleeding red ink, and cash reserves were running low. it was clear that the company could not keep up with the big three, and a move was made to find a company to merge with. on january 14th, 1954, in an effort to stay alive, hudson merged with nash - kelvinator to become american motors corporation. in 1955, hudson production moved from the massive jefferson avenue factory in detroit to a facility in kenosha, wisconsin. during this time, hudson became, in essence, a re - badged nash. on june 25th, 1957, the last hudson rolled off the assembly line. during 47 years of existence, hudson made a name for itself as a high - quality car for the masses, and the folks at the jefferson avenue plant were responsible for most of them. today, all of the buildings are gone and the land is used as a chrysler assembly plant parking lot – a sad ending to a wonderful automobile.


an essential part of engine monitoring programs by joe escobar routine oil analysis has become quite the standard in our industry. many of the engine manufacturers recommend regular sampling as part of a preventive maintenance program. the oil manufacturers have also embraced oil analysis as a way to detect abnormal properties in the oil. an effective oil analysis program is usually able to detect breakdown in internal components before an actual incident occurs. it can also detect contaminants present in the oil that may lead to premature wear of components. keep it clean one of the most important steps in an oil analysis program is the actual sampling technique. whether it is taking an oil sample or removing an oil filter for analysis, everything must be done to ensure that no external contaminants are introduced into the sample. contamination can cause false readings at the lab, therefore a clean container must be used for every oil sample. not only can contaminants be introduced into the oil during sampling, they can be introduced into the engine oil itself during servicing. care should be taken to ensure no contaminated equipment is used to service oil. in addition, certain practices can lead to contamination. one reader shared the problem that his maintenance organization encountered. the oil analysis from the engines they serviced were coming back with small traces of iron shavings. the materials were analyzed and determined not to be coming from the engine. further investigation revealed that the particles were being introduced into the system during servicing. a metal " church key " can opener was being used to open the oil cans, and small shavings were being sheared from the can ' s surface and the edge of the church key and introduced into the engine through the oil. an oil servicing unit with a filter was purchased, all aircraft had their oil changed, and the problem went away. types of oil analysis once the owner or operator chooses to perform oil analysis, they need to decide what type of analysis will best suit their needs. there are several ways that oil systems can be analyzed. the most common types of analysis are oil samples, oil filter analysis, and chip detector analysis. a very common practice of oil system analysis is performing routine oil samples. usually, the samples are taken within 30 minutes of shutdown. this ensures that any particulate contamination present doesn ' t get the chance to settle to the bottom of the oil reservoir prior to sampling. the oil is then sent off to a laboratory for analysis. most oil samples are tested using spectrum analysis. jet - care international of cedar knolls, nj, is one lab that performs this type


the bottom of the oil reservoir prior to sampling. the oil is then sent off to a laboratory for analysis. most oil samples are tested using spectrum analysis. jet - care international of cedar knolls, nj, is one lab that performs this type of oil analysis. in its test, an inductively coupled plasma ( icp ) spectrometer is used to measure amounts of elements present in the oil. the sampled oil it receives is diluted. it is then mixed with an inert gas, which turns it into an aerosol. this gas is then induced to form a plasma at 9, 000 c, which causes metal ions to take on energy and release new energy in the form of photons. a spectrum with varying wavelengths is then created by each element present. a machine quantifies the amount of energy emitted, and determines the concentration, in parts per million, of metals present. while the oil spectrum analysis is a valuable part of any oil analysis program, it does have its limits. it is only effective in detecting particles smaller than 8 microns. most oil filters are able to filter out particles above 10 microns. therefore, to get a complete analysis, it is a good idea to perform an oil filter analysis in conjunction with the spectrum analysis. aviation laboratories inc. specializes in fluid analysis, fuel products, airframe inspection kits, fitter elements, chemical products, and a complete line of lubricants, cleaners and degreasers... engine oil analysis essintial to turbine engine longevity by joe escobar march 2001 routine oil analysis has become quite the standard in our industry. many of the engine... turbine oil review by frank feinburg october 1998 when early gas turbine engines came into use in the 1940 ' s, mineral oils were used as lubrication. these mineral oils quickly reached...


here ’ s what it looks like : / / example one function triangle ( a, b ) : function sqroot ( x ) : return math. pow ( x,. 5 ) return sqroot ( a * a + b * b ) / / example two for var i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i + + : var el = document. getelementbyid ( " el " + i ) if count % 2 = = 0 : el. innerhtml = " hello " else : el. innerhtml = " world " / / pyscript function triangle ( a, b ) : if a > 0 & & b > 0 : function sqroot ( x ) : if x > 0 : return math. pow ( x,. 5 ) else : return 0 return sqroot ( a * a + b * b ) else : return 0 how do i get it? < script src = " pyscript. js " / > to your - put your pyscript code in a pyscript is really just a proof of concept. it has a set of unit tests, and as you can see not all functionality is completed yet. anonymous inline functions do not work, there is no robust handling of indentation, and a number of features ( like switch ) do not work. but, the whole thing is open source so you can get involved.


henry gray ( 18251861 ). anatomy of the human body. 1918. white substance. ( 1 ) the origin and course of the superior peduncle have already been described ( page 792 ). ( 2 ) the medial ( posterior ) longitudinal fasciculus is continuous below with the proper fasciculi of the anterior and lateral funiculi of the medulla spinalis. in the medulla oblongata and pons it runs close to the middle line, near the floor of the fourth ventricle ; in the mid - brain it is situated on the ventral aspect of the cerebral aqueduct, below the nuclei of the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. its connections are imperfectly known, but it consists largely of ascending and descending intersegmental or association fibers, which connect the nuclei of the hind - brain and mid - brain to each other. many of the fibers arise in deiterss nucleus ( lateral vestibular nucleus ) and divide into ascending and descending branches which send terminals and collaterals to the motor nuclei of the cranial and spinal nerves. its spinal portion is located in the anterior funiculus and is known as the vestibulospinal fasciculus. other fibers pass to the median longitudinal bundle from cells in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons and mid - brain and also from certain large cells in the terminal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. according to edinger it extends to the so - called nucleus of the posterior longitudinal bundle in the hypothalamic region, but this is uncertain and the fibers above the nucleus of the oculomotor are smaller in diameter than the rest of the bundle. according to held fibers from the posterior commissure can be traced into the posterior longitudinal bundle, and according to the same author many of the descending fibers arise in the superior colliculus, and, after decussating in the middle line, end in the motor nuclei of the pons and medulla oblongata. these fibers from the superior colliculus probably pass into the ventral longitudinal bundle. fibers are said to pass through the medial longitudinal fasciculus from the nucleus of the abducent nerve into the oculomotor nerve of the opposite side, and through this nerve to the rectus medialis oculi. fraser, however, denies the existence of such fibers. again, fibers are said to be prolonged through this fasciculus from the nucleus of the ocu


the opposite side, and through this nerve to the rectus medialis oculi. fraser, however, denies the existence of such fibers. again, fibers are said to be prolonged through this fasciculus from the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve into the facial nerve, and are distributed to the orbicularis oculi, the corrugator, and the frontalis. 1 the ventral longitudinal bundle consists for the most part of the tectospinal fasciculus, and arises from the superior colliculus, the fibers arch ventrally around the central gray matter and cross the midline in the fountain - decussation of meynert. they then descend in the tegmentum, part of them passing through the red nucleus ventral to the medial longitudinal bundle. in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord its fibers are more or less intermingled with the medial longitudinal bundle and the rubrospinal tract. it descends in the adjoining region of the ventral and lateral funiculi. collaterals and terminals are given off to the red nucleus and probably other nuclei of the brain stem and to the anterior column of the spinal cord. it is probably concerned in optic reflexes. ( 3 ) the medial lemniscus or medial fillet ( fig. 713 ). the fibers of the medial lemniscus take origin in the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla oblongata, and as internal arcuate fibers they cross to the opposite side in the sensory decussation ( page 777 ). they then pass in the interolivary stratum upward through the medulla oblongata, in which they are situated behind the cerebrospinal fibers and between the olives. in the pons and lower part of the mid - brain it occupies the ventral part of the reticular formation and tegmentum close to the raphe, while above it gradually shifts to the dorso - lateral part of the tegmentum in the angle between the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. in the pons it assumes a flattened ribbon - like appearance, and is placed dorsal to the trapezium. as the lemniscus ascends, it receives additional fibers from the terminal sensory nuclei of the cranial note 1. a. bruce and j. h. harvey pirrie, on the origin of the facial nerve, review of neurology and psychiatry, december, 1908, no.


garage door openers while cleaning my garage, i found a garage - door opener that i had replaced several years ago and naturally saved it thinking that someday i would try to figure out why it stopped working. so i started wondering about the history of garage - door openers. who was the ingenious person who figured that out? we are all spoiled by this convenience, but it sure is nice. the garage door follows the history of the automobile. early on there were parking garages not at the house, or a carriage house was used. but folks did not want to walk to the parking garage or put their brand new automobile in with their horses. as a result a building similar to the carriage house was built to house their new cars. the name garage comes from the french word " garer " which means to shelter or protect. naturally these buildings needed doors, so they were originally built like barn doors and strap hinges were used for the doors and opened outward. the disadvantage of this type of door was that they were difficult to open. also, after a snowstorm, the snow had to be shoveled out of the way first. a better way was needed. in 1921, c. g. johnson invented the first overhead door. this door could be lifted upward, folding parallel to the garage ceiling. five years later, in 1926, mr. johnson also invented the electric automatic garage - door opener. the first garage doors that i remember were very heavy wooden doors that required heavy counter - balance. as time went along, lighter materials were used. our garage has doors of translucent fiberglass. the doors are very light and were installed almost 40 years ago. now most of the doors are better insulated to keep the garage warmer, and we have remote control so the door can be opened from the comfort of our home or car. they also have more safety features. just be sure the electric eye is not hindered by a leaf or cobweb to make the door go back up. that has happened to us a few times.


a typical u. s. family spends about $ 1, 900 a year on home utility bills, and a large part of that energy is wasted. beyond your pocketbook to the environment, electricity generated by fossil fuels for a single home puts more carbon dioxide into the air than two average cars. yes, there are 29 miele canister and upright vacuum cleaner models, and each has clear differences from the others. but there are only five basic vacuum cleaners used to build them. there are four basic canisters, the s2, the s5, the s6 and the s8, and one basic upright, the s7. different sets of features or accessories, unique to each model within the basic type, are used to create the vacuums that make up the series. keep this in mind and it ’ s much easier to choose the best miele vacuum for your home or office. continue reading the vatican museums will construct a special vacuum cleaner and ventilation system to tidy up visitors before they can see the sistine chapel. each visitor will be “ dusted, cleaned and chilled ” before they can enter. as reported by the guardian, the system, to be operational by the end of the year, is intended to help preserve the 500 - year - old michelangelo frescoes that are the chapel ’ s primary attraction. continue reading


nutrition & bone health ten steps to better digestion by dr. susan e. brown, phd you ’ ve heard the old saying “ you are what you eat. ” at the center for better bones, we take that old saying one step further : you are what you eat and absorb. you can eat the highest quality foods on the planet, but if your digestion is weak and you don ’ t absorb many of the nutrients in your food, you won ’ t receive their full benefits. strengthening your digestion is a key step in the program for better bones, so i have outlined 10 simple steps you can take to enhance digestion and promote nutrient absorption. these steps are simple and practical, offering a helpful blend of ancient eastern wisdom and modern western science. 1. consume cooked foods instead of cold or raw foods. as traditional eastern medicine explains, food must be “ burned ” in the “ fire ” of digestion. cold and raw foods must be “ heated up ” more than cooked foods and as such they dampen and weaken the fire of digestion. persons with weak digestion would do well to eat no or little raw or cold food or drinks. this means favoring cooked vegetables and fruits over raw produce, and using hot soups, casseroles, or grain and bean dishes in place of sandwiches or snack - type meals. avoid cooling the “ fire ” with cold drinks or ice water during meals. 2. chew your food well and eat at a moderate pace. ideally, you should chew each mouthful some 30 times, breaking the food into small particles and allowing the salivary enzymes to begin their work digesting the food. we suggest putting the fork down between each mouthful and swallowing one bite before taking another as a way to slow down if you ’ re accustomed to “ bolting ” your food. 3. eat in a peaceful and relaxed environment. if you do a little comparative test, you will note that you feel better and your digestion is smoother when you eat in a quiet, peaceful environment. avoid watching television, reading, working, or arguing with others when you eat. you will see the difference. 4. eat simply. mixing many different types of foods taxes the digestive system. experiment with simple meals of just two or three different foods. 5. eat fruit between meals, not with meals, and favor cooked fruit. raw fruit dampens the digestive fire, especially during the winter when we are already cold. as such, those with weak digestion might find that eating raw fruit with meals causes int


fruit between meals, not with meals, and favor cooked fruit. raw fruit dampens the digestive fire, especially during the winter when we are already cold. as such, those with weak digestion might find that eating raw fruit with meals causes intestinal gas and bloating. cooked fruit is a fine dessert, and you can still use raw fruit for snacks — but know that even as an occasional snack, fruit might be a problem if your digestive fire is smoldering rather than blazing. 6. drink hot water and hot herbal teas, particularly those that promote digestion. hot water is an excellent way to detoxify the body and build digestive strength. simmering a few slices of ginger root in boiling water makes a ginger root tea that stimulates digestion. ginger in food has the same effect, as does candied ginger root eaten after meals. other herbs that promote good digestion and make excellent herbal teas are chamomile, peppermint, and cinnamon. 7. eat freshly cooked foods. freshly cooked foods are the most nourishing and are free of molds or staleness. it ’ s better to eat a simple, freshly cooked meal than a complicated one made of leftovers. 8. avoid overeating. excessive intake of food greatly burdens the entire digestive system. ancient ayurvedic medicine recommends consuming the amount of food that will fit into two cupped hands at any meal. practice moving away from the table while you are still a bit hungry. 9. sit still and relax a few minutes after eating. digestion is an amazing process — it turns tofu enchiladas into blood and tissue cells. resting a few minutes after eating gets this very complicated process off to a good start by allowing your body ’ s resources to focus fully on the digestive engine. 10. if all else fails, seek professional help to determine the source of the problem. if these simple self - help steps do not resolve your digestive problems, you should consider consulting both a physician and a nutritionist. a nutritionist can help you figure out if probiotics and other nutritional digestive aids would be useful. your physician can investigate the possibility that a medical problem is affecting your digestion. the personal program for better bones : the approach i recommend for naturally strong bones. at the center for better bones we promote an all - natural approach to bone regeneration and repair that includes nutrition, diet, exercise, lifestyle guidance, and support. the personal program for better bones is a


principal proposed natural treatments | other proposed treatments for food allergies and sensitivities a food allergy is defined as an abnormal immune reaction caused by the ingestion of a food or food additive. the most dramatic form of food allergy reaction occurs within minutes, usually in response to certain foods such as shellfish, peanuts, or strawberries. the effects are similar to those of a bee sting allergy, involving hives, itching, swelling in the throat, and difficulty breathing ; this immediate type of allergic reaction can be life - threatening. other food allergy reactions are more delayed, causing relatively subtle symptoms over days or weeks. these include gastrointestinal problems ( constipation, diarrhea, gas, cramping, and bloating ), rashes, and headaches. however, because such delayed reactions are relatively vague and can have other causes, it has remained a controversial subject in medicine. some food allergy - like reactions do not actually involve the immune system. these are termed food sensitivities ( or food intolerance ). in most cases, the cause of such sensitivities is unknown. delayed - type food allergies and sensitivities might play a role in many diseases, including attention deficit disorder vaginal yeast infections irritable bowel syndrome, chronic sinus infections,, and celiac disease. however, not all experts agree ; practitioners of natural medicine tend to be more enthusiastic about the food allergy theory of disease than conventional practitioners. conventional treatment for immediate - type food allergy reactions includes desensitization ( allergy shots ), emergency epinephrine ( adrenaline ) kits for self - injection, and the antihistamine diphenhydramine ( benadryl ). delayed - type food allergies are much more difficult to identify and treat. although skin and blood tests are sometimes used, their reliability is questionable. a particular blood test called alcat has shown some promise, but much more study is necessary to establish its accuracy. food challenge is the only truly reliable way to identify delayed - type food allergies. this method uses some means of disguising the possibly allergenic food, usually by mixing it with other, nonallergenic foods. individuals are randomly given either the possibly allergenic food or on a number of occasions separated by 1 or more days. neither the physician nor the participant knows which is real possibly allergenic food and which is not. evaluation of the response can


. individuals are randomly given either the possibly allergenic food or on a number of occasions separated by 1 or more days. neither the physician nor the participant knows which is real possibly allergenic food and which is not. evaluation of the response can then determine whether an allergic response is really present or not. studies suggest that perhaps only one - third of people who believe they are allergic to a given food actually experience an allergic reaction when they are given it in a double - blind fashion ; in addition, reactions are often milder than individuals believe. although it is the most accurate way of determining food allergies, the double - blind food challenge is still mostly used in research. the elimination diet with food challenges ( described below ) is the most common technique in use. another conventional approach for delayed - type food allergies is oral cromolyn ( a drug sometimes used in an inhaled form for treating asthma and other allergic illnesses ). a double - blind, placebo - controlled study of 14 children with milk and other food allergies found that cromolyn was effective in preventing allergic reactions in 11 of 13 cases, whereas placebo was effective in only 3 of 9 cases. in another study, 32 individuals were given cromolyn one half hour before meals and at bedtime. if their food allergy symptoms were prevented, the participants were entered into a double - blind, placebo - controlled crossover study using cromoglycate. of the 31 people who completed the study, 24 experienced relief of gastrointestinal symptoms when taking cromolyn as compared to 2 when taking placebo. in addition, systemic allergic reactions were also blocked with the cromolyn. unfortunately, the drug also had many side effects. principal proposed natural treatments there are no well - documented natural treatments for food allergies. the most obvious approach would be to remove known allergenic foods from the diet. some alternative practitioners offer lab tests to identify such allergens. however, as described above, no lab tests have been proven accurate for this purpose. the elimination diet is another approach for identifying allergenic foods. this method involves starting with a highly restricted diet consisting only of foods that are seldom allergenic, such as rice, yams, and turkey. if dietary restriction leads to resolution or improvement of symptoms, foods are then reintroduced one by one to see which, if any, will trigger reactions. there is some evidence that the elimination diet may be effective for chronic or recurrent it has been tried for many other conditions as well,


or improvement of symptoms, foods are then reintroduced one by one to see which, if any, will trigger reactions. there is some evidence that the elimination diet may be effective for chronic or recurrent it has been tried for many other conditions as well, including irritable bowel syndrome 35chronic ear infections still another method involves simply eliminating the most common allergens. cow ' s milk protein intolerance is thought to be the most common childhood allergy, followed by allergies to eggs, peanuts, nuts, and fish. some evidence indicates that use of special hypoallergenic infant formulas rather than cow ' s milk formula may help prevent, and food - induced digestive distress. in addition, eliminating cow ' s milk from the diets of breastfeeding infants and their nursing mothers might reduce symptoms of although not all studies have found benefit. in hopes of food allergies and diseases related to them, some authorities recommend that pregnant and breastfeeding mothers as well as their children should avoid allergenic foods. however, it is not clear if this method actually provides any benefit. for example, one study evaluated 165 children at high risk of developing allergic symptoms. careful avoidance of allergenic foods in the diets of the mothers and infants did not reduce the later development of eczema, asthma, hay fever, or food allergy symptoms. other proposed treatments for food allergies and sensitivities digestive enzymes such as have been proposed as a treatment for food allergies, based on the reasonable idea that digesting offending proteins will reduce allergic reactions to them. however, there is no real evidence as yet that they are effective against food allergies. extract is a supplement derived from the thymus gland of cows. highly preliminary evidence suggests that by normalizing immune function, thymus extracts may be helpful for food allergies. however, there are significant safety issues, and this study did not prove the supplement to be effective. article for details. species ) are friendly bacteria that have been studied for their ability to prevent or treat respiratory allergies and various gastrointestinal symptoms, most notably diarrhea. however, at least study found that probiotics were not helpful in treating cow ’ s milk allergy among infants.


social sciences - hot topics - immigration the uk has always had immigration as part of its history. romans, vikings, saxons and normans have come from mainland europe to britain ( albeit usually as part of an invading army! ). in later times britain became home to people escaping persecution, like jews and heugenots and famine and economic poverty, like the irish in the 1800s. during the 1900s britain continued to become home to many europeans. however modern immigration took hold after the second world war was over. many caribbean people came from that part of the world in the 1950s and often took low paid and menial jobs, not wanted by the majority population. in the 1960s and 70s asians from uganda, formed another large wave of immigrants. recently however, immigration has become a major political and logistical issue once again. thousands of african and arabic people have come to europe to escape conflict or poverty. many people are also coming over to work in the uk as the eu expands to the east. the issue of immigration has started to concern some people. " i have never agreed with the lazy elitism that dismisses immigration as an issue, or portrays anyone who has concerns about immigration as a racist … immigration is … a question to be dealt with " - prime minister gordon brown. november 2009. this side of the argument says that the uk needs immigrants. many of them take on low paid jobs which the existing population don ' t want. also some people come over with skills that are in shortage in this country. for example, nurses and doctors come over from african countries. thirty per - cent of doctors and over ten per - cent of nurses are non - uk born. overseas teachers also make up a growing number of school staff. the government continues to seek highly skilled foreign workers and is seeking to attract them as well as those who want to set up businesses here, which will result in economic and taxation benefits to the uk. in europe the number of people of working age is declining as birth rates fall, in 2001 a united nations population division study said that within 25 years the eu will need up to 159 million immigrants to keep up the current ratio between working and retired people. this will mean economic growth should be stable and the retirement age should not have to rise. there can also be cultural benefits from adding to the mainstream. for example, asian food and cooking are now part of the british way of life. there are those people who see any non - european immigration as an erosion of white culture as the uk becomes ever more multi - cultural. some of


to the mainstream. for example, asian food and cooking are now part of the british way of life. there are those people who see any non - european immigration as an erosion of white culture as the uk becomes ever more multi - cultural. some of the white population feel afraid of their culture and way of life being taken away and swamped by new foreign cultures. those of a more central way of thinking see immigration only as a problem when the pace and scale of it becomes too much for the host country to take. migration watch say that asian and east african ' s arriving in the mid - 1970s were about 27, 000. yet in 2004 immigration came to 342, 000. the govenment estimated just 13, 000 poles would come to work in the uk in 2005 / 6, when in fact 600, 000 came over. government figures from the office for national statistics put immigration for 2005 as1, 500 a day, whilst 1, 000 people a day left the country, this meant a rise in the population of 500 people a day through immigration. by 2010 net immigration rose to 252, 000 in the uk. migrationwatch says that legal immigration at the present rate will require about 1. 5 million new houses, adding to pressure on land availability. england is now twelve times as crowded as the usa and equals netherlands as the most crowded country in europe. it also argues that economic benefit from new arrivals may be limited as most send money back home to aid their families. added to this there are a large number of illegal immigrants estimated at 50, 000 a year and they too need housing and jobs. of course any newcomers to the country will need access to healthcare and education and all these resources will be stretched and possibly not be able to cope with the population growth. what ' s to be done? at present the uk government has introduced a points system which will let in workers whose skills the uk needs. there seems to be a desire to look at limiting immigration. pressure has come from an estimated figure of a 70 million uk population by 2029 given by the office for national statistics ( ons ) in which migration will play a large part. politicians of all parties are concerned that the issue should be looked at, to counter the rise in public support for right wing parties like the british national party ( bnp ). recent measures have also included a crack down on bogus colleges running short courses as a way of entering the country. a migration watch paper in 2010 put the figure of a quarter of a million student applications from abroad and called for


related bls programs | related articles june 1994, vol. 117, no. 6 randy e. ilg t he number of unemployed persons and the unemployment rate are among the most visible and politically sensitive economic statistics. but while these aggregate measures certainly are important, policies undertaken to lessen the extent of unemployment, or its impact after the fact, must be based on a detailed knowledge of the makeup of the jobseeking population. for example, joblessness among teenagers can be quite different, in both cause and effect, from the joblessness among adult men and women with families. similarly, policy implications of short - term unemployment, such as that which occurs for seasonal reasons or because of temporary fluctuations in product demand, are much different from those associated with long - term unemployment stemming from chronic deficiencies in demand or from structural problems. in recent years, the amount of time that persons go jobless has been a critical aspect of the discussion regarding whether, and for how long, extended unemployment insurance benefits might be provided for those whose normal coverage has expired. this brief analysis focuses on the extent of long - term unemployment associated with the 1990 - 91 recession and its aftermath, and compares it with conditions related to other major recessions of the past two decades. ( the minor recession that occurred in 1980 is not addressed separately here. ) data on the long - term unemployed - those jobless 27 weeks and longer ( or more than 6 months ) - suggest similarities among the last three major recessions, but also indicate some differences. 1 in each case, the incidence of long - term unemployment continued to increase following the official end of the recession. 2 levels peaked and began to improve slightly more than a half year after the official end of the 1973 - 75 and 1981 - 82 recessions, but were much slower to peak following the 1990 - 91 recession, as were other major labor market indicators. 3 this excerpt is from an article published in the june 1994 issue of the monthly labor review. the full text of the article is available in adobe acrobat ' s portable document format ( pdf ). see how to view a pdf file for more information. read abstract download full text in pdf ( 242k ) 1 the source of these data is the current population survey, a monthly survey of nearly 60, 000 households, conducted by the bureau of the census for the bureau of labor statistics. 2 the national bureau of economic research, a private research organization, determines the official starting and ending dates of recessions by examining changes in many economic indicators, including - but not limited


battery type information revised by boatus editors in april 2012 do you know the difference between the various rechargeable batteries : nickel - cadmium ( nicad ), nickel - metal hydride ( nimh ), and a lithium ion ( li - ion ) batteries? do you care? you should ; it could make the difference between, say, a handheld vhf or cell phone that works as advertised and one that goes dead too quickly. a nicad battery, which is the type used with most handheld vhf radios, has " memory ", which means it should not be subject to shallow discharge. if you tend to use your handheld briefly and then top off the charge before the battery is completely drained, it will remember that level of dichaarge as its baseline. for example, if your battery is supposed to last for five hours and is recharged routinely after it is used one hour, it will eventually need recharging after it is used only one hour. if you diligently top off your handheld vhf nicad every week, just to be safe, you ' ll be wondering why the "! @ # $ % " thing goes dead so quickly. so much for your good intentions. the other two battery types, lithium and nickel - metal hydride, don ' t suffer from the memory effect so they can be used for ten minutes or ten hours. they also - surprise - cost more. however, you get what you pay for - a handheld vhf with a lithium battery has a higher concentration of energy and a lower discharge rate than a comparable radio with a nicad battery. to end on a note of optimism, if you have a nicad that has already developed short term memory, you can bring it back, at least most of the way back, by waiting until it is completely dead before recharging. gradually the length of time between recharging will lengthen. in these times of searches for alternate energy sources, there are frequent developments in the field of batteries. always stay tuned. courtesy of seaworthy magazine return to boattech


religion, racism, rights : landmarks in the history of modern anglo - american law ( paperback ) or try abebooks who may have this title ( opens in new window ). short description for religion, racism, rights the book highlights the interconnections between three framing concepts in the development of modern western law : religion, race, and rights. - published : 21 may 2010 - format : paperback 332 pages - isbn 13 : 9781841137292 isbn 10 : 1841137294 - sales rank : 810, 964 $ 11. 53 - save $ 2. 41 17 % off - rrp $ 13. 94 $ 39. 96 - save $ 2. 10 ( 4 % ) - rrp $ 42. 06 $ 29. 58 - save $ 1. 56 ( 5 % ) - rrp $ 31. 14 $ 29. 58 - save $ 1. 56 ( 5 % ) - rrp $ 31. 14 full description for religion, racism, rights the book highlights the interconnections between three framing concepts in the development of modern western law : religion, race, and rights. the author challenges the assumption that law is an objective, rational and secular enterprise by showing that the rule of law is historically grounded and linked to the particularities of christian morality, the forces of capitalism dependent upon exploitation of minorities, and specific conceptions of individualism that surfaced with the reformation in the sixteenth century, and rapidly developed in the enlightenment in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. drawing upon landmark legal decisions and historical events, the book emphasizes that justice is not blind because our concept of justice changes over time and is linked to economic power, social values, and moral sensibilities that are neither universal nor apolitical. highlighting the historical interconnections between religion, race and rights aids our understanding of contemporary socio - legal issues. in the twenty - first century, the economic might of the usa and the west often leads toward a myopic vision of law and a belief in its universal application. this ignores the cultural specificity of western legal concepts, and prevents us from appreciating that, analogous to past colonial periods, in a global political economy anglo - american law is not always transportable, transferable, or translatable across political landscapes and religious communities. ' darian - smith ' s new book is an example of what is most exciting about new scholarship in the humanities. it works across disciplinary and methodological boundaries in its attempt to deal with one of our most pressing current social problems -


religious communities. ' darian - smith ' s new book is an example of what is most exciting about new scholarship in the humanities. it works across disciplinary and methodological boundaries in its attempt to deal with one of our most pressing current social problems - determining the consequences of the sometimes violent interaction of race, religion and law in times of social crisis. darian - smith explodes the myth of secularism in modern society, and the illusion of post - racialism, in her unblinking analysis of present dilemmas. once you read this book you will never again think that the western concept of individual rights is sufficient to resolve the contradictions of modern existence. this is a genuinely important step forward in western scholarship ' - stanley katz, president emeritus of the american council of learned societies and professor, woodrow wilson school, princeton university. ' eve darian - smith takes us on an amazing journey covering four centuries that brilliantly illuminates the continuously evolving interplay of law, religion, and race in the anglo - american experience. this wonderfully readable book is imaginatively organized around a series of eight landmark ' law moments ' that ingeniously show how legal rights are always being subtly shaped by culturally prevailing ideas about religion and race, a process that still goes on in our supposedly 21st century secular world that claims to be free of racism ' - richard falk, albert g. milbank professor of international law emeritus, princeton university. ' in this volume, eve darian - smith offers a passionate, wide - ranging analysis of the complex, historically - vexed relations among religion, race, and rights over the past four plus centuries. the book begins, in 1571, with martin luther and ends, at the dawn of the new century, with the discriminatory labor practices of walmart, the recent crusades of george bush and his theocons, and the resurgence of religious faith. by way of a well - chosen sequence of ' legal landmarks ' - each an historical drama in its own right, each a piece of theater in which judicial processes take center stage - darian - smith develops a compelling, complex critique of the law, of its inherent ambiguities, its violence, its possibilities. and its historical entailment in political, economic, social and ethical forces well beyond itself, forces that, repeatedly, have opened up a yawning gap between its ideological ( self ) representation and the realities of its everyday practice. this is an ambitious work of scholarship, one which, by virtue of brush strokes at once


* * * * * mr. jas. j. shedlock, with the assistance of mr. t. denny, of australia, has constructed on behalf of the metallurgical syndicate, of 105 gresham house, london, an apparatus on a commercial scale, which, it is said, effects at the smallest expense, and with the best economical results, the entire separation of metals from their ores. in treating ores by this process, the stone is crushed in the usual way, either by rolls or stamps, the crushed ore being conveyed into an apparatus, where each atom is subjected to the action of gases under pressure, whereby the whole of the sulphur and other materials which render the ore refractory are separated. the ore is then conveyed into a vessel containing an absorbing fluid metal, so constructed that every particle of the ore is brought into contact with the metal. for the production of reducing gases, steam and air are passed through highly heated materials, having an affinity for oxygen, and the gases so produced are utilized for raising the ore to a high temperature. by this means the sulphur and other metalloids and base metals are volatilized and eliminated, and the gold in the ore is then in such a condition as to alloy itself or become amalgamated with the fluid metal with which it is brought into close contact. the tailings passing off, worthless, are conveyed to the dump. the apparatus in the background is that in which the steam is generated, and which, in combination with the due proportion of atmospheric air, is first superheated in passing through the hearth or bed on which the fire is supported. the superheated steam and air under pressure are then forced through the fire, which is automatically maintained at a considerable depth, by which means the products of combustion are mainly hydrogen and carbonic oxide. these gases are then conveyed by means of the main and branch pipes to the cylindrical apparatus in the foreground, into which the ore to be acted upon is driven under pressure by means of the gases, which, being ignited, raise the ore to a high temperature. the ore is maintained in a state of violent agitation. each particle being kept separate from its fellows is consequently very rapidly acted upon by the gases. the ore freed from its refractory constituents is then fed into a vessel containing the fluid metal, in which each particle of ore is separated from the others, and being acted upon by the fluid metal is absorbed into it, the tailings or refuse passing off freed from any gold


- psychology & the public - what we do - member networks - careers, education & training does facebook make you fatter? time spent on social networking sites comes at the expense of other activities – including physical activity. that is the suggestion of a study being presented today at the annual conference of the british psychological society ’ s division of health psychology in liverpool. the study carried out at the university of ulster by masters degree student emer o ’ leary under the supervision of psychologists dr wendy cousins and dr tadhg macintyre asked 353 students to complete an online survey measuring social networking activity and levels of physical activity. the results showed that the vast majority of students used social networking sites like facebook and twitter spending an average of one hour a day online. when it came to the results from the physical activity questionnaire, just over half the students were classified as ‘ moderately active ; and a third were ‘ high activity ’, with a minority ( 12. 7 per cent ) falling into the ‘ low physical activity ’ group. a quarter of the respondents said they took part in team sports. when the results were analysed, the researchers found that the amount of time spent social networking was negatively correlated with the respondents ’ level of physical activity in the previous week. people who spent a lot of time on social networking sites were also less likely to take part in team sports, but this effect was less pronounced. dr cousins says : “ time is a finite resource, so time spent in social networking must come at the expense of other activities. our study suggests that physical activity may be one of those activities. “ our findings are intriguing, but as we have not conclusively demonstrated that social networking causes lower levels of physical activity. we will need to carry out more research to see if it really is a case of facebook makes you fat rather than twitter makes you fitter. ” - most read - most comments - register of applied psychology practice supervisors - raising awareness of adult autism


jude recently had the pleasure of meeting miss donacien and the ks2 pupils at wix primary school. here ’ s how she got on … at wix, i was lucky enough to have a whole assembly to find out what the kids in years 3 to 6 thought of brainpop. we started by talking about how brainpop movies are made and watched the digital animation movie where tim tells us about this. once the movie finished, this prompted a discussion about how long movies take to make and how long brainpop had been around. i could tell from talking to these young brainpoppers they had already watched lots of movies but then i posed quite a hard question … “ what is the difference between someone who just watches brainpop movies and a brainpopper? ” everyone thought hard and had excellent suggestions : - using brainpop at home - using brainpop to learn although both statements are true i thought i ’ d better explain the difference. everyone was surprised to learn i was a brainpopper before i even met tim and moby. but how can that be? “ i am so very old, ” i explained, “ that when i was at school we didn ’ t have computers. but i used to love going to the library and using books to find out lots of interesting facts, just like brainpoppers do. ” however, there ’ s another important brainpop characteristic : i explained that one of the features of a great brainpopper is that they don ’ t just watch a movie and think, “ that was interesting. ” they watch a brainpop movie and think, “ i ’ m going to do something with that information. ” examples we discussed were watching the filmmaking movie and then scripting and recording your own movie ; watching the roald dahl movie before reading his books ; or watching the blogs movie before setting up your own blog. i had already seen miss donacien ’ s class blog and it made me think what turned out to be true – wix primary school is full of brainpoppers! once i had explained what being a brainpopper meant the ideas flowed thick and fast : - use brainpop at home to research a topic you ’ re interested in - use brainpop to help younger or older siblings with their homework ( everyone was surprised to hear that brainpop is used in secondary schools as much as primary schools! ) - use brainpop with mum and dad so they can learn too assembly was soon over and there was just time for a quick recap on what makes a great brainpopper


oilarticle free pass a brief treatment of fixed oils follows. for full treatment of edible oils, see fat and oil processing. fixed oils and fats have the same chemical composition : they consist chiefly of glycerides, resulting from a reaction between an alcohol called glycerol and certain members of a group of compounds known as fatty acids. along with proteins and carbohydrates, the glyceride oils and fats constitute the three main classes of food. besides their nutritive importance, these oils have a variety of industrial uses. linseed, tung, and other drying oils ( i. e., those that are highly unsaturated ) and large quantities of soybean, sunflower, and safflower oils are used in paints, varnishes, and alkyd resins. such oils are particularly well suited for this application because, when exposed to air, they absorb oxygen and polymerize readily, forming thin layers as a skin or protective film. considerable quantities of specialty oils and sulfonated oils are used in leather dressing and textile manufacture. some other glyceride oils have properties of medicinal value. castor oil, for example, has a strong purgative action ; fish - liver oils are sources of vitamins a and d ; and others such as lard, olive oil, and almond oil serve as vehicles in pharmaceutical preparations. chaulmoogra oil, which contains unique fatty acids with a cyclic ( cyclopentenyl ) structure, has been used in the treatment of hansen ’ s disease ( leprosy ). see also fat. what made you want to look up " oil "? please share what surprised you most...


animal mummies were routinely placed in some type of container once the animal had been wrapped in linen. the more ordinary containers were specially designed or reused pottery jars. such objects have been found by the tens of thousands in so - called animal cemeteries at a number of sites in egypt. at times elaborate coffins were crafted to hold the animal mummies. just as human coffins were anthropoid, 50 animal coffins took the form of the animal contained. the ibis mummy held by this coffin was placed within through the detachable lid on the back. the gilding of the body and the exquisite detailing of the head, legs, and feet make this example one of the finest of its kind. - medium : wood, silver, gold, and rock crystal - possible place collected : tuna el - gebel, egypt - dates : 305 - 30 b. c. e. - period : ptolemaic period with later additions - dimensions : 15 1 / 16 x 7 15 / 16 x 21 15 / 16 in. ( 38. 2 x 20. 2 x 55. 8 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : egyptian, classical, ancient near eastern art - museum location : this item is not on view - accession number : 49. 48 - credit line : charles edwin wilbour fund - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : ibis coffin, 305 - 30 b. c. e. wood, silver, gold, and rock crystal, 15 1 / 16 x 7 15 / 16 x 21 15 / 16 in. ( 38. 2 x 20. 2 x 55. 8 cm ). brooklyn museum, charles edwin wilbour fund, 49. 48. creative commons - by - catalogue description : standing figure of an ibis serving as container for mummified ibis. wooden body, entire surface gilded. conventionalized tail indicated by black paint over the gilt. top of body cut for cover which runs entire length of body. head and feet cast ( solid? ) in silver. eyes of crystal outlined in gold. incised necklace at base of neck. mounted on oblong wooden base, apparently original, of rough work. mummified ibis within body. condition : intact. minor chips along edges of cover. one section on front of body where gesso base has lifted and cracked. gilt is covered with resin (? ) which may be remains of a varnish. - record completeness : best ( 91 % )


epilepsy and brain tumours this information on epilepsy simply provides a basis for discussion with the healthcare professionals with whom you are in contact. it should not in any way be used as a substitute for professional care. what is epilepsy? primary generalised epilepsy this is where the chemical and electrical disturbance occurs throughout all of the brain. these seizures come on without warning. this can result in a convulsion ( grand mall or simply cause a momentary loss of awareness lasting seconds ( absence ) or sudden jerks ( myoclonic ). this is where the disturbance in brain cell function starts at one specific site in the brain. the symptoms reflect the normal function of the part of the brain that is involved, ( see diagram ). for example, if the seizure arises in the part of the brain that controls movement there will be jerking of the limbs. if it involves the part of the brain that perceives sensation, it causes a strange tingling in the limbs. if it affects the temporal lobe of the brain, where thoughts and memories are stored, it may produce a feeling of disorientation, a funny smell, deja vu, panic attacks or strange recurring thoughts. these seizures can occur without any loss of awareness ( simple partial seizures ), or with loss of awareness for a short period ( complex partial seizures ). functions of the cerebral hemispheres frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes occasionally the focus of electrical activity can spread from the localised area to involve the whole brain. when this occurs it causes a convulsion with loss of consciousness and movements of arms and legs ( secondary generalised seizures ). these convulsions usually differ from those of primary generalised epilepsy only in that there is frequently a " warning " before losing consciousness. most people with a brain tumour and epilepsy will have partial / focal epilepsy because the tumour causes a focal disturbance in one part of the brain. is epilepsy a common problem? epilepsy is relatively common. at any one time, at least 1 in 200 people have epilepsy and 5 % of all people will have a seizure at some time in their life. most people with epilepsy have normal brain scans and only a very small proportion have a brain tumour. what are the common types of brain tumour? primary brain tumours are those that arise from the brain cells directly, whereas secondary tumours are those arise in another site in the body and


a very small proportion have a brain tumour. what are the common types of brain tumour? primary brain tumours are those that arise from the brain cells directly, whereas secondary tumours are those arise in another site in the body and spread ( metastasise ) to the brain. meningiomas arise from the coverings of the brain ( meninges ) and are usually considered benign. neuromas arise from nerves and are benign. pituitary adenomas arise from the glandular tissue of the pituitary and are benign. if i have seizures does it mean my tumour is more severe? no. about 80 % of people with less serious glioma brain tumours, and only 20 to 30 % of people with more serious brain tumours will have seizures. if seizures are present from the start, the overall outlook is better than in people who present with other symptoms such as weakness or headache. seizures can also occur with benign brain tumours ( such as meningioma ) or tumours that have spread to the brain from another site ( metastases ). how is epilepsy diagnosed? the diagnosis is made from the description of the precise features of the seizures, and the circumstances in which they occur. an eeg test may be helpful in determining the type of seizure and site of any problem. the eeg is a painless, safe procedure where thin wires are placed onto the scalp and these wires ( electrodes ) can demonstrate any irregularities in the normal activity of the brain. frequently, however, the eeg is completely normal between attacks. a ct brain scan or mri brain scan will produce pictures of the structure of the brain and will demonstrate where the abnormality is in the brain. can epilepsy be treated? yes. treatment with tablets or medicines will control seizures in about 50 % of people who have brain tumours and seizures. about 50 % of people will continue to have seizures despite treatment, but the seizure severity and frequency is much less with medication. the treatment is aimed at trying to reduce seizure frequency and severity without causing too many side effects from medication. the role of surgery in the treatment of epilepsy is still not completely certain. sometimes surgery can cure the seizures and occasionally seizures occur, or be temporarily worse after surgery. there are reports of radiotherapy reducing seizure frequency, but not enough evidence to say with any certainty that it does. the choice of medication usually depends on the seizure type, the possible side - effects, and


occur, or be temporarily worse after surgery. there are reports of radiotherapy reducing seizure frequency, but not enough evidence to say with any certainty that it does. the choice of medication usually depends on the seizure type, the possible side - effects, and interactions with other medications that you may have to take. what side - effects could i have from the medication? all medicines can cause side - effects. medication which prevents seizures ( anticonvulsants ) can cause side - effects too, even though most people take them for long periods of time with no unpleasant side - effects. some people can have an allergic reaction to the medication ( such as a rash, effects on the blood count or liver upset ) and others may feel tired or nauseated when a course of tablets is first begun. the tiredness and nausea may settle when you become used to the tablets, but the drug should be stopped if there is an allergic reaction ( contact your general practitioner or one of the medical professionals with whom you are in contact ). another possibility is that if you take too much of the medication, you can get ' toxic ' side - effects, which may cause double vision, unsteadiness, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, headache or changes in behaviour. if you have any of these symptoms, ask your general practitioner. they may want you to take a smaller dose of the medication or to give a blood sample to measure how much is in the blood stream. each medication has its own list of possible side - effects. if you are concerned ask a medical professional for advice. how will medical professionals try and help me? general practitioners or the medical professionals with whom you ’ re in contact will usually introduce medication gradually in small doses and advise you to take the medication regularly. some medication has to be taken only once a day, while others need to be taken more frequently. the aim is to use the lowest dose of a single medication that will control seizures without toxic effects. your doctor may wish to measure the drug levels to check if the dose is right and is being taken regularly, or for making planned increases in the dose of some medication. in general doctors don ' t feel that the addition of a second drug to the first makes much difference, although there are some newer drugs that might be useful at reducing seizure frequency by 30 - 40 %. there may be interactions between different anti - convulsants and frequently it is difficult to tell which one may be causing the side - effects. if the drugs you have been given are unhelpful,


seizure frequency by 30 - 40 %. there may be interactions between different anti - convulsants and frequently it is difficult to tell which one may be causing the side - effects. if the drugs you have been given are unhelpful, you may be advised to discontinue the medication. however, withdrawal of medication will be done gradually and new medication can be introduced slowly as the old one is removed. stress and poor sleep can make seizures worse and doctors may suggest methods of overcoming this. it is uncertain if antidepressants make matters better or worse. in some people, seizure control with available medication is not possible. in these cases the medication may be reduced to minimise side - effects. in cases like this, surgery may even be considered. how can i help myself? - do not run out of medication. stopping anticonvulsants quickly can lead to an abrupt increase in the number of seizures. - a diary of seizure frequency and severity should be kept, as it will help when assessing any change in seizures related to changes in medication. - if you have any other illness, anticonvulsants should be continued. if the medication is vomited up within a few hours of taking it, an extra dose should be taken. however, you should always let your medical team know if this is happening, and to speak to them directly if you are at all concerned. always let your medical team know if you are taking other medication, which may affect anything else you are prescribed for the epilepsy. - not taking prescribed medication regularly is the most common cause of treatment failure. irregular therapy may be worse than no therapy at all. it may cause withdrawal effects, or it may make seizures or toxic side - effects worse. - establish a routine about taking your medication at a set time of day and consider using a pill box divided into the days of the week. follow closely the advice of your medical team, such as avoiding alcohol, make sure that you have sufficient sleep and eat regularly. - anyone may forget to take their medication at some time. if you miss a dose it is probably best to take an extra dose within the same 24 hour period, though again it ’ s always best to check this with your medical team. what should my friends do if i have a seizure? while the convulsion is in progress : - they should not put anything in your mouth or force your teeth open - they should not try to restrain your movements but let the seizure run its course. - you should be moved


have a seizure? while the convulsion is in progress : - they should not put anything in your mouth or force your teeth open - they should not try to restrain your movements but let the seizure run its course. - you should be moved only if you are in danger from injury, e. g. close to a fire or on the road. after the seizure has finished : - you should be turned on your side. - your airway should be checked and kept under observation. after a major seizure : - you may be confused and need reassurance. - friends shouldn ' t give you anything to drink, until you have fully recovered. - transfer to hospital is necessary only if the fit is prolonged or repeated, or if injury has occurred. - do not take additional anticonvulsants after a seizure but continue to take them at your regular time and dose. ask your doctor for further advice if you are concerned. how will the seizures affect my daily life? you should not work with dangerous machinery, at heights, or in a job where, if you had a seizure, you could put yourself or others at risk. this is common sense, but also your employer may not be covered for any accidents that happen to you or others ; if you have not informed your employer, it is you that may be liable for any damages. in general, employers and work mates are very supportive and understanding. if your work involves any of the above, some alteration in the structure of your job may be possible. computers, vdus, discos and tvs are unlikely to precipitate seizures. if you are in the armed services, then it is likely that you will not be able to continue and you will be advised to take early retirement. the police and fire - service are a little more lenient, but it may mean a change in your job description. if you wish to continue working, and your employer says this is not possible, it may be worthwhile discussing things in more detail with the person who makes the final decision. this will personalise things more. a supporting medical statement will be helpful. many employers think there is only one kind of epilepsy ( generalised seizures / convulsions ). employers may be more open to persuasion if you have " simple partial " or even " complex partial " seizures. troublesome seizures can lead to all sorts of stresses and anxieties in the family. it is best that everyone in the family home is aware that you have occasional seizures, but that they


" simple partial " or even " complex partial " seizures. troublesome seizures can lead to all sorts of stresses and anxieties in the family. it is best that everyone in the family home is aware that you have occasional seizures, but that they should not over - react to them. discuss things openly with your partner and children to ensure that they do not " overprotect " you. the well - meaning partner who does this can unwittingly find that they are contributing to a loss of confidence and self esteem that reduces your role within the family. this can lead to frustration and depression which may in turn aggravate your seizure frequency. especially if you are losing sleep, there is good evidence that relaxation techniques can reduce seizure frequency. it is advisable to shower rather than bathe, use a smother proof variety of pillows in bed and when cooking and setting fires be aware of the possible dangers. don ' t swim alone, wear a distinctive cap and inform the pool attendant. bicycle in company. don ' t box, canoe alone or rock climb. you can play rugby, karate and football as well as many other sports. consult your doctor if you have any worries. should i tell people that i have seizures? it is usually advisable to tell your family, employer and work mates. if you take a ' major ' seizure, they should also be told what to do ( see above ), be reassured that the seizure is usually over in a short spell of time, and that you may be confused for a little while afterwards. do seizures injure the brain? there is no evidence that the average seizure has any lasting effect on how the brain works. many people with epilepsy have had hundreds of seizures in their lives, without any noticeable changes in their alertness or intelligence. sometimes after a partial or generalised seizure, there can be a weakness on one side of the body for minutes or occasionally days ( todd ' s paresis ), but this usually resolves completely. rarely, seizures that last an unusually long time, or a series of non - stop seizures, may produce changes in the brain that can affect the brain ' s abilities, but this is an uncommon occurrence. is epilepsy linked to mental illness? epilepsy and mental illness are separate conditions. sometimes people with epilepsy experience fear that they may be mentally ill. they are usually relieved to hear that what is happening to them is merely the result of seizure activity in the brain. of course some people with epile


illness are separate conditions. sometimes people with epilepsy experience fear that they may be mentally ill. they are usually relieved to hear that what is happening to them is merely the result of seizure activity in the brain. of course some people with epilepsy do experience mental illness, just as some people do who have no physical problems, but there is no clear relationship between the two conditions. could i injure anyone during a seizure? although a seizure involving jerking of the limbs can look violent, the movements are undirected and it is therefore not possible to carry out a planned attack on anyone. injury to others occurs only if they get in the way accidentally ; when trying to suppress the limb movements, in the period after a seizure when you may be confused, or if you feel threatened ( i. e. someone holding you down ). injury to yourself occurs rarely and almost always only if there is a loss of consciousness ( generalised seizures ) ( especially when working at heights, with dangerous machinery or swimming unaccompanied ). if you take generalised seizures you should be sensible and avoid situations where you could put yourself at serious risk. if i lose my job what benefits might i be entitled to? if seizures are a major problem or you also have a physical impairment, find out about eligibility for disability living allowance ( dla ) or attendance allowance ( aa ). the department for work and pensions is the government ’ s benefit agency. their general benefit enquiry line offers confidential advice and information for people with disabilities, and their carers and representatives, about social security benefits and how to claim them. freephone 0800 88 22 00 or free textphone for people with speech or hearing difficulties 0800 24 33 55. for specific advice on dla or aa, call the dla helpline on 08457 12 34 56. their website holds information on both dla and the carer ’ s allowance, explaining who is eligible and how to claim. alternatively, you may wish to ask your medical team to refer you to a social worker or citizens ’ advice bureau to help you determine what benefits you may be entitled to. no one on regular anticonvulsants need pay prescription fees, for example, while you may be eligible to apply for a travel pass, depending on the area in which you live. the medic alert foundation can supply you with a tag to go on a necklace or a wristband, which gives a very brief outline of your medical condition. there is also a telephone number on the tag for para


the area in which you live. the medic alert foundation can supply you with a tag to go on a necklace or a wristband, which gives a very brief outline of your medical condition. there is also a telephone number on the tag for paramedics to call in order to discover more details about you. this is a reassuring thing to have if you are worried about having a seizure when you are out and about by yourself. tel. 0207 833 3034 east anglian ambulance service have launched a national " in case of emergency ( ice ) " campaign. the idea is that you store the word " ice " in your mobile phone address book, and against it enter the number of the person you would want to be contacted " in case of emergency ". in an emergency situation ambulance and hospital staff will then be able to quickly find out who your next of kin are and be able to contact them by accessing your mobile phone. if you are concerned about being left alone at home you may want to consider having a lifeline alarm unit or a piper alarm service fitted in your house. usually used for older people, they are also available for you if you have seizures and may need medical assistance. the alarms consist of a button which you can wear around your neck and press to alert the operator and mobile warden service that you need help. there are private versions available, but the least expensive option is probably to contact the welfare officer at your local council and ask for an assessment. an example of cost would be a weekly charge of £3. 07 plus vat, which includes having the unit installed and all the support services that goes with it. to find the number of your local council, use yellow pages or www. yell. com the national society for epilepsy supplies a wide range of information and support services. they also run a " living well " programme, designed to help people develop the skills and confidence to cope with their epilepsy and to live life to the full. their uk helpline is open 10am - 4pm, monday to friday, on 01494 601 400 ; the direct line for the " living well " programme is 01494 601 387. epilepsy action has an extensive network of branches throughout the uk which provide local support to people with epilepsy, their family and friends and professional carers. run by volunteers, most branches hold regular meetings and offer a mixture of social events and informative talks and discussions for both adults and teenagers with epilepsy. helpline


offshore drilling has created a $ 70 billion - a - year industry and more than 300, 000 jobs in louisiana. it also has fueled a heated debate over tapping oil and natural - gas deposits off the north carolina coast, though few have asked what kind of impact it would have on the tar heel economy. “ nobody knows, ” says jim smith, an economist at western carolina university in cullowhee. “ that ’ s the only answer. ” unc greensboro economist andrew brod agrees. though it would be a drop in the bucket compared with louisiana, there might be some surprises. “ i can ’ t come up with a scenario in which, even if they found the biggest oil field in history, you ’ d build a refinery in north carolina, ” says smith, a professor at western carolina ’ s institute for the economy and the future. “ you ’ ve got refineries in philly and new jersey already. besides, no new refineries have been built in the u. s. since 1973. ” brod, director of uncg ’ s office of business and economic research, says the state probably would miss another economic plum — construction of drilling rigs. they ’ re built ashore in segments and assembled at sea, but the platforms — $ 500 million to $ 1 billion each — wouldn ’ t come from north carolina. foreign shipbuilders furnish most, and if a domestic rig - building and - service industry did develop, it likely would be near the deep - water ports of norfolk, va., or charleston, s. c. it ’ s not clear whether the state would collect lucrative licensing and other fees. drilling would be in u. s. territorial waters, far beyond north carolina ’ s three - mile limit. two coastal counties — hyde and dare — have ordinances that prohibit pipelines across their portions of the outer banks, raising the question of how oil or natural gas might come ashore. drilling wouldn ’ t be an economic bust, though. smith and brod say oil - rig workers, who rotate between platforms and shore, probably would live near what brod calls transit points, the tar heel ports in morehead city and wilmington. and smith, a longtime drilling proponent, says the biggest impact might be incidental to drilling. “ most oil experts are dubious that there ’ s much oil east of cape hatteras, but they believe there are enormous amounts of natural gas. ” that could provide cheap, abundant fuel for development of energy - intensive manufacturers in eastern north carolina


. “ most oil experts are dubious that there ’ s much oil east of cape hatteras, but they believe there are enormous amounts of natural gas. ” that could provide cheap, abundant fuel for development of energy - intensive manufacturers in eastern north carolina. “ aluminum leaps to mind, ” he says. gov. mike easley opposes offshore drilling, which he says could threaten a vital part of the state ’ s $ 16 - billion - plus tourism economy and endanger marine industries valued at more than $ 682 million a year. “ people should not be tricked into believing that offshore drilling would solve our dependence on oil. ” brod agrees, noting that it would have little effect on prices or supplies. “ any benefit would be diluted by the fact oil will be injected into a global market. it might have a few pennies ’ effect, but it is so small it would not be part of the calculation. ” the state, he says, needs a study balancing costs and risks. some aren ’ t willing to wait. in late august, carteret county commissioners voted to support offshore drilling. new bern — brunswickcut 325 jobs here and in edenton. the lake forest, ill. - based boat maker didn ’ t specify how many were eliminated at each plant. before the layoffs, it employed more than 950 here and about 95 in edenton.


edmonton - while oilsands firms have made significant environmental improvements in recent years — from using less fresh water, emitting less sulphur and reclaiming land into treed hills and meadows — images of huge tailings ponds have tarred the industry. because the fine clays — part of the sand, water and residual bitumen mix left after the bitumen is extracted — won ’ t settle out, companies had to build more and more ponds to contain the backlog. but recent technological advances, new, tougher standards from the provincial regulator and a decision by the oilsands companies late in 2010 to share existing tailings research, should see an end to most of them within the next few years. here are some highlights : it ’ s new tailings management process, called tro, looks like a game - changer. the liquid tailings are mixed with a binding material and spread over a sloping beach in multiple thin layers. suncor plans to spend $ 1. 2 billion over the next couple of years to build and expand the system, which can remove water from the liquid tailings in a matter of weeks. early success has already enabled suncor to cancel its plans for five additional tailings ponds, and it will likely reduce the number of ponds at its site from eight to just one as it gets to work on quickly reclaiming its older ponds. last september, suncor marked an industry milestone by becoming the first oilsands company to complete reclamation of a tailings pond, with thousands of trees and bushes planted on the former 220 - hectare riverside site formerly known as pond 1. the first dike was built in 1967 when suncor began operations, but the walls were heightened again and again as the tailings refused to settle, leaving the firm with the only one option — to build more and more ponds. the firm was the first to reclaim dry areas beside mining pits, now home to bison herds, and will soon completely reclaim its first former tailings pond. it is noteworthy that this site will include the first recreated fen — a low, wet area that is biologically rich and common through the boreal area. syncrude uses various methods to handle its tailings, including water capping — pumping fresh water to cap a tailings pond and promote settling — and composite tails techniques, which involve adding gypsum to thicken the tailings. currently it is putting a big effort into its centrifuge technology, with extensive field tests now complete and commercial - scale implementation on the way. the technology involves putting tailings


, which involve adding gypsum to thicken the tailings. currently it is putting a big effort into its centrifuge technology, with extensive field tests now complete and commercial - scale implementation on the way. the technology involves putting tailings through spinning vessels which remove the water. the resulting paste is easily handled and quickly reclaimed. canadian natural resources cnrl ’ s horizon project is the leader in testing carbon dioxide to help settle out the tailings, injecting the liquefied gas into the slurry before the tailings enter the pond where it reacts to form carbonic acid. this reaction changes the acidity of the tailings mixtures and allows the fine clays, silt and sand to settle quickly and leave cleaner water which can be immediately recycled into the bitumen extraction process. when the new horizon facility is expanded in the next few years, another new treatment will be added. spinning chambers will remove water from the coarse sand, and thickeners will remove the water from the fine clays, silts and sand. these dewatered tailings streams will then be combined with waste co2 from the plant. more water will be released when the tailings are deposited, and the co2 will react chemically to form mineral carbonates, basically sedimentary rock. since 2006, shell has been working on a technology that involves collecting fine tailings from a discharge pond and adding chemicals to accelerate de - watering, a system called atmospheric fines drying ( afd ). the material is then placed on a sloping surface to enhance further drying by evaporation. the 300 - square - metre test area will contain 250, 000 tonnes of sand and clay by the end of the year. a second, larger test area will open this year. the edmonton - based firm sees rare minerals like zircon and titanium, as well as bitumen and solvents, in tailings. its technology, run recently in a pilot project at the federal canmetenergy in devon, proved a success. the firm aims to partner with suncor, syncrude or canadian natural resources this year to build a commercial - sized, stand - alone project. titanium ’ s technology works on the froth tailings — the most concentrated stream of the two tailings streams that pour into the ponds. and its current system works only with naphtha - based processes used by syncrude, suncor and cnrl. a second system, designed to work with the paraffinic tailings produced by shell and imperial ’ s kear


in the early 1924 a paddock ( now playing fields near the inner canberra suburb of dickson ) was the ‘ designated ’ airfield for canberra and known as the northbourne aviation ground. however, as canberra was not a scheduled destination, it was mostly used for emergency landings for aircraft on domestic routes such as sydney to adelaide. in late 1926 with the opening of parliament house approaching and celebrations with a royal australian airforce flying display, the dickson airfield was considered unsuitable to host the variety of aircraft expected. instead, a paddock in the majura valley owned by the campbell family, graziers at the time, was deemed by airforce captain henri petre to be ‘ absolutely ideal for flying ’, with landing distances of ‘ not less than 1000 yards in all directions ’. so in 1926 this site at the corner of the majura valley road and the queanbeyan - duntroon road was leased to the department of defence. four years later it was handed over to the government ’ s then - civil aviation control. the raaf may have erected a wooden hut for service personnel attending the opening of parliament house, but the first building formally documented at the ‘ duntroon aerodrome ’ ( later to become canberra aerodrome ) was a large hangar in 1936 at the site where the northern end of canberra ’ s present terminal stands. by 1939 work had already begun on construction of a military base on the opposite side of the aerodrome from the civilian hangar. from this time until 2003 when the raaf base was decommissioned, the airport has operated for the needs of both defence and civil aviation. the remaining defence presence on the north - eastern side of the airport now operates the prime minister ’ s vip fleet of aircraft. throughout these decades, the airport runways continued to be upgraded and lengthened as aircraft sizes increased and aircraft began landing with greater frequency. the airport terminal too, has undergone some major changes. firstly, it was facade improvement in the early 1950s, followed by small extensions. between 1960 and 1970 passenger numbers exploded form 206, 096 a year to more than half a million, so in 1970 - 71 a bigger terminal was built. in late 1980 with news of the forthcoming opening of new parliament house in 1988, a new domestic terminal was needed requiring a major restructuring of the existing terminal. rolling additions continued throughout the early 1990s. in 1998 the federal government sold the canberra airport to canberra businessman terry snow and his family. it was an airport with declining facilities and rundown aviation infrastructure. the existing terminal alone had 42 different floor levels, having been renovated, added to and


vasco nunez de balboa discoverer of the pacific ocean from the west coast of central america, born in spain, 1475, either at badajoz or at jerez de los caballeros ; died at darien, 1517. he went to central america, in 1500 with rodrigo de bastidas and thence, in secret, with martin fernandez de enciso to cartagena. the story that he got aboard either in an empty barrel or wrapped up in a sail may be true. he soon assumed an important role among the participants of the expedition, and settled darien in 1509. then he proclaimed himself governor, and sent both enciso and nicuesa away. from darien he undertook, with a few followers, the hazardous journey across the isthmus that led to the discovery of the pacific ocean. 25 september, 1513, and established beyond all doubt the continental nature of america. the appointment in 1514 of pedrarias davila as governor of the regions discovered and partly occupied by balboa, and his appearance on the coast of darien with a large armament, at once gave rise to trouble. arias was an aged man of mediocre attainments, jealous, deceitful, and vindictive. balboa was generous, careless, and over - confident in the merits of his achievements, and was no match for the intrigues that forthwith began against him. to mask his sinister designs arias gave one of his daughters to balboa in marriage. the latter was allowed to continue his explorations while arias and the licentiate gaspar de espinosa were slowly tightening a net of true and false testimony around him under cover of the inevitable residencia. the crown gave balboa the title of adelantado of the south sea, governor of coyba and of what subsequently became the district of panama, but arias and his agents understood how to reduce these titles to empty honours. quevedo, bishop of castilla del oro, was balboa ' s sincere friend and assisted him, but with quevedo ' s departure for spain the case was lost. fearful lest the bishop ' s appeal for his friend might result against arias and his party, the residencia was at once converted into criminal proceedings, death sentence hastily pronounced, and balboa beheaded for high treason in 1517 at darien. one of the main pretexts for the sentence was balboa ' s action towards enciso and