about overweight and obesity what does it mean to be overweight? we see the words " overweight " and " obesity " a lot. you might use them yourself ( maybe you told your best friend something like, " i ' m overweight ; i need to drop 5 pounds before prom. " ) so it may surprise you that these words actually have a medical meaning. doctors use them to define the amount of extra fat a person is carrying. a doctor likely wouldn ' t call someone who wants to lose 5 pounds before prom " overweight. " when a doctor says a person is overweight or obese, it ' s serious. being overweight or obese increases the risk of health problems like diabetes and high blood pressure. how do doctors define overweight? health care professionals use a measurement called body mass index ( bmi ) to figure out if a person is overweight. bmi is a calculation that uses your height and weight to estimate how much body fat you have. after calculating your bmi, a doctor or nurse will plot the result on a bmi chart. this allows health professionals to compare your growth with other teens who are the same age and gender to see where you fit in. bmi changes with age. that ' s why doctors should plot and follow bmi over time. there are also different charts for girls and guys. the growth charts have lines for " percentiles. " like percentages, percentiles go from 0 to 100. eight lines on the bmi growth charts show the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. the 50th percentile line is the average bmi of the teens who were measured to make the chart. when your bmi is plotted on the chart, the doctor can see how you compare with teens the same age and gender as you. based on where your number plots on the chart, the doctor will decide if your bmi is in the underweight, healthy weight, overweight, or obese range. there ' s a big range of normal on the chart : anyone who falls between the 5th percentile and the 85th percentile is a healthy weight. if someone is at or above the 85th percentile line on the chart ( but less than the 95th percentile ), doctors consider that person overweight. a bmi measurement over the 95th percentile line on the chart puts someone in the obese range. why does it matter? a couple of extra pounds


( but less than the 95th percentile ), doctors consider that person overweight. a bmi measurement over the 95th percentile line on the chart puts someone in the obese range. why does it matter? a couple of extra pounds are not a health risk for most people. but being overweight or obese can lead to health problems, both physical and emotional. it ' s particularly important to catch weight problems while someone is still a teen. being overweight as a teen makes a person more likely to be overweight as an adult. in addition, many overweight teens are developing long - term medical problems like diabetes. teens who are overweight also might be teased or bullied and are more at risk for depression. if your doctor thinks your weight isn ' t in a healthy range, he or she will probably make specific eating and exercise recommendations or refer you to a dietitian or doctor who specializes in weight management. doctors can help people take a healthy approach to losing weight. fad diets and other weight - loss methods can be hard to stick to, may not provide the nutrients your body needs, can have unwanted or dangerous side effects, and are usually not effective in the long run. losing weight can be challenging. but it ' s a lot easier to turn things around if you catch weight problems early on. reviewed by : mary l. gavin, md date reviewed : april 2012 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth® is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.


the medicis were a powerful family from florence, who, with the hereditary ruling system in place, influenced italy and europe from the 13th to the 17th century. popes leo x, clement vii, and leo xi were of medici descent. the family achieved power through the medici bank with giovanni di bicci de ' medici, which was one of the most prosperous and respected banks in europe. in 1434, the medici family became unofficial head of the state of florentine republic. the senior branch of the family ruled until 1537, when alessandro de ' medici was assasinated, whereby the junior branch of the family took marco polo was a trader and explorer who was born on september 15, 1254 and died on january 8, 1324. he was one of the first to travel to china and visit kublai khan ( grandson of genghis khan ). durante degli alighieri ( known as dante ) was a poet from florence, italy. he was born june 1, 1265, and died september 13 / 14, 1321. he is known for his work, the divine comedy, of which the part inferno is most widely known. it is considered europe ' s greatest literary statement from the medieval period. | gattamelata by donatello, from " donatello " by wikipedia, 2006. donatello ( donato di niccolo di betto bardi ) was born in 1386 and died on december 13, 1466. he was a famous sculptor and artist of florence in the early renaissance. famous statues include gattamelata, and david. leone battista alberti was an italian painter, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographer, musician, architect, and polymath during the italian renaissance. he was born february 14, 1404 and died april 25, 1472. he was educated at the university of bologna in law, and toured europe during his twenties. he is famous for the first study of scientific perspective, and for numerous architectural buildings. alessandro di mariano filipepi ( otherwise known as sandro botticelli ), was born on march 1, 1445 and died on may 17, 1510. he was a painter of the florentine school during the early renaissance. he is most famous for his painting, the birth of venus. cristoforo columbo ( christopher columbus ) was born in 1451 and died may 20, 1506. he was an explorer and trader who sailed to america, reaching it on october 12, 1492. his discovery


birth of venus. cristoforo columbo ( christopher columbus ) was born in 1451 and died may 20, 1506. he was an explorer and trader who sailed to america, reaching it on october 12, 1492. his discovery initiated the colonization of the americas. leonardo da vinci was born april 15, 1452 and died may 3, 1519. he was an italian renaissance architect, musician, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, geometer, and painter. he is well known for his paintings the last supper and the mona lisa, as well as his studies of anatomy. amerigo vespucci is famous for voyaging to and writing about the americas. he was born march 9, 1454 and died february 22, 1512. he was an italian merchant and cartographer ( map maker ). he discovered the new continent of south america under disbelief from the general population that anything but east asia would be reached by sailing west. michelangelo di lodovico buonarroti simoni was born march 6, 1475 and died february 18, 1564. he was a renaissance sculptor, architect, painter and poet. he painted the ceiling of the sistine chapel, sculpted the famous david and pieta, and designed the dome of st. peter ' s basilica in rome. | the ceiling of the sistine chapel, from " the sistine chapel " by wikipedia, 2006. raphael was born april 6, 1483 and died april 6, 1520. he was a master painter and architect in the italian high renaissance, of the florentine school. he is reknowned for the perfection and softness of his paintings, which include madonna and galileo galilei was an italian astronomer, astrologer, physicist, and philospher closely associeted with the scientific revolution. he was born february 15, 1564 and died january 8, 1642. he improves the telescope, observed various aspects of astronomy, developed the first and second laws of motion, and found proof to support copernicanism. the conflict galileo experienced with the roman catholic church is seen as an example of the freedom of though conflict. antonio lucio vivaldi was a baroque music composer and italian priest. he was born on march 4, 1678 and died july 28, 1741. he is known for having composed over 500 concertos, 46 operas, 73 sonatas, as well as symphonies, chamber music, and sacred music. mis most famous work is gloria. giacomo antonio domenico michele second


forestry is an important and interesting subject of study. forests form part of the vital natural resources of a country. from time immemorial forest resources have been a source of human sustenance. they are home to the most amazing herbs, medicinal compounds, natural cosmetics etc. forestry and wild life go together since forests serve as home for wildlife. forest wealth also contributes significantly to the economy of the country. specially trained personnel are therefore needed to maintain and regenerate the forest cover, forest wealth and resources. this involves the services of forestry specialists, forestry management experts and forest officers. the department of forestry was in the year 2002 as one subject in bachelor of science, keeping in view that chattisgarh a very wide rich forest cover and there is need of conserving and finding out the new techniques and management for the utilization of forest product. the syllabi include study of all segments of forestry and environment studies with a view to provide better knowledge and techniques to the students, the department organizes lectures by eminent persons, seminars, excursion to plantation areas, forest nurseries to make the subject better understood. aims and objective the aim is to produce the forester with qualitative and result oriented approach towards the nation and society. it also aims to fulfill the demands of forest and increases the production of forest products by the new means of tools and techniques. carrying out research and developing technology for increasing productivity and production in forestry and medicinal plant. reduction in pollution. development of nursery techniques of various species to get quality planting stock for rehabilitation of degraded areas. rehabilitation of mined areas. the department has its own room, share the common classroom of colleges,. having all the practical apparatus, which are required according to the syllabus. the college central library has large number of forestry books and reference books, the library has a large numbers of botany books, which are used by the students of forestry for their reference. activity of department sunil kumar tiwari head, department of forestry and environment studies kamla nehru college, raniroad, korba phone - 07759 - 247109, fax - 07759 - 247222 to be a committed professional with qualitative and result oriented approach towards the set objective of an organization. assistant professor of forestry in k. n. college korba area of interest in the field of forestry. specially on the cultivation and identification and collection of medicinal plants m. sc forestry ( wildlife and environmental science ) from ggd. university bilaspur ( 1999 ). graduation b. sc (


korba area of interest in the field of forestry. specially on the cultivation and identification and collection of medicinal plants m. sc forestry ( wildlife and environmental science ) from ggd. university bilaspur ( 1999 ). graduation b. sc ( bio ) - from ggd. university bilaspur ( 1997 ). h. s. sc. from m. p. board bhopal ( 1994 ) s. sc. from m. p. board bhopal ( 1992 ) certificate course in computer science from l. c. c. bilaspur ( c. g. ) in ( 1999 ). dissertation - socio - economic potential of minor forest produce in achanakmar and kota region of bilaspur forest division. national seminar on the topic " biodiversity and its conservation ' ' national seminar on the topic " forest and forestry techniquies ' ' organised by department of forestry, g. g. d. university bilaspur. workshop on future aspects for promoting cultivation of medicinal plant organised by baidyanath ayurved limited jhansi. monitered the ism & h programme in two districts of ( u. p. ) namely allahabad and banda. invited speaker and subject expert in the national children science congress on the topic terrestial biodiversity and protection biodiversity. judge in national children science congress at korba district and state level. experience 1. six years teaching experience in forestry and environment studies subject. 2. extension training. education of people in the field of forestry and environment. 3. collection of germplasm, raising of nursery, growing of quality planting material, integrated watershed development programme and afforestation programme.


pub. date : 2008 | online pub. date : april 25, 2008 | doi : 10. 4135 / 9781412963893 | print isbn : 9781412958783 | online isbn : 9781412963893 | publisher : sage publications, inc. about this encyclopedia impacts of global warming impacts from the phenomenon known as global warming include environmental, social, and economic effects. environmental impacts include sea - level rise, melting of the polar ice caps, and an average increase in temperature. these impacts are documented in the reports of the intergovernmental panel for climate change ( ipcc ), which commissions reports by scientists worldwide on the issue of climate change. the ipcc report of 2007 is the first one that reflects scientific consensus that global warming is underway, and that it is primarily human induced. for example, human activities, such as fossil fuel burning, land - use changes, agricultural activity, and the production and use of halocarbons are among the factors causing climate change. the economic report by nicholas stern in 2007 highlights that climate change has potentially disastrous consequences for humanity. perhaps best known, is that temperature variability, specifically temperature increase, will be one of the effects of climate change. while the range...


at a glance why get tested? to help detect or rule out a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in pleural fluid in order to assist in the diagnosis of tuberculosis ; rarely to detect the infection in other body fluids such as peritoneal fluid or cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) when to get tested? when a doctor suspects that someone with chest pain, coughing, and / or difficulty breathing has tuberculosis that has spread to their pleurae ( lining around the lungs ) a volume of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor using a procedure called thoracentesis ; other body fluids are collected using other procedures test preparation needed? the test sample what is being tested? adenosine deaminase ( ada ) is a protein that is produced by cells throughout the body and is associated with the activation of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that plays a role in the immune response to infections. conditions that trigger the immune system, such as an infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis ( tb ), may cause increased amounts of ada to be produced in the areas where the bacteria are present. this test measures the amount of adenosine deaminase present in pleural fluid in order to help diagnose a tuberculosis infection of the pleurae. pleurae are membranes that cover the chest cavity and the outside of each lung. small amounts of pleural fluid are continuously produced to lubricate the movement of the lungs against these membranes and the membranes against each other during inhalation and exhalation. a variety of conditions and diseases, including infection, can cause inflammation of the pleurae ( pleurisy or pleuritis ) and can lead to excessive pleural fluid accumulation ( pleural effusion ). tuberculosis can spread into the lungs and pleurae, causing symptoms such as chest pain, chronic cough, and shortness of breath. since these symptoms may also be seen with a variety of other conditions, it is important to determine the cause as rapidly as possible in order to properly treat the affected person. detecting mycobacteria in pleural fluid can be difficult because there may be a large volume of fluid and very low numbers of bacteria present. though the ada test is not specific and does not replace the culture for diagnosing tb, it may be positive even when numbers of bacteria are very low and can be used as an adjunct test to help determine whether tuberculosis is the likely source


present. though the ada test is not specific and does not replace the culture for diagnosing tb, it may be positive even when numbers of bacteria are very low and can be used as an adjunct test to help determine whether tuberculosis is the likely source of a person ' s symptoms. how is the sample collected for testing? a sample of pleural fluid is collected by a doctor with a syringe and needle using a procedure called thoracentesis. rarely, other body fluid samples, such as peritoneal or csf, are collected using procedures specific to the fluid type. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no test preparation is needed. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. herchline, t. and chavis, p. ( updated 2012 march 22 ). tuberculosis. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 230802 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed april 2012. chegou, n. et. al. ( 2011 may 27 ). tuberculosis assays : past, present and future. medscape today news from expert rev anti infect ther. 2011 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 457 - 469 [ on - line information ]. available online at http


27 ). tuberculosis assays : past, present and future. medscape today news from expert rev anti infect ther. 2011 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 457 - 469 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. medscape. com / viewarticle / 741840 through http : / / www. medscape. com. accessed april 2012. saleh, m. et. al. ( 2012 april ). use of adenosine deaminase measurements and quantiferon in the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis. j med microbiol v 61 ( 4 ) abstract [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / jmm. sgmjournals. org / content / 61 / pt _ 4 / 514. short? rss = 1 through http : / / jmm. sgmjournals. org. accessed april 2012. hanson, k. ( updated 2011 march ). mycobacterium tuberculosis – tb. arup consult [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. arupconsult. com / topics / tb. html? client _ id = ltd through http : / / www. arupconsult. com. accessed april 2012. baba, k. et. al. ( 2008 july ). adenosine deaminase activity is a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis in patients with very low cd4 counts. plos one v 3 ( 7 ) : e2788 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc2464737 / through http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. laniado - laborin, r. ( 2005 feberuary ). adenosine deaminase in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion, is it really an ideal test? a word of caution. chest v 127 ( 2 ) 417 - 418 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / chestjournal. chestpubs. org / content / 127 / 2 / 417. full. html through http : / / chestjournal. chestpubs. org. accessed april 2012. jimenez castro, d. et


/ / chestjournal. chestpubs. org / content / 127 / 2 / 417. full. html through http : / / chestjournal. chestpubs. org. accessed april 2012. jimenez castro, d. et. al. ( 2003 february 1 ). diagnostic value of adenosine deaminase in nontuberculous lymphocytic pleural effusions. eur respir j 2003 ; 21 : 220 – 224 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ersj. org. uk / content / 21 / 2 / 220. full through http : / / www. ersj. org. uk. accessed april 2012. gupta, b. et. al. ( 2010 october ). adenosine deaminase levels in csf of tuberculous meningitis patients. j clin med res. 2010 october ; 2 ( 5 ) : 220 – 224. [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / pmc / articles / pmc3104661 / through http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. ( reviewed 2008 february ). adenosine deaminase deficiency. genetics home reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / condition / adenosine - deaminase - deficiency through http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. hershfield, m. ( updated 2011 december 22 ). adenosine deaminase deficiency. genereviews [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / books / nbk1483 / through http : / / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. accessed april 2012. ( © 1995 - 2012 ). test id : fada adenosine deaminase, fluid. mayo clinic mayo medical laboratories [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com / test - catalog / overview / 91554 through http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com. accessed april 2012. wu, a. ( © 2006 ). tietz


section 504 is part of the rehabilitation act of 1973. section 504 is a federal statute that prohibits discrimination against “ otherwise qualified handicapped individuals ” in any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance, such as public schools. the main purpose of section 504 is to prohibit discrimination while assuring that disabled students have educational opportunities and benefits equal to those provided to non - disabled students. it is the responsibility of the district to evaluate and identify students who, within the scope of section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 and the adaa of 2008, are identified as disabled and require special accommodations and / or services in order to receive a free appropriate education ( fape ). if a student is found not to be eligible under the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ), the requirements of section 504 may be suitable if he / she meets the section 504 definition of a disability, which is any person who has a physical or mental impairment, which substantially limits a major life activity. any student who is suspected to be disabled and in need of accommodations not available through existing programs in order to receive a free appropriate public education may be referred by a parent, teacher, or a third party for evaluation of a suspected disability under section 504 of the rehabilitation act of 1973 and the adaa of 2008. when does a student qualify as a “ handicapped individual ” under section 504? a student is considered to be handicapped under 504 if he or she : has a “ physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more major life activities ” has a record of such an impairment or is regarded as having such an impairment ; is a handicapped individual protected by section 504. what is a “ major life activity? ” major life activities include : caring for one ’ s self, performing a manual task, walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, learning, breathing, and working. what is a “ record ” of impairment? a record of impairment may include a history of an impairment and / or a diagnosis of assessment of an impairment. when is an individual “ regarded ” as having such an impairment? when the district ’ s perception of, response to, reaction or attitude toward the student results in treating the student as having an impairment, that the student will be considered handicapped and protected under section 504. keeping on track with section 504 section 504 of the rehabilitation act is a federal anti - discrimination law intended to create a level playing field in regular education. it was not created to give unfair advantage. accommodations must apply only to the named impairment.


the purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. since glaucoma usually has no symptoms and can occur in anybody regardless of risk factors, everybody should be screened for the disease as recommended by their physician. regular eye exams by an eye care professional are the best way to screen for glaucoma. because most people experience no symptoms with glaucoma, it is important to schedule a regular eye exam. the frequency depends on your age, risk factors, and general health. see the screening guidelines below. during your eye exam, your eye care professional may do the following tests : visual acuity — this test measures how well you see at various distances. you will be asked to look at a chart of letters or numbers and identify what you see. tonometry — this test measures the pressure inside the eye. there are several types of tonometry ; in air tonometry, a puff of air is blown onto the cornea to take the measurement. another type uses a small plastic device ( goldman tonometer ) that lightly pushes against your eye in order to measure your intraocular pressure. for this test, the eye is first numbed with an eye drop, so you do not feel anything. gonioscopy — the eye care professional can see the drainage angle of your eye using a special lens. this can help determine if you are at risk for closed - angle glaucoma. pupil dilation — drops are put in your eyes that enlarge / dilate your pupils. this allows the eye care professional to see more of the inside of your eye. your close - up ( near ) vision may remain blurred for several hours afterwards and you may be sensitive to bright light. ask your doctor for a pair of sunglasses after the dilation. ophthalmoscopy — once your pupils are dilated, the eye care professional will examine your optic nerve and the rest of your retina with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope. the color and appearance of the optic nerve may indicate if damage from glaucoma is present and how extensive it is. your doctor will probably take pictures of your optic nerve for future comparison. perimetry ( visual field test ) — this test produces a map of the complete field of vision. it is used to check whether there is damage to any area of vision. since glaucoma slowly affects your peripheral, or side vision


. perimetry ( visual field test ) — this test produces a map of the complete field of vision. it is used to check whether there is damage to any area of vision. since glaucoma slowly affects your peripheral, or side vision, you may not know you have any problems until detected on this test. pachymetry — your physician may measure the thickness of your cornea using a special machine called a corneal pachymeter. your eye is numbed with a drop first and it does not hurt. nerve fiber layer analysis — your doctor may use a special machine, such as an oct, gdx, or hrt, to measure the thickness of the nerve fiber around your optic nerve. this can often be compared to normative data from other people without glaucoma of your age, sex, and race. it also can be rechecked in the future to see if there is any loss of nerve fiber thickness with time. ask your doctor for guidelines specific for your individual situation. the american academy of ophthalmology recommends the following general screening guidelines healthy adults with no risk factors for eye disease : - at least once between age 20 - 29 - at least twice between age 30 - 39 - age 40 - 64 : every 2 to 4 years - age 65 and older : every 1 to 2 years you should be screened more often, or as directed by your doctor, if you : - have risk factors for glaucoma or other eye diseases - have a family member who has glaucoma - have a personal or family history of eye disease - are african american or african heritage or of latin heritage - have had a serious eye injury in the past - had eye surgery in the past - are taking a corticosteroid medication - have diabetes, high blood pressure, or other chronic illness cautionary note : if you currently have eye symptoms, you should call your provider immediately for an evaluation. in case of an emergency, call for an ambulance immediately. - reviewer : christopher cheyer, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -


data and information - data initiatives - satellite sensing systems data systems for lcluc research the unprecedented large volumes of data for land use research have necessitated the development of innovative data processing, delivery and analysis systems. the evolving eos data and information system and a number of competed research opportunities such as reason and access, have provided support for data systems research and development. the modis advanced data processing system ( modaps ) at the goddard space flight center ( gsfc ) is generating land - cover related products from the daily modis instruments on board the terra and aqua platforms. data products at 250m - 1km are being reprocessed as the algorithms are improved to provide consistent data records. this system is currently being enhanced to provide modis land product distribution capabilities to augment the services provided by the nasa distributed active archive center at the eros data center to meet the needs of the modis science community. the landsat ecosystem disturbance adaptive processing system is developing procedures for automated atmospheric correction and mosaicing of landsat data and the generation of high resolution disturbance time series. the global land cover facility ( glcf ) at the university of maryland has developed a low cost system for processing and distribution of large volumes of land - cover data and enhanced data sets. similarly, the landsat. org project developed at michigan state university ( msu ) has developed a platform independent user interface and search engine for on - line purchasing, ordering and sharing of landsat data worldwide. the tropical rain forest information center at msu provides landsat derived data sets associated with monitoring tropical deforestation. in partnership with the private sector, nasa purchased a global data set of cloud - free landsat imagery for 1990 and 2000. these data were orthorectified and are easily accessible and freely available. they have greatly increased the use of landsat data for lcluc studies worldwide. in may 2003 the landsat 7 scan line corrector failed and although the instrument continues to receive data, the imagery are of limited use. with no landsat instrument ready to replace landsat 7, there is an increasing data gap, posing a critical impediment to lcluc science. the lcluc program, working with the usgs is developing a mid - decadal ( 2004 - 2006 ) high resolution global cloud - free data set to extend the previous global data sets. the data set will include data from landsat 5, aster, eo1 and landsat 7 temporal composites. this data set will include data provided by foreign ground stations and


cloud - free data set to extend the previous global data sets. the data set will include data from landsat 5, aster, eo1 and landsat 7 temporal composites. this data set will include data provided by foreign ground stations and possibly foreign high resolution satellites. it is hoped that international cooperation concerning this data set could provide a prototype for future international efforts to coordinate high resolution global data acquisition from the increasing number of high resolution assets in the framework of geoss. land use and land cover change studies at regional to global scales require large numbers of field sites for algorithm development and accuracy evaluation. rapid development in integration of digital camera, hand - held gps device, computer and internet make it possible for both scientific communities and citizens to collect and share geo - referenced field photos. the global geo - referenced field photo library, developed at the earth observation and modeling facility of university of oklahoma, offers the capacity for users to upload, query ( by themes and geographically ), and download geo - referenced field photos in the library. it offers interactive capacity for users to interpret and classify field photos into relevant land cover types and builds photo - based land cover database. the users can use both photos and associated databases to carry out land use and land cover analysis in a geographical information system. the users who provide field photos can decide whether individual photos are to be shared or not. this tool and the resultant photo library will enable our nasa lcluc communities to share their field photos, and promote the nasa lcluc effort in remote sensing. satellite sensing systems satellite data provide an important source of information for characterizing and monitoring land - cover and land - use change. in some regions it is the only feasible way to provide timely and reliable land - cover assessments and identify areas of rapid change. recent land - cover history also provides a point of departure for modeling land - cover change. nasa current missions for lcluc research nasa currently has sensing systems at high, medium and low resolution, which meet the lcluc program observation needs. nasa satellite systems supplement operational satellites providing systematic measurements to study long - term trends. for example, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer ( modis ) instruments on the eos terra ( am ) and aqua ( pm ) platforms have significantly improved on the capabilities of the operational noaa advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ). these moderate resolution data are used to classify and characterize land - cover at the global scale and to detect land - cover change at the regional scale. they also provide daily monitoring


operational noaa advanced very high resolution radiometer ( avhrr ). these moderate resolution data are used to classify and characterize land - cover at the global scale and to detect land - cover change at the regional scale. they also provide daily monitoring of fire activity which is often an indicator of land - cover change. the operational defense meteorological satellite program provides a capability to map the extent of night time lights and has been used by lcluc scientists to document the extent and growth of urban areas. landsat 7 has provided the systematic high resolution observations necessary to map and quantify land - cover changes at the local to regional scale. the landsat class observations are a critical underpinning for lcluc research. the landsat 7 global acquisition strategy providing multiple cloud - free scenes each year, has facilitated land - cover studies around the world. the lcluc program has been pioneering methods for regional analysis of landsat class observations setting the stage for periodic continental and global assessments of land - cover change. in this regard, the combination of systematic moderate and high resolution satellite remote sensing provides the opportunity for global scale studies and forms the basis for a global land observing system. similarly, the nasa science programs are moving from missions to measurements with the aim of utilizing data from different instruments to address science questions. experimental measurements of limited duration are needed to better understand processes and to test new sensor technologies. for example, the earth observer 1 ( eo1 ) system has provided a test - bed for new sensor technology and spaceborne hyper - spectral remote sensing. similarly the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ( aster ) sensor has provided new high resolution thermal data collocated with modis data for improved surface characterization and validation of coarser modis thermal products. in the past experimental microwave satellite sensors operated by europe and japan have been used for mapping the extent of wetland areas. nasa lcluc research in this part of the spectrum has been limited by the absence of a current us microwave sensing system. nasa has also been exploring partnerships with industry for the commercial provision of data to meet the needs of its science community. in particular, hyperspatial data with 1 - 3m resolution from sensors such as ikonos and quickbird have been used to provide detailed validation of high resolution products. nasa future missions for lcluc research nasa as part of the integrated program office is contributing to the npoess preparatory project ( npp ). the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite ( viirs ) instrument is planned to transition modis class observations


shoddy • \ ˈsha - de \ • adjective 1. of inferior workmanship and materials 2. designed to deceive or mislead either deliberately or inadvertently the word shoddy has appeared in 141 new york times articles in the past year, including on march 12 in “ japan ’ s strict building codes saved lives, ” by james glanz and norimitsu onishi : hidden inside the skeletons of high - rise towers, extra steel bracing, giant rubber pads and embedded hydraulic shock absorbers make modern japanese buildings among the sturdiest in the world during a major earthquake. and all along the japanese coast, tsunami warning signs, towering seawalls and well - marked escape routes offer some protection from walls of water. … unlike haiti, where shoddy construction vastly increased the death toll last year, or china, where failure to follow construction codes worsened the death toll in the devastating 2008 sichuan earthquake, japan enforces some of the world ’ s most stringent building codes. japanese buildings tend to be much stiffer and stouter than similar structures in earthquake - prone areas in california as well, said mr. moehle, the berkeley engineer : japan ’ s building code allows for roughly half as much sway back and forth at the top of a high rise during a major quake. the word of the day and its definitions have been provided by the visual thesaurus. click on the word below to map it and hear it pronounced :


in the introduction to engaging art : the next great transformation of america ’ s cultural life, former nea chair and current interim chair bill ivey writes about piano sales in 1909 : 364, 545, “ an impressive total in a country with a population of less than 100 million. ” by 1934, “ sales had plunged to just over 34, 000 instruments. ” yes, you read that correctly : over a 90 % drop in sales in twenty - five years. what had happened? phonographs, radios and movies. “ through much of the nineteenth century, ” ivey writes, “ the piano had served as the nation ’ s archetypal cultural hearth, and images of a family sing or an informal after - dinner performance of a classical piece by a young music student were staples of american domesticity. then, the ability to sing or play music and, for that matter, drawing and the writing and recitation of poetry were considered everyday skills, integrated into family life as thoroughly as sewing or the canning of autumn garden produce. ” music education embraced this trend, “ following the rush toward cultural consumption by shifting its attention away from teaching young people to make music, mostly through ensemble singing, toward an alternative that could best be described as the intelligent enjoyment of music — that is, what came to me known as music ( or art for that matter ) appreciation …. henceforth, the requirement to draw, sing, act, recite, play, or otherwise perform in the arts would be replaced by some form of consumption … if we think of our expressive life as divided between culture we create and culture we take in, the commoditization of art pumped up consumption — the taking in or art — while simultaneously undermining art making. ” patrick overton describes this shift as being from “ art as process, citizen as participant ” to “ art as product, citizen as patron, ” and he calls for a reversal of this trend. i agree wholeheartedly. the < 100k project is not about creating arts organizations to provide events for small and rural communities ( a sort of artistic wal - mart ), but rather to reinvigorate the diy spirit that once permeated our society. the emphasis on buying our art and entertainment from “ specialists ” has led to dependence and passivity. it ’ s led to just about everybody giving up the creative process because “ i can ’ t sing, ” or “ i can ’ t draw, ” or “ i can ’ t read out loud. ” it has removed


dependence and passivity. it ’ s led to just about everybody giving up the creative process because “ i can ’ t sing, ” or “ i can ’ t draw, ” or “ i can ’ t read out loud. ” it has removed the personal element from the creative act, the “ gift ” ( to use lewis hyde ’ s term ) that makes something “ special ” ( to use ellen dissanayake ’ s term ). instead, what we have is a transaction between strangers. if you are looking for evidence that we are uneasy with this transaction between strangers, one need look no further than the magazine stand in the supermarket checkout line, where we are bombarded with entire magazines devoted to making us feel as if we actually know the “ celebrities ” from whom we buy our art. we ’ ve never met brad pitt, but thanks to people magazine, we think we know him. it is a poor substitute. likewise, arts appreciation is a poor educational substitute for hands - on experience. in the first chapter of engaging arts, co - editor steven tepper examines the effects of demographics, educational level, geography, and hands - on arts education as they affect both arts attendance and arts participation. of all of those factors, the most important by far for both attendance and participation is hands - on arts education. by far. and yet educators, myself included, continue to de - emphasize making art in favor of arts appreciation, arts literacy. and we ’ re upfront about this : we use as a one of the outcomes of these courses, which are ubiquitous throughout american universities, that students will be more likely to buy a ticket to an arts event. we are trying to create passive, dependent consumers, not creative citizens! why this is not only damaging to the arts ( remember, experiential arts education increases attendance as well as participation ) but to our society in general is described by ivey : “ creativity, the handmaiden of hands - on arts participation, is now touted as the likely engine of america ’ s postindustrial, m postinformation economy. according to daniel pink, editor - at - large of wired magazine [ and author of a whole new mind ], we are today entering a new age and a new economy, one that supercedes both the industrial age and the era of tech - enabled information. for pink, leaders of the new economy will succeed through high concept and high touch, employing ‘ the ability to create artistic and emotional beauty, to detect patterns and opportunities,


supercedes both the industrial age and the era of tech - enabled information. for pink, leaders of the new economy will succeed through high concept and high touch, employing ‘ the ability to create artistic and emotional beauty, to detect patterns and opportunities, to craft a satisfying narrative, to combine seemingly unrelated ideas into a novel invention …. ” new york times columnist thomas friedman … agrees [ in the world is flat ], arguing that if one is to be a worker in the new global economy, you must ‘ nurture your right - brain skills … ’ ” ivey concludes, “ old - fashioned, nineteenth century - style arts participation is a powerful incubator of creativity. ” if you have been following the reports coming from the national endowment for the arts, you will see data that seems to suggest that arts participation in the traditional, “ benchmark ” arts ( classical music and jazz, theatre, dance, literature, visual art ) is weakening, especially in the case of younger people. however, as ivey writes, “ if we center a new commitment to arts participation in everyday art making, creativity, and quality of life, we will not only restoire the lifelong pleasure of homemade art but will likely also seed a new generation of enthusiasts who will support america ’ s signature nonprofit cultural institutions well into the future. ” the < 100k project puts this commitment at the center of its mission. the leaders of the arts organizations that will be built must be interested not only in their own creative expression, but in facilitating and encouraging the creative expression of their fellow community - members, adults and children. this means a change inin the way these arts leaders are educated, creating a balance between development of their own artistic skills and development of the skills of faciltation and teaching. these leaders must make arts education a priority and not wait for the government to make a commitment to arts education in the schools — with no child left behind, this has become increasingly unlikely ( although president obama seems to have a commitment to increasing arts education … but he has an awful lot on his plate at the moment ). the future of the arts rests on our commitment to this part of our mission.


how to write a book review there are two approaches to book reviewing : - descriptive reviews give the essential information about a book. this is done with description and exposition, by stating the perceived aims and purposes of the author, and by quoting striking passages from the text. - critical reviews describe and evaluate the book, in terms of accepted literary and historical standards, and supports this evaluation with evidence from the text. the following pointers are meant to be suggestions for writing a critical review. to write a critical review, the reviewer must know two things : - knowing the work under review : this demands not only attempting to understand the author ' s purpose and how the component parts of the work contribute to that purpose, but also knowledge of the author : his / her nationality, time period, other works etc. - requirements of the genre : this means understanding the art form and how it functions. without such context, the reviewer has no historical or literary standard upon which to base an evaluation. - description of the book. sufficient description should be given so that the reader will have some understanding of the author ' s thoughts. this account is not a summary. it can be woven into the critical remarks. - discuss the author. biographical information should be relevant to the subject of the review and enhance the reader ' s understanding of the work under discussion. - appraise the book. a review must be a considered judgment that includes : - a statement of the reviewer ' s understanding of the author ' s purpose - how well the reviewer feels the author ' s purpose has been achieved - evidence to support the reviewer ' s judgement of the author ' achievement. while you read : - read the book with care. - highlight quotable passages. - note your impressions as you read. - allow time to assimilate what you read so that the book can be seen in perspective. - keep in mind the need for a single impression which must be clear to the reader. the review outline a review outline gives you an over - all grasp of the organization of the review, to determine the central point your review will make, to eliminate inessentials or irrelevancies, and to fill in gaps or omissions. - examine the notes you have made and eliminate those with no relationship to your central thesis. - by organizing your discussion topics into groups, aspects of the book will emerge : e. g., theme, character, structure, etc. - write down all the major headings of the outline and fill in the subdivisions. - all parts should support


by organizing your discussion topics into groups, aspects of the book will emerge : e. g., theme, character, structure, etc. - write down all the major headings of the outline and fill in the subdivisions. - all parts should support your thesis or central point. - opening paragraphs set the tone of the paper. possible introductions usually make a statement about the : - authorial purpose - topicality of the work or its significance - comparison of the work to others by the same author or within the same genre - the body of the review logically develops your thesis. follow your outline or adjust it to further your argument. the aim should be to push your central point. put quoted material in quotation marks, or indented, and properly footnoted. - concluding paragraphs sums up or restates your thesis or it may make a final judgement regarding the book. do not introduce new information or ideas in the conclusion. revising the draft - allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision. - correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them. - read your paper through again looking for unity, organization and logical development. - if necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft. - verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of references. - rule number one : do not give away the story! - from what sources are the characters drawn? - what is the author ' s attitude toward his characters? - are the characters flat or three dimensional? - does character development occur? - is character delineation direct or indirect? - what is / are the major theme ( s )? - how are they revealed and developed? - is the theme traditional and familiar, or new and original? - is the theme didactic, psychological, social, entertaining, escapist, etc. in purpose or intent? - how are the various elements of plot ( eg, introduction, suspense, climax, conclusion ) handled? - what is the relationship of plot to character delineation? - to what extent, and how, is accident employed as a complicating and / or resolving force? - what are the elements of mystery and suspense? - what other devices of plot complication and resolution are employed? - is there a sub - plot and how is it related to the main plot? - is the plot primary or secondary to some of the other essential elements of the story ( character, setting, style, etc. )? - what


are employed? - is there a sub - plot and how is it related to the main plot? - is the plot primary or secondary to some of the other essential elements of the story ( character, setting, style, etc. )? - what are the " intellectual qualities " of the writing ( e. g., simplicity, clarity )? - what are the " emotional qualities " of the writing ( e. g., humour, wit, satire )? - what are the " aesthetic qualities " of the writing ( e. g., harmony, rhythm )? - what stylistic devices are employed ( e. g., symbolism, motifs, parody, allegory )? - how effective is dialogue? - what is the setting and does it play a significant role in the work? - is a sense of atmosphere evoked, and how? - what scenic effects are used and how important and effective are they? - does the setting influence or impinge on the characters and / or plot? - does the book give a " full - length " picture of the subject? - what phases of the subject ' s life receive greatest treatment and is this treatment justified? - what is the point of view of the author? - how is the subject matter organized : chronologically, retrospectively, etc.? - is the treatment superficial or does the author show extensive study into the subject ' s life? - what source materials were used in the preparation of the biography? - is the work documented? - does the author attempt to get at the subject ' s hidden motives? - what important new facts about the subject ' s life are revealed in the book? - what is the relationship of the subject ' s career to contemporary history? - how does the biography compare with others about the same person? - how does it compare with other works by the same author? - with what particular period does the book deal? - how thorough is the treatment? - what were the sources used? - is the account given in broad outline or in detail? - is the style that of reportorial writing, or is there an effort at interpretive writing? - what is the point of view or thesis of the author? - is the treatment superficial or profound? - for what group is the book intended ( textbook, popular, scholarly, etc. )? - what part does biographical writing play in the book? - is social history or political history emphasized? - are dates used extensively, and if so, are they used intelligently? - is the


a database is a searchable, organized collection of information. library databases are great tools for finding articles on specific topics because : you can access and search them on the internet, from the library ’ s website. they cover a wide range of topics. they are structured for finding information more precisely than online search engines. they offer citations to articles on topics related to your research needs. they index articles published in magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers, etc. they often contain links to the full text of the articles. while databases have different designs, most offer similar capabilities, and the skills you use to search one may be applied to others. when choosing a database, consider the following : subject : many databases specialize in a particular subject while others are more general and cover a wider range of topics. types of publications covered : some databases cover only periodical articles, while others may index books, government documents, conference proceedings, essays, etc. coverage dates : some databases do not cover years before the 1970s ; some index only more recent publications. read the database descriptions to determine the years of coverage. note : always log in to the library ’ s website before searching for information. begin by selecting the database you want to search. an excellent multidisciplinary database is academic search premier. to access academic search premier : - from the libraries ' website, click on the " databases " tab. type " academic premier " into the search box. - select " academic search premier. " from the " basic search " screen you will be able to perform keyword searching and limit your searches in several ways. click on the " advanced search " tab to perform more precise searches. scroll down to see several options for limiting your search. by clicking on the " scholarly ( peer reviewed ) journals " box, you can limit searches to only articles from scholarly publications. while you can limit searches to only those citations with full text available online, it is usually not necessary or a good idea to do this. even if academic search premier does not have a link to the full text of an article you can click on the ou link to article icon, which will connect you to the full text of the article if it is available in another database. click on the title of an article to view its full record, which will usually include a list of subject terms and an abstract ( summary ) of the article. academic search premier also provides options for e - mailing, printing, or saving articles and citations. to do this, you will need to add records to a folder. -


sensitive and can be susceptible to both " sunburn " and " frostbite ". if a tree that has grown for many years in deep shade is suddenly exposed to hot sun ( when all the trees around it are cut down, for example ), the bark may become red and flake off, injuring the tree. in northern regions, a frost too late in the spring or too early in the fall can kill new bark tissue, as well as leaves and why is there such variation in the color and texture of bark? certain characteristics have obvious advantages in certain habitats. the thick, rough bark of pine trees withstands fire far better than the bark of oak trees, and therefore more pines survive the frequent fires in temperate coniferous forests. in other cases, the advantage of one type of bark over another is less well understood. smooth bark might take less energy to produce, or it might help to discourage the growth of moss and lichen. rough bark might be more effective in keeping wood - boring insects out. no one knows quite why the types of bark have evolved the way they have. one possibility is that the appearance of bark is not adaptive, and while all trees must have bark of one form or another, its exact color and texture are not particularly important. left : the bark on a ponderosa pine trunk. photo by maya walters.


author ( s ) : a. m. waked nanotechnology is considered to be the most important theoretical and applicative framework of human knowledge in the near future, breakthroughs are restricted to few applications. one is being the conservation and restoration of for the architecture profession nanotechnology will be able to change the way we build, and will greatly impact construction materials and their properties as well. however, materials will behave in many different ways as we are able to more precisely control their properties at nano - composites, which combine new nano - materials with more traditional ones and can be many times stronger than standard materials, and will dramatically improve the performance, durability, and strength to weight ratio of these materials. as materials gain such transient features architectural design and construction will evolve by transforming the essential properties of matter. this study of material is considered an emerging field, so this paper will retry to represent the most recent applications of nano materials of the conservation of nanotechnology, nano - materials, conservation. size : 1, 681 kb paper doi : 10. 2495 / str110481 the full article you can purchase the full text version of this article in adobe pdf format for the above price. please click the ' buy paper ' icon below to purchase this paper. this page to a colleague. this paper can be found in the following bookstructural studies, repairs and maintenance of heritage architecture xiibuy


in europe, especially in germany, hoisting a swastika - emblazoned nazi flag is a crime. for decades after world war ii, people have hunted down and sought punishment for nazi murderers, who were responsible for the deaths of more than 20 million people. here ’ s my question : why are the horrors of nazism so well - known and widely condemned but not those of socialism and communism? what goes untaught — and possibly is covered up — is that socialist and communist ideas have produced the greatest evil in mankind ’ s history. you say, “ williams, what in the world are you talking about? socialists, communists and their fellow travelers, such as the wall street occupiers supported by our president, care about the little guy in his struggle for a fair shake! they ’ re trying to promote social justice. ” let ’ s look at some of the history of socialism and communism. what ’ s not appreciated is that nazism is a form of socialism. in fact, the term nazi stands for the national socialist german workers ’ party. the unspeakable acts of adolf hitler ’ s nazis pale in comparison with the horrors committed by the communists in the former union of soviet socialist republics and the people ’ s republic of china. between 1917 and 1987, vladimir lenin, josef stalin and their successors murdered and were otherwise responsible for the deaths of 62 million of their own people. between 1949 and 1987, china ’ s communists, led by mao zedong and his successors, murdered and were otherwise responsible for the deaths of 76 million chinese. the most authoritative tally of history ’ s most murderous regimes is documented on university of hawaii professor rudolph j. rummel ’ s website, at http : / / www. hawaii. edu / powerkills, and in his book “ death by government. ” how much hunting down and punishment have there been for these communist murderers? to the contrary, it ’ s acceptable both in europe and in the u. s. to hoist and march under the former ussr ’ s red flag emblazoned with a hammer and sickle. mao zedong has been long admired by academics and leftists across our country, as they often marched around singing the praises of mao and waving his little red book, “ quotations from chairman mao tse - tung. ” president barack obama ’ s communications director, anita dunn, in her june 2009 commencement address to st. andrews episcopal high school at washington national cathedral, said mao was one of her heroes. whether it ’


##tions from chairman mao tse - tung. ” president barack obama ’ s communications director, anita dunn, in her june 2009 commencement address to st. andrews episcopal high school at washington national cathedral, said mao was one of her heroes. whether it ’ s the academic community, the media elite, stalwarts of the democratic party or organizations such as the naacp, the national council of la raza, green for all, the sierra club and the children ’ s defense fund, there is a great tolerance for the ideas of socialism — a system that has caused more deaths and human misery than all other systems combined. today ’ s leftists, socialists and progressives would bristle at the suggestion that their agenda differs little from those of nazi, soviet and maoist mass murderers. one does not have to be in favor of death camps or wars of conquest to be a tyrant. the only requirement is that one has to believe in the primacy of the state over individual rights. the unspeakable horrors of nazism didn ’ t happen overnight. they were simply the end result of a long evolution of ideas leading to consolidation of power in central government in the quest for “ social justice. ” it was decent but misguided earlier generations of germans — who would have cringed at the thought of genocide — who created the trojan horse for hitler ’ s ascendancy. today ’ s americans are similarly accepting the massive consolidation of power in washington in the name of social justice. if you don ’ t believe it, just ask yourself : which way are we headed tiny steps at a time — toward greater liberty or toward more government control over our lives? perhaps we think that we are better human beings than the german people who created the conditions that brought hitler to power. i say, don ’ t count on it. walter e. williams is a professor of economics at george mason university. his column is distributed by creators syndicate, 5777 w. century blvd., suite 700, los angeles, ca 90045.


[ apia, samoa ] pacific island researchers will be trained in skills such as coastal hazard mapping as part of a programme to use science to make coastal communities safer and more resilient. the us $ 1. 3 - million programme is part of an expansion of the us national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) coastal storms program ( csp ) into us - affiliated pacific islands, beginning next month ( october ) and led by the university of hawaii sea grant college program. dolan eversole, regional coordinator of the csp, told scidev. net that the programme is intended to support the development of tools, services and products to improve coastal hazard preparedness. an intensive two - week training course in the marshall islands has already taught local researchers to map hazards facing their communities, such as inundation from storm surges and tsunamis. one of the core missions is to provide a scientific basis for more effective decision - making on disaster management, eversole said. " we hope to give decision - makers access to scientific information that will assist them in making decisions — for example, whether the decision - makers understand the current science behind sea level rise projections and the uncertainty associated with that. what is the science telling us, what does it mean, and what are the implications locally? " one example is research on coastal erosion indicating that rates and trends in erosion are directly related to sea level rise. this will help the authorities decide how to respond to the erosion, he said. " there is currently work going on in guam on storm surge modelling and tsunami inundation modelling in american samoa to understand what the vulnerabilities are to inundation events ; from that they develop evacuation plans. that ' s another example of how research can help inform emergency managers and decision - makers. " the csp will be implemented in the next 2 – 3 years, with those involved setting up partnerships with other agencies to ensure the programme ' s long - term sustainability. paul anderson, marine conservation analyst for the secretariat of the pacific regional environment programme, said the initiative should include pacific islands that are not associated with the united states. " perhaps as a part of existing noaa initiatives in the region, noaa could look to provide this type of training to those other countries, since they all have similar coastal vulnerabilities, " said anderson. " underserved " village communities should also be included, rather than focusing on cities such as fiji ' s capital suva, port vila in vanuatu and pago pago in american samoa,


there are three levels of burns : first - degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. they cause pain, redness, and swelling. second - degree ( partial thickness ) burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. they cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. third - degree ( full thickness ) burns extend into deeper tissues. they cause white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb. second degree burn ; first degree burn ; third degree burn burns can be caused by dry heat ( like fire ), wet heat ( such as steam or hot liquids ), radiation, friction, heated objects, the sun, electricity, or chemicals. thermal burns are the most common type. thermal burns occur when hot metals, scalding liquids, steam, or flames come in contact with your skin. these are frequently the result of fires, automobile accidents, playing with matches, improperly stored gasoline, space heaters, and electrical malfunctions. other causes include unsafe handling of firecrackers and kitchen accidents ( such as a child climbing on top of a stove or grabbing a hot iron ). burns to your airways can be caused by inhaling smoke, steam, superheated air, or toxic fumes, often in a poorly ventilated space. burns in children are sometimes traced to parental abuse. - pain ( the degree of pain is not related to the severity of the burn - - the most serious burns can be painless ) - peeling skin - red skin shock ( watch for pale and clammy skin, weakness, bluish lips and fingernails, and a drop in alertness ) - white or charred skin symptoms of an airways burn : - charred mouth ; burned lips - burns on the head, face, or neck - change in voice - difficulty breathing ; coughing - singed nose hairs or eyebrows - dark, carbon - stained mucus for minor burns - if the skin is unbroken, run cool water over the area of the burn or soak it in a cool water bath ( not ice water ). keep the area submerged for at least 5 minutes. a clean, cold, wet towel will also help reduce pain. - calm and reassure the person. - after flushing or soaking, cover the burn with a dry, sterile bandage or clean dressing. - protect the burn from pressure and friction. - over - the - counter ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve pain and swelling. do not give children under 12 aspirin. once the skin has


or clean dressing. - protect the burn from pressure and friction. - over - the - counter ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help relieve pain and swelling. do not give children under 12 aspirin. once the skin has cooled, moisturizing lotion also can help. - minor burns will usually heal without further treatment. however, if a second - degree burn covers an area more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, or if it is located on the hands, feet, face, groin, buttocks, or a major joint, treat the burn as a major burn. - make sure the person is up to date on tetanus immunization. for major burns - if someone is on fire, tell the person to stop, drop, and roll. wrap the person in thick material to smother the flames ( a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket ). douse the person with water. - call 911. - make sure that the person is no longer in contact with smoldering materials. however, do not remove burned clothing that is stuck to the skin. - make sure the person is breathing. if breathing has stopped, or if the person ' s airways are blocked, open the airways. if necessary, begin rescue breathing and cpr. - cover the burn area with a dry sterile bandage ( if available ) or clean cloth. a sheet will do if the burned area is large. do not apply any ointments. avoid breaking burn blisters. - if fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with dry, sterile, nonadhesive dressings. - elevate the body part that is burned above the level of the heart. protect the burn area from pressure and friction. - take steps to prevent shock. lay the person flat, elevate the feet about 12 inches, and cover the person with a coat or blanket. however, do not place the person in this shock position if a head, neck, back, or leg injury is suspected or if it makes the person uncomfortable. - continue to monitor the person ' s vital signs until medical help arrives. this means pulse, rate of breathing, and blood pressure. - do not apply ointment, butter, ice, medications, cream, oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn. - do not breathe, blow, or cough on the burn. - do not disturb blistered or dead skin. - do not remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. - do


oil spray, or any household remedy to a severe burn. - do not breathe, blow, or cough on the burn. - do not disturb blistered or dead skin. - do not remove clothing that is stuck to the skin. - do not give the person anything by mouth, if there is a severe burn. - do not immerse a severe burn in cold water. this can cause shock. - do not place a pillow under the person ' s head if there is an airways burn. this can close the airways. call 911 if : - the burn is extensive ( the size of your palm or larger ). - the burn is severe ( third degree ). - you aren ' t sure how serious it is. - the burn is caused by chemicals or electricity. - the person shows signs of shock. - the person inhaled smoke. - physical abuse is the known or suspected cause of the burn. - there are other symptoms associated with the burns call a doctor if your pain is still present after 48 hours. call immediately if signs of infection develop. these signs include increased pain, redness, swelling, drainage or pus from the burn, swollen lymph nodes, red streaks spreading from the burn, or fever. also call immediately if there are signs of dehydration : thirst, dry skin, dizziness, lightheadedness, or decreased urination. children, elderly, and anyone with a weakened immune system ( for example, hiv ) should be seen right away. before giving first aid, evaluate how extensively burned the person is and try to determine the depth of the most serious part of the burn. then treat the entire burn accordingly. if in doubt, treat it as a severe burn. by giving immediate first aid before professional medical help arrives, you can help lessen the severity of the burn. prompt medical attention to serious burns can help prevent scarring, disability, and deformity. burns on the face, hands, feet, and genitals can be particularly serious. children under age 4 and adults over age 60 have a higher chance of complications and death from severe burns. in case of a fire, you and the others there are at risk for carbon monoxide poisoning. anyone with symptoms of headache, numbness, weakness, or chest pain should be tested. to help prevent burns : - install smoke alarms in your home. check and change batteries regularly. - teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks. - keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing


pain should be tested. to help prevent burns : - install smoke alarms in your home. check and change batteries regularly. - teach children about fire safety and the hazards of matches and fireworks. - keep children from climbing on top of a stove or grabbing hot items like irons and oven doors. - turn pot handles toward the back of the stove so that children can ' t grab them and they can ' t be accidentally knocked over. - place fire extinguishers in key locations at home, work, and school. - remove electrical cords from floors and keep them out of reach. - know about and practice fire escape routes at home, work, and school. - set temperature of water heater at 120 degrees or less. singer aj, taira br, lee cc, soroff hs. thermal burns. in : marx ja, ed. rosen ’ s emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chap 60. gallagher jj, wolf se, herndon dn. burns. in : townsend cm jr, beauchamp rd, evers bm, mattox kl, eds. sabiston textbook of surgery. 18th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2007 : chap 22. bethel ca, mazzeo as. burn care procedures. in : roberts jr, hedges jr, eds. clinical procedures in emergency medicine. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2009 : chap 38. holmes jh, heimbach dm. burns. in : brunicardi fc, andersen dk, billiar tr, et al, eds. schwartz ’ s principles of surgery. 9th ed. new york, ny : mcgraw - hill ; 2010 : chap 7. review date : 1 / 13 / 2010 reviewed by : jacob l. heller, md, mha, emergency medicine, virginia mason medical center, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - 2009 a. d. a. m., inc. any du


in a couple of nights, the best meteor shower of the year will sweep down on the high sierra, bringing stars to earth, as 60 to 80 meteors an hour streak across the sky. the geminid meteor shower, one of some half - dozen, annual, prominent meteor showers, begins in earnest in the very late evening of dec. 13, although many meteor lovers have been seeing impatient geminids for the past week. “ sometimes we just glance through the swarm of dust that creates meteor showers. sometimes we plow right through the middle of it. the geminid meteor shower is one of those times, ” said dan ruby, associate director for reno ’ s fleishman planetarium. meteors occur when particles from the dust swarm hit the earth ’ s atmosphere, burning through the friction in spectacular incandescence. the geminid meteors are so - called because they appear to originate from the constellation gemini, also called the twins, from what astronomers call the “ radiant point. ” how cool is that for a name? but appearances are deceiving in this case. ruby notes that almost the entire night sky will be filled with the meteors come the night of dec. 13. “ in this case, the dust swarm is very broad in shape, meaning the meteors will be coming from every possible direction, ” he said. the height of the show should be about midnight ( just after the moon sets ) on monday, dec. 13 to 2 a. m on tuesday, dec. 14. “ this is one of those “ stay up late, not get up early shows, ” ruby said. the meteors will be almost directly overhead in the eastern sierra, he said. the best place to watch them from is where buildings, mountains or trees do not block most of the sky. the geminids are one of astronomy ’ s big mysteries. most meteor showers come from comets, but not the contrary geminids. instead, they come from an asteroid named phaethon, which acts nothing like an asteroid and has confounded astronomers because such a brilliant and huge meteor shower should not be able to arise from this particular asteroid. and there ’ s more magic waiting for sky watchers in december, ruby said. on dec. 20, the night before the winter solstice ’ s full moon of dec. 21, a full lunar eclipse will be visible from the eastern sierra. but that ’ s another story for next week.


a risk factor is anything that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to develop alcoholism with or without the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing alcoholism. if you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. the following factors can increase your risk of alcoholism : alcohol abuse is five times more frequent in men than in women. men are more likely to be binge drinkers and alcoholics than women. however, the incidence of alcoholism in women has been on the rise in the past 30 years. women tend to become alcoholics later in life than men, but the condition has a faster progression in women. alcoholism tends to run in families. this has led researchers to conclude that a genetic predisposition to developing alcohol abuse problems may exist. the rate of alcoholism in men with no alcoholic parents is approximately 11 %. for men with one alcoholic parent, the rate of alcoholism is approximately 30 %. a family history of alcoholism is also seen in women, although the link is somewhat weaker. some studies suggest that genetic factors affecting the way people ’ s bodies process and respond to alcohol may also influence an individual ’ s risk of becoming an alcoholic. alcoholism is clearly more of a problem in some cultures than in others. for example, rates of alcoholism are high in europe and the united states where alcohol consumption is common and socially acceptable. in american culture, alcohol is often used as a social lubricant and a means of reducing tension. in religious groups, such as mormons or muslims who abstain from drinking alcohol, the incidence of alcoholism is minimal. higher rates of alcohol abuse and alcoholism are also related to peer pressure and easy access to alcohol. researchers have found that certain psychological factors increase an individual ’ s risk for alcohol abuse and alcoholism. these factors include having high self - expectations, having a low frustration tolerance, feeling inadequate and unsure of one ' s roles, needing an inordinate amount of praise and reassurance, and having a tendency to be impulsive and aggressive. researchers have found high rates of alcohol abuse disorders among people with anxiety disorders, depression, antisocial and other personality disorders, schizophrenia, and other substance abuse disorders, such as smoking and illicit drug use. people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also have a higher rate of alcoholism ( and other substance use disorders ), as do those with post - traumatic stress disorder. - reviewer : rosalyn carson - dewitt, md -


the quick 10 : 10 amazing discoveries by kids it ’ s all over the news the past couple of days : some astronomers spend a lifetime looking for a supernova, but a 10 - year - old - girl found one on her first try. here ’ s kathryn gray ’ s story and the stories of nine other talented ( or lucky ) kids who have made important discoveries at shockingly young ages. 1. kathryn gray was checking out some images her dad had taken on new year ’ s eve, comparing them to previous pictures of the same location to see if anything had changed. spotting a difference, she asked her dad if she had found a supernova. he told her it looked pretty good and sent the images off to be analyzed. it was confirmed the next day, making miss gray ( whose middle name is aurora, by the way ) the youngest person to ever discover a supernova. 2. matthew berger ’ s dad was working on an archaeological dig in south africa last april and brought nine - year - old matthew along for the ride. perhaps bored with his dad ’ s digging, matthew wandered about 15 yards away to do a little investigating of his own – and discovered the collarbone of a little boy roughly two million years older than him. it ended up being one of the most complete sets ever found, with another amazingly intact set believed to be the boy ’ s mother discovered right next to it. 3. some people dream of discovering a cache of ancient doubloons buried in the sand – this toddler actually did it. so it wasn ’ t exactly doubloons on a beach, but it was a 500 - year - old pendant worth about $ 4 million in a british field. james hyatt and his dad were out messing around with metal detectors in a field when james ’ detector “ went beep beep beep ” ( his words ), uncovering the rare find. 4. sometimes a nature walk turns up more than leaves and bugs. that was the case in 2009, when a preschooler in maynard, mass., was looking for cool rocks and found himself a plummet instead. archaeologists believe plummets were once used about 4, 000 years ago to weigh down fishing nets. marshall, the five - year - old who found it, was pretty impressed with its age : “ it ’ s like 70 years old. i wasn ’ t there. … [ maybe ] when they had it, there were dinosaurs and volcanoes! ” 5. most 15 - year - old boys are thinking about girls and


impressed with its age : “ it ’ s like 70 years old. i wasn ’ t there. … [ maybe ] when they had it, there were dinosaurs and volcanoes! ” 5. most 15 - year - old boys are thinking about girls and driver ’ s licenses … and ok, 15 - year - old tony hansberry probably thinks of those too, but when he ’ s not, he ’ s discovering a medical technique to make hysterectomies less invasive. hansberry, a student at the darnell cookman school of the medical arts, found a way to do post - surgery stitching that would lessen the chance of harm or risk to the patient. 6. chlorofluorocarbons ( cfcs ) are bad news for the environment. luckily, 13 - year - old larry caduada is on the case. in 2006, larry found that a substance in celery called selinene that can be used as a coolant instead of the environmentally - unfriendly freon. he even published a paper about it called " selinene : an organic alternative to chlorofluorocarbon as coolant and refrigerant. ” 7. giving kathryn gray competition in the astronomical discovery category is shay bloxton. although shay is about five years older, her 2010 discovery of a pulsar is still pretty impressive. the high school sophomore was participating in a program with the national radio astronomy observatory when she found the pulsar. and that ’ s not the only amazing discovery to come out of the program – in 2009, another high school student found a rotating radio transient, an object similar to a pulsar. 8. five - year - old emelia fawbert was helping her dad at an excavation a couple of years ago when she turned up a vertebra bigger than her head. although the excavation turned up a couple of other bones as well, emelia ’ s was the best. it once belonged to a giant rhinoceros that roamed the gloucestershire area of england about 50, 000 years ago. 9. kids find bugs every day, but the furry moth little katie dobbins found on the windowsill in her house was no ordinary moth - it was an euonymus leaf notcher, native to asia. that may not seem unusual until you hear that katie lives in the u. k. where the moth had never been sighted before. six - year - old katie was said to have been very excited about all of the hub


vn _ lock ( 9 ) bsd kernel manual vn _ lock ( 9 ) vn _ lock - acquire the vnode lock # include < sys / types. h > # include < sys / vnode. h > int vn _ lock ( struct vnode * vp, int flags, struct proc * p ) ; the vn _ lock ( ) function is used to acquire the vnode lock. certain file system operations require that the vnode lock be held when they are called. see sys / kern / vnode _ if. src for more details. the vn _ lock ( ) function must not be called when the vnode ' s reference count is zero. instead, the vget ( ) function should be used. the flags argument may contain the following flags : lk _ retry return the vnode even if it has been reclaimed. lk _ interlock must be set if the caller owns the vnode interlock. lk _ nowait don ' t wait if the vnode lock is held by someone else ( may still wait on reclamation lock on or in - terlock ). must not be used with lk _ retry. lk _ exclusive acquire an exclusive lock. lk _ shared acquire a shared lock. the vn _ lock ( ) function can sleep. the vn _ lock ( ) releases the vnode inter - lock before exit. upon successful completion, a value of 0 is returned. otherwise, one of the following errors is returned. [ enoent ] the vnode has been reclaimed and is dead. this error is only returned if the lk _ retry flag is not passed. [ ebusy ] the lk _ nowait flag was set and vn _ lock ( ) would have slept. the locking discipline is bizarre. many vnode operations are passed locked vnodes on entry but release the lock before they exit. discussions with kirk mckusick indicate that locking discipline evolved out of the pre - vfs way of doing inode locking. in addition, the current locking dis - cipline may actually save lines of code, esp. if the number of file sys - tems is fewer than the number of call sites. however, the vfs interface would require less wizardry if the locking discipline were simpler. the locking discipline is used in some places to attempt to make a series


the number of file sys - tems is fewer than the number of call sites. however, the vfs interface would require less wizardry if the locking discipline were simpler. the locking discipline is used in some places to attempt to make a series of operations atomic ( e. g., permissions check + operation ). this does not work for non - local file systems that do not support locking ( e. g., nfs ). are vnode locks even necessary? the security checks can be moved into the individual file systems. each file system can have the responsibility of ensuring that vnode operations are suitably atomic. the lk _ nowait flag does prevent the caller from sleeping. the locking discipline as it relates to shared locks has yet to be de - fined. miros bsd # 10 - current march 9, 2001 1 generated on 2013 - 04 - 27 00 : 20 : 00 by $ miros : src / scripts / roff2htm, v 1. 77 2013 / 01 / 01 20 : 49 : 09 tg exp $ these manual pages and other documentation are copyrighted by their respective writers ; their source is available at our cvsweb, anoncvs, and other mirrors. the rest is copyright © 2002 ‒ 2013 the miros project, germany. this product includes material provided by thorsten glaser. this manual page ’ s html representation is supposed to be valid xhtml / 1. 1 ; if not, please send a bug report – diffs preferred.


the fair sex white women and racial patriarchy in the early american republic publication year : 2001 choice outstanding academic title 2002 once the egalitarian passions of the american revolution had dimmed, the new nation settled into a conservative period that saw the legal and social subordination of women and non - white men. among the founders who brought the fledgling government into being were those who sought to establish order through the reconstruction of racial and gender hierarchies. in this effort they enlisted “ the fair sex, ” — white women. politicians, ministers, writers, husbands, fathers and brothers entreated anglo - american women to assume responsibility for the nation ' s virtue. thus, although disfranchised, they served an important national function, that of civilizing non - citizen. they were encouraged to consider themselves the moral and intellectual superiors to non - whites, unruly men, and children. these white women were empowered by race and ethnicity, and class, but limited by gender. and in seeking to maintain their advantages, they helped perpetuate the system of racial domination by refusing to support the liberation of others from literal slavery. schloesser examines the lives and writings of three female political intellectuals — ; mercy otis warren, abigail smith adams, and judith sargent murray — ; each of whom was acutely aware of their tenuous position in the founding era of the republic. carefully negotiating the gender and racial hierarchies of the nation, they at varying times asserted their rights and demurred to male governance. in their public and private actions they represented the paradigm of racial patriarchy at its most complex and its most conflicted. published by : nyu press download pdf ( 24. 0 kb ) download pdf ( 34. 2 kb ) the fair sex : white women and racial patriarchy in the early american republic stems from my dissertation, a feminist interpretation of the american founding ( 1994 ). in my dissertation, i applied carole pateman ’ s theory of modern patriarchy from the sexual contract to the historical case of the american founding. i viewed the american... download pdf ( 27. 3 kb ) i would like to acknowledge and thank the many persons who provided support that enabled me to complete the book. joan hoff believed in my project from the start, and stood behind me for ten years. carole pateman read my early work on patriarchy and the american founding and gave her encouragement. sheila skemp graciously shared her... 1. race, gender, and woman citizenship in the american


stood behind me for ten years. carole pateman read my early work on patriarchy and the american founding and gave her encouragement. sheila skemp graciously shared her... 1. race, gender, and woman citizenship in the american founding download pdf ( 50. 6 kb ) scholarly debates on the american founding have only recently begun to put gender and race at the center of analysis. the field of american political thought, established and dominated by white male historians and political theorists, has centered on republicanism since the 1960s. with some notable exceptions, few works in the field have analyzed the... 2. toward a theory of racial patriarchy download pdf ( 133. 6 kb ) republics, ancient and modern, are built on hierarchy. in plato ’ s republic, socrates concedes to his followers that to implement his scheme of republicanism, a “ noble falsehood ” will have to be told to persuade all members of society to accept their prescribed roles within the hierarchy that undergirds his ideal state. in this “ myth of the metals, ” hierarchy is naturalized metaphorically... 3. the ideology of the “ fair sex ” download pdf ( 104. 3 kb ) the theory of racial patriarchy suggests that white women were ambiguously positioned in the hierarchy of gender and race relative to white men and nonwhite persons of both sexes. this ambiguity was neither happenstance nor inexplicable, but culturally produced through discourses on the “ fair sex ” which circulated through letters... 4. the philosopher queen and the u. s. constitution : mercy otis warren as a reluctant signatory download pdf ( 106. 9 kb ) when we think about american founders, we think about famous men, like thomas jefferson, george washington, james madison, john adams, and alexander hamilton, who were active in the movement for independence, the framing of the constitution, and as executives in early administrations. although most american government textbooks include a section... 5. from revolution to racial patriarchy : the political pragmatism of abigail adams download pdf ( 130. 3 kb ) the most remarkable thing about abigail adams as a political thinker is that she completely reversed her political principles within two decades. during the mid - 1770s, as hostilities intensified between england and the colonies, abigail supported american independence. at that time she spoke the language of the enlightenment. noting the ramifications of a universalized human being with natural... 6. gleaning a self between the lines : judith sargent murray


and the colonies, abigail supported american independence. at that time she spoke the language of the enlightenment. noting the ramifications of a universalized human being with natural... 6. gleaning a self between the lines : judith sargent murray and the american enlightenment download pdf ( 112. 4 kb ) does judith sargent murray reproduce the orthodoxy of fair sex ideology for mass consumption, to avoid persecution for her radicalism? or does she do it because ultimately, she desires domination? can we even speak of murray as a unified self with a coherent political strategy? who was judith sargent murray, and why have her writings been so... download pdf ( 36. 8 kb ) at times they have maximized both identifications, viewing themselves as the moral equals of white men, yet unjustly oppressed, like the slave or disfranchised other. this dual identification works as a strategy to criticize hierarchical relations that unjustly privilege white men and oppress women and minorities. sarah and angelina grimke ’ s observations... download pdf ( 38. 1 kb ) it is fashionable for politicians and political strategists to refer to the founding fathers to justify their own political agendas. these agendas often include a subtle reification of the values and hierarchies that were in place in the late eighteenth century. i wrote the fair sex to uncover these hierarchies and to present the political thought of three anglo - american women in that context. in the... download pdf ( 33. 6 kb ) download pdf ( 92. 0 kb ) download pdf ( 60. 0 kb ) download pdf ( 42. 0 kb ) about the author download pdf ( 14. 2 kb ) pauline schloesser received a ph. d. from indiana university in 1994, specializing in political theory, women ’ s studies, and american politics. she has taught at indiana university, depauw university, and iowa state university. currently she serves as associate professor... page count : 256 publication year : 2001


nuggets are large masses of gold found in soil and stream beds, known broadly as alluvial deposits. while nuggets have been found on many goldfields around the world, those from victoria were particularly large and abundant. from the time of the first goldrushes in the early 1850s, the discovery of a large nugget generated such excitement that news spread far and wide. thousands of people from around the world migrated to victoria, dreaming of making their fortunes on goldfields dripping, so they hoped, with nuggets. pride of australia nugget. d. 25. 23source : museum victoria no one knows how many nuggets were found. during the late 1800s, the mines department compiled an official list of discoveries and also made models of some of the large nuggets. by the time the reporting system ceased in about 1910, 1300 nuggets over 20 ounces had been recorded. however, almost certainly many more nuggets were found than were recorded, as many discoverers avoided publicity for fear of being robbed. none of the large nuggets found during the goldrushes survived, as all were quickly melted down. today, fossickers with metal detectors still find large nuggets – those that the original diggers missed – on the victorian goldfields. while there are several theories for the origin of nuggets, the evidence points conclusively to them coming from the gold - bearing quartz reefs. many big alluvial nuggets contain lumps of quartz, or show imprints of quartz crystals enclosed by the gold as it crystallised in cavities in the reefs. why large masses should suddenly crystallise is not completely understood. however, it has something to do with conditions in the surrounding rocks changing the solubility of gold in the warm water that had dissolved it in huge amounts and carried it up from deep in the crust. in some goldmines, large slugs of gold were found where quartz reefs cut particular layers in the surrounding sedimentary strata. these layers became known as ‘ indicators ’ and were actively sought out by the early miners. over millions of years of erosion, the landscape was worn down, exposing the quartz reefs and the enclosed gold. gradually, weathering caused the reefs to disintegrate, freeing the lumps of gold. these moved into the soil, then down slope into the nearest stream. victorian nuggets are rich in gold, with most being at least 95 % gold, or about 23 carats.


disintegrate, freeing the lumps of gold. these moved into the soil, then down slope into the nearest stream. victorian nuggets are rich in gold, with most being at least 95 % gold, or about 23 carats. the remainder is mostly made up of silver dissolved in the gold. the composition of the nuggets is very similar to the composition of gold found directly in the quartz reefs. the welcome stranger, found near moliagul in 1869, is the biggest known nugget, containing 2300 ounces of gold. welcome stranger nugget. d. 25. 24 source : museum victoria the welcome, from bakery hill at ballarat in 1858, contained 2200 ounces. the 1743 - ounce blanche barkly, found at kingower in 1857, the 1600 - ounce precious, found near rheola in 1871, and the 1110 - ounce viscount canterbury, found in 1871, also at rheola, were other big finds. in the 20th century, the largest known nugget found with a metal detector was the hand of faith, containing 870 ounces, from kingower in 1980. hand of faith nugget. d. 25. 19 source : museum victoria the museum has only one nugget, the 50 ounce bunyip, ploughed up near bridgewater in the early 1970s. however, it has the historical collection of gold nugget models made by the department of mines, as well as models of recently discovered nuggets. terry f. potter, 1999. the welcome stranger. hi bruce. thanks for your enquiry. we have not been able to find any reference to one of the largest gold nuggets found by tram workmen in melbourne, ballarat or bendigo. it is not mentioned in the list of the biggest nuggets above, nor in this website, which discusses some of the gold finds in melbourne. you may also be able to contact ballarat & bendigo historical societies and museums to see if they know anything about the story. we love receiving comments, but can ’ t always respond. hi there! we asked our geology expert, who says that it is a complex question and depends on the state you are in, and the status of the land in question. you can try the prospectors and miners association of victoria as a good starting point for research about the ownership of gold nuggets. hi omega. it might be possible for one of our mineralogists to look at an image of the gold