between 1700 – 1100 bc, and also in the later atharvaveda, and the brahmanas including aitareya brahmana and shatapatha brahmana. in rig veda, the story of the yamuna describes her " excessive love " for her twin, yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which she does in krishna. the tale is further detailed in the 16th century sanskrit hymn, yamunashtakam, an ode by philosopher vallabhacharya. here the story of descent to meet her beloved krishna and to purify the world has been put in verse. the hymn also he praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities, while the ganges is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant us moksha or liberation, it is yamuna, who being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant us freedom from even death, the realm of her elder brother. she rushes down the kalinda mountain, and verily describes her as the daughter of kalinda, giving her another name, kalindi, the backdrop of krishna leela. the text also talk about her water being of the colour of lord krishna, which is dark ( shyam ). it is mention as iomanes ( ioames ) in the surveys of seleucus i nicator, an officer of alexander the great and one of the diadochi, who visited india in 305 bc, later megasthenes, a greek traveller and geographer, visited india, sometimes before 288 bc, the date of chandragupta ' s death, also mention the river in his text indica, where he described the region around it as the land of surasena. in mahabharata, indraprastha, the capital of pandavas was also situated on the banks of yamuna, it is considered to the modern day city of delhi. there is evidence indicating yamuna was a tributary of the ghaggar river, also known as the vedic sarasvati river in the ancient past and the rivers were collectively known as sapta sindhu or seven streams. it changed its course to east following a tectonic event in north india and became a tributary of the ganges instead. as the it is believed that the sarasvati river dried and it also meant the end of many indus valley civilization settlements, and creation of the thar desert, the ghaggar


north india and became a tributary of the ganges instead. as the it is believed that the sarasvati river dried and it also meant the end of many indus valley civilization settlements, and creation of the thar desert, the ghaggar - hakra river now flows only during the monsoon season. the importance of the ganges – yamuna river basin, and the doab region as traditional the seat of power, can be derived from the fact, in much of early history of india, most of great empires, which ruled over majority of india, until the chalukyas king, vinayaditya, were based in the highly fertile ganges – yamuna basin, including the magadha ( ca 600 bc ), maurya empire ( 321 – 185 bc ), sunga empire ( 185 – 73 bce ), kushan empire ( 1st – 3rd centuries ce ), gupta empire ( 280 – 550 ce ), and many had their capitals here, in cities like pataliputra or mathura. these rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks, in fact ever since the period of chandragupta ii ( r. 375 – 415 ce ), statues both the ganges and yamuna became common throughout the gupta empire. further to the south, images of the ganges and yamuna are found amidst shrines of the chalukyas, rashtrakutas ( 753 – 982 ), as well as on their royal seals, and prior to them, the chola empire too added the river into their architectural motifs. the three river goddess shrine, next of famous kailash rock - cut temple at ellora, built by rashtrakuta king, govinda iii, shows the ganges flanked by the yamuna and saraswati. the goddess of the river, also known as yami, is the sister of yama, god of death, and the daughter of surya, the sun god, and his wife saranyu. yamuna, referred to respectfully as yamunaji, holds a very important position in pushti marga, a sect of hinduism based on the shuddhadvaita, in which shri krsna is the main deity, propagated by vallabhacharya / mahaprabhuji, and having a large following in india. the river yamuna is also connected to the religious beliefs surrounding krishna and various stories connected with him are found in hindu religious texts, especially


in vrindavana five thousand years ago. lord krishna sported daily with his boys and girlfriends in the yamuna river and consequently that river is also caranamrita. " ( srimad bhagavatam 11. 6. 19 ) - " according to the varaha purana as quoted by srila jiva gosvami there is no difference between the water of the ganges and the yamuna but when the water of the ganges is sanctified one hundred times, it is called the yamuna. similarly, it is said in the scriptures that one thousand names of vishnu are equal to one name of rama and three names of lord rama are equal to one name of krishna. " ( srimad bhagavatam 1. 19. 6 purport ) - tons river, yamuna ' s largest and longest tributary, rises in the 20, 720 ft ( 6, 315 m ) high bandarpoonch mountain, and has a large basin in himachal pradesh. it meets yamuna below kalsi near dehradun, uttarakhand. - hindon river, originates in the saharanpur district, from upper shivalik in lower himalayan range, is entirely rainfed and has a catchment area of 7, 083 km2, traverses 400 km through muzaffarnagar district, meerut district, baghpat district, ghaziabad, noida, greater noida, before joining yamuna just outside delhi. - ken river, flows through bundelkhand region of madhya pradesh and uttar pradesh, it originates near village ahirgawan in jabalpur district and travels a distance of 427 km, before merging with the yamuna at chilla village, near fatehpur in uttar pradesh, and has an overall drainage basin of 28, 058 km2. - chambal river, known as charmanvati in ancient times, flows through rajasthan and madhya pradesh, with a drainage basin of 143, 219 km2 and traverses a total distance of 960 km, from its source in vindhya range, near mhow and support hydro - power generation at gandhi sagar dam, rana pratap sagar dam and jawahar sagar dam, before merging into the yamuna south east f sohan goan, in etawah district, shortly theerafter followed by another tributary, the sindh river. the importance of yamuna in the indo - gangetic plains is enhanced by its many


into the yamuna south east f sohan goan, in etawah district, shortly theerafter followed by another tributary, the sindh river. the importance of yamuna in the indo - gangetic plains is enhanced by its many canals, some dating back to as early as 14th century ce by the tughlaq dynasty, which built the nahr - i - bahisht ( paradise ), parallel to the river. the nahr - i - bahisht was later restored and extended by the mughals in the first half of the seventeenth century, by engineer ali mardan khan, starting from benawas where the river enters the plains and terminating near the mughal capital, shahjahanabad, the present city of delhi. as the yamuna enters the northern plains near dakpathar at a height of 790 meters, the eastern yamuna canal commences at the dakpathar barrage and pauses at the asan and hathnikund barrages before continuing south. the hathnikund was built in 1999 and replaced the downstream tajewala barrage which had been completed in 1873. the western yamuna canal begins at the hathnikund barrage about 38 kilometers from dakpathar and south of doon valley. the canals irrigate vast tracts of land in the region. once its passes delhi, the river feeds the agra canal built in 1874, which starts from okhla barrage beyond the nizamuddin bridge, and the high land between the khari - nadi and the yamuna and before joining the banganga river about 20 miles below agra. thus, during the summer season, the stretch above agra resembles a minor stream. the sutlej - yamuna link a heavy freight canal, known as the sutlej - yamuna link ( syl ), is being built westwards from near the yamuna ' s headwaters through the punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the sutlej - indus watershed. this will connect the entire ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west ( via pakistan ). when completed, the syl will allow shipping from india ' s east coast to the west coast and the arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north - central india ' s large population. the canal starts near palla village near delhi, and is designed to transfer haryana ' s share of 3, 500, 000 acre feet


arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north - central india ' s large population. the canal starts near palla village near delhi, and is designed to transfer haryana ' s share of 3, 500, 000 acre feet ( 4. 3 km3 ) from the indus basin. though the state of haryana has completed its portion, punjab is against its construction, and the state legislature passed the " punjab termination of agreement act 2004 ", which declared earlier agreements null and void. the stretch of the river from its origin to okhla in delhi is called “ upper yamuna ”. a memorandum of understanding ( mou ) was signed amongst the five basin states, namely himachal pradesh, uttar pradesh, uttarakhand, haryana, rajasthan and delhi, on 12 may 1994 for sharing of the water of upper yamuna. this led to the formation of upper yamuna river board under ministry of water resources, whose primary functions are regulation of the allocation of available flows amongst the beneficiary states and also for monitoring the return flows ; monitoring conserving and upgrading the quality of surface and ground tatti ; maintaining hydro - meteorological data for the basin ; over viewing plans for watershed management ; monitoring and reviewing the progress of all projects up to and including okhla barrage. flood forecasting systems are established at poanta sahib, where tons, pawar and giri tributaries meet, followed by tajewala, kalanaur, haryana and mawai before delhi, the river take 60 hours to travel from tajewala to delhi, thus allowing a two - day advance flood warning period. the central water commission started flood - forecasting services in 1958 with the setting up of its first forecasting station on yamuna at delhi railway bridge. geography and wildlife the catchment area of the river, especially till its touches the plains, is replete with alpine, semi alpine, temperate and sub - tropical vegetation, and vast areas are under forest cover, and supports extensive animal life. yamuna is the frontier of the asian elephant. west of the yamuna, there are no elephants to be found over 900 km of the western himalayas and their foothills. the forests of the lower yamuna offer ideal corridors for elephant movement. the principal forests to be found here are of sal, khair ( acacia ), and sissoo ( rosewood ) trees, and the chir pine forests of the shivalik hills. in 1909 the waters of the yamuna were distinguishable as " clear blue


be found here are of sal, khair ( acacia ), and sissoo ( rosewood ) trees, and the chir pine forests of the shivalik hills. in 1909 the waters of the yamuna were distinguishable as " clear blue ", as compared to the silt - laden yellow of the ganges. however, due to high density population growth and rapid industrialization today yamuna is one of the most polluted rivers in the world, especially around new delhi, the capital of india, which dumps about 58 % of its waste into the river. causes of pollution. new delhi generates 1, 900 million litre per day ( mld ) of sewage. though numerous attempts have been made to process it, the efforts have proven to be futile. although the government of india has spent nearly $ 500 million to clean up the river, the yamuna continues to be polluted with garbage while most sewage treatment facilities are underfunded or malfunctioning. in addition, the water in this river remains stagnant for almost nine months in a year, aggravating the situation. delhi alone contributes around 3, 296 mld of sewage in the river. the government of india over the next five years has prepared plans to rebuild and repair the sewage system and the drains that empty into the river. to address river pollution, certain measures of river cleaning have been taken by the government ' s ministry of environment and forests in twelve towns of haryana, eight towns of uttar pradesh, and delhi, under the yamuna action plan ( yap ) which has been implemented since 1993 by the national river conservation directorate ( nrcd ) of the ministry of environment and forests. the japan bank for international cooperation is participating in the yamuna action plan in 15 of the above 21 towns ( excluding 6 towns of haryana included later on the direction of supreme court of india ) with soft loan assistance of 17. 773 billion japanese yen ( equivalent to about rs. 700 crore inr ) while the government of india is providing the funds for the remaining 6 towns added later. in 2007 the indian government ' s plans to repair sewage lines were predicted to improve the water quality of the river 90 % by the year 2010. however in 2009, the union government admitted to the lok sabha ( indian parliament ), the failure of the ganga action plan ( gap ) and the yamuna action plan ( yap ), saying that " rivers ganga and yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago " despite spending over rs 1,


indian parliament ), the failure of the ganga action plan ( gap ) and the yamuna action plan ( yap ), saying that " rivers ganga and yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago " despite spending over rs 1, 700 crore to control pollution. according to a cse official, these plans adopted the thames model, based on a centralized sewage treatment system. this meant that huge sum of money and a 24 - hr power supply were needed to manage the treatment plants, while only an 8 - hr power supply was available, contributing to the failure of both river plans. in august 2009, the delhi jal board ( djb ) initiated its plan for resuscitating the yamuna ’ s 22 km stretch in delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about rs 1, 800 crore. in popular culture in 2005, the award winning documentary jijivisha was made on yamuna. - fraser, james baillie ( 1820 ). journal of a tour through part of the snowy range of the himala mountains, and to the sources of the rivers jumna and ganges. rodwell and martin, london. - haberman, david l. ( 2006 ). river of love in an age of pollution : the yamuna river of northern india. university of california press. isbn 0 - 520 - 24790 - 6. - schumann, a. h. ( 2001 ). sustainable regional water management of yamuna river basin : a case study. international association of hydrological sciences ( iahs ). pp. 25 – 32. isbn 1 - 901502 - 51 - 1. - jain, sharad k. ; pushpendra k. agarwal, vijay p. singh ( 2007 ). hydrology and water resources of india - volume 57 of water science and technology library. springer. pp. 344 – 354. isbn 1 - 4020 - 5179 - 4. - hoiberg, dale ( 2000 ). students ' britannica india, volumes 1 - 5. popular prakashan. pp. 290 – 291. isbn 0 - 85229 - 760 - 2. - " ' ganga is the most polluted river ' ". the hindu. nov 23, 2003. - yamunotri temple uttarkashi district website. - nand, nitya ; kamlesh kumar ( 1989 ). the holy himalaya : a geographical interpretation of garhwal - yamuna drainage system. daya books


- yamunotri temple uttarkashi district website. - nand, nitya ; kamlesh kumar ( 1989 ). the holy himalaya : a geographical interpretation of garhwal - yamuna drainage system. daya books. p. 49. isbn 81 - 7035 - 055 - 7. - general outline of rivers in himachal @ webindia123 - sharma, deo prakash ( 2006 ). archaeology of lower ganga - yamuna doab ( circa 1200 b. c. to 1200 a. d. ). bharatiya kala prakashan. pp. 10, 214. isbn 81 - 8090 - 033 - 9. " " doab is a persian word, from do - ab, literally meaning ' two rivers ', or land between two rivers ". " - at the three rivers time, february 23, 1948. - state of river yamuna - macdonell, arthur anthony ; arthur berriedale keith ( 1995 ). vedic index of names and subjects ( volume 2 ). motilal banarsidass. p. 186. isbn 81 - 208 - 1333 - 2. - shiva, vandana ( 2006 ). earth democracy : justice, sustainability and peace - g - reference, information and interdisciplinary subjects series. zed books. pp. 172 – 173. isbn 1 - 84277 - 777 - 7. - chamberlain, gary ( 2008 ). troubled waters : religion, ethics, and the global water crisis. rowman & littlefield. p. 18. isbn 0 - 7425 - 5245 - 4. - dahlaquist, allan ( 1996 ). megasthenes and indian religion - volume 11 of history and culture series. motilal banarsidass publ. p. 386. isbn 81 - 208 - 1323 - 5. - ghosh, a. ( 1991 ). encyclopedia of indian archaeology. brill. p. 214. isbn 90 - 04 - 09264 - 1. - feuerstein, georg ; subhash kak, david frawley ( 2001 ). in search of the cradle of civilization. quest books. p. 89. isbn 0 - 8356 - 0741 - 0. - frawley, david ( 2000 ). gods, sages and kings : vedic secrets of ancient civilization. lotus press. p. 95. isbn 0 - 910261 - 37 - 7. - davis, richard h. ( 1999 ). lives of indian images


david ( 2000 ). gods, sages and kings : vedic secrets of ancient civilization. lotus press. p. 95. isbn 0 - 910261 - 37 - 7. - davis, richard h. ( 1999 ). lives of indian images. princeton university press. pp. 74 – 76. isbn 0 - 691 - 00520 - 6. - bhagavata purana 8. 13. 9 - dimmitt, cornelia ( 1978 ). classical hindu mythology : a reader in the sanskrit puranas. temple university press. p. 329. isbn 0 - 87722 - 122 - 7. - yamunashtakam text and translation - woodward, david ; john brian harley ( 1987 ). the history of cartography, volume 2, part 1. oxford university press us. p. 438. isbn 0 - 226 - 31635 - 1. - upper yamuna river board official website. - rao, k. l. ( 1979 ). india ' s water wealth - flood forecasting system of yamuna. orient blackswan. p. 163. isbn 81 - 250 - 0704 - 0. - negi, sharad singh ( 1991 ). himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. indus publishing. pp. 141 – 142. isbn 81 - 85182 - 61 - 2. - flood forecasting network in india ministry of water resources website. - the ganges and the jumna the imperial gazetteer of india, 1909 v. 1, p. 23. - compare the pollution of the ganges. - pepper, daniel ( 2007 - 07 - 27 ). " india ' s " flush - and - forget " mind - set ". sfgate. com ( san francisco chronicle ). pp. a17 – a18. retrieved 2007 - 07 - 27. - " cag castigates delhi govt over yamuna river pollution ". indian express. april 8, 2000. - daniel pepper ( june 4, 2007 ). " india ' s rivers are drowning in pollution ". fortune ( magazine ). - karthikeyan, ajitha ( september 2009 ). " failure of ganga, yamuna projects.. ". the times of india. - " inflow to yamuna to be cleaned up at last ". indian express. aug 31, 2009. | wikimedia commons has media related to : yamuna river |


- this article is about the canadian province. manitoba is also the former stage name of electronic musician dan snaith, who now goes by caribou. | motto : gloriosus et liber ( glorious and free ) | | other canadian provinces and territories | | lieutenant governor | | john harvard | | premier | | gary doer ( ndp ) | | area | | 647, 797 km² ( 8th ) | | - land | | 553, 556 km² | | - water | | 64, 241 km² ( 14. 5 % ) | | - population | | 1, 165, 944 ( 5th ) | | - density | | 1. 80 / km² ( 8th ) | | admittance into confederation | | - date | | july 15, 1870 | | - house seats | | 14 | | - senate seats | | 6 | | - iso 3166 – 2 | | ca - mb | | postal code prefix | | r | manitoba is one of canada ' s provinces and was the fifth province to join canada ( in 1870 ). its population as of january 1, 2004 was 1, 165, 944 ( manitobans ). it is the easternmost of the three prairie provinces. table of contents manitoba is located in the longitudinal centre of canada, though it is considered part of western canada. it borders saskatchewan to the west, ontario to the east, nunavut to the north, and the american states of north dakota and minnesota to the south. the province has a coast with hudson bay, and contains the very large lakes winnipeg, manitoba ( its namesake ), and winnipegosis. important watercourses include the red river, assiniboine river, nelson river, hayes river and churchill river. the manitoba climate is severe, though the southern latitudes support extensive agriculture. the northern reaches of the province range through coniferous forests, muskeg, and up to tundra in the far north. there is approximately 24, 000 square miles of untouched boreal forest on the eastern side of lake winnipeg, renowned by naturalists and sportsmen for its pristine wilderness. manitoba lies in the path of the arctic trough which funnels cold arctic air south during the winter months. this, in conjunction with the relatively unprotected prairie landscape, makes southern manitoba a harsh climate in which to live during the icy cold, wind swept months from november through march. this has resulted in the capital of the province being nicknamed " winterpeg ". manitoba was settled by members of the


prairie landscape, makes southern manitoba a harsh climate in which to live during the icy cold, wind swept months from november through march. this has resulted in the capital of the province being nicknamed " winterpeg ". manitoba was settled by members of the ojibwa and assiniboine tribes. the first european to reach present - day manitoba was sir thomas button, who visited the nelson river in 1612. pierre gaultier de varennes, sieur de la verendrye visited the red river valley in the 1730s as part of opening the area for french exploration and exploitation. an important french - canadian population ( franco - manitobains ) still lives in manitoba, especially in the saint - boniface district of winnipeg. the founding of the first agricultural community in 1811 by lord selkirk, near modern winnipeg, resulted in conflict between the white colonists and the metis who lived near there. the battle of seven oaks in 1816 saw 20 colonists killed by the metis, including the governor. when rupert ' s land was ceded to canada in 1869 ( it would become the northwest territories ), a lack of attention to metis concerns would lead their leader louis riel to establish a provisional government. negotiations between this government and the canadian government resulted in the creation of the province of manitoba and its entry into confederation in 1870. originally the province was only 1 / 18 of its current size and square in shape – it was known as the " postage stamp province. " it grew progressively, absorbing land from the northwest territories until it attained its current size by reaching 60°n in 1912. - manitoba act - legislative assembly of manitoba - provinces and territories of canada - manitoba cabinet ministers - manitoba hydro - list of cities in canada - list of manitoba general elections - list of manitoba lieutenant - governors - list of manitoba premiers - list of manitoba regions - list of communities in manitoba - list of canadian provincial and territorial symbols - louis riel - republic of manitoba ( 1867 – 68 ) - dominion land survey - red river flood, 1997 - same - sex marriage in manitoba - list of rural municipalities in manitoba - list of manitoba school divisions and districts | provinces and territories of canada |


syllables ( which are a unit of spoken language and nothing per se to do with punctuation or hyphenation ) are generally considered to be governed by something called the maximum onset principle, meaning that a syllable consists of a vowel at its centre or nucleus and at its two edges ( the onset and coda ) zero or more consonants, with the coda first filled with as many consonants as the language in question allows. these are the principles of syllabification and you ' ll find a few corner cases. in english, for example, in a word such as " strengths ", it might be argued that the final - s actually functions as a though it were a vowel, forming the nucleus of a syllable. in a word such as " university ", which intuitively appears to have five syllables, in actual pronunciation it ' s not clear that the " i " really heads a syllable but might in fact get " merged " into the coda of the previous syllable. within a language, different speakers can syllabify some sound combinations differently. for example, to most speakers from england, " film " consists of one syllable ; to most speakers from wales, it consists of two syllables. in spanish, the word " atlas " is probably syllabified " at - las " by a speaker from spain and " a - tlas " by a speaker from mexico. but, barring these occasional corner cases, the principle i ' ve just mentioned holds pretty much across languages and there ' s reasonable consistency and predictability in how speakers of a given language syllabify. then, loosely based on syllabification, are rules of hyphenation. taking something close to " real " syllable divisions as a starting point, in various languages these are then are modified so as not to split up parts of a word that go together as a " unit ", or to avoid " odd - looking " hyphenations. so in " university ", one might avoid hyphenating as " u - niversity " as it looks a bit odd leaving one letter on its own and also splits up the unit " uni - ". the rules might also take account of spelling phenomena which don ' t reflect pronunciation. so for example in english, there might be a rule to always place a hyphen between consecutive letters representing consonants even where phonologically there is no corresponding syllable break, e. g. im - mune ( only one [ m ] is actually pronounced ). there '


might be a rule to always place a hyphen between consecutive letters representing consonants even where phonologically there is no corresponding syllable break, e. g. im - mune ( only one [ m ] is actually pronounced ). there ' s no god - given, universally agreed upon " rules " for hyphenation, but there are preferences of individual editors and style guide writers. and as i say, syllabification is more or less consistent, but not 100 % so. so dictionary " syllabifications " will differ because ( a ) what they are giving may or may not be syllabification in the true sense ; and ( b ) there ' s not necessarily a consensually agreed syllabification or hyphenation. my recommended rules of hyphenation in english : - never hyphenate words. in 2011, what is the real need to hyphenate words? [ * ] - if you absolutely absolutely must hyphenate : just leave the hyphen wherever your word processor puts it. there are more important things in life for you to worry about. ( of course, if you are writing the hyphenation algorithm of a word processor, then you need to care a little more, but that ' s about the only occasion i can think of. ) [ * ] if you ' re writing in a more agglutinative language like german or worse finnish, where you get an average of about 2 words per line of a4, then i would posit that there is more of a case for hyphenation.


project location : hobart, tasmania funding recipients : glenorchy city council total australian government funding : $ 9, 244, 000 ( gst exclusive ) water savings : up to 1500 ml / yr about the project : the project will harvest stormwater from the catchment of derwent park, treated via gross pollutant traps and reverse osmosis, and then used for the irrigation of gardens and sports ovals at the moonah primary school and for industrial processes at the nyrstar hobart smelter. aquifer storage and recovery bores will be used to store harvested water underground during high flow periods. the project aims to substitute up to 1500 megalitres of potable water each year ( ml / yr ) currently used by local industrial and commercial entities and the community. - to reduce up to 1500 megalitres of potable water each year by harvesting, treating and reusing stormwater for open space irrigation and commercial and industrial purposes. - reduce the impact of urban stormwater runoff on water quality in receiving waters. - to provide an educational opportunity to learn about the benefits and uses of stormwater harvested from the local catchment the construction of the project commenced in may 2012 and is fully underway. the project aims to be completed by december 2013. details of the derwent park stormwater harvesting project can be located at www. gcc. tas. gov. au / content / upload / stormwater _ 3281. pdf stormwater harvesting and reuse projects are funded by the australian government ' s water for the future initiative. for up - to - date information about the water for the future initiative.


marko baloh ( 2011 ) analysis of substances impact by labeling food items with rfid tags. engd thesis. in the diploma thesis radiofrequency identification ( rfid ) is used for labeling individual products. it is based on the usage of radio waves. in the supply chain, rfid technology could replace a barcode labeling because it has a lot of advantages like : easier and faster reading on large distances, storing data on rfid tags, identification of larger number of objects at the same time and others. there exist many different rfid systems available for identification that include rfid readers, tags and antennas for capturing data. for its commercialisation in supply chain epcglobal inctm standardisation organization is responsible. it operates under the auspices of gs1 ( the global language of business ). the purpose of rfid standards is to ensure global connectivity of components in rfid systems. the work consisted of introduction and testing of labeling different food products with rfid labels. we divided them into several groups according to packaging forms and ingredients. we tested them in hf ( high frequency ) and uhf ( ultra high frequency ) frequency bands which represent two different options of usage this technology. our goal was to determine the effect of individual materials and to check how they affect on the reading distances. it was discovered that in some cases of products the labeling was inappropriate and is not practicable for the use of rfid tags. actions ( login required )


tangang, fredolin ( 2010 ) climate change : is southeast asia up to the challenge? : the roles of climate variability and climate change on smoke haze occurrences in southeast asia region. ideas reports - special reports, kitchen, nicholas ( ed. ) sr004. lse ideas, london school of economics and political science, london, uk. - published version download ( 548kb ) | preview this paper discusses the smoke - haze episodes in the southeast asia region and how their occurrence can be related to climate variability and future climate change in the region. the haze episode over this region has been an almost yearly occurrence but becomes severe during the prolonged dry period associated with the el nino phenomenon. the longest and most severe case was the episode of september to november 1997 that occurred in conjunction with the extreme 1997 / 98 el nino. this event resulted in more than us $ 4 billion in economic losses to the region and a colossal 93 % of the cost was incurred in indonesia. | item type : | | monograph ( report ) | | additional information : | | © 2010 the author | | library of congress subject classification : | | g geography. anthropology. recreation > ge environmental sciences j political science > jq political institutions asia | sets : | | research centres and groups > lse ideas | actions ( login required ) | record administration - authorised staff only |


how many times have you heard someone say, “ moderation in all things “, “ take everything in moderation ”, or “ x is fine, but in moderation ”? replace x with anything you like : food, alcohol, exercise, sleep, etc. i will now prove to you why this statement is completely meaningless. this statement is what logicians call a tautology. it is obviously true, and therefore saying it is of no value. i will be using some logical syntax, but even if you ignore the equations and can reason a little bit with the text, you should understand. here is our statement : moderation good let us look at the definition of moderation : moderation : n. the avoidance of excess or extremes. in short, it means “ not too much nor too little ”. ¬ ( too - much ∨ too - little ) good okay, so what does “ too much ” mean? too much : an intolerable, impossible, or exhausting situation or experience : the effort proved too much for her. so x is “ too much ” right when having more x becomes bad, a threshold. not surprisingly, the same applies in reverse for “ too little ”. x is “ too little ” right when having less of x becomes bad. ¬ ( bad ∨ bad ) good we consolidate the identical disjunction. ¬bad good do i really need to explain this step? good good add to this the fact that the too - much and too - little thresholds are completely arbitrary and subjective and, therefore, completely different for each person. what i consider to be too much work / sex / fishing / alcohol / television / marijuana / food / running / salt / sleep / volume is not going to be what you consider to be too much. my point is simply this : the next time the words “ in moderation ” are about to come out of your mouth in relation to quantity of consumption or activity, stop and ask yourself if a statement as silly as “ what ’ s bad isn ’ t good! ” would enhance the conversation.


- god ( n. ) - old english god " supreme being, deity ; the christian god ; image of a god ; godlike person, " from proto - germanic * guthan ( cf. old saxon, old frisian, dutch god, old high german got, german gott, old norse guð, gothic guþ ), from pie * ghut - " that which is invoked " ( cf. old church slavonic zovo " to call, " sanskrit huta - " invoked, " an epithet of indra ), from root * gheu ( e ) - " to call, invoke. " but some trace it to pie * ghu - to - " poured, " from root * gheu - " to pour, pour a libation " ( source of greek khein " to pour, " also in the phrase khute gaia " poured earth, " referring to a burial mound ; see found ( v. 2 ) ). " given the greek facts, the germanic form may have referred in the first instance to the spirit immanent in a burial mound " [ watkins ]. cf. also zeus. not related to good. originally a neuter noun in germanic, the gender shifted to masculine after the coming of christianity. old english god probably was closer in sense to latin numen. a better word to translate deus might have been proto - germanic * ansuz, but this was used only of the highest deities in the germanic religion, and not of foreign gods, and it was never used of the christian god. it survives in english mainly in the personal names beginning in os -. i want my lawyer, my tailor, my servants, even my wife to believe in god, because it means that i shall be cheated and robbed and cuckolded less often.... if god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. [ voltaire ] god bless you after someone sneezes is credited to st. gregory the great, but the pagan romans ( absit omen ) and greeks had similar customs.


the siege of khe sanh lasted 77 days, from january 21 to april 8, 1968. it pitted several divisions of the north vietnamese army ( nva ) against elements of the 9th and 26th u. s. marine divisions in action at the khe sanh combat base and on several hills to the north and west of the base. it was one of the largest and most significant battles of the vietnam war, as much for the ways that the siege affected public opinion as for military reasons, if not more. khe sanh is a village in central vietnam, located approximately 10 miles away from the laos border on route 9. as the tensions mounted between north vietnam and south vietnam in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it became apparent that khe sanh was strategically important in the defense of south vietnam, as route 9 was the first major east - west highway south of the demilitarized zone that divided the two countries. in addition, the town controlled two mountain passes that had been used in several invasions, through one of which ran route 9. the first american military presence at khe sanh arrived in july 1962 when u. s. army special forces set up a perimeter around a proposed airstrip site. the first airstrip was constructed that fall, a development that attracted the interest of the north vietnamese. nva anti - aircraft gunners established positions on the hills surrounding the airstrip. in 1964 and 1965, additional marine signals units and green berets arrived at khe sanh and construction was started on what was to become the khe sanh combat base ( kscb ). aside from small unit encounters ( usually between opposing patrols ), little fighting took place in the area. this lull wouldn ' t last, as both sides began building up strength in the area in late 1966, with a navy mobile construction battalion ( seebees ) and a marine battalion ( the 1st battalion, 3rd marine division or 1 / 3 marines ) occupying the area. the " hill fights " intelligence indicated that the nva was building strength in the vicinity of khe sahn, on both side of the laos border. in april 24, 1967, a patrol from bravo company, 1 / 9 marines encountered elements of the 4th battalion, 32rd nva regiment on hill 861, approximately 3 miles northwest of kscb and 5 miles north - northwest of the khe sanh village. this skirmish sparked a series of battles on the hills surrounding khe sanh which lasted until may 11, 1967. the heaviest fighting fell on the


approximately 3 miles northwest of kscb and 5 miles north - northwest of the khe sanh village. this skirmish sparked a series of battles on the hills surrounding khe sanh which lasted until may 11, 1967. the heaviest fighting fell on the shoulders of three marine battalions : 2 / 3, 3 / 3 and 1 / 26 marines. total confirmed casualties ( confirmed by the u. s. army, of course ) : 940 nva and 155 marine fatalities. after the hill fights, the nva seemed to pull out of the area temporarily, allowing most of the marines at khe sanh to be transferred elsewhere. the respite would end in december 1967, as increased nva activity seemed to indicate another buildup. intelligence reports from january 1968 suggested that up to three nva divisions ( approximately 40, 000 men ) were concentrating in the vicinity of khe sanh. unlike most intelligence reports, these were correct. then again, nva and viet cong build - ups were taking place at many strategic locations across the country in preparation for the tet offensive. khe sanh was no different. on january 17, a marine recon patrol was ambushed near hill 881s ( some 5 miles west - northwest of kscb ). over the next three days, an nva battalion was removed from positions at the hill ' s base ; captured nva soldiers indicated that a full - scale assault was forthcoming. the assault began in earnest on january 20, as nva regiments assaulted hills 881 and 861. a fierce artillery and mortar barrage began to rain down on kscb, and destroyed the main ammunition dump. on the 21st, the nva attacked khe sanh village and, after a stubborn defense, the village is evacuated and the marines are withdrawn to kscb. at this point, kscb was defended by 1 / 26 and 3 / 26 marines, as well as a detachment of green berets and three artillery batteries of the 1 / 13 marines. these men were joined by 1 / 9 marines on january 22 and by the 37th arvn ranger battalion on january 27. 2 / 26 marines and detached companies of 3 / 26 marines were holding the various hills to the north of kscb. a special forces outpost at lang vei ( about five miles west of khe sahn village ) was overrun on february 7, partially due to the use of soviet - built pt - 76 tanks. after early nva gains in late january and early february, things began to stabilize. the battle developed into


miles west of khe sahn village ) was overrun on february 7, partially due to the use of soviet - built pt - 76 tanks. after early nva gains in late january and early february, things began to stabilize. the battle developed into a siege, with the opposing forces waging an artillery duel. the heaviest nva shelling took place in late february, with an average of 2, 500 shells landing on kscb in a week. initial attempts to resupply kscb, and to extract evacuees ( both civilian refugees and military casualties ), were made using c - 130 cargo planes. as the siege wore on, nva gunners zeroed in on the runway, making landings nearly impossible. after a c - 130 was shot down on february 10, resupply was carried out using helicopters and paradrops. as any aircraft that approached the base would be peppered with. 50 calibre anti - aircraft fire, rockets, mortars and artillery shells, resupply was limited to the bare essentials. marines were sometimes limited to two c - ration packs a day. fresh uniforms were unheard of. men grew shaggy beards and afros. ( this only proves two of murphy ' s laws of combat : ' no combat - ready unit has ever passed inspection ' and ' no inspection - ready unit has ever passed combat '. ) the mounting helicopter losses required the use of a new tactic : the " super gaggle. " helicopter gunships and a - 4 skyhawks would pound nva anti - aircraft sites, allowing several resupply helicopters to land at once ; all of this was co - ordinated by command - and - control aircraft. it was the americans ' control of the air that prevented the decimation of the defenders of khe sanh. once a nva position was detected, it would be pounded by the carpet bombing of b - 52 stratofortresses and napalm dropped by f - 4 phantoms. when nva sappers dug trenchworks that nearly breached the perimeter of kscb, these troops were only pushed back after relentless bombing, often dangerously close to friendly troops. by april 1968, the nva began withdrawing from the khe sanh sector, likely due to the damage inflicted by aerial and artillery bombardment. the siege was officially lifted on april 8, when elements of the 7th u. s. cavalry squadron ( participating in operation pegasus ) linked up with the 26th marine division. the total confirmed casualties included 1, 602 n


by aerial and artillery bombardment. the siege was officially lifted on april 8, when elements of the 7th u. s. cavalry squadron ( participating in operation pegasus ) linked up with the 26th marine division. the total confirmed casualties included 1, 602 nva and 205 marine kia, but american estimates of nva casualties reach as high as 10 - 15, 000 killed. many people cite khe sanh as one of the major turning points of american sentiment towards the vietnam war. nightly reports detailed action around khe sanh, causing the american public to debate the use of defending an isolated outpost in a faraway land whose people didn ' t necessarily want or need american intervention. at the peak of the fighting, over 25 per cent of news reports on american television stations revolved around the battle. a few months after the conclusion of the battle, the khe sanh combat base was dismantled. one of the lessons learned was that it was easier ( and much, much safer ) to resupply front line units at smaller lzs ( landing zones ) with helicopters. general william westmoreland, commander of the u. s. forces in vietnam, would be largely unable to duplicate the success of operation scotland i ( the defence of khe sanh and the reduction of the attacking nva forces ). due in part to his objection to president johnson ' s refusal to escalate the war, we was relieved of his command. and to this day, no vegetation will grow on the former site of the kscb airfield. khe sanh veterans home page - http : / / www. geocities. com / pentagon / 4867 / pbs ' battlefield vietnam - http : / / www. pbs. org / battlefieldvietnam / index. html


to download / save this report in pdf format, please click here panama has historically served as the crossroads of trade for the americas. its strategic location as a bridge between two oceans and the meeting of two continents has made panama not only a maritime and air transport hub, but also an international trading, banking, and services center. panama ’ s global and regional prominence is being enhanced by trade liberalization and privatization and it is participating actively in the hemispheric movement toward free trade agreements. panama ' s dollar - based economy offers low inflation in comparison with neighboring countries and zero foreign exchange risk. its government is stable and democratic and actively seeks foreign investment in all sectors, especially services, tourism and retirement properties. due to the country ' s historic evolution, which focused resources overwhelmingly on services and transactions, the assembly and manufacturing sectors – largely comprised of production of items such as processed foods, chemical products, construction materials and a small and declining clothing sector - remain severely underdeveloped. panama ’ s economy is characterized by great income disparities, with social and economic inequalities marked by a high percentage of the population living at or near the poverty level with significant underemployment and limited education and other social benefits. in 2010 the three major credit rating agencies – standard & poor ’ s, moody ’ s, and fitch - all raised their credit ratings for panama to investment grade, granting the government of panama international recognition for recent tax reforms and its record of steady gdp growth while keeping its deficits under control. the investment - grade rating both lowers the cost of borrowing for the government of panama and sends a positive signal to foreign investors. panama ' s economy is based primarily on a well - developed services sector, accounting for about 75 % of gdp. services include the panama canal, banking, the colon free zone, insurance, container ports, and flagship registry. the country is currently engaged in a $ 5. 25 billion expansion of the panama canal that, when finished, would allow significantly larger vessels to transit and might alter shipping routes to and from multiple u. s. ports. this project, in conjunction with the expansion of the capacities of its ports on both the atlantic and pacific coasts and ongoing investment in regional fueling operations, will solidify panama ’ s global logistical advantage in the western hemisphere. this logistical platform has aided the success of the colon free zone ( cfz ), the second largest in the world after hong kong, which has become a vital trading and transshipment center serving the region and the world. cfz


western hemisphere. this logistical platform has aided the success of the colon free zone ( cfz ), the second largest in the world after hong kong, which has become a vital trading and transshipment center serving the region and the world. cfz imports – a broad array of luxury goods, electronic products, clothing, and other consumer products - arrive from all over the world to be resold, repackaged, and reshipped, primarily to regional markets. because of this product mix, u. s. brand market share is significant, even if most of those products are made in asia. the u. s. is panama ' s most important trading partner, with about 30 % of the import market, and u. s. products enjoy a high degree of acceptance in panama. in 2012, u. s. exports to panama jumped 20 % to $ 9. 9 billion – in no small part due to the fact that panama ’ s economy grew 10. 6 % in 2012. however, international competition for sales is strong across sectors including telecommunications equipment, automobiles, heavy construction equipment, consumer electronics, computers, apparel, gifts, and novelty products. the trade promotion agreement ( tpa ) between the u. s. and panama that went into effect in october 2012 will continue to offer u. s. - made goods a competitive advantage. for 87 % of u. s. - made goods, tariffs dropped to 0 % immediately. however, panama ’ s average tariff on goods is only 7 % and in several key sectors – sales of consumables to the government for the canal expansion and other infrastructure projects, automobiles, and goods for use in hotels – duties are either 0 % or are waived. panama also has full free trade agreements ( ftas ) with el salvador, taiwan, singapore, chile, costa rica, honduras, guatemala, peru, nicaragua, and canada, as well as partial trade agreements with colombia, mexico, dominican republic and cuba. it is engaged in active negotiations for full ftas with colombia and the efta countries and has completed negotiations with the european union. panama has also expressed interest in negotiating a full fta with mexico and in joining the pacific alliance, whose members chile, colombia, mexico, and peru are seeking further economic integration. panama ’ s inflexible labor laws are a source of concern for prospective investors. firing practices are excessively regulated, reducing labor mobility and inhibiting hiring. while inexpensive in global terms, panama ' s minimum wage is relatively high in a central american context.


inflexible labor laws are a source of concern for prospective investors. firing practices are excessively regulated, reducing labor mobility and inhibiting hiring. while inexpensive in global terms, panama ' s minimum wage is relatively high in a central american context. in addition, competent technical employees fluent in english may be hard to find. these labor issues, coupled with relatively high costs for electricity, result in higher than average unit production costs in panama. instances of questionable government practices continue to affect u. s. investors in panama. these include bidding procedures, contract obligations, and a slow and imperfect judicial system. the current administration has announced an ambitious agenda of fiscal reform, anticorruption and transparency improvements, and reform of the social security system. with the exception of fiscal reform, however, there has been little to no progress on these fronts. continued improvements in the areas of educational and judicial reform will be critical for panama to improve its business competitiveness standing in the region. international indices generally rate panama as one of the best countries in latin america for business and investment. at the same time, however, u. s. investors have voiced concerns about corruption and inconsistent treatment. for these reasons we encourage u. s. companies interested in investing in panama to read our report on investing in panama thoroughly and to contact us for more information. we also recommend that americans interested in purchasing property in panama review the u. s. citizens services note here. panama has no restrictions on the outflow of capital or outward direct investment. its accession to the world trade organization in mid - 1997 opened up trade and lowered tariffs across the board, giving panama the lowest average tariff rate in latin america. panama ’ s recognition of the u. s. sanitary and phytosanitary system and the creation of a new food safety authority have essentially eliminated the previous slow and arbitrary procedures for issuing permits for u. s. food products. consumer attitudes and many brand preferences are similar to the u. s. u. s. television, radio and magazines are all available and popular in panama. upper - income panamanians frequently travel to the u. s. for vacation, medical treatment, study and business. their buying patterns and tastes are similar to those of u. s. consumers. u. s. goods and services enjoy a reputation for high quality and are highly competitive. panama has in recent years established itself as a regional competitor to miami for consumer retail, which may result in a larger market than its domestic population would indicate. the country boasts the highest per capita gdp in the


reputation for high quality and are highly competitive. panama has in recent years established itself as a regional competitor to miami for consumer retail, which may result in a larger market than its domestic population would indicate. the country boasts the highest per capita gdp in the region. however, income distribution is highly skewed toward a relatively small, consumer goods - oriented, economically powerful class. this class enjoys a very high level of disposable income. they prefer high quality trend - setting goods where price is a secondary determinant in the purchasing decision. market entry strategy due to its open economy, panama has few market access problems. one of the more common market entry options is to appoint an agent or distributor. another option is to find a local partner who can provide market knowledge and contacts. other businesses have been successful via licenses or franchises. the u. s. commercial service offers u. s. companies market entry assistance through a variety of services, any of which can be tailored to suit your needs. we also will work to defend your business interests in panama if the need arises. we measure ourselves on our ability to help you do more business in panama. given the ease of air travel between the u. s. and panama, our gold key service ( gks ) is our most popular offering. this service connects you with qualified representatives, distributors, partners, or customers. the u. s. embassy will conduct background checks, set up the meetings, and provide translation and driving services as part of the package. to learn more about how we can assist you in doing more business in panama, please visit our website at www. export. gov / panama. you can also call us at 011 - 507 - 317 - 5000 or email us at firstname. lastname @ example. org. for more information the u. s. commercial service in panama can be contacted via e - mail at : email @ example. com ; phone : 011 - 507 - 317 - 5000 ; or visit our website : http : / / www. export. gov / panama.


having tests that verify only one thing makes troubleshooting easier. it ' s not to say you shouldn ' t also have tests that do test multiple things, or multiple tests that share the same setup / teardown. here should be an illustrative example. let ' s say that you have a stack class with queries : and methods to mutate the stack now, consider the following test case for it ( i ' m using python like pseudo - code for this example. ) self. stack = new stack ( ) assert stack. top ( ) = = 1, " top ( ) isn ' t showing correct object " assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 1, " getsize ( ) call failed " from this test case, you can determine if something is wrong, but not whether it is isolated to the pop ( ) implementations, or the queries that return values : if we add individual test cases for each method and its behavior, things become much easier to diagnose. also, by doing fresh setup for each test case, we can guarantee that the problem is completely within the methods that the failing test method called. assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 0 assert stack. top ( ) = = 1, " top returns wrong object after push " assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 1, " getsize wrong after push " assert stack. getsize ( ) = = 0, " getsize wrong after push " as far as test - driven development is concerned. i personally write larger " functional tests " that end up testing multiple methods at first, and then create unit tests as i start to implement individual pieces. another way to look at it is unit tests verify the contract of each individual method, while larger tests verify the contract that the objects and the system as a whole must follow. i ' m still using three method calls in test _ push, however both getsize ( ) are queries that are tested by separate test methods. you could get similar functionality by adding more asserts to the single test, but then later assertion failures would be hidden.


north dakota land and propertyedit this page from familysearch wiki when the united states acquired north dakota, most of the land became part of the public domain. the federal government administered the land through the general land office. available land was surveyed into townships and transferred to private ownership through a process called land entry. the first general land office was established at pembina in 1870. the local land offices kept tract books ( recording transactions for each section of land ), and township plats ( maps of land entries for each township ). land entry in north dakota was based either on cash payment for the land ( cash entries ), or on conditions of settlement ( homesteads after 1862 ). once a settler completed the requirements for land entry, his case file was sent to the general land office in washington, dc, where a patent or first - title deed was issued. to locate the land - entry or homestead case file for your ancestor, you will need to know either the patent number or the legal description ( range, township, section of the land ). the county recorder of deeds may be able to tell you the legal description of the land from county land records, or you may be able to pinpoint the exact location by searching the entries in the tract book covering the approximate area concerned. an online index is available for those that completed the homestead process to patent ( original deeds from the government ) at the bureau of land managementweb site. for original patents and copies of tract books and township plats, contact the bureau of land management, 5001 southgate drive, box 36800, billings, montana 59101, telephone : 406 - 896 - 5000. fax : 406 - 896 - 5298. internet : http : / / www. land - records. com / land - records / north - dakota - land - records. htm # blm the national archives has the original homestead entry files, cash entry files, tract books, and township plats. see national archives and records administration for address and telephone. records of the local land offices are also at the state historical society of north dakota. township plats are also at the north dakota water commission, 900 east boulevard, bismarck, north dakota 58505 - 0850, telephone : 701 - 328 - 2750, fax : 701 - 328 - 3696. after land was transferred from the government by sale or grant to private owners, it could be sold again, inherited, lost by foreclosure of a


did you think i meant ebenezer scrooge from dickens ’ a christmas carol? uh, not exactly. i ’ m talking about people finding god in an ebenezer — a real ebenezer! did you even know there was such a thing as an ebenezer? if you ’ ve ever sung the christian hymn come, thou fount of every blessing, you may have come across the word, depending on your hymnal. i have two hymnals. the beginning of the second verse in one reads : “ here i raise mine ebenezer ; hither by thy help i ’ m come … ” but in my newer hymnal, the second verse opens with : “ hither to thy love has blest me ; thou hast bro ’ t me to this place … ” wikipedia has additional verses. several contain the word ebenezer. nevertheless, what ’ s an ebenezer? if we “ raise ” our ebenezer, as the verse suggests, are we lifting scrooge above our heads? actually, ebenezer is a standing stone, if literally translated, a “ stone of help. ” in the old testament, leaders sometimes stood a large stone up to commemorate something extraordinary god did for them at that site. then when children or others asked why that stone was standing there, those who knew the story could pass along the information to a new group or generation. dictionary. com defines ebenezer as a noun and says this : male proper name, sometimes also the name of a protestant chapel or meeting house, from name of a stone raised by samuel to commemorate a victory over the philistines at mizpeh ( i sam. vii. 12 ), from heb. ebhen ezar “ stone of help, ” from ebhen “ stone ” + ezer “ help. ” on his web site, dr. gregory s. neal explains about the ebenezer : “ in 1 samuel 4 : 1 - 11 and 5 : 1, the ebenezer is strangely identified with a particular site, about four miles south of gilgal, where the israelites were twice defeated by the philistines and the ark of the covenant was stolen. these battles took place, however, before the site was actually named ebenezer. it was like someone saying that dinosaurs once lived in dallas county — they did, but not when this area was called ‘ dallas. ’ likewise, the two battles mentioned in 1 samuel 4 and 5 took place at ebenezer,


ebenezer. it was like someone saying that dinosaurs once lived in dallas county — they did, but not when this area was called ‘ dallas. ’ likewise, the two battles mentioned in 1 samuel 4 and 5 took place at ebenezer, but some time before it was so - named. “ the site wasn ’ t named ebenezer until after the israelites finally defeated the philistines, and took back the ark of the covenant. to commemorate the victorious battle, samuel set up a marker - stone, named it “ stone of help, ” and thereby the site became identified with the stone and with the place where god ’ s miraculous help aided them in their victory over the philistines. the stone, standing up - right, was called ‘ ebenezer, ’ and the site naturally took on that name as well. ” the next time you see ebenezer scrooge, i hope he makes you think of extraordinary events god has orchestrated in your life. take the time to tell someone that story. when you do, because of your rock - solid faith standing there for them to plainly see, people will be finding god in an ebenezer. enjoy this rendition of the hymn come, thou fount of every blessing sung by lauren o ’ farrell, to hear how ebenezer fits into the song.


dover — state officials warn residents to become immunized as soon as possible against influenza and to arm themselves with pertinent information. the facts provided below came from the national centers for disease control and prevention and more information can be found by visiting their website www. cdc. gov. what is influenza ( also known as the flu )? the flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. it can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. the best way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. what are the signs and symptoms? people who have the flu often feel some or all of the following — fever or feeling chills, though it important to note not everyone with the flu has a fever, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches, fatigue as well as vomiting and diarrhea in less common circumstances. how long is a person with the flu contagious for? you may be able to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick. most healthy adults may be able to infect others beginning one day before symptoms develop and up to five to seven days after becoming sick. some people, especially young children and people with weakened immune systems, might be able to infect others for an even longer period of time. what flu vaccines are available? the single best way to prevent the flu is to get a flu vaccine each season. the regular seasonal “ flu shot ” contains an inactivated vaccine with a killed virus. it is “ intramuscular, ” meaning it is injected into muscle, usually in the upper arm, and has been used for decades. a high - dose vaccine for people 65 and older which is also intramuscular is available, and was first created in 2010. the intradermal vaccine is for people 18 to 64 years of age and is injected with a needle into the skin, first created in 2011. additionally, there is a nasal - spray flu vaccine made with live, weakened flu viruses — sometimes called laiv for “ live attenuated influenza vaccine ” — and is for people aged 2 to 49 years who are not pregnant. about two weeks after vaccination, antibodies develop that protect against influenza virus infection. flu vaccines will not protect against flu - like illnesses caused by non - influenza viruses. the seasonal flu vaccine protects against the three influenza viruses that research suggests will be most common


most people should be able to get their vitamin d requirements met through calculated sunlight exposure. the truth is, however, that our world still has nearly one billion people who are vitamin d deficient, so we ’ re not getting enough of this sunshine vitamin. there are various reasons for not getting enough vitamin d. a person ’ s occupation, age, sunscreen use, geographic location, the time of day, a person ’ s melanin content and even smog can directly affect vitamin d levels. in fact, when those who are 70 + in age are exposed to the same amount of sunlight as a young adult, they produce 30 % less vitamin d than a younger person. similarly, those with dark skin need 5 - 10 times longer sun exposure to make the same amount of vitamin d as those with lighter skin do. sunscreens may be one of the biggest culprits of all, however, because spf 8 and above sunscreens can reduce vitamin d production by 95 %. where you live can have a lot to do with how much vitamin d you can get from the sun, too. if you live north of an imaginary line that stretches from the northern border of california and boston, then the ultraviolet ( uv ) energy is not enough for vitamin d synthesis from november through february. the more north you live, the worse it gets. diminished uv energy can last for up to six months for those areas. here are some stats that seem to tell the tale of northern living and vitamin d deficiency : - 48 % of light - skinned girls aged 9 - 11 in maine are vitamin d deficient at the close of winter, with 17 % of them still vitamin d deficient at the close of the summer. - boston has its fallout, too, as 42 % of adolescents and 32 % of young adults are vitamin d deficient. - of the community - living elderly in boston and baltimore, 50 % are vitamin d deficient throughout the entire year. - hospitalized and institutionalized individuals fare even worse : 57 % of them are deficient in vitamin d. if, however, you live south of an imaginary line between los angeles and columbia, south carolina, then you are among those whose exposure to uv energy allows for vitamin d synthesis throughout the year. but that ’ s only if you go out in it and if there ’ s no cloud cover, smog, or any other factor that can inhibit vitamin d absorption. the truth is that even cloud cover has a hand in how much vitamin d you can get from the sun


if you go out in it and if there ’ s no cloud cover, smog, or any other factor that can inhibit vitamin d absorption. the truth is that even cloud cover has a hand in how much vitamin d you can get from the sun. complete cloud cover can reduce uv energy by 50 %, while shade — and that includes manufactured shade from pollution, such as smog — slows down uv energy by 60 %. for those who love the sun and want to get their vitamin d levels from it, vitamin d researchers suggest about 5 - 30 minutes in the sun between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m. at least two times a week to the face, arms, legs or back without sunscreen. this can usually supply sufficient vitamin d synthesis for most people. those who don ’ t get enough sunshine, however, are encouraged to get more dietary sources of vitamin d or to supplement with vitamin d — especially vitamin d3, a preferred form of vitamin d. vitamin d, as a matter of fact, has two forms especially important to human health : vitamin d2 ( ergocalciferol ) and vitamin d3 ( cholecalciferol ). be careful what foods you select, too. some believe they can get adequate vitamin d intake from fortified milk, but milk samples indicate that vitamin d content in milk is highly variable. less than 50 % of sampled milk had at least 50 % of the vitamin d content specified on the label, while less than 20 % of skim milk had no detectable vitamin d. and while fatty fish like salmon and mackerel provide natural sources of vitamin d, farmed salmon provides only 10 % to 25 % of the vitamin d content compared with wild salmon. so how much vitamin d should we get? kids from birth to their teen years and adults aged 51 to 70 should get at least 400iu daily, while those 71 and up should get at least 600iu daily. the institute of medicine, the government advisory group setting these dietary guidelines, may change recommendations due to emerging research indicating we could require much more — to the tune of 1, 000 to 2, 000iu daily. what happens when someone has a vitamin d deficiency? it often involves getting 50, 000iu of vitamin d2 ( less for vitamin d3 ) once a week for eight weeks, followed by 50, 000iu of vitamin d2 ( less for vitamin d3 ) twice a month, to compensate for the backlog. that translates into 10, 000iu of vitamin d daily


aviation pioneer and big game safari leader, denys finch hatton was the quintessential edwardian gentleman living in the romanticized era of large hats, garden parties and african safaris that occurred between queen victoria ’ s death and world war i. finch - hatton is best remembered by his portrayal in isak dinesen ’ s book, out of africa, and by his connection with beryl markham, the first woman to fly east to west across the atlantic ocean. an aristocrat ( his father was the 13th earl of winchilsea ) and educated at all the right schools ( eton and brasenose college, oxford ) finch - hatton moved to british east africa at the age of 24 and began indulging his love of big game hunting. later on, he would parley this experience into acting as a professional guide for wealthy big game hunters. yet safaris weren ’ t the only notable adventures to be had. aviation was finally starting to come into its own after wwi and by 1929, it was estimated that out of every 100 airplanes owned in great britain, the majority of them were dehavilland gypsy moths. finch - hatton ’ s gypsy moth came in handy not only for scouting out potential trips for his clients but for also seeing the african landscape in a completely new way. and then tragedy struck. on may 14, 1931, finch hatton took off from voi airport ( outside of nairobi ) but never made it to his destination. the plane unexpectedly stalled, plunged to the ground and burst into flames. his body was later recovered for burial in his beloved ngong hills at a site marked with an obelisk and a simple brass plaque marker. in april, 2009, sabine ludwig journeyed to visit both his grave and karen blixen ’ s house in nairobi, kenya “ after traveling fourteen hours on the night train from mombasa, we arrived in nairobi the next morning at a beautiful train station that seemed as though it had been frozen in time since the early 1900s. nairobi is supposed to be the most dangerous city in africa since the fighting started in january, and houses are now equipped with at least two dogs, a security service and high electrical fences. however, nairobi city center was a pleasant place to visit and the local people all very helpful. of course we visited the house where karen blixen lived from 1914 to 1931. it ’ s a beautiful museum located in the nairobi suburbs. during our visit, we decided to take a taxi up into the ngo


the sculptor of the " sedgwick " was h. k. bush - brown ( 1857 - 1935 ). the gettysburg battlefield has four bronze sculptures by henry kirke bush - brown. of these four, three are equestrian statues. an equestrian statue is, by definition, a statue of a horse - mounted rider. the term is from the latin “ eques, meaning “ knight. ” henry kirke bush - brown was the son of robert w. and caroline bush. he would be adopted as a young boy by his mother ’ s sister and her husband henry kirke brown. h. k. bush - brown would study under his uncle and become well schooled in the basics of his art. additional training would take h. k. bush brown to paris and new york where his further development would continue. h. k. bush brown would produce many works but his first equestrian was the “ meade ” dedicated in 1896 at gettysburg. another would follow of the “ reynolds ” also at gettysburg in 1899. the “ sedgwick ” would be bush - brown ’ s final equestrian at gettysburg. bush - brown would sculpt the bust of lincoln for the lincoln speech memorial in the national cemetery. this monument was erected in 1912. for a sculptor to be given the commission for an equestrian was indeed and honor and considered the highlight of ones career. h. k. bush - brown, having three equestrians at gettysburg, speaks of his talent and artistic abilities. henry kirk ( h. k. ) bush - brown would comment about his thoughts when designing the monument : " i have endeavored to represent general sedgwick as he might have appeared on his arrival there overlooking that part of the field which his troops were to occupy. " present at the dedication, bush - brown would comment on his completed work that it would present general sedgwick “ quiet and undisturbed by the battle around him, waiting for orders, an intense expression of readiness in the man and in his horse. ” it is obvious that bush brown has accomplished this! the sculptor was noted for his great attention to detail. note the " dents " in the scabbard of sedgwick ' s sword and the stitching around the horse blanket as seen in the photo below. the photos used on these pages are copyrighted by myself or others. they can only be copied or reproduced with written permission or the clearly legible quotation " copyright www. gettysburgsculptures. com and linked back to this web site. please contact


would you believe that the idea of father ’ s day was introduced by a woman? it ’ s true! spurred on by the success of mother ’ s day, many people felt it was only fair to create similar holidays for other family members of influence, and father ’ s day seemed most likely to catch on. while other people in the u. s. promoted the idea of father ’ s day before it was well - established, a female named sonora dodd is credited for the holiday as we know it today due to her enthusiasm and persistence in making it a nationwide celebration. sonora smart dodd celebrated the first father ’ s day at the ymca in spokane, washington on june 19, 1910 in honor of her father and civil war veteran, william smart. smart was a quiet man who was left a widower when his wife died in labor giving birth to their sixth child. smart went on to raise his six children alone on their small farm in washington. grateful for all the hard work and care he showed to her and her siblings, sonora wanted to pay tribute to her father and others like him with a special day. after hearing about mother ’ s day a year earlier, she recommended a similar holiday celebrating fathers to her pastor. she initially suggested june 5th, her dad ’ s birthday, but the church did not have adequate time to plan their sermons. consequently, the celebration was deferred to the third sunday of june. father ’ s day did not become a success overnight. congress introduced a bill in national recognition of the holiday in 1913, and three years later president woodrow wilson visited spokane to speak in a father ’ s day celebration. president woodrow wilson wanted to make the day official, but congress resisted for fear of commercialization. in 1924, president calvin coolidge urged state governments to observe the day nationally, but he did not follow through with a national proclamation. in the 1920s, dodd stopped pushing for the holiday because she was busy with other priorities while studying at the art institute of chicago. the holiday faded into the background for several years, even in spokane. in the 1930s, dodd returned to her childhood town and continued her past efforts to promote the celebration. it was during this time she was able to raise awareness nationally, with the support of trade groups that had a vested interest in the holiday. tie makers, tobacco pipe manufacturers, and other trades that made traditional presents for men all helped to spread the word. however, americans were wary of the holiday as a manipulative attempt by merchants to sell more products and replicate the commercial success of mother


tie makers, tobacco pipe manufacturers, and other trades that made traditional presents for men all helped to spread the word. however, americans were wary of the holiday as a manipulative attempt by merchants to sell more products and replicate the commercial success of mother ’ s day. cynical comments and sarcastic jokes about the holiday commonly appeared in newspapers. yet, trade groups remained persistent. dodd also had the support of the father ’ s day council after 1938, which was founded by the new york associated men ’ s wear retailers to consolidate and organize the commercial aspects of promotion. supporters continued to promote father ’ s day with diligence, and eventually the holiday became a success. when world war ii began, advertisers used father ’ s day as a way to support and honor american men fighting in the war. by the time the war ended, father ’ s day was a national institution even though it had not been declared a federal holiday. in 1957, maine senator margaret chase smith drafted up a proposal that accused congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while prizing mothers, therefore “ singling out just one of our two parents. ” finally, in 1966 president lyndon b. johnson designated the third sunday in june as father ’ s day each year with the first presidential proclamation. it wasn ’ t until 1972 that president richard nixon officially signed the holiday into u. s. law permanently. don ’ t forget to mark your calendar for father ’ s day on sunday, june 16th, and show your father how much you value his role in your life with something thoughtful! for popular father ’ s day gift ideas he ’ ll love, browse our special occasion gift card recommendations.


the anasazi culture of prehistoric american indians developed and flourished, ca. 800 – 1100, in the southwest near the present - day borders of arizona, new mexico, colorado, and utah. pueblo tribes later developed from the anasazi. native american populations in new england, with no immunity to european diseases, were nearly eradicated by a mysterious epidemic — likely smallpox. between 1616 and 1619, the population of the massachusett and other algonquin tribes was reduced by as much as 90 percent by disease. mississippian culture grew in the southern mississippi river valley. the mississippian american indians were farmers and mound builders, and the culture spread along rivers through modern - day central and eastern north america. some aspects of mississippian life grew out of earlier regional cultures, but the mississippians were also largely influenced by contact with mayan and zapotec traders. hohokam culture of prehistoric american indians developed in the southwest, ca. 600. hohokam culture grew along the gila and salt rivers, and hohokam people created irrigation canals that allowed for major agricultural development. the columbian exchange refers to the flow of goods between the americas, europe, and africa that followed columbus ’ s widely advertised “ discovery ” of the new world. people, animals, plants, and microorganisms passed from continent to continent affecting virtually all aspects of the environment in all three. for american indians, disease was the most significant aspect of the exchange with as many as 90 percent of the native population dying out during the first century of colonization. for africans and europeans the most important items...


why does everyone think if you do good you will prosper? the good die young, why? what is good? a war hero, he lives life on the edge. he goes to fight injustice. a good person stand for what is right. he stands up for the weak and what is right. the only thing necessary for an injustice to prevail is for good men to do nothing. this is a quote that is illustrated by the movie tears of the sun. bruce willis plays a general in the united states army who is sent into a war torn african country to take a priest, 2 nuns and a missionary doctor back to the states. he is told to leave all the patients behind. the priest and nuns refuse to leave and the doctor refuses to go without her patients. willis forces the doctor onto a helicopter leaving all her patients behind in a green field. as they are flying they see that the gorillas had come and killed everyone at the medical center. willis turns the copper around and puts half the refugees on it and leads the other half across the country trying to get to the refugee camp. many of willis ’ men die trying to get them to safety. they strove to stop something and gave their lives to do something good. evil men prosper because they take the easy manipulative way. cowards prosper because they do not stand. he who stands is more likely to fall then he who never gets up. that is why the good die young. it is tough to go against the flow and play with fire. a good man is not afraid to upset the anthill. he is courageous and knows what fights to fight and which to let go. a brave man runs to a fight but a courageous man thinks before he acts. not about the consequences but about whither or not the fight is worth it. no matter what the out come, at the end of the day a good man has no regrets, no matter the ending a good man would do it all again.


ares, the god of war, was probably in his origin, a thracian divinity. he is the embodi ment of the wild rage of battle, and as such is represented by homer as bawling and bluster ing, a character which he never lost in later story. aphrodite was the goddess of sexual love, whether legitimate or not. she had irresistible power over gods and men alike. wedded to hephestus, she herself had slight regard for her marriage vows, but had many amours, the most famous being those with ares and with anchises, the father of the hero of the there can be little doubt that aphrodite came to greek lands at some remote period from phoenicia, for many of her functions and at tributes were identical with those of astarte or ishtar. aphrodite ' s attendant son, eros, is not mentioned in homer, but in hesiod he ap pears associated with her, although he is there regarded as of independent origin. the god of fire was hephestos, the handi craftsman of olympus, who wrought many wondrous works for gods and favored princes. he was the teacher of the cyclops and the pat ron of smiths. he appears somewhat as the butt of the other olympians, apparently because of his lameness. this affliction was due, ac cording to one account, to the hasty act of his father zeus, who in a fit of anger, seized him by the foot and threw him out of heaven. an other, perhaps older, tradition made him the illegitimate son of hera, who believing him a weakling cast him out at his birth. poseidon, the brother of zeus, had as his realm the sea and all other waters. as lord of the ocean he was also supporter of the earth, which he rocked by stirring his element. he was furthermore the creator of the first horse and hence the patron of horses and of horse manship. hermes is the herald and messenger of the gods in the homeric epics. for example he car ries from zeus to calypso the order to let ulysses go, and he escorts priam safely to the greek camp that he may ransom hector ' s body. he also conducts the shades of the dead to hades or brings them back to earth. many myths deal with his character as the patron of thieves and the giver of wealth. it is said that in his earliest infancy he


ransom hector ' s body. he also conducts the shades of the dead to hades or brings them back to earth. many myths deal with his character as the patron of thieves and the giver of wealth. it is said that in his earliest infancy he invented the lyre, which he presented to apollo in atonement for the theft of 50 cattle. in his function as herald he became the god of oratory, and indeed of all speech ; as protector of high roads, he was the god of the traveler and merchant ; and he was also patron of athletic contests. hades, the second brother of zeus, presided over the realm of the dead, but his cult never obtained any great prominence in greece, and few tales were told of him in post - homeric legends. persephone became his bride. the god of all life, especially of plant life. in homer he has not yet been admitted to olympus, but many myths are re ferred to showing the opposition which was offered to the establishment of his worship. in fact this god was of thracian or phrygian origin and only gradually made his way into greece, being first domiciled at athens possibly as late as the 8th century b. c. in a common myth dionysus appears as the son of zeus and a mortal, semele. at his birth his mother was consumed by lightning but the babe was sewn into the thigh of zeus, whence he was reborn to be reared by the nymphs on mount nisa. the functions of this divinity were varied. as a god of vegetation, under the name of zagreus, he was said to have been torn in pieces by the titans and then to have been revived ; thus he became by his rebirth a warrant of human im mortality, and as such played an important role in the orphic religion. the spread of the wor ship of dionysus across the seas is celebrated by the legend that tyrrhenian pirates once seized the young god and attempted to bear him away in their ships, but he burst his bonds and, when his captors refused to believe him a god for the miracles he worked, he changed them all into dolphins. a later series of myths told of his travels to india. out of the songs and dances in honor of dionysus devel oped the dithyramb and both tragedy and comedy. demeter was principally the goddess of the tilled soil and especially the giver of grain to men ; and since well being and good social


dances in honor of dionysus devel oped the dithyramb and both tragedy and comedy. demeter was principally the goddess of the tilled soil and especially the giver of grain to men ; and since well being and good social order depend on agricultural prosperity, she became the giver of wealth and of laws. persephone, who was obviously a parallel to demeter, in myth was the latter ' s daughter and was stolen away by hades to be his bride. demeter wan dered in the guise of an old woman over the earth mourning until she came to eleusis, where she was kindly received by the king ' s daughters and established as nurse to the king ' s son. when she was discovered in her attempts to make the child immortal by repeated baptisms of fire, she revealed herself and ordered a tem ple to be bulit in her honor. yet in her sorrow over her daughter she kept back the gifts of earth, so that men began to die, until zeus com manded hades to allow persephone to return for two - thirds of the year to her mother. then demeter established her rites, the eleu sinian mysteries, which developed from an agri cultural festival into one of the most potent greek religious festivals.


when it comes to celiac disease risk, an elective or planned c - section creates a much greater incidence of celiac disease than an emergency one. a natural, vaginal birth is probably every mother ’ s plan, but c - sections, at an increased rate, have become a fact of life. in a recent study ( october 2011 ) published in gastroenterology, titled “ pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring : a nation - wide case - control study ”, dr ludvigsson, an avid researcher in the field discovered a rather unexpected result associated with children delivered by cesarean section. the study of over 11, 000 patients with biopsy - proven celiac disease and close to 54, 000 controls, were examined based on the type of birth they experienced. the study showed an outstanding 15 % increase risk in those born through elective or planned c - section over those born via an emergency cesarean. in fact there was no increased risk found for those individuals born from an emergency c - section. why the vast difference? the reason for the disparity lies in the vital exposure to the health - promoting probiotic organisms present in the birth canal that occurs in vaginal births as well as those who experience emergency c - sections. babies born after an emergency c - section typically reside in the birth canal for some time prior to the decision being made to perform the surgery. elective or planned c - sections afford the baby no time in the birth canal, in fact they are designed to occur before any major progression of labor has occurred. therefore these babies are given no exposure to the healthy probiotic population that has recently been appreciated to be capable of keeping the celiac disease gene from expressing itself. it is as if there is a switch for a disease that one is genetically programmed to be susceptible to, and it has an on and off position. healthy probiotics can keep that switch in the ‘ off ’ position, despite the genetic tendency. conversely, a lack of healthy probiotics allow that switch to move to the ‘ on ’ position, thereby allowing the disease to be expressed. let ’ s compare two children who both : 1. possess the genes for celiac disease 2. are exposed to gluten in their diet the child born with exposure to the good probiotics in the birth canal won ’ t necessarily develop celiac disease, despite their genetic predisposition. the probiotics, if healthy and abundant, will suppress the expression of the celiac disease genes. on the


exposure to the good probiotics in the birth canal won ’ t necessarily develop celiac disease, despite their genetic predisposition. the probiotics, if healthy and abundant, will suppress the expression of the celiac disease genes. on the contrary, the child born via elective c - section and having no exposure to the probiotics, will not have the defense against the genetic predisposition to develop celiac due and will, therefore, be 15 % more likely to develop the disease. while avoiding a planned c - section is perhaps not a viable alternative for every expectant mother, this knowledge does seem vitally important for any expectant mother, who has celiac disease or any other autoimmune diseases present in their family. if there is absolutely no recourse to a planned c - section due to whatever circumstance, i would strongly suggest that the mother takes all steps to optimize the health of their digestive tract and probiotic population such that when they nurse their newborn they can at least share their good bacteria through breast milk. this is, i believe, an extremely important practice for all newborns, but most especially in this circumstance. if you need assistance in determining the best course of action to take to improve the health of your own small intestine such that your probiotic population provides the optimal health benefits to your future unborn children, or if you already have a child and want to ensure that their probiotic level is optimized, please feel free to contact me for a complimentary health analysis – call 408 - 733 - 0400. the benefits to be obtained from keeping the 100 trillion probiotics ( also known as the microbiome ) in your small intestine healthy are quite remarkable. this is an emerging science, but one we know quite a bit about already. ensuring a healthy microbiome in yourself and your children is not difficult and the program is a natural one. but each individual is unique and therefore the program must be designed on a personalized basis in order to achieve the greatest success. i hope this was informative. we are here to help you, your children and family. our destination clinic treats patients from across the country and internationally. to your good health, dr vikki petersen, dc, ccn founder of healthnow medical center co - author of “ the gluten effect ” author of the ebook : “ gluten intolerance – what you don ’ t know may be killing you! ”


this document pertains to hp notebook pcs with windows 8, 7, and vista. notebook computers operate on two kinds of power : a / c power ( the kind of power that you get from plugging a power adapter into a wall outlet ) and d / c power ( the kind of power that you get from a battery ). get the most service and life from the battery by following these suggestions. view a video on improving battery performance how long will the battery last? how long should a battery last between charges? why does one model of computer get better battery performance than another? there is no simple answer. for any battery, its maximum battery capacity decreases over time and usage. the rate at which this capacity decreases, can vary depending on product configuration, product model, operating system, type of software used, power management settings, and other factors. adjusting power plans a power plan is a collection of hardware and system settings that manages how your computer uses power. power plans can help you save energy, maximize system performance, or achieve a balance between the two. learn more about power plans by reading one of the following support documents that matches the windows operating system on your notebook : after reading, adjust the power plan settings for your notebook to get the most out how you use your computer. factors that contribute to loss of battery capacity - li - ion battery cells suffer gradual, irreversible capacity loss with each discharge - charge cycle. such aging occurs more rapidly as temperature and discharge loads increase. - the energy of a li - ion battery decreases even when the battery is left in an unpowered computer. - during prolonged storage or non - use, the battery charge can decrease below its recommended low - voltage level. - leaving the battery in a depleted condition for an extended period can cause the battery to go into a low voltage condition and become unusable. leaving the battery at a high level of charge in a high - temperature environment for extended periods ( for example in a docking station under a heavy load ) also accelerates the loss of capacity. - using software for graphics processing or high - definition video accelerates the loss of capacity. for example, playing 3d games lowers full charge capacity faster than using word processing applications. recommended battery care practices recommendations for battery usage and storage are covered in the user guide for your computer. additional battery care practices are as follows : - store li - ion batteries between 20°c and 25°c ( 68°f and 77°f ) with 50 % to 70 % charge. - do not disas


user guide for your computer. additional battery care practices are as follows : - store li - ion batteries between 20°c and 25°c ( 68°f and 77°f ) with 50 % to 70 % charge. - do not disassemble, crush, or puncture a battery ; do not short the external contacts on a battery ; and, do not dispose of a battery in fire or water. - do not leave batteries exposed to high temperatures for extended periods. prolonged exposure to heat ( for example, inside a hot car ) accelerates the deterioration of li - ion cells. - discharge the battery to 50 - 70 % and remove the battery if the computer will be stored ( turned off and not plugged into ac power ) for more than one month. - if the battery will be in prolonged storage, check the capacity every six months and recharge to 50 - 70 %. - if you have a choice of battery types to use with your computer, use the type of battery with the highest capacity ( ah ) rating. - run battery check in the hp support assistant once a month to maintain the battery. - calibrate the battery based on the results shown in hp support assistant. under normal usage, batteries should be calibrated a minimum of once every 2 - 3 months ; however, a battery that is rarely discharged fully, should be calibrated about once a month. - keep the battery away from children. - use only the battery provided with the computer, a replacement battery provided by hp, or a compatible battery purchased as an accessory. special recommendations for embedded ( not customer replaceable ) batteries if the battery is embedded in your computer, the following practices are recommended : - if the computer is unused for more than three months, discharge the battery to about 70 % before storing. for prolonged storage, check the battery capacity every six months and charge it back up to 70 %. always store the computer between 20ºc and 25ºc ( 68ºf and 77ºf ). - if the computer is used primarily on ac power, allow the battery to discharge completely and recharge once per month. tips for conserving battery power use these tips to change the power consumption of the computer to conserve battery power. - reduce the number of open applications. each open software application uses memory and power, even when the application window is minimized. close software applications to conserve battery power. - reduce the brightness of the screen to the minimum readable level. use the fn and f7 or


disease surveillance and control of vector to protect climate the daily star climate change is caused by the accumulation of " green - house " gases in the lower atmosphere. the concentration of these gases is increasing mainly due to conversion of fossil fuel and deforestation. for example, individuals are responsible for about 40 percent of emissions in the uk, with energy use in homes, driving and air travel the biggest the temperature of the earth is escalating dangerously. as a result, the ice - caps and glaciers in the polar regions are melting, submerging low - lying coastal lands, including that of bangladesh. the viruses and microbes that were inactive and buried under freezing ice, are now starting to wake up as optimum temperature for their activities is coming back. they are invading human and animal bodies. human settlers are occupying and destroying forests, disturbing the flora and fauna including the vectors, viruses and microbes. reciprocally, the viruses are also finding new hosts in humans and animals, causing illness. occurrence of drought in erstwhile rainy areas is causing water crisis. man and crops are facing disaster for this. the human development report 2007 / 2008 of undp shows that climate change is not just a future scenario. increased exposure to droughts, floods and storms is already destroying opportunity and climate - related increases in sea surface temperature and sea level can lead to higher incidence of water - borne infectious and toxin - related illnesses. climate stress on agriculture causes malnutrition. increased flux of ultraviolet radiation will cause alterations in the human immune system, thus increasing vulnerability climate change may increase the risk of some infectious diseases, particularly those that appear in warm areas and are spread by mosquitoes and other insects, like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and encephalitis. disease transmission is directly affected by climate change by removing the vector ' s habitat, increasing reproductive and biting rates, and shortening the disease incubation vector - borne diseases are very sensitive to temperature, humidity and rainfall. climate change may alter the distribution of important vectors species, and that may increase the outbreak of diseases into new areas. disease surveillance facilities in bangladesh the institute of epidemiology, disease control & research ( iedcr ) is an important public health institute of bangladesh. the main activities of iedcr include disease surveillance as well as entomological surveillance, and disease outbreak investigation. climate change, the pattern of distribution and duration of existing disease may be changed. on the other hand, new types of illnesses might emerge. an effective surveillance system is needed to monitor all