the left side of the expression you can use any valid attribute name ( i. e. " id ", " div ", " name ", etc. ), or any of the following : - textcontent - returns an element that has certain text within it. textcontent is only the text at the same level as the node. - innertext - looks for text content inside some set of element tags. innertext is the combined text for a given node and everything below it. - innermarkup - returns an element with specific html markup inside it. - outermarkup - looks for specific html markup inclusive of the element itself. - tagindex ( zero based ) - xpath - xml path language expressions, a syntax for selecting elements in an xml document. see msdn for examples. note : in silverlight applications you can use silverlight specific search terms, such as automationid, textcontent, xamltag, and name. append an additional operator to the " = " to make other comparisons. here is an example that searches for the " type " attribute that starts with " hidden ". regular expressions ( regex ) are sequences of text characters used to describe a search pattern. they are somewhat akin to " wildcard " characters, i. e. " * " or "? ", but are much more flexible and powerful. regular expressions start with the " # " character. see msdn for examples. here is an example that searches for the " onload " attribute that contains the word " focus ".


persia type : border fragment, period : 224 to 651 a. d warp : material : linen, tan, material spin / ply : 5 - 2 z spun density : weft : material : wool, dyed, natural spin / ply : 5 spun density : 42 - 52in. decoration / surface : technique : slit - tapestry, curved wefting, weft - faced. remarks : remains on left upper corner of a pointing hand ; wide variety of earth tone colours : rust, dark brown, tan, olive, brown - wine. history of ancient textiles and costumes in persia ( iran ) our knowledge of dress in ancient persia comes from pictorial depictions mainly on rock reliefs, metalwork ( including coinage ), seal impressions, and, from about the second century c. e., wall paintings. information is fragmentary and episodic, and relates to the ruling households, the military, divinities, and occasionally priests ; depictions of women ( even female goddesses ) are rare. elamite textiles and costumes ( 2750 - 653 b. c. ) in its heyday the elamite empire controlled the region from eastern mesopotamia to central asia and pakistan, but after 1100 b. c. its political influence waned. early elamite cylinder seals show bearded men ( possibly princes or priests ), wearing multi - layered skirts — perhaps of hanging feathers, leather strips, or sheepskin — similar to those found in certain votive statues from mari ( an ancient syrian city ), and clay tablets reveal that wool and flax were being exported to neighboring lands. a few seals ( c. 2200 - 1600 b. c. ) include female figures wearing similar but fuller skirts. however, a bronze statue ( now in the louvre ) of queen napirasu ( d. 1333 b. c. ) from susa shows a diagonally necked bodice with elbow - length sleeves, a long, bell - shaped skirt with wide decorated bands around the hips and down the left front, fabric flaps on the right hip, and a deep fringe ( possibly of sheep wool ) around the hem. later elamite rock reliefs ( e. g., kuh - i farah, c. 800 b. c. ), although seriously eroded, record ankle - length, long - sleeved robes worn with projecting shoulder collars. achaemenid textiles and costumes ( 550 - 330 b. c. ) the persian achaemenid family triumphed over the medes of northwest iran, seizing


ankle - length, long - sleeved robes worn with projecting shoulder collars. achaemenid textiles and costumes ( 550 - 330 b. c. ) the persian achaemenid family triumphed over the medes of northwest iran, seizing land stretching from the balkans to the tian shan mountains in central asia and china, until its destruction by alexander the great. the ceremonial capital of persepolis provides most costume pictorial evidence ; scholastic opinion is divided regarding whether details on the so - called oxus treasure ( british museum ) and surviving clothing from other central asian sites such as pazyryk should be considered iranian achaemenid or central asian dress. the persepolis reliefs and the susa tile revetments ( louvre ) reveal nothing of women ’ s and children ’ s dress but show two distinct male costumes : the “ median ” dress of long trousers tucked into ankle boots, a tunic under a knee - length, a long - sleeved coat ( kandys ) draped over the shoulders, and a rounded soft cap encircled by metal fillet ; and the “ persian ” dress of an ankle - length, draped skirt, a top with four deep pleats at the elbow, and a tall, fluted cap ( possibly of feathers or padded felt ). it is this latter garment that has provoked discussion. rejecting a theory from the 1930s that the garment was made of an unseamed rectangle of fabric folded on the shoulders and belted to form drapery folds, anna roes argued for a sophisticated construction of two separate pieces : a waist - length cape with a triangular insert at the elbow creating four sleeve pleats, and a sari - like skirt with hanging fabric bands down the front, back, and sides. two decades later, p. beck ( 1972 ) proposed another structure based on two lengths joined at the shoulder, both differently cut to produce the curves and pleats of the distinctive sleeves. neither theory is entirely satisfactory regarding the skirt as detailed on seated figures. at court, men ’ s hair was worn behind the ears to shoulder - length, tightly curled, while the beards ( which may have been false ) were carefully arranged into ringlets, interrupted by rows of tight curls. parthian or arsacid textiles and costumes ( 250 b. c. - 224 a. d. ) the various silk roads crossing asia flourished in the parthian period, bringing chinese silk to the west in exchange for horses, wool, and linen. short - staple cotton was perhaps being cultivated in eastern iran but was available from


224 a. d. ) the various silk roads crossing asia flourished in the parthian period, bringing chinese silk to the west in exchange for horses, wool, and linen. short - staple cotton was perhaps being cultivated in eastern iran but was available from east africa and the persian gulf regions. most detailed information about the dress from this period is gleaned from pictorial art from the ancient cities palmyra, dura europos, hatra, and nimrud dag — as well as from central asian regions of ancient syria, ancient iraq, and ancient anatolia — but modern specialists in these regions often evaluate such clothing as “ national ” rather than parthian “ imperial ” dress. the man of rank wore a hip - or thigh - length belted tunic with narrow, long sleeves, although the palmyran sculptures show a long fabric tie, knotted and looped. there were various methods of fastening tunics, possibly denoting differences in rank, status, or, perhaps, office : wide diagonal openings right to left, small and deep rounded necks, square necks, and extended neck lapels fastening below the front left shoulder. the tunic sometimes had heavy drapery folds forming a u - shaped apron, and a long - sleeved, calf - length, narrow - fitting jacket was worn over this. loose trousers, often heavily patterned and banded down the center of the leg, were gathered at the ankle or into calf - length boots. a long folded stole, or strip of silk, on the left shoulder, shown on figures in some images, may indicate priestly attire. regarding head covering, gods, kings, and generals ( as those at hatra and nimrud dag ) are shown with tall helmets with a narrow front profile, decorated with “ pearl ” beading. information regarding female attire is sparse. the greek chiton is said to be the inspiration behind the palmyran dress, but ladies ’ bodices in khaltchyan wall - reliefs are close - fitting with a deep or shallow neck, with additional material flaring from the breast band. below this a trailing pleated skirt was worn, and a long, wide stole covered the shoulders or was draped over the arms. sasanid textiles and costumes ( 224 - 658 a. d. ) from the fifth century, iranian cotton was being exported to china along with linen flax and wool. chinese imperial histories record that silkworms were smuggled into central asia in 419 c. e., but the arab histories and iranian poetry


) from the fifth century, iranian cotton was being exported to china along with linen flax and wool. chinese imperial histories record that silkworms were smuggled into central asia in 419 c. e., but the arab histories and iranian poetry suggest sericulture was established in sasanid lands around 300 c. e.. draw - loom technology was known from eastern mediterranean lands, but most dress fabrics were still made on the narrow back - strap loom. tapestry ( slit ) weave and compound twill weave are mostly associated with sasanid wool and silk dress fabrics, respectively. the rock carvings near shiraz show shahs in fitted bodices, perhaps of molded leather, together with full - length trousers or chaps with long wavy curls of either sheepskin or very fine fabric. by the mid - fourth century a draped apron - like tunic, reaching to the lower calf in front, was worn, and some later silver dishes depict another type of tunic with stiffly pointed side corners. by the late fifth or early seventh century — depending on the date of a carving at taq - i bustan — the royal dress was a long - sleeved, knee - length tunic in heavily patterned woven silk, or decorated with padded applique forms ; the belt had hanging lappets signifying status ( the more numerous, the higher the rank ). a double row of beading decorated the central front fastening, neck, cuffs, and hem edges. underneath, ample trousers were gathered into soft ankle boots fastened with long ribbon ties. each shah wore a distinctive crown often incorporating a large “ balloon ” ( possibly of hair ), while princes and generals had tall caps with a slight phrygian curve ending in a bird or animal head, or decorated with a stylized emblem. a few images of the zoroastrian goddess, anahita, and court entertainers provide most information about women ’ s dress. in a late - third - century relief at naqsh - i rustam, anahita has an ankle - length robe, falling in diaphanous folds and girded by a creped ribbon belt. however, at taq - i bustan, carved at least 150 years later, her long - sleeved robe falls from a shoulder clasp with a sleeved coat ( possibly felt ) draped over her shoulders. her tall, tasseled headdress is more elaborate than those of female musicians in the hunting compositions beneath. on sasanid metalwork female dancers are noticeable for


shoulder clasp with a sleeved coat ( possibly felt ) draped over her shoulders. her tall, tasseled headdress is more elaborate than those of female musicians in the hunting compositions beneath. on sasanid metalwork female dancers are noticeable for their long stoles draped across the front at hip level. in the rare depictions of royal ladies, the dress is similar to those of anahita, while the children wear miniature versions of the regal ensembles. in sasanid times, zoroastrianism was officially promoted, and zoroastrian priestly dress was probably formalized in this period. ritual regulations concerning the lambswool kusti ( girdle ) and cotton sndra ( shirt ), worn by all adult believers, were also probably codified during this period. the sassanids established an empire roughly within the frontiers achieved by the achaemenids, with the capital at ctesiphon. the sassanids consciously sought to resuscitate iranian traditions and to obliterate greek cultural influence. their rule was characterized by considerable centralization, ambitious urban planning, agricultural development, and technological improvements. sassanid rulers adopted the title of shahanshah ( king of kings ), as sovereigns over numerous petty rulers, known as shahrdars. historians believe that society was divided into four classes : the priests, warriors, secretaries, and commoners. the royal princes, petty rulers, great landlords, and priests together constituted a privileged stratum, and the social system appears to have been fairly rigid. sassanid rule and the system of social stratification were reinforced by zoroastrianism, which became the state religion. the zoroastrian priesthood became immensely powerful. the head of the priestly class, the mobadan mobad, along with the military commander, the eran spahbod, and the head of the bureaucracy, were among the great men of the state. rome, with its capital at constantinople, had replaced greece as iran ' s principal western enemy, and hostilities between the two empires were frequent. shahpur i ( 240 - 272 ce ), son and successor of ardeshir, waged successful campaigns against the romans and in 260 ce even took the emperor valerian prisoner. between 260 and 263 ce he had lost his conquest to odenathus, and ally of rome. shapur ii ( ruled 309 - 379 ce ) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the romans. a rock relief at naq


and 263 ce he had lost his conquest to odenathus, and ally of rome. shapur ii ( ruled 309 - 379 ce ) regained the lost territories, however, in three successive wars with the romans. a rock relief at naqsh - e rostam, depicting the triumph of shapur i over the roman emperor valerian, and philip the arabian khosro i ( 531 - 579 ce ), also known as anushirvan the just, is the most celebrated of the sassanid rulers. he reformed the tax system and reorganized the army and the bureaucracy, tying the army more closely to the central government than to local lords. his reign witnessed the rise of the dihqans ( literally, village lords ), the petty landholding nobility who were the backbone of later sassanid provincial administration and the tax collection system. khosro was a great builder, embellishing his capital, founding new towns, and constructing new buildings. he rebuilt the canals and restocked the farms, which had been destroyed in the wars. he built strong fortifications at the passes and placed subject tribes in carefully chosen towns on the frontiers, so that they could act as guardians of the state against invaders. justinian paid him 440, 000 pieces of gold, as a bribe to keep the peace, but he seems to have been a man who genuinely enjoyed the fruits of peace and saw no reason to continue a senseless war. he was tolerant of all religions, though he decreed that zoroastrianism should be the official state religion, but he was not unduly disturbed when one of his sons became a christian. under his auspices, too, many books were brought from india and translated into pahlavi. some of these later found their way into the literature of the islamic world. the reign of khosro ii ( 591 - 628 ce ) was characterized by the wasteful splendor and lavishness of the court. toward the end of his reign khosro ii ' s power declined. in renewed fighting with the byzantines, he enjoyed initial successes, captured damascus, and seized the holy cross in jerusalem. but counterattacks by the byzantine emperor heraclius brought enemy forces deep into sassanid territory. in the spring of 633 ce a grandson of khosro called yezdegerd ascended the throne, and in that same year the first arab squadrons made their first raids into persian territory. years of warfare exhausted both the byzantines and the iranians. the


the ancient world : introduction our course divides into three sections, and while there is much overlap between them, each era is quite distinctive. in the ancient world, we are dealing with a variety of civilizations over the course of a few thousand years. i choose not to tell that entire story, though your textbook does. the general drift of that story is westward. the early civilizations are near eastern, centered in the fertile crescent and in egypt. the focus of a western civilization course then moves westward to greece and then westward again to rome. in my own presentation, i acknowledge a certain inheritance from those near eastern cultures, but i emphasize the greater influence of greece and rome. whereas we can compile a very long list of the contributions made by the greeks and the romans, we can compile only a comparitively short list of contributions made by babylon or egypt, and even less from the hittites or assyrians. these were all important and extremely interesting cultures, but i skip over them so that i can devote more time to other, later topics. any proper study of the ancient world would, however, need to take full account of them. the ancient world in the narrower sense i give it was a world centered on the mediterranean sea. it was a pagan world, with a great many gods and goddesses, not all of whom were greek or roman. politically it was dominated by city - states and empires rather than by kings or nation - states. commerce, and especially sea - borne commerce, unified the world economically. socially it was defined by whether one was a slave or a citizen, and if a citizen, by what family one belonged to. culturally, it was bounded by language : by greek first, then by a combined dominance of latin and greek. it was a " civilized " world in the pure sense of the word : the latin word for city is " civis ". people who lived in cities, or who were citizens even if they lived in the country, were ipso facto civilized. and anyone who lived outside the range of city - states were by that very fact uncivilized. this is another reason why i start the story of " western civilization " with greece : because it was the first culture that was " civilized " ; it was the first that was dominated by its cities. at some point, these characteristics changed fundamentally. the pagan religions gave way to christianity. people began to speak of " christendom " rather than " hellas " or the imperium, and " rome " meant a


" we are creating images whose reality is self - evident and which are devoid of the props and crutches that evoke associations with outmoded images, both sublime and beautiful... the image we produce is the self - evident one of revelation, real and concrete, that can be understood by anyone who will look at it without the nostalgic glasses of history. " color field painting is a tendency within, distinct from gestural abstraction, or action painting. it was pioneered in the late 1940s by,, and, who were all independently searching for a style of abstraction that might provide a modern, mythic art and express a yearning for transcendence and the infinite. to achieve this they abandoned all suggestions of figuration and instead exploited the expressive power of color by deploying it in large fields that might envelope the viewer when seen at close quarters. their work inspired much, particularly that of,,, and, though for later color field painters, matters of form tended to be more important that mythic content. rothko, newman, and still were all independently moving in the direction of color field abstraction in the late 1940s. still is generally acknowledged as having achieved it first with a series of paintings he exhibited in 1947, but newman was also important in making early theoretical contributions to the style. in the same year he organized an exhibition for betty parsons gallery entitled the ideographic picture, which gathered together artists such as,, and, and pointed to the development in recent american art of a " modern counterpart of the primitive art impulse. " it was summed up in the concept of the ideograph, which he described - quoting a dictionary - as a " character, symbol or figure which suggests the idea of an object without expressing its name. " newman was searching for an abstract art that might do away with all figurative or quasi - figurative motifs. an abstract form could be a " living thing, " he wrote in the exhibition ' s influential catalogue essay, " a vehicle for an abstract thought - complex. " it would be more real and present than a form that was merely abstracted from nature or an object. the fruitful directions that newman, rothko, and still were traveling in meant that by the late 1940s abstract expressionism was starting to split into two divergent tendencies - color field painting and gesture painting. it was not until the 1950s, however, that this formal split was widely recognized by critics. concepts and styles although still, rothko, and newman all developed different understandings of the content of their


. as the 1960s commenced, artists who clement greenberg categorized as post - painterly abstractionists were among the most prominent color field painters. morris louis was creating work that contained a degree of symmetry, rendered by pouring paint in broad bands across the surface of the canvas. kenneth noland was painting his bold geometric shapes - targets and chevrons, mostly - and beginning to experiment with shaped canvases. and painters such asand were also described as late color field painters, even though their work was also often associated with '. ' " a painting is not a picture of an experience ; it is an experience. " - mark rothko " the best works are often those with the fewest and simplest elements - pictures that are almost obvious, until you look at them a little more and things begin to happen. " - clyfford still " although the composition and function of color are two of the most important factors in determining the qualitative content of a painting, the reciprocal relation of color to color produces a phenomenon of a more mysterious order. this new phenomenon is psychological. a high sensitivity is necessary in order to expand color into the sphere of the surreal without losing creative ground. color stimulates certain moods in us. it awakens joy or fear in accordance with its configuration. in fact, the whole world, as we experience it visually, comes to us through the mystic realm of color. our entire being is nourished by it. this mystic quality of color should likewise find expression in a work of art. " - hans hofmann " my canvases are not full because they are full of colors but because color makes the fullness. the fullness thereof is what i am involved in. it is interesting to me to notice how difficult it is for people to take the intense heat and blaze of my color. if my paintings were empty they could take them with ease. " - barnett newman " my concern is with the fullness that comes from emotion, not with its initial explosion, or its emotional fallout, or with the glow of its expenditure. the fact is, i am an intuitive painter, a direct painter... i present no dogma, no system, no demonstrations. i have no formal solutions... i work only out of high passion. " - barnett newman


background : the immune system is very powerful. it can precisely target pathogens and afack them with high. most infec. ons last a few days, or at most weeks, and then are permanently eliminated with lifle or no damage to the body. in contrast cancer can last many years and open results in death. cancer will one in three of us. many treatments for cancer have been developed, but are open of limited and have harsh side. therefore, it would be a major breakthrough in cancer therapy if the power and precision of the immune system could be brought to bear against cancer. most to treat cancer with immunotherapy have involved vaccines. some vaccines have had success, many have failed. another, more recently developed treatment is that of t cell reprogramming. in this approach, t cells are taken from a pa. ent, gene. cally modiﬁed to express an. bodies against a novel an. gen, and then infused intravenously back into the pa. ent. the use of autologous t cells prevents grap - ‐ vs - ‐ host disease, while the gene. c modiﬁca. on makes the t cells target the cancerous cells, and the fact that the t cells are exogenously cultured means that the treatment does not depend upon the pa. ent to generate a strong immune response. approach : the genomically informed choice of an. gen makes it applicable to a wide variety of cancers and makes personalized medicine a reality. to make t cell reprogramming more. ve for general use, two modiﬁca. ons must be made. first, the an. gen to target must be carefully chosen. whole - ‐ exome sequencing of tumor cells would reveal any cell - ‐ surface proteins that have undergone muta. ons. the most promising candidate can be chosen as a target an. gen. intra - ‐ tumor heterogeneity may make it necessary to target mul. ple an. gens. then t cells can be reprogrammed to target the target an. gen ( s ). second, the cancer must be diligently monitored and addi. onal an. gens selected for targe. ng if the ini. al an. gen is lost. fortunately, advances in genome sequencing make both of these modiﬁca. ons possible. ideally, the cancer would be completely eradicated by the t


##s selected for targe. ng if the ini. al an. gen is lost. fortunately, advances in genome sequencing make both of these modiﬁca. ons possible. ideally, the cancer would be completely eradicated by the t cell therapy. however, it is possible that some cancer cells might survive. if this is the case, then the surviving cells must be monitored. if there is evidence that the targeted an. gen has been lost, then new target an. gens must be chosen and a subsequent round of t cell therapy undergone. requirements : this project will involve various kinds of research, sequencing the cancer cells, bioinforma. c analysis of sequence data, genera. ng an. bodies against candidate an. gens, taking t cells, personalized reprogramming of t cells, infusion and monitoring of mouse health, with the possibility of subsequent rounds of treatment. ini. ally, a pilot study could be done ; ul. mately, a larger study, would be necessary to establish. es1mated costs : pilot project : monitor for cancer, perform biopsies, sequence, generate t cells, infuse t cells and monitor health, with sequencing of surviving cancer cells once every 3 months. salaries : $ 440, 000 / year. research materials : $ 20, 000 / year equipment ( hoods, etc. ) : $ 250, 000 larger study : 3 specialists, 3 scien. sts, 2 bioinforma. cians, 3 technicians. salaries : $ 760, 000 / year research materials : $ 100, 000 / year one - ‐ expenses : computers : $ 105, 000 equipment ( pcr machines,. ssue culture hoods etc. ) : $ 850, 000 project total : $ 2, 592, 500


in finland, a person must have a surname and 1 – 3 first names. surnames are usually inherited patrilineally, while first names are usually chosen by person ' s parents. finnish names come from a variety of dissimilar traditions that were consolidated only in the early 20th century. the first national act on names came into force in 1921, and it made surnames mandatory. between 1930 and 1985, the western finnish tradition whereby a married woman took her husband ' s surname was mandatory. previously in eastern finland, this was not necessarily the case. pronunciation of finnish names is according to finnish phonology. the letter ' j ' denotes the approximant [ j ], as in english you. for example, the two different names maria and marja are pronounced nearly identically. the letter ' y ' denotes the vowel [ y ], not found in english, but similar to german ' u ' and french ' u '. ' r ' is rolled. the stress is always on the first syllable. for example, yrjo kaariainen is pronounced [ ' yr. jø ' kææ. ri. æi. nen ]. double letters always stand for a geminate or longer sound, e. g. marjaana has a stressed short / ɑ / followed by an unstressed long / ɑː /. when writing finnish names without the finnish alphabet available ( such as in e - mail addresses ), the letters ' a ' and ' o ' are usually replaced with ' a ' and ' o ', respectively, e. g. jaatteenmaki as jaatteenmaki. this is not the same, but visually recognizable. finnish has a long bilingual history and it is not unusual for finnish speakers to have swedish surnames or given names. such names may be pronounced according to finland - swedish phonology. finland has two predominant surname traditions : the west finnish and the east finnish. until the early 20th century, finland was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of west finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm, or homestead, e. g. jaakko jussila ( " jaakko from the farm of jussi " ). farm names typically had the suffix - la and could refer to the husband ( like jussila ) or describe the location ( e. g. isoaho " large clearing " ). this name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. farm names, patronyms


and could refer to the husband ( like jussila ) or describe the location ( e. g. isoaho " large clearing " ). this name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. farm names, patronyms and village names could be used to disambiguate between different people, but they were not true inherited surnames. for example, in the novel seven brothers ( aleksis kivi, 1870 ) the character juhani was officially summoned as juhani juhanin - poika jukola, toukolan kylasta ; " juhani, son of juhani, from jukola farm, toukola village ". on the other hand, the east finnish surname tradition dates back to 13th century. there, the savonians pursued slash - and - burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person ' s lifetime. this in turn required the families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as the 13th century. by the mid - 16th century, the east finnish surnames had become hereditary. typically, the oldest east finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families, e. g. ikavalko, termonen, pentikainen. in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding the place name of the former or current place of living ( e. g. puumalainen < puumala ). in the east finnish tradition, the females carried the family name of their fathers in female form ( e. g. puumalatar < puumalainen ). by the 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of west - european surname tradition. also, women did not change their surnames with marriage. in western finland, the agrarian names dominated, and the last name of the person was usually given according to the farm or holding they lived on. in 1921, surnames became compulsory for all finns. at this point, the agrarian names were usually adopted as surnames. a typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes ala - ( sub - ) or yla - ( up - ), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding ( e. g. yli - ojanpera, ala - verronen ). in pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes rinta - " downstream "


of the holding along a waterway in relation of the main holding ( e. g. yli - ojanpera, ala - verronen ). in pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes rinta - " downstream " and latva - " upriver ". common suffixes are - nen ( in oblique form - se -, e. g. miettinen - miettisen " miettinen ' s " ), a diminutive suffix usually meaning " small ", and - la / - la, a locative suffix usually meaning " place of ". the three most common surnames in finland are virtanen ( " small river ", from virta, " river, stream " ), korhonen ( " small deaf ", from archaic / dialectal korho, " deaf, hard of hearing " ), and nieminen ( " small peninsula ", from niemi, " peninsula, cape " ). a third, foreign tradition of surnames was introduced in finland by the swedish - speaking upper and middle classes which used typical german and swedish surnames. by custom, all finnish - speaking persons who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their finnish name, adopting a swedish, german or ( in case of clergy ) latin surnames. in the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual. in the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of fennicization caused a movement for adoption of finnish surnames. at that time, many persons with a swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a finnish one. the features of nature with endings - o / o, - nen ( merio < meri " sea ", nieminen < niemi " point " ) are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of swedish names ( helleranta < hallstrand ). fennicizing one ' s name also concealed non - finnish origin. for example, martti ahtisaari ' s grandfather was adolfsen from norway. nevertheless, fennicization was not mandatory and thus it is common to find entirely finnish - speaking families with swedish surnames ; having a swedish name does not imply that one would speak swedish. an effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. missing an


find entirely finnish - speaking families with swedish surnames ; having a swedish name does not imply that one would speak swedish. an effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. missing an inherited surname, they invented one from scratch. initially, these were in swedish, and they were not very stable ; people called them " superfluous names " ( liikanimi ), and a person could change one ' s surname several times during their career. later, finnish became the preferred language, and themes were taken from nature. the most common examples of this type are laine " wave ", vainio " field ", nurmi " grassland " and salo " grove ". when applicable, - nen or - la could be suffixed, e. g. koskinen " rapids + nen ". unlike in swedish, finnish patronymics are not used as surnames. thus, the finnish situation differs considerably from e. g. sweden with hundreds of thousands of anderssons etc. patronymics are considered additional given names. an exception is icelandic citizens resident in finland, who are allowed to follow the icelandic name tradition. in 21st - century finland, the use of surnames follows the german model. every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. at most, three first names are allowed. a finnish married couple may adopt the surname that either spouse had as non - married, in which case this name will be the surname of their children. a spouse changing his or her name may decide to use a double - barrelled name consisting of his or her former and current official surname. in the case where both spouses keep their names they may choose either name for their children, but all siblings must share the same surname. all persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. a surname that is un - finnish, contrary to the usages of the swedish or finnish languages, or in use by any person resident in finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. however, persons may change their surname to any surname that has ever been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such claim. some immigrants have had difficulty naming their children, as they must choose from an approved list based on the family ' s household language. surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. thus, for example, the genitive of surname ma


claim. some immigrants have had difficulty naming their children, as they must choose from an approved list based on the family ' s household language. surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. thus, for example, the genitive of surname maki is maen, just like the regular word maki ( " hill " ) becomes maen in the genitive. the native finnish tradition of first names was lost during the early christian period, and by the 16th century, use of christian first names was dominant. the popular names were usually the names of saints whose cult was widespread. this resulted in some differences between the western and eastern finnish first names, as the names in eastern finland might have had forms derived from russian or church - slavic, instead of swedish and latin forms. the most important source for researching the name forms actually used by the finns themselves in the 15th to 18th centuries are the surnames preserved in written sources, as these often are formed on the basis of a first name. the first names themselves are usually given in swedish or latin forms, as these are the languages used in the sources. the name actually used was a fennicized form of the name, which might change as the person became older. for example, a person given the name gustaf in the parish register might be called kustu as a child, kusti as an adolescent, kustaa as an adult and kyosti or kopa as an old man. in the early 19th century, almost all finnish first names were taken from the official almanac, published by the royal academy of turku, later university of helsinki. the names were mostly names of the saints whose cult had been popular before the reformation, but the almanach also incorporated a number of names from the old testament, which were added to certain days during the 17th and 18th centuries. during the 19th century, the finnish forms were gradually added to the finnish almanach, while the swedish and latin forms were removed. at the same time, the vicars gradually started to use finnish name forms in parish registers. this in turn, cemented the finnish name forms used. by the 1930s, the use of finnish names was stabilized and most of the popular names were noticed in the almanach. since then, the almanach has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. at present, all names which have at least 1, 000 bearers are incorporated into the almanach of the university of helsinki and given a " name day " ( finnish : ni


##nach has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. at present, all names which have at least 1, 000 bearers are incorporated into the almanach of the university of helsinki and given a " name day " ( finnish : nimipaiva ). at present, 792 of the 35, 000 first names used in finland are listed in the finnish almanach. since the digitalization of the finnish national population database in the 1970s, the most popular names in finland ( of all finnish residents or citizens who have lived after that point ) have been | men ' s names | | equivalent saint | | men named | | women ' s names | | equivalent saint | | women named | | juhani | | saint john | | 332172 | | maria | | virgin mary | | 355087 | | johannes | | saint john | | 236343 | | helena | | saint helen | | 166254 | | olavi | | saint olaf | | 217861 | | anneli | | saint anna | | 143411 | | antero | | saint andrew | | 180783 | | johanna | | ( female form of saint john ) | | 142891 | | tapani | | saint stephen | | 152220 | | kaarina | | saint catherine | | 129888 | | matti | | saint matthew | | 126720 | | liisa | | saint elisabeth | | 100555 | at present, the names act ( finnish : nimilaki ; swedish : namnlagen ) of 1985 requires that all finnish citizens and residents have at least one and at the most three first names. persons who do not have a first name are obligated to adopt one when they are entered into the finnish national population database. parents of new - born children must name their child and inform the population registry within two months of the child ' s birth. the name may be chosen freely, but it must not be waivers may be granted if valid family, religious or ethnic reasons give grounds to use a name contrary to these principles. persons may change their first names once without a specific reason. for subsequent changes, valid reasons must be presented.


pioneer of cardiovascular surgery. born in lake charles, la, usa, on sept 7, 1908, he died in houston, tx, usa, on july 11, 2008, aged 99 years. the medical world probably should have suspected that it had the makings of a giant on its hands when, as a medical student at tulane university in new orleans, la, usa, in the early 1930s, michael debakey built a pump that could deliver blood from a donor to a patient. the so - called “ roller pump ”, which would become part of the heart - lung machine, was the first of many innovations for a man who would become synonymous with cardiovascular surgery and rebuilding diseased hearts. the list of debakey ' s firsts was quite long. he used a cadaver graft to repair an aortic aneurysm in 1952, and did the first successful carotid endarterectomy in 1953. around that time, he created the first dacron grafts designed to fix artery walls weakened by aneurysms. “ the role of providence in human endeavor is speculative, but i would like to think that in a personal case it was purposeful ”, debakey wrote in the american surgeon earlier this year. “ when i decided to experiment with material for arterial grafts, i went to a department store in houston, texas, to get some nylon. the clerk informed me that they were out of nylon, but had a new fabric called dacron. ” debakey bought a yard. using techniques he had learned at his mother ' s knee, he made the material into arterial patches at his wife ' s sewing machine. a colleague had been able to buy nylon, but it deteriorated in the body when he tried to use it. “ obviously, because of my good fortune, i was ahead of everyone else in the field ”, debakey wrote. after dacron proved long - lasting in vascular grafts, debakey won the 1963 lasker award for the work. in 1966, he was the first to use a left - ventricular assist device, one version of which now carries his name. and in 1968, his team was the first to use four organs — a heart, two kidneys, and one lung — from one donor into several recipients. debakey would go on to do more than 60 000 cardiovascular surgeries. his renown drew the attention of celebrities and politicians worldwide, including boris yeltsin, whose doctors consulted with deba


one lung — from one donor into several recipients. debakey would go on to do more than 60 000 cardiovascular surgeries. his renown drew the attention of celebrities and politicians worldwide, including boris yeltsin, whose doctors consulted with debakey in 1996. “ a gifted surgeon, he was recognised around the world by those whose lives he had touched ”, said peter traber, president and chief executive officer of baylor college of medicine, texas, where debakey spent his career. “ anyone who approached him, whether a member of royalty, a military veteran, or any person he met in his daily life, found him ready to listen to a personal story about someone he had helped. ” the child of lebanese immigrants to the usa, debakey attended college and medical school at tulane, where he trained as a surgeon. he began at baylor in 1948 when he became chair of the new medical school ' s department of surgery. one of his first accomplishments there was to develop the veteran ' s administration hospital in houston, which is now named for him. he went on to become president of the college of medicine in 1969, and chancellor in 1978. in his later years, he studied the causes of atherosclerosis, never convinced that cholesterol was the culprit ; in particular, he showed that antibodies to cytomegalovirus were more common in those with heart disease. in addition to the lasker, debakey earned many awards, including the presidential medal of freedom and the national medal of science. an adviser to several us presidents, he was an important supporter of the national library of medicine at its founding, as well as of medicare, despite that programme ' s unpopularity with the american medical association. debakey had the unique experience of being saved by a procedure he had devised. in late 2005, he suffered a dissecting aortic aneurysm, and after refusing surgery, was eventually operated on, becoming the oldest survivor of his own operation, at 98 years, using a dacron graft like the one he had pioneered. he recounted in the new york times, in 2006, how “ it never occurred to me to call 911 or my physician … as foolish as it may appear, you are, in a sense, a prisoner of the pain, which was intolerable. you ' re thinking, what could i do to relieve myself of it. if it becomes intense enough, you ' re perfectly willing to accept cardiac arrest as a possible way of getting


among other reasons contributing to deaths from stroke across the ' stroke belt ' states, eating fried fish may be one of them, a new study finds. the latest findings published in the ' neurology, ' a medical journal of the american academy of neurology, states that people living in the ' stroke belt ' states consume more fried fish than those living in the other parts of the nation. ' stroke belt ' is a popular term for states of southeastern u. s., as they have a higher stroke mortality rate. these are alabama, arkansas, georgia, indiana, kentucky, louisiana, mississippi, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, and virginia. also, the researchers state that residents in the stroke buckle were 17 percent less likely to consume two or more servings of fish with fatty acids in a week, as recommended by the american heart association, compared to people in other parts of the state. 21675 americans accessed for the ' reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke ' ( regards ) study, a team of researchers from emory university ’ s school of medicine analyzed 21675 people across the nation between january 2003 and october 2007. the average age of the respondents was 65 years. all the participants were interviewed over the phone and they also took an in - home physical examination. the study subjects were questioned about how often they ate fried and non - fried fish. of all the participants, 21 percent were from the stroke buckle, the three south - eastern states : georgia, north carolina and south carolina with extremely high stroke mortality rate, 34 percent were from rest of the stroke belt states, and 44 percent were from other states. fish consumption patterns explain high stroke rate? after studying the participants for 4 years, the researchers found that americans living in the stroke belt area were 30 percent more likely to consume two or more servings of fried fish compared to those living in other regions. also, the researchers stated that residents in the stroke buckle were 17 percent less likely to consume two or more servings of fish with fatty acids in a week, as recommended by the american heart association, compared to people in other parts of the state. studies done in the past have proved that consuming fish rich in omega - 3 fatty acids lowers the risk of heart attack. further, compared to whites, african - americans were almost three times more likely to eat fried fish in a week. on basis of the findings, fadi nahab, m. d., of emory university, and lead author of the study concluded, “ these differences in fish consumption may be


it ’ s not just about the 3 r ’ s when it comes to education, people tend to think of the basics : reading, writing and arithmetic. due to the obesity issue with kids, there has been a great deal of emphasis on the importance of sports and fitness. people think that sports can also offer children opportunities to inevitably play in major league clubs, the olympics, etc. and therefore athletic programs should not be cut. unfortunately, when it comes to music, not much thought is given as it is often the first to go when it comes down to budget cuts for extra - curricular programs. however, music is something that is such a critical component of our lives. it has been used as a form of communication and is also found throughout nature. why exactly do birds sing? birds put a lot of effort into singing, drumming, winnowing, and otherwise displaying. they are trying to impress mates and proclaim territories. * rock me amadeus during the time of mozart as well as other masters, one ’ s ability to sing or play a musical instrument also determined not only how one would be received into society but for women, how well they could marry. indeed, it is a critical component to well being and can literally change the course of one ’ s life. such is the case with newly discovered artists such as susan boyle, kelly clarkson, etc. rock legends react there is a non - profit organization that is on a mission to change this called little kids rock. it was founded by some of the greatest names in the music world. lkr currently reaches over 74, 000 kids across america! when it comes to making sure every kid gets a first - rate education, music matters! lkr believes that learning to play a musical instrument can be a transformative experience in students ’ lives, with the power to inspire the creativity and confidence that are critical to success in school and beyond. they are devoted to restoring and revitalizing music education in u. s. public schools. they bring free musical instruments and music instruction to underserved schools across the country. if you would like to find out about how you can get involved, visit littlekidsrock. org and donate today! in this segment of the organic view radio show, host, june stoyer will be joined by the legendary rock drummer, liberty devitto ( known for his tenure with billy joel ) to discuss his work with little kids rock! click here to listen to the live interview. a little more for liberty devitto fans : liberty devitto is legendary


by the legendary rock drummer, liberty devitto ( known for his tenure with billy joel ) to discuss his work with little kids rock! click here to listen to the live interview. a little more for liberty devitto fans : liberty devitto is legendary american rock drummer from brooklyn, new york and loved by all new yorkers, especially the folks from long island, where he grew up. although he is best known for his work as the drummer for billy joel ’ s band, he has played with the biggest names in the music industry such as stevie nicks, phoebe snow, richie supa, felix caveliere ’ s rascals, mitch ryder, billy joel / elton john, paul mccartney, billy j. kramer, ronnie spector, joan jett, jeff carlisi, rob auther, peter frampton, will lee, mitch ryder, tone loc, denise williams, wild cherry, sam the sham, patty smyth, louis prima jr, doctor hook, shelia e and so many other talented performers. he continues to play with the nyc hit squad and has been a session drummer on recordings of other artists. he is a drummer, clinician, lecturer, songwriter, producer and clearly a man of many talents. his latest project is called camp jam, which is america ’ s most comprehensive rock camp. guitar players, bass players, keyboard players, drummers and vocalists can unleash their inner rock star at camp jam. this isn ’ t just limited to kids either! they have programs available for all ages and ability levels! here is a video of liberty devitto ’ s song, money in a card©. now doesn ’ t this song put you in the christmas spirit? money in a card


if you have crohn ’ s disease and have healthy children or siblings, they could help unlock the key to what causes this inflammatory disease, which primarily attacks the gastrointestinal tract. a canada - wide research project is trying to find the cause of crohn ’ s disease by following the healthy siblings and offspring of those with the disease. the gem project was among the topics of discussion at a crohn ’ s / colitis workshop held at the yarmouth regional hospital thursday, nov. 15. nova scotia is a good place to look for volunteer subjects. kelly phalen kelly, a nurse practitioner from the capital health district, told the audience that canada has one of the highest rates of incidence of crohn ’ s disease in the world and nova scotia has the highest incidence rates in canada. “ that makes us have the highest reported [ incidence ] rates in the world, ” she said. the gem study ( which stands for genetics, environment, microbial ) hopes to help explain why. brad macintyre is a representative of the gem study ’ s halifax research site. noting that the theory of causation continues to evolve, he explained that current thinking suggests that crohn ’ s disease occurs in genetically pre - disposed people when a triggering event causes the body ’ s immune system to go into overdrive. “ it is a relationship between your genetic makeup ( the genetic information you receive from your parents ), your mucosal immune system, your own body ’ s reaction to the organisms in your gut, ” he told an audience of about 50 people, most of whom have crohn ’ s disease or ulcerative colitis. researchers are hoping, by focusing on family members, they will uncover clues about what triggers the development of crohn ’ s disease. that ’ s because those family members are 17 per cent more likely to develop the disease than someone without a familial relationship. crohn ’ s is a complex disease that develops over time. by the time someone is diagnosed, the disease has often been active for a long time and it is difficult to identify triggers. the microbial makeup in the gut of someone with crohn ’ s is often much different from that of a healthy person. the question is : does crohn ’ s cause the changes or are the differences what help contribute to the development of the disease? the research will look at how healthy relatives differ from the crohn ’ s patient, but it also expects to identify emerging cases of croh


##ohn ’ s cause the changes or are the differences what help contribute to the development of the disease? the research will look at how healthy relatives differ from the crohn ’ s patient, but it also expects to identify emerging cases of crohn ’ s. if there is a broad enough research base, it can be expected that some healthy individuals will develop the disease while part of the study. if new cases are identified within the research cohort, researchers will have a goldmine of data available that could lead to a better understanding of what causes the disease. the $ 5. 5 - million research project is being funded by the crohn ’ s & colitis foundation of canada. dr. george tolomiczenko is the foundation ’ s executive director of research and scientific liaison. he is quoted in a recent foundation article as saying, “ this is the broadest way to systematically look for the triggers of the disease. ” gem ’ s initial five - year goals are to enrol 5, 000 participants – children and siblings of people with crohn ’ s disease, aged between six and 35. the crohn ’ s patient must sign on to the program and provide consent for researchers to review their medical file. that ’ s it for them. then the healthy relatives enrol. according to the study ’ s website, “ each participant supplies blood, urine and stool samples and answers an in - depth questionnaire about past environmental exposures, eating habits and medical history. they must also be available for telephone updates every six months. ” everything except the blood work can be collected at home and a kit is available for those who enroll. if the study attracts enough subjects from southwest nova scotia, macintyre said he would return in the spring to obtain the blood samples, alleviating the need to travel to halifax to have that part of the intake assessment completed. for more information about the gem project, or to enrol, contact www. gemproject. ca or call the iwk gi research office toll free at 1 - 877 - 3422.


june 18, 2012 wind socks, bow shocks, shockwaves and collisions are often used to describe the phenomena that create high - frequency electromagnetic radiation in the cosmos. from gamma rays down through x - rays and extreme ultraviolet, conventional theories have relied upon gravity and acceleration as the only way for them to be produced in space. compression of hydrogen gas and dust is supposed to create enough transfer of momentum that it reaches temperatures greater than the cores of some stars. in other words, it is the high temperature of the gas that makes it glow so brightly. the chandra satellite has detected streams of charged material pouring out of the crab nebula, emitting x - rays as they go. it was long thought that nebular clouds or the expanding gases of supernova explosions could not be sources of those frequencies, since the bubbles were supposed to be areas where gases were losing kinetic energy and cooling off. however, several “ mysterious ” observations have called into question the underlying principles of standard theory. astronomers also note that the two giant stars in eta carinae are blowing off “ intense winds ” of such velocity that the collision of the wave fronts is said to generate x - rays where the shells intersect. this is supposed to take place through kinetic shock, even though it is acknowledged that the “ wind ” is ionized particles. according to researchers, as electrons bounce back and forth in the magnetic fields they are accelerated until they collide with low - frequency photons and give them an energy boost, creating the x - ray emissions. in previous picture of the day articles, it was noted that many structures in the galaxy are active energy sources. some of them eject charged matter out from their poles, or leave long braided tails extending for light - years, or have hourglass shapes composed of tightly bunched filaments. a more detailed image of eta carinae reveals the distinctive hourglass shape that results from intense plasma discharges. the eta carinae binary system appears to have a mass 150 - times that of the sun and to be shining with four - million - times the brilliance, which indicates the high current density of the stellar z - pinch. it is well known that one shouldn ’ t look directly at an electric arc without eye - protection since the brilliant blue - white light is also a source of intense ultraviolet that can damage the retina. in the same way, the arc light from eta carinae is so bright that it is generating x - rays powerful enough to be detected on earth, 7500 light - years away. eta carinae also erupted with a


eight - year - old hannah mcgoey lives in an upstairs apartment on a busy thoroughfare in london. she has no yard to play in, and her school holds physical - education classes just two days a week. her busy parents tried to be careful about nutrition, giving up their friday fish and chips, for example. but over the years, hannah only became plumper. by the time she turned 6, children ' s sizes no longer fit her. " i would have to buy jeans for 12 - and 14 - year - olds, " her mother julia remembers, " and then cut a foot and a half off the leg. " but things began to change when a school nurse told the mcgoeys about a program called mend ( mind, exercise, nutrition, diet ), started by paul sacher, a dietitian at london ' s great ormond street hospital for children. hannah enrolled last september, and by the time the program ended 10 weeks later, she had shed nearly 5 lbs. and grown more than an inch. that wasn ' t all. once a shy, clingy child, hannah, who is now 4 ft. 11 in. tall and weighs 84 lbs., brims with confidence and loves physical activity. " i didn ' t swim much before, " she says. " now i go swimming once a week. " hannah mcgoey, unfortunately, is a rare exception to what is rapidly becoming a global epidemic of childhood obesity. more and more countries around the world - - even some that have been struggling to prevent starvation - - are now wrestling with the dangers of excessive nutrition. the u. s. continues to lead the way, with as many as 37 % of its children and adolescents carrying around too much fat. but other countries are rapidly catching up. according to statistics presented recently at the european congress on obesity in helsinki, finland, more than 20 % of european youngsters between the ages of 5 and 17 are either overweight or obese. children in north africa and the middle east aren ' t far behind. across asia too, childhood obesity is on the rise, and the trend has been documented even in urbanized areas of sub - saharan africa. " these figures should set alarm bells ringing in ministries of health across the developed and developing world, " says tim lobstein, co - editor of a forthcoming report to the world health organization on childhood obesity. and with good reason : people who are obese as children have a high risk of becoming obese adults -


moon light world map the map below shows where the moon is visible from the earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases. the white dot symbolizes the position of the moon, and the yellow sun symbolizes the position of the sun. view day and night map - the bright part of the map shows where the moon is over the horizon on tuesday, january 29, 2013 at 16 : 26 : 00 utc. - the sun ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the sun will be at its zenith ( directly overhead ) in relation to an observer. - the moon ' s position is marked with this symbol :. at this location, the moon will be at its zenith in relation to an observer. note that the symbol is not showing the current phase of the moon. fraction of moon illuminated : 94 % position of the moon on tuesday, january 29, 2013 at 16 : 26 : 00 utc the moon is at its zenith at these coordinates : | latitude : | | 3° 41 ' | | north | | longitude : | | 143° 03 ' | | east | the ground speed of the movement is currently 448. 56 meters / second, 1614. 8 km / hour, 1003. 4 miles / hour or 871. 9 knots. the table below shows the moon position compared to the time and date above : | time | | longitude difference | | latitude difference | | total | | 1 minute | | 0° 14 ' 32. 0 " | | 16. 72 mi | | west | | 0° 00 ' 11. 2 " | | 0. 22 mi | | south | | 16. 72 mi | | 1 hour | | 14° 32 ' 05. 4 " | | 1003. 38 mi | | west | | 0° 11 ' 17. 9 " | | 12. 94 mi | | south | | 1003. 57 mi | | 24 hours | | 11° 13 ' 09. 0 " | | 774. 49 mi | | east | | 4° 35 ' 47. 5 " | | 315. 84 mi | | south | | 837. 50 mi | locations with the moon near zenith the following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky. | jayapura | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 736 km | | 458 miles | | 398 nm | | ssw | | melekeok | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 1025 km | | 637 miles | | 55


| wed 1 : 26 am | | 736 km | | 458 miles | | 398 nm | | ssw | | melekeok | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 1025 km | | 637 miles | | 553 nm | | wnw | | guam ( hagatna ) | | wed 2 : 26 am | | 1099 km | | 683 miles | | 593 nm | | n | | manokwari | | wed 1 : 26 am | | 1120 km | | 696 miles | | 605 nm | | wsw | | port moresby | | wed 2 : 26 am | | 1523 km | | 947 miles | | 823 nm | | sse | | palikir | | wed 3 : 26 am | | 1712 km | | 1064 miles | | 925 nm | | ene | | davao | | wed 12 : 26 am | | 1969 km | | 1223 miles | | 1063 nm | | wnw | | manado | | wed 12 : 26 am | | 2040 km | | 1268 miles | | 1102 nm | | w | | darwin | | wed 1 : 56 am | | 2239 km | | 1391 miles | | 1209 nm | | sw | | cairns | | wed 2 : 26 am | | 2299 km | | 1428 miles | | 1241 nm | | s | related time zone tools


' waggling ' wings could save 20 % in fuel consumption image credit : jstockard aircraft ' waggle effect ' can reduce fuel consumption 20 % everybody knows that flying is an energy intensive activity. unfortunately, many long awaited innovations in fuel - efficient aviation are of the more far - fetched variety - i ' m thinking airships, blended wings etc. yet it ' s long been noted that the addition of ' winglets ' to aircraft wings can reduce fuel consumption - in fact, southwest airline ' s use of winglets even earned them a nomination from one of our readers for our unexpected green competition. but that ' s not the only simple improvement that could cut fuel use - now a team from the university of warwick in the uk claims that ' waggling ' air accross aircraft wings could cut skin friction drag by 40 %, offering a 20 % savings in fuel consumption and emissions. read on for more details. green car congress brings us more details on this cutting - edge aviation research from the uk that could lead to significant airplane fuel efficiency improvements in the medium to short term : aircraft wings which redirect air to waggle sideways over their surfaces could significantly reduce drag and thus cut fuel consumption and emissions by 20 %, according to researchers at the university of warwick ( uk ). the new approach, which promises to dramatically reduce mid - flight drag, exploits helmholtz resonance — the same phenomenon that happens when blowing over a bottle — to produce micro - scale jet flows in response to turbulent noise. the main contributor to aerodynamic drag, and thus fuel consumption and emissions, is fine - scale turbulence that exists very near to the aircraft ’ s surface during cruise. the turbulence flow control group at the university of warwick has been studying non - powered ( passive ) flow control actuators as a means of reducing drag for some time, with the goal of developing flow - control technologies capable of major drag reductions on passenger jet aircraft. warwick is focusing on passive actuators because if an actuator is to be used on an aircraft, it must save more energy ( in reduced drag ) than it requires for its operation. unfortunately, the researchers at warwick note, many powered devices that have been developed for the drag - reduction application are unlikely to satisfy this fundamental net - saving requirement. in a project funded jointly by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) and airbus, warwick and other universities are investigating the potential of using new types of passive devices for turbulent drag reduction. one of the ideas under investigation was the use of helm


a small group of people argue that human beings were originally hunter - gatherers who evolved eating the flesh of animals. this is a self - serving myth that is simply historically inaccurate. this mythical view implies that human evolution began with the ice age ( 20, 000 years ago ), when meat - eating became temporarily essential for survival. this relatively recent time period is not the point of historical origin for humans on the planet, but it was a dark passage, in which our survival needs eclipsed our compassion and empathy. the human ancestor called “ lucy ” ( australopithecus afarensis ) is believed to have walked the earth 3. 2 million years ago, and her mandibular structure ( spatulate canines ) clearly indicates that she subsisted primarily on plants. in fact “ her ” canines were less developed than modern human canines, making an even stronger case for human nutrition being plant source. in all of the vertebrate world, the teeth structure tells us which animals are carnivorous or not. the bigger the canines, the more likely that species was and is designed for a carnivorous diet. humans have clear plant - source - only teeth. there are several other anatomical reasons humans are plant - source - only, but the teeth is the strongest indicator. in the discussion there are two strong points that overwhelmingly support plants as humanity ’ s natural food. the first evidence is anatomical and genetic. the old adage “ dentition determines diet ” means that the shape of an animal ’ s teeth tell us what they are designed to eat. skeletal remains of ancient humans show us that our dental structure has changed very little over millions of years. our dental structure was designed to eat fruit, nuts, seeds, and greens. in truth, one need not look any farther than our closest mammalian relatives for nutritional tips. humans share 99. 4 % of their genetic makeup with frugivorous chimpanzees. dogs, to which humans are commonly compared to, by those trying to justify an omnivorous diet, share merely 75 % homologous genes with humans. the second point of the plant - source - only discussion is the abundance of oral traditions from cultures the world over, that point to a golden age of peace and harmony long ago. the vedas, the torah, the taoist texts, and all indigenous legends tell of a galactic summer or golden age when humanity thrived on a plant - source - only diet. in this world, dating back prior to 20, 000 years, our ancient ancestors were


the torah, the taoist texts, and all indigenous legends tell of a galactic summer or golden age when humanity thrived on a plant - source - only diet. in this world, dating back prior to 20, 000 years, our ancient ancestors were gatherers. in the last 10, 000 to 20, 000 years some of our ancestors became hunters and herders. plant - source nutrition, however, has still been the primary diet of humanity during the last 10, 000 years of recorded history. and there are many examples of cultures that thrived on plant - source - only nutrition, including herodotus ’ pelagasians, who existed 5, 000 years ago and had an average age of 200 years on close to a 100 % live food plant - source - only diet. ( i actually visited greece to verify their existence and where they lived. ) herodotus, the father of history, also pointed out that plant - source - only cultures were less war - like, and more spiritually and culturally evolved. such famous vegetarians include : leonardo de vinci, pythagoras, pluto, plutarch, st. francis of assisi, martin luther, isaac newton, voltaire, john wesley, benjamin franklin, ralph waldo emerson, henry david thoreau, susan b. anthony, leo tolstoy, henry ford, mahatma gandhi, and albert einstein. plant - source - only cultures included the essenes, the hunzas, the aztecs, the mayans, the zapotec, the native american choctaws, and the ancient cherokees. it is significant that two major studies by native americans themselves showed that 60 % of native americans were agriculturalists subsisting primarily on plants. the buffalo culture that emerged on the great plains was short - lived and was the direct result of european invasion and influence. the teachings of the white buffalo calf women was to be plant - source - only, unless there were no other foods to eat ; and then the buffalo would offer itself for survival food. the jain and hindu cultures in india, the buddhist cultures in china and japan, ( the dali lama re - affirmed this is 2005 by calling all buddhists to follow a plant - source - only diet ), and even the torah, 3, 400 years ago in genesis 1 : 29, all clearly recommend a plant - source - only diet, with no spilling of blood, as the primary diet for the evolution of consciousness. examples of spiritual groups who have utilized a plant - source - only diet to promote


delaware school health profiles roberta gealt, principal investigator secondary school survey - - center for disease control and prevention, division of adolescent and school health through the delaware department of education ; elementary school survey — center for disease control and prevention, division of adolescent and school health through the delaware department of educationand nemours health prevention services. the school health profiles ( profiles ) is a system of surveys assessing school health policies and practices in states, large urban school districts, territories, and tribal governments. profiles are completed biennially by middle and high school principals and lead health education teachers. the secondary school survey has been administered every other year in even - numbered years. the center develops the delaware version of the survey, based on a cdc survey, with input from state and community agencies. cdas has conducted fieldwork for the surveys, scanned the surveys to provide a data set, and provided some analyses and report writing, and dissemination of findings. the study reports data which relates to other center studies on substance abuse, and provides statewide data on health instruction, policies and practice in schools, as well as professional development for health instructors in specific areas relating to cdc priorities also addressed in the student survey, the youth risk behavior survey. the secondary school survey has been conducted since 2004and the elementary survey, which is administered to principals only, was administered for the first time in 2010. these surveys are now conducted electronically. the basic cdc elementary school survey has been enhanced with additional questions consistent with the goals of nemours.


" risk assessment in the context of global climate change " - united nations international conference on space - based technologies for disaster management from 22 to 25 november 2011, un - spider successfully organised the conference “ united nations international conference on space - based technologies for disaster risk management - best practices for risk reduction and rapid response mapping ” in beijing, china. the office organised a subsequent conference from 7 to 9 november 2012 entitled : united nations international conference on space - based technologies for disaster management - " risk assessment in the context of global climate change " the aim of the conference was to offer a forum for disaster management communities and experts to strengthen their capabilities in using space based information to assess, monitor and respond to climate change related disaster risks and integrate space technology into long - term disaster risk reduction efforts. increased storms and floods in the coasts of asia and the pacific, receding glaciers in the himalayas, the alps and the andes, frequent and longer droughts in africa, the european heat wave of 2003, frequent inland flooding in central europe and other regions of the world, and the harsh atlantic hurricane seasons of 2004 and 2005 are few examples of weather extremes that enhance disaster risks. several trends in weather extremes are sufficiently clear to highlight additional risks due to climate change and reiterate the need to deal with these risks not in isolation, but instead integrated into broader efforts to reduce the risk of natural disasters. the report “ ipcc, 2012 : summary for policymakers ” assesses how exposure and vulnerability to weather and climate events determine impacts and the likelihood of disasters. although a relevant segment of the information required to observe long - term evidences of climate change is obtained from space based platforms, member states are not yet fully utilizing the potential of such technologies. most of the observations and forecasts are done by the international or regional organisations. the countries need to downscale this information at national level by reinforcing this information with national level data so that their decisions are based on appropriate information. - space technology role and challenges in the spirit of rio + 20 ‘ the future we want ’ : the rio + 20 outcome document recognized the importance of early warning systems as part of effective disaster risk reduction at all levels in order to reduce economic and social damages, including the loss of human life, and in this regard encourage states to integrate such systems into their national disaster risk reduction strategies and plans. in this context, the conference promotes international cooperation in support of disaster risk reduction in developing countries by offering opportunities to plan technical assistance, technology transfer, capacity - building and training programmes. - space technology


systems into their national disaster risk reduction strategies and plans. in this context, the conference promotes international cooperation in support of disaster risk reduction in developing countries by offering opportunities to plan technical assistance, technology transfer, capacity - building and training programmes. - space technology for risk assessment in the context of global climate change : the hydro - meteorological hazards induced by climate change include floods and droughts. receding glaciers, that are essential for the sustainability of life, lead to a reduction of water resources and pose threats of glacial lake outburst floods ( glofs ). sea - level rise poses threats of coastal hazards and submergence to small development islands ( sids ). the conference will focus on space technology applications in early warning, monitoring and assessing vulnerabilities of these hazards. - information sharing and networking : lastly, the conference will offer a wealth of information on data, data discovery and access, tools, best practices and opportunities for bilateral and multilateral cooperation through specific side meetings and breakout sessions. 1. climate change and disaster risk the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) predicts that global temperatures will rise between 1. 8 c and 4. 0 c by the last decade of the 21st century. the impacts of global warming on the climate, however, will vary in different regions of the world. the character and severity of impacts from climate extremes depend not only on the extremes themselves but also on exposure and vulnerability. several countries are already experiencing extreme weather events and major disasters in recent years. this session welcomed presentations on research outcomes, new findings and national efforts to deal with the disaster risks in the context of changing climate conditions. the session also discussed current advances in use of space based information to study climate change and disaster risks. 2. open source data and space based resources to support disaster management a range of open source data and space - based information is becoming increasingly available which can be used to support all stages of disaster management. there are number of existing platform / projects / initiatives that provide open source data ( mainly geo - data ). some of these initiatives take advantage of open source data. the initiatives such as international charter space and major disasters, sentinel asia and gmes emergency response service are also advancing into new stage where access to the data by end user is given due consideration. this session discussed the platform / projects / initiatives that have been taking advantage of open source data and space based resources and will highlight wide range of opportunities for accessing the geospatial data. 3. risk assessment and mapping with the climate change related risks


session discussed the platform / projects / initiatives that have been taking advantage of open source data and space based resources and will highlight wide range of opportunities for accessing the geospatial data. 3. risk assessment and mapping with the climate change related risks, every country is becoming more prone to the disaster risk. based on disaster risk assessment, national disaster managers could develop more reasonable disaster risk reduction plan and implement action. risk mapping is the output of risk assessment which provides visualized information for both disaster managers and the community. this session offered discussions and information exchange on the models, methods, systems, standards, good practices and lessons learned on space technology applications for disaster risk assessment and mapping. the issues related to the risk assessment and mapping, especially the experiences on how to improve the efficiency of the mapping service, will also be discussed during this session. 4. networking building with the support of member countries and other partners, un - spdier has build a wide network of governmental agencies, international / regional agencies, ngos, scientific societies, private companies etc. as a part of technical advisory support service of the un - spider, several technical advisory missions, capacity building programmes and outreach activities have been carried out in asia, the pacific, africa and latin america. this session provided an insight into the activities supported by the un - spider in partnership with national disaster management agencies and discuss the ways and means of making these activities more effective and relevant to the needs of the member states. this session also encouraged member states to plan more activities under the framework of un - spdier. besides above sessions, specific side meetings were organized to discuss - drought monitoring projects in africa in partnership with national disaster reduction centre of china - rapid mapping services during emergencies 120 disaster managers, policy makers, providers of space technology solutions / tools / applications from government, academia, researchers, ngo and corporate sector participated in the conference. | dr. shirish ravan - climate change and disaster risk reduction : space technology initiatives, challenges and opportunities | | download | | dr. deren li - research on chinese natural disaster reduction system of systems ( cndrss ) | | download | | plenary session 1 | | casimiro abreu - climate change and its challenges. the case of mozambique | | download | | disaster and disaster management in china | | download ( chinese ) | | george shepherd dregaso - disaster and risk management fiji experience | | download | | natasha mbengo - general overview of disasters in malawi | | download | | fahim khokat et al - to study atmospheric


| download ( chinese ) | | george shepherd dregaso - disaster and risk management fiji experience | | download | | natasha mbengo - general overview of disasters in malawi | | download | | fahim khokat et al - to study atmospheric composition and climate change impacts over pakistan | | download | | plenary session 2 | | takayuki odawara - digitalglobe contributions to risk management in global climate change | | download | | fuzhou duan - the nature disaster and uav remotly sensing system | | download | | cnsa - developing conception of china national high resolution earth observation data grid for public service | | download | | james godstime - space - based resources for disaster management in africa | | download | | plenary session 3 | | suparco - best practices in pakistan of using space - based information for disaster management | | download | | shahidul islam and probir kumar des - disaster management using space technology in bangladesh | | download | | rokhis khomarudin - remote sensing application for disaster management in indonesia | | download | | weihua fang - changes of typhoon hazards and disaster loss in china | | download | | plenary session 4 | | muhammad sani sidi - the impact of the 2012 floods on agriculture and food security in nigeria using gis | | download | | weicheng wu et al. - climate change, land degradation and food security in iraq | | download | | sergii skakun et al. - the use of satellite data for drought monitoring & food security in ukraine in the context of climate change | | download | | mary mwale - experiences and challenges of drought risk management in kenya | | download | | changzhi li - flood risk mapping in china | | download | | plenary session 5 | | yansheng dong and hongpin chen - agro - disaster assessment with satellite data for crop insurance payments | | download | | state forestry china - forestry disaster monitoring and evaluation in support of space remote sensing technology | | download | | akira doi - preparedness and rapid response based on geospatial information at great east japan earthquake in 2011 | | download | | maximilien tiogang djomo - the role of remote sensing technologies and gis for the disaster management and climate change adaptation related to forests resources in the congo basin countries | | download | | bin zou - satellite oil spill monitor in act | | download | | special session 1 | | jianjun wu - drought monitoring and impact evaluation from


disaster management and climate change adaptation related to forests resources in the congo basin countries | | download | | bin zou - satellite oil spill monitor in act | | download | | special session 1 | | jianjun wu - drought monitoring and impact evaluation from scientific methods to disaster response | | download | | dr. amna hamid and dr. yahya eltayeb - space borne technology for drought monitoring in sudan | | download | | dr. modibo traore - drought management in niger | | download | | special session 2 | | haixia he - space - based rapid mapping for emergency management | | download | | dr. amna ahmed hamid - activities related to the un - spider technical advisory mission to sudan | | download | | dr. muhammad naseem baig and dr. manzoor hussain - an overview of disaster management training & education in pakistan | | download | | apsco - brief on apsco data sharing service platform project | | download | | james godstime - follow - up activities from technical advisory mission to nigeria and to cape verde | | download | | zhiyong fang - enhance cooperation and forward progress : work review and prospect for the supporting to un - spider beijing office | | download | | denis macharia and john kapoi - disaster early warning and response activities at rcmrd | | download | | dr. li suju - bridging disaster management and space community : un - spider and its activities | | download | | un - spider - technical advisory mission to mozqmbique 8 - 12 october 2012 | | download |


la jardinera de la esperanza ( the gardener of hope ) la jardinera de la esperanza, depicts a young girl lying on garden patio steps, cultivating a variety of plant pots. the sculpture is sited four metres beneath the surface punta nizuc, cancun. the pots are propagated with live coral cuttings rescued from areas of the reef system damaged by storms and human activity. this technique, a well - established procedure in reef conservation, rescues damaged coral fragments by providing a suitable new substrate. the sculpture, a synthesis between art and science, conveys a message of hope and prosperity, portraying human intervention as positive and regenerating. the young girl symbolizes a new, revitalized kinship with the environment, a role model for future generations. the interaction between the inanimate and living forms highlights a potential symbiotic relationship with the life systems of the underwater world. over the past few decades we have lost over 40 % of our natural coral reefs. scientists predict a permanent demise of 80 % by 2050. the gardner of hope is designed to focus attention on this important, often forgotten, ecological issue. built into the base of the sculpture are specialized habitat spaces designed to encourage individual types of marine creatures such as moray eels, juvenile fish and lobsters. page 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


brushing and toothpaste the importance of brushing the single best way to remove harmful plaque - - a thin, sticky film loaded with bacteria - - from teeth and gums is to brush teeth regularly and properly. what is the proper technique for teeth brushing? because every mouth is different, there is more than one technique of brushing that has proven to be effective. deciding which technique is most appropriate for you depends largely on your teeth position and gum condition. consult your dentist to determine which brushing technique is most appropriate for your mouth. generally, most dentists recommend a circular technique for brushing. this includes brushing only a small group of teeth at a time - - gradually covering the entire mouth. the importance of maintaining a circular or elliptical motion is emphasized, as using a back and forth motion may cause the following : instead, dentists recommend the following method : place the toothbrush beside your teeth with the bristles pointed at the gums at a 45 - degree angle. gently brush only a small group of teeth at a time ( in a circular or elliptical motion ) until the entire mouth is covered. brush the outside of the teeth, inside of the teeth, and the chewing surfaces. gently brush the tongue to remove bacteria and freshen breath. repeat steps one through four at least twice daily, especially after meals and snacks. what type of toothbrush should be used? a toothbrush head should be small - - about 1 inch by 1 / 2 inch - - and should have a handle suitable for firm grasping. the bristles of the brush should be soft, nylon, and rounded at the ends. this helps ensure that the brush bristles are kind to the gums and tooth surfaces. soft, polished bristles allow you to reach into the crevice ( sulcus ) between the teeth and gums to remove plaque without damaging the gums. some brushes are too abrasive and can wear down the enamel on teeth. thus, in most cases, medium and hard bristles are not recommended. only gentle pressure is needed when brushing to remove the plaque. excessive pressure can cause the gums to recede and abrade the tooth surface. how often is brushing necessary? generally, brushing is recommended twice a day for at least three to four minutes each time. patients generally think they are brushing long enough, when in fact, most people spend less than one minute brushing. in addition, it is generally better to brush three to four minutes twice a day instead of brushing quickly five or more times throughout the day. dentists advise brushing your teeth during


enough, when in fact, most people spend less than one minute brushing. in addition, it is generally better to brush three to four minutes twice a day instead of brushing quickly five or more times throughout the day. dentists advise brushing your teeth during the day while at work, school, or play. keeping a toothbrush handy - - in your desk or backpack - - increases the chance that you will brush during the day. replace your toothbrush every two to three months. what is toothpaste? also called dentifrice, toothpaste is comprised of the following cleaning ingredients ( stated in approximate percentages ) : humectant ( helps retain moisture ) and water ( 75 percent ) abrasive ( 20 percent ) foaming and flavoring agents ( 2 percent ) ph buffers ( 2 percent ) coloring agents, binders, and opacifiers ( 1. 5 percent ) fluoride (. 24 percent ) facts about toothpaste brushing with toothpaste ( particularly toothpaste with fluoride ) helps to : which type of toothpaste is best? fluoride is the most crucial ingredient in toothpaste. as long as the toothpaste contains fluoride, the brand or type ( paste, gel, or powder ) generally does not matter. all fluoride toothpastes work effectively to fight plaque and cavities, and clean and polish tooth enamel. the brand you choose should bear the ada ( american dental association ) seal of approval on the container, which means that adequate evidence of safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in controlled, clinical trials. some toothpastes offer tartar control pyrophosphates to prevent the build - up of soft calculus deposits on teeth, while others offer whitening formulas to safely remove stains, making teeth brighter and shinier. but, contrary to clever advertising and popular belief, fluoride is the true active ingredient that works the hardest to protect your teeth.


prof. michael mauel, columbia university " bringing the stars to earth : the path to fusion power " abstract : a grand challenge of applied physics is to use our scientific know - how of plasma physics to achieve one of the world ’ s most important technical goals : a source of energy that is clean, safe, and available for thousands of years. fusion energy is the most promising source of energy meeting these requirements. fusion uses the heavy isotope of hydrogen, called deuterium, to form helium and release huge amounts of energy. every bottle of water contains enough deuterium to generate the equivalent of a barrel of oil when used in a fusion power source. but a major challenge remains : deuterium must first be heated to the temperature of the stars before fusion energy can be released. professor mike mauel will describe experiments that test whether or not the magnetic fields used to confine high temperature plasma at the surfaces of stars or in planetary magnetospheres can produce the conditions that will make fusion energy work. the largest of these is the iter experiment, now under construction in france and lead by an international organization that includes the u. s., europe, russia, china, india, south korea, and japan. biography : michael mauel was educated at mit receiving his b. s. ( 1978 ) and his sc. d. ( 1983 ) with a research specialty in plasma physics. while at mit, he was awarded the fortesque fellowship from the ieee and the guillemin prize. following post - doctoral research at mit he joined the faculty of columbia university in 1985 where he is currently professor of applied physics and was chair of the department of applied physics and applied mathematics from 2000 - 06. at columbia, his research focused on high temperature plasma physics, and he was awarded a certificate of appreciation by the u. s. department of energy in 1989 for his work in fusion energy. dr. mauel collaborated extensively with the tftr research team at the princeton plasma physics laboratory and participated in advanced tokamak experiments and in the world ’ s first high - power d - t fusion experiments. he was a visiting scientist at diii - d fusion experiment at general atomics in 1994, investigating high - pressure " wall mode " instabilities and co - discovered techniques to generate internal transport barriers. at columbia university, he built experimental programs in plasma processing in collaboration with ibm and in laboratory space physics with the support of nasa, nsf, and the afosr. he also co - directed the levitated dipole experiment, a


the oldest of five children, nikola was born in a small village in the croatian part of yugoslavia. like his parents, nikola was baptized in the serbian orthodox faith. after receiving his medical degree from prague university, he married, and in 1912 moved with his wife to serbia. during world war i he served in the serbian army, and then settled in novi sad where he co - owned a medical clinic. 1933 - 39 : nikola and his wife raised three children in novi sad. then difficult times brought on by the 1930s economic depression forced nikola to close his medical clinic. the mrvos family moved to the croatian city of zagreb, where nikola found employment as the director of medical services for yugoslavia ' s newly established health insurance administration. 1940 - 41 : the germans invaded yugoslavia on april 6, 1941. four days later, they entered zagreb and croatian fascists came to power. because of anti - serb discrimination, nikola was arrested by croatian fascists on april 12 and imprisoned in kerestinec castle outside zagreb. during the night of july 13, some communist prisoners escaped. as a result, the police closed the prison down and transferred the prisoners to a croatian concentration camp in the south in gospic. shortly after, they were transferred to a camp at jadovno. in august 1941 in jadovno, croatian fascists killed nikola and threw his body into a limestone cave along with those of hundreds of murdered serbs, jews and communists.


stop subsidizing obesity our tax dollars help fuel obesity epidemic — since 1995, $ 18 billion has been given away in subsidies to big agribusinesses, this money gets used to produce common junk food ingredients, like high - fructose corn syrup. these giveaways are all the more absurd at a time when one - in - three kids is overweight or obese. put junk food subsidies on a diet almost anything you can think of would be a better use of our tax dollars than subsidizing the ingredients in junk food, but every year more than a billion taxpayer dollars do just that. huge, profitable corporations, like cargill and monsanto, have pocketed $ 18 billion in the last 16 years and turned subsidized crops into junk food ingredients — including high fructose corn syrup. these taxpayer giveaways are all the more absurd at a time when one - in - three kids is overweight or obese, and obesity - related diseases like diabetes are turning into an epidemic. many of these wasteful subsidies are set to expire this year, but industry lobbyists are urging congress to keep them. in 2008 alone, big agribusinesses spent $ 200 million on lobbying and campaign contributions. no one in congress wants to be seen standing up for taxpayer giveaways to junk food. cutting wasteful spending while attacking childhood obesity could be the perfect storm we need to push past the junk food industry. obesity quick facts : - high - fructose diets impair learning and memory. - for each additional can of soda drunk daily, the odds of a child becoming obese increases by about 60 %. - childhood obesity has quadrupled in the last 40 years. - drinking one or two sugary drinks per day increases the risk for type 2 diabetes by 25 %. - once an adult problem, diabetes associated with obesity is increasing among children. tools & resources you can help we have a chance to cut billions in junk food subsidies this year. your support will help us do the research, advocacy and grassroots organizing to convince our elected officials to act. each year, our tax dollars pay for enough junk food additives to buy 8. 5 two - liter bottles of soda for each person under 18. help stop the subsidies for junk food. join our network and stay up to date on our campaigns, get important consumer updates and take action on critical issues.


csc3407 network fundamentals and routing | semester 1, 2013 on - campus toowoomba | | faculty or section : | | faculty of sciences | | school or department : | | maths and computing | | version produced : | | 23 may 2013 | examiner : yan li moderator : david lai explosive growth in computer networks in the last several decades has changed the uses of computers dramatically. the largest computer network, the internet, is now connecting millions of computers in the world, providing services like email, file transfer, hypermedia information retrieval across all kinds of different platforms. this course is the introductory course in computer networking. it concentrates on basic concepts and protocols of computer networks. this course serves as a foundation for all further courses in the computer networking program. this course addresses the layered structure of computer communication networks. it focuses on networking basics, routers and routing basics and the most widely used tcp / ip protocol suite. after this course, the students will have not only general knowledge about computer networks but also the understanding and practical skills of cabling and managing routers and tcp / ip internetworking. on successful completion of this course students will be able to : - demonstrate an understand networking basics ; - describe and explain the nature and roles of protocols and services at the application, network, data link and physical layers using osi and tcp reference models ; - demonstrate an understanding of ethernet fundamentals ; - illustrate tcp / ip protocol suite and subnetting ; - manage and configure cisco routers ; - explain routing and routing protocols. | 1. | | network terminologies, protocols and standards | | 10. 00 | | 2. | | roles and functionalities of network layers in osi and tcp layered models | | 20. 00 | | 3. | | ip addressing and subnetting | | 15. 00 | | 5. | | routers and router programming | | 10. 00 | | 6. | | routing and routing protocols | | 35. 00 | text and materials required to be purchased or accessed all textbooks and materials available to be purchased can be sourced from usq ' s online bookshop ( unless otherwise stated ). ( https : / / bookshop. usq. edu. au / bookweb / subject. cgi? year = 2013 & sem = 01 & subject1 = csc3407 ) please contact us for alternative purchase options from usq bookshop. ( https : / / bookshop. usq