take note of it? i will even make a way in the waste land, and rivers in the dry country. ( bbe ) continued... note ( 129 occurrences )... 12. ( n. ) a written or printed paper acknowledging a debt, and promising payment ; as, a promissory note ; a note of hand ; a negotiable note. 13.... biblethesaurus. com / n / note. htm - 37k turn ( 963 occurrences )... 37. ( n. ) monthly courses ; menses. 38. ( n. ) an embellishment or grace ( marked thus, / ), commonly consisting of the principal note, or that on which the turn is... biblethesaurus. com / t / turn. htm - 41k point ( 106 occurrences )... 14. ( n. ) a dot or mark distinguishing or characterizing certain tones or styles ; as, points of perfection, of augmentation, etc. ; hence, a note ; a tune. 15.... biblethesaurus. com / p / point. htm - 40k wood ( 226 occurrences )... matthew 7 : 3 and why do you take note of the grain of dust in your brother ' s eye, but take no note of the bit of wood which is in your eye? ( bbe ).... biblethesaurus. com / w / wood. htm - 42k dust ( 182 occurrences )... matthew 7 : 3 and why do you take note of the grain of dust in your brother ' s eye, but take no note of the bit of wood which is in your eye? ( bbe niv ).... biblethesaurus. com / d / dust. htm - 43k wealthy ( 22 occurrences )... poor, and cursed are the rich " finds no countenance in the scriptures, for luke 6 : 20, 24 refers to concrete conditions ( disciples and persecutors ; note the " ye... biblethesaurus. com / w / wealthy. htm - 17k wealth ( 340 occurrences )... poor, and cursed are the rich " finds no countenance in the scriptures, for luke 6 : 20, 24 refers to concrete conditions ( disciples and persecutors ; note the " ye... biblethesaurus. com / w / wealth. htm - 40k turtledove


. sugkoinoneo - - to have fellowship with... 4790 ( from 4862, " identified " and 2841, " share in " ) - - properly, share by partaking ; to participate because with someone ( ie " deeply, " note the ).... / / strongsnumbers. com / greek2 / 4790. htm - 7k 587. apodektos - - acceptable 7559. rasham - - to inscribe, note... 587 ( ) looks back to the that prompts the glad receiving ( note the prefix, ). for the believer, this is god himself ( his grace ). see 588 ( ).... / / strongsnumbers. com / greek2 / 587. htm - 7k... rasham. 7560 > >. to inscribe, note. transliteration : rasham phonetic spelling : ( raw - sham ' ) short definition : inscribed.... note. a primitive root ; to record - - note... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 7559. htm - 5k 2710. chaqaq - - to cut in, inscribe, decree... appoint, decree, governor, grave, lawgiver, note, portray, print,. a primitive root ; properly, to hack, ie engrave ( judges 5 : 14, to... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 2710. htm - 6k 3045. yada - - to know... 5 ), recognize ( 2 ), recognized ( 1 ), regard ( 1 ), satisfied * ( 1 ), seems ( 1 ), show ( 3 ), shown ( 1 ), skillful ( 3 ), sure ( 1 ), take knowledge ( 1 ), take note ( 1 ), take... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 3045. htm - 8k 6969. qonen - - to chant an elegy or dirge... lament, mourning woman. a primitive root ; to strike a musical note, ie chant or wail ( at a funeral ) - - lament, mourning woman. < < 6968, 6969. qonen. 6970 > >.... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2


chant or wail ( at a funeral ) - - lament, mourning woman. < < 6968, 6969. qonen. 6970 > >.... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 6969. htm - 6k 8104. shamar - - to keep, watch, preserve... 1 ), regard ( 3 ), regards ( 2 ), remains ( 1 ), reserved ( 1 ), secured ( 1 ), sentries ( 1 ), spare ( 1 ), spies ( 1 ), take care ( 1 ), take heed ( 5 ), take note ( 1 ), take... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 8104. htm - 7k 2689. chatsotsrah - - ( an ancient ) trumpet... trumpeter. by reduplication from chatsar ; a trumpet ( from its sundered or quavering note ) - - trumpet ( - er ). see hebrew chatsar. < < 2688, 2689. chatsotsrah. 2690... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 2689. htm - 6k 6485. paqad - - to attend to, visit, muster, appoint... 1 ), sought ( 1 ), suffer ( 1 ), summoned ( 1 ), supervisors ( 1 ), surely take care ( 3 ), take care ( 1 ), take notice ( 1 ), took a census ( 1 ), took note ( 1 ), untouched * ( 1... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 6485. htm - 7k 5234. nakar - - to regard, recognize... partial * ( 1 ), partiality * ( 3 ), perceived ( 1 ), point ( 1 ), recognize ( 7 ), recognized ( 8 ), regard ( 1 ), regards ( 2 ), show ( 3 ), take notice ( 1 ), took note ( 1 ), took... / / strongsnumbers. com / hebrew2 / 5234. htm - 6k... note. papyrus br. mus. cclx. is a poll - tax register of ad. 72 - 3, based on the household - enrollment of 61 - 2 ; and references to older... / / christianbookshelf. org


. papyrus br. mus. cclx. is a poll - tax register of ad. 72 - 3, based on the household - enrollment of 61 - 2 ; and references to older... / / christianbookshelf. org / ramsay / was christ born in bethlehem / note. htm... dionysius the areopagite, on divine names. note. ignatius. " my love is crucified. ". upon this passage i differ from all the commentators that i know.... / / christianbookshelf. org / dionysius / dionysis on divine names / note. htm... note. there is a passage in an old writer which throws so much light on some points mentioned in this paper, that i make no excuse... /... / ryle / the upper room being a few truths for the times / note. htm... book iv. note. [ on p. 43 supra i omitted to direct attention to the desirable enlargement of note 3 by a reference to homer ' s hymn... / / christianbookshelf. org / hippolytus / the refutation of all heresies / note. htm... hymns. book 3. prepared for the lord ' s supper. note. i cannot persuade myself to put a full period to these divine hymns, till i... / / christianbookshelf. org / watts / hymns and spiritual songs / note. htm... note. in the difficult task of translating the de fide orthodoxa " a task made the more difficult at times by the condition of the... / / christianbookshelf. org / john / exposition of the orthodox faith / note. htm... note 1. professor blass in his welcome book, philology of the gospels, 1898... and therefore conform to our rule. note 2. in the acts of paul... / / christianbookshelf. org / ramsay / was christ born in bethlehem / note 1. htm... fragments from his five books of commentaries on the acts of the church. note. it may be worth while to state here, that i have...... note 1. the fifteenth year of tiberius. there are various ways of counting the years... than on other systems. note 2. it is unfortunate that... / / christianbookshelf. org / ramsay


every saturday morning historicist looks back at the events, places, and characters — good and bad — that have shaped toronto into the city we know today. advertisement, the toronto world, january 1, 1909 how do you ring in the new year? a glass of champagne at a party? a round of drinks at a bar? a century ago, torontonians were faced with a vote on how many places in the city they could enjoy a drink at on new year ’ s or any other day of the year. a question on the january 1, 1909, municipal ballot asked citizens if they would support a new bylaw that would cut the number of licensed venues in the city from 150 to 110 in the name of preserving the health and morals of the city. but first, a word from our sponsors … advertisement, daily mail and empire, january 1, 1909 temperance forces, led by local ministers and the women ’ s christian temperance union, had lobbied to reduce the number of licensed venues in the city for several years. a bylaw almost came into effect in 1908, until courts killed it on a technicality. proponents of the new ballot question, backed by most of the city ’ s conservative - leaning papers, felt the fewer opportunities for men to fall to temptation, the better. as the evening telegram outlined in its pre - election editorial, “ license reduction will deprive at least 40 bar - rooms of their present power to form the habits of men and boys who drink when opportunity tempts them, because they cannot walk the streets without being waylaid by the attractions of the bar - room. ” lined up behind the anti - reductionists were the liberal - leaning papers, especially the globe and the world. in its new year ’ s eve editorial, the globe felt that the issue could be settled by not burdening saloons with the need to provide accommodations because barrooms should be totally separated from the hotel business. the world was troubled by the lack of any compensation for the forty unlucky license holders once their livelihood was removed from them. other anti - reductionists argued that the growing city deserved an appropriate percentage of bars and that cutting the number of bars would cut into the city ’ s growing convention trade and its thirsty clientele used to other locales where alcohol flowed more freely. children were tossed into the fray when a parade of sunday school students was used to promote the reductionist cause. youngsters carried banners that bore slogans like “ the barrel or the boy? ” and “ don ’ t kill toronto. ”


freely. children were tossed into the fray when a parade of sunday school students was used to promote the reductionist cause. youngsters carried banners that bore slogans like “ the barrel or the boy? ” and “ don ’ t kill toronto. ” exploitation of children for political gain did not seem to bother the reductionists. the battle reached its peak two days before the election. anti - reductionists held a standing - room - only meeting at massey hall on december 30 that included speakers from both sides of the issue. the crowd waiting to get in was so thick that an overflow meeting was held at another venue. what went down at massey hall that evening was described by the news as … [ t ] he biggest and worst meeting in the memory of toronto. for over an hour the meeting was in the hands of the seething mass of humanity which packed the great building to its doors. the throng, almost evenly divided on the question as issue, refused to hear the speakers. they hissed, they booed, they groaned and on one occasion broke into riotous song. trouble began during a speech by j. h. kennedy, president of the trades and labor council, who based his opposition on the number of jobs that would be lost if reduction passed ( “ we trade unionists believe that license reduction will injure both the commercial and industrial progress of the city. ” ), an increased crime rate as observed in “ dry ” locales like owen sound, and a fear that illegal bars serving poisonous homemade hooch would arise. as kennedy spoke, pro - reduction city controller f. s. spence strolled onto the platform and was feted with a loud ovation. kennedy attempted to resume his speech but cries of “ oh! oh! ” and “ mister spence! ” rang throughout the hall, while spence ’ s female supporters muffs, handkerchiefs and any other easily accessible pieces of apparel. kennedy tried to dampen the spirits of his opponents by noting “ i didn ’ t know that our temperance friends were such a gang of disturbers. you ’ re going to make hundreds and thousands of votes for us. ” as jeering increased, meeting chair a. r. boswell tried to restore order, indicating to the reductionists in the audience that “ as much time as you have cut off our speakers, we ’ ll have to cut off your friend spence. ” the next speaker, anti - reductionist lawyer james haverson, tried to assert calm by noting both sides had the right to speak, though he noted, “ i


cut off our speakers, we ’ ll have to cut off your friend spence. ” the next speaker, anti - reductionist lawyer james haverson, tried to assert calm by noting both sides had the right to speak, though he noted, “ i doubt whether it ’ s well in one building to have half the people thinking one way and the other half thinking the other. in theory it ’ s good, but in practice it seems to be bad. ” the jeers continued. when spence ’ s turn to speak arrived, the anti - reductionist half went into jeering mode. spence failed at several attempts to present his issue, while the speaker set to follow him, anti - reductionist lawyer a. w. wright, stormed off the platform. boswell tried in vain to re - establish order, asking the audience to “ behave like decent citizens. i don ’ t think it ’ s fair that this meeting should be broken up. it ’ s a great meeting. ” massey hall building manager stewart houston rushed to the stage to echo boswell ’ s pleas for calm, which were effective until spence attempted to carry on. by this point, much of the crowd had had enough and rushed to the exits ( some of which were blocked ) or threw paper from the galleries. wright made a brief return and indicated that in the name of fairness, he would not speak until spence was allowed to finish. when the crowd continued to be rowdy, an exasperated boswell asked if there were any police in the audience who could step up to keep order. calm never quite returned and the meeting broke up an hour earlier than anticipated. many of the anti - reductionist speakers made their way to the overflow meeting, where the main disruption was an acknowledgement that devout temperance activist carrie nation may have been in the audience. advertisement, the news, december 31, 1908 election day saw both sides of the issue encouraging their supporters to get to the polls despite cold weather. the mail and empire observed that : [ t ] hroughout the day numbers of carriages and automobiles were to be seen moving about the streets. they were not the conveyances of new year ’ s callers, for the most part, but the vehicles chartered by rival interests to carry their partisans to the polls. the fact that the by - law to reduce the number of liquor licenses was before the electorate, induced a large number of ladies to exercise the franchise on one side or the other. that evening, crowds gathered outside all of the downtown newspaper offices to watch displays of the results


by - law to reduce the number of liquor licenses was before the electorate, induced a large number of ladies to exercise the franchise on one side or the other. that evening, crowds gathered outside all of the downtown newspaper offices to watch displays of the results on election night. mayor joseph oliver won reelection with three times as many votes as his nearest competitor, while temperance forces ensured that pro - reduction candidates won most of the council seats, though spence lost his position on the board of control due to his involvement in a scandal over the building of new electrical power sources. many reduction supporters gathered in the long - gone cooke ’ s presbyterian church on queen street to watch the vote on their pet issue. the mail and empire, who determined that “ the fight was a clean one on both sides, ” provided extensive coverage of that gathering. the crowd was initially upset when the early downtown results showed support for keeping the bars open, but cheers grew as the outer wards voted in favour of reduction, which eventually carried by just under twelve hundred votes. the chairman of what became the victory party remarked that “ the moment the border line was crossed between the non - english - speaking citizens and the enlightened canadians who had the benefit of education along higher moral lines, then the returns showed a striking divergence. ” the “ enlightened canadians ” of the temperance movement built on the momentum of their victory and pressed for further restrictions on alcohol over the next decade until the entire province enacted prohibition in 1916. the decade - long attempt to ban booze proved a failure, with a slow loosening of restrictions underway by the mid - 1920s. the sway of groups like the wctu faded away and torontonians gradually relaxed and enjoyed their drinks without the constant threat of a moral guilt trip. source materials : editions of the evening telegram, the globe, the mail and empire, the news and the world published between december 31, 1908 and january 2, 1909. pro - reduction advertisement from the january 1, 1909 edition of the globe.


in the low country, gullah refers to several things : language, people, and a culture. though not all speak it, most locally - born african - americans in the area understand gullah. more than 300 years old, this rhythmic language has survived, in part, because of the geographic isolation of the people who speak it. gullah ( the word itself is believed to be a version of angola ), an english - based dialect rooted in african languages, is the unique language of the african - americans of the sea islands of south carolina and georgia. descended from thousands of slaves who were imported by planters in the carolinas during the 18th century, the gullah people have maintained not only their dialect but also their heritage. much of gullah culture traces back to the african rice coast culture and survives today in the art forms and skills, including sweet - grass basket making, of sea islanders. during the colonial period, when rice was king, africans from the west african rice kingdoms drew high premiums as slaves. those with basket - making skills were extremely valuable because baskets were needed for agricultural and household use. still made by hand, sweet - grass baskets are intricate coils of a marsh grass called sweet grass. highly prized by residents and visitors alike, the baskets are named for the sweet, haylike aroma of the sweet grass. other gullah art forms can be seen in hand - carved bateaus and gourds and in hand - tied nets used to catch shrimp in local creeks and rivers. nowhere is gullah culture more evident than in the foods of the region. rice, of course, appears at nearly every meal. africans taught planters how to grow rice and how to cook and serve it as well. like many african dishes, low country dishes use okra, peanuts, benne ( the african word for sesame seeds ), field peas, and hot peppers. gullah food reflects the bounty of the islands : shrimp, crabs, oysters, fish, and vegetables such as greens, tomatoes, and corn. watermelons, indigenous to west africa, are grown all over the low country. many dishes are prepared in one pot, similar to the stew - pot cooking of west africa. frogmore stew calls for cooking shrimp, potatoes, sausage, and corn together in one large pot. hoppin ' john - - a one - pot mixture of rice and field peas traditionally served on new year ' s day - - is similar to rice and pigeon peas, a mainstay in west africa. the practices of plantation


one large pot. hoppin ' john - - a one - pot mixture of rice and field peas traditionally served on new year ' s day - - is similar to rice and pigeon peas, a mainstay in west africa. the practices of plantation owners unknowingly helped the gullah culture survive : from praise houses - - one - room houses of worship where christianity was introduced to keep slaves from running away - - came plantation melodies. these songs live on in performances by groups including the hallelujah singers, sea island singers, mt. zion spiritual singers, and ron and natalie daise, all of whom perform regularly in charleston and beaufort. the penn center on st. helena island near beaufort is the unofficial gullah headquarters, preserving the culture and developing opportunities for gullahs. until 1927 or so, st. helena felt little influence from the outside world. blacks retained the land, their language, and their unique culture. many still go shrimping with hand - tied nets, harvest oysters, and grow their own vegetables. nearby on daufuskie island, as well as on edisto, wadmalaw and johns islands near charleston, gullah communities can still be found, though development continues to encroach. a famous gullah proverb says : if oonuh ent kno weh oonuh dah gwine, oonuh should kno weh oonuh come f ' um. translation : if you don ' t know where you ' re going, you should know where you come from.


july 28, 2011 5 : 45 am what does a dead space alien really look like? when the green lantern movie crew, filming in new orleans, needed to know if their special - effects creations were believable, they turned to tulane biologist and longtime science fiction fan bruce fleury for advice. “ the movie ’ s prop people first contacted me to find out what books a space - struck kid would have been reading in the ’ 60s, ” says fleury, a professor of practice of ecology and evolutionary biology. “ when they walked into my office and saw my books about outer space and life on other planets, they said, ‘ we ’ ve found the person we were looking for. ’ ” after meeting with director martin campbell, fleury was pulled deeper into the moviemaking process and was dubbed the crew ’ s “ xenobiologist, ” or expert on alien life - forms. fleury critiqued the model of the dead alien who transferred his powers to the film ’ s lead character, hal jordan. “ i had to view his body while it was still headless and handless, just coming out of the prop room. the question was, does this look alien enough? yes — even without a head it looked pretty alien! ” says fleury. numerous tulane people contributed props and expertise to the movie, says fleury, including the alien autopsy and lab scenes. “ i worked with actor peter sarsgaard to develop his character, hector hammond, a mad scientist, ” says fleury. villain hammond started out mildly enough as a biology teacher at fictional coast city college. the moviemakers decided to make some changes after meeting with fleury, a real - life biology professor. “ they hooked me up with peter, and i had a couple of sessions one - on - one with him, ” says fleury. “ he morphed into a microbiologist, and the lecture that he gave is word for word from a lecture that i give on “ evolution in human health and disease, ” a course i teach. “ i gave him some of my best lines! ” tulane university, new orleans, la 70118 504 - 865 - 5000 firstname. lastname @ example. org


his death was announced last week by yale university, where he was a professor of mathematics. working with james w. cogdell, his main collaborator over a quarter - century, starting in the mid - 1970s, dr. piatetski - shapiro shaped a proof of what is known as the converse theorem, which finds some deep relationships between different fields of mathematics. the mathematical constructs are " quite mysterious, even to mathematicians, " dr. cogdell explained in an interview this week. but the theorem has wide applications, including playing a small but important role in the proof of fermat ' s last theorem that andrew wiles, a princeton mathematician, completed in 1994. " it ' s a very powerful tool, " said peter c. sarnak, a professor of mathematics at princeton. " he made sure it ' s in a form everyone can use it. " born in moscow, ilya piatetski - shapiro became interested in mathematics when he was 10. in a memoir, he said that when he learned about negative numbers from his father, a chemical engineer, he was struck " by the charm and unusual beauty " of the concept. after completing his undergraduate degree in 1951 at moscow university, he wanted to continue there for his graduate studies. despite the strong recommendation of alexander o. gelfond, a prominent mathematician and member of the communist party, the application was rejected. " that was a time of great anti - semitism, " said dr. piatetski - shapiro ' s son, gregory. through gelfond ' s efforts, he was admitted to the moscow pedagogical institute. but in 1952, he received a letter from government officials ordering him to go to kazakhstan to teach high school. his parents, fearing that he might be sent to stalin ' s labor camps if he refused, told him to go, but he decided not to. after about a year, another letter informed him he did not have to report for the teaching assignment. during this time, he produced a proof that asserts that certain sequences of integers defined through the power function contain an infinite number of prime numbers. " it was rather unexpected, " dr. sarnak said. dr. piatetski - shapiro received his doctorate in 1954. dr. piatetski - shapiro also attended seminars at the steklov mathematical institute in moscow, where prof. igor shafarevich influenced his interests toward modern number theory and algebraic geometry. in 1958, he became a professor of mathematics at the moscow institute of applied mathematics, and


shapiro also attended seminars at the steklov mathematical institute in moscow, where prof. igor shafarevich influenced his interests toward modern number theory and algebraic geometry. in 1958, he became a professor of mathematics at the moscow institute of applied mathematics, and in 1965, he gained an additional professorship at moscow state university. except for a short trip to hungary, dr. piatetski - shapiro was not allowed to leave the soviet union. the authorities told him that he would be free to travel if he joined the communist party. he responded that party membership would distract him from his work. he lost his job at the institute of applied mathematics, and even his access to mathematical libraries when he signed a petition in support of a dissident colleague. in the early 1970s, the soviet union let more jews emigrate to israel, including dr. piatetski - shapiro ' s first wife, inna, whom he had divorced, and his son. in 1974, he also applied for an exit visa, but was denied. in 1976, dr. piatetski - shapiro finally received an exit visa. that broke up his second marriage, as his wife remained in moscow. starting in 1977, he divided his time as a professor between tel aviv university and yale. when dr. cogdell was a graduate student at yale, dr. piatetski - shapiro became his thesis adviser. as part of the oral examination, dr. piatetski - shapiro assigned him some assertions to prove. dr. cogdell, now a professor at ohio state, recalled that he thought he had found the solutions. " then i realized there was a mistake, " dr. cogdell said. " his response was, ' very good. ' then i said, ' i know how to fix it, ' and he said, ' even better. ' " dr. piatetski - shapiro is survived by his wife, edith piatetski - shapiro, who lives in new haven and tel aviv ; his son, gregory, of brookline, mass. ; a daughter, shelly shapiro of new york city ; a stepdaughter, niki lipkin of tel aviv ; and two grandsons. as the parkinson ' s worsened, dr. piatetski - shapiro relied on others to record notes and he had more trouble talking. in 1992, he decided to stop traveling, but a year or two later, he changed his mind. " he missed all of the contact and finally decided he wouldn ' t feel better if he traveled or not


notes and he had more trouble talking. in 1992, he decided to stop traveling, but a year or two later, he changed his mind. " he missed all of the contact and finally decided he wouldn ' t feel better if he traveled or not, " dr. cogdell said. his third wife, edith, a mathematician he had met in israel, and others helped him walk. his speech fell to a whisper and often he could not talk at all. for a number of years, when dr. piatetski - shapiro was in a good state, he would phone dr. cogdell, and it would be a three - way conversation with edith repeating dr. piatetski - shapiro ' s words to dr. cogdell and then handing the phone to dr. piatetski - shapiro as dr. cogdell replied. one of the highest honors in mathematics is to be invited to lecture at the international congress of mathematics, held only once every four years, and dr. piatetski - shapiro was invited to speak four times, in 1962, 1966, 1978 and 2002, when he was in his 70s and still " knocking off well - known, longstanding problems, " said dr. sarnak, the professor at princeton. dr. piatetski - shapiro was able to deliver the lecture in person twice - - in 1966 in moscow, and in 1978, after he had immigrated to israel. for the first invitation, the soviet union did not allow him to leave the country and a colleague delivered his speech for him ; the last time, he was too tired to attend, and the address was delivered by dr. cogdell. by kenneth chang published : march 4, 2009 © new york times


today, a global warming progress report. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. when i face questions about global warming, it ' s usually a struggle to point out that the problem must be kept in the scientific domain and out of politics. any of us can fall into the trap of naming whatever political figure we like least, and taking the position opposite to his or hers. with that in mind, let ' s look a a helpful summary article in this week ' s science magazine. it ' s by a group of climate experts from nasa, the scripps institute, and institutes in germany, australia, and france. what they ' ve done is straightforward. first, they graph the increase of co2 concentration, temperature, and sea level, since 1975. each increases a bit more strongly than a simple linear rise. maybe they ' re rising exponentially, maybe not. the changes might not seem extreme. in thirty years, co2 concentrations are up fifteen percent, earth ' s temperature has risen just under a degree fahrenheit, and sea level has risen three inches. the authors also display the most important predictions made back in 1990. it turns out that co2 concentration has risen pretty much exactly as it was predicted. global temperature has risen in accordance with the worst case predictions. and sea level is up 25 percent beyond the worst case predicted. while some other doomsday predictions were far too high, the climate ones were not. so climatologists in 1990 were not chicken little, telling us the sky was falling. none of them overestimated what was happening. in fact, it ' d be easy to look at this and let ourselves become chicken little. one could curve - fit an exponential extrapolation to the data. but extrapolation is no more trustworthy than blindly opposing the we need good analytical predictions. they, in turn, must be built upon a thorough knowledge of weather, chemistry, fluid mechanics, and global economics. the 1990 predictions were pretty good, although somewhat conservative. predictions are better now. to gain just an inkling of the complexity, let ' s look again at rising sea levels. the overall rise reflects the ice - cap melting that we ' re all seeing ( although part of the rise comes from thermal expansion of warming oceans ). but that net value is an average of larger local sea level variations. the tectonic plates, upon which we live, rise and


cap melting that we ' re all seeing ( although part of the rise comes from thermal expansion of warming oceans ). but that net value is an average of larger local sea level variations. the tectonic plates, upon which we live, rise and fall relative to one another. since louisiana and texas are dropping, we see the sea level rising sharply. but alaska is rising, so alaskans see their sea level dropping. new orleans might go under while anchorage remains dry, or rising sea levels might catch up with tectonic subsidence and flood both. in any case, we are faced with climate change and it ' s hard to doubt that we play a significant role in that change. nor can one reasonably doubt the importance of reducing consumption, waste, and emissions, while we look for better information - - while we focus, not on the people we like or dislike, but on the data. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds s. rhamstorf, a. cazenave, j. a. church, j. e. hansen, r. f. keeling, d. e. parker, r. c. j. somerville, recent climate observations compared to projections. science, vol. 316, 4 may, 2007, pg. 709. to see the data, for more on sea level variation, see : and i find this a useful statement from j. e. hansen at nasa : is this relevant? only hard data can tell us. ( photo by jhl ) the engines of our ingenuity is copyright © 1988 - 2006 by john h.


planting and early care of fruit trees prepared by james r. schupp, extension tree fruit specialist, university of maine cooperative extension fruit trees can be an attractive and useful addition to the home landscape. this fact sheet will help you to establish new fruit trees that will provide you with beauty and fruit for years to come. when to plant fruit trees may be planted in early spring, as soon as the frost in the ground has thawed. if the soil is very waterlogged, it is best to wait until it drains. wait until the soil no longer comes up in sticky clumps that stick to the shovel. the climate of new england is too cold for fall planting of fruit trees. fall - planted trees will not have any advantage in growth over trees planted the following spring. fall - planted trees may also be damaged in the winter months by rodents, deer or severe low temperatures. bare - root nursery stock is usually less expensive and will establish and grow well, if planted in april or early may. if you must hold the trees a short time before planting, store them in a cool, shady place where they will be out of the sun and wind. pack the roots in moist sawdust or sphagnum moss to prevent them from drying out. potted or ball - and - burlap trees are preferable for planting dates in late may or early june. digging the hole select a site with direct sunlight. allow enough room between the planting site and buildings, trees, power lines or other obstructions for the tree to fill its space when full grown. tree size varies with different species and the rootstock that the tree is on. the nursery where you bought the tree can advise you as to how much space the tree will need when full grown. fruit trees are tolerant of a fairly wide range of soil types, but the soil should be well - drained, with a minimum of 18 inches of soil above any ledge or hardpan. start by cutting through the sod in a circle that is about a foot wider than the diameter of the root ball. roll the sod out of the hole and discard it or use it to cover a place where you want grass. then dig a hole wide enough to allow the root system to fit without roots wrapping around the edge of the hole in a circle. dig the hole deep enough to allow the tree to be planted with the graft union two to three inches above ground. this planting depth is critical for trees on dwarf or semi - dwarf rootstocks. if the tree is


hole in a circle. dig the hole deep enough to allow the tree to be planted with the graft union two to three inches above ground. this planting depth is critical for trees on dwarf or semi - dwarf rootstocks. if the tree is planted too deep and the graft union is below the soil line, the scion variety will form roots and the tree will become a standard - sized tree. filling the hole what should you put in the planting hole? only roots, clean soil and water! never put any fertilizer in the planting hole. if the soil is poor, you can mix in peat moss or thoroughly conditioned compost before filling the hole. a ratio of up to 50 / 50 peat to soil may be beneficial. trim off any broken or damaged roots before planting. place the tree in the hole, and after making sure that the depth is correct, fill the hole with clean topsoil. it is helpful at this stage to have someone hold the tree straight while the hole is being filled. pack the soil in the hole by gently stamping it with your feet. after the hole is filled, water the tree with two to five gallons of water, poured slowly enough so that the water doesn ’ t run off. care and pruning all newly planted fruit trees will benefit from being staked. this will result in a straighter tree with more growth. staking is especially important for trees planted on a wind - blown site and for dwarf fruit trees. consider a strong permanent stake for dwarf fruit trees. after the tree has started to grow ( in about two weeks ) you can apply a nitrogen fertilizer. apply one ounce of actual nitrogen in a 12 - inch circle around the base of the tree, and make sure the tree is well - watered after fertilizing. all nitrogen fertilizer should be applied before mid - june. late application of nitrogen can lead to late - season growth, and the tree may not harden off in time to withstand winter. watering the new tree is important to help get it started, especially in the first few weeks after planting. a good rule is to apply five gallons of water around the base of the tree every week of the growing season in which there is less than an inch of rainfall. apples and pears are usually trained as central leader or cone - shaped trees. if the tree is an unbranched “ whip, ” prune the stem to a height of 30 to 36 inches above the soil line. this will stimulate the buds just below the cut


are usually trained as central leader or cone - shaped trees. if the tree is an unbranched “ whip, ” prune the stem to a height of 30 to 36 inches above the soil line. this will stimulate the buds just below the cut to grow. the top bud will grow vertically and form the leader, or trunk of the tree. the next one or two buds can be rubbed off with the fingers to prevent them from competing with the leader. the buds that grow out below the top two or three should be retained to form the scaffold branches. remove branches that grow out below a height of 18 inches from the ground. bend the branches that remain to an angle of 45 to 65 degrees from vertical using clothespins, toothpicks or small weights. this keeps these branches from growing so strongly that they compete with the leader, and it stimulates flower production. stone fruit trees ( peaches, plums ) are usually trained as open - center ( vase - shaped ) trees. two or three side branches are selected, and the remainder of the tree is cut off just above the top branch. contact your county extension office for other bulletins on training and pruning fruit trees. weeds compete with young trees for water and nutrients. a weed - free zone should be established at the base of the tree that extends out to form a circle with a diameter of two to three feet. mulch, herbicide or cultivation may be used to prevent weeds. managing disease and insects usually doesn ’ t become a big challenge until the trees begin to fruit. newly planted trees need to be protected against attack by leaf - feeding insects, such as gypsy moths and japanese beetles. inspect the trees on a regular basis to see if there is fresh damage, and contact your university of maine cooperative extension county office for help in identifying and controlling any pests you find. apple trees can become infected with a fungus disease, scab, that damages both leaves and fruit. control of scab is very important when the trees come into bearing. however, in severe cases, young, non - bearing trees can become defoliated by scab. this can stunt the trees and delay fruiting. protect the tree trunk against girdling by rodents. spiral mouse guards, made of white plastic, are a popular and inexpensive option. the white color helps prevent winter injury to the trunk. however, this type of mouse guard should be removed during the summer and re - fitted in the fall to prevent it from becoming a safe haven for trunk - boring insects,


popular and inexpensive option. the white color helps prevent winter injury to the trunk. however, this type of mouse guard should be removed during the summer and re - fitted in the fall to prevent it from becoming a safe haven for trunk - boring insects, such as the round - headed apple borer. an alternative solution is to paint the trunk with white interior latex paint and wrap the trunk with an 18 - inch tall piece of galvanized hardware cloth. this type of mouse guard doesn ’ t need to be removed in summer. deer can cause major damage to young fruit trees by feeding on the developing shoots and leaves in summer, and by browsing the fruit buds in winter. while repellents, such as small bars of hand soap, or small cloth bags of human hair, can deter hungry deer, sturdy fencing is the only long - term solution to possible deer damage. information in this publication is provided purely for educational purposes. no responsibility is assumed for any problems associated with the use of products or services mentioned. no endorsement of products or companies is intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products or companies implied. published and distributed in furtherance of cooperative extension work, acts of congress of may 8 and june 30, 1914, by the university of maine and the u. s. department of agriculture cooperating. cooperative extension and other agencies of the usda provide equal opportunities in programs and employment. call 800 - 287 - 0274 or tdd 800 - 287 - 8957 ( in maine ), or 207 - 581 - 3188, for information on publications and program offerings from university of maine cooperative extension, or visit extension. umaine. edu. the university of maine does not discriminate on the grounds of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, including transgender status and gender expression, national origin, citizenship status, age, disability, genetic information or veteran ’ s status in employment, education, and all other programs and activities. the following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding non - discrimination policies : director, office of equal opportunity, 101 north stevens hall, 581 - 1226. image description : print friendly image description : apples ripening on the tree ; photo by edwin remsberg, usda image description : illustration showing the proper depth for planting


the kyoto mechanisms under the protocol, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. however, the protocol also offers them an additional means to meet their targets by way of three market - based mechanisms. the kyoto mechanisms are : the mechanisms help to stimulate green investment and help parties meet their emission targets in a monitoring emission targets under the protocol, countries ' actual emissions have to be monitored and precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out. registry systems track and record transactions by parties under the mechanisms. the un climate change secretariat, based in bonn, germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions are consistent with the rules of the protocol. reporting is done by parties by submitting annual emission inventories and national reports under the protocol at regular intervals. a compliance system ensures that parties are meeting their commitments and helps them to meet their commitments if they have problems doing so. the kyoto protocol, like the convention, is also designed to assist countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. it facilitates the development and deployment of technologies that can help increase resilience to the impacts of climate fund was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are parties to the kyoto protocol. in the first commitment period, the fund was financed mainly with a share of proceeds from cdm project activities. in doha, in 2012, it was decided that for the second commitment period, international emissions trading and joint implementation would also provide the adaptation fund with a 2 percent share of proceeds. the road ahead the kyoto protocol is seen as an important first step towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize ghg emissions, and can provide the architecture for the future international agreement on in durban, the ad hoc working group on the durban platform for enhanced action ( adp ) was established to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the convention, applicable to all parties. the adp is to complete its work as early as possible, but no later than 2015, in order to adopt this protocol, legal instrument or agreed outcome with legal force at the twenty - first session of the conference of the parties and for it to come into effect and be implemented from 2020. more information on targets


how horrid? july on pace to be hottest month on record the usa is closing in on its hottest month in recorded history. with five days to go in july, preliminary data show that the heat could top records set decades ago : " the warmest july for the contiguous u. s. was in 1936, when the nationally averaged temperature was 77. 43 degrees, 3. 14 degrees above the 20th - century average, " said climate scientist jake crouch of the national climatic data center. preliminary data from the center show the national temperature for the first three weeks of july was 3. 63 degrees above the 1971 - 2000 average. if the heat continues, and after the data are more closely analyzed and more final numbers come in, that would top july 1936. five cities — st. louis, indianapolis chicago, detroit and denver — are all on pace to shatter their all - time monthly heat records. " it ' s hotter here than it is in arizona, " mary dominis complained earlier this month while visiting chicago from tempe. st. louis is seeing some unbelievable heat this summer : on wednesday, the city hit 108 degrees, weather underground meteorologist jeff masters said. " this marked the 11th day this summer in st. louis with temperatures of at least 105 degrees, " he said, " beating the old record of 10 such days in 1934. " there was some relief in st. louis on thursday : the temperature didn ' t break 100. twenty - four people have died from the heat in st. louis so far this summer. through monday, there have been 3, 740 record daily high temperatures set across the nation this month, compared with only 211 record lows, weather channel meteorologist guy walton said. it ' s been unusually hot even in torrid death valley, calif. on july 12 the low temperature at death valley dropped to just 107 degrees after hitting a high of 128 degrees the previous day, masters said. not only did the morning low temperature tie a record for the world ' s warmest low temperature ever recorded, the average temperature of 117. 5 degrees was the world ' s warmest 24 - hour temperature on record. the climate prediction center is forecasting more " excessive heat " in nebraska, kansas, oklahoma, missouri and arkansas over the weekend and into early next week. contributing : the associated press


viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. the enology culture collection, housed in the department of viticulture and enology, is an extensive collection of wine yeast and bacteria from around the world. strains are stored as live frozen cultures. it contains more than 2000 yeast strains and over 200 bacterial strains. recently we have begun to add the important fungus botrytis cinerea to the collection as well. lucy joseph manages the collection, under the direction of professor linda f. bisson with consultation from dr. david mills and dr. r. e. kunkee. this collection has been in the viticulture and enology department since the 1930 ’ s and was originally derived from professor cruess ’ yeast collection in the university of california ’ s fruit products divi...


tsheb nqaj hlau a word from vocabulary white hmong white hmong entries in this field appear in the romanized popular alphabet designed by linguists working in laos and thailand in the 1950s. it is more widely used than any other orthography by white hmong people in the diaspora. for the most part, the values of the symbols are what one would expect ( so < c > is in fact a voiceless palatal stop and < q > is in fact a voiceless uvular stop ), with the following exceptions : 1 ) since there is only one possible final consonant in a hmong word — [ ŋ ] — consonant symbols in word - final position have been used to indicate tones : high level < - b >, high falling < - j >, mid rising < - v >, low level < - s >, mid level < - ø >, falling breathy < - g >, and low creaky < - m >. 2 ) the final [ ŋ ] is indicated by a doubling of the vowel : < - oo - > is thus [ oŋ ]. 3 ) certain symbols have special values : 4 ) in prenasalized clusters, the nasal is always written < n >, even though it assimilates to the following consonant ( npua ‘ pig ’ is thus pronounced [ mpua ] ). additional writing conventions ( users of the rpa orthography differ in these practices ) 1 ) no space is used between morphemes if that is the conservative spelling convention ( dabtsi ‘ what ’, pojniam ‘ wife ’, menyuam ‘ child ’ ) 2 ) a hyphen is used between morphemes if the word a. has an affix ( typically, a prefix ) b. is a phonological unit : the tone of the first word has changed the tone of the second c. is an expressive : the form of each morpheme is dependent on the form of the other d. is a reduplication 3 ) in all other cases, a space is inserted between two morphemes, even if it is judged to be a compound either because the meaning of the whole cannot be deduced from the meaning of its parts, or because the two members of the compound are synonyms. | tsheb nqaj hlau | 1 ) a two - word entry is labeled analyzable derived if a. the first morpheme is a noun class prefix or a reciprocal b


two members of the compound are synonyms. | tsheb nqaj hlau | 1 ) a two - word entry is labeled analyzable derived if a. the first morpheme is a noun class prefix or a reciprocal b. the last morpheme is the chinese nominal suffix txwm c. it is an expressive ( derived by rule ) d. it is a reduplication ( derived by rule ) 2 ) a two - word entry is labeled an analyzable compound if a. no space is used between morphemes in conventional spelling b. it is a phonological unit : the tone of the first word has changed the tone of the second c. the meaning of the whole cannot be deduced from the meaning of the individual words ( even though the meaning of the words seems to be clear ) d. the two words are synonyms 3 ) all other entries of two or more morphemes are labeled analyzable phrasal. this is somewhat arbitrary : for example, pas dej ‘ pool water ’ is called a phrase because does not pass any of the tests in ( 2 ) above, but it often acts as a unit, and is what anyone will give as the equivalent of ‘ lake ’. use of “? ” a question mark is entered in lieu of a gloss for a morpheme or a compound where the morpheme or both components of the compound are completely opaque, such as foom koob hmoov ‘ to bless ’ [ seal / fix +? - good. luck ], where only koob is opaque, or kab laug - sab ‘ a spider that makes a web ’ [ bug +? ], where both laug and sab are opaque. | tsheb + nqaj + hlau [ vehicle + rail + iron ] |


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) approach, attack, plan of attack ( ideas or actions intended to deal with a problem or situation ) " his approach to every problem is to draw up a list of pros and cons " ; " an attack on inflation " ; " his plan of attack was misguided " - s : ( n ) approach, approaching, coming ( the act of drawing spatially closer to something ) " the hunter ' s approach scattered the geese " - s : ( n ) access, approach ( a way of entering or leaving ) " he took a wrong turn on the access to the bridge " - s : ( n ) approach path, approach, glide path, glide slope ( the final path followed by an aircraft as it is landing ) - s : ( n ) approach, approaching ( the event of one object coming closer to another ) - s : ( n ) overture, advance, approach, feeler ( a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others ) " she rejected his advances " - s : ( n ) approach, approaching, coming ( the temporal property of becoming nearer in time ) " the approach of winter " - s : ( n ) approach ( a close approximation ) " the nearest approach to genius " - s : ( n ) approach, approach shot ( a relatively short golf shot intended to put the ball onto the putting green ) " he lost the hole when his approach rolled over the green " - s : ( v ) approach, near, come on, go up, draw near, draw close, come near ( move towards ) " we were approaching our destination " ; " they are drawing near " ; " the enemy army came nearer and nearer " - s : ( v ) border on, approach ( come near or verge on, resemble, come nearer in quality, or character ) " this borders on discrimination! " ; " his playing approaches that of horowitz " - s : ( v ) set about, go about, approach ( begin to deal with ) " approach a task " ; " go about a difficult problem " ; " approach a new project " - s : ( v ) approach, come near ( come near in time ) " winter is approaching " ; " approaching old age " - s : ( v ) approach ( make advances to someone, usually with a proposal


key : " s : " = show synset ( semantic ) relations, " w : " = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) " an example sentence " - s : ( n ) scale, scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series ( an ordered reference standard ) " judging on a scale of 1 to 10 " - s : ( n ) scale ( relative magnitude ) " they entertained on a grand scale " - s : ( n ) scale ( the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it ) " the scale of the map " ; " the scale of the model " - s : ( n ) scale, scale leaf ( a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin ) - s : ( n ) scale, scurf, exfoliation ( a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin ) - s : ( n ) scale, musical scale ( ( music ) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme ( usually within an octave ) ) - s : ( n ) scale, weighing machine ( a measuring instrument for weighing ; shows amount of mass ) - s : ( n ) scale ( an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks ) - s : ( n ) plate, scale, shell ( a metal sheathing of uniform thickness ( such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners ) ) - s : ( n ) scale ( a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals ) - s : ( v ) scale ( measure by or as if by a scale ) " this bike scales only 25 pounds " - s : ( v ) scale ( pattern, make, regulate, set, measure, or estimate according to some rate or standard ) - s : ( v ) scale ( take by attacking with scaling ladders ) " the troops scaled the walls of the fort " - s : ( v ) scale, surmount ( reach the highest point of ) " we scaled the mont blanc " - s : ( v ) scale ( climb up by means of a ladder ) - s : ( v ) scale, descale ( remove the scales from ) " scale fish " - s : ( v ) scale ( measure with or as if with scales ) " scale the gold " - s : ( v ) scale ( size or measure according to a scale ) " this model must be scaled down "


cervical cancer - overview when you ’ re informed, you ’ re empowered. for the complete word on cervical cancer - including information on prevention, symptoms, and how to fight it - explore this reference center. at first, getting the facts on cervical cancer can seem like an overwhelming task. but it ’ s critically important that you understand the disease, your risk factors, and what you can do to prevent ( or fight ) this type of cancer. so, we have broken down our library of facts into smaller, easy - to - understand elements. cervical cancer is a highly preventable form of gynecologic cancer that begins in the cervix. ( the cervix is found in the lower, narrow end of the uterus. it connects the upper part of the uterus to the vagina or birth canal. ) when cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life. every woman has some risk for developing cervical cancer. but certain factors can increase that risk. most instances of cervical cancer occur in women age 30 or older. the human papillomavirus ( hpv ) is the main cause of cervical cancer. it is a common virus that can be passed from one person to another during sexual activity. in addition to genital warts, hpv can cause vaginal and vulvar cancers. and most researchers believe that there are even more cancers possibly linked to hpv. there are over 100 strains of hpv. some are considered low risk, others high risk. it is important to note, however, that while hpv infection is common in women, it rarely results in cervical cancer. other risk factors include : - having multiple sex partners - smoking ( increases hpv risk, inhibits ability to surpass infection, and lessens the effectiveness of treatment ) - weakened immune system ( due to hiv or medication that can weaken the immune system ) - not receiving regular pap tests, as recommended by your doctor, increases the risk of hpv infection progressing into cervical cancer cervical cancer is highly preventable. to lower your chances of developing it, make sure you : - consult your doctor about getting vaccinated for hpv - get recommended pap testing to screen for cervical precancer - follow up with your doctor if you have abnormal pap test results - limit sexual partners - do not smokelast updated on thursday, 04 august 2011 15 : 33


most active stories sat december 17, 2011 william f. buckley, father of american conservatism when william f. buckley burst onto the national scene in 1955, conservatism was a dead letter in american politics. " lots of people thought that it was outdated, anachronistic, prehistoric, foolish, not very intelligent, " carl bogus tells weekends on all things considered host guy raz. bogus is the author of a new biography, called buckley : william f. buckley and the rise of american conservatism. he says that back in the 1950s and 1960s, there really was an established liberal elite in america, which controlled both political parties. buckley set out to change that. as a recent yale graduate, he published a book called god and man at yale, which took the university to task for failing to promote christianity and free market economics. " he collapsed in that book religion, economics and political ideology, " bogus says, producing the mix of ideas we recognize today as conservatism : free - market capitalism, support for american military actions, libertarianism, and social conservatism. " it was buckley who made that coalition. he held within him all... of those beliefs. he was what we call today a neoconservative, a social conservative and a libertarian. " buckley founded the magazine national review to popularize those beliefs and create a kind of conservative intelligentsia that could bring renewed attention and respectability to the movement. to do that, bogus says, he had to marginalize the people he felt made conservatism look bad — the reactionary john birch society and ayn rand ' s atheist objectivists, all of whom he attacked repeatedly in the pages of national review. but both buckley and his magazine held views that did not reflect well on conservatism. though he later reconsidered his position, buckley at first was staunchly opposed to the civil rights movement. " the magazine is, from today ' s perspective, quite shocking in its views about race, " bogus says. buckley became one of the most public faces of conservatism, through both national review and firing line, the public television program he hosted for more than 30 years. firing line featured guests ranging from margaret thatcher to groucho marx, as well as buckley ' s signature slouched and rambling interview style. " it was sort of, how shall i put this, prep - school senior style, " bogus says. " someone


shots - health blog thu october 11, 2012 bioethicists call for privacy protections for personal genomes when a stranger can gain access to someone ' s entire genetic code by picking up a used coffee cup, it presents a whole new thicket of concerns about privacy and security. actually, we ' re already there, though we ' re still in the early stages of what ' s shaping up, after all the years of hype, as a genuine revolution. just take a look at rob stein ' s recent series on the $ 1, 000 genome to see how far we ' ve come and where we ' re headed. a sample of saliva taken from a coffee cup or a q - tip is enough for technicians to reveal someone ' s genes, for better and for worse. reuters ' sharon begley points to easydna, a california company, that ' s already doing ancestry, health and paternity testing on samples ranging from cigarette butts to licked stamps. against that backdrop, the presidential commission for the study of bioethical issues just released recommendations on how the country should proceed along the genomic path. yes, whole genome sequencing may help refine diagnosis and treatment, though there are still plenty of technical and medical hurdles to overcome before that ' s commonplace. between now and then, safeguards are needed before whole genome sequencing becomes widespread, the commission says. in a letter to president obama, the commission chairs say the group, " recommends strong baseline protections for whole genome sequence data to protect individual privacy and data security while also leaving ample room for data sharing opportunities that propel scientific and medical progress. " some specific ideas from the commission : - federal and state governments should establish a " floor of privacy protections covering whole genome sequence data regardless of how they were obtained. " - prohibit unauthorized whole genome sequencing without the consent of the person whose sample is being analyzed. ( hands off my coffee cup! ) - the people who sequence your genome need to tell you up front that it ' s likely there will be potentially worrisome " incidental findings " in the results. so - called incidentalomas are quite common when radiologists scan patients. since everyone has genetic mutations, the whole genome sequences are bound to find something quirky on everyone. when obtaining your consent, the researchers, doctors or commercial genome sequencers need to explain when and how they ' ll tell you about those findings.


letting wetlands disappear life without wetlands? take these important functions away, and chaos ensues. polluted water kills fish. migratory birds abandon the area and either go elsewhere or die out. the disappearance of wildlife eventually leads to people ' s food supplies being disrupted or destroyed and their livelihoods ruined. wetland pollution ultimately brings death and disease to human, plant, and animal communities across the world. a case in point is the aral sea in central asia - the most polluted area of water on earth. once known as the blue sea, it was the world ' s fourth largest freshwater lake. but in just 30 years, it has shrunk to less than half its size and has become as salty as any ocean. as the water retracted and evaporated, it left in its wake 3. 6 million ha of polluted soil that is swept up by fierce storms and dumped on the surrounding land. food is now scarce, infant mortality is on the increase and life expectancy is declining - by as much as 20 years, according to some experts. this ecological catastrophe has been caused by decades of mismanagement and neglect, such as the excessive diversion of water for irrigation schemes, the indiscriminate pollution of rivers that flow into the sea, and the abstraction of vast amounts of water for power generation. the united nations, world bank, and european union are working with concerned governments in an international effort to restore the aral sea ' s ecological balance, replenish natural resources, and deal with public health, water, pesticides, and other urgent matters before it really is too late. watch video of the dramatic evaporation of the aral sea from 1973 to 2001 ( credit : nasa / goddard space flight center scientific visualization studio )


a high - risk pregnancy is one in which there ' s a higher chance of complications. you can lower your risk by avoiding certain lifestyle factors, like smoking, drinking, using drugs, or being routinely exposed to dangerous chemicals. various medical conditions can result in a high - risk pregnancy, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, r - h disease, and severe kidney or heart disease. a woman with these problems will likely experience a worsening of that condition during pregnancy. women with a previous stillbirth, or who ' ve had a premature or low birth weight infant should also be closely monitored. other risk factors include being under age 15 or over 35, having twins, or being three weeks or more overdue. infections during pregnancy pose still another hazard, including rubella, herpes, hepatitis - b, toxoplasmosis ( tox - oh - plaz - moe - sis ), and aids. although pregnancy is a normal, natural state, it puts stress on even a healthy body, due to changes in blood volume, hormone balance, and mechanical pressure. an expectant mother with a high - risk pregnancy may want to select an obstetrician ( ob - steh - trih - shun ) who ' s skilled in handling such complications. finally, some women may not develop problems until labor. for more information on high - risk pregnancy, consult a health care provider.


it might seem to some that the life of the early scotch - irish in america was one of misery, hardship, and persecution, particularly if the lives of those in maine or worcester are our only point of reference. in those places the pioneer had to deal with harsh winters, hostile native americans and an established church which was almost as unfriendly as the church of ireland. if we read the history of the 1718 emigrants in londonderry or chester, pennsylvania, on the other hand, we read of relative peace, established farms, and religious freedom. what is striking is that one group of people who shared a similar past in ireland, and experienced the mutual bond of sailing the treacherous ocean, could experience lives in the new land that were amazingly diverse. after four years of researching this special group, i have come to realize that any limiting description of this ethnic group would be false. they were farmers, grocers, blacksmiths, servants, pastors, ship builders, judges, linen merchants, sailors and fishermen. some were rich enough to pay for passage to america for themselves, and others had to indenture themselves as servants to eke out an existence. researching the people who became the ' melting pot ' of america has to be done with a broad mind and open eyes. c. k. bolton in the scotch - irish pioneers provides a clearer view of their financial status. based on the records from the early boston newspapers, and the writings of cotton mather and thomas lechmere we gain an interesting insight into the financial means of the emigrants. newspaper advertisements clearly show that there was a willingness among the 1718 emigrants to ' rent ' their services as indentured servants. this common practice among their english neighbours was a means to gain financial security, and establish their own independence. usually for the term of seven years, the servant would work for a master, gain some savings, and earn the right to be a freeman and establish a home where he so chose. the newspapers of boston and philadelphia are also full of advertisements showing that seven years was too much time for some of our scotch - irish brethren. unfortunately, later articles do not mention if the runaway servants are ever returned. however, this means of procuring financing on american shores was not the only source of wealth. the 1718 emigrants of new hampshire, pennsylvania, maine and massachusetts were primarily families with the means to quickly establish their homesteads and businesses. one of the primary records for the 1718 group from ireland is the conolly papers in proni


wealth. the 1718 emigrants of new hampshire, pennsylvania, maine and massachusetts were primarily families with the means to quickly establish their homesteads and businesses. one of the primary records for the 1718 group from ireland is the conolly papers in proni [ conolly papers, t2825 / c ]. in august 1718, robert mccausland lists men who have sold their interest in their rented lands and are either preparing for departure or have actually gone to america. these emigrants came from “ two nearly contiguous estates stretching from the waterside of derry city to the mouth of the river roe ”. these papers clearly prove that the 1718 emigrants were generally not the poor and indigent. at least in this first group of emigrants, many of the scotch - irish were well - to - do ; they had sold their lands and holdings and provided the financial means for the emigration of many of their fellow emigrants. thanks to richard mcmaster, and his article in ' the journal of scotch - irish studies ' vol. 1 no. 1 spring 2000 pgs. 18 - 23 ; american researchers can now understand how so many 1718 emigrants came to new england and immediately established homes, purchased land and developed business sites. early american researchers, such as c. k. bolton [ pgs. 132 - 144 ], had mentioned the possibility that the emigrants were reasonably well off ; the lechmere letters described by bolton show a group of emigrants aware of the value of their service, and unwilling to lower their demands for payment, regardless of their status as newcomers. the conolly papers prove that some of the 1718 emigrants were indeed relatively prosperous. back to top


a proven process to develop eq self - science — so named because emotional intelligence grows from the scientific study of our relationships and ourselves — is one of the few comprehensive, developmental, and research - based curricula for creating a school - wide culture of emotional intelligence. daniel goleman studied self - science in one school and wrote an entire chapter of his best - selling book, emotional intelligence, about the concepts. goleman writes : “ self - science is a pioneer, an early harbinger of an idea that is spreading to schools coast to coast …. a list of the contents of self - science is an almost point - for - point match with the ingredients of emotional intelligence — and with the core skills recommended as primary prevention for the range of pitfalls threatening children …. were he alive today, aristotle, so concerned with emotional skillfulness, might well approve. ” he also calls the program “ a model for the teaching of emotional intelligence. ” self - science was first published in 1978 and has been used by hundreds of schools around the globe ; this third edition revises and updates the curriculum to be more teacher - friendly and cohesive with the six seconds model of emotional intelligence. in this kit, schools will find the foundation to build an effective social - emotional learning program. unlike most “ packaged programs, ” self - science is a process with a clear competency model and a methodology that can be adapted and integrated into the classroom and school. with minimal training and support, teachers will be able to learn a practical framework and process for teaching these invaluable social and emotional competencies. when effectively implemented, self - science creates a powerful shift in the learning environment toward collaboration, inclusion, and humanism, which significantly reduces destructive behavior while also increasing academic performance. in one study, 100 % of the teachers said self - science increased cooperation and improved classroom relationships. seventy five percent said after using the program, both violence and “ put - downs ” decreased, plus students became more focused and their achievement improved. self - science is a proven approach to increase social and emotional skills. self - science is also used as the foundation for whole - school improvement projects to create a more respectful, responsible, and resilient school community. rather than telling children what not to do, self - science provides multiple options of what to do. it helps children become more aware of themselves and make more conscious decisions about the ways they think, feel, and act independently and interdependently. nationally and internationally, parents and teachers are increasingly


one thorny question is how to pay for these new technologies. much of the cost may fall on taxpayers. the recently enacted health care bill contains several provisions that may help quicken the adoption of aging - related technologies, including portable digital health care records and tele - medicine. in the long term, though, technology could save money. as people age they often suffer from multiple chronic conditions, requiring a variety of medical specialists. currently, alwan says, few technologies help doctors coordinate patient care. that in turn leads to repeated procedures, unnecessary hospital readmissions and increased costs. " physician a doesn ' t know what physician b has prescribed for the same individual, " alwan said. " that causes medical errors. " the hitech provision ( health information technology for economic and clinical health ) of the stimulus law calls for the creation and standardization of electronic health records. medicare and medicaid will give physicians and hospitals financial incentives to adopt electronic health records and share patients ' information. developers of aging technology, encouraged by such prospects, hope that their inventions will be the next household musts. each year, the american association of homes and services for the aging holds an exposition that attracts thousands to see the latest technologies. alwan is most excited about the exercise coach robot, among the technologies to be unveiled at the los angeles expo in november. a pilot project of the university of southern california and southern california presbyterian homes, the robot will provide older exercisers with coaching to encourage them to remain physically active. eventually, if the concept of an electronic coach catches on, an easily replicated avatar will give instructions from a computer screen instead. even in 2029, however, health care will still involve face - to - face interactions between providers and patients. " these shouldn ' t be considered replacements, " alwan says. the new aging technologies are a way " to increase the efficiency of available professional caregivers, and to provide additional support to the older adults and their caregivers. " nushin rashidian is a fellow of news21, a national foundation - supported initiative to promote innovation in journalism, at columbia university graduate school of journalism. news21 fellow connor boals contributed reporting.


noaa ' s office of national marine sanctuaries has identified the remains of an early 20th century shipwreck in florida keys national marine sanctuary to be those of the british steamship hannah m. bell. information gathered by sanctuary staff and volunteers from the national association of black scuba divers ( nabs ) during a september field survey enabled maritime archaeologists to confirm the wreck ' s origins. " similar to the way detectives use forensic information to solve a crime, we compared the dimensions and construction characteristics of the shipwreck known locally as ‘ mike ' s wreck ' with historic shipping records in order to solve this mystery, says matthew lawrence, stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary maritime archaeologist and project principal investigator. " measurements of the shipwreck and the records for hannah m. bell were virtually identical, as were the reported sinking location and the actual location of the wreck. " according to noaa, the hannah m. bell was a 315 - foot steel - hulled steamship built by ropner and son in england in 1893 and named for the woman who christened it. the hannah m. bell traveled between european ports, the u. s. east and gulf coasts, and caribbean and south american ports transporting a variety of bulk cargos including cotton, sugar and coal. noaa says that no lives were lost when the ship sunk. it was loaded with coal bound for vera cruz, mexico. salvagers abandoned their efforts days after grounding because the ship ' s engine room was flooded and the holds were filled with water. the shallow coral reefs of the florida keys have claimed countless ships over the centuries. according to noaa, the hannah m. bell rests in close proximity to two other shipwrecks — the uss arkansas and city of washington. the hannah m. bell even contributed to the loss of another vessel in 1920 when the u. s. shipping board steamer quoque wrecked directly on top of its sunken remains. please tell us about any errors you find in our stories. copy the page address above before clicking on this link to fill out the form. to simply comment on a story you ' ve seen, email firstname. lastname @ example. org. more > > we take all of the elements of our stories seriously. please tell us about any errors you find. copy the page address above before clicking on this link to fill out the form. if you ' re looking to comment on a story you ' ve seen or read, email that to email @ example. com. more > > 3719 central avenue fort myers


in quantum mechanics quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle - like and wave - like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. it departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic..., the particle in a box model ( also known as the infinite potential well or the infinite square well ) describes a particle free to move in a small space surrounded by impenetrable barriers. the model is mainly used as a hypothetical example to illustrate the differences between classical what " classical physics " refers to depends on the context. when discussing special relativity, it refers to the newtonian physics which preceded relativity, i. e. the branches of physics based on principles developed before the rise of relativity and quantum mechanics... and quantum systems. in classical systems, for example a ball trapped inside a heavy box, the particle can move at any speed within the box and it is no more likely to be found at one position than another. however, when the well becomes very narrow ( on the scale of a few nanometers ), quantum effects become important. the particle may only occupy certain positive energy levels. likewise, it can never have zero energy, meaning that the particle can never " sit still ". additionally, it is more likely to be found at certain positions than at others, depending on its energy level. the particle may never be detected at certain positions, known as spatial nodes. the particle in a box model provides one of the very few problems in quantum mechanics which can be solved analytically, without approximations. this means that the observable properties of the particle ( such as its energy and position ) are related to the mass of the particle and the width of the well by simple mathematical expressions. due to its simplicity, the model allows insight into quantum effects without the need for complicated mathematics. it is one of the first quantum mechanics problems taught in undergraduate physics courses, and it is commonly used as an approximation for more complicated quantum systems. see also : the history of quantum mechanics the history of quantum mechanics, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry, began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries : the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by michael faraday ; the 1859 - 1860 winter statement of the black body radiation problem by gustav... the simplest form of the particle in a box model considers a one - dimensional system. here, the particle may only move backwards and forwards along a straight line with


; the 1859 - 1860 winter statement of the black body radiation problem by gustav... the simplest form of the particle in a box model considers a one - dimensional system. here, the particle may only move backwards and forwards along a straight line with impenetrable barriers at either end. the walls of a one - dimensional box may be visualised as regions of space with an infinitely large potential energy in physics, potential energy is the energy stored in a body or in a system due to its position in a force field or due to its configuration. the si unit of measure for energy and work is the joule.... conversely, the interior of the box has a constant, zero potential energy. this means that no forces act upon the particle inside the box and it can move freely in that region. however, infinitely large force in physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, a change in direction, or a change in shape. in other words, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity, i. e., to accelerate, or which can cause a flexible object to deform... s repel the particle if it touches the walls of the box, preventing it from escaping. the potential energy in this model is given as is the length of the box and is the position of the particle within the box. in quantum mechanics, the wavefunction not to be confused with the related concept of the wave equationa wave function or wavefunction is a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics describing the quantum state of a particle and how it behaves. typically, its values are complex numbers and, for a single particle, it is a function of... gives the most fundamental description of the behavior of a particle ; the measurable properties of the particle ( such as its position, momentum and energy ) may all be derived from the wavefunction. can be found by solving the schrodinger equation the schrodinger equation was formulated in 1926 by austrian physicist erwin schrodinger. used in physics, it is an equation that describes how the quantum state of a physical system changes in time.... for the system is the reduced planck constant, is the mass mass can be defined as a quantitive measure of the resistance an object has to change in its velocity. in physics, mass commonly refers to any of the following three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent :...


can be defined as a quantitive measure of the resistance an object has to change in its velocity. in physics, mass commonly refers to any of the following three properties of matter, which have been shown experimentally to be equivalent :... of the particle, is the imaginary unit in mathematics, the imaginary unit allows the real number system ℝ to be extended to the complex number system, which in turn provides at least one root for every polynomial. the imaginary unit is denoted by,, or the greek... inside the box, no forces act upon the particle, which means that the part of the wavefunction inside the box oscillates through space and time with the same form as a free particle in physics, a free particle is a particle that, in some sense, is not bound. in classical physics, this means the particle is present in a " field - free " space. - classical free particle : the classical free particle is characterized simply by a fixed velocity... are arbitrary complex number a complex number is a number consisting of a real part and an imaginary part. complex numbers extend the idea of the one - dimensional number line to the two - dimensional complex plane by using the number line for the real part and adding a vertical axis to plot the imaginary part... s. the frequency of the oscillations through space and time are given by the wavenumber in the physical sciences, the wavenumber is a property of a wave, its spatial frequency, that is proportional to the reciprocal of the wavelength. it is also the magnitude of the wave vector... and the angular frequency in physics, angular frequency ω is a scalar measure of rotation rate. angular frequency is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity... respectively. these are both related to the total energy of the particle by the expression which is known as the dispersion relation in physics and electrical engineering, dispersion most often refers to frequency - dependent effects in wave propagation. note, however, that there are several other uses of the word " dispersion " in the physical sciences.... for a free particle. the size ( or amplitude amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable with each oscillation within an oscillating system. for example, sound waves in air are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation... ) of the wavefunction at a given position


oscillating system. for example, sound waves in air are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation... ) of the wavefunction at a given position is related to the probability of finding a particle there by. the wavefunction must therefore vanish everywhere beyond the edges of the box. also, the amplitude of the wavefunction may not " jump " abruptly from one point to the next. these two conditions are only satisfied by wavefunctions with the form is a positive, whole number. the wavenumber is restricted to certain, specific values given by is the size of the box. negative values of are neglected, since they give wavefunctions identical to the positive solutions except for a physically unimportant sign change. finally, the unknown constant may be found by normalizing the wavefunction so that the total probability density of finding the particle in the system is 1. it follows that may be any complex number with absolute value in mathematics, the absolute value | a | of a real number a is the numerical value of a without regard to its sign. so, for example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of - 3 is also 3... √ ( 2 / l ) ; these different values of a yield the same physical state, so a = √ ( 2 / l ) can be selected to simplify. the energies which correspond with each of the permitted wavenumbers may be written as the energy levels increase with, meaning that high energy levels are separated from each other by a greater amount than low energy levels are. the lowest possible energy for the particle ( its zero - point energy zero - point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may have ; it is the energy of its ground state. all quantum mechanical systems undergo fluctuations even in their ground state and have an associated zero - point energy, a consequence of their wave - like nature... ) is found in state 1, which is given by the particle, therefore, always has a positive energy. this contrasts with classical systems, where the particle can have zero energy by resting motionless at the bottom of the box. this can be explained in terms of the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, the heisenberg uncertainty principle states a fundamental limit on the accuracy with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known..., which states that the product


the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, the heisenberg uncertainty principle states a fundamental limit on the accuracy with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known..., which states that the product of the uncertainties in the position and momentum of a particle is limited by it can be shown that the uncertainty in the position of the particle is proportional to the width of the box. thus, the uncertainty in momentum is roughly inversely proportional to the width of the box. the kinetic energy of a particle is given by, and hence the minimum kinetic energy of the particle in a box is inversely proportional to the mass and the square of the well width, in qualitative agreement with the calculation above. in classical physics, the particle can be detected anywhere in the box with equal probability. in quantum mechanics, however, the probability density for finding a particle at a given position is derived from the wavefunction as for the particle in a box, the probability density for finding the particle at a given position depends upon its state, and is given by thus, for any value of n greater than one, there are regions within the box for which, indicating that spatial nodes exist at which the particle cannot be found. in quantum mechanics, the average, or expectation value of the position of a particle is given by for the steady state particle in a box, it can be shown that the average position is always, regardless of the state of the particle. for a superposition of states, the expectation value of the position will change based on the cross term which is proportional to if a particle is trapped in a two - dimensional box, it may freely move in the - directions, between barriers separated by lengths respectively. using a similar approach to that of the one - dimensional box, it can be shown that the wavefunctions and energies are given respectively by where the two - dimensional wavevector is given by for a three dimensional box, the solutions are where the three - dimensional wavevector is given by an interesting feature of the above solutions is that when two or more of the lengths are the same ( e. g. ), there are multiple wavefunctions corresponding to the same total energy. for example the wavefunction with has the same energy as the wavefunction with. this situation is called degeneracy in physics, two or more different quantum states are said to be degenerate if they are all at the same energy level. statistically this means that they are


same energy as the wavefunction with. this situation is called degeneracy in physics, two or more different quantum states are said to be degenerate if they are all at the same energy level. statistically this means that they are all equally probable of being filled, and in quantum mechanics it is represented mathematically by the hamiltonian for the system having more... and for the case where exactly two degenerate wavefunctions have the same energy that energy level is said to be doubly degenerate. degeneracy results from symmetry in the system. for the above case two of the lengths are equal so the system is symmetric with respect to a 90° rotation. because of its mathematical simplicity, the particle in a box model is used to find approximate solutions for more complex physical systems in which a particle is trapped in a narrow region of low electric potential in classical electromagnetism, the electric potential at a point within a defined space is equal to the electric potential energy at that location divided by the charge there... between two high potential barriers. these quantum well a quantum well is a potential well with only discrete energy values. one technology to create quantization is to confine particles, which were originally free to move in three dimensions, to two dimensions, forcing them to occupy a planar region... systems are particularly important in optoelectronics optoelectronics is the study and application of electronic devices that source, detect and control light, usually considered a sub - field of photonics. in this context, light often includes invisible forms of radiation such as gamma rays, x - rays, ultraviolet and infrared, in addition to visible light..., and are used in devices such as the quantum well laser a quantum well laser is a laser diode in which the active region of the device is so narrow that quantum confinement occurs. the wavelength of the light emitted by a quantum well laser is determined by the width of the active region rather than just the bandgap of the material from which it is..., the quantum well infrared photodetector a quantum well infrared photodetector, is an infrared photodetector made from semiconductor materials which contain one or more quantum wells. these can be integrated together with electronics and optics to make infrared cameras for thermography. a very common well material is gallium arsenide,... and the quantum - confined stark effect the quantum - confined stark effect describes the effect of


these can be integrated together with electronics and optics to make infrared cameras for thermography. a very common well material is gallium arsenide,... and the quantum - confined stark effect the quantum - confined stark effect describes the effect of an external electric field upon the light absorption spectrum or emission spectrum of a quantum well. in the absence of an external electric field, electrons and holes within the quantum well may only occupy states within a discrete set... the probability density does not go to zero at the nodes if relativistic effects are taken into account. - finite potential well the finite potential well is a concept from quantum mechanics. it is an extension of the infinite potential well, in which a particle is confined to a box, but one which has finite potential walls. unlike the infinite potential well, there is a probability associated with the particle being found... - delta function potential - gas in a box in quantum mechanics, the results of the quantum particle in a box can be used to look at the equilibrium situation for a quantum ideal gas in a box which is a box containing a large number of molecules which do not interact with each other except for instantaneous thermalizing collisions... - particle in a ring in quantum mechanics, the case of a particle in a one - dimensional ring is similar to the particle in a box. the schrodinger equation for a free particle which is restricted to a ring is... - particle in a spherically symmetric potential - quantum harmonic oscillator the quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum - mechanical analog of the classical harmonic oscillator. because an arbitrary potential can be approximated as a harmonic potential at the vicinity of a stable equilibrium point, it is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics... - delta potential well ( qm ) the delta potential is a potential that gives rise to many interesting results in quantum mechanics. it consists of a time - independent schrodinger equation for a particle in a potential well defined by a dirac delta function in one dimension.... - semicircle potential well - configuration integral ( statistical mechanics )


about snowflakes : snow is a form of precipitation. rising warm air carries water vapor high into the sky, where it cools and condenses into water droplets. some vapor freezes into tiny ice crystals, which can attract cooled water drops to form snowflakes. as snowflakes fall, they may meet warmer air and melt into raindrops, unless temperatures are below freezing close to the ground : then we get snow. a snow crystal is a single crystal of ice. it usually forms the shape of a hexagonal prism, but as the crystals grow, branches sprout from the corners, creating more complex shapes. conditions such as temperature and humidity in the atmosphere can influence a snowflake ' s shape. what ' s the forecast : weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. humankind has attempted to predict the weather since ancient times. for millennia people have tried to forecast the weather. in 650 bc, the babylonians predicted the weather from cloud patterns. in about 340 bc, aristotle described weather patterns in meteorologica. chinese weather prediction lore extends at least as far back as 300 bc. ancient weather forecasting methods usually relied observed patterns of events. for example, it might be observed that if the sunset was particularly red, the following day often brought fair weather. this experience accumulated over the generations to produce weather lore. today, weather forecasts are made by collecting data about the current state of the atmosphere and using computer models of the atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve. the american meteorological society, the american mathematical society, the mathematical association of america, the american statistical association and the society for industrial and applied mathematics contributed to the information contained in the tv portion of this report.


can we stop a nuke? from the impossible dream of a space - based shield, missile defense has come down to earth. but will it work? - by ben iannotta - air & space magazine, may 2007 missile defense agency ( page 4 of 7 ) until new sensors are created, finding the real warheads among the decoys requires a shotgun approach : “ if i can ’ t discriminate what ’ s a decoy and what ’ s a warhead, i have to launch interceptors at both of those objects, ” obering says. but in september 2006, the goal was to direct a single kill vehicle to a single target warhead, using upgraded tracking radar at beale air force base in california. the beale radar was built during the cold war to bounce radar waves off incoming soviet missiles with just enough fidelity to tell the president : “ we have a missile and it ’ s going to impact in the new york or chicago area, ” obering says. during the hiatus between launches, the missile agency put engineers and software experts to work installing new computer processors and software to enable the cold war radar to track objects with greater precision. similar work is under way at the fylingdale early - warning radar installation in england, enabling it to track missiles that might be launched westward from iran. new sea - based platforms will supplement the early - warning radars. the more eyes available, the better, say planners. the beale radar upgrades were but one of many technical goals of september ’ s test. an underlying goal was to restore confidence in the missile agency itself. obering ’ s reputation was riding on the 55 - foot - long missile streaking across the pacific, receiving guidance ( he hoped ) from the radar at beale. as the witnesses watched, the red and blue lines of the missile flight paths closed in on each other. suddenly, 23 minutes and 20 seconds into the test, the altitude and velocity numbers froze. through an audio link obering could hear the jubilant reaction inside the fire control room at schriever air force base near colorado springs. “ everybody started screaming, ” he says. “ we knew we had achieved the intercept. ” although obering told reporters that the test showed the united states now had a “ good ” chance of shooting down a north korean missile, marine corps general james e. “ hoss ” cartwright, as head of u. s. strategic command — the man responsible for defending the united states against a missile attack — sounds less convinced of the chances for a real -