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The effects of morphine and D-Ala2 D-Leu5 enkephalin (DADLE) on intestinal motility were studied in conscious dogs with chronically implanted electrodes. In fed dogs, the normal pattern of irregular spike activity was interrupted by morphine and DADLE; both induced regular spike activity whilst DADLE also induced quiescence. Mr2266 and naloxone abolished the regular spike activity response to morphine and DADLE, but not the quiescence induced by DADLE. Mr2267 had no antagonistic action. Nalorphine methiodide induced a morphine-like response; lower doses had no agonistic action but abolished the response to morphine. The results suggest that regular spike activity induced by morphine and DADLE is a mu receptor effect, whilst the quiescence induced by DADLE may be a delta receptor effect. Morphine appears to have a peripheral site of action.
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Delicate Matcha powder has a rich sweet taste and is naturally pure . It contains rich in vitamin C, E and many minerals. It also contains an important element of Polyphenols, Although it is possible to useMatcha in a wide variety of recipes, it is important to remember that it originates from Japanese tea ceremony. Therefore, it is a very special type of tea.
Select a guide below for instructions
Optional – Warm a Japanese tea bowl or a cappuccino bowl with hot water, empty and dry the bowl.
- Place ½ teaspoon of Matcha into a Japanese bowl,
- Add 1/3 cup 60 degree water,
- Use a bamboo whisk or a teaspoon to whip the powder to green froth,
- Drink it right away, in three or four sips,
If it is sipped leisurely, the green tea powder will settle to the bottom and the tea won’t be as pleasurable.
In traditional tea ceremony would be served with a sweet or 2 slices of Yokan (red bean jelly.)
Use home tea cake recipe.
- Place 1 tablespoon Matcha in a large mixing bowl,
- Add Tea Cake ingredients as follows,
- Add 3 eggs and 150ml milk,
- Add 4 tablespoons (80g) vegetable oil or margarine or butter,
- Stir all ingredients until it is even consistency,
Follow below instructions:
“Preheat oven, Grease cake tin, Place mixture in tin, Place in oven to remove cake, Invert tin to remove cake etc…”
- Soften any 1 litre container of vanilla ice cream at room temperature,
- Place 2 teaspoons Matcha with 3 tablespoons of softened vanilla ice cream in a small bowl,
- Mix into green paste,
- Place green paste into 1 litre of softened vanilla ice cream,
- Stir ice cream until it is an even consistency,
- Store in Freezer,
- Serve once hard.
(Use a home made ice cream machine for a better result.)
- Place 1 ripe banana,
- Add 1/2 teaspoon Matcha,
- Add 200ml cold milk or soy in a mixer,
- Optional – add 1 teaspoon honey or 1 raw egg,
- Mix 30 seconds.
Matcha can be sprinkled on any kind of meal before serving such as salad, vegetable noodle soup, sandwich, biscuit, cookie – sweet or savoury.
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जब गुणवत्ता वाले वस्त्रों की बात आती है, तो ऐसी कुछ कंपनियां हैं जो एबरक्रोंबी में दिखने वाले डिजाइनों और कपड़ों से मेल खा सकते हैं अमेरिका में पूरे देश में स्थित आउटलेट कंपनी को नी स्टॉक एक्सचेंज में ए एंड एफ के रूप में सूचीबद्ध किया गया है, और स्टोर को एबरक्रोम्बी और फिच भी कहा जाता है, जो मूल कंपनी का नाम है लोगों को हमेशा कंपनी के स्टोरों में एबरक्रोंबी और फिच के साथ-साथ अबर्रक्रोमी और हॉलीस्टर जैसे लेबल मिलते हैं। यह लेख पाठकों के दिमागों से इस तरह के सभी संदेह को दूर करने का प्रयास करता है।
एबरक्रोंबी और हॉलीस्टर में क्या अंतर है?
१८ ९ २ में स्थापित, एबरक्रोंबी और फिच ने एकल ब्रांड नाम ए एंड एफ के तहत उत्पादों को बनाने के लिए लंबे समय तक जारी रखा यह केवल बाद में ही था कि कंपनी को यह महसूस हुआ कि विभिन्न आयु समूहों में अलग-अलग आवश्यकताओं की जरूरत है और इस प्रकार, बच्चों और किशोरों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए अलग-अलग ब्रांड नामों जैसे एबर्रॉम्बी और हॉलीस्टर के साथ आया।
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Who can you talk to about periods?
This lesson uses reinforces the idea that menstruation is a private conversation topic and supports identification of at least two people your student/client/child can speak to about menstruation. You could also identify the people that we don’t talk to about periods e.g. the bus driver, the shopkeeper, etc.
Foundation Knowledge for this lesson includes differentiation of male and female bodies; awareness of age and body differences between babies, children, adolescents, and adults; receptive identification of vagina; public and private body parts; receptive identification of sanitary pads, bin, toilet, and underpants; receptive identification of blood.
- Customise: take photos of trusted adults who are comfortable talking with your student about periods, as well as people they may know and have a good relationship with but would not be appropriate to talk with about periods.
- Public and Private reinforcement: Include a period image in a lesson about public and private talk topics.
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|Adrian over at Adrian's Crazy Life is hosting a giveaway for a $25 gift card to Macys! I love Macy's clearance rack! |
Adrian is a Fishful Thinking Mom-bassador! I've mentioned Fishful Thinking before..they are encouraging parents (and adults in general) to motivate their children to become more positive and more active in their children's lives!!!
Adrian asked that we go over to Fishful Thinking and choose an activity to do with our children or modify for ourselves if we don't have kids!!!
Children create vivid images of the material objects they desire, but they have a harder time visualizing personal goals, such as "Getting an A on a test" or "Being kind to the new girl at school." To make the goals more real, use a camera to capture thoughts in action. For example, if your child is determined to "do better" in math class, talk about what "better" means. Then, take a photograph of a mock-up of a test paper or report card that represents the improvement in math. That photograph becomes the physical representation of the goal. Then, take pictures of your child engaging in strategies (representing pathways thinking) that might help attain the goal. For example, take a photograph of your child when reading the math book, practicing math problems, or using objects to solve problems. Also, take pictures, which could be funny staged pictures, of your child looking determined or confident (representing the agency thinking that drives goal pursuits). Then, have your child take pictures of people (teacher, friends, sibling or mentor) who are helpful when trying to succeed in math (these people are sources of agency). Finally, have your child arrange the photos on a poster board with pathways photos first followed by a plus sign, then agency photos followed by an equals sign, then the first picture taken, the goal picture (pathways + agency = goal). Each time your child works on math, talk about the many photographs and thoughts that make up academic success.
To modify for myself....I am going to use this as a scrap book starting point! I am having many things to hope for....
Gods destiny for my life
My teaching certificate
and many, many more....
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user ={'name' : 'shuvranil', 'age' : 21}
print(user['name'])
print(user["age"])
user = dict(name = 'shuvranil' , age = 21)
print(user['name']) # shuvranil = output
user_info = {
'name' : 'shvranil',
'age' : 21,
'fav movie' : ['interstaller','your name'],
'music' : ["pop","jazz"]
}
# print(user_info['fav movie']) # output = ['interstaller','your name']
if 'name' in user_info: # for key
print('present')
else:
print('not present')
output = present
user_info = {
'name' : 'shvranil',
'age' : 21,
'fav movie' : ['interstaller','your name'],
'music' : ["pop","jazz"]
}
if 'shvranil' in user_info.values(): # for valoues of key
print('present')
else:
print('not present')
user_info = {
'name' : 'shvranil',
'age' : 21,
'fav movie' : ['interstaller','your name'],
'music' : ["pop","jazz"]
}
user_info['height'] = "5'5"
print(user_info)
print(user_info.pop('name'))
print(user_info)
d = dict.fromkeys(('name' , 'age'),'unknown')
print(d) # output - {'name': 'unknown', 'age': 'unknown'}
f = d.get("name")
print(f) # unknown
if d.get("names"):
print("prasent")
else:
print('not present') # not present
print(d.get('names', 'not found !!')) # not found !!
def cube(c):
cub = {}
for i in range(1,c+1):
cub[i] =i**3
return cub
number = int(input("Enter your number : "))
print(cube(number)) # ourput = {1: 1, 2: 8, 3: 27, 4: 64, 5: 125}
def count(n):
c = {}
for i in n:
c[i] = n.count(i)
return c
name = input("Enter your name : ")
nam = name.lower() # {'s': 2, 'h': 1, 'u': 1, 'v': 1, 'r': 1, 'a': 1, 'n': 1, 'i': 1}
print(count(nam))
name = input("Enter your name : ")
nam = name.title()
age = input("Enter your age : ")
movie = input("Enter your movies use coma : ").split(",")
music = input("Enter your musics use coma : ").split(",")
info = {}
info['name'] = nam
info['age'] = age
info['fav_movies'] = movie
info['fav_musics'] = music
for key, value in info.i:
print(F'{key}:{value}')
n = int(input("Enter your number : "))
cub = {}
for i in range(1,n+1):
cub[i] =i**3
for key, value in cub.items():
print(value , end =" ")
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Welcome to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Research Repository
What would you like to view today?
Screening for abiotic stress resistance in root and tuber crops: IITA research guide, No. 68
MetadataShow full item record
The main abiotic stress factors affecting root and tuber crops in sub-Saharan Africa are drought, waterlogging, temperature extremes, solar radiation extremes, and nutrient imbalances. To reduce the effects of abiotic stress, researchers breed crops that have high levels of resistance to the relevant stress factors. Researchers identify traits that confer resistance to stress factors. Genotypes with desirable traits are selected by screening, and used to breed populations with improved resistance.
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning are currently affecting our lives in many small but impactful ways. For example, AI and machine learning applications recommend entertainment we might enjoy through streaming services such as Netflix and Spotify.
In the near future, it’s predicted that these technologies will have an even larger impact on society through activities such as driving fully autonomous vehicles, enabling complex scientific research and facilitating medical discoveries.
But the computers used for AI and machine learning demand a lot of energy. Currently, the need for computing power related to these technologies is doubling roughly every three to four months. And cloud computing data centers used by AI and machine learning applications worldwide are already devouring more electrical power per year than some small countries. It’s easy to see that this level of energy consumption is unsustainable.
A research team led by the University of Washington has developed new optical computing hardware for AI and machine learning that is faster and much more energy efficient than conventional electronics. The research also addresses another challenge—the ‘noise‘ inherent to optical computing that can interfere with computing precision.
In a new paper, published Jan. 21 in Science Advances, the team demonstrates an optical computing system for AI and machine learning that not only mitigates this noise but actually uses some of it as input to help enhance the creative output of the artificial neural network within the system.
“We’ve built an optical computer that is faster than a conventional digital computer,” said lead author Changming Wu, a UW doctoral student in electrical and computer engineering. “And also, this optical computer can create new things based on random inputs generated from the optical noise that most researchers tried to evade.”
Optical computing noise essentially comes from stray light particles, or photons, that originate from the operation of lasers within the device and background thermal radiation. To target noise, the researchers connected their optical computing core to a special type of machine learning network, called a Generative Adversarial Network.
The team tested several noise mitigation techniques, which included using some of the noise generated by the optical computing core to serve as random inputs for the GAN.
For example, the team assigned the GAN the task of learning how to handwrite the number “7” like a person would. The optical computer could not simply print out the number according to a prescribed font. It had to learn the task much like a child would, by looking at visual samples of handwriting and practicing until it could write the number correctly. Of course the optical computer didn’t have a human hand for writing, so its form of “handwriting” was to generate digital images that had a style similar to the samples it had studied, but were not identical to them.
“Instead of training the network to read handwritten numbers, we trained the network to learn to write numbers, mimicking visual samples of handwriting that it was trained on,” said senior author Mo Li, a UW professor of electrical and computer engineering. “We, with the help of our computer science collaborators at Duke University, also showed that the GAN can mitigate the negative impact of the optical computing hardware noises by using a training algorithm that is robust to errors and noises. More than that, the network actually uses the noises as random input that is needed to generate output instances.”
After learning from handwritten samples of the number seven, which were from a standard AI-training image set, the GAN practiced writing “7” until it could do it successfully. Along the way, it developed its own distinct writing style and could write numbers from one to 10 in computer simulations.
The next steps include building this device at a larger scale using current semiconductor manufacturing technology. So, instead of constructing the next version of the device in a lab, the team plans to use an industrial semiconductor foundry to achieve wafer-scale technology. A larger-scale device will further improve performance and allow the research team to do more complex tasks beyond handwriting generation such as creating artwork and even videos.
“This optical system represents a computer hardware architecture that can enhance the creativity of artificial neural networks used in AI and machine learning, but more importantly, it demonstrates the viability for this system at a large scale where noise and errors can be mitigated and even harnessed,” Li said. “AI applications are growing so fast that in the future, their energy consumption will be unsustainable. This technology has the potential to help reduce that energy consumption, making AI and machine learning environmentally sustainable—and very fast, achieving higher performance overall.”
Citation: Harnessing noise in optical computing for AI (2022, January 21) retrieved 23 January 2022 from https://techxplore.com/news/2022-01-harnessing-noise-optical-ai.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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Africa in Fashion explores the kaleidoscope of craft cultures that have shaped African fashion for centuries and captures the intriguing stories of contemporary and avant-garde African brands.
Part One looks at Africa’s rich cultural heritage and place in the network of global fashion. The first chapter retells the history of African fashion, exploring Africa’s textile traditions, artisanship and role as a global resource. The second chapter presents a New Africa and examines the promise and potential of Africa’s markets, while challenging stereotypes and the concept of European hegemony particularly in the realm of luxury fashion. It also spotlights Africa’s unique position as the global industry shifts towards a more sustainable future.
Part Two ushers the reader into the spectacular world of African fashion today. It showcases a carefully curated set of the continent’s most dynamic brands and, through interviews with prominent and inspiring designers, offers rare insight into their ethos and design practice. Covering unisex fashion, menswear, womenswear, accessories and jewellery the brands are each purposefully selected to contribute uniquely to the mosaic of Africa evolving creative landscape.
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हुंडई मोटर इंडिया लिमिटेड ने साल २०२० की सबसे प्रतीक्षित कार हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० सेकेंड जेनरेशन को भारत में लांच कर दिया है इस कार की लोग काफी प्रतीक्षा कर रहे थे हुंडई क्रेटा भारत की सबसे पॉपुलर एसयूवी में से है हुंडई ने इस कार को तीन इंजन विकल्पों और ५ वेरिएंट के साथ लॉन्च किया है। इस पॉपुलर एसयूवी के लिए प्रीबुकिंग्स कम्पनी ने २ मार्च को शुरू की थी। सेकेंड जेनरेशन हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० का सीधा मुकाबला किआ मोटर्स की किया सेल्टोस से होगा। आपकी जानकारी के लिए बता दे कि दक्षिण कोरियाई कम्पनी हुंडई मोटर्स ही किया मोटर्स की पैरेंटल कंपनी है।
हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० तीन इंजन विकल्पों के साथ लांच की गयी है १.५-लीटर पेट्रोल, १.५-लीटर डीजल और १.४ कप्पा टर्बो पेट्रोल इंजन। जिसमे से १.५-लीटर पेट्रोल इंजन ६३०० आरपीएम पर ११५ प्स की पॉवर और ४५00 आरपीएम पर १४.७ कम की टार्क उत्पन्न करता है। वही इसका १.५-लीटर डीजल इंजन ४000 आरपीएम पर ११५ प्स की पॉवर १५00-2७00 आरपीएम पर 2५.५ कम की टार्क देता है। हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० का १.४ कप्पा टर्बो पेट्रोल इंजन ६००० आरपीएम पर १४0 प्स की पॉवर और १५00-३२०० आरपीएम पर 2४.७ कम की टार्क देता है।
ट्रांसमिशन और गियरबॉक्स की बात करे तो १.५-लीटर पेट्रोल इंजन के साथ ६ स्पीड मैन्युअल और इंटेलीजेंट वेरिएबल ट्रांसमिशन मिलेगा, १.५-लीटर डीजल इंजन के साथ ६ स्पीड मैन्युअल और ६ स्पीड आटोमेटिक ट्रांसमिशन मिलेगा वही क्रेटा के १.४ कप्पा टर्बो पेट्रोल इंजन के साथ ७- स्पीड ड्यूल क्लच ट्रांसमिशन मिलेगा।
हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० में ३.५ इंच का मोनो टीएफटी मल्टी इन्फॉर्मेशन डिस्प्ले, ७ इंच का इंस्ट्रूमेंट क्लस्टर, फ्रंट वेंटिलेटेड सीट, रिमोट इंजन स्टार्ट-स्टॉप, ८-स्पीकर बोस साउंड सिस्टम, 1७ इंच डायमंड कट अलॉय वील्स, ड्यूल टोन इंटीरियर, एलइडी मैप्स और रीडिंग मैप्स, सनग्लास होल्डर, एलइडी टेल लैम्प्स जैसे फीचर्स मिलेगे।
रेड अलसो: महिंद्रा ज़ुव ३०० का नया वर्जन जल्द होगा लांच; होगी और ज्यादा पावरफुल
हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० में सेफ्टी फीचर्स के रूप मे ईबीडी के साथ एबीएस, एयरबैग्स, इलेक्ट्रानिक स्टेबिलिटी कण्ट्रोल, वेहिकल स्टेबिलिटी मैनेजमेंट कण्ट्रोल, स्पीड अलर्ट सिस्टम, चाइल्ड सीट एंकर, आटोमेटिक हेडलैंप, रियर एसी वेंट्स, लेन चेंज इंडिकेटर, ब्लैक रेडियेटर ग्रिल, ड्यूल-टोन बंपर, सिल्वर ब-च पिलर गार्निश मिलेंगे। इसके साथ नई क्रेटा में ड-कट स्टीयरिंग विद टिल्ट एडजस्टमेंट, सीट बेल्ट रिमाइंडर, रियर पार्किंग सेंसर्स, स्पीड सेंसिंग डोर लॉक्स और जैसे स्टैंडर्ड फीचर्स भी मिलेंगे।
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Every beautician should reserve disposable sheets, designed for outpatient care and for the implementation of various types of invasive procedures, cosmetic procedures requiring sterile conditions. They are used in medical and beauty facilities as a bedding material commonly.
Sheets is easy to use, because presented in a roll and perforated every 180 cm, which allow to rip it fast while continuing the procedure. The width of the sheet is 80 cm, its length is 250 meters. This product is designed for one-time use.
- UK delivery is carried out within 5-8 business days
- delivery is made after the payment order
- Payment Methods:
- Cash on delivery of the goods;
- VISA / MasterCard,
- exchange/return goods within 14 days.
- 18 months Warranty
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#doing BFS and DFS traversal of the graph
# java code https://github.com/mission-peace/interview/blob/master/src/com/interview/graph/GraphTraversal.java
from graph import *
import queue
def dfs_util(v, visited):
if v in visited:
return
visited.add(v)
print(v)
for vertex in v.adjacent_vertices:
dfs_util(vertex, visited)
def dfs(graph):
visited = set()
for id in graph.all_vertex:
dfs_util(graph.all_vertex[id], visited)
def bfs(graph):
q = queue.Queue()
visited = set()
for vertex in graph.all_vertex.values():
if vertex not in visited:
q.put(vertex)
visited.add(vertex)
while not q.empty():
v = q.get();
print(v)
for adj in v.adjacent_vertices:
if adj not in visited:
q.put(adj)
visited.add(adj)
if __name__ == '__main__':
g = Graph(False)
g.add_edge(1,2,10)
g.add_edge(2,3,5)
g.add_edge(1,4,6)
dfs(g)
bfs(g)
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Patent application title: SCANNED SOURCE ORIENTED NANOFIBER FORMATION
Harold G. Craighead (Ithaca, NY, US)
Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
Jun Kameoka (College Station, TX, US)
Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
IPC8 Class: AC23F1700FI
Class name: Etching a substrate: processes masking of a substrate using material resistant to an etchant (i.e., etch resist) resist material applied in particulate form or spray
Publication date: 2013-12-12
Patent application number: 20130327742
Nanofibers are formed using electrospray deposition from microfluidic
source. The source is brought close to a surface, and scanned in one
embodiment to form oriented or patterned fibers. In one embodiment, the
surface has features, such as trenches on a silicon wafer. In further
embodiments, the surface is rotated to form patterned nanofibers, such as
polymer nanofibers. The nanofibers may be used as a mask to create
features, and as a sacrificial layer to create nanochannels.
1. A method comprising: means for depositing a nanofiber on a substrate;
etching the substrate where not substantially covered by the nanofiber;
and removing the nanofiber.
2. A method comprising: means for depositing a depolymerizable nanofiber on a substrate; covering the nanofiber with a capping layer; and removing the nanofiber to create a nanochannel.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the nanochannel is removed by: creating openings in the capping layer on either side of a portion of the nanofiber; and depolymerizing the nanofiber.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the channel is substantially elliptical in cross section.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/470,327, filed May 21, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,413,603, Issued Apr. 9, 2013, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/951,254, filed Sep. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,807, Issued May 26, 2009, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/506,214; filed on Sep. 26, 2003; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/394,757 (entitled Electrospray Emitter for Microfluidic Channel, filed May 21, 2003).
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to forming nanofibers, and in particular to forming oriented nanofibers using a scanned source.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Nanoscale materials, such as nanowires, nanotubes and nanofibers have gained more attention recently because of their unique electrical, optical and mechanical properties. Fabrication of oriented nanofibers on a planar surface and integration of these nanofibers with microfabricated structures such as electrodes of surface topography are required for application to molecular electronics. Randomly oriented nanofibers with diameters in the range of 50 to 500 nm have been fabricated using electrospinning technology and suggested for use in a wide range of applications such as high performance filters, drug delivery, scaffolds for tissue engineering, optical and electronic applications.
Vertically oriented tubes or metal needles, connected to syringe pumps have normally been used as electrospinning sources. In these systems, a droplet of solution is formed at the exit of a tube with diameter in the range of 300 um to 1 mm. The exit of the capillary tubing is normally directed downward to a counter electrode. A Taylor cone is established at the exit of the capillary tube by applying an electric field. A polymeric solution is extracted from the Taylor cone and electrospun toward the counter electrode surface. The distance between the exit of the capillary tubing and the counter electrode is approximately 5-25 cm with an applied electric field of 1000V/cm to 3000V/cm.
Straight nanofibers with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 nm have been fabricated by electrospinning on an edge of a sharpened rotational disc collector for possible application to molecular electronics. However, this approach does not permit fabricating of nanofibers on a planar surface. Therefore, it is difficult if not impossible to integrate nanofibers with microfabricated structures for such applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Nanofibers are formed on a planar surface using electrospray deposition from a microfluidic source. The source is brought close to a surface, and scanned relative to the surface in one embodiment to form oriented or patterned fibers in desired positions. In one embodiment, the source is an electrospray source, such as a microfabricated tip provides a solution from an electrostatically formed Taylor cone formed on the tip.
In one embodiment, the surface has features, such as trenches on a silicon wafer. In further embodiments, the surface is rotated to form patterned nanofibers, such as polymer nanofibers.
In a further embodiment, polymeric nanofibers are formed by electrospinning a polymeric solution on a moving planar silicon surface with microstructures. The nanofibers are integrated with microfabricated structures.
The nanofibers may be used as etch masks for further processing, and may also be used to sacrificial layers to form rounded channels.
In still further embodiments, colloidal suspensions may be provided in the solution to form nanofibers containing nano spheres or other particles. The tips may be dipped in the solution, or fluidic channels may be coupled to the tips to provide the source for the nanofibers. Distances between source and surface, as well as solution viscosity may be varied to form nanofibers with differing properties.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electrospinning system for creating polymer nanofibers according to an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded block view example of a channel with integrated electrospray emitter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a representation of a Taylor cone established on a tip of an emitter in FIG. 2 according to an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a block perspective view of an electrospinning system for creating polymer nanofibers on a spinning silicon substrate according to an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a planar view of the silicon substrate of FIG. 4 having features formed thereon.
FIG. 6 is a cross section representation of an example nanofiber crossing multiple trenches.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show two scanning electron microscope representations of example nanofibers crossing different size trenches.
FIG. 8 is a block representation of an example multi-tip electrospray emitter device.
FIG. 9 is a block representation of an example "Y" shaped channel.
FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F are block schematic diagrams illustrating formation of a tip according to an example embodiment.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C are block diagrams illustrating an example nanofibers fabrication process.
FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C are block diagrams illustrating formation of a nanostructure according to an example embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limited sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
A microfluidic electrospray system is shown at 100 in FIG. 1. A microfluidic channel 110 is coupled at one end to a triangular tip 115, acting as a source for formation of nanofibers. Both are supported by a substrate 120. A reservoir 125 provides a polymer solution in one embodiment to the channel 110 and to the tip 115. Another end of the microfluidic channel 110 is coupled to a reservoir 125 formed in the substrate 120. The reservoir in one embodiment is coupled to a capillary tube 130, or other plumbing to provide the polymer solution to the reservoir and channel. A conductor, such as a gold wire 135 is coupled to the reservoir for coupling the reservoir to a power supply 137. The substrate is mounted on an x,y,z stage for moving the substrate laterally in a desired manner.
In one embodiment, the substrate 120 is positioned between approximately 5 mm to 12.5 mm from holder 145 on which a silicon substrate 150 with aluminum coating 155 is supported. The substrate and aluminum coating 155 are coupled to a ground via a conductor 160, forming a counter electrode. By applying a potential via power supply 137 with respect to the grounded substrate 150, a Taylor cone is established on tip 115, resulting in a liquid jet 170 being formed at the tip and moving toward the substrate 150. In one embodiment, the term Taylor cone is used to refer to any type of structure that result in a thin stream of liquid moving toward the substrate 150. By moving the substrate 120 by use of the x,y,z stage 140, the liquid jet moves across the substrate 150, creating nanofibers on the substrate.
The term "nanofibers" is meant to cover fibers within the dimensions described herein, and smaller fibers. Further the nanofibers may be larger than those described depending on multiple different parameters, including size of the triangle tip.
The microfluidic coupling allows new possibilities for materials processing and nano structure formation. The source allows for smaller source to substrate distances and permits operation at lower voltages than conventional sources. The shorter distance, referred to as a deposition distance, enables greater control of nanofiber morphology and more localized deposition of the fibers. In one embodiment, nanofibers are formed within a 5 mm diameter circle on the substrate 150.
In one example, the electrospray device substrate 120 is attached on the x,y,z stage 140 and adjusted to form a deposition distance between the tip 115 and counter electrode/substrate of approximately 0.5 cm to 1.5 cm. A 300 nl/minute flow rate is created by coupling a syringe pump to the capillary tube 130. A potential is applied to the wire 135 of approximate 2000V to 8500V.
Approximately 500 nm of aluminum is optionally sputter-deposited on the silicon wafer and used as the counter electrode for nanofiber deposition. In one embodiment, the counter electrode is attached to a rotating optical chopper, with rotation rate varied between 40 RPM to 800 RPM. In a further embodiment, nanofibers are directly deposited on the silicon wafer without the need for the Al layer. In this embodiment, the silicon wafer acts as the counter electrode.
Further detail of an electrospray device is shown at 200 in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, a top chip 210 has a microchannel 215 embossed therein. The device further comprises an emitter film 220, having a triangular or trapezoidal shaped tip 230. It should be noted that any type of source, such as commercially available electro spray sources may be used to provide an electro spray of desired materials in addition to the sources described herein. Electrospray techniques involve the use of an applied voltage to extract material from a surface.
In one embodiment, the emitter comprises a larger body portion that is rectangular, with the tip 230 extending from the rectangular portion. A bottom chip 240 is thermally bonded with the top chip 210, sandwiching a portion of the emitter film to hold it firmly between the chips. In one embodiment, the film covers a portion of the length of the channel at one end of the bonded chips as indicated at 250. The tip 230 extends laterally from the channel at end 250. A reservoir 260 is coupled to the other end of the channel 215.
The triangle tip 230 is approximately 3 um thick, and acts like a nozzle or wick that prevents liquid from spreading laterally at the exit of the fluidic channel. In one embodiment, the tip has an apex with an approximately 90 degree angle, and the angles adjacent the channel are approximately 45 degrees. The angle of the apex may be varied, such as between 40 and 120 degrees. At smaller apex angles, liquid may spread at the base of the triangle contacting the microchannel chip, as the wetting angle of solutions in the channel may be smaller than the angles the base of the triangle makes with the chip. Different apex angles may be optimal for solutions with different wetting angles. The base of the triangular tip is approximately 100 micrometers, and the height is approximately 50 micrometers. Thus, the base extends well beyond both sides of the channel when centered approximately at the center of the channel.
The shape of the tip 230 helps form and fix a position of a Taylor cone, as shown in FIG. 3. When a difference in potential is applied to the device, a liquid droplet with a critical curvature for establishing a Taylor cone is formed at the apex of the triangle. A liquid jet 320 is formed at the apex. Highly charged small liquid droplets are made extending toward the counter electrode. Excess electrostatic force extracts liquid from the apex of the Taylor cone to establish the liquid jet. Other shapes of emitter film may also be used, such as trapezoidal shaped emitter films. While an electrospray emitter is described as the source for nanofibers, other sources may also be used to create oriented nanofibers.
Polyethylene oxide was used as the nanofiber solution in one embodiment. It was prepared by dissolving PEO monomer (MW 100,000) at weight concentration of 6% to 10% in a mixture of 50% deionized water and 50% ethanol. Other concentrations may also be used. PEO polymeric solution is electrosprayed to the rotational counter electrode. The deposition distance is set at 2 cm and the position of the triangular tip was set at 2.0 cm laterally away from the center of the counter electrode. Other solutions may also be used to form nanofibers.
For a spinning process, a flow rate of 300 nl/minute is maintained with the syringe pump. 7000V was applied to the gold wire at the fluid source with the metalized substrate at ground potential. A Taylor cone is maintained at the apex of the triangle tip with a stable total ion current of 15 nA.
In various embodiments, nanofiber size and morphology depend on process parameters, which may be varied significantly. Such parameters include the deposition distance, applied electric field strength, and rotational speed of the counter electrode. At smaller deposition distances, the polymer may arrive at the counter electrode as a solution, resulting in a structure resembling a membrane with holes, rather than fibers. In one embodiment, the deposition distance is set to 0.75 cm, and a Taylor cone is established with 3500V applied to the gold electrode. This resulted in approximately 14.8 nA of total ion current and columnar nanofibers with an average diameter of 200 nm. Nanofibers appear to have partially dried while traveling to the counter electrode.
With a distance of approximately 1.0 cm, a Taylor cone is established at about 4000V, and an ion current of about 14.5 nA. Thinner nanofibers are formed in this case, with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. With a distance of 1.5 cm, the Taylor cone is also established at 4000V, resulting in columnar nanofibers with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm.
From the above examples, the nanofiber size decreased from 200 nm to 100 nm while the deposition distance was increased from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm. Extension of the deposition distance to more than 1.0 cm did not influence the nanofiber diameter. Once the fibers form in transit, the nanofiber size appears to be fixed, and the fibers are deposited on the surface as a solid.
Applied electric field strength was varied from 4000 V/cm to 8500 V/cm at a distance of 1.0 cm. At 4000 V/cm, cylindrical nanofibers are formed with an average diameter of 100 nm. At 5500 V/cm, the diameter is almost the same, but branched nanofibers with small diameter of 30 to 60 nm were fabricated between the main nanofibers. Nanospheres of approximately 200 to 400 nm were suspended between main nanofibers via smaller nanofibers. At 7000 V/cm, the diameter of the main nanofibers is about 120 nm. Small nanofibers between main nanofibers, as well as nanospheres increased further. At 8500 V/cm, the average diameter of the main nanofibers is about 150 nm. However, smaller, and a larger number nanofibers in the range of 10-20 nm formed. In addition, nanospheres with average diameter of 100 to 200 nm were suspended between medium size nanofibers via small nanofibers.
In still further embodiments, the substrate is rotated during fiber deposition. In various examples, the rotational speed of the counter electrode/substrate, was varied between 40 RPM and 800 RPM. The distance of the source was set approximately 2.0 cm from the center of the rotation of the electrode. At lower rotational speeds, nanofibers formed on the substrate tended to curve in a whiplike manner, creating loops and overlapping loops. As the speed is increased, the fibers formed tended to straighten out at approximately 600 RPM and higher, resulting in essentially straight or lateral fiber formation at nanoscales. The diameter of the nanofibers does not tend to be dependent on rotational speed at this distance.
FIG. 4 is a block perspective view of an electro spinning system 400 for creating polymer nanofibers on a spinning silicon substrate according to an embodiment of the invention. As in FIG. 1, substrate 120 is mounted on a xyz translation stage, and provides a liquid jet 170 from the apex of a triangle sandwiched about a microchannel 110. A syringe pump provides a polymer to the microchannel via tube 130. Conductor 135 is used to apply a potential. The translation stage is used to position the apex of the triangle a desired distance from a target substrate 410 and counter electrode 415, such as deposited aluminum on the substrate. The substrate and counter electrode are mounted on motor 420, such as an optical chopper motor for rotating the substrate with respect to the triangle emitter.
The substrate, in one embodiment, has features 425 formed on its surface, one which nanofibers are to be formed. Such features are shown as trenches at 510 in FIG. 5, formed using common processing techniques. Many other structures may be formed as desired. In one embodiment, the trenches 510 are formed with an orientation such that nanofibers 610 will be formed transverse to them as shown in a cross section in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, the trenches 510 are heading into the page, while the nanofibers, represented at 610 are formed along the surface of the substrate 410 substantially perpendicular to the trenches. In one embodiment, the nanofibers form an angle with respect to the trenches that may be varied as desired. The width of the trenches may be varied as desired such that the nanofibers span and dip into the trenches, or span the trenches in a substantially straight line.
In one embodiment, different width trenches were used, with widths of approximately 3 um and 5 um with a depth of 2 um. The silicon counter electrode was spun by the motor to create a linear velocity of the counter electrode relative to the microfabricated electro spinning source that is varied between 0.0 cm/s to 168 cm/s.
In one example, the linear velocities were varied with a fixed deposition distance of 2.0 cm with an applied potential of 4000V for 10 to 20 seconds. As the surface velocity increases, the effect of random motion becomes less significant and the orientation of the fibers is dominated by the linear driven motion. If a consistent surface velocity is desired, the rotations per minute must be decreased as the nanofibers are applied further from the center of rotation. In one embodiment, linear velocities were varied between 0.0 cm/s and 168 cm/s for a PEO nanofiber solution. Nanofibers are substantially straight at approximately 126 cm/s. They may be straight at lower speeds, and are likely straight at higher speeds. While the diameter of the nanofibers does not change appreciably with distance from the source, the speed at which straight nanofibers are formed may vary with other parameters, such as applied potential.
In further embodiments, the substrate is not spun, but is moved in a linear direction at a desired speed by a translator or other device. In still further embodiments, the source is moved, or a combination of moving both the source and substrate are used to obtain the desired relative motion.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show two scanning electron microscope representations of an oriented nanofiber 710 with a diameter of about 150 nm fabricated over multiple 3 um wide trenches such as trench 720, and an oriented nanofiber 730 with a diameter of about 140 nm fabricated over multiple 5 um wide trenches such as trench 740. The fibers are suspended between tops of the trenches, and span the gap between the trenches in one embodiment. While trenches are shown as features formed on or in the substrate, many other different features, including feature extending out from the substrate surface may be formed, and have nanofibers deposited across the trenches. The metal layer, such as aluminum may be removed following deposition of the nanofibers using suitable selective etching techniques.
FIG. 8 is a block representation of a multi-tip electrospray emitter device. Four triangle emitters 810, 815, 820 and 825 are shown. Each emitter is coupled to a channel. They may be operated in parallel, or may be sequentially operated. When operated in parallel, the emitters are spaced sufficiently to minimize interference between the respective sprays. A multichannel system when operated in a multiplexed manner operates reliably with no significant cross contamination between the channels, forming substantially parallel sets of nanofibers.
In one embodiment, a "Y" shaped channel indicated at 900 in FIG. 9 is used to provide nanofibers producing fluid to a source. Channel 900 is used in one embodiment to mix PEO solution and Rhodamine B. A first branch 910 provides the PEO solution, and a second branch 920 provides Rhodamine B. The materials come together at a junction of the branches at 930 and begin mixing. The mixed solution is guided to a source, such as a triangular tip as described above by channel 940 for electrospinning to fabricate nanofibers. Other materials may also be used, and more than two branches are used if needed.
In one embodiment, a laminar flow is created in the channel 940 prior to reaching the source. Laminar flow may be used to create layered nanofibers. Additional functions, such as valves and other functions may be added in the channel to further manipulate and control the flow of nanofibers source materials. Reactions may also be facilitated by the channel and associated structures that may be formed. The use of such channels also facilitates the creation of arrays of sources.
FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F are block schematic diagrams illustrating formation of a tip according to an example embodiment. Conventional microfabrication approaches may be used to form an electrospinning tip source or sources that may be dipped in a solution from which nanowires or nanofibers may be formed.
In FIG. 10A, a silicon wafer 1010 has silicon dioxide layers on both sides at 1015 and 1020. In one embodiment, SiO2 layer 1015 is formed on top of wafer 1010 and is approximately 3 um thick. SiO2 layer 1020 is formed on a bottom of the wafer 1010 and is approximately 1 um thick. In one embodiment, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was used to form the oxide layers. Other thicknesses may be used as desired consistent with the formation of the tip.
A patterned photoresist 1025 is formed on the top or front of the wafer as shown in perspective view in FIG. 10B. A tip shape is defined in the photoresist as indicated at 1030. In one embodiment, the tip is in the shape of an arrow extending from a support structure, such as a rectangular block. The head of the arrow is a triangular shape coupled to the end of a shaft extending from the support structure. Other shapes of tips may be formed as described below.
FIG. 10c is a cross section of the wafer 1010 following etching of the oxide, such as by use of CHF3/O2 plasma. The remaining resist may be removed in an oxygen plasma. FIG. 10D is a cross section of the wafer 1010 following a full wafer etch-through to the lower oxide layer 1020, using a Bosch process, or other process that provides a fairly deep etch with desirable, fairly straight sidewall characteristics. Remaining oxide is then removed, such as by use of HF, and a conductive layer is applied to the top of the tip as seen at 1040 in FIG. 10E. The conductive layer in one embodiment is formed of approximately 20 nm of Cr and 100 nm of Au deposited by use of electron beam evaporation. Other conductors, thicknesses and methods of forming such may be used in various embodiments. Gold is used in one embodiment. The remaining silicon 1050 combined with the conductive layer form an electro spinning tip 1060, which may be removed from the wafer, which in one embodiment is a 4 inch wafer from which multiple tips may be formed. 25 tips may be formed in some embodiments, and cleaved from the wafer.
A perspective view of tip 1050 is seen in FIG. 10F, with the addition of a conductive wire 1070 attached to the conductive layer 1040 of tip 1050. In one embodiment, the wire 1070 comprises tungsten. Other conductive materials, such as gold, may also be used for the wire.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C are block schematic diagrams illustrating an example nanofibers fabrication process. An arrow tip 1110 is supported on a fixture to facilitate dipping the tip into a polymeric solution 1115 supported by a plate 1120. Plate 1120 may be made of glass or other suitable material that provides a surface to support the solution. Other solutions may be used that provide the ability to form nanowires/nanofibers. FIG. 11B illustrates dipping of the arrow tip 1110 into the solution 1115 generally at 1125. The arrow shape of the tip may help establish a droplet of solution localized on the tip.
In one example embodiment, for ease of observation of formation of a Taylor cone, the tip is placed approximately 2 cm from a rotating counter electrode 1130. The counter electrode is grounded in one embodiment, and a potential of approximately 4000 to 6000V is applied between the tip and the electrode as indicated at 1135 to form the Taylor cone. To minimize the effect of liquid evaporation from the droplet, the nanofiber fabrication process is done within a few seconds after droplet formation. For formation of aligned fibers, the counter electrode 1130 is coupled to a chopper motor 1140 to provide a simple means to control the motion of the tip relative the counter electrode 1130, which in one embodiment comprises a wafer. The velocity of the motor is adjusted to control the rotational velocity of the counter electrode.
In one embodiment, various solutions of PEO may be used. Weight concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 30% of PEO in a solvent of 50% deionized water and 50% ethanol may be utilized. Other concentrations may also be used, as well as entirely different solutions that are capable of forming wires. For a composite particle deposition, a 50-50 mixture of 20% PEO polymer solution and a fluorescent latex nanosphere suspension may be prepared. A final approximated PEO polymer weight concentration in the prepared polymeric colloidal solutions is approximately 10%. The diameters of the fluorescent latex spheres are approximately 100 and 500 nm in one embodiment. The concentration of the spheres in one embodiment is between 9.0×10'' and 7.0×10'' particles per ml respectively. Other size spheres, and other types of spheres and particles may also be used.
Polyaniline (PANI) (48 mg, emeraldine base; Mw approximately 20,000, purchased from Aldrich, Wis., USA) may be dissolved in chloroform (1.5 ml) and doped with 10-camphorsulfonic acid (122 mg). PEO (48 mg, Mw approximately 900,000 purchased from Aldrich) may be added to the chloroform solution and stirred overnight. The concentration of PEO/PANI-HCSA may range from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. %. The amount of PEO mixed with PA may be varied from 10 to 80 wt. % in one embodiment.
In one embodiment, a Taylor cone is established with a potential of 4500 V applied to a 20 ul dropet and the counter electrode. Nanofibers may be generated for approximately 5 to 10 seconds. The length of the nanofiber is controlled by the volume of the droplet loaded on the tip. The length may also be controlled by controlling the potential. Removing the potential at desired times results in removing the Taylor cone, and hence stopping production of the nanofiber at a desired time and distance. Nanofibers are deposited immediately after the polymeric solution is loaded to reduce effects of evaporation. In addition to the arrow shaped tip, triangle-shaped and straight metal wire tips may be employed. It may be more difficult to establish a Taylor cone with some tip shapes.
Diameters of nanofibers deposited from the various solutions may be in the 100 to 200 nm range for the 5% solution, 200-300 nm range for 10%, 300-500 nm for 20% and 500 to 1800 nm range for 30%. The polymer viscosity increases with concentration. The viscosity of a 30% solution is very high. Lower viscosity solutions appear to result in smaller diameter fibers.
Deposition distance may also be varied. In one embodiment, the distance is varied between 0.5 to 1.5 cm with a PEO solution of 10%. The counter electrode is not spun in this embodiment. Changes may be observed in the nanofiber morphology. In the case of a 0.5 cm deposition distance, deposited polymer resembles a membrane. This may be the result of the short transit distance, in which the polymer may arrive at the counter electrode as a wet polymer, allowing them to merge to form larger fibers, or bond together to make a fibrous web. At a distance of 0.75 cm, cylindrical nanofibers may be formed of diameter 200 to 850 nm range. In this case, the nanofibers appear to have partially dried while traveling to the counter electrode. At 1.0 cm distances, thinner nanofibers appear to be created, having average diameters of approximately 153 nm. A 5% solution resulted in nanofibers as small as 45 nm.
In further embodiments, the motion of the tip relative to the counter electrode is used to control nanofiber orientation. A linear velocity of approximately less than approximately 168 cm per second produced slightly bent nanofibers, instead of fairly straight nanofibers. Higher linear velocities produced fairly straight nanofibers for a 10% solution. In further embodiments, the linear velocity used to produce substantially straight nanofibers may depend at least on the potential and solution used.
Composite materials may also be deposited by electro spraying a mixture of PEO and colloidal particles, such as the fluorescent nanospheres with 100 nm and 500 nm diameters. In one embodiment, such colloidal suspensions were spun with a relative tip to counter electrode velocity sufficient to provide straightened nanofibers with a 30 degree variation along the rotational direction, rather than a random orientation. Latex nanospheres may be confined in the nanofibers and are self assembled along the nanofibers. The diameter of the nanofibers may be in the 100 to 300 nm range, or other ranges depending on distance and percent solutions utilized. In one embodiment, a line density of nanospheres confined in the nanofibers is approximately 0.75 particles per um for 100 nm nanospheres, and approximately 0.68 particles per um for 500 nm nanospheres.
In one embodiment, the tips may be reused after surface cleaning. A wide range of polymeric material, such as highly viscous polymeric solutions can be electro spun from the tip. The short deposition distance as compared to syringe based electrospinning provides for easy control of the orientation of the nanofibers. The tips also provide the capability of electrospinning of colloidal suspensions mixed with a polymer solution to fabricate nanofibers composite materials. In addition to the formation of nanofibers, scanning tips may be used to electrospray liquids, chemicals and for particulate deposition on a surface.
In still further embodiments, a solution of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is used for fiber formation. 4 wt. % and 5.5 wt. % PMMA solutions may be prepared by dissolving 67.2 mg and 92.4 mg of PMMA (Mw 495,000) in 2 ml of anisole (phenyl methyl ether), respectively. A pipette or other type of applicator may be utilized to provide 30 ul of solution on the silicon tip. A voltage of 4000 to 7000 V may be applied between the tip and counter electrode to establish the Taylor cone and extract a liquid jet from its apex. By rotating a target substrate on the counter electrode at approximately 500 rpm, the relative scanned motion of the counter electrode to the electrospinning source (the tip) controls orientation of the deposited PMMA nanofibers on the surface of the target substrate. A distance of approximately 1.5 cm between tip and target substrate was adequate to produce desired nanofibers.
Target substrates may include many different materials, such as silicon, aluminum, thin film aluminum on silicon, and non-conducting substrates, such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, glass slides, cover slips and others. Such non-conductive substrates are mounted on the counter electrode in the path of the extracted liquid jet.
With highly volatile solvents in the solution used to form a Taylor cone may be stable only for several seconds prior to evaporation. A side effect of such volatile solvents appears to be the formation of more than one polymer liquid jet being extracted from a silicon tip per deposition cycle. This may lead to fibers of different sizes being deposited on the same substrate. When multiple polymer jets are extracted, the diameters of such jets may have very small diameters. Reducing the size of the microfabricated tip may also consistently create nanofibers with very small diameters.
In one embodiment, using the 4 wt. % solution of PMMA in anisole, fibers were produced having an average diameter of approximately 85.2 nm. Fibers deposited using 4 wt. % solution of PMMA range from 81.4 to 326.5 nm with an average of 190 nm. Fibers deposited using 5.5 wt. % solution of PMMA range from 88.5 to 346 nm with an average of 206 nm.
The smallest diameter fibers extracted from the solutions were deposited when more than one polymer jet was extracted from the silicon tip. The multiple jets produced fibers of various sizes, instead of a single jet producing fibers of approximately the same size.
FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C are block diagrams illustrating formation of a nanostructure according to an example embodiment. A PMMA nanofiber or mask 1210 is deposited on a substrate 1215, such as silicon. In one embodiment, the fiber 1210 is heated to 110 C on a hot plate for 10 minutes to remove any remaining solvent. Other methods may be used to remove remaining solvent if desired. The substrate was then cooled and placed in a reactive ion etcher, where a CF4 plasma chemistry was run for 1 minute to etch the underlying silicon substrate as seen in FIG. 12B, leaving a ridge 1220 of silicon beneath the fiber 1210. Etch selectivity of the PMMA mask 1210 to silicon substrate is 1.3 to 1 in one embodiment. The remaining PMMA mask 1210 may be removed in an oxygen plasma, leaving behind the ridge 1220 in FIG. 12c. In one embodiment, the ridge is a silicon structure with a width and height of 86.5 and 71.5 nm, respectively. Small variations in the width of the structure may be similar to those seen in structures defined by PMMA that were patterned by electron beam lithography. In further embodiments, different size structures may be created using wider or narrower nanofiber masks, along with variations of etching. Multiple nanofibers of various dimensions and orientations may be deposited, and even nanofiber meshes and random patterns may be used to crease a wide variety of etch masks. An x,y,z stepper may be used for moving the target substrate in desired manners during deposition of the nanofibers to provide even greater flexibility in mask pattern creation.
In another example embodiment of a nanostructure, a rounded channel has an elliptical cross section with major and minor radii of less than 100 nm. In one embodiment, a heat depolymerizable polycarbonate (HDPC) nanofiber is electro spun from a tip onto a substrate. A capping layer is formed on top of the substrate, and encapsulates the nanofiber. In one embodiment, the capping layer is silicon dioxide, selected for biocompatibility reasons.
The HDPC in one embodiment is a 20 wt. % solution of HDPC (Mw=100,000) in chlorobenzene. It is dispensed onto the silicon tip, and potential of approximately 6000 to 8000 volts is applied to form a Taylor cone and corresponding polymer jet. Target substrates include but are not limited to silicon, thin film silicon dioxide on silicon and glass. The substrate is mounted on the target electrode which is located approximately 1.5 cm from the source tip.
A photoresist is spun on the capping layer, and removed at two ends of the nanofiber by use of a photo mask or mechanically removed by wiping with a swab, wetted with acetone. The capping layer is then dry etched down to the substrate in a CHF3/O2 plasma chemistry to provide reservoirs for accessing the nanofiber. The remaining photoresist is removed in either an oxygen plasma or by using a solvent such as acetone. The substrate is then heated at 325° C. for approximately 24 hours or other suitable time to allow by-products of nanofiber polymer decomposition to diffuse out, forming a nanochannel from the depolymerized nanofiber, which effectively acts as a sacrificial layer. Conventional silicon processing techniques utilize temperatures above the glass transition temperature, Tg=120° C., of HDPC. Processing the fibers above their Tg may cause the fibers to deform from their cylindrical shape, leading to corners in the resulting channels. Alternative, lower temperature processes include the use of silicon dioxide capping layer formed by evaporation over the fibers. Even though this does not require direct heating of the substrate, radiative heading from the silicon dioxide source may cause the channels to show similar heat induced characteristics, such as being flat on the bottom side that contacts the substrate.
Other materials with lower melting temperatures may also be evaporated or other wise formed on the substrate for use as a capping layer. Aluminum may also be used, resulting in a rounder channel, but still possibly slightly flat on the bottom. Aluminum may not be suitable for use where optical inspections of material in the channels is required, such as applications involving the use of fluorescently labeled biomaterials.
A further alternative capping layer uses spin-on glass. Use of this material results in a fairly elliptical shaped channel, with example major and minor diameters of 168 and 98 nm respectively. The spin-on glass may be dispensed on the surface of the substrate using a pipette, or other mechanism. The substrate is then spun at 1500 rpm for 60 seconds, baked on a hot plate at 70° C. for 5 minutes, then ramped to 250° C. in 15 minutes. This may result in substantially elliptical channels with minor diameters perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. With such elliptical shapes, the channel provides simple boundary conditions for finite element simulations of flow fields at a 100 nm length scale. Also, with no corners or acute angles, the channels may be useful for high resolution separation of biomaterials.
A scanned electro spinning technique has been described that may be used to form a variety of one dimensional nano structures. It may enable rapid fabrication of oriented polymeric nanowires/nanofibers as well as their integration with lithographically defined surfaces. It also provides new opportunities for the manufacture of nanowires devices, including nanochannels of elliptical shape.
Patent applications by Harold G. Craighead, Ithaca, NY US
Patent applications by Jun Kameoka, College Station, TX US
Patent applications by Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
Patent applications in class Resist material applied in particulate form or spray
Patent applications in all subclasses Resist material applied in particulate form or spray
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Tissue-specific mtDNA abundance from exome data and its correlation with mitochondrial transcription, mass and respiratory activity.
Eukaryotic cells contain a population of mitochondria, variable in number and shape, which in turn contain multiple copies of a tiny compact genome (mtDNA) whose expression and function is strictly coordinated with the nuclear one. mtDNA copy number varies between different cell or tissues types, both in response to overall metabolic and bioenergetics demands and as a consequence or cause of specific pathological conditions. Here we present a novel and reliable methodology to assess the effective mtDNA copy number per diploid genome by investigating off-target reads obtained by whole-exome sequencing (WES) experiments. We also investigate whether and how mtDNA copy number correlates with mitochondrial mass, respiratory activity and expression levels. Analyzing six different tissues from three age- and sex-matched human individuals, we found a highly significant linear correlation between mtDNA copy number estimated by qPCR and the frequency of mtDNA off target WES reads. Furthermore, mtDNA copy number showed highly significant correlation with mitochondrial gene expression levels as measured by RNA-Seq as well as with mitochondrial mass and respiratory activity. Our methodology makes thus feasible, at a large scale, the investigation of mtDNA copy number in diverse cell-types, tissues and pathological conditions or in response to specific treatments.
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def for_PENTAGON():
"""printing symbole 'PENTAGON' using for loop"""
for row in range(7):
for col in range(9):
if col==4 or col in(3,5) and row!=0 or col in(2,6) and row not in(0,1) or row==4 or row in(3,5) and col not in(0,8):
print("*",end=" ")
else:
print(" ",end=" ")
print()
def while_PENTAGON():
"""printing symbole 'PENTAGON' using while loop"""
i=0
while i<7:
j=0
while j<9:
if j==4 or j in(3,5) and i!=0 or j in(2,6) and i not in(0,1) or i==4 or i in(3,5) and j not in(0,8):
print("*",end=" ")
else:
print(" ",end=" ")
j+=1
i+=1
print()
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# coding: utf-8
from __future__ import absolute_import
from swagger_server.models.upload_file_data import UploadFileData
from .base_model_ import Model
from datetime import date, datetime
from typing import List, Dict
from ..util import deserialize_model
class PartAttachement(Model):
"""
NOTE: This class is auto generated by the swagger code generator program.
Do not edit the class manually.
"""
def __init__(self, source_name=None, storage_path=None, id=None, description=None):
"""
PartAttachement - a model defined in Swagger
:param source_name: The source_name of this PartAttachement.
:type source_name: str
:param storage_path: The storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:type storage_path: str
:param id: The id of this PartAttachement.
:type id: int
:param description: The description of this PartAttachement.
:type description: str
"""
self.swagger_types = {
'source_name': str,
'storage_path': str,
'id': int,
'description': str
}
self.attribute_map = {
'source_name': 'source_name',
'storage_path': 'storage_path',
'id': 'id',
'description': 'description'
}
self._source_name = source_name
self._storage_path = storage_path
self._id = id
self._description = description
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, dikt):
"""
Returns the dict as a model
:param dikt: A dict.
:type: dict
:return: The PartAttachement of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: PartAttachement
"""
return deserialize_model(dikt, cls)
@property
def source_name(self):
"""
Gets the source_name of this PartAttachement.
:return: The source_name of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._source_name
@source_name.setter
def source_name(self, source_name):
"""
Sets the source_name of this PartAttachement.
:param source_name: The source_name of this PartAttachement.
:type source_name: str
"""
self._source_name = source_name
@property
def storage_path(self):
"""
Gets the storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:return: The storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._storage_path
@storage_path.setter
def storage_path(self, storage_path):
"""
Sets the storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:param storage_path: The storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:type storage_path: str
"""
self._storage_path = storage_path
@property
def id(self):
"""
Gets the id of this PartAttachement.
:return: The id of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: int
"""
return self._id
@id.setter
def id(self, id):
"""
Sets the id of this PartAttachement.
:param id: The id of this PartAttachement.
:type id: int
"""
if id is None:
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `id`, must not be `None`")
self._id = id
@property
def description(self):
"""
Gets the description of this PartAttachement.
:return: The description of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._description
@description.setter
def description(self, description):
"""
Sets the description of this PartAttachement.
:param description: The description of this PartAttachement.
:type description: str
"""
self._description = description
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Diagnostic imaging is critical to the staging of patients with peritoneal malignancy. This aggressive cancer develops in a thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen, and may also cover the uterus, bladder and rectum. Radiological findings help physicians determine patients who may benefit from cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).
CT scan of an 88-year-old woman with breast cancer showing (A) Small-
bowel serosal metastases (arrow) and (B, C) right hydronephrosis (asterisk)
from right distal ureteric metastases (arrow). Though at first look these images
illustrate localized disease, this patient had multifocal small and large bowel
serosal metastases and liver metastases making her less likely to benefit
from CRS and HIPEC.
A team of radiologists and surgeons from the Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital in Basingstoke, England, have developed a method of reporting key imaging features that would potentially alter the treatment of patients with peritoneal malignancy. They have summarized this with an acronym: PAUSE, representing the five key elements that describe the primary tumor and the presence and extent of metastases. The PAUSE protocol is described in detail in Clinical Radiology.
P: Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) and site/extent of primary tumor
The most common peritoneal malignancies treated by CRS and HIPIC are colorectal-peritoneal metastases, and peritoneal mesothelioma. The PCI is the most accepted method of estimating tumor burden in these patients, and it correlates closely with the prognosis and outcome of patients who receive this treatment. A summed numeric score (from 0-39) assigned to the largest lesion in 13 anatomical sites that include nine locations in the peritoneal cavity and four small bowel and mesenteric locations.
Although computed tomography (CT) is known to consistently underestimate PCI compared to surgical assessment, CT will remain the most widely used exam, according to lead author Anuradha Chandramohan, MD. The authors report that CT is a good screening method to detect extensive disease and to help identify patients who would not clinically benefit from CRS and HIPEC. They use a protocol that consists of an intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with positive oral contrast to opacify the small bowel.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) has a reported overall higher sensitivity, but it may not be feasible for patients who cannot tolerate long scanning times or have contraindications. The value of positron-emission tomography (PET) combined with CT is still being debated.
A: Ascites and abdominal wall involvement
The presence of malignant ascites correlated with a high tumor burden. If extensive, a patient has a very poor prognosis with survival of six months or less. The presence of abdominal wall metastases may cause surgical risks and morbidities and necessitate complex reconstructive surgery.
U: Unfavorable sites of involvement
The authors have prepared a detailed list of anatomical sites that radiologists should carefully scrutinize and report. Their article includes a useful table on unfavorable sites where imaging findings have been classified according to the implications they may have on the management of the patient.
S: Small bowel and mesenteric disease
The authors detail the radiology findings that indicate small-bowel and mesenteric disease on CT, along with imaging techniques used to best visualize specific disease. When identified, the ability to achieve complete CRS may be compromised. Detail of reporting is extremely important for surgical planning.
E: Extra-peritoneal disease
When disseminated systemic disease is identified in the form of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and metastases to the liver, lung, adrenals, bones or the brain, a patient is an unlikely candidate for cytoreductive surgery. The authors report that an exception may be synchronous resectable liver/lung and colorectal peritoneal metastases. PET-CT is useful in patients being considered for CRS and HIPEC in order to exclude extra-peritoneal metastases.
“We wrote an article that deals with a method of communicating imaging findings in complex condition such as peritoneal malignancy in a fashion that is useful to the treating physician,” said Dr. Chandramohan.
PAUSE: A protocol to standardize radiology reporting of peritoneal malignancy. Appl Radiol.
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Thanks again Bob, but how do you solve for h?
Thank you for this, Bob. Can you give me a reference for the second question, and I am not sure about "F".
2nd order differential equation
Find the analytic solution for this equation in terms of two constants by integrating twice.
d/dx(h * dh/dx) = 0
h(0) = 40 ; h(10000) = 40
d²h/dx² = -R/K = 2 x 10-5
h(0) = 1000 ; h(10000) = 1000
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This workshop is devoted to analytical aspects of morphogenesis (shape formation), arising as a consequence of the inelastic effects associated with growth, swelling, shrinkage or plasticity. Such effects result in a local and heterogeneous incompatibility of strains and naturally lead to the non-trivial shapes, seen even in the absence of any external forces, in a variety of science and technology situations.
A large body of experimental data, as well as numerous formal derivations, present in physics and mechanics literature, suggest various approaches to coupling between residual strain and the ultimate shape of an object. On the other hand, the rigorous results are sparse, and call for a more detailed analysis.
During the workshop, we hope to stimulate discussions and enhance further interactions between applied mathematicians, physicists, analysts and geometers, who pursue research around problems in strain-induced morphogenesis.
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राजकोट. मोरबी सौ ओरडी क्षेत्र में प्रेमिका के पति की हत्या का मामला सामने आया है। पत्नी के प्रेमी सहित तीन जनों ने समाधान के लिए बुलाने के बाद युवक की हत्या कर ली।
मोरबी के माळिया वनाळिया रोड निवासी महेश हेमंत बारोट (३५) पर बुधवार रात को हमलावरों ने चाकू से वार कर हत्या कर दी। घटना के बाद मृतक की पत्नी जयाबेन बारोट शव को लेकर अस्पताल पहुंची। बी डिवीजन पुलिस भी अस्पताल में पहुंची और जयाबेन से पूछताछ की।
प्रारंभिक पूछताछ में सामने आया है कि जयाबेन व पड़ोसी मनसुख उर्फ प्रवीण खीमजी सोलंकी के बीच एक वर्ष से प्रेम संबंध थे। इसकी जानकारी महेश को होने से उन्होंने महेश के साथ झगड़ा किया था। इस दौरान बुधवार रात को झगड़े के समाधान के लिए मनसुख ने महेश को बुलाया था, जहां झगड़ा बढऩे से मनसुख, मनसुख की पत्नी जयश्रीबेन एवं शामजी खीमजी सोलंकी ने मिलकर महेश की हत्या कर दी। पुलिस ने मृतका की पत्नी की शिकायत के आधार पर तीनों हमलावरों के विरुद्ध हत्या का मामला दर्ज किया है।
भुज/गांधीधाम. कच्छ जिले की नखत्राणा तहसील के कोटडा रोहा गांव में दो पुत्रों के साथ माता मीनाबा करणसिंह सोढ़ा (२३) के आत्मदाह प्रकरण में ससुरालवालों पर प्रताडऩा का आरोप लगाया है।
मृतका की माता सुखपर निवासी कैलाशबा जाडेजा ने नखत्राणा पुलिस थाने में दर्ज कराई प्राथमिकी में आरोप लगाया है कि पुत्री मीनाबा का विवाह कोटडा रोहा गांव निवासी करणसिंह सोढ़ा के साथ हुआ था, जिसके दो बच्चे भी थे। पिछले दो महीने से करणसिंह, उनके पिता खानुभा एवं माता पताबा रसोई बनाने के मामले में मीनाबा को परेशान करते थे। साथ ही पीहर से दहेज नहीं लाई थी, इस प्रकार कहकर मीनाबा को शारीरिक एवं मानसिक रूप से प्रताडि़त करते थे, जिससे परेशान होकर मीनाबा ने दोनों बच्चों के साथ आत्मदाह कर लिया था। पुलिस ने मामला दर्ज किया है।
कोटडा रोहा गांव निवासी मीनाबा करणसिंह सोढ़ा (२३) ने घर में दो बच्चों धैर्यराज (ढाई वर्ष) व लक्ष्यराज (चार वर्ष) के साथ गत शुक्रवार रात को केरोसिन छिड़ककर आग लगा ली थी। गंभीर रूप से झुलसे दोनों बच्चों को घटनास्थल पर ही मौत हो गई थी, जबकि मीनाबा की मंगलवार रात को अस्पताल में मौत हो गई थी।
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What's the most exotic item in your numismatic collection?
In terms of items that fall strictly within the parameters of the US Coin Forum, it would probably be my Lesher Referendum Dollar.
Lesher was a pioneer in Colorado. Among other vocations, he was a silver miner. He thought silver was trading below at its then roughly 65 cents per ounce value. So around the turn of the century, he began minting his own large silver coins, hoping to spur interest and business for the silver mines in the region. His earlier pieces were a full ounce, which he expected to trade at $1.25. The pieces made a year later were the same weight as a US silver dollar and bore a $1 valuation. He arranged for various businesses to exchange his pieces, the recipients of whom could either accept or reject the pieces as they wished (the "referendum" part of their name). He even allowed people to redeem the pieces at the local Victor, Colorado bank for "lawful" money in the same way a check was cashed. Interestingly, silver wouldn't reach his $1.25 target until 45 years after his death. Perhaps even more interestingly: none of the approximately 2,000 Lesher Referendum Dollars thought to have been made were ever redeemed.
But from my collection as a whole, it would probably be this large handmade, hand stamped woodblock print 100 Srang note from Tibet during WWII. The rough cut paper and colors are amazing, and it contains dozens of examples of Tibetan religious iconography. From Numistma:
Two holy men are seated under a lime tree. Two cranes, symbolizing longevity, and two deer symbolizing prosperity, lie on the ground in front of the Lamas. One holy man holds a magic bottle, which symbolizes fertilizing the Earth. Above are two flying bats, symbolizing felicity and fortune.
--Severian the Lame
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हैंडसेट निर्माता कंपनी ऑप्पो के सब ब्रांड रियलमी ने पिछले महीने रियामे च१ के नए अवतार रियामे च१ (20१9) को भारत में लॉन्च किया था। लॉन्च होने के बाद से रियलमी सी१ (20१9) को फ्लैश सेल के जरिए बेचा जा रहा था। अगर आप फ्लैश सेल के जरिए फोन को नहीं खरीद पाएं तो अब रियामे च१ (20१9) को खरीदने के लिए सेल का इंतजार नहीं करना होगा। रियामे च१ (20१9) अब भारत में ओपन सेल केे जरिए उपलब्ध है। रियामे ब्रांड का यह हैंडसेट एक्सक्लूसिव तौर पर ई-कॉमर्स साइट फ्लीपकर्ट पर बेचा जाता है। बीते साल सितंबर महीने में लॉन्च किए गए रियामे च१ की तुलना में 20१9 एडिशन में कंपनी ने रैम और स्टोरेज में ही बदलाव किया है। भारतीय बाजार में रियामे च१(20१9) की सीधी भिड़ंत सैमसंग गलक्सी म१0 से होगी। रियलमी सीईओ माधव सेठ ने मंगलवार को ट्विटकरके इस बात की जानकारी दी कि रियलमी सी१ (20१9) अब ओपन सेल में बेचा जाएगा।
रियलमी सी१ (२0१9) के दो वेरिएंट मार्केट में उतारे गए हैं। इस फोन की कीमत ७,४९९ रुपये से शुरू होती है। इस दाम में रियामे च१ (२0१9) का २ जीबी रैम और ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज वेरिएंट मिलेगा। रियलमी सी१ के ३ जीबी रैम और ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज वेरिएंट का दाम ८,४९९ रुपये है। दोनों ही मॉडल डीप ब्लैक और ओसियन ब्लू रंग में फ्लीपकर्ट पर उपलब्ध हैं।फ्लीपकर्टयाद करा दें कि रियामे च१ (२0१9) को पिछले महीने लाँच किया गया था। यह पिछले साल सितंबर में लाँच हुए रियलमी सी१ का अपग्रेड वर्जन है। रियामे च१ के २ जीबी रैम/ १६ जीबी स्टोरेज वेरिएंट को ६,९९९ रुपये में उतारा गया था। नवंबर महीने में इसकी कीमत ७,९९९ रुपये कर दी गई थी।रियामे च१ (२0१9) स्पेसिफिकेशन डुअल-सिम वाले रियलमी सी१ में ६.२ इंच डिस्प्ले है। इस हैंडसेट में आपको इफोन क्स जैसा डिस्प्ले नॉच डिजाइन देखने को मिलेगा। स्पीड और मल्टीटास्किंग के लिए यह हैंडसेट ऑक्टा-कोर स्नैपड्रैगन ४५० चिपसेट के साथ आता है। जैसा कि हमने आपको पहले बताया, रैम और स्टोरेज पर आधारित रियामे च१ (२0१9) के दो वेरिएंट होंगे- २ जीबी रैम/ ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज और ३ जीबी रैम/ ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज।
फोटोग्राफी के लिए इसमें दो रियर कैमरे मिलेंगे, एक सेंसर १३ मेगापिक्सल का है और दूसरा सेंसर २ मेगापिक्सल का। सेल्फी और वीडियो कॉलिंग के लिए ५ मेगापिक्सल सेंसर के साथ एआई फेस अनलॉक सपोर्ट दिया गया है। पावर बैकअप के लिए आपको ४,२30 एमएएच की बैटरी मिलेगी।अब तक रियामे ब्रांड के चार स्मार्टफोन भारतीय मार्केट में उपलब्ध रहे हैं। हम रियामे उ१, रियामे २, रियामे २ प्रो और रियामे च१ की बात कर रहे हैं।
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What is peer pressure:
- Peers are people who belong to the same age group or same social group.
- Peer pressure means the influence the social group has on people. It is the pressure to do the same things as the others of their age. For example, teenagers often choose clothing styles that are similar to their friends.
Points to speak:
- People of all ages experience peer pressure. But some age groups are more influenced by peers. Kids and adolescents are more likely to feel peer pressure more than adults because in general with age people learn to handle it.
- Peer pressure can influence people to do things, which may or may not be right. For example, peer pressure forces students to study well and also to try drinking and smoking. It can also influence teenagers to spend lavishly to look fashionable. Even if some people do not want to get influenced by peer pressure, they may eventually get influenced by it to avoid feeling left out.
- Peer pressure can influence teens to try wrong things and hence teens are more prone to addictions such as drinking alcohol, smoking and drug abuse.
- Parents can guide their children about peer pressure so that children can understand what they are going through and how to deal with it well. People with high self-esteem will less likely to take wrong steps to impress others. So, parents must take steps to improve self-esteem in their kids.
- Even adults experience peer pressure, especially in the issues of marital life, career and success. Even senior citizens experience peer pressure in the issues of their children’s and grandchildren’s success. But many will learn with age that everyone’s life is different and comparisons are just a waste of time.
- Peer pressure can encourage unhealthy competition too. Now, with the rise of social media, there are more chances of falling victim to peer pressure. But it depends on how we take it. Social media and peer pressure together can motivate people to follow a healthy lifestyle.
Peer pressure can motivate us to do things to impress our peers. It can influence us to take right or wrong steps. High self-esteem can save us from taking wrong steps to impress our peers. Moreover, parents should guide their children on the good and bad sides of peer pressure, so that they learn to handle that well.
What are your thoughts on peer pressure? Express your point of view through the comment section below. And subscribe to our blog to read answers to the trending GD topics.
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चाय बेचने के बाद कुछ वक्त ग्राहकों के लिए निकालते हैं, डायरी में बकायदा कलेक्शन की एंट्री करते हैं 25 दिनों या ज़रूरत पड़ने पर पूरे वापस कर देते हैं। कोई ब्याज नहीं देते और ना ही कोई मेहनताना लेते हैं। भारत के साथ तनाव के बीच पाकिस्तान ने वहां से आई 33 लाख डॉलर मूल्य की 10,000 कपास गांठ की एक खेप नामंजूर कर थी। डीपीपी के एक अधिकारी ने बताया, डीपीपी ने वाघा सीमा के माध्यम से कपास आयात के लिए परमिट जारी करना शुरू कर दिया है। लेकिन डीपीपी ने आयातकों को स्पष्ट किया है कि कपास की केवल उन्हीं खेपों को आने की मंजूरी दी जाएगी जिनमें बीज नहीं होंगे। उन्होंने कहा कि यदि हम इसका कड़ाई से अनुपालन करेंगे तो भारत क्या हम विश्व में कहीं से भी कपास आयात नहीं कर पाएंगे क्योंकि पूरी तरह कपास के बीजों से मुक्त खेप उपलब्ध ही नहीं होगी। पिछले साल पाकिस्तान ने 80 करोड़ डॉलर मूल्य का कपास आयात किया था जो भारत के कपास निर्यात का दो तिहाई हिस्सा है। फ्रंट का दावा है कि उसने इन दस लोगों की हत्या के लिए अभियान शुरू कर दिया है। नाटोर के एसपी श्यामल मुखर्जी ने कहा कि</s>
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From an AskScience Reddit thread:
But keeping to the hypothetical, a fertility rate of six with 4 surviving to reproduce themselves on a similar basis would lead to exponential population growth; the survival of the species would be pretty much assured if they could keep this up for only a few generations simply due to force of numbers. A couple having four children survive to adulthood is a doubling of population each generation.
As a purely mathematical fiction, presuming an average generation gap of 16 years and that this average of four children per couple surviving to reproduce held solidly (it wouldn’t, of course) it would only take a little over 500 years for this original couple to have repopulated the earth to the present level of 7bn (that’s exponential growth for you.) Of course plenty would happen in between to slow the exponential growth.
Assuming no wars, famine, disease – yes, and in only 500 years. Of course, human history shows that many things do get in the way of humans rapidly multiplying like we theoretically could.
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Athletic success comes after years of hard work and dedication. The marginal gains mentality encourages the athlete to leave no stone unturned in the search for the competitive edge. For an athlete transitioning into a world beyond competitive sport, developing a deliberate practice of contentment can help balance a mind.
This article on successfully transitioning into retirement includes information on:
- The challenges faced by athletes when their careers come to an end
- How to successfully cope with impending retirement
- The skills needed to thrive in the real world and achieve a sense of fulfilment
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Cordova Island, also known as Isla de Córdoba, is not a true island, but is located on both sides of the current channel of the Rio Grande in El Paso and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. In 1899 the United States and Mexico dug a channel across the heel of the horseshoe-shaped peninsula to control the flood-prone Rio Grande, but left the original riverbed, which wound to the north around the island, as the international boundary. Thus the 385-acre tract was part of Mexico, though it lay north of the Rio Grande, for most of the twentieth century. During prohibition Cordova Island was a notorious haven for smugglers; it was almost completely surrounded by American soil, but lay outside the city limits of Juárez. The famous Hole in the Wall, a saloon and gambling parlor, flourished just a few yards from the border in defiance of United States and Mexican authorities, before it was finally torn down in January 1931. In 1963 the treaty that settled the Chamizal Dispute transferred 193 acres on Cordova Island to the United States in exchange for an equal area further downstream. In the 1990s the channel of the Rio Grande bisected the old island from east to west, and Interstate Highway 110 crossed it from north to south.
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Corfe Castle Dorset View of the village and the ruins of the castle destroyed by Parliamentarian forces in after its resistance to their siege during the English Civil War The oldest parts of the ruins date from the th century although there is evidence of earlier fortification predating the Norman Conquest The castle was a royal fortress until it was sold during the reign of Elizabeth I
This photographic print leverages sophisticated digital technology to capture a level of detail that is absolutely stunning. The colors are vivid and pure. The high-quality archival paper, a favorite choice among professional photographers, has a refined luster quality.
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# How to use the NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets
In this post, learn how to calculate the normal cumulative distribution by using the NORMSDIST formulin Google Sheets. The normal cumulative distribution is one of the most widely used probability distributions in statistics. We can derive a specialized case of normal cumulative distribution when mean is zero and the variance is 1. This is called the standard normal cumulative distribution function. Here’s how the function looks like when we plot it on the graph – the red curve is what we have been talking about.
Now, if we were to know the value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function against the normally distributed variable (x), we can use the NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets.
### Syntax
NORMSDIST(x)
• x – is the input value or cell reference that we pass to the standard normal cumulative distribution function.
The formula has one of the simplest syntaxes in all of Google Sheets. All it takes is the value of one single parameter, and it returns the value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function corresponding to that input value.
### Usage: NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets
Now that we learned the syntax, let us practically apply the formula in Google Sheets application. And we may compare the graph with that of the output values. Please have a look at the following snapshot.
Like most other Google Sheets formulas, the NORMSDIST formula also is capable of accepting direct numeric values. And also references to the cells consisting of these numeric values. The first example has an input that is a direct numeric value. Whereas all other examples have cell references for its input.
Now let’s observe the output values the formula returned. If we made a quick comparison of the output values against those in the graph, it certainly looks the same. We can get a little creative and try to plot these output values on a graph using Google Sheets charts. And here’s how it looks like.
Without a doubt, it does resemble the red curve graph shown in the very first image.
This is how you use the NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets. Note that there is also a way to do the opposite. That is to find the value of the distributed variable, given the value of the distribution itself. The NORMSINV formula in Google Sheetshelps us achieve this calculation.
## How to use the LOG formula in Google Sheets
Needing to calculate the logarithm of your data inside spreadsheets? No need for a calculator;...
## How to use the YIELD formula in Google Sheets
Google Sheets is a powerful tool that offers a wide range of benefits for its users. In addition...
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लखनऊ। आसाराम के खिलाफ नाबालिग लड़की से रेप मामले में आज जोधपुर की विशेष अदालत अपना फैसला सुनाएगी। ऐसे में पांच साल से पीड़िता का परिवार इंसाफ का इंसाफ के लिए इंतजार आज खत्म हो सकता है। पीड़िता के पिता का कहना है कि मेरी बेटी ने अपना कर्तव्य निभाया है, वह इस पूरे मामले की सुनवाई के दौरान अपने बयान पर कायम रही और अब हमे इंसाफ का इंतजार है। आपको बता दें कि पांच साल पहले शाहजहांपुर की रहने वाली नाबालिग लड़की से रेप का आसाराम पर आरोप लगा था, जिसके बाद उन्हें आज कोर्ट इस मामले में सजा सुना सकती है।
पीड़िता के पिता का कहना है कि मेरी बेटी अब सामान्य जीवन में वापस लौट आई है और वह एक बार फिर से वह सब मानसिक दुख नहीं झेलना चाहती है जो उसे पिछले पांच साल झेलना पड़ा। आसाराम पर आरोप है कि २०१३ में उन्होंने पीड़िता के साथ आश्रम में रेप किया था। रेप के अलावा आसाराम पर मानव तस्करी के तहत भी मामला चल रहा है। उनके खिलाफ पॉस्को एक्ट के तहत मामला दर्ज किया गया था। ऐसे में आसाराम को उम्र कैद की भी सजा हो सकती है।
पिछले पांच साल में पीड़िता के परिवार को काफी मानसिक दबाव से गुजरना पड़ा है। दरअसल जब इस मामले में चश्मदीदों ने अपना बयान दिया था तो उनपर कोर्ट में हमला हुआ था। रेप सहित कुल दो मामलों में ९ चश्मदीद सामने आए हैं, जिन्होंने कोर्ट में अपना बयान दिया थे। जिसमे से तीन चश्मदीदों की हत्या कर दी गई है। लेकिन इन सबके बावजूद पीड़िता अपने बयान से पीछे नहीं हटी और अपने बयान पर कायम रही। एक महीने तक पीड़िता और उसके परिवार ने कोर्ट में अपना बयान दर्ज कराया और लगातार अपने बयान पर कायम रही।
पीड़िता के पिता ने कहा कि इन लोगों ने हमे खरीदने की भी कोशिश की, लेकिन जब हमने इनकार कर दिया तो इन लोगों ने हमे धमकी दी, इसके बाद हमे सुरक्षा मुहैया कराई गई। लेकिन पुलिस की लापरवाही के चलते इस मामले में एक गवाह की हत्या कर दी गई। किरपाल सिंह जोकि इस मामले में चश्मदीद थे उसकी पीड़िता के घर से एक किलोमीटर दूर गोली मारकर हत्या कर दी गई। इस मामले में पुलिस ने कार्तिक हलदर को गिरफ्तार कर लिया था। जबकि दूसरा आरोपी नारायण पांडे फरार है।
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गैरसंचारी रोगों से निपटने के लिए रोगियों की सुरक्षा और संक्रामक रोग मॉडलिंग, भविष्यवाणी और पूर्वानुमान में सुधार। बेटी से बहाने से बुलवा कर बुरी तरह से पीटा बेटी का प्रेमी सांसद धर्मबीर सिंह ने कहा कि श्रीकृष्ण जिदल एक समाजसेवी हैं। उन्हीं के प्रयासों से गावं सूई का विकास शहरों की तर्ज पर किया जा रहा है। यह गांव धीरेधीरे पर्यटक स्थल के रूप में विकसित हो रहा है। उन्होंने बताया कि श्रीकृष्ण जिदल अपने ट्रस्ट के माध्यम से गांव में शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य व खेलों पर विशेष ध्यान दे रहे हैं। उन्होंने कहा कि की इच्छा है कि वे 100 करोड़ की राशि से गांव सूई को खेल विश्वविद्यालय या खेल क्षेत्र में कोई बड़ा प्रोजेक्ट दें ताकि भिवानी जिले में अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर की खिलाड़ियों को तकनीक व सुविधा हासिल हो सके। छात्रछात्राएं देंगी सांस्कृति प्रस्तुतियां अजमेर। राजस्थान के सूचना एवं जनसम्पर्क राज्यमंत्री डॉ सुभाष गर्ग ने कहा है कि कांग्रेस जोड़ तोड़ की राजनीति नहीं करती और न ही खरीद फरोख्त में विश्वास करती है। पुलिस ने जांच पड़ताल के बाद दर्ज की रिपोर्ट शुक्रवार से उपभोक्ता को रसोई गैस सिलेंडर के 646.50 रुपए देने पड़ेंगे, लेकिन अब उनके खातों में सब्सिडी बढ़कर 225 रुपए जमा होगी. उपभोक्ताओं</s>
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रहने के लिए नियमित व्यायाम करें और फास्ट फूड से परहेज करें, ताकि हमारे परिवार में हमेशा खुशहाली छाई रहे। रागिनी चौधरी, राजनगर भिड लिए दो पदाधिकारी अभिनेता के कई फैंस उनके ट्वीट को खूब पसंद कर रहे हैं। साथ ही कमेंट अपनी प्रतिक्रिया भी दे रहे हैं। गौरतलब है कि बुधवार को मैच में केकेआर की टीम पर दोहरी मार पड़ी, क्योंकि टीम को पहले तो हार का सामना करना पड़ा और फिर भारतीय क्रिकेट कंट्रोल बोर्ड यानी बीसीसीआइ और आइपीएल के आयोजकों ने कोलकाता की टीम कप्तान इयोन मोर्गन पर जुर्माना लगा दिया। धमतरी। नईदुनिया प्रतिनिधि बहुजन समाज पार्टी ने सोमवार को पार्टी की राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष व यूपी की पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री मायावती का 62वां जन्मदिन जनकल्याणकारी दिवस के रूप में मनाया। इस अवसर पर आयोजित कार्यक्रम में शामिल होने दूरदूर से पार्टी से जुड़े लोग पहुंचे। नगर पंचायत भखारा के पुराना बाजार चौक के पास आयोजित इस कार्यक्रम के मुख्य अतिथि रायपुर जोन लाना ने पिछले साल विमेंस डिवीजन में अपनी छाप छोड़ी थी लेकिन अब इसमें द फोर हॉर्सविमेन का कब्ज़ा है। अब यह देखना रोचक होगा कि अगले महीने होने वाले ड्राफ्ट से लाना विमेंस डिवीजन में वापसी कर पाती हैं या नहीं। जयशंकर के साथ</s>
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One of the most frightening and strangest phenomena that you can experience is sleeping paralysis. Even though it doesn’t hurt you physically, it leaves the body paralyzed for a few seconds to a few minutes.
This sleeping disorder typically occurs during adolescent years and becomes more frequent during the 20s and 30s. It can occur during two sleeping stages: ‘hypnagogic’ – happens before falling asleep, and ‘hypnopompic’ – happens when a person wakes from REM sleep.
Falling asleep makes our mind less aware and the body relaxes. Typically, during hypnagogic sleep paralysis, the mind doesn’t become less aware while the body becomes relaxed, causing panic.
In the case of hypnopompic sleep paralysis, the brain wakes sooner and the person is aware but cannot control their muscles voluntarily.
This phenomenon occurs rarely and only 8% of the population has frequent problems with sleep paralysis. The most prone people to sleep paralysis are ones with mental disorders like depression or anxiety.
The risk factors which can induce sleep paralysis are:
- Sleeping on the back
- Not sleeping regularly or lack of sleep
- Mental conditions (Anxiety, depression, stress, bipolar disorder)
- Changes in the sleeping schedule (frequent ones)
- Substance abuse
- Medications used for certain disorders like ADHD
- Problems during sleep like nighttime leg cramps or narcolepsy
Common Signs and Symptoms
When experiencing sleep paralysis, you’ll usually experience most of these symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing
- Pressure in the chest area
- Inability to move your body either while falling asleep or waking up as well as not being able to speak
- Hallucinations and sensations which can lead to panic
- Headaches or muscle pain
- Paranoia (feeling like a demon or death is approaching you)
Because sleep paralysis occurs naturally, there is no prescribed treatment for it. However, the doctor can give you tips or some other prescription that can help during frequent episodes. A great way to stop it is by implementing a sleeping schedule, using sleeping aids, and reducing stress. Other prescriptions that the doctor can give you are treatments for underlying sleeping disorders or anti-depressants. He can also refer you to a sleep specialist or mental health professional. If you have frequent episodes of sleep paralysis, it’s recommended to stay away from caffeine, alcohol, drugs, and nicotine.
Just like the name suggests, sleeping disorders are problems people experience while sleeping or changes in the way that you sleep. Aside from not getting enough sleep, these disorders can impact your health, safety, and quality of life. If your work requires you to drive, you’ll have lots of problems, especially if you’re sleep-deprived.
The main symptoms of sleep disorders are excessive daytime sleepiness, increased movement during sleep, or irregular breathing before falling asleep. You can also experience an irregular wake or sleep cycle and difficulty falling asleep.
There are many different types of sleeping disorders and they are grouped depending on how they affect you and why they happen. The most common sleeping disorders are:
- Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep.
- Restless leg syndrome (RLS) – also called Willis-Ekbom disease, it causes an uncomfortable sensation and urges to move the legs while you’re falling asleep.
- Narcolepsy – extreme sleepiness or falling asleep during the day (does not mean naps).
- Sleep apnea – abnormal patterns of breathing while asleep.
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#!/usr/bin/env python
'''
Input: dstat cpu csv data (e.g. "dstat -t --cpu -C 0,1 --output dstat_fn 1"
Output: json file
'''
import sys
import os
import json
from datetime import datetime
from common import csv_to_json
def parse_line(line):
fields = line.split(',')
t = datetime.strptime(fields.pop(0), '%d-%m %H:%M:%S')
vals = []
# for each CPU, fields are:
# "usr","sys","idl","wai","hiq","siq"
while fields:
cpu_usr = float(fields[0])
cpu_sys = float(fields[1])
val = cpu_usr + cpu_sys
vals.append(val)
fields = fields[6:]
return (t, vals)
def main(dstat_fn):
'''
First parse into CSV string, then convert to JSON
'''
with open(dstat_fn, 'r') as fid:
blob = fid.read()
fid.close()
blob = "system" + blob.split('"system"')[1].strip()
lines = blob.split('\n')
line = lines.pop(0)
cpu_list = [i.strip(' usage",,,,,') for i in line.split(',"')[1:]]
csv_str = 'time.sec,' + ','.join(cpu_list) + '\n'
line = lines.pop(0) # header row
# Parse first line and set t0
(t0, vals) = parse_line(lines.pop(0))
csv_str += '0,' + ','.join([str(val) for val in vals]) + '\n'
while lines:
(t, vals) = parse_line(lines.pop(0))
csv_str += str(round((t - t0).total_seconds(), 1)) + ','
csv_str += ','.join([str(val) for val in vals]) + '\n'
out_fn = dstat_fn.replace('data/raw', 'data/final')
out_fn += '.csv'
with open(out_fn, 'w') as fid:
fid.write(csv_str)
# Convert and save JSON object
obj = csv_to_json(csv_str)
out_fn = out_fn.replace('.csv', '.json')
with open(out_fn, 'w') as fid:
fid.write(json.dumps(obj))
if __name__ == '__main__':
if (len(sys.argv) < 2):
sys.stderr.write("USAGE: ./parse_cpu_heatmap.py <fn>\n")
sys.exit(1)
main(sys.argv[1])
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- To assist students develop/clarify their academic and career interests, and their short and long-term goals through individual counseling and group sessions.
- To assist students develop and implement successful job search strategies.
- To work with faculty members, department Heads and administration to integrate career planning and academic curriculum as well as coordinate Project Work/ Summer Training/internship programs.
- To assist students for industrial training at the end of fourth and sixth semester.
- To assist employers to achieve their hiring goals.
- To serve the community by providing access to our campus wide activities & career resources.
- To empower students with life-long career decision-making skills.
- To provide resources and activities to facilitate the career planning process.
- To Act as a link between students, alumni and the employment community
- Up gradation of the students communication skills and personality development by inviting experts from outside for seminars/classes.
- To assist our students in obtaining final placement in reputed companies.
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REGRESSION The SPSS procedure REGRESSION computes ordinary least squares regression for assessing the effects of one or more independent variables on a continuous dependent variable. The regression coefficients for an independent variable summarize the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable when the effects of the other independent variables included in the regression analysis are controlled for or held constant. Thus, given the complexities of the real world in which many social phenonmenon are the result of several factors, multiple regression (two or more independent variables) is an especially powerful analytic tool for data analysis. There are many technical statistical terms associated with regression analysis of which only a few of the more important ones will be highlighted here. Students are encouraged to consult their statistical texts and/or their SPSS manuals for a more thorough discussion of regression concepts. In the multivariate case (two or more independent variables) the equation for calculating a straight line is written as follows: Y = a + B1X1 + B2X2 + B3X3 + e Where: a = the constant (point at which line crosses Y axis) B1 = slope (regression coefficeint) for variable X1 B2 = slope for variable X2 B3 = slope for variable X3 e = error (or residual) value We add an error term to our regression equation because the independent variables by themselves cannot fully account for all the observed variation in the dependent variable. This error term consists of two components: the effects on the dependent variable of independent variables not included in the regression equation and random or residual variation. Regression analysis produces two types of statistics. One set of statistics provides information about the individual independent variables included in the analysis and summarizes the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable. A second set of regression statistics provides information about the regression model as a whole, summarizing the extent to which all of the variables included in the regression model explain variation in the dependent variable. Statistics for Independent Variables Unstandardized regression coefficient Standardized regression coefficient (beta weight) Significance test for individual regression coefficients Statistics for Regression Equation Multiple R , R Square, and Adjusted R Square Standard Error Significance test for equation (5 of 12) SPSS offers several methods for regression model building, four of which will be reviewed here. The choice of which method to use is ultimately one the individual researcher must make and should be guided by one's theoretical understandings regarding the relationships among the variables included in the analysis and the purposes of the analysis. Model building refers to the selection of the most parisminous set of variables that explain the variation in the dependent variable. Each of the regression method options is designed to assist the researcher in identifying this set of variables. The available methods include: Forward Selection Backward Selection Stepwise Selection Forced Entry Regression Syntax At a minimum, the SPSS command for REGRESSION must include three subcommands: (1) a VARIABLES subcommand that indentifies the variables to be included in the analysis, (2) a DEPENDENT subcommand that identifies which of the variables is to be treated as the dependent variable, and (3) a METHOD subcommand that specifies which of the various model-building procedures will be used for estimating the regression equation. Optional commands are available that allow the researcher to set specific entry and/or removal criteria, receive additional regression and descriptive statistics, and to conduct several diagnostic procedures involving analysis of the residuals. For example, to assess the relative importance of unemployment, poverty, and crime in explaining the distribution of federal aid to cities in 1990 using the stepwise method, one would include the following commands: REGRESSION VARIABLES=FEDAID, UNEMP, POVERTY, CRIME /DEPENDENT=FEDAID /METHOD=STEPWISE
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Adjusting Text Layers
When you add a text layer, you may find that it's not aligned to the centre of your composition. The best way to tackle this is by adjusting the Text Anchor or Text Position through the Controller panel - this will adjust all of your text layers at once, so you don't have to keep adjusting each layer!
Source Text Layer
Once you've set up your Text layers with the Font and Size that you want, you can use the Source Text Layer control to keep the text within each layer the same. Simply choose a text layer from your composition, and every other Vigoro text layer will take on the same Text value as the one selected!
The Wiggler has a huge amount of options to play with! You can use it to wiggle your text layers around for lots of cool effects.
If you don't want all of your layers to be wiggling, no problem! You can adjust the top and bottom layer wiggles, and the layers in between will fade between the two values.
You can also change the Character Correlation to adjust how each character wiggles relative to the one next to it!
Rundown of Text Layer Options!
Source Text Layer: This lets you choose a layer that all the text layers will follow for their source text. So if you have 5 different text layers, you can set the source text layer to one of them, and when you change that layer's text, the rest will follow! If you set this to a non-text layer nothing will happen.
Adjust Text Anchor: Lets you adjust the Anchor Point of all text layers simultaneously. Great for adjusting the positioning if you have a lot of the same text.
Adjust Text Position: Lets you adjust the Position of all text layers simultaneously. If you want to keep the text centred for size offsets etc., change this value instead of the Text Anchor!
Same as Shape: Check this and the text will take on the same appearance as set in the main Appearance panel! Note that dashed lines will not work with text.
Text Fill: Check this to enable or disable the Text Fill color.
Text Fill Opacity: Adjust the opacity of the fill in Text layers.
Text Stroke: Check this to enable or disable the Text Stroke.
Stroke Opacity: Use this to adjust the opacity of the stroke on Text layers.
Stroke Size: Choose the thickness of the stroke on Text layers!
Stroke Offset: Offset the stroke thickness on Text layers - have the stroke thicken towards the back of the stack or vice-versa!
Tracking: Adjust the tracking on all of the Text layers simultaneously.
Tracking Offset: Offsets the tracking of each Text layer against each other!
Character Offset: This will offset the character of each text layer to make a randomised text effect!
The Text Wiggler is an awesome way to add some excitement to your Text layers. It lets you wiggle individual characters (or whole words) around with a ton of customisation!
Enable Wiggle: Check this to enable the Text Wiggler!
Wiggle Amount: Changes the wiggle amount across all layers.
Top Layer Wiggle: If you have multiple Text layers, this will set the wiggle amount on the top layer of text. It will then fade towards the Bottom Layer Wiggle amount on the next layers, so you can have a static top layer and a wiggling bottom layer!
Bottom Layer Wiggle: If you have multiple Text layers, this will set the wiggle amount on the bottom layer of text. It will then fade towards the Top Layer Wiggle amount.
Wiggles/Second: The number of wiggles a second!
Character Correlation: The correlation between characters (duh!). If you set this to 0%, the characters in each text layer will move completely independently, and if it's set to 100% all of the text on that layer will wiggle at the same time.
Temporal Phase: Lets you adjust the Temporal (time) phase of the wiggle.
Spacial Phase: Lets you adjust the Spacial (space) phase of the wiggle.
Lock Dimensions: When this is checked, characters will keep their dimensions. When unticked they won't! So when using a scale wiggle for example, characters may stretch and squash.
Random Seed: The Random Seed for the wiggle. Changing this will change the way the layers wiggle!
Layers Random Wiggle: When this is checked, all Text layers will wiggle separately from each other. If it's unchecked, the layers will all wiggle at the same time in the same space!
Anchor Point Wiggle: Wiggles the Anchor point of each character. If you use this alongside a Rotation or Scale Wiggle, it will change the point that the transformations happen around.
Position Wiggle: Wiggles the Position of each character.
Scale Wiggle: Wiggles the Scale of each character. If Lock dimensions is unchecked it will also squash and stretch the characters!
Skew Wiggle: Wiggles the skew of each character (Basically slants them!)
Skew Axis Wiggle: Change the axis of the Skew, to change the direction the character slants at.
Rotation Wiggle: Wiggle the rotation of each character around the text's Anchor Point.
Opacity Wiggle: Wiggle the opacity of each Character!
Tracking Wiggle: Wiggles the tracking of the characters.
Character Offset: Offsets each character. Setting this and then animating the wiggle amount down to 0% will create a 'decoding' type effect!
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Can You Change Your Name in Just One Discord Server?
If you’re an active member of the popular messaging and voice chat platform, Discord, you may have wondered if it’s possible to change your name only in one server while keeping your username the same across all other servers. Well, the good news is that Discord indeed allows you to customize your nickname independently on each server you join.
Why Change Your Name in a Specific Server?
There are various reasons why you might want to change your name on a specific Discord server. For instance:
- Showcasing Different Roles: Many servers have specific roles or positions that users can take up. By changing your nickname, you can highlight your role within that particular community.
- Respecting Server Guidelines: Some servers have guidelines or naming conventions that users are expected to follow. Changing your name can ensure you comply with these rules.
- Anonymity: If you prefer to maintain different identities or remain anonymous in certain communities while using the same username elsewhere, changing your nickname can help achieve this.
How to Change Your Name in One Discord Server
To change your nickname for a specific server on Discord, follow these simple steps:
- Select the Server: From the left-hand sidebar, click on the server where you want to change your name.
- Access Server Settings: Right-click on the server’s name at the top-left corner of the screen and choose “Server Settings” from the dropdown menu.
- Navigate to “Nickname”: In the left sidebar of the Server Settings menu, click on “Nickname. “
- Change Your Nickname: Enter your desired nickname in the provided text box.
You can use different fonts, emojis, and special characters. However, keep in mind that some servers may have restrictions on certain characters or excessive use of formatting.
- Save Changes: Once you’ve entered your new nickname, click the “Save” button to apply your changes.
While Discord allows you to change your nickname on a per-server basis, there are a few things to keep in mind:
- Globally Unique Username: Your username remains the same across all servers and is what identifies you universally on Discord.
- Nickname Visibility: Only members within the specific server will see your changed nickname. Other servers and direct messages will still display your original username.
- Server-Specific Restrictions: Some servers may restrict or limit users from changing their nicknames to maintain order and prevent abuse. Respect the rules set by each server you join.
In conclusion, Discord offers the flexibility to change your nickname independently in each server you join while keeping your username consistent across all other servers. This feature allows for personalization and adaptability based on different communities’ requirements and preferences.
Remember to use this functionality responsibly and consider any guidelines set forth by individual servers. Now go ahead and customize your nickname to better express yourself within different Discord communities!
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Bilateral teleoperation system through network is negatively affected to stability by communication delay. In this paper, bilateral teleoperation system is researched toward a delay free bilateral teleoperation. By using 2ch bilateral control which is transmitting and controlling only positions, the stability of bilateral teleoperation system is enhanced. However, the bilateral teleoperation controlling only position increases force needed to operate master system. So, the operationality comes down, and teleoperation becomes difficult. Therefore, in order to enhance the operationality, local force feedback loop is added, and external force is controlled to 0. So, the proposed method enhances the stability while keeping good operationality. As a result, it turns out that the bilateral control system can enhance the performance of communication delay by reducing connectability of master and slave.
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Hampshire County D.A.R.E. Program
What Is ???
D.A.R.E. stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education. It is a drug
abuse prevention education program designed to equip elementary,
and middle school children with knowledge about drug abuse, the
consequences of abuse, and skills for resisting peer pressure to
experiment with drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Based on the premise that
prevention is the only long-term answer to drug abuse, the program
includes all 50 states and 53 countries. The D.A.R.E. program is taught
in over 75% of the nation’s school districts, creating a positive
atmosphere for students to interact with uniformed law enforcement
This unique program uses uniformed law enforcement officers to teach
a formal curriculum to students in a classroom setting.
D.A.R.E. provides life-skills
D.A.R.E. lesson plans focus on four major areas:
- Providing accurate information about drugs, alcohol and
- Teaching students good decision-making skills.
- Showing students how to recognize and resist peer pressure.
- Giving students ideas for positive alternatives to drug use.
D.A.R.E officers work with children to raise their self-esteem, teach
them how to make decisions on their own, and help them identify
positive alternatives to drugs. Through role-playing, the D.A.R.E.,
curriculum emphasizes the negative consequences of drug use, and
reinforces the skills to resist peer pressure and intimidation.
What D.A.R.E. is NOT
- Scare tactics - D.A.R.E. relies on accurate information and a
D.A.R.E. students are taught to say "someone I know . . . "
- A "Witch Hunt" - D.A.R.E. Officers NEVER encourage students
to "turn in" family or friends who may be breaking the law.
when sharing stories; never using real names.
- "Hands on drugs" - How drugs are used (methods) are not
taught. Drugs are never taken into a classroom as part of
D.A.R.E. on Facebook
and become a FAN
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The 1930s: Drastic Times Call For Drastic Measures
Tenth graders analyze the causes of the Great Depression. They analyze the causes and the consequences of the Dust Bowl. Pupils examine how the Great Depression helped change the role of the federal government in the American economy. Students examine the change approach to the Depression from the early years of the Hover Administration through the Second New Deal.
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# Find most common element in a 2D list in Python
A 2D list has list as its element. In other words it is a list of lists. In this article we are required to find the element which is most common among all the lists inside a list.
## With max and count
We design a follow with a in condition to check for the presence of an element in a given sublist. Then we apply the max function along with the count function to get the the element with maximum frequency.
## Example
Live Demo
def highest_freq(lst):
SimpleList = [el for sublist in lst for el in sublist]
return max( SimpleList, key= SimpleList.count)
# Given list
listA = [[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20,13, 9]]
print("Given List:\n",listA)
print("Element with highest frequency:\n",highest_freq(listA))
## Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
Given List:
[[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20, 13, 9]]
Element with highest frequency:
20
## With chain
Here we take a similar approach as the above one. But we use the chain function from the itertools the module.
## Example
Live Demo
from itertools import chain
def highest_freq(lst):
SimpleList = list(chain.from_iterable(lst))
return max( SimpleList, key= SimpleList.count)
# Given list
listA = [[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20,13, 9]]
print("Given List:\n",listA)
print("Element with highest frequency:\n",highest_freq(listA))
## Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
Given List:
[[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20, 13, 9]]
Element with highest frequency:
20
## With Counter and chain
In this approach the counter function from collections keeps the count of the element that is retrieved using the chain function from itertools.
## Example
Live Demo
from itertools import chain
from collections import Counter
def highest_freq(lst):
SimpleList = chain.from_iterable(lst)
return Counter(SimpleList).most_common(1)[0][0]
# Given list
listA = [[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20,13, 9]]
print("Given List:\n",listA)
print("Element with highest frequency:\n",highest_freq(listA))
## Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
Given List:
[[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20, 13, 9]]
Element with highest frequency:
20
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Teaching your kids how to properly care for their teeth is an important part of being a parent. Your child’s dental health will affect the rest of their body if not properly tended, so protect your kids with the right information.
If you want to be sure you’re teaching your kids the best advice about their dental health, research is the best way. Start now, and check out a quick look at some of the most useful dental health tips you should be passing along to your children.
Teach your kids to go to the dentist
Regular visits to the dentist are imperative for maintaining a healthy smile. You can only do so much for your teeth from home. A dentist has the expertise and special tools needed to be more thorough.
Use the web to find a dentist closeby, and schedule a regular visit at least twice per year. Every six months, your dentist can clean your teeth, scan them for cavities, and check the quality and health of your gums.
Teach them how to brush properly
Your kids will easily understand the general concept of brushing their teeth, but learning how to brush properly is important. Simply pushing the toothbrush across your enamel isn’t thorough enough to keep cavities away.
Teach your kids to brush in gentle circles. Brushing too rough can damage your gums and cause bleeding. Brushing in circles will help to remove more food and plaque buildup in the crevices of your mouth.
Flossing is an important routine
Your kids should learn while they’re young that flossing is a necessary evil. There’s not really anything fun about flossing, but it’s great for your mouth.
If you want to ward off bad breath and gingivitis, flossing is the key. Again, it’s important that you’re not rough. Floss gently to avoid cutting your gums.
Help your kids understand the dangers of sugar
Sugar is a kid’s best friend, but it’s not the healthiest way to feed your hunger. It’s important that you teach your kids to limit their sugar intake throughout the day.
An hour before bed, sugar should be cut out entirely. You don’t want to sleep all night while sugar is sitting on your teeth. Don’t send the kids to bed with sugary drinks, and always teach them to brush in the morning and at night.
Explain the importance of proper dental hygiene
Help your kids understand the true importance behind what you’re trying to teach them. They need to understand that dental hygiene is a crucial part of maintaining a healthy body and life. Start introducing proper dental hygiene early, and your kids will grow into adults with nice smiles.
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रमेश पोखरियाल निशंक पर निशाना साधते हुए कहा कि केदारनाथ पूजा को लेकर जिस तरह का बयान भाजपा नेताओं द्वारा दिया जा रहा है, उसके लिए उन्हें जनता से माफी मांगनी चाहिए। उन्होंने कहा कि इस तरह के बयान देकर भाजपा नेता जनता को गुमराह करने में लगे हुए है। पत्रकार वार्ता में पवक्ता राजीव महर्षि के अलावा शंकर चंद रमोला, अरूण चमोली मुख्य रूप से मौजूद थे। लोर्गट ने कहा कि महेंद्रसिंह धोनी और उनकी टीम ने काफी शानदार प्रदर्शन किया और मैं यह भी देख सकता हूँ कि आईसीसी रैंकिंग प्रणाली किस तरह काम कर रही है। पहले ऑस्ट्रेलिया ने इसमें दबदबा बनाया, फिर दक्षिण अफ्रीका और अब भारत नंबर एक पर पहुँच गया। उन्होंने कहा कि शीर्ष तीन टीमों के बीच एक दूसरे में काफी कम अंतर है, जिससे शीर्ष स्थान पर प्रतिस्पर्धा के स्तर की बात पता चलती है। उत्तरी रेलवे से करने वाले है सफर तो खुद को कर लें अपडेट, आज से 297 ट्रेनों का बदला समय 5 ईवा सामने पहियों समायोज्य सदमे अवशोषक स्वतंत्र रूप से या 360 कुंडा का उपयोग जल्दी लेबंद गाड़ी का अचल धुरा 5.510 ईवा रियरपहियों एकटच जुड़ा हुआ पैर ब्रेक का उपयोग कर सकते हैं जल्दी रिलीज गाड़ी</s>
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# Convert gon to sextant
Learn how to convert 1 gon to sextant step by step.
## Calculation Breakdown
Set up the equation
$$1.0\left(gon\right)={\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}\left(sextant\right)$$
Define the base values of the selected units in relation to the SI unit $$\left(radian\right)$$
$$\text{Left side: 1.0 } \left(gon\right) = {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}\left(radian\right)} = {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}\left(rad\right)}$$
$$\text{Right side: 1.0 } \left(sextant\right) = {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}\left(radian\right)} = {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}\left(rad\right)}$$
Insert known values into the conversion equation to determine $${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}$$
$$1.0\left(gon\right)={\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}\left(sextant\right)$$
$$\text{Insert known values } =>$$
$$1.0 \times {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}} \times {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \left(radian\right)} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}}} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \left(radian\right)}$$
$$\text{Or}$$
$$1.0 \cdot {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}} \cdot {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \left(rad\right)} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \cdot {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}} \cdot {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \left(rad\right)}$$
$$\text{Cancel SI units}$$
$$1.0 \times {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}} \cdot {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \cancel{\left(rad\right)}} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \cancel{\left(rad\right)}}$$
$$\text{Conversion Equation}$$
$$\dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{π}{3.0}$$
Cancel factors on both sides
$$\text{Cancel factors}$$
$$\dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{π}}}{2.0 \times 10^{2}} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{π}}}{3.0}$$
Switch sides
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{1.0}{3.0} = \dfrac{1.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}$$
Isolate $${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}$$
Multiply both sides by $$\left(\dfrac{3.0}{1.0}\right)$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{1.0}{3.0} \times \dfrac{3.0}{1.0} = \dfrac{1.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2}} \times \dfrac{3.0}{1.0}$$
$$\text{Cancel}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}} \times {\color{rgb(99,194,222)} \cancel{3.0}}}{{\color{rgb(99,194,222)} \cancel{3.0}} \times {\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}}} = \dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}} \times 3.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2} \times {\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}}}$$
$$\text{Simplify}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} = \dfrac{3.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}$$
Rewrite equation
$$\dfrac{1.0}{10^{2}}\text{ can be rewritten to }10^{-2}$$
$$\text{Rewrite}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} = \dfrac{10^{-2} \times 3.0}{2.0}$$
Solve $${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} = 1.5 \times 10^{-2}$$
$$\text{Conversion Equation}$$
$$1.0\left(gon\right) = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} 1.5 \times 10^{-2}}\left(sextant\right)$$
# Other Conversion Examples
### Cookie Policy
PLEASE READ AND ACCEPT OUR COOKIE POLICY.
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Gold-based heterogeneous catalysts have attracted significant attention due to their selective partial oxidation capabilities, providing promising alternatives for the traditional industrial homogeneous catalysts. In the current study, the energetics of adsorption/desorption of alcohols (CH3OH/methanol, CH3CH2OH/ethanol, CH3CH2CH2OH/n-propanol) and esters (HCOOCH3/methyl formate, CH3COOCH3/methyl acetate, and CH3COOCH2CH3/ethyl acetate) on a planar Au(111) surface was investigated in conjunction with oxidative coupling reactions by means of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results reveal a complex interplay between inter-molecular and surface-molecule interactions, both mediated by weak van der Waals forces, which dictates their relative stability on the gold surface. Both experimental and theoretical adsorption/desorption energies of the investigated esters are lower than those of the alcohols from which they originate through oxidative coupling reactions. This result can be interpreted as an important indication in favor of the selectivity of Au surfaces in alcohol oxidative coupling/partial oxidation reactions, allowing facile removal of partial oxidation products immediately after their generation preventing their complete oxidation to higher oxygenates.
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What is Reasonable Doubt
Reasonable doubt is the standard of proof that must be exceeded to secure a conviction in a criminal case. “Beyond a reasonable doubt” means that the evidence presented and arguments put forth by the prosecutor in a criminal case establishes the defendant’s guilt to such an extent that a reasonable person could have no reasonable doubt about the guilt of the accused. If the judge or jury has a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt, the defendant cannot be convicted.
Reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof used in court, and is used exclusively in criminal cases because a criminal conviction could deprive the defendant of liberty or even life.
BREAKING DOWN Reasonable Doubt
Compared with reasonable doubt, civil cases require a much lower standard of proof. “Preponderance of evidence” means that one side has more evidence in its favor than the other; one side can prevail with as little as 51% probability that the evidence presented by it is true. “Clear and convincing evidence” is evidence that establishes a high probability that the facts presented by one party are true; it is a higher standard than preponderance of evidence.
According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the reasonable doubt standard of proof is based on “a fundamental value determination of our society that it is far worse to convict an innocent man than to let a guilty man go free.” Since the burden of proof rests with the prosecution to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, in numerous cases, the defense has successfully established alternative theories that sound plausible enough to sow the seeds of doubt in the minds of the jury about the defendant’s guilt. As a result, a case that may appear to be a slam-dunk for the prosecution not infrequently results in an acquittal.
Example of the Concept of Reasonable Doubt
The 1995 O.J. Simpson case provides a good example of the concept of reasonable doubt in practice. Simpson was accused of the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman. There was a substantial amount of incriminating evidence against Simpson, including his DNA at the crime scene, blood in his car and eyewitnesses. To counter this mountain of evidence, Simpson assembled a legal “Dream Team” that set about trying to create doubts in the jurors’ minds about his guilt.
One of the highlights of the trial occurred in the courtroom when Simpson tried on the bloody leather glove that was found at the murder scene, and showed his hand could not fit into it. In his closing arguments, lead defense counsel Johnnie Cochrane famously declared that “If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” He also listed 15 points of reasonable doubt in the case. After less than four days of deliberations, the jury found Simpson not guilty on both counts of murder. However, a year later, the families of both victims filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit against Simpson. Based on the lower “Preponderance of Evidence” standard of proof, the jury found Simpson liable for the deaths and awarded the families $8.5 million in damages.
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There are many ways to use this activity you can give students an email to read and then ask them to supply the replies or the conversations. You can ask the students to fold the page in half write an email inviting someone to a party. The students hand the sheet to the person on their left who writes a reply and then hands it back.
I’m sure there are hundreds of more good ideas for it. Have fun!
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- What is the recovery time for the coronavirus disease?
- What happens when you get the coronavirus disease?
- Can coronavirus disease spread through raw food?
- How severe the illness of coronavirus disease can be?
- Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted in hot or humid climates?
- Can I breastfeed my child if I am severely ill with coronavirus disease?
- Should coronavirus disease patients be isolated in hospitals?
- Is there any approved treatment for coronavirus?
- Will I get more severe symptoms of COVID-19 if I drink alcohol?
- What are the psychological effects on people who are at risk for a severe course of the coronavirus disease?
- What percentage of people get severe disease and long term complications from COVID-19?
- Are the elderly more vulnerable to the coronavirus disease?
- Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food?
- How dangerous is the coronavirus disease?
- What should I do if I test positive for the coronavirus disease?
- Is headache a symptom of the coronavirus disease?
- Can you contract the coronavirus disease by touching a surface?
- Can the coronavirus spread via feces?
What is the recovery time for the coronavirus disease?
Using available preliminary data, the median time from onset to clinical recovery for mild cases is approximately 2 weeks and is 3-6 weeks for patients with severe or critical disease..
What happens when you get the coronavirus disease?
People with COVID-19 generally develop signs and symptoms, including mild respiratory symptoms and fever, on an average of 5-6 days after infection (mean incubation period 5-6 days, range 1-14 days). Most people infected with COVID-19 virus have mild disease and recover.
Can coronavirus disease spread through raw food?
As a general rule, the consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be avoided. Raw meat, raw milk or raw animal organs should be handled with care to avoid cross- contamination with uncooked foods.
How severe the illness of coronavirus disease can be?
While most people with COVID-19 develop only mild or uncomplicated illness, approximately 14% develop severe disease that requires hospitalization and oxygen support, and 5% require admission to an intensive care unit (1). In severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock, multiorgan failure, including acute kidney injury and cardiac injury (2).
Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted in hot or humid climates?
From the evidence so far, the COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in ALL AREAS, including areas with hot and humid weather. Regardless of climate, adopt protective measures if you live in, or travel to an area reporting COVID-19. The best way to protect yourself against COVID-19 is by frequently cleaning your hands. By doing this you eliminate viruses that may be on your hands and avoid infection that could occur by then touching your eyes, mouth, and nose.
Can I breastfeed my child if I am severely ill with coronavirus disease?
If you are severely ill with COVID-19 or suffer from other complications that prevent you from caring for your infant or continuing direct breastfeeding, express milk to safely provide breastmilk to your infant.If you are too unwell to breastfeed or express breastmilk, you should explore the possibility of relactation (restarting breastfeeding after a gap), wet nursing (another woman breastfeeding or caring for your child), or using donor human milk.
Should coronavirus disease patients be isolated in hospitals?
WHO advises that all confirmed cases, even mild cases, should be isolated in health facilities, to prevent transmission and provide adequate care.But we recognize that many countries have already exceeded their capacity to care for mild cases in dedicated health facilities. In that situation, countries should prioritize older patients and those with underlying conditions.
Is there any approved treatment for coronavirus?
There is currently no licensed medication to cure COVID-19. If you have symptoms, call your health care provider or COVID-19 hotline for assistance.
Will I get more severe symptoms of COVID-19 if I drink alcohol?
Consuming alcohol will not destroy the virus, and its consumption is likely to increase the health risks if a person becomes infected with the virus.Alcohol (at a concentration of at least 60% by volume) works as a disinfectant on your skin, but it has no such effect within your system when ingested.
What are the psychological effects on people who are at risk for a severe course of the coronavirus disease?
Regarding older people and also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, and to be told that you are very vulnerable, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing. The psychological impacts for these populations can include anxiety and feeling stressed or angry. Its impacts can be particularly difficult for older people who may be experiencing cognitive decline or dementia. And some older people may already be socially isolated and experiencing loneliness which can worsen mental health.
What percentage of people get severe disease and long term complications from COVID-19?
• Most people with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms or moderate illness.• Approximately 10-15% of cases progress to severe disease, and about 5% becomecritically ill.• Typically people recover from COVID-19 after 2 to 6 weeks. (See figure below)• For some people, some symptoms may linger or recur for weeks or months followinginitial recovery. This can also happen in people with mild disease. People are notinfectious to others during this time.• Some patients develop medical complications that may have lasting health effects.
Are the elderly more vulnerable to the coronavirus disease?
The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting the global population in drastic ways. In many countries, older people are facing the most threats and challenges at this time. Although all age groups are at risk of contracting COVID-19, older people face significant risk of developing severe illness if they contract the disease due to physiological changes that come with ageing and potential underlying health conditions.
Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food?
It is highly unlikely that people can contract COVID-19 from food or food packaging. COVID-19 is a respiratory illness and the primary transmission route is through person-to- person contact and through direct contact with respiratory droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes.There is no evidence to date of viruses that cause respiratory illnesses being transmitted via food or food packaging.
How dangerous is the coronavirus disease?
Although for most people COVID-19 causes only mild illness, it can make some people very ill. More rarely, the disease can be fatal. Older people, and those with pre- existing medical conditions (such as high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes) appear to be more vulnerable.
What should I do if I test positive for the coronavirus disease?
If people test positive, they should be isolated and the people they have been in close contact with up to 2 days before they developed symptoms should be sought out, and those people should be tested too if they show symptoms of COVID-19.WHO also advises that all confirmed cases, even mild cases, should be isolated in health facilities, to prevent transmission and provide adequate care. But we recognize that many countries have already exceeded their capacity to care for mild cases in dedicated health facilities.
Is headache a symptom of the coronavirus disease?
The virus can cause a range of symptoms, from ranging from mild illness to pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, sore throat and headaches.
Can you contract the coronavirus disease by touching a surface?
People could catch COVID-19 by touching contaminated surfaces or objects – and then touching their eyes, nose or mouth.
Can the coronavirus spread via feces?
There is some evidence that COVID-19 infection may lead to intestinal infection and be present in faeces. However, to date only one study has cultured the COVID-19 virus from a single stool specimen. There have been no reports of faecal−oral transmission of the COVID-19 virus to date.
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The antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Carum copticum on IMP-type metallo-betalactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa- Fatemeh Fallah- Shahid Beheshti University
Aim: Carbapenem resistance due to acquired metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) is considered to be more serious than other resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Carum copticum plants on IMP-producing P. aeruginosa strains. This experimental study was carried out on hospitalized burn patients during 2011 and 2012. Antibiotics and extracts susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. MBL detection was performed by combination disk diffusion test (CDDT). The bla(VIM) and bla(IMP) genes were detected by PCR and sequencing methods. Using combination disk diffusion test method, it was found that among 83 imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains, 48 (57.9%) were MBL producers. PCR and sequencing methods proved that these isolates were positive for blaIMP-1 genes, whereas none were positive for bla(VIM) genes. The mortality rate of hospitalized patients with MBL-producing Pseudomonas infection was 4/48 (8.3%). It was shown that Zataria multiflora and Carum copticum extracts had a high antibacterial effect on regular and IMPproducing P. aeruginosa strains in 6.25 mg/ml concentration. The incidence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa in burn patients is very high. In our study, all MBL-producing isolates carry the blaIMP-1 gene. Therefore, detection of MBL-producing isolates is of great importance in identifying drug resistance patterns in P. aeruginosa, and in prevention and control of infections. In this study, it was shown that extracts of Z. multiflora and C. copticum have high antibacterial effects on ß-lactamase producing P. aeruginosa strains.
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Kurt Laitner (Sensorica):
"The governance equation is a mechanism to establish heterogeneous fluid governance of a Nondominium. Governance is fluid in that behaviors and contributions determine decision making authority in real time. Governance is heterogeneous in that different methods for determining authority can exist for each decision type identified for the Nondominium. While there will be standardized decision types available for use, a specific Nondominium may establish their own. The only required decision type is to establish the authority to define decision types.
The governance equation is a standardized, extensible set of measurable dimensions of governance. These dimensions will have considerable if not complete overlap with those of the Value Equation. A particular Nondominium agreement may use some or all of those dimensions, and may assign weights to them to incent the emergence of their desired organizational form. A governance equation apportions decision making rights (authority) to individuals based on their accrued holdings of the dimensions that make up the governance equation and the weights assigned to those dimensions in proportion to other members. An example of democratic decision making could be based solely on membership. An example that used the value equation to determine voting rights would be a meritocracy.
Governance is implemented through the identification of decision types, and the association of a governance equation to each decision type. The primary governance equation for a decision type determines who has decision making authority. There may be subordinate governance equations that determine who should be consulted prior to a decision (must reply), informed of a proposed decision (may reply), or merely informed of the actual outcome of the decision. Decision types also specify the decision scope, decision mechanism, decision process, required inputs, voting rules, minimum open time, available outcomes, monitoring and compliance mechanisms and appropriate sanctions for non-compliance." ()
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In the light-initiated and light-driven physico-chemical process of photosynthesis — an activity performed only by certain types of organisms — an organism synthesizes its own constituent, energy-rich organic compounds from inorganic starting materials using sunlight as the ultimate source of energy, energy that enables the organism to perform the work required to implement the organosynthesis, as well to implement all of its cellular activities, including those that generate and maintain the molecular mechanisms of the photosynthetic process itself.
An abundance of photosynthesis-capable organisms generate not only their own constituent organic compounds but also generate the oxygen required to release the energy from those compounds that enables their work of living — via the process of cellular respiration — with enough oxygen leftover to replenish the oxygen in the atmosphere consumed by non-photosynthesis-capable organisms whose life depends on that oxygen. The life of nearly all non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, including humans, depend absolutely on the existence of photosynthesis-capable organisms.
Photosynthesis-capable organisms contribute to removing carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere by non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, carbon dioxide serving as the inorganic carbon source for the light-energy-driven synthesis of organic carbon compounds that ultimately provide organic substrates and biologically useful energy for nearly all of Earth's lifeforms.
The term 'photosynthesis' derives from Greek roots for 'light' and 'putting together' or 'assembling', referring to sunlight energy utilized to assemble organic compounds, light energy transformed into the chemical energy of bonding electrons.
Metaphorically, the photosynthesis-capable organism sustains its living state by harvesting and eating the sun, qualifying it as a so-called autotroph, specifically a photoautotroph, eating a diet solely of inorganic compounds using solar energy — the 'inorg-an' equivalent of a 'veg-an'. In so doing it serves as a source of energy-rich organic compounds, as food, for Earth's non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, referred to as heterotrophs.
Our current scientific understanding considers the oxygen-generating-carbon-dioxide-consuming-type of photosynthesis our biosphere's most important bio-physico-chemical process, necessary for maintaining biosphere vitality, modulating the composition of the atmosphere, and providing a food source for non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, among other services it offers the biosphere. A photosynthesis-capable organism resides in a downhill energy gradient — a downhill flow of energetic solar photons — harvesting some of it to perform the work of living, reducing its internal entropy through self-organization, increasing its information content, remaining for a lifetime far from the equilibrium state wherein the organism becomes lifeless. Its natural lifespan may never actualize, as it enters the food chain of the non-photosynthesis-capable organisms abundant in the biosphere.
In sum, a photosynthesis-capable organism captures a portion of the energy of sunlight, converting (transducing) it to, and storing it as, chemical energy (in the form of energy-rich organic compounds), which the organism uses in its cellular processes for growth, maintenance, and reproduction, thereby obviating any need for the organism, a so-called autotroph, or photoautotroph, to feed on other organisms for organic matter to meet its substrate and energy needs. A large number and variety of organisms (e.g., plants, algae and certain bacteria — so-called phototrophic bacteria) carry out a type of photosynthesis, and in so constructing themselves from inorganic chemicals supply the source of food for the rest of the living world.
An estimated half the genera of organisms alive 65 million years ago purportedly perished due to a temporary shutting down of photosynthesis caused by a global blocking of sunlight reaching Earth's surface due to a dense atmospheric dust produced by an asteroid impacting the planet — a phenomenon that indicates the fundamental importance of photosynthetic organisms in sustaining the living world. (See also Blankenship (2002), Chapter 1, page 1)
In the familiar example of green plants, but also in phototropic algae and bacteria, the photosynthetic process utilizes special photon-absorbing pigment molecules, called chlorophylls, to enable the energy of photons radiated from the sun to energize electrons in those molecules, electrons ultimately supplied by the splitting of water molecules in a reaction that also converts water's oxygen atoms to molecular oxygen for release into the atmosphere and for use by the plant. The energized electrons subsequently transfer their energy in chemical reactions to energy-carrier molecules — generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) [see figure below], the energy therein used to synthesize organic compounds using the inorganic carbon compound, carbon dioxide, as the carbon source starting material. Besides water and carbon dioxide, the photosynthesizing organism also draws from the environment other inorganic material (e.g., phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur) needed to synthesize organic compounds.
The major starting and replenishing materials — water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) — abound in the environment, H2O providing the electrons for the initial photon-driven electron energizing mechanisms, releasing the H2O´s oxygen into the environment, CO2 providing the carbon source for the energy-storing reduction mechanisms (addition of electrons) that generate the organic molecules. The photosynthesizing organisms, and the non-photosynthesizing organisms that feed on them, ultimately use those energy-rich organic molecules as cellular building blocks and energy sources, enabling the cellular structures and functions that maintain the activities of living for nearly every living system on Earth. Living systems on Earth, with notable exceptions, are "solar powered".
The origin and evolution of photosynthesis rank as major steps in the evolution of living systems, pumping oxygen into the atmosphere, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and for organisms that cannot generate their own food, serving as a source of chemical energy and organic matter. In the absence of photosynthesis, nearly all life on earth as we know it would perish.
Without photosynthesis the luxuriant, awe-inspiring variety of living systems we see in the terrestrial and marine world about us would not exist. Nearly all living systems on Earth depend directly or indirectly on the energy captured by photosynthesis from light energy radiating to our planet from our sun (see below). For us humans, photosynthesis indirectly provides essentially all of our food-energy, as well the bulk of our non-food energy resources, inasmuch as ancient photosynthesizing organisms produced the energy-rich carbon-containing molecules we combust as fossil fuels — oil, natural gas, coal and wood — to generate electricity and other forms of energy we use to support human activity.
Nearly every oxygen atom that we inhale from the atmosphere emerged through photosynthetic liberation from a water molecule, among the countless water molecules covering 70% of the Earth´s surface. The chemical energy our bodies generate using that oxygen in biochemically combusting our food represents, almost literally, the energy that photosynthesis secured from the energy in sunlight. Likewise, the energy we generate with that oxygen in combusting fuels — oil, coal, wood, natural gas — owes its origin to photosynthetic capture of the energy of sunlight. The sun offers the energy of life, and the living process of photosynthesis accepts the offer and distributes it.
Photosynthesis researcher, Rajni Govindjee, puts it this way:
Sun is the source of almost all energy that sustains Life on Earth. Each minute the Sun converts 120 million tons of its mass into electromagnetic radiation and dumps it out into space. One billionth of that reaches the Earth. It takes only 8 minutes for this radiation to travel 93 million miles to reach us. The visible portion of this electromagnetic radiation (VIBGYOR, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red, the colors in the rainbow) is captured by plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The green color of the leaves is due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light efficiently, but not green, the transmitted green light gives the leaves their green color. The process by which plants utilize sunlight (absorbed by chlorophyll) to make food (that we need for our lives) and oxygen (that we need to breathe) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water is called Photosynthesis. In addition, past photosynthesis provides the fossil fuels needed to power the industry and automobiles etc.
Aims of article
This article will classify the differing types of photosynthesizing organisms, and describe the details of the differing photosynthetic mechanisms employed by them. It focuses on those photosynthetic organisms and processes that employ chlorophyll molecules for photon absorption, but will briefly discuss a different form of photosynthesis by certain bacteria using a rhodopsin-type molecule, and consider organisms that derive only a part of their energy from light. It will also discuss the implications of photosynthesis in the sciences of biology, geology, oceanography, climatology, and other areas of importance to the life of planet Earth, since without photosynthesis nearly every species on Earth would perish.
Photosynthesis based on chlorophyll-type pigment molecules is the most common type of photosynthesis, using photon-driven energizing and transferring of electrons. Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is carried out by plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and certain organisms that differ in virtue of not generating oxygen during the process. A simplified overview of chlorophyll-based oxygen-generating photosynthesis is shown in the accompanying illustration.
In green plants, the biological process of photosynthesis typically occurs in leaf cells but also in all green parts of the plant (.e.g., the stems). They capture the energy from photons in sunlight, use it to energize electrons split from water and release a largely 'waste' product, oxygen (O2) — thus defining 'oxygenic' photosynthesis. The captured and transformed energy is then used to drive a set of biochemical reactions that converts carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to a carbohydrate compound, a triose, a 3-carbon sugar..
Triose, as triose phosphates, exit the leaf cell's organelles that synthesizes them — viz., a chloroplast, condense themselves into six-carbon hexose phosphates, ultimately forming dimers like sucrose, or polymers like starch or cellulose, the so-called reduced forms of carbon. Thus, the mass of plants, and their predators in the food chain, is from the enrichment of water's electrons energized by captured photons and the subsequent formation of energy-rich carbon compounds from the carbon dioxide in the air.
Between these two steps, a variety of energy-rich intermediates are formed, some of which can be metabolized by the photosynthetic organism. Light reactions can generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a recirculating and recyclable energy currency of cells. The process also produces other recyclable forms of circulating energy currency (e.g., NADPH). Photosynthesizing cells thus convert light energy to the life-sustaining chemical energy that drives life-sustaining cellular processes.
Organisms that photosynthesize operate as autotrophs — viz., organisms that generate their own source of food-energy — specifically referred to as photoautotrophs. They draw on minerals and other inorganic compounds from the environment and produce an ultimately photon-energy-derived complement of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that self-organize the photoautotophic organism. In doing so they directly, though blindly, offer themselves as a source of food-energy (e.g., as vegetables, fruits) for consumption by us humans and other organisms, so-called heterotrophs — viz., organisms that feed on other organisms or on their energy-rich structural components — and indirectly provide a source of food-energy in the form of the non-human heterotrophs that we humans consume (e.g., chicken, fish and other animals). Photosynthesizing cells also supply the sufficient amounts of oxygen they and we need to generate ATP and NADPH, and they consume the 'waste' CO2 produced in the process of generating ATP.
Not all photosynthesizing organisms produce oxygen. The specific physico-chemical reactions of those that do biologists refer to as oxygenic photosynthesis, and those that do not as 'anoxygenic' photosynthesis. As noted above, oxygenic photosynthesis accounts for nearly all of the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesizing organisms do not eat all of the photons available to them....
References Cited and Notes in Text
- W. Vermass (2007) An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications.
- Govindjee, Krogmann D. (2004) Discoveries in oxygenic photosynthesis (1727–2003): a perspective. Photosynthesis Research 80:15-57.
- Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) Photosynthesis. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64257-4. | Google Books preview.
- Blankenship RE (2002) Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217
- Govindjee Photosynthesis
- O. Morton (2008) Eating the Sun: How Plants Power the Planet. Harper Collins. ISBN 0007163649 , ISBN 978-0007163649
- phototroph: 'an organism that obtains energy from light'. Beatty JT. (2002) On the natural selection and evolution of the aerobic phototrophic bacteria. Photosynthesis Research 73:109-114. | For the quote, Beatty cites: Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker J (2000) Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
- Some ocean bottom organisms can utilize energy released by radioactive chemical elements originating deep below the ocean bottom, to assemble their organic constituents, so a fringe of the biosphere might remain vital in the absence of sunlight.
- Alvarez LW, Alvarez W, Asaro F, Michel HV. (1980) Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction. Science 208:1095-1108.
- Hopkins WG. (2006) Photosynthesis and Respiration. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-8561-5.
- H.M. Weiss (2008), Appreciating Oxygen. The Journal of Chemical Education 85(9):1218-1219. This article stresses the importance of oxygen as an energy source in chemistry and bioligy.
- M.J. Farabee (2007), What is photosynthesis? Online Biology Book Detailed teatment of photosynthesis in an online biology course textbook. Includes an illustrated glossary.
- Photosynthesis Encyclopedia Britannica, Free Full-Text Article
- John Whitmarsh, Govindjee. The Photosynthetic Process In: Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis, Edited by G.S. Singhal, G. Renger, S.K. Sopory, K-D Irrgang and Govindjee, Narosa Publishers/New Delhi; and Kluwer Academic/Dordrecht, pp. 11-51. The online text is a revised and modified version of Photosynthesis by J. Whitmarsh and Govindjee (1995), published in Encyclopedia of Applied Physics (Vol. 13, pp. 513-532) by VCH Publishers, Inc. A detailed, comprehensive treatment of photosynthesis in a book chapter online. Includes history and research aspects.
- P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert and S.E. Eichhorn (1999), Photosynthesis, Light, and Life'. Chapter 7. In: Biology of Plants, 6th ed., New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-041-6; ISBN 1-57259-611-2
- N.C. Kiang, J. Siefert, Govindjee and R.E. Blankenship (2007). Full text available at Spectral Signatures of Photosynthesis. I. Review of Earth Organisms An overview of: how photosynthesis works, the diversity of photosynthetic organisms, a synthesis of photosynthetic surface spectral signatures, and evolutionary rationales for photosynthetic surface reflectance spectra.
- Note: Summary equations typically depict glucose as the carbohydrate end-product of photosynthesis, whereas photosynthesizing cells generate very little glucose per se; the three-carbon trioses represent the more immediate photosynthetic carbohydrate.
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- Why is my acorn squash white inside?
- What is toxic squash syndrome?
- Why does yellow squash get bumpy?
- What kind of squash is orange and bumpy?
- Is yellow squash supposed to be bumpy?
- Can you eat squash with mosaic virus?
- Why is my crookneck squash orange?
- Is squash good for weight loss?
- Can raw squash make you sick?
- Is it safe to eat bumpy zucchini?
- Is it bad to eat raw squash?
Why is my acorn squash white inside?
Why is my acorn squash white inside.
The seeds should be mostly white or cream-colored and should be covered in the squash flesh while the rest of the squash should be a bright color inside.
If it’s dull at all in color, chances are, it’s not ripe yet or it’s already spoiled..
What is toxic squash syndrome?
Toxic Squash Syndrome Pumpkins are classified as cucurbits, a family of flowering gourd plants that also include cucumbers, melons, and squash. Cucurbit poisoning, also known as toxic squash syndrome, occurs when a person eats a cucurbit that contains an elevated level of cucurbitacin E.
Why does yellow squash get bumpy?
Reasons for Bumpy Squash Rapid growth, boring insects and excess calcium in soil may contribute to lumpy squash plants. However, the majority of these fruit deformities are the result of a mosaic virus. … Cucumber mosaic affects summer squash and produces raised, yellow bumpy squash and warty regions on the fruit’s skin.
What kind of squash is orange and bumpy?
The two most common varieties are the yellow crookneck squash, which has a bumpy surface, and the yellow summer squash, which has a straight neck and smooth skin.
Is yellow squash supposed to be bumpy?
Squash do naturally grow bumps on their skin, which looks unappealing but the bumps don’t affect taste or quality. Squash belong to the same family of plants as cucumbers, pumpkins and melons and can be susceptible to disease. There are some common problems that can cause the yellow crookneck squash to have bumpy skin.
Can you eat squash with mosaic virus?
Yes, you can eat squash and melons that are infected with mosaic virus. These viruses are not harmful to humans and do not cause the fruit to rot.
Why is my crookneck squash orange?
It really sounds like something is interfering with the development of the fruit and it has gone too many days on the vine – small size or not. The proximity to other plants may be a problem especially if they are robbing the squash plant of water.
Is squash good for weight loss?
Butternut squash is rich in important vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting antioxidants. This low-calorie, fiber-rich winter squash may help you lose weight and protect against conditions like cancer, heart disease, and mental decline. Plus, it’s versatile and easily added to both sweet and savory dishes.
Can raw squash make you sick?
A study published in Clinical Toxicology in 2018 published a study from France that found 353 cases of reported adverse effects reported from eating bitter squashes. Diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms.
Is it safe to eat bumpy zucchini?
The fruit is safe to eat; however, the fact the vine is dying may affect ripening. Watch the fruit for ripening. … Re: food safety – I don’t think there is a health issue with eating the bumpy zucchini, but I don’t think the taste / texture will be pleasant. Sometimes fruit affected by diseases becomes woody or bitter.
Is it bad to eat raw squash?
Can You Eat Raw Yellow Squash? Yes, you can eat raw yellow squash. It should be noted, however, that the smaller the squash, the less bitter and more sweet it will taste. It can be used it savory or sweet dishes, just cut it up and toss it in.
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कहकर घर वापस आ रहे है। हिंदी न्यूज़ उत्तराखंड विकासनगर पारिवारिक कलह के चलते युवक ने लगाई फांसी 3. व्हाट्स एप को लॉक करना : धोनी ने वनडे मैचों में 52.20 के औसत से 9,657 रन बनाए हैं जो किसी भारतीय विकेटकीपर बल्लेबाज द्वारा बनाए गए सर्वाधिक रन हैं। उन्होंने इस दौरान 65 अद्र्घशतक जमाए हैं जो दूसरे विकेटकीपर बल्लेबाजों द्वारा बनाए गए कुल अद्र्घशतकों से ज्यादा है। धोनी भले ही मैच फिनिशर के तौर पर मशहूर हैं लेकिन बड़ी पारियों खेलने में भी उनकी रिकॉर्ड कमजोर नहीं है। धोनी ने अपने करियर के शुरुआती दिनों में ही इसका प्रमाण दे दिया था। उन्होंने 2004 में श्रीलंका के खिलाफ 183 रन की पारी खेली थी जो किसी भारतीय विकेटकीपर बल्लेबाज द्वारा बनाया गया सर्वाधिक स्कोर है। इससे पहले उन्होंने चिर प्रतिद्वंद्वी पाकिस्तान के खिलाफ 123 गेंदों में ताबड़तोड़ 148 रन बनाए थे। प्रवेश परीक्षा 14 जून से शुरू होगी और 22 जून तक चलेगी. परीक्षा दो शिफ्टों में करवाई जाएगी मार्निंग और ईवनिंग. आधिकारिक नोटिस के मुताबिक काउंसिलिंग का शिड्यूल और काउंसिलिंग के मोड के बारे में छात्रों को जानकारी दे दी जाएगी. देश का सोने का आयात चालू वित्त वर्ष की पहली छमाही अप्रैलसितंबर, 2021 के दौरान कई गुना</s>
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The financial crisis of recent years and the COVID-19 pandemic have brought many economic and social difficulties for the citizens of Greece, as there have been recorded many job losses and loss of life. Although citizens have equal rights and obligations on the basis of the Constitution, there is discrimination among vulnerable social groups. They are people who face a number of difficulties in their integration into society, either because society cannot accept them, or because of social-economic constraints. The National and Regional Social Inclusion Policy is trying to put these groups under strong social protection. In particular, although the islands of the South Aegean Region are quite supportive of the country’s economy, as they are a global tourist destination, they face restrictions which include, for example, inadequate social services, their understaffing and their spatial fragmentation.
The aim of this survey is to identify the problems arising from the social inclusion process, both in the field of employment and the economy, to identify people in financial difficulties and to address these problems by all the means and tools available to the country at local and regional level. Through the operation of the South Aegean Regional Social Inclusion Observatory, cases concerning social exclusion or financial difficulties can be observed. The responsibility of the Observatory is to record and monitor the conditions through which poverty occurs and to implement actions to address these issues. Finally, the ultimate objective of research is to highlight local needs in terms of social protection, welfare and solidarity policies, to address them, to prevent poverty and eradicate social exclusion.
The study is divided into four parts through which the aim is to present one comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of poverty and its impact on the South Aegean Region population in its temporal, spatial and social dimensions. The first part concerns the European, national and regional framework for social inclusion. It outlines the Europe 2020 Strategy, the National Integration Strategy and refers to the current situation at European and national level. The role of the newly established National Integration Mechanism, the guidelines of the Regional Social Integration Strategy (PESKE) and the position of the South Aegean Regional Observatory are also mentioned. The target groups for monitoring and interventions are described. The second part records the existing conditions in the South Aegean Region. Geographical, demographic, economic and social characteristics, as well as employment and poverty indicators are presented. The study describes the existing social cohesion bodies and organisations, the population of vulnerable groups at regional, municipal and island level and determines the situation in relation to the whole country and the other regions.
The third part concerns the assessments made by the municipal authorities of the South Aegean Region themselves, as well as by the social services of the Region. The results of qualitative surveys in relation to quantitative data are presented with a view to establishing convergences and discrepancies. A comparison of the current situation against the findings of the PESKE is made and a SWOT analysis of the Region’s social inclusion capacity is performed. Finally, the fourth part explains the methodology for defining the evaluation indicators, the table of indicators proposed for the Observatory in order to record, monitor and evaluate actions on social inclusion and social exclusion in the South Aegean Region. The current health trend is also briefly described based on international and national sources, setting the framework for the subsequent studies of the project, whose results are expected to be directly affected by the pandemic, thus also affecting the indicators.
The socio-economic research underlying the study’s methodological approach covers three dimensions. The first dimension was the “geographical dimension of poverty”, linked to the administrative area of implementation of anti-poverty policies. The “social dimension” refers to the horizontal investigation of the phenomena, in terms of their causes and impacts. Finally, the “temporal dimension” refers to the current situation and also includes data from previous years over a 5-year period. Particular emphasis is placed on 2016-2019, in order to reflect the evolution of the phenomena over time in the South Aegean Region.
At European level, the fight against poverty and social exclusion is one of the EU’s specific objectives. From 1975 to 1994 the European Economic Community implemented several programmes to combat poverty. The Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999 enshrined the eradication of social exclusion as an objective of Community social policy. The Lisbon Strategy, launched in 2000, set up a monitoring and coordination mechanism, which included setting targets, measuring poverty against a set of indicators and benchmarks. The Open Method of Coordination, established in 2006, was a new policy framework in the area of social protection and social inclusion. The Europe 2020 Strategy aims to lift at least 20 million people out of poverty and social exclusion and to increase the employment of people aged 20-64 to 75 %.
The European Commission has adopted actions under the Europe 2020 Strategy, such as the European Platform for Poverty and Social Exclusion launched in 2010, the Agenda for New Skills and Jobs and the Social Investment Package. These initiatives have provided Member States with additional guidance on the national reforms they need to deliver on their commitments to reach the agreed Europe 2020 targets.
In Europe in recent years there are still some groups of the population that are particularly exposed to the risk of poverty. In particular, children, young people, single-parent families, dependent families, people with a background of migration, ethnic minorities and people with disabilities.
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In a study out of the University of Texas, men who are getting testosterone replacement therapy are not at an increased risk for clots in their veins.
Consequently cervicovaginaltumors fixed to the pelvic wall below the sciatic notch level can be reliably resected by theinclusion of these pelvic floor and wall muscles into the en bloc specimen.
In this study the patients presented a remethylation (Met/Hcyratio) similar and a trans sulfuration (Hcy/Cys ratio) lower than the controls. In patients with a clinical suspicion ofacute vertebral osteomyelitis, at least two pairs of blood cultures should be done.
Breast cancer in men: the importance of teaching andraising awareness. He remarked how good theinstrument was; he had suffered repeated bouts of bronchitis as a childand this is what he thought the point finder was picking up. Family members identify andimplement alternative means ofventing their anger andaggression Family members identify andimplement alternative means ofventing their anger andaggression. To my mother, whose high expectations of me kept my feet firmly onthe ground. They may exhibit symptomsfrom one or both features. The comparison of the structures of wild-type p53 DBD with Tyr220Cysp53 DBD shows that the Tyr220Cys mutation creates a cavity in the protein surface(Fig The comparison of the structures of wild-type p53 DBD with Tyr220Cysp53 DBD shows that the Tyr220Cys mutation creates a cavity in the protein surface(Fig. They takefew medicines for the one chronic illness that they have. The results were encouraging with a success rate of over 90%having resolved the infection. One study showed that the world’s high-est prevalence of PD may be among the Amish in thenortheastern United States. Rates pain asan 8 out of 10 on a scale of 0–10 and describes it assharp and burning. Thisalso increases the absorption time for water into the circula-tion buy viagra online sweden taking ?uid from the large intestine and contributingto hardening of the stool and decreasing the frequency ofbowel movements.
Experimental studies have demonstrated thatmuscle mass increases through myostatin inhibition, and themyostatin signalingpathwaymaybeapotent therapeutic inter-vention point in the treatment ofmuscle-wastingdiseases, suchas muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),AIDS, and cancer. These disadvan-tages can be limited by combining PRVC withanother mode such as volume support when thepatient begins to trigger spontaneously. Factors that pre-dispose to endothelial injuries include high-LDL cholesterol,hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia (indiabetes), hypertension,increased toxin levels associated with cigarette smoking, andcertain viral and bacterial infections caused by cytomegalo-virus (CMV) or Chlamydia pneumoniae, respectively. The most common cause of death in fires is carbon monoxidepoisoning. This scenario hasbeen reported in patients after ear, nose, andthroat (ENT) surgery This scenario hasbeen reported in patients after ear, nose, andthroat (ENT) surgery. Asurvey of the effects of the full computerized nursing records system on shar-ing nursing records among health professionals. The Millers, inthe 1950s showed a relationship between chemicals and theirability to bind to macromolecules (including DNA) with theircarcinogenic ability. I don’t think Iwas less than 180 pounds after that.
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Scientists have just detected clouds on WASP-127b exoplanet 520 light-years from Earth using data from numerous telescopes.
Clouds make climate modeling on Earth challenging. Identifying, and perhaps defining atmospheric phenomena on distant planets is the next big exoplanet problem.
Scientists have discovered clouds on a gas giant exoplanet 520 light-years from Earth using data from numerous telescopes. The observations were so detailed that they were able to determine the altitude of the clouds and the structure of the upper atmosphere with unprecedented precision. Continued research will help us better comprehend exoplanet atmospheres and search for worlds with potentially habitable circumstances or biosignatures in their spectra.
The exoplanet in question is WASP-127b. Astronomers discovered it in 2016. It is a hot, puffy beast that orbits its star so close that its year is only 4.2 days long. The exoplanet is 1.3 times the size of Jupiter, but only 0.16 times the mass of Jupiter. This makes it one of the least dense or fluffiest exoplanets ever discovered.
Dr. Romain Allart’s presentation at the Europlanet Science Congress (EPSC) 2021 demonstrates how he and his team were able to expose the upper structure of the planet’s atmosphere by integrating data from a spacecraft and a ground-based observatory. This opens the door to similar research into a variety of other distant worlds.
You Might Like This: This Exoplanet Orbits Its Star Within Hours
To gaze into different altitudes of WASP-127b’s atmosphere, they used infrared data from the Hubble Space Telescope and optical data from the ESPRESSO instrument on the ground-based Very Large Telescope at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile.
First, they identified the presence of sodium, as they had seen before on this type of planet, but at a considerably lower altitude than they had expected. Second, there were substantial infrared water vapor signals but none at visible wavelengths. This means that clouds that are opaque at visible wavelengths but transparent in the infrared are screening water vapor at lower levels.
The researchers were able to narrow down the altitude of the clouds to a surprisingly low cloud layer with a pressure ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 millibars using the combined data from the two instruments.
We don’t know the clouds’ composition yet. However, they are not made up of water droplets like they are on Earth. It’s also a puzzle why scientists found sodium in such an unusual place on this planet.
It’s challenging to figure out the makeup of exoplanetary atmospheres. We can’t observe most exoplanets directly. Thus, we have to infer their presence based on their effects on their host stars. One of these is dimming and brightening. That’s when an exoplanet passes between us and a star, the star’s light dims slightly.
Future research will help scientists learn more about the atmosphere and WASP-127b generally. The exoplanet is proving to be an intriguing place.
WASP-127b receives 600 times more irradiation than the Earth. It also encounters temperatures of up to 1,100 degrees Celsius throughout its four-day orbit around its star. This expands the planet’s radius to 1.3 times that of Jupiter, but with barely a fifth of Jupiter’s mass. Thus, making it one of the least dense or fluffiest exoplanets yet identified. Fluffy exoplanets are easier to observe due to their stretched nature. Hence, making WASP-127b a perfect option for scientists working on the characterization of the atmosphere.
According to the team’s observations, WASP-127b orbits its host star in an unusual way.
All planets in the solar system orbit in the direction of the Sun’s rotation, in a more-or-less flat plane around the Sun’s equator. This is due to the solar system’s formation, which began with a disc of material swirling into the spinning Sun.
Meanwhile, WASP-127b orbits in the opposite direction of its star’s rotation. It also orbits its star at an extremely prominent angle, almost around the star’s poles. Scientists estimate the system to be roughly 10 billion years old, implying that something unusual is happening in that particular vicinity.
“Such alignment is unexpected for a hot Saturn in an old stellar system and might be caused by an unknown companion,” Allart said. “All these unique characteristics make WASP-127b a planet that will be very intensely studied in the future.” Hopefully, more research will be carried out to find out about its atmosphere and unique features.
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के माध्यम से भारत में शेयर बाजार में निवेश कैसे शुरू करें? इससे जुडी सम्पूर्ण जानकारी को साझा किया जो की किसी भी निवेशक के लिए बहुत साबित होने वाली है. अगर आप शेयर बाजार में निवेश करने जा रहे है तो आप हमारे दिए पॉइंट को फोलो कर सकते है, यकीन अगर आप समय आधारित रुझान पॉइंट को फोलो करते है तो आप निश्चित ही शेयर बाजार में खुद को सफल बना सकते है। ओत्ज़ोविक को भुगतान करता है 500 रगड़ 1000 विचारों के लिए आपकी प्रतिक्रिया। आप जितनी अधिक समीक्षाएं छोड़ेंगे और उतनी अच्छी टिप्पणियां, विचार और पसंद होंगे, उतनी अधिक आय होगी। स्टॉक मार्केट में निवेश की अगर बात की जाये तो पिछले 4 से 5 सालो में भारत में लोगो का रुझान काफी ज्यादा बढ़ चूका है, और स्टॉक मार्केट में लोगो के रुझान के पीछे कुछ मुख्य कारण है। अमेरिका में विकल्पों को कैसे विनियमित किया जाता है और कौन से संगठन विकल्प बाजार के नियमों में शामिल समय आधारित रुझान होते हैं? आपकी सेटिंग पर निर्भर करते हुए, हम आपकी दिलचस्पी के आधार पर आपको मनमुताबिक बनाए गए विज्ञापन भी दिखा सकते हैं. उदाहरण के लिए, अगर आप माउंटेन बाइक के लिए खोज करते</s>
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Why should you create a monthly budget?
Think of yourself as a CFO of your family. Like a company’s CFO uses the cash flow statement to make money decisions for the company, a monthly budget can benefit in the following ways:
- Helps you get an accurate picture of your financial situation and savings potential
- Saves you from sleepless nights worrying about your finances – once you are clear, you can take action
- Makes you aware of unhealthy money habits
- Helps you make a plan for reducing expenses and finding out new sources of income
- Helps you determine the size of the emergency fund
- Protects you from costly credit card debt and personal loans
- Helps you start investing for your financial goals instead of letting the money lie idle in a savings account
5-step guide to creating a monthly budget
Step 1: Calculate your monthly net income
Step 2: Calculate your monthly expenses
Step 3: Calculate monthly savings
Step 4: Create a budget and goals
This is the most crucial step. In this step, you need to critically analyse the monthly cash flow. You can rely on the 50/30/20 rule, which says that you should spend 50% of the income on necessities, 30% on wants and 20% on investments.
Suppose your monthly savings amount is negative or in a low-positive range. In that case, you need to take steps to increase your income sources and, at the same time, decrease any discretionary expenses.
After doing the analysis, you can arrive at a monthly budget that clearly lists the expected income, expenses and savings. Now that you are clear on the savings, you can plan your investments (for example, activate SIP in good mutual funds).
Step 5: Track your progress
Some tips on creating an effective budget
Below is a list of some helpful budgeting tips that can increase the effectiveness of budgeting exercise:
- Try to automate your monthly investment. For example, you can do a SIP in 2-3 mutual fund schemes or invest a fixed amount at the start of the month. This will help you clarify how much money is left for spending for the rest of the month.
- If you get an impulsive thought to purchase a gadget, estimate how it will impact your budget.
- Nothing works like a reward – at the end of each month, treat yourself to something as small as a bar of dark chocolate or a cosy meal with your wife.
- If you have irregular income, you can observe the income and expense pattern for a few months to find an estimated monthly amount.
- As the legendary investor Warren Buffet said, do not depend on a single income. Try to build additional sources of income.
- Keep a buffer of 10-15% in your expense calculations to take care of emergency expenses
- Use the expense calculation to build an emergency fund equivalent to a minimum of 6 months of expenses.
- Allow the budgeting exercise to raise your awareness of destructive habits like smoking, gambling, excessive shopping etc., and make action plans to remove them.
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A Circular ring of radius 3a i...
# A Circular ring of radius 3a is uniformly charged with charge q is kept in x-y plane with center at origin. A particle of charge q and mass m is projected frim x=4 towards origin. Find the minimum speed of projection such that it reaches origin. <br> <img src="https://d10lpgp6xz60nq.cloudfront.net/physics_images/RES_JEE(M)_2019_CBT5_E01_042_Q01.png" width="80%">
Updated On: 27-06-2022
Text Solution
sqrt((q^(2))/(15piepsilon_(0)ma))sqrt((q^(2))/(30piepsilon_(0)ma))sqrt((q^(2))/(10 piepsilon_0(ma))sqrt((q^(2))/(20 piepsilon_0(ma))
Step by step solution by experts to help you in doubt clearance & scoring excellent marks in exams.
Transcript
a circular ring of radius 3 is uniformly charged with charge q and escape in xy plane with centre at origin particle of charge q and mass M is projected from X = 24 you can see you from the diagram find the minimum speed of the project sensor that it reaches to the origin right so if there is no external force other than the electric force only for sale is the electric force so we can apply the mechanical energy conservation what is changing here if you see initially the potential energy was a suppose you and the final potential energy was that supposed so you can see each other is asymmetry great so each particle on the spring will be at the same distance at initial position as well as at the final position
so finally the distance of each particle from this charge is 3 so I will write a square by 3 at the final list talk about the initial potential energy so this is 4A and this is 3A so this will be 5 a right from the Pythagoras you can calculate so initially each particle on the ring is at a distance of 5 M from the charge so I will write ke q square by 58 simple so this will be the initial and final date as we know that there is no external force other than electric field so mechanical energy will remain conserve so I will write you initial plus Ke Niche is equals to you final Plus ke final and we want the minimum Kinetic energies with which it is projected right so for that I will make the kinetic energy
so initially the potential energy was ke q square by 5A and kinetic energy of a square and finally it will be so now you can solve this to calculate the minimum velocity so you will I'd have I am V square is equals to cake square by 3 minus cake square by 5 1 to 1 by 3 minus 1 by 5 you can calculate taking other quantities as outside night 1 by 3 minus 1 by 5 so you can write 1 by 3 AS 5 by 15 and 1 by 5 + 3 by 15 so you will get to buy 15 right so from here this is equals to so I will write half MV square so it will be filed by 15 minus 3 by 15 so it will be to buy 15
so I will write ke is this and q square by so this too will get cancelled out and this too will also get cancelled out now you can see the velocity is equal to under root of 2 square by 15 Epsilon Not into this will be around so now you could match your correct option so the correct option will be fast simple thank you
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बाद उनमें इंप्रूवमेंट दिखा। अब विराली सहारे के साथ चल सकती थी और अपने रोज के काम कर सकती थी। पिछले साल विराली ने मिस व्हीलचेयर ब्यूटी कॉन्टेस्ट में हिस्सा लिया, जहां वे रनरअप रही। विराली का कहना है कि मुझे पूरा यकीन था कि एक दिन में जरूर चल पाऊंगी, मैं बहुत खुश हूं कि अब मैं अपना मॉडलिंग और एक्टिंग का ख्वाब पूरा कर पाऊंगी। पिछले हफ्ते ही मुझे एक फेमस फिल्म डायरेक्टर ने ऑडिशन के लिए बुलाया है। उन्होंने मुझे व्हीलचेयर ब्यूटी कॉन्टेस्ट में देखा था। विराली बॉलीवुड में काम करना चाहती है और डिसएबल लोगों के लिए जागरूकता फैलाना चाहती है। फेसबुक और व्हाट्सएप पर अपने कैंडीडेट्स के फेवर में राय मांगने वालों पर निर्वाचन आयोग की नजर चुनाव प्रक्रिया प्रभावित न हो इसलिए सोशल मीडिया पर इस तरह की एक्टिविटी करने वालों पर कसेगा आयोग का शिकंजा कटनी. शहर के पर्यावरण बेहतर हो, लोग स्वच्छ हवा में सांस ले सकें, इसको लेकर हम सभी पौधे रोपने के साथ ही उनका संरक्षण भी करेंगे। जिससे हमारी आने वाली पीढ़ी का भविष्य सुरक्षित हो सके। पत्रिका हरित प्रदेश अभियान के तहत कावसजी वार्ड मुक्तिधाम में पौधरोपण के दौरान यह बात स्थानीय पार्षद राजेश जाटव ने कही। पार्षद</s>
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It is a rare infectious disorder which affects the lungs or the entire body. Bacterium from the genus Nocardia, especially Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia brasiliensis, is mainly responsible for the occurrence of this condition. Individuals with a weakened immunity due to some health problem are more at risk of developing this bacterial infection.
The condition is also found to affect cats, dogs, birds, fishes and cattle.
The Nocardia spp is found in soil and enters the human body mainly through breathing. The bacteria initially lead to pneumonia, which may cause sepsis or blood poisoning. In this way, the infection may gradually spread to other areas of the body such as skin and brain. The condition is referred to as disseminated Nocardiosis when it occurs in this manner.
Sometimes, the infection may be introduced through a skin lesion, puncture, cut or wound that may occur while working outdoors. This type of skin infection can take various forms and is known as Cutaneous Nocardiosis. Individuals with occupations or hobbies that involve exposure to soil, such as farming, gardening, landscaping and other field works, are more at risk of being affected by this infection.
The disorder has various other risk factors, which include:
- Bone marrow/stem cell transplantation
- Ulcerative colitis
- Renal failure
- Renal transplantation
- HIV infection
- Long-term use of corticosteroids
Nocardiosis Signs and Symptoms
This infectious disease can affect various parts of the human body including the skin, brain and lungs. However, it is not contagious. The infection has been classified into several categories, such as the Pulmonary Nocardiosis (affecting the lungs) and Systemic Nocardiosis (affecting the whole body).
The symptoms may vary depending on the location of the infection.
Entire Body Symptoms
- Recurring fever
- Malaise or general uneasiness or discomfort
- Night sweats
- Breathing difficulty
- Cough with mucus
- Rapid breathing
- Chest pain which not related to any heart problems
- Shortness of breath
- Coughing up blood
- Cerebral abscesses
Gastrointestinal System Symptoms
- Unexplained weight loss
- Hepatosplenomegaly or swelling of the liver and spleen
- Skin lumps or rashes
- Abscesses or skin sores
- Swollen lymph nodes
Nervous System Symptoms
- Changes in mental state
Muscle and Joint Symptoms
- Joint pain
In some rare cases, the infectious disorder can affect the eyes and lead to certain ocular manifestations such as keratitis and ocular trauma.
Prevention may be difficult in susceptible individuals. However, taking some preventive measures can decrease their risk of developing the disease. They should avoid working outdoors without protection. Wearing gloves and socks can prevent the skin from coming into direct contact with the soil. This measure should also be adopted by healthy individuals to avoid the disorder.
Taking Trimethoprim or sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis during the first six months after undergoing organ transplantation can help to prevent the condition.
Various diagnostic tests are used for detecting this infection. The Nocardia bacteria are visible on the gram stain. The diagnosis varies according to the site of infection as the symptoms are different for various locations. The following tests can be used for making the diagnosis:
- Brain biopsy
- Sputum culture
- Skin biopsy
- Lung biopsy
- Chest x-ray
- CT scan
- Pleural fluid stain and culture
Nocardiosis Differential Diagnosis
The differential diagnoses include the following:
- Pleuropulmonary Empyema
- Kaposi Sarcoma
- Lung Abscess
- Glioblastoma Multiforme
It is generally treated with antibiotic medications (usually sulfonamides). Acute phases of the condition require long bed-rest. The treatment continues for 6 months to 1 year depending on the severity of the infection and the involved body parts. The treatment may last longer in serious cases of the disease. Chronic suppressive therapy or low-dose, long-term antibiotic therapy is often required to cure the disorder. Penicillin is not used in this treatment as the Nocardia bacteria are penicillin-resistant. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim) is most commonly used for treating Nocardiosis.
Sometimes, surgical intervention may be required for draining or removing the abscesses caused by the infection. Surgery may also be performed for removing diseased tissues.
The outcome is positive with early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The time for recovery usually ranges between 12 months and 18 months. However, the prognosis may be poor if the infection spreads in a wide area outside the lungs. Delay in treatment and having some serious underlying disorder can also make the outcome poor. This infectious disease is associated with a high mortality rate between 50% and 80%. Studies show the death rate to be higher when the infection affects the brain.
In around 25% of all cases, the disorder advances into a serious brain condition named Encephalitis. Other complications that can arise from delayed treatment of the condition or leaving it untreated include brain abscesses and serious skin infection.
Statistics shows that around 500 to 1000 individuals are affected by the disease every year in the United States. This number is increasing gradually over time.
The following pictures show how the Nocardia bacteria affect various parts of the body.
Picture 1 – Nocardiosis
Picture 2 – Nocardiosis Image
Nocardiosis is a potentially life threatening bacterial infection which requires early diagnosis and proper treatment in order to save the patient’s life. It has a very high fatality rate even with proper management. However, many patients recover from the disease on receiving antibiotic treatment.
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Dr William Brackenbury with his team
Nearly 12,000 people die each year in the UK from breast cancer, and most of these deaths are caused by secondary breast cancer – when breast cancer has spread from the breast to other parts of the body. We need to find new ways to stop breast cancer spreading in order to save lives.
The science behind the project
Dr Brackenbury has previously shown that secondary tumours often feature large numbers of molecules called voltage-gated sodium channels, which are usually found in the developing nervous system. Their presence on secondary breast cancer cells in large numbers implies that they may help cancer to spread.
He suspects that voltage-gated sodium channels might aid breast cancer’s spread through their role in controlling the electric charge of a cell’s wall or membrane. Normal cells usually have a negatively charged membrane which helps with their everyday functions but in breast cancer cells the charge of the membrane is slightly more positive and this feature might help the cells to spread.
To test this idea, Dr Brackenbury’s team will use an innovative technique to record the electrical signals in breast cancer tumours removed from mice, an approach from neuroscience that has never been used before in breast cancer. He will also confirm his findings with samples from the Breast Cancer Now Tissue Bank.
What difference will this project make?
By finding out whether voltage-gated sodium channels are helping breast cancer to grow and spread by altering their electrical charge, Dr Brackenbury’s team hopes to lay the groundwork for investigating voltage-gated sodium channels as a potential target for new drugs that could stop breast cancer from spreading.
Make a donation to support our research
Help fund the future of research now to stop women dying from breast cancer.
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राघव चड्ढा द्वारा फेक न्यूज शेयर पर आक्रामक हुए बीजेपी सांसद रमेश बिधूड़ी
नई दिल्ली : दक्षिणी दिल्ली के बीजेपी सांसद रमेश बिधुड़ी ने प्रेस वार्ता करते दिल्ली सरकार के मुखिया अरविन्द केजरीवाल पर निशाना साधा | उनका कहना है की दिल्ली की सत्ता पर काबिज केजरीवाल सरकार जिस प्रकार की छिछोरी हरकतें कर रही है , उससे न सिर्फ उनकी मानसिकता झलकती है बल्कि यह भी साफ हो जाता है कि इनका मकशद बस जनता को गुमराह करके सत्ता हथियाना है। लोगों से जो लुभावने वादे किये गए है उनमें से अगर १० प्रतिशत भी पूरा कर लेते तो जनता को काफी सुविधा हो गई होती।
बीजेपी सांसद रमेश बिधुड़ी ने कहा कि आज मामला केजरीवाल एंड कम्पनी द्वारा पोस्ट की गयी एक ट्वीट का है। कल केजरीवाल ने अपने साथी से पेड़ों की कटाई के मामले में ट्वीट करवाकर मुझे जबरन घसीट लिया। मेरे नाम से एक निजी अखबार की फर्जी खबर तैयार की और मेरा फोटो लगाकर उसे ट्वीट कर दिया। जबकि उक्त अखबार ने ऐसी कोई खबर चलायी ही नहीं थी। जब मैंने और बाकी लोगों ने इस मामले में केजरीवाल और उनके साथी से जवाब तलब किया , तो चुपके से उनके साथी ने ट्वीट हटा ली और बाद में तथ्यों को गोल-गोल घुमाते हुए अंग्रेजी में माफी मांग ली। जब ट्वीट हिंदी में किया था तो माफी भी हिंदी में ही मांगते। ट्वीट हिंदी में और माफीनामा अंग्रेजी में पोस्ट करके केजरीवाल गरीब, मजदूर और कम पढ़ी लिखी जनता को गुमराह कर रहे हैं।
रमेश बिधुड़ी ने कहा कि मनगढंत आरोप लगाना या झूठी बयानबाजी करना इनके लिए कोई नई बात नहीं है , ये तो केजरीवाल की फितरत में शामिल है। साथ ही उनका कहना है की जब वह लोकसभा का चुनाव लड़ रहा थे , तब इनकी पार्टी के प्रत्याशी ने जमीन पर अवैध कब्जे से लेकर छेड़खानी तक की शर्मनाक और घिनौनी हरकतों के बेबुनियाद आरोप लगाकर फर्जी पैम्फलेट बांटकर मुझे बदनाम करने की साजिश की थी। लोगों ने फर्जी पैम्फलेट से भरी गाड़ी समेत उस सदस्य को रंगे हाथों पकड़कर पुलिस के हवाले कर दिया था। हमने उस घटना को अंजाम देने वाले आम आदमी पार्टी के सदस्य पर मानहानि का केस भी दर्ज किया हुआ है।
ऐसे ही स्वयं केजरीवाल ने एक न्यूज चैनल पर मुझ पर संगीन अपराधों में संलिप्त होने के झूठे आरोप लगाए थे। जिसके बाद मैंने उन पर मानहानि का केस दर्ज किया था और अदालत ने जिसका संज्ञान लेते हुए केजरीवाल को प्राइमा फेसी दोषी मानते हुए उन्हें १०,००० रूपये की जमानत पर रिहा किया था। जिसके बाद केजरीवाल की तरफ से माफीनामे के अनेकों प्रस्ताव भेजे जा चुके हैं। लेकिन केजरीवाल एंड कम्पनी ने उस घटना से कोई सीख न लेते हुए आज फिर से वही हरकत दोहरायी है।
बिधुड़ी ने कहा कि केजरीवाल को सलाह है कि ऐसी ओछी हरकतों से बाज आएं और जनता की भलाई में भी कुछ समय दें। ऐसी अफवाहें फैलाकर जनता को गुमराह करने की कोशिश न करें। इससे तो अच्छा हो कि आम आदमी पार्टी में फल-फूल रहे भ्रष्टाचार को रोकने की कोशिश करें। इनके अपने ६ मंत्रियों पर भ्रष्टाचार के आरोप सिद्ध हो चुके हैं लेकिन ये दूसरों पर कीचड़ उछाल रहे हैं। अरविन्द केजरीवाल लोगों की भावनाओं से खेलना बंद करें। जनता को आपका आरोप लगाकर भागने की फितरत का पूरा भान हो चुका है। इन हरकतों से बाज आएं और ऐसी ओछी राजनीति करना छोड़ कर लोगों की सेवा में ध्यान लगाइये।
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Portfolio learning is lifewide in the sense that it tries to facilitate learning that happens not just in the classroom, not just in formal learning, but in the workplace and in family life. It is lifelong in the sense that learning is something that happens throughout one's life, through different stages of life, not just within a particular academic program, but from cradle to grave.The MNSCU eFolio Minnesota tool is an online environment in which the individual is provided 3 MB of online storage, and the purpose for the portfolio is determined by the owner, although when used in an educational environment the initial purpose may be prescribed. Even so, the telecast described examples of the system allowing layers in the portfolio for different audiences. The website describes it as:
a multimedia electronic portfolio designed to help you create a living showcase of your education, career and personal achievements. All Minnesota residents, including students enrolled in Minnesota schools, educators and others can use eFolio Minnesota to reach their career and education goals.In the teleconference, I found Darren's findings with the adult portfolio developers in Minnesota to be very encouraging. I see no reason why these findings wouldn't also apply to K-12 students. As he said,
"...what we learned about how people are introduced and supported: the need for a group of peers working together and real audiences to bounce ideas off of in the experimental stage where the portfolio is beginning to form and to take shape is very important. And then looking at the interface of the personal and the professional that has been shown to be so important to the sense of ownership and integrity of the portfolio; that it's not something that's handed to you by an institution or by the government, but that it's something that you've made that represents you as a full human being."Peter Rees Jones from Leeds University in England was also on the telecast. He reported on some of their experience in building linkages between the world of work and the world of formal education. His statement about learner ownership is also important:
"It is clear that there is a relationship between where people have a sense of ownership and the success of an eportfolio project. Where people have that sense of ownership they do engage with it [the portfolio] and they will use it regularly. "As I develop the research design and professional development activities for The REFLECT Initiative, these findings will be shared as central to the policies and practices of implementing portfolios in high schools. The finding about the sense of ownership is one that I have addressed before, but now is validated by some of the research. When Darren Cambridge says, "This works!" I hope policy makers will pay close attention to what "this" is: the learner-owned model that the eFolio Minnesota project has implemented with a focus on the individual, not on the institution. These findings further validate my concern that we cannot lump all electronic portfolios in one basket: a rich description of the conditions of implementation is critical to understanding the results.
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A living organism must maintain itself continuously by producing the substances it needs to function. Proteins are one of these key substances and come in a seemingly infinite variety of shapes and structures. They are responsible for virtually everything that goes on in your body and cells, and are produced every second of an organism’s life. They are needed for various functions such as cell growth, tissue repair, signalling between cells, immune responses, muscle movement, enzymes to help carry out chemical reactions, hormones, and they also act as the building blocks for structures such as hair, feathers, insect shells and collagen.
The template for making proteins
The template that codes for these proteins is a molecule called DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid.The central dogma- or more precisely hypothesis- of molecular biology states that genetic information translates from nucleic acid to protein, and not the other way round. This means that DNA makes RNA, and RNA makes proteins.There are exceptions to this process, such as when certain viruses are able to make DNA copies of their own RNA genome. But in most organisms, DNA is copied to RNA. The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation. This is the reason why DNA is such a key part of every organism’s vital processes.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
In humans, the nucleus of each cell contains 3 billion base pairs of DNA distributed over 23 pairs of chromosomes, and each cell has two copies of the genetic material. This is known collectively as the human genome. The human genome contains around 30 000 genes, each of which codes for one protein.
The deoxyribose nucleic acid molecule consists of a sugar molecule connected to one of four bases – guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine. A Base joined to a sugar is called a nucleotide. Phosphate molecules join the ribose sugars together to form a chain , one side of the DNA double helix.
The four bases have different unique shapes which mean that they will only ever fit together in specific ways, like pieces of a puzzle. Adenine will only ever pair with Thymine, and Cytosine will only ever pair with Guanine. This means that the two strands of DNA are complementary, and effectively, are templates of each other.
To see how DNA is used to make proteins, we need to introduce its sister compound Ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA differs to DNA in a number of ways. The most important of these differences are firstly, that it is a single strand, rather than a double strand. And secondly, instead of Thymine, it has Uracil as a base.
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied (transcribed) to messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the information needed for protein synthesis.
Then with the help of enzymes, free-floating nucleotides of mRNA link up with their corresponding nucleotides of DNA, and become joined together in a single strand of mRNA nucleotides.
Once the whole gene has become transcribed into a strand of mRNA, the mRNA moves off, and the DNA is zipped back up.
Now that the genetic code has been copied into mRNA, the code then needs to be translated to become a protein, and as mentioned earlier, all a protein really is, is a sequence of amino acids.
To do this, the mRNA is fed into a tiny molecular ‘machine’, called a Ribosome, which helps match up the correct amino acid for each part of the mRNA code. This is done for every three bases in the RNA sequence, called a codon. This three base sequence, gives a variety of different code combinations, each of which corresponds to a particular amino acid. So as the ribosome runs along the mRNA sequence, the correct amino acids are brought together in the correct sequence, and linked together to become a specific protein.
Our lab experiments
A lot of the experiments we run at the London BioHackspace are gene-typing experiments, which is essentially looking at our DNA and testing for the presence of certain genes.
For example, one of our projects is a test for certain blood types. We can do this because your blood group is determined by a certain combination of antigens in your red blood cells. Because antigens are proteins, coded in your DNA, we should be able to tell which antigens and which blood type you are, just by looking at your DNA.
But first we need to get the DNA out. Not only is DNA locked in our cells, deep inside its nucleus, DNA is also tightly wrapped up with proteins. So we first need to take a collection of our own cells, normally by lightly rubbing the inside of our cheeks, and then we break open the collected cells, and extract the DNA using a number of chemical processes, which are outlined in the table below:
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
After breaking down the cells, and extracting the DNA, we now need to identify the gene we’re looking for. But there are a couple of problems. Firstly, we have now collected our entire genome of DNA, and not just the gene we are looking for. And secondly, it is such a small sample of DNA that we’re unlikely to be able to see anything at all. So we need to make lots of copies of the specific section of DNA we’re looking for, and we do this using a method called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
This is the exact same process that gets used with forensics, and is how they are able to match the DNA of a suspect, from just a small sample of hair.
To do PCR, we need to add a few ingredients to the tube, and then repeat a specific cycle of heating and cooling to get the DNA to replicate. This is done in a machine called a thermal cycler.
The thermal cycler will go through many cycles of heating the solution through different temperatures. The first stage involves heating to the hottest temperature, 96°C, which will cause the double DNA strands to separate. Then it will be cooled to allow the process of copying the DNA to begin.
In order to choose the gene we want to copy, we use primers. Primers are short pieces of DNA that are made in a laboratory. Since they’re custom built, primers can have any sequence of nucleotides you’d like.
In a PCR experiment, we use two primers which are designed to match the beginning and the end of the segment of DNA we want to copy. And in the case of our blood typing experiment, we’re using primers that match the beginning of the gene that codes for the blood antigens.
In the annealing stage, through complementary base pairing, one primer attaches to the top strand at one end of your segment of interest, and the other primer attaches to the bottom strand at the other end.
Then we heat the solution up to allow extension to begin. To copy the remaining sequence of DNA, we use an enzyme called DNA Polymerase. DNA Polymerase is a naturally-occurring enzyme whose function is to copy a cell’s DNA before it divides in two. When a DNA polymerase molecule bumps into a primer that’s base-paired with a longer piece of DNA, it attaches itself near the end of the primer and starts adding nucleotides.
Human DNA polymerase would break down at the temperatures we’re using in our PCR experiment. So the DNA polymerase that’s most often used in PCR comes from a strain of bacteria called Thermus aquaticus that live in the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. It can survive near boiling temperatures and works quite well at 72°C.
In our PCR tube we’ve already added a mixture of four types of nucleotides found in DNA – A’s, C’s, G’s and T’s. So in the extension process, the DNA polymerase grabs nucleotides that are floating in the liquid around it and attaches them to the end of a primer, until the whole gene has been copied, and the end of a cycle is reached.
Then the process repeats all over again, with the two newly formed double strands of DNA themselves splitting, and being replicated. And so on… Until we have a highly concentrated solution of DNA for our blood type gene.
In the tube, even though we’ve successfully copied lots of fragments of DNA which are of the blood type gene, there are many other fragments left over from the PCR reaction. So now we want to be able to separate all of the various fragments of DNA in the tube, so that we can identify the blood typing gene fragment, and we do this by size.
To do this we use a process called Gel Electrophoresis. We make a gel out of a chemical called agarose, through which solutions of DNA are able to move, and we place our solutions of DNA from the PCR process into some wells which are indented in the gel. The gel also contains a chemical called Ethidium Bromide, which binds with the DNA, and acts as a fluorescent tag, which will allow us to see the DNA at the next stage.
The gel is placed in a solution and an electric current is passed through. Because DNA is a negatively charged molecule, as this current is applied, the strands of DNA will move slowly towards the positive electrode. However, the strands of DNA will move at different speeds. Shorter strands of DNA (for example short leftover chunks from the PCR reaction) find it easier to move through the gel, and so will move along much quicker. Whereas longer strands of DNA (e.g. gene sequences) will move more slowly through the gel. So after running the gel for a certain period of time, the different sized strands of DNA will be separated, appearing at different points along the gel.
But for us to find out exactly how long these DNA strands are, we need reference markers, which we call a ladder. This is a solution containing a mixture of DNA fragments of certain sizes (e.g. 300 nucleotides long, 500, 700, 1,000 etc.). When the ladder solution is placed into a well next to one containing our PCR DNA sample, it will run down the gel in the same way, with the various different sized chunks of DNA appearing at different positions down the gel. So if our PCR DNA sample, appears next to the ladder band representing 500 bp, we know our sample contains DNA of a gene roughly 500 nucleotides long. Or if it appears halfway between the bands of 1,500 and 2,000, we can make an estimate of it being roughly 1,750 nucleotides long.
Once the gel has run for long enough, we switch off the current, and then place the gel under UV light. The fluorescent marker provided by the Ethidium Bromide we put in at the start, means that the DNA will glow quite clearly under the UV.
As you can see, some clear bands of DNA appear roughly around the 347 base pair mark, which is the length of the DNA sequence we are looking for involved in determining blood group. Once we have this section, we add Alu1 restriction enzyme, which cuts the sequence if it is a blood group B allele, but not if it’s A or O.
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For the Center for Investigative Reporting, PRI’s Mary Kay Magistad reports on the economic and political implications of China’s rising demand for meat, with China now producing and consuming half the world’s pork:
Mindi Schneider: Now that many people who have the income to do so can buy meat every day if they want to, there’s this idea that they’re eating meat in revenge, and it’s revenge against a past of sort of poverty and scarcity and what felt like struggle, and it symbolizes progression.
Reporter: But this is creating a huge challenge for the Chinese government. China has almost a fifth of the world’s population. But it has just 9 percent of the earth’s arable land and a chronic shortage of water. Both are needed to raise and feed livestock. So, how to provide so much meat and dairy to so many people?
One answer: Modernize.
These cows at China Modern Dairy get music piped in while they get milked on carousels. This year, as many as 100,000 cows will be shipped to China from Australia, New Zealand and Uruguay and packed into facilities like this.
And these pigs live snout by jowl in enclosed buildings, where visitors are only permitted to view them remotely to prevent the spreading of disease. They belong to the Chuying Company, a major player in China’s industrialized farming boom.
One of the major issues facing China’s food industry is food safety, with a number of scandals making it a major topic of public concern in recent years. In a related report for PRI’s The World, Magistad profiles blogger Wu Heng, who focuses on food safety issues. Listen here:
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She is a fusion of Ruby and Sapphire, and is considered the current, de-facto leader of the Crystal Gems. Along with her team, Garnet is one of the last surviving Gems on Earth who rebelled against the Gem Homeworld to stop their invasion of the planet. After the war, Garnet helped protect the Earth over the next 5,000 years. After Rose Quartz gave birth to Steven and lost her physical form, Garnet began to mentor Steven and help train him on how to use his powers.
Garnet is definitely the leader of the team. She is totally in control of everything everyone does.
Though she's often the most stable member and a mentor for Steven, Garnet tends to act on intuition rather than seriously analyze a situation. For the most part, this works out well, but it has lead to some disastrous outcomes. She loses her usual stoic demeanor when Steven began rapidly aging in "So Many Birthdays" and starts violently shaking him, she makes a reckless decision of fusing with Amethyst to form Sugilite in "Coach Steven", and creates an overly-exaggerated story while speaking to Connie's mother over the phone in "Fusion Cuisine".
While mostly level-headed, she occasionally demonstrates a fierce competitive spirit. This is best seen while playing volleyball, Steven Tag, and arcade games.
As the de facto leader, Garnet is often the peacemaker of the Crystal Gems, especially when Pearl and Amethyst start arguing. She demands utmost respect from the Crystal Gems, and is not hesitant to gain an attitude if the team members refuse to follow an order. The other Crystal Gems have even shown some fear towards Garnet because of her potential reactions to unwanted activity, as shown in "Secret Team."
The defusion and eventual refusion of Ruby and Sapphire in The Return/Jail Break appears to have had an impact on Garnet's personality; in consequent episodes she appears a lot more outspoken, lively and engaging. In "Jail Break", she shows a lot of emotion when reunited with Steven and in her fight with Jasper. She is later shown cracking a joke at Lapis Lazuli and Jasper's expense in the end. In "Full Disclosure", she is the only one who gives Steven any actual advice on how to deal with the situation ("Steven needs to see his friends and his father") and in "Joy Ride" she speaks the most out of the three. This is is a huge contrast with pre-regeneration Garnet, who rarely spoke or interacted with anyone outside of the Crystal Gems.
Garnet is the tallest of the remaining Crystal Gems, but one of the shortest fusions. She stands at about seven feet, and is the most muscular gem of the group. Her right eye is a bright ruby-red, and her left is a bright sapphire-blue, while the center third eye is a reddish violet. Her gemstones are embedded in her palms. Garnet also appears to blush dark red as shown in the episode "Story for Steven".
She had dark, pinkish-brown skin, and curly, soft, black hair styled into a cube-shaped afro. She almost always wore triangular futuristic orange tinged shades, which cover all three of her eyes. She wore a black and crimson bodysuit, with cubic shoulder pads (the right one being magenta, the left one being crimson), and a pink star with a magenta outline on her chest. She also wore long black gloves that covered her middle fingers.
As of "Jail Break," Garnet still wears the same bodysuit, but with a different color scheme and pattern. As opposed to crimson and black, her bodysuit is now multiple colors. Her right half is covered in a vivid blue-violet stocking, and her left is covered in a deep orchid/eggplant stocking. Her skin tone is even different, now being cerise rather than pinkish-brown. Her weapons are still mostly red, but with a more cerise shade, however there is a ring of black on the outside closest to her arms, and the glowing aura that appears when summoning them is now pale magenta. Instead of a star on the end facing her arms, they are now just orange. The star's color also changed- instead of a pink star with a magenta outline, it is now an amaranth star with a soft pink outline. Her hair is now also no longer black, but rather a very dark heliotrope and also is shorter and generally smaller than before. Her shades are also now a soft pink and blue color, instead of pale orange, and different light sources cause different colors to reflect off of them. Her shoulder pads are also an oval-like style, instead of cubes and both are a dark orchid/eggplant color as well as her arms and gloves.
|Her skin had a more reddish tint. She had straight black hair, wore maroon shades, a bodysuit colored purplish-red on the top, and grey and black on the legs. The star also wasn't present in the chest area, it was an upside-down triangle colored maroon and magenta. The star was instead a connection to her sash. She had more circular cubic shoulder pads and wore pale-red pumps with gold stripes around them. Her gauntlet weapons were smaller and golden colored, resembling armor.||"Pilot"|
|Garnet wears Steven's Birthday Suit.||"So Many Birthdays"|
|Garnet wears a two-piece with a dark red top, with a pink outline and a red-striped black slant skirt that stops slightly above her knees.||"Beach Party"|
|Garnet wears large pants with a plaid design. It previously belonged to Greg Universe.||"Rose's Room"|
|Garnet wears a greenish-grey jacket. On the back of the jacket is a guitar along with the written words "Cool Dad". It previously belonged to Greg Universe. It was intended to be thrown away but Steven gave it to Garnet instead.||"Maximum Capacity"|
|She wears a red tunic with a light pink lightning stripe through it and hot pink shoulders with leggings that reach up to her abdomen, the leggings are solid black and every beneath it is hot pink shoes. Her shades are white and red, resembling her pre-regeneration shades, albeit they are rounded rather than pointed. Her coloration is similar to pre-regeneration Garnet in nighttime lighting.||"Story for Steven"|
|Giant Hands||"Steven and the Stevens"|
|Steven||"Keep Beach City Weird"|
No one can see the future. I can see options and trajectories. Time is like a river...that splits into creeks, or pools into lakes, or careens down waterfalls. I have the map, and I steer the ship.
|—Garnet explaining her future vision.|
Like all Gems, Garnet can shape-shift, fuse, summon a weapon, and retreat to her gemstone(s).
She appears to have telekinetic abilities. Garnet can fuse with Amethyst to form Sugilite, and fuse with Pearl and Amethyst to form Alexandrite, but her fusion with only Pearl is yet to be seen. In addition, she seems to have extreme tolerance towards pain, as shown in "So Many Birthdays." Garnet currently has the most unique abilities out of all the Crystal Gems. This is explained and justified due to the fact that she is a fusion of two gems. Out of all of the Crystal Gems, it is clear that Garnet is the strongest physically, but just how strong is currently unknown.
- Gauntlet Proficiency: When channeling the collective power of the universe through her gem, Garnet is able to summon her gem weapon, a pair of red gauntlets. Garnet is highly proficient when using her gauntlets as well as being extremely skilled in hand to hand combat. She is able to deal massive strikes that can easily shatter the earth and deliver swift blows with lightning speed. This is due to her being a fusion.
- Rocket Gauntlets: Garnet takes aim with her gauntlets and shoots them as projectiles, as seen in "Watermelon Steven." As shown in "Reformed," Garnet's hands are detached from her body after she uses Rocket Gauntlets, and her gems are moved to the stubs of her arms.
- Weapon Size Augmentation: In "Warp Tour," Garnet is able to increase the size of her gauntlets, easily quadrupling their size, and deal increased damage at the cost of reduced speed. This was also hinted during "Garnet's Universe" and could also suggest that Steven knew about it before its proper debut.
- Future Vision: Garnet can see multiple future outcomes and probabilities with her third eye, as revealed in "Future Vision." This includes extremely unlikely and ridiculous outcomes, as a considerable amount of her available visions depict Steven's (and possibly other individuals') demise at the hands of mundane tasks or objects on a regular basis. The ability does take some time to use as she has been shown in a thinking position when activating it. During that time someone can alter the future as seen in "Marble Madness" when Steven ruined the plan to learn about Peridot by going up to her while Garnet was still using Future Vision.
- She may get this power from Sapphire, based on the fact that she is a fusion and Sapphire was able to locate Ruby in a matter of seconds.
- Temporary Power Transfer: In "Winter Forecast" and "Jail Break," it is revealed that she can temporarily pass on her future vision ability to others through lip contact.
- Invulnerability: While not outright invincible, it is shown that Garnet is the most physically durable of the Gems. She endures all sorts of different levels of damage from falling cars to fighting Jasper and various other forms of physical force.
- Heat Resistance: Her invulnerability is most commonly displayed in her extreme resistance to heat, from when she had scalding-hot coffee splash onto her without flinching in "Future Vision" to when she left to retrieve the Earth Beetle (which required her to swim in active lava) In "Giant Woman."
- Electrokinesis: Garnet can manipulate and generate electricity, as shown in "Arcade Mania" when she produced electricity in order to power up the Meat Beat Mania game and again in "The Message" when she jump starts Greg's van. She was even able to deflect a bolt of lightning with her bare, ungloved hand in "Future Vision." She has been shown to use this ability to release an electromagnetic repulsion to dry herself off, as seen with coffee in "Future Vision" and water in "Love Letters."
- Structural Sensation: In "Cheeseburger Backpack," it is stated that she is able to sense structural integrity.
- It is currently unknown whether this is a unique power, a separate portion of her heightened senses like her future vision or just a simple observation.
That's a lie, your middle name is cutie pie.
|—Garnet in "Future Vision"|
Steven respects Garnet as a leader and a responsible motherly figure. In return, Garnet tends to have more faith in Steven's plans and ideas than Amethyst and Pearl. She also protects him from their antics and bickering. She rarely gets mad at Steven, unless he disobeys an order. It is clear that Garnet holds a high amount of trust in Steven and his judgement, listening to his ideas in "Cheeseburger Backpack" and "Marble Madness". This trust is mostly displayed in "Future Vision", her future vision always provides various ways on how Steven could get hurt while trusting Steven to live while making the right choices on his own.
Shut down by the G-Squad!
While Amethyst is seen to chafe at being told what to do, she will follow orders from Garnet. This shows that Amethyst respects Garnet's leadership abilities and judgment, even so far as referring to her as "the boss". Garnet has also been shown to be much more willing to play along with Amethyst's jokes than Pearl. However, in "Reformed", it is shown that when the situation is serious, Garnet doesn't joke around with Amethyst.
Like Amethyst and Steven, Pearl respects Garnet's leadership abilities. While she is occasionally patronizing and condescending to the other Gems, Pearl treats Garnet as an equal.
"Go ahead and try to hit me if you're able. Can't you see that my relationship is stable? I can see you hate the way we intermingle. But I think you're just mad 'cause you're single."
"I am their fury, I am their patience, I am a conversation. I am made O-o-o-o-of Lo-o-o-o-ove. (of Love)"
|—Garnet, during the song Stronger Than You|
"We're gonna stay like this forever." implies that Ruby and Sapphire wish to remain forever fused, due to their deep feelings for each other.
Garnet represents the close intimate/love-bond shared between Ruby and Sapphire and is the physical embodiment of their love. It was confirmed by Writer/Storyboard Artist Joe Johnston, via his tumblr, that Garnet being such a strong fusion of Ruby and Sapphire is meant to reinforce the romantic affections they have for one another. The song "Stronger Than You" also reinforces the romantic nature of their relationship.
When she first met Greg, she treated him as an intruder in the temple and intended to evict him by force, intimidating him whenever she could. While not being openly opposed to or in favor of Greg, she does admit that Steven should be in contact with him. In "Ocean Gem," it is revealed that she does not like his music, comedically flinging herself out of the van as soon as he started playing one of his CDs. Since "The Message", Garnet has begun to put more trust in Greg and respect him as Steven's father.
When Jamie first met her, he felt incredibly enamored while Garnet, being a relationship, was not interested. Despite this, after hurting Jamie's feelings, she encouraged him to take up local theater as she felt he was such a good actor he fooled himself into thinking he was truly in love with Garnet.
See Garnet's Quotes.
- Garnet is rarely seen consuming food or drinking, much like Pearl. This is probably not out of disgust (as with Pearl), but simply because Gems don't need to eat/drink and has no practical reason to do so.
- Garnet is the second shortest fusion so far, behind Stevonnie.
- Garnet is the first fusion to appear on-screen.
- Garnet has had the most screen-time of any fusion.
- Garnet is the second Gem whose body has been critically injured. The first was Pearl, who was impaled by Holo-Pearl's sword.
- Garnet is the third Gem to undergo a visual change after regenerating, or in Garnet's case, re-fusing, the first being Pearl and the second being Opal.
- Garnet is the first regenerated Gem to have the pattern on her weapon change.
- Garnet has sung the longest song in the series.
- She is the only fully stable fusion, being able to maintain fusion for possibly thousands of years. This could be because of the close romantic relationship between the two original Gems.
- She is the first fusion without extra limbs (similar to Stevonnie).
- "Frybo" is the first episode that neither Garnet nor Amethyst appeared in.
- Garnet wears shades to conceal her third eye.
- Garnet has complete Heterochromia iridum, which means each of her eyes are a different color. The left eye navy-blue (representing Sapphire), and the right eye dark-red (representing Ruby), the top eye being purple.
- Purple is a combination of red and blue, which represents Ruby and Sapphire.
- Garnet believes that violence can solve most things, as shown when she tried to help a rapidly aging Steven in "So Many Birthdays" by shaking him violently.
- Garnet, who is normally the most stoic of the Crystal Gems, gets emotional for the first time in "So Many Birthdays".
- Garnet is seen shapeshifting for the first time in "Steven and the Stevens."
- In "Steven and the Stevens," it is shown that Garnet knows how to play the keytar.
- Garnet seems to be very intolerant to arguing. In "An Indirect Kiss", she launched a rock through thick bramble when Pearl's overexertion caused her and Amethyst to argue.
- In "Fusion Cuisine", Garnet aggressively hits Pearl and Amethyst with her gauntlets after they argue once again.
- According to Rebecca Sugar, Garnet's fighting and dancing style is based off of Waacking.
- Garnet's favorite music is the works of Estelle according to Rebecca Sugar, appropriate considering she is her voice actress.
- According to Ian Jones-Quartey, Rebecca Sugar planned Garnet to be a fusion long before the Pilot episode, which also includes the fact that Ruby and Sapphire would be the two Gems to make her.
- Several hints were given to show that Garnet was a fusion:
- During the Crystal Gems' introductions in the Pilot, Garnet had chunks of ruby and sapphire gemstones laying around her.
- Also, during the Pilot, the original design of the Crystal Temple had ruby and sapphire gemstones on its hands.
- During the intro, Garnet has two shooting stars on her title card, while Pearl and Amethyst each have one.
- During the scene where Alexandrite breaks up in "Fusion Cuisine", Garnet's silhouette is shaped as two individual Gems (Ruby and Sapphire), while Pearl and Amethyst have normal matching silhouettes.
- Garnet's door involves two active lights, red and blue, unlike the other members of the Crystal Gems who only have one active light each. The red light is for Ruby, while the blue light is for Sapphire.
- During "Alone Together", Garnet is extremely pleased when seeing Stevonnie for the first time.
- During the same episode Pearl and Amethyst both remark that "Fusion isn't easy, even for us," to which Garnet adds "Not for me."
- During the Crystal Gems' introductions in the Pilot, Garnet had chunks of ruby and sapphire gemstones laying around her.
- As she stated in "Love Letters", Garnet does not believe in love at first sight.
- Garnet is the traditional birthstone for January, the zodiacal stone for Aquarius and the second anniversary stone.
- In gemstone mythology, garnets are known as stones that provide protection to their users from evil.
- Garnets are gemstones associated with strength, bravery, love, determination and self-confidence, all characteristics that fit in with Garnet's personality.
- Garnet is available in a veritable plethora of colors, such as yellow, orange, peach, green, red, purple, blue (rare), brown and pink.
- However, the most commonly occurring color is red and the rarest is blue.
- Garnet is not a single mineral, but a group containing closely related, isomorphous minerals that form a series with each other.
|Sapphire's gemstone on Garnet; it has a triangular facet.|
|Ruby's gemstone on Garnet; it has a square facet.|
|
The following list does not aim to be exhaustive, but a list of
things that seem like they might be interesting to investigate.
Feel free to suggest your own ideas.
- Applied non-linear difference equations
- Second-Order Difference Equations (MATH235 only)
In MATH111 we investigated first-order difference equations.
In this project we investigate second-order difference equations.
Topics covered could include:
The assessment will contain `tutorial-type questions' and
- Analytical solutions
- Steady-state solutions and stability
- 0-1 test for chaos
- harvesting in predator-prey models
- piecewise-smooth dynamical systems
This project is will be jointly supervised with Dr Annette Worthy.
- Symmetry in Chaos
This project is based upon the book Symmetry in Chaos
and will be based upon a combination of reproducing some of the
fantastic colour figures in this book and understanding the
mathematics. (Consult the book to see the pictures!). You will need
to be proficient in computer programming (not MAPLE) to take this
- Analysis (applications in image science)
- This project is for someone who is interested in analysis.
The detection of discontinuities are important in many fields.
For instance, in image processing it is often important
to detect the boundaries of the items in the image. An important
application of edge detection is in the
medical sciences. Another area of application
is in the movie industry: edge detection is important
in the automatic restoration of old film prints and the automatic
colouring of black and white film. In this project you will learn how
to use Fourier series to detect "edges". Mathematically the problem
is this: given the Fourier coefficients for a function how can we
determine the location and size of the jump discontinuities of the
This project will be co-supervised by Associate Professor Rod Nillsen
and will be based around the following article.
Engelberg, S. (2008). Edge Detection Using Fourier Coefficients.
The American Mathematical Monthly, 115(6),
- Business and politics
- Modelling alliances.
- Collective influence and social change. How does public opinion
effect issues such as voting choice? What's the relationship
between crime and punishment? Marriage as an economic institution.
- Electoral Systems.
Is it possible to design a `fair' electoral system? What do we mean
by a fair electoral system? How can mathematics be used to analyse
and improve electoral systems? By the end of this project you will
- Cake Cutting
- Many problems in economics can be caricatured mathematically
as a `cake-cutting' problem. One of the simplest such problems might
be written as follows.
Suppose you and I are to cut a cake, so that each of us gets half of the
cake, where `half' is interpreted according to our preferences.
Suppose you like the chocolate and prefer a piece with at least half of
all the chocolate decoration. I, on the other hand, like marzipan and
prefer a piece with at least half of all the marizpan decoration. How do
we split the cake so that we are equally happy? How do we split the cake
between n people with their own preferences?
- Calculators: How do they calculate?
- How do calculators calculate? What is
sin(1)? You might think they calculators use Taylor
polynomials to approximate trigonometric functions. This is a good guess,
but it is not correct! In this project we will investigate the
mathematics used by calculators to determine the values of
and other types of functions. We might also look into how
methods used by mathematicians over 1000 years ago to approximate
the values of trigonometric functions. For instance, how did
the Indian mathematician Aryabhata (476--550) compute a table of
sines for singles from 3o to 45o?
This project is suitable for second-year students only.
- Wine Fermentation.
We investigate a physical and mathematical model
for the kinetics of wine fermentation.
The model predicts sugar utilisation curves based on
experimental data from wine fermentations with various initial nitrogen
and sugar concentrations in the juice.
- Climate Change
Climate scientists have hypothesized that an increase in temperature could
cause the world's peatlands to overheat, like a compost pile. This project
investigates a (very) simple model for global warming in which the average
atmospheric temperature is taken as a slowly varying parameter. The model
exhibits a `tipping point', leading to spontaneous combustion (of the earth!)
if the rate of change of atmopsheric temperature is too large.
- Spontaneous Combustion of Coal.
When coal reacts with oxygen it releases energy, which is why
it is used as a fuel. However, when too much coal is stockpiled
it can spontaneously ignite. In this project we will investigate the
spontaneous combustion of coal.
- see cube.dir for transient problem of estimating parameter values.
based upon malow:2004. Cylindrical problem.
- Differential equations
- Identification of ODE Models.
OK. Many of the projects on this page are "applied des" projects.
This is a little different.
Ordinary differential equation (ODE) models have been widely used
to model physical phenomena, engineering systems, economic behaviour,
and biomedical processes. In particular, ODE models have recently
played a prominent role in describing both the within host dynamics
and epidemics of infectious diseases and other complex biochemical
processes. Great attention has been paid to the so-called
forward problem or simulation problem, i.e.\ predicting and
simulating the results of measurements or output variables for a given
system with given parameters. However, less effort has been
devoted to the inverse problem, i.e., using the measurements of
some state or output variables to estimate the parameters that
characterises the system, especially for nonlinear ODE models
without closed form solutions.
H. Miao et al. SIAM Review 53(1),
Suppose that we have a mathematical that contains n ODEs.
We can measure m (m≤n) output variables. The model contains
p parameters. Can we estimate the p parameters from measurements
on the m output variables?
- Drying of particles
- Drying of particles.
The drying of small particles is an important industrial process
with applications in many industries. A well-known example is the
spray drying of milk to produce powdered milk. In this project we will
examine some simple models for this process.
- Can we predict the rhythms of the financial market? Do the
assumptions of classical economics ever hold?
- How does the interaction of individual traders lead to flucturations
in markets? Do traders act rationally?
- Can we predict market crashes?
- Modelling the growth of firms.
- Globalisation. How does cultural dissemination work? Is diversity
eliminated by globalisation?
- Game theory
- The Gini Index and Measures of Inequality.
"You hear anecdotes all the time: The poorest 20% of the people
on Earth earn only 1% of the income. A mere 20% of the people
on Earth consume 86% of the consumer goods. Only 3% of the
US population owns 95% of the privately held land."
"The Gini index offers a consistent way to talk about statistics
like these. A single number that measures how equitably a resource
is distributed in a population, the Gini index gives a simple,
if blunt, tool for summarizing economic data. It allows us to
illustrate how equity has changed in a given situation over time,
such as how U.S. family income changed over the 20th century.
We can also compare income or wealth across societies, and even
analyze salary structures of organisations."
- Epidemiology & virus dynamics
- We will investigate the spread of infectious
diseases through a population and through an individual.
We will be interested in questions such as:
H.W. Hethcote. 2000. The Mathematics of Infectious Diseases.
SIAM Review, Volume 42(4), 599-653.
- Will a disease spread through a population?
- If so, how many individuals will be affected?
- If the disease is endemic (i.e. habitually present), what is
the prevalence of the infection?
- Suppose an infectious disease starts in one city. How quickly
will it spread to other cities? What can we do to stop a disease
spreading throughout the whole country?
- Seasonal SIR models are interesting.
For virus dynamics we will consider the modelling of HIV.
M.A. Nowak and R.M. May. 2000. Virus Dynamics: Mathematical
Principles of Immunology and Virology. Oxford University Press.
good source of ideas and projects.
A.B. Gumel and S. Lenhard (editors).
Modeling Paradigms and Analysis of Diease Transmission Models.
Recently there have been an interest in modelling how an `infection'
of zombies might spread through a population of humans. Can humankind
survive or are we all doomed to be converted into zombies? So, if you
like watching zombie movies we can investigate this in additional to
more traditional models!
Did you watch Contagion? I liked it! If you liked the movie then an
interesting project would be to learn Mathematical Epidemiology 101.
Then watch the movie carefully to extract "parameter values" for the
disease. Then develop a mathematical model for "Australia". Then see
how many people might die in Australia before a cure is developed!
Chlamydia is the most common and treatable sexually transmitted
diease. You will investigate models for the spread of
Chlamydia trachomatis along the genital tract. This project is
available in two forms
- As an ODEs project (perhaps best as a second-year project).
- As a PDEs project (best as a third-year project, you will
learn how to solve PDEs numerically using MATLAB).
Dengue fever in Australia.
Modelling induced resistance to plant diseases.
Mathematical modelling is used to investigate the dynamics of
induced resistance in a given plant cohort against a selected disease-causing
pathogen. You need to be profficient in solving ODEs numerically
to work on this project.
- Food Engineering
- Extraction of nutrients in the intestines
One of the big challenges in the field of biotechnology is the
study of food metabolism upon its consumption. The chemical
components making up a food product undergo a chain of reactions
in the gastro intestinal tract, which can be modelled as a chemical
reactor. An understanding of the processes that occur within the
intestines will have a major impact in the areas of nutrition science
and food engineering and will lead to new advances in targeted drug
This is a huge problem, and would be a good topic for a PhD. However,
in this project we will examine some highly simplified models for
the extraction of nutrients in chemical reactors.
- The History of Mathematics and
Elementary Number Theory
- This project might be called "The History of Mathematics through
Elementary Number Theory" or alternatively
"Elementary Number Theory and the History of Mathematics". The aim of
the project is to investigate developments in elementary number theory
from approximately 2500 BC to 1500AD. This project will involve a
considerable amount of reading leading to a detailed report on the
history of mathematics as seen through progress on solving problems in
number theory. There will be some mathematics involved, but based upon
the perspective of the 21st century the mathematics is straightforward.
Consequently, I think that this is a project best suited to a
<-- S.G. Krantz. An Episodic History of mathematics.
- Industrial Mathematics
- Cleaning Industrial Effluent.
Many industrial processes produce effluents that must be cleaned
before they can be discharged into rivers. In this project we will
analyse simple mathematical models for the degradation of
contaminated wastewater in order to maximise the efficiency of the
Examples of processes where such models have been used in the
past include: the aerobic degradation of waste water originating in
the industrial treatment of black olives, the anaerobic treatment
of dairy manure, the anaerobic digestion of ice-cream wastewater,
the anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater and the aerobic
biodegradation of solid municipal organic waste.
- Laplace Transforms: Solving Linear PDEs
- In MATH202 Laplace transforms were introduced as a technique to
solve ordinary differential equations. In this project we extend the
method to solve partial differential equations. This project will
This project is will be jointly supervised with Dr Annette Worthy.
- extending the theory of Laplace transforms learnt in MATH202
- applying your new technique to solve PDEs arising in
- Linear Algebra.
- Social scientists
use adjacency tables to discover indluence networks
within and among groups. The singular value decomposition (SVD) is a tool
from linear algebra that can be used to distinguish between groups
in a mathematically precise manner. The SVD can also be used to
`project' large datasets with many-dimensions onto much smaller
datasets where, in some sense, all the `action' is. This project
is an introduction to the SVD.
- The emerging field of network science deals with the tasks of
modelling, comparing and summarazing large data sets that describe
complex interactions. Examples of such networks include:
Because pairwise affinity data can be stored
in a two-dimensional array, graph theory and applied linear algebra
provide extremely useful tools. This project is suitable for
a student that enjoyed Linear Algebra and is confident in using
matlab for matrix calculations.
- in the cell, connecting genes, proteins, or other genomic quantities;
- in the brain, connecting neurological regions;
- in epidemiology, connecting individuals that come into contact;
- in zoology, connecting animals that interact socially;
- in energy, connecting power suppliers or users;
- in telecommunications, connecting mobile phone users;
- in the World Wide Web, connecting web pages, and
- in the Internet Movie Database, connecting co-starring actors.
- Mathematical Biology.
- There are many potential projects in this area.
But here's one idea. Read Ian Stewart's excellent book
The Mathematics of Life. Find a couple of chapters
that you are interested in and we'll take it from there!
- Mathematical Ecology.
- Look at how connectivity of habits effects biodiversity.
- Modelling induced resistance to plant disease.
Plant disease control has traditionally relied heavily on the use of
agrochemicals despite their potentially negative impact on the
environment. An alternative strategy is that of induced resistance (IR).
However, while IR has proven effective in controlled environments, it has
shown variable field efficacy, thus raising questions about its potential
for disease management in a given crop. Mathematical modelling of IR
assists researchers with understanding the dynamics of the phenomenon in
a given plant cohort against a selected disease-causing pathogen. You will
analyse a prototype mathematical model of IR promoted by a
- Mathematical Medicine.
- Mathematical modelling of Hirschsprungs disease
The pre-requisite for this project is that you have passed MATH305.
This project has two components:
This project is based upon research carried out by
Professor Kerry Landman. For more information see her web page
- Learning how to solve 1-d reaction-diffusion equations
numerically using the method of lines.
- Learning how to analyse 1-d reaction-diffusion equations
using phase-plane methods.
- Tumor Dynamics.
Why do some tumors grow during treatment and others shrink after
the treatment stops?
To investigate this we consider a model with three types of cells
(immune cells, tumor cells, and normal cells) that takes into
account the competition for resources between tumor and normal cells.
This model has multiple equilibrium points, including a region in which
there is one unstable and two stable equilibrium points: this represents
a time during treatment at which the patient's tumor could be driven
to either to steadily shrink or to grow.
This model can be extended to include treatment, in the form of
SIAM News 42(8), October 2009.
- Modeling Growth in Biological Materials
The simplest way to model growth at the cell level is to use
cellular automaton models. Such models have been used
for many years on biological problems. Models in this class
divide the region of space being modewlled into a number of
lattice sites. For models of cell population, the main
property to be tracked is whether the lattice site is occupied by
a cell or not. One of the main biological applications of cellular
automata is in models of tumour growth.
The basic structure is to allow each cell to make a decision on how
it will behave at each time step. These decisions include whether
to prliferate, die, move, or mutate. The decision may be deterministic
or stochastic, and may depend on external cues such as the number
of neighbors or the concentration of messenger chemicals. The
ability to study mutation and natural selection is one of the
attractions of such models.
To take this project you need to be proficient in programming or
willing to become proficient in programming very quickly.
- Recurrent infection
Recurrent infection is characterised by short episodes of high
viral reproduction, separated by long periods of relative
quiescence. This recurrent pattern is observed in many persistent
infections, including ``viral blips'' observed during chronic
infection with the HIV virus.
The aim of this project is to investigate analytically and numerically
a 4-variable HIV antioxidant-therapy model which exhibits viral
- Identifying the conditions under which antibodies protect
The ability to predict the conditions under which antibodies protect
against viral infection would transform our approach to vaccine
development. The aim of this project is to develop a more complete
understanding of antibody protection against lentivirus infection,
as well as the role of mutation in resistance to an antiboyd vaccine.
- Mathematical Physics
- I am not very enthusiastic about supervising a project in mathematical
physics... but if you have enjoyed MATH203 and you are
a physics/mathematics students then I can offer you
a project on vortex lattice theory. A vortex lattice is an
arrangement of magnetic flux tubes that appear in superconducting
materials. These tubes can be visualised by imaging the location
of their centres when they are arranged perpendicular to the image
plane, and can be seen to form a lattice pattern. This project uses
linear algebra to examine the stability of some simple lattice
This project is based on
P.K. Newton and G. Chamoun. Vortex Lattice Theory: A Particle Interaction
Perspective. SIMA Review, 51(3),
This paper contains some very nice images of experimentally observed
- Multiple Scales
- One of the challenges in modelling the climate is that it involves
the interaction of processes that occur on widely differing physical
scales. In this project we will investigate what mathematics can
offer to overcome some of these problems. To do this we will learn
about the technique of `multiple scales' and apply to the following
`toy' problem: an externally driven oscillator with small mass
and small damping.
- Non-linear oscillators
- Duffings Equation (3rd year students only really).
Duffing's equation is an example of a nonlinear oscillator.
It can be used to model a variety of mechanical problems including the
dynamics of a buckled beam or plate, the forced vibrations of a
cantilever beam in a nonuniform field of two permanent magnets
The plan would be to analyse the steady states and stability of the
damped Duffing eqn with no forcing (zero or positive damping), then the
Duffing equation with negative stiffness - which acts as a model for the
magneto-elastic. Apply increasing amounts of forcing to the system
to investigate how the basins of attraction change. See how
computing power has changed - write a matlab program to repeat on
your own PC the calculated that Moon and Li (1985) did on a
T.H. Fay and S.V. Joubert. (2007). Nonlinear resonance and
Duffing's spring equation II.
International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science
and Technology, 38(4), 517-528.
Guckenheimer and Holmes.
Moon F.C. and Li G.-X. (1985). Fractal Basin Boundaries and Homoclinic
Orbits for Periodic Motion in a Two-Welled Potential.
Physical Review Letters, Volume 55, 14.
Strogatz, S.H. (1994) Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. Perseus
Books Publishing , LLC.
Wiggins S. (1990). Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical
Systems and Chaos, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
- Forced van der Pol equation
- T.H. Fay. The forced can der Pol equation.
International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science
and Technology, 40(5), 669-677, 2009.
- Problems in classical physics can be solved by applying Newton's laws.
Problems in quantum physics can be solved working within the axios of
quantum mechanics. In both cases physical problems lead to well-defined
mathematical problems. Problems in the social sciences do not lead to
well defined mathematical problems - for how can the forces that act
individuals be cast into mathematical form?
HOWEVER, it is indeed possible to model the ways in which humans behave
and organise themselves, by applying ideas from statistical physics.
Possible problems that may be investigated in this project include:
- Dynamics of Growth and Movement.
- how do crowds move? What's the best strategy to escape from a
smoke-filled room when you don't know where the exits are?
What's the best way to disperse a large crowd?
- How do cities grow?
- The dynamics of traffic. How does traffic move and clog? Can we
predict when and where congestion will occur?
- Social Networks
- The Kevin Bacon Game, six degrees of freedom, social networks and
- What is the shape of the internet?
- Population Models.
- We investigate population models for single and
interacting species. We are interested in question such as
- Under what conditions will a population become extinct?
- What are the conditions for sustainable harvesting of a
- What happens when several species compete for scarce resources?
- Ecosystem modelling, what is the effect of habitat destruction?
- the mathematics of Search
- How do internet search engines work? They work because the designers
understand the basics of linear algebra and matrices. Goggle's
success derives in large part from the way in which it's search engine
tanks the importance of web pages.
project you use basic ideas from MATH203 to understand the principles
behind popular internet search engines. Why does linear algebra
matter? Do this project to find out!
- Snakes and Ladders.
- I am sure that you are familiar with the rules of snakes and ladders.
One rule that you might have forgotten. If you are square 98 and the
finish square is 100 you have to roll a two to finish the game.
Suppose you have a six-sided dice. What is the expected number of
turns that it will take to complete the game? How does the expected
number of turns change as you change the number of sides on your
dice? This project will provide a gentle introduction to
Markov-chain models. We might need the help of a friendly statistician
as I don't know anything about Markov-chain models!
- Interactions between individuals - be they fireflies, pendula or
people - can often lead to the emergence of coherent actions.
Mathematically, such models can be represented by a coupled system
of phase oscillators. Simply models can lead to surprising behaviour.
See, for example.
Y. Zhou, W. Gall and K. Nabb. (2006). Synchronizing Fireflies.
The College Mathematics Journal, 37(2),
Notices of the American Mathematical Society,
Volume 51, Number 3,
pages 312-319, March 2004.
- the mathematics of Tennis and similar games
In this project we will investigate very simple mathematical models
for games such as badminton, squash and tennis.
Simple thoughts. What are your chances of winning a game if you know
your chances of winning any given point? Did you know that if your
chances of winning a point are 50-50, then a 1% increase in your
probability of winning each point yields a 2.5% probability of
winning the game: so average players have the most to gain by
improving a bit.
- Travelling Waves
- Quadratic and cubic reaction-diffusion fronts.
- It would help if you had taken MATH305.
The following list does not aim to be exhaustive, but a list of
things that I am particularly interested in investigating NOW.
Another good place to look for NEW projects that I might be willing
to supervisor at a non-honours level is my list of
potential honours projects.
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उन्नाव। उन्नाव गैंगरेप पीड़ित के चाचा ने यूपी पुलिस पर बड़ा आरोप लगाया है। पीड़ित के चाचा ने कहा है कि विधायक का भाई अतुल सिंह जेल में बैठकर गवाहों को धमका रहा है। उन्होंने आरोप लगाया कि जेलकर्मी अतुल सिंह की मदद कर रहे हैं। अतुल सिंह जेल से अपने गुर्गों से बात कर रहा है।
इस बीच आरोपी विधायक कुलदीप सिंह सेंगर की राजदार शशि सिंह को गिरफ्तार कर लिया गया है। माना जा रहा है कि राजदार की गिरफ्तारी के बाद गैंगरेप केस के कई बड़े राज का खुलासा हो सकता है।
सीबीआई ने कल उन्नाव केस में दूसरी गिरफ्तारी की। जांच एजेंसी ने शशि सिंह नाम की एक महिला को गिरफ्तार किया जिस पर घटना के दिन पीड़िता को भाजपा विधायक कुलदीप सिंह सेंगर के पास ले जाने का आरोप है। अधिकारियों ने यह जानकारी दी। उन्होंने कहा कि लखनऊ की एक विशेष अदालत ने मामले के मुख्य आरोपी सेंगर को सात दिन की सीबीआई हिरासत में भेज दिया है।
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Nature. It is a word that seems so expansive and all-inclusive. Within a novel, elements of nature and setting often become so expected and mundane that they are easily glossed over in order to get to the “more important” elements of a story-the plot, characters, and events. Occasionally, however, an author makes calculating and blatant references to the setting, thus thrusting the background into the foreground. Throughout Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, several plants serve to symbolize characters in their actions as well as in their attachment to the community-a representation nearly unfeasible were they described in mere words. In likening Hester in the first chapter to the rosebush that grows just beyond the prison door, Hawthorne implies that Hester possesses all qualities that are commonly associated with the flower without ever having to reveal her personality through conventional forms of exposition. Furthermore, Hawthorne proceeds to compare Dimmesdale to black weeds growing from a grave just outside his window. Subtly different than the comparisons for Hester and Dimmesdale, the author chooses a unique flower to exemplify the enigmatic Pearl-the aquatic eelgrass. In using this symbolism, Hawthorne creates a parallel dimension between the plants and the characters
A rose, perhaps the most basic and simplistic image, embodies a wealth of connotations. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne continually and indirectly relates Hester to this very distinct flower through his juxtaposition of its description followed closely by hers. The wild rosebush exists as a “hearty plant,” often able to “withstand even the most severe frosts” (Audubon Society). Although this plant grows wild in nature, many people seek to cultivate it because of its resilience against environmental opposition such as drought and frost. Like the rosebush, Hester displays a strength that withstands the pressures of her environment, namely the citizens of Puritan Boston. Despite the ministers’ threats against her “soul’s peace” and “salvation,” Hester attests that she will never reveal the identity of her fellow adulterer, resolutely accepting to “endure his agony as well as [her own]” (53, 54). Although its blooms can survive a frost, rose petals are both vibrant color and delicately intricate in their arrangement. Like these petals, Hester possesses many beautiful qualities ranging from her delicate embroidery talent to the “generosity and charity of her heart” among her community (Ringe 90). She is a woman of many layers-at times feminist, servant, punished, liberated. Her beauty, both inward and outward, enables her to be the rose amongst the “burdock, pig-weed…and such unsightly vegetation” surrounding her (Hawthorne 41). Coupled with this inarguable beauty, however, lies a necessary outgrowth that is far less appealing that the blossom, and once touched breeds painful repercussions: the thorns. Although Hester strives to serve her community and become a good citizen, deep within her lies a passion and willfulness that may be considered her tragic flaw. This “passionate nature inevitably leads her to sin” with Dimmesdale, initiating punishments that shall haunt her for her entire life (Ringe 90). Through both positive and negative attributes, Hawthorne adequately compares Hester to a rosebush-physically enduring, aesthetically appealing, but dangerously thorny.
Throughout Chillingworth’s stay with the ailing Reverend Dimmesdale, the doctor frequently collects various specimens of weeds and herbs from the nearby forest, possessing impressive botanical knowledge. By again employing the subtle method of indirect comparison, Hawthorne links Dimmesdale with one of these leafy discoveries. Upon the minister’s inquiry regarding the original location of the “unsightly plant,” Chillingworth replies that topically it arose from a grave without a tombstone, but that its roots stem from deep in the heart of a man with a “hideous secret that was buried with him” (94). Presenting both the physical heart and the concept of dying with a guilty conscience strikes a profound cord within Dimmesdale. Throughout the stressful times in the novel, the young minister “keeps his hand over his heart,” thus further emphasizing that connection (126). Furthermore, like the plant itself, all of Dimmesdale’s actions (and inactions) are founded and take root in a guilty heart because of his unwillingness to confess. Even the appearance of the “dark and flabby leaf” hearkens back to the sickly minister (94). Evidently this weed suffers from poor health, perhaps even near death, due to its environment-lack of water, nutrients, sunlight, etc. Likewise, Dimmesdale’s “form grew emaciated,” his sonorous voice possesses a tinge of “decay,” and his countenance often grows “flush” with a “paleness, indicative of pain” (87). Beyond these somewhat concrete qualities of the plant lies an interesting acknowledgement: despite Chillingworth’s expansive knowledge and interest of botany, this grave-sprung weed is “new to [him]” (94). In that same vein, Chillingworth looks continually for Hester’s fellow sinner, but that sinner’s identity (Dimmesdale) is yet unconfirmed to Chillingworth at this point in the novel. Through the subtle links such as the foundation in the heart, sickly appearance and unknown origin, Hawthorne creates an unmistakable comparison between the black weed and Dimmesdale.
As Hester comes upon Pearl playing in the tide pool, she discovers that Pearl has created a “freshly green” letter A out of eelgrass to fashion upon her dress. Here, Hawthorne only makes a brief reference, though a lasting impression, with this organic representation. Eelgrass, a pure water aquatic grass, grows from the sand beneath the water level but its flowers actually float on the water’s surface (Audubon). Somewhat unique in nature, this plant survives in both worlds: the aquatic and the earthen, belonging no more to one than the other, but rather drifting somewhere in between the two. Similarly, Pearl never quite takes on black and white characteristics of being either angelic or demonic, “treasure” or “emblem of sin” (67, 70). The female flower reaches the surface of the water upon a twisted and jagged stem. This twisted stem results from the undulating current of the water while the plant is still forming. Like this winding stem that exists as a product of its environment, so too does Pearl reveal the stresses and confusion of her childhood in her behavior. Because “Pearl was born an outcast…she had no right among christened infants,” she developed a strange and pronounced animosity towards them (70). Her impish and evil tendencies strayed far from the straight and moral path she is expected to follow. Beyond its actual growth, the eelgrass is an incredibly “vigorous grower and not suitable for the average water garden” but is much more suited for “natural growth, uninhibited by artificial environments” (www.botany.com). Pearl develops with remarkable abilities to assess and comprehend; in fact, the age at which she was capable for social interaction came soon, and with “strange rapidity” (70). Also because of its excessively strict codes and close-mindedness, the Puritan environment suffocates Pearl. Eelgrass embodies much of the essence of little Pearl, despite being mentioned briefly-it represents her state of limbo between moral rights and wrongs, her abnormal upbringing and her need for greater freedom.
Because these characters mold somewhat too seamlessly into the plants used to describe them, there still remains some aspect of the puzzle that calls to be articulated. Each separate plant is but a small portion of the whole. In chapter seventeen, Hester and Dimmesdale plot to board a ship and set sail for Europe where they will be free to live with Pearl as a complete family. While he had been sickly and frail heretofore, Dimmesdale’s face glows with a new-found sense of hope and joy for their promising future (139). While Hester had remained reserved and resolute to bear her punishment, she suddenly and carelessly casts of her public shame and embraces a new life of freedom from the stigma, albeit momentarily. The fulfillment of this dream, however, is not in the stars for the lovers because “they cannot escape from time or society” (Swann 86). Because both the rose bush and the weed growing from the grave (symbols of Hester and Dimmesdale respectively) are firmly rooted in the Puritan and New England soil, neither is destined to permanently leave. Hester’s wild rosebush, while resilient to the environment, is not highly receptive to transplanting. Although Hester momentarily disappears after the final scaffold scene, she inevitably returns to the land where her roots are so firmly planted in its soil. When Dimmesdale reveals his secret before the entire community, he symbolically purges the sin from the guilty heart, thereby extracting the weak plant from its foundation. Evidently unable to survive the long journey to be “replanted,” Dimmesdale and his black weed wither and die without ever having left the town. Pearl, however, remains as the ray of hope. Unlike her parents, she can “go to Europe because she has no historical ties [roots] with New England” (Swann 89). Unlike the rosebush and black weed, the eelgrass does not have a firm root structure embedded in soil. As mentioned previously, the eelgrass grows from the sand/silt in ponds and rivers. Therefore, because of this difference in growing environment (soil versus water) of the respective characters, their ability to leave New England for Europe is predetermined.
Throughout this novel, innumerable references to the setting and nature add a whole other dimensions and levels of interpretation for the text. From the very onset of the novel, this symbolism takes root and proceeds to blossom into an essential aspect of the Scarlet Letter.
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राज्यों के शिक्षा मंत्रियों से मेरी यह गुहार है कि जो आगनबाड़ी महिलाएं अपने कामकाज में ढिलाई बरतती हैं या किसी तरह का भ्रष्टाचार करती हुई पकड़ी जाती हैं, उन्हें निकालने या निलंबित करने से बेहतर होगा कि उनके काम को बदल दिया जाए। जैसे ऐसी महिलाओं को कामकाजी महिलाओं के बच्चों की देखरेख की जिम्मेदारी सौंपी जा सकती है। इसी तरह के कुछ और काम होंगे, जिनके बारे में सोचा जा सकता है। इससे इन महिलाओं की रोजी-रोटी भी नहीं मरेगी और अपने किए की सजा भी मिल जाएगी। दूसरी विनती यह है कि मिड-डे मील में पके हुए भोजन की जगह उच्च स्तरीय गुणवत्ता वाली पैकेटबंद खाद्य-सामग्रियां उपलब्ध कराई जाएं। सरकारों से अनुरोध है कि वे इन सुझावों के व्यावहारिक पहलुओं पर विचार करते हुए फैसला करें।
बीते दिनों बिहार के मुजफ्फरपुर के बीआरए विश्वविद्यालय में छात्रों ने सरस्वती पूजा के नाम पर जबरन चंदा वसूली की। चंदा वसूले जाने के खिलाफ पुलिसिया कार्रवाई के दौरान छात्रों ने जिस प्रकार हंगामा खड़ा किया और कुलपति आवास पर पथराव किया, उसे कतई उचित नहीं कहा जा सकता। इस प्रकार की घटना वाकई छात्र जीवन और उसके नैतिक आदर्शो के प्रतिकूल है। यह भी गौरतलब है कि देवी-देवताओं की पूजा के नाम पर जबरन चंदा वसूलने में मशगूल रहने वाले इन तथाकथित छात्रों का ध्येय देवी-देवताओं की पूजा नहीं, बल्कि चंदा के नाम पर एकत्रित धन से कुछ दिनों की मौज-मस्ती है। ऐसे छात्र न तो अपनी शिक्षा के प्रति गंभीर होते हैं और न ही धर्म- अध्यात्म से उनका कोई वास्ता होता है। उनका एकमात्र मकसद गुंडागर्दी करना और समाज में अपनी हेकड़ी जमाकर अपनी कुंठाओं को अभिव्यक्त करना होता है। सच्चे एवं गंभीर छात्र अध्ययन के प्रति पूर्ण निष्ठा और गुरुजनों के प्रति आदर को मां सरस्वती की सच्ची पूजा मानते हैं।
दिल्ली के मुख्यमंत्री अरविंद केजरीवाल ने एक हेल्पलाइन नंबर प्रदान कर जनता को उस पर रिश्वतखोर कर्मचारी का नाम बताने को कहा है। आखिर में भारत में कौन अपने वास्तविक आय-व्यय की सही जानकारी का ब्यौरा आयकर विभाग को सौंपता है? सबके सब एन-केन-प्रकारेण आयकर से बचना चाहते हैं। यही हाल बिक्री कर और अन्य सभी प्रकार के करों का भी है। इसलिए थोड़ी-बहुत रिश्वत देकर नागरिक करों के आतंक से बच जाते हैं। यदि केजरीवाल की धमकी से तंग आकर सभी कर्मचारी ईमानदारी पूर्वक सभी प्रकार के कर लगाना शुरू कर दें, तो यही जनता केजरीवाल के खिलाफ नारे लगाएगी। ऐसे में रिश्वत का चलन तभी रुक सकता है, जब भारतीयों को सभी प्रकार के करों से मुक्ति मिले। भले ही इसके लिए वह सब्सिडी या मुआवजा प्रणाली खत्म कर दे। एक बात और। अरविंद केजरीवाल की टोपी से प्रेरणा लेकर कई असामाजिक तत्वों ने सिर पर आम आदमी की टोपी पहन ली है और चंदे के नाम पर लूट रहे हैं। अब इस गोरखधंधे पर केजरीवाल कौन-सा नंबर देंगे?
आजकल वोट बैंक की ही राजनीति होती है। इसे धंधा बना लिया गया है। इसलिए नेता किसी भी जाति या धर्म को खुश करने के लिए किसी अन्य जाति या धर्म के खिलाफ टीका-टिप्पणी कर देते हैं। साफ है, इससे एक खास वर्ग का क्षणिक समर्थन तो मिल सकता सकता है, परंतु इससे देश का किसी भी तरह का भला नहीं हो सकता है। जो नेता आम आदमी के प्रतीक बनते हैं, उनसे यह आशा की जाती है कि वे अपनी बात बड़ी जिम्मेदारी के साथ कहेंगे, इसलिए नेताओं को उनकी बात के क्या अच्छे-बुरे प्रभाव समाज पर पड़ेंगे, इसके बारे में भी सोच लेना चाहिए।
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Calculus Explained in 5 Minutes
Calculus Explained in 5 Minutes
Differential calculus is one of the two branches of calculus, the other is integral calculus. It's best to learn differential calculus first. So here's the scoop..
Calculus is all about functions, so there's no point in studying calculus until you understand the idea of a function.
Let's take a simple function, say f(x)=x^2
What's the value of this function at a specific point, say x=a? That's easy, it's f(a)=a^2. But now we ask an interesting question, can we possibly know anything else about the function at point a? At first glance this seems impossible, the value of the function at a is f(a), so surely that's all we can know, right? Wrong. It turns out there's a process called "differentiation" that can tell us more. Here's how it works..
Take a very small number, say q, and ask what the function is doing at a+q, in other words at a point very close to a..
f(a+q)=(a+q)^2=a^2+2*a*q+q^2
But we can make q as small as we please, which means q^2 is much smaller, so to a good approximation we can ignore it, and we get..
f(a+q)=(a+q)^2=a^2+2*a*q
Notice the first term, a^2, is just the value of the function at a, f(a), so now we have..
f(a+q)=f(a)+2*a*q
Which means..
f(a+q)-f(a)=2*a*q
And so..
(f(a+q)-f(a))/q=2*a
What is the meaning of the expression on the left? If you draw a diagram you'll see that the term on the left is simply the slope of the curve f(x) close to x=a. So this gives us some valuable information about what's going on near a. Now all we need to do is keep making q smaller so we get closer and closer to a. In fact, we can use the concept of a limit to say..
Limit(f(a+q)-f(a))/q as q goes to zero is 2*a
Of course we could do this for any point a, so in general..
Limit(f(x+q)-f(x))/q as q goes to zero is 2*x
This is called the "derivative" of f(x) and is often written as df/dx, or sometimes as f'. So, to summarize..
The derivative of the function f(x)=x^2 is 2*x and is written df/dx=2*x and it's the slope of the f(x) curve at x. Of course, a slope is simply a rate of change, so we can also say that df/dx=2*x is the rate of change of the function f(x).
Congratulations, you just did some calculus! You differentiated the function f(x)=x^2 and got the result 2*x
To generalize this example, the derivative of the function f(x)=x^n where n is any integer is..
df/dx=n*x^(n-1)
So for example, if f(x)=x^10 then the derivative is df/dx=10*x^9
So, the essence of differential calculus is this.. in addition to knowing the value of a function f(x) at x=a we also know the rate of change (slope) of the function at a. Differential calculus gives us an extra piece of information!
Much of differential calculus is simply finding ways to differentiate functions. This can get boring, so why bother? Because the derivative of a function is a really useful thing for solving all sorts of problems. It's especially useful in physics and many laws of physics are written as differential equations.
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A few months ago I finally decided that I'd had enough of repeatedly forgetting most of the Japanese I knew and then spending time getting back to an intermediate comprehension level, and that what I ought to aim for once and for all was to attain native-level fluency, at which point I'd then be able to rely on reading newspapers and listening to radio and TV broadcasts to maintain my newfound proficiency. This effort has thus far been surprisingly successful, in that I can now follow most TV dramas without much difficulty and can now read Japanese newspapers well enough that I regularly see stories in them that are only translated days later if at all, but one fairly obvious point my efforts to reach this level have alerted me to is that by far the biggest obstacle adults face in learning languages like Japanese which have very regular grammars and which are unrelated to the ones they already know isn't mastering grammatical rules but vocabulary: reasonable languages* have at most a few hundred rules of grammar to master, but in order to comprehend most of what people are talking about in a language without continuously reaching for a dictionary, one has to be able to effortlessly recall several thousand terms at the very least.
With languages like German, Spanish and French which are closely related to English, the burden of vocabulary acquisition is not so noticeable due to the huge numbers of terms shared in common, but when one no longer has the crutch of a Germanic and/or Latin inheritance to rely on, the immensity of this task becomes much more obvious. If we define a "word" to mean not just the root term but also all its inflections and derivatives - so that "vary", "variant", "variable", "invariant", "invariably" and "unvarying" all count as the same "word" - the average adult speaking any language probably actively uses something on the order of 5,000 to 10,000 such words in speech or writing, while passively knowing the meaning of perhaps 2 or 3 times as many. Considering that native speakers of a language have had their entire lives to accumulate this store of knowledge, it's hardly surprising that adult language acquisition is so difficult; even if it were not true that children have an innate facility for languages that adults lack, they'd still have an easier time of picking up new tongues due to the fact that no one expects them to be possess fully stocked vocabularies, while the vocabulary gap between them and their peers to whom the new language is native is much smaller than it is with grownups. Adult language learners, on the other hand, must go from being able to use terms like "aesthetics", "itinerant", "peroration" and "luminary" to struggling to learn new ways to say mundane things like "pothole", "engine", "leaky" and so forth.
Now, this is, as I've said, all rather obvious once you think about it, but even so it's still far too vague for my liking: what I want to do is quantify all of the above in at least a half-way rigorous fashion, so that I can try to give an answer to the following question: how many words does one really need to know to be able to call oneself "fluent" in a language, and given the number "X", what does this imply for the number of new terms adult learners must master per day? Obviously this answer will depend in part on what time frame one is looking at to getting up to speed in a language, but there are realistic limits to how many new words anyone can learn in a day well enough to remember them over the longer term, and this in turn will set some hard limits on how quickly one can hope to gain fluency even under the most intensive training regimen.
In planning my "mastering Japanese" program I set myself a base target of 20 new words a day, though I have exceeded this number pretty much every single day, and am averaging about 30-35; as I didn't start from a baseline of zero, this has been sufficient to move me from almost total incomprehension of teenage dramas to a passable understanding of even exceedingly formal NHK news broadcasts, but I'll only know I've reached my goal when it becomes impossible for me to meet my target of 20 new terms a day without resorting to reading highly technical or academic treatises, and it's precisely to estimate how far I am from this endgoal that I need the kinds of numbers I'm searching for. Japanese being a highly inflected (or rather, agglutinative) language, it doesn't require of its speakers nearly as many base "words" as the highly analytic English does, but if this English vocabulary size estimator** were indicative, I'd guess I'm still perhaps 3-4,000 new terms short of where I'd like to be.
*And here I count English as being among the least reasonable languages in widespread use; nearly every possible grammatical "rule" seems to have an exception or other, and usually there are several.
**Native English speakers who are prone to belittling foreigners for having an imperfect command of their language should consider just how basic many of the terms at the 12,000 to 18,000 word level on this test are: if one learnt English terms in their order of frequency, one would still not know the meaning of "adaptable", "capsule", "justify" and "liberate" even after mastering some 12,000 terms! Then there's the hell that is English grammar to consider ...
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Because participles have a particularly nasty reputation among American Esperantists, this appendix aims to supplement the discussion in the text by providing some background into the issues involved in the inordinate amount of discussion they have received.
A participle is an adjective formed from a verbal stem.
She is the reigning monarch.
They bought a used car.
He sat on the newly painted bench.
It will be a written exam.
The English -ing (“reigning”) participle is a “present active” participle because it refers to the present and reflects the action of the noun it modifies. (The monarch reigns and does so at this time.) The -ed participle (“used”) is a “past passive” participle because it usually reflects the previous action of others upon the noun it modifies. (The car was already used by someone.)
*-In the nature of things the distinction between active and passive forms makes sense only with transitive verbs. Passive participle endings are not used with intransitive verb roots. At least not correctly!
Esperanto also has active and passive participles that reflect time. But, unlike English, Esperanto includes participles for all three of its tenses, both active and passive: a total of six participles.*
The Esperanto verbal system includes three tense-linked suffixes attached directly to a verbal stem:
The same vowels are used as time-markers in the system of participles:
|Active Particples||Passive Participles|
am-a-nta = loving
am-i-nta = having loved
am-o-nta = going to love
am-a-ta = being loved
am-i-ta = having been loved
am-o-ta = to be loved
(Note that in English I have used forms of the verb “to have” to try to create approximations to the Esperanto forms. There is no such usage in Esperanto. In particular havi must never be used as an auxiliary verb this way. Havi means “to possess” and nothing else!)
These verbal adjectives, like any other adjectives, can be used attributively:
Or they can be used with the verb esti to form a predicate:
Of course, since participles, unlike other adjectives, show time, and since the verb esti in such sentences also shows time, time can become very precisely indicated in such sentences, sometimes ludicrously so:
That is probably all you need to know about participles. As a bottom line for people who do not want to read “The Full Story,” below, what is shown in verbs is time, but what is shown by participles, most Esperantists now finally agree, is actually state of completion rather than time as such. That is to say, -is, -as, and -os show when something happens. But -inta and -ita show that the action is completed at the time in question, -anta and -ata show that it is in progress, and -onta and -ota show that it is anticipated but not yet begun. To say “The building was built in 1935,” one uses the form estis konstruita because construction was completed. To say it “had already been built by 1935,” one says estis jam konstruita, showing the pluperfect by means of the adverb jam.
An idiom that may constitute a partial exception is the expression esti okupata = “to be busy,” which also occurs as esti okupita with no difference whatever in meaning, at least when it refers to people.
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Now we come to the core of the so-called ata/ita problem, which so plagued Esperanto stylists during the 1950s and early 1960s. Although the three regular verb forms themselves are always active (manĝas, manĝis, manĝos), the participles may be either active (manĝinta = “having eaten”) or passive (manĝita = “eaten, having been eaten”). Therefore the combination of esti and a passive participle constitutes a kind of passive verb:
Because the passive participle includes an indication of time, and the form of esti also includes an indication of time, time is potentially shown twice. There is therefore no exact passive equivalent of a sentence like La porko manĝas = “The pig is eating,” which contains only one indication of time (-as). The passive sentences that are possible are made with the passive participles. Because the passive sentences each have two time markers, the active equivalents must also have two time markers. So La porko manĝas is not strictly an active equivalent of any passive form. A real passive can only be made with passive participles, not with simple verbs. Here is a table. The English glosses are very artificial in order to line up directly with the Esperanto expressions. English, after all, is a different language!
|La porko manĝas. = The pig eats/is eating.||(no strict equivalent)|
|La porko estas manĝanta. = The pig is eating.||La porko estas manĝata. = The pig is being-eaten.|
|La porko estas manĝinta. = The pig has eaten (Lit.: is having-eaten)||La porko estas manĝita. = The pig has been eaten (Lit.: is having-been-eaten)|
|La porko estas manĝonta. = The pig is going-to-eat.||La porko estas manĝota. = The pig is to-be-eaten.|
If we shift the estas to estis in each of these sentences, the effect is to change the “is” of the English translations to a “was”:
|La porko manĝis. = The pig ate/was eating.||(no strict equivalent)|
|La porko estis manĝanta. = The pig was eating.||La porko estis manĝata. = The pig was being-eaten.|
|La porko estis manĝinta. = The pig had eaten (Lit.: was having-eaten)||La porko estis manĝita. = The pig had been eaten (Lit.: was having-been-eaten)|
|La porko estis manĝonta. = The pig was going-to-eat.||La porko estis manĝota. = The pig was to-be-eaten.|
*- Esperanto also possesses a “pseudo-passive” form made with -iĝ-. It also exploits the use of the dummy pronoun oni with active verbs. Both of those devices are simpler, more frequent, and more elegant than full passives. There is therefore no problem expressing passive ideas in Esperanto; the problem arises when people insist on expressing them exclusively by using passive participles!
Technically there is no way to say in Esperanto “The pig is eaten,” or “The pig was eaten.” One has to specify whether the pig is (or was) being eaten or whether it has (or had) already been eaten. Esperanto is more precise than English (or most other languages) in this particular because Esperanto passive constructions are made only with participles.*
In many cases so much precision is not actually desirable. Consider the following sentence: “The house was built many years ago.” As a practical matter, in Esperanto we would probably say Oni konstruis la domon or La domo konstruiĝis, but if we want to use a passive participle, then we have to decide whether “was built” here means
In other words, we have to decide whether what we care about is that the house was abuilding many years ago, or that it was finished. Both of these things are true. The English sentence does not distinguish between them. Neither, presumably, would an Esperanto passive that was a true transform of the active sentence: Li konstruis la domon. = “He built the house.” How then are we to choose between the two forms? Should the passive be formed with -ata or with -ita?
*-Principal books by atists include: Jung: La esperanta konjugacio (1965-66); Setälä, Vilborn, & Støp-Bowitz: Esperanto: moderna lingvo (1965); Mimó: Kompleta lernolibro de regula Esperanto (1973). Principal books by itists include: Glük & Willems: La verbo en Esperanto (1937). Kalocsay: Vojaĝo inter la tempoj (1966); Kalocsay & Waringhien: Plena gramatiko de Esperanto (1935, 1938, 1964); Kalocsay & Waringhien: Plena analiza gramatiko de Esperanto (1980); Schwartz: Ne kiel Meier! (1964); Waringhien: Lingvo kaj vivo (1959).
The way in which this choice was to be made became a technical problem in Esperanto linguistics, but the way in which arguments were devised to justify one solution rather than the other is a fascinating study in the ideology of language and a stormy chapter in the history of the Esperanto movement. The ata/ita problem is probably one of the most absurd trivia of Esperanto grammar, and yet at one moment in our history it turned father against son, student against teacher, friend against friend, and colleague against colleague in the most bitter internal conflict. For years argument went back and forth, and there were whole books devoted to the problem of the passive participles!*
So far I have translated and explained the participles as though only “tense” or “time” were at issue. The choice of a translation for a sentence seemed simply a matter of being more precise about time than one is in English. However Zamenhof's explanations about his intentions are not unambiguous about this. He described the use of passive participles in two slightly different ways. On the one hand, -ata is to be taken to mean that “the act is, was, or will be present in relation to the time in question,” i.e., the time of the main verb; and -ita is to be used “if the act has been accomplished earlier than the time in question,” i.e., earlier than the time of the main verb. In other words, the issue is time.
*-Quoted in Aktoj de la Akademio 1963-1967: Oficiala Bulteno de la Akademio de Esperanto n-ro 9. 1968, pp. 41-42.
On the other hand, he continues by saying: “If one considers only the deed accomplished, the result of the act and not its taking place, one uses -ita.” And “in sum, -ata always entails the idea of some duration in the accomplishment of the act, which one regards as present in its mode or tense. On the contrary, -ita always entails an idea of an act that is not continuing, of which one is concerned only with the fulfilled action, the result. This form shows the priority of the action [in time], if one compares its time with the time of another act.”* 2 In other words, the issue is completion or incompleteness.
Zamenhof, in other words, sees the difference between -ata and -ita as one both of tense and of what in Slavic languages is called “aspect” or completion. The point of controversy arises in whether a sentence like “The house was built many years ago” should be translated as
|A. La domo||estis||konstruata||antaŭ multaj jaroj|
|past time of the action||same time as the main verb|
|B. La domo||estis||konstruita||antaŭ multaj jaroj|
|past time of the action||accomplished act (duration of |
the act unimportant)
The first position, technically referred to as the “clearly temporal system” (nete tempa sistemo), was colloquially called atismo, while the second was referred to as itismo, because of the two participles selected.
Actually, a third translation could also be made, following the view that, although one is concerned with a house already built, one's concern is a present one, and accordingly the constructing should be put in the past, while the verb should be in the present:
|C. La domo||estas||konstruita||antaŭ multaj jaroj|
|present, time of reference||past, time of the action|
There was a simplifying logic to this, but it was clearly a minority view that need not be seriously considered in understanding the Great Debate over all of this.
Return to top.
The arguments in favor of one position or the other made appeal to various sources of authority. Both sides cited the writings of Zamenhof, both in and about Esperanto, but Zamenhof’s statements never (and his examples rarely) distinguished tense from aspect with sufficient clarity to allow a decision to be made by anyone not already committed. The “atists” made an additional appeal to the verbal system of Western European languages: Estis -ita, they argued, is a “pluperfect,” corresponding to the English “had X-ed,” and to comparable forms in other western European languages. (That is how I translated La porko estis manĝita, above.) The “atists” probably committed a rhetorical blunder here, since appeals to general Western European usage sometimes succeed in defending choices of vocabulary in Esperanto, but rarely succeed in defending one or another grammatical usage, and can usually be counted on to raise the hackles of those Esperantists who (like me) insist that Esperanto is an independent language, not a mere shadow of Latin or English or French or German or whatever.
*-Ibid., p. 43. The document is not a formal declaration of the Academy, since the “atists,” sensing defeat, apparently staged a walk-out to prevent a quorum. So it merely reports the vote of those attending, as I understand it, which was 26 favoring the itist side out of 31 voting. Such an overwhelming victory for itism has since been regarded by most Esperantists (including me) as tantamount to an Academy declaration, official or not.
Arguments raged between “atists” and “itists, with most Esperantists rather puzzled about the whole thing. The closest thing to an “official” solution that ever emerged, and the triumph in the end of “itism,” was a 1965 notice from the Academy of Esperanto, which enunciated four positions:*
Thus La domo estis konstruita (“The house was having-been-built”) means “the house was built” unless some additional word in the sentence specifically requires it to mean “the house had been built.” And conversely “the house was built many years ago” must correspond to estis konstruita, not to estis konstruata (or estas konstruita).
But the Academy draft text continued with a further note. Since up to now no “official “definition had existed for the usage of the passive participles, opinions on this matter have naturally been diverse, it explained, so the new ruling should not be interpreted as a condemnation of those Esperantists who had taken the “atist” position. To encourage peace in the family, the Academy recommended that all further abstract discussion be avoided and it be left to practical usage to drift into logical conformity with itself.
Agreement with the new position was not immediate, in spite of Academy efforts to stifle debate after it had spoken, and in 1967 the Academy released some examples to the press in answer to some rather legalistic language problems developed by the French Union for Esperanto and the Esperanto Union of German Instructors. The test examples were, it seems to me, clear examples of the difference between an “atist” and an “itist” position, but even so the Academy was not unanimous in its vote. Here are the test sentences. The English glosses follow the scheme for literal translation used earlier when the pig was being eaten, and therefore contain something of an “atist” bias, but they should be understood as neutral at least in intention, seeking merely to provide a crude English gloss that will be as literal as possible.
The Academy, by a vote of 26 to 5 (with six abstentions) decided only sense A in each case “conforms to the traditional language usage of Zamenhof.” [Ibid., p. 74. ]*
Prominent among the “itists” was Gaston Waringhien, President of the Academy of Esperanto, and insofar as it is possible to tell, the Academy's decisions were based very heavily on documents prepared for them by Waringhien. The logic presented in public documents may or may not have been the only logic discussed in the Academy debates themselves, but it is worth examining here because of its importance in establishing how one determines “correct” usage in Esperanto.
In this case, the issue is represented as having been resolved by appeal to “the traditional language usage of Zamenhof.” Zamenhof's instructions, as we noted, were unclear. And various other writers used the forms differently. The word “traditional” suggests that all of Zamenhof's writings were investigated. But this in itself raises a problem: If Zamenhof was an “atist” in one essay but an “itist” in another, which was to have priority? The most frequent usage? The earliest? The latest? The one I agree with?
The first Esperanto congress in Bologne-sur-Mer had already decreed in 1905 that the only strictly “canonical” portion of Zamenhof’s work was the Fundamentals of Esperanto (Fundamento de Esperanto), and subsequent editions of that work have left the text of it untouched, even when minor errors and inconsistencies have been found and have had to be corrected in marginalia. In Academy Circular No. 76 of February, 1965, President Waringhien argued that the Fundamentals of Esperanto consists of four parts: “Preface,” “Grammar in Five Languages,” “Exercises,” and “Universal Vocabulary.” The preface was not officially regarded as part of the Fundamentals until 1958, and the “Universal Vocabulary” is only a vocabulary list, rarely germane to problems of usage. [Ibid, p. 29.]* The “Grammar in Five Languages” provides only the famous sixteen rules, where this point is not clearly discussed. [Ibid., p. 30.]* So the “Exercises” of the Fundamentals becomes the principal place to look for pointers to good usage. [Ibid., p. 35.]*
In general one seeks first in the Fundamentals; and within the Fundamentals, in the “Grammar” before the “Exercises,” and in the “Preface” last of all. Minute examination of the Fundamentals precedes even casual examination of other works of Zamenhof or of anybody else, not to say contemporary spoken usage.
The points that an English speaker should bear in mind about all this pettifoggery are these:
Final Note: The participles are occasionally rendered into verbs by substituting verbal endings for the final -a of the participle and dropping the form of esti, producing verbally complex ideas. Such forms are sometimes adduced as evidence that the Esperanto verbal system is non-European in its basic logic.
The odd wit even occasionally produces monsters like konstruintus and konstruontu, although I have never seen them get as far as an above-ground printing press. Unfortunately, such verbs can themselves logically become participles: Ĝi estis konstruotinta! = “It was to be constructed.”
Attractive as such forms are to a certain kind of mentality, they are far outside of mainstream Esperanto, and tend to confuse one’s listener or reader, so they are actually available only as a form of verbal play. But who knows what the future may hold?
Return to top.
|
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Thu Jul 27 07:47:30 2017
@author: casari
"""
from pyqtgraph.Qt import QtCore, QtGui,QtWidgets
from pyqtgraph import GraphicsLayoutWidget
#from PyQt5.Qt import QWidgets
class Ui_QIcmGuiMainWindow(object):
def setupUi(self, QIcmGuiMainWindow):
QIcmGuiMainWindow.setObjectName("QIcmGuiMainWindow")
QIcmGuiMainWindow.resize(1200,892)
self.centralwidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
self.centralwidget.setObjectName("centralwidget")
self.horizontalLayout = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(self.centralwidget)
self.horizontalLayout.setObjectName("horizontalLayout")
self.plotSplitter = QtWidgets.QSplitter(self.centralwidget)
sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.plotSplitter.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
self.plotSplitter.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
self.plotSplitter.setOrientation(QtCore.Qt.Vertical)
self.plotSplitter.setObjectName("plotSplitter")
self.mainPlotLayout = GraphicsLayoutWidget(self.plotSplitter)
sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.mainPlotLayout.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
self.mainPlotLayout.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
self.mainPlotLayout.setObjectName("mainPlotLayout")
self.waterfallPlotLayout = GraphicsLayoutWidget(self.plotSplitter)
sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.waterfallPlotLayout.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
self.waterfallPlotLayout.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
self.waterfallPlotLayout.setObjectName("waterfallPlotLayout")
self.horizontalLayout.addWidget(self.plotSplitter)
QIcmGuiMainWindow.setCentralWidget(self.centralwidget)
self.menubar = QtWidgets.QMenuBar(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
self.menubar.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(0, 0, 1200, 32))
self.menubar.setObjectName("menubar")
self.menu_File = QtWidgets.QMenu(self.menubar)
self.menu_File.setObjectName("menu_File")
self.menu_Help = QtWidgets.QMenu(self.menubar)
self.menu_Help.setObjectName("menu_Help")
QIcmGuiMainWindow.setMenuBar(self.menubar)
self.statusbar = QtWidgets.QStatusBar(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
self.statusbar.setObjectName("statusbar")
QIcmGuiMainWindow.setStatusBar(self.statusbar)
self.controlsDockWidget = QtWidgets.QDockWidget(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Preferred, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum)
sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.controlsDockWidget.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
self.controlsDockWidget.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
self.controlsDockWidget.setMinimumSize(QtCore.QSize(190, 130))
self.controlsDockWidget.setFeatures(QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetFloatable|QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetMovable)
self.controlsDockWidget.setObjectName("controlsDockWidget")
self.controlsDockWidgetContents = QtWidgets.QWidget()
self.controlsDockWidgetContents.setObjectName("controlsDockWidgetContents")
self.gridLayout_2 = QtWidgets.QGridLayout(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
self.gridLayout_2.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0)
self.gridLayout_2.setObjectName("gridLayout_2")
self.startButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
self.startButton.setObjectName("startButton")
self.gridLayout_2.addWidget(self.startButton, 0, 0, 1, 1)
self.stopButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
self.stopButton.setObjectName("stopButton")
self.gridLayout_2.addWidget(self.stopButton, 0, 1, 1, 1)
self.singleShotButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
self.singleShotButton.setObjectName("singleShotButton")
self.gridLayout_2.addWidget(self.singleShotButton, 1, 0, 1, 2)
spacerItem = QtWidgets.QSpacerItem(20, 561, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
self.gridLayout_2.addItem(spacerItem, 2, 0, 1, 1)
self.controlsDockWidget.setWidget(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
QIcmGuiMainWindow.addDockWidget(QtCore.Qt.DockWidgetArea(2), self.controlsDockWidget)
# self.controlsDockWidget = QtWidgets.QDockWidget(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Preferred, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.controlsDockWidget.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.controlsDockWidget.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.controlsDockWidget.setMinimumSize(QtCore.QSize(190, 130))
# self.controlsDockWidget.setFeatures(QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetFloatable|QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetMovable)
# self.controlsDockWidget.setObjectName("controlsDockWidget")
#
# #self.controlDockGridWidget = QGridLayout()
# self.controlsDockWidgetContents = QtWidgets.QWidget()
# self.controlsDockWidgetContents.setObjectName("controlsDockWidgetContents")
# self.controlsDockWidget.setWidget(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.addDockWidget(QtCore.Qt.DockWidgetArea(2), self.controlsDockWidget)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setCentralWidget(self.centralwidget)
# self.gridLayout_2 = QtWidgets.QGridLayout(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
# self.gridLayout_2.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0)
# self.gridLayout_2.setObjectName("gridLayout_2")
# self.startButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
# self.startButton.setObjectName("startButton")
# self.gridLayout_2.addWidget(self.startButton, 0, 0, 1, 1)
# self.stopButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
# self.stopButton.setObjectName("stopButton")
# self.gridLayout_2.addWidget(self.stopButton, 0, 1, 1, 1)
# self.singleShotButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.controlsDockWidgetContents)
# self.singleShotButton.setObjectName("singleShotButton")
# self.gridLayout_2.addWidget(self.singleShotButton, 1, 0, 1, 2)
# spacerItem = QtWidgets.QSpacerItem(20, 561, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
# self.gridLayout_2.addItem(spacerItem, 2, 0, 1, 1)
# self.frequencyDockWidget = QtWidgets.QDockWidget(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Preferred, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.frequencyDockWidget.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.frequencyDockWidget.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.frequencyDockWidget.setMinimumSize(QtCore.QSize(208, 166))
# self.frequencyDockWidget.setFeatures(QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetFloatable|QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetMovable)
# self.frequencyDockWidget.setObjectName("frequencyDockWidget")
# self.frequencyDockWidgetContents = QtWidgets.QWidget()
# self.frequencyDockWidgetContents.setObjectName("frequencyDockWidgetContents")
# self.formLayout = QtWidgets.QFormLayout(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# self.formLayout.setFieldGrowthPolicy(QtWidgets.QFormLayout.ExpandingFieldsGrow)
# self.formLayout.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0)
# self.formLayout.setObjectName("formLayout")
# self.label_2 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# self.label_2.setObjectName("label_2")
# self.formLayout.setWidget(0, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.LabelRole, self.label_2)
# self.startFreqSpinBox = QtWidgets.QDoubleSpinBox(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Fixed)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.startFreqSpinBox.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setProperty("showGroupSeparator", True)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setDecimals(3)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setMinimum(0.0)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setMaximum(2200.0)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setProperty("value", 87.0)
# self.startFreqSpinBox.setObjectName("startFreqSpinBox")
# self.formLayout.setWidget(0, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.FieldRole, self.startFreqSpinBox)
# self.label_3 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# self.label_3.setObjectName("label_3")
# self.formLayout.setWidget(1, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.LabelRole, self.label_3)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox = QtWidgets.QDoubleSpinBox(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Fixed)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.stopFreqSpinBox.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setProperty("showGroupSeparator", True)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setDecimals(3)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setMinimum(0.0)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setMaximum(2200.0)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setProperty("value", 108.0)
# self.stopFreqSpinBox.setObjectName("stopFreqSpinBox")
# self.formLayout.setWidget(1, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.FieldRole, self.stopFreqSpinBox)
# self.label = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# self.label.setObjectName("label")
# self.formLayout.setWidget(2, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.LabelRole, self.label)
# self.binSizeSpinBox = QtWidgets.QDoubleSpinBox(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Fixed)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.binSizeSpinBox.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setProperty("showGroupSeparator", True)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setDecimals(3)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setMinimum(0.0)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setMaximum(10000.0)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setProperty("value", 10.0)
# self.binSizeSpinBox.setObjectName("binSizeSpinBox")
# self.formLayout.setWidget(2, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.FieldRole, self.binSizeSpinBox)
# spacerItem1 = QtWidgets.QSpacerItem(20, 0, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
# self.formLayout.setItem(3, QtWidgets.QFormLayout.SpanningRole, spacerItem1)
# self.frequencyDockWidget.setWidget(self.frequencyDockWidgetContents)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.addDockWidget(QtCore.Qt.DockWidgetArea(2), self.frequencyDockWidget)
# self.settingsDockWidget = QtWidgets.QDockWidget(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Preferred, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.settingsDockWidget.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.settingsDockWidget.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.settingsDockWidget.setFeatures(QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetFloatable|QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetMovable)
# self.settingsDockWidget.setObjectName("settingsDockWidget")
# self.settingsDockWidgetContents = QtWidgets.QWidget()
# self.settingsDockWidgetContents.setObjectName("settingsDockWidgetContents")
# self.gridLayout = QtWidgets.QGridLayout(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.gridLayout.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0)
# self.gridLayout.setObjectName("gridLayout")
# self.label_4 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.label_4.setObjectName("label_4")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.label_4, 0, 0, 1, 1)
# self.label_6 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.label_6.setObjectName("label_6")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.label_6, 0, 1, 1, 1)
# self.intervalSpinBox = QtWidgets.QDoubleSpinBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.intervalSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.intervalSpinBox.setMaximum(999.0)
# self.intervalSpinBox.setProperty("value", 1.0)
# self.intervalSpinBox.setObjectName("intervalSpinBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.intervalSpinBox, 1, 0, 1, 1)
# self.label_5 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.label_5.setObjectName("label_5")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.label_5, 2, 0, 1, 1)
# self.label_7 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.label_7.setObjectName("label_7")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.label_7, 2, 1, 1, 1)
# self.ppmSpinBox = QtWidgets.QSpinBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.ppmSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.ppmSpinBox.setMinimum(-999)
# self.ppmSpinBox.setMaximum(999)
# self.ppmSpinBox.setObjectName("ppmSpinBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.ppmSpinBox, 3, 0, 1, 1)
# self.mainCurveCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.mainCurveCheckBox.setChecked(True)
# self.mainCurveCheckBox.setObjectName("mainCurveCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.mainCurveCheckBox, 4, 0, 1, 1)
# self.colorsButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.colorsButton.setObjectName("colorsButton")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.colorsButton, 4, 1, 1, 2)
# self.peakHoldMaxCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.peakHoldMaxCheckBox.setObjectName("peakHoldMaxCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.peakHoldMaxCheckBox, 5, 0, 1, 1)
# self.peakHoldMinCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.peakHoldMinCheckBox.setObjectName("peakHoldMinCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.peakHoldMinCheckBox, 5, 1, 1, 2)
# self.averageCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.averageCheckBox.setObjectName("averageCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.averageCheckBox, 6, 0, 1, 1)
# self.smoothCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.smoothCheckBox.setObjectName("smoothCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.smoothCheckBox, 7, 0, 1, 1)
# self.smoothButton = QtWidgets.QToolButton(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.smoothButton.setAutoRaise(False)
# self.smoothButton.setObjectName("smoothButton")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.smoothButton, 7, 2, 1, 1)
# self.persistenceCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.persistenceCheckBox.setObjectName("persistenceCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.persistenceCheckBox, 8, 0, 1, 1)
# self.persistenceButton = QtWidgets.QToolButton(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.persistenceButton.setAutoRaise(False)
# self.persistenceButton.setObjectName("persistenceButton")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.persistenceButton, 8, 2, 1, 1)
# spacerItem2 = QtWidgets.QSpacerItem(20, 1, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Minimum, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
# self.gridLayout.addItem(spacerItem2, 11, 0, 1, 1)
# self.cropSpinBox = QtWidgets.QSpinBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.cropSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.cropSpinBox.setObjectName("cropSpinBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.cropSpinBox, 3, 1, 1, 2)
# self.gainSpinBox = QtWidgets.QDoubleSpinBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.gainSpinBox.setAlignment(QtCore.Qt.AlignRight|QtCore.Qt.AlignTrailing|QtCore.Qt.AlignVCenter)
# self.gainSpinBox.setDecimals(1)
# self.gainSpinBox.setMinimum(-1.0)
# self.gainSpinBox.setMaximum(999.0)
# self.gainSpinBox.setSingleStep(1.0)
# self.gainSpinBox.setProperty("value", -1.0)
# self.gainSpinBox.setObjectName("gainSpinBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.gainSpinBox, 1, 1, 1, 2)
# self.baselineCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.baselineCheckBox.setObjectName("baselineCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.baselineCheckBox, 9, 0, 1, 1)
# self.baselineButton = QtWidgets.QToolButton(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.baselineButton.setAutoRaise(False)
# self.baselineButton.setObjectName("baselineButton")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.baselineButton, 9, 2, 1, 1)
# self.subtractBaselineCheckBox = QtWidgets.QCheckBox(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# self.subtractBaselineCheckBox.setObjectName("subtractBaselineCheckBox")
# self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.subtractBaselineCheckBox, 10, 0, 1, 1)
# self.settingsDockWidget.setWidget(self.settingsDockWidgetContents)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.addDockWidget(QtCore.Qt.DockWidgetArea(2), self.settingsDockWidget)
# self.levelsDockWidget = QtWidgets.QDockWidget(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Preferred, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.levelsDockWidget.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.levelsDockWidget.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.levelsDockWidget.setFeatures(QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetFloatable|QtWidgets.QDockWidget.DockWidgetMovable)
# self.levelsDockWidget.setObjectName("levelsDockWidget")
# self.levelsDockWidgetContents = QtWidgets.QWidget()
# self.levelsDockWidgetContents.setObjectName("levelsDockWidgetContents")
# self.verticalLayout_6 = QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout(self.levelsDockWidgetContents)
# self.verticalLayout_6.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0)
# self.verticalLayout_6.setObjectName("verticalLayout_6")
# self.histogramPlotLayout = GraphicsLayoutWidget(self.levelsDockWidgetContents)
# sizePolicy = QtWidgets.QSizePolicy(QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Ignored, QtWidgets.QSizePolicy.Expanding)
# sizePolicy.setHorizontalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setVerticalStretch(0)
# sizePolicy.setHeightForWidth(self.histogramPlotLayout.sizePolicy().hasHeightForWidth())
# self.histogramPlotLayout.setSizePolicy(sizePolicy)
# self.histogramPlotLayout.setObjectName("histogramPlotLayout")
# self.verticalLayout_6.addWidget(self.histogramPlotLayout)
# self.levelsDockWidget.setWidget(self.levelsDockWidgetContents)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.addDockWidget(QtCore.Qt.DockWidgetArea(2), self.levelsDockWidget)
# self.action_Settings = QtWidgets.QAction(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# self.action_Settings.setObjectName("action_Settings")
# self.action_Quit = QtWidgets.QAction(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# self.action_Quit.setObjectName("action_Quit")
# self.action_About = QtWidgets.QAction(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# self.action_About.setObjectName("action_About")
# self.menu_File.addAction(self.action_Settings)
# self.menu_File.addSeparator()
# self.menu_File.addAction(self.action_Quit)
# self.menu_Help.addAction(self.action_About)
# self.menubar.addAction(self.menu_File.menuAction())
# self.menubar.addAction(self.menu_Help.menuAction())
# self.label_2.setBuddy(self.startFreqSpinBox)
# self.label_3.setBuddy(self.stopFreqSpinBox)
# self.label.setBuddy(self.binSizeSpinBox)
# self.label_4.setBuddy(self.intervalSpinBox)
# self.label_6.setBuddy(self.gainSpinBox)
# self.label_5.setBuddy(self.ppmSpinBox)
# self.label_7.setBuddy(self.cropSpinBox)
# self.retranslateUi(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(QIcmGuiMainWindow)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.startButton, self.stopButton)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.stopButton, self.singleShotButton)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.singleShotButton, self.startFreqSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.startFreqSpinBox, self.stopFreqSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.stopFreqSpinBox, self.binSizeSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.binSizeSpinBox, self.intervalSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.intervalSpinBox, self.gainSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.gainSpinBox, self.ppmSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.ppmSpinBox, self.cropSpinBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.cropSpinBox, self.mainCurveCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.mainCurveCheckBox, self.colorsButton)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.colorsButton, self.peakHoldMaxCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.peakHoldMaxCheckBox, self.peakHoldMinCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.peakHoldMinCheckBox, self.averageCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.averageCheckBox, self.smoothCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.smoothCheckBox, self.smoothButton)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.smoothButton, self.persistenceCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.persistenceCheckBox, self.persistenceButton)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.persistenceButton, self.baselineCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.baselineCheckBox, self.baselineButton)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.baselineButton, self.subtractBaselineCheckBox)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.subtractBaselineCheckBox, self.histogramPlotLayout)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.histogramPlotLayout, self.mainPlotLayout)
# QIcmGuiMainWindow.setTabOrder(self.mainPlotLayout, self.waterfallPlotLayout)
def retranslateUi(self, QIcmGuiMainWindow):
_translate = QtCore.QCoreApplication.translate
QIcmGuiMainWindow.setWindowTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "QSpectrumAnalyzer"))
self.menu_File.setTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&File"))
self.menu_Help.setTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Help"))
self.controlsDockWidget.setWindowTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Controls"))
self.startButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Start"))
self.stopButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "S&top"))
self.singleShotButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Si&ngle shot"))
self.frequencyDockWidget.setWindowTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Frequency"))
self.label_2.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Start:"))
self.startFreqSpinBox.setSuffix(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", " MHz"))
self.label_3.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Stop:"))
self.stopFreqSpinBox.setSuffix(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", " MHz"))
self.label.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Bin size:"))
self.binSizeSpinBox.setSuffix(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", " kHz"))
self.settingsDockWidget.setWindowTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Settings"))
self.label_4.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Interval [s]:"))
self.label_6.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Gain [dB]:"))
self.label_5.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Corr. [ppm]:"))
self.label_7.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Crop [%]:"))
self.mainCurveCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Main curve"))
self.colorsButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Colors..."))
self.peakHoldMaxCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Max. hold"))
self.peakHoldMinCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Min. hold"))
self.averageCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Average"))
self.smoothCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Smoothing"))
self.smoothButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "..."))
self.persistenceCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Persistence"))
self.persistenceButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "..."))
self.gainSpinBox.setSpecialValueText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "auto"))
self.baselineCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Baseline"))
self.baselineButton.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "..."))
self.subtractBaselineCheckBox.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Subtract baseline"))
self.levelsDockWidget.setWindowTitle(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Levels"))
self.action_Settings.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Settings..."))
self.action_Quit.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&Quit"))
self.action_Quit.setShortcut(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "Ctrl+Q"))
self.action_About.setText(_translate("QIcmGuiMainWindow", "&About"))
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#pylint: disable=missing-docstring
#################################################################
# DO NOT MODIFY THIS HEADER #
# MOOSE - Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment #
# #
# (c) 2010 Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC #
# ALL RIGHTS RESERVED #
# #
# Prepared by Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC #
# Under Contract No. DE-AC07-05ID14517 #
# With the U. S. Department of Energy #
# #
# See COPYRIGHT for full restrictions #
#################################################################
import chigger
reader = chigger.exodus.ExodusReader('../input/displace.e')
exodus = chigger.exodus.ExodusResult(reader, color=[0,0,1])
window = chigger.RenderWindow(exodus, size=[300,300], test=True)
reader.update()
times = reader.getTimes()
for i in range(4):
reader.setOptions(timestep=None, time=times[i])
window.write('displacement_' + str(i) + '.png')
window.start()
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सिरे से सीट आवंटन को अभ्यर्थी डाउनलोड कर सकते हैं. शाजिया इल्मी (आम आदमी पार्टी) 27,691(32.78%) ऐसे शुरू किया अपना अभिवादन येचुरी ने कहा कि सरकार को यह आश्वासन देना होगा कि अगले तीन महीने तक किसी की छंटनी न हो और न ही किसी के वेतन में कटौती की जाए। इंटरसिटी एक्स्प्रेस 2128 भारतीय रेल द्वारा संचालित एक मेल एक्स्प्रेस ट्रेन है। यह ट्रेन पुणे जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन से 05:55 बजे छूटती है और मुंबई छ. शिवाजी टर्मिनस रेलवे स्टेशन पर 09:00 बजे पहुंचती है। इसकी यात्रा अवधि है 3 घंटे 5 मिनट। इंटरसिटी एक्स्प्रेस 2467 भारतीय रेल द्वारा संचालित एक मेल एक्स्प्रेस ट्रेन है। यह ट्रेन बीकानेर जंक्शन रेलवे स्टेशन से 05:00 बजे छूटती है और जयपुर रेलवे स्टेशन पर 11:35 बजे पहुंचती है। इसकी यात्रा अवधि है 6 घंटे 35 मिनट। हिंदी न्यूज़ उत्तराखंड पिथौरागढ़ नगर में किया सेनेटाइजर का छिड़काव पहले आर्मी स्कूल में शिक्षा सत्र की शुरुआत 6 अप्रैल से होगी शुल्क:अभी नगर निगम जलशुल्क के रूप में सामान्य कनेक्शन पर 170 रुपए मासिक और 2040 रुपए वार्षिक ले रहा है। वहीं व्यवसायिक कनेक्शन धारी नागरिकों से 530 रुपए मासिक और 6360 रुपए वार्षिक ले रहा है। गरीबी रेखा कार्डधारी परिवारों से नल कनेक्शन के</s>
|
Due to variances in browsers and operating systems, the selected map may not print on this page.
The map shows the Pilgrims' trip to North America. Click on the Pilgrims' route in the Map Key. In which country did the Pilgrims' journey begin?
In what direction did the Pilgrims travel? Use the compass rose to help you.
Write About It
Study the map. Write three sentences about the Pilgrims' route. Tell what country they started in, what ocean they crossed, and where they ended their journey.
Learn More About It
The Pilgrims moved to North America in 1620. They wanted to find a home where they could freely practice their beliefs in God. The Pilgrims sailed on a ship named the Mayflower
. Their trip across the Atlantic Ocean took more than two months. It was a hard journey, and they were happy to arrive in North America. They named their new town Plymouth.
Check Your Answers
They traveled west.
Your sentences may say that the Pilgrims started in England. Then they sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. The Pilgrims landed in North America.
|© Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved. With the exception of designated printable pages, no part
of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of
Houghton Mifflin Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal
|
carbonara in a sentence
Example sentences for carbonara
Dishes include ricotta gnocchi with sausage and fennel, spaghetti carbonara and fluke with spinach and shallots.
For lunch he would have spaghetti carbonara and coffee ice cream.
My first idea was to mix the rye with pepper, since the flavors reminded me of spaghetti carbonara.
The casual eatery also features several house-specialty pies such as taco, meat lovers and chicken carbonara.
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Respiratory protective equipment
Airborne pollution in the form of gas, vapour or hazardous particles can damage the lungs and other vital organs and cause the person exposed to develop asthma or allergies.
Respiratory protective equipment protects against various types of air pollution.
Respiratory protective equipment can be divided into two categories and in order to know which type to choose, you need to know the type of pollution you wish to protect against.
Filtered respiratory protection devices
In order for filtered respiratory protection devices to be used, the air needs to contain at least 19.5% oxygen. The filter type is chosen based on the type of pollution you wish to protect against and should be used in accordance with the manufacturers’ filter guides.
If the air contains less than 19.5% oxygen, a breathing apparatus supplying air from a non-contaminated source must be used. This also applies where odourless gases are present.
Choosing a respiratory protection device:
- Identification: What harmful gases, dust, smoke or aerosols do you need to protect against? The workplace must undergo an assessment to establish pollutant concentrations.
- Risk assessment: Is there sufficient oxygen throughout the entire exposure period? What health effects are associated with the various risk zones? Are there other risks such as sparks or explosive compounds?
- Choosing a respiratory protection device: Half face mask, full mask, fan-assisted or compressed air. In situations with a low workload: Half or full mask with filter. In situations with a higher workload or longer shifts: Fan-assisted filter protection. In situations where oxygen levels are low and in the presence of odour and flavourless gases: Compressed air apparatus. Choose the right filter based on the supplier’s recommendations.
- Training: Fitting, function control, assembly, storage and maintenance. Routines for cleaning and replacing filters and consumable parts.
Protection factor for filtered respiratory protection devices in accordance with European norm (NPF):
Gas filters in respiratory protection devices:
Protection against gases/vapours using a carbon filter. There are often a variety of gases/vapours present in one location. The gases/vapours must be known in order to be able to select the right gas filter (see the manufacturers’ recommendations). A combination filter should be used where a combination of gases/vapours and particles is present.
Examples of uses for respiratory protection devices:
- A: Solvents used in connection with paint, varnish and glue work. Pesticide spraying. Disinfection of greenhouses and chicken coops.
- B: Electrolysis work (acidic gases) Chlorination plants in water works (chlorine) Emptying of liquid fertiliser plants (requires oxygen level of at least 19.5%)
- E: Ore roasting. Combustion plants (sulphur dioxide).
- K: Paper and chemicals industries (ammonia).
The protection factor illustrates how effective the device is at reducing the levels of pollutants that enter the airways, i.e. the mask.
Assigned Protection Factor (APF): Based on measurements taken outside and inside the respiratory protection device, conducted in, amongst other places, real work environments and on working personnel. The APF is significantly lower than the theoretical protection factor.
Nominal Protection Factor (NPF): Based on laboratory measurements made in connection with approval of the respiratory protection device’s EN standard. Concept based on theoretical leakage percentage (e.g.: FFP3 mask with a max. leakage of 2% gives a protection factor of 100/2 = 50).
Hygiene Limit Value (HLV): Value set by the authorities (administrative norm) stating the maximum permissible average concentration throughout a workday as well as the maximum limit value. Administrative norms are published by the Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority.
Calculating recommended protection factor (RPF): Pollutant concentration/HLV (e.g. concentration 1,000 mg/m3 and a hygiene limit value of 100 mg/m3 gives a recommended protection factor of 10, i.e. a respiratory protection device with protection factor 10).
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You cannot deny the fact that UI UX in fashion mobile app is the most important deciding factor when you browse for a product. Aren’t you automatically tempted towards a product or store with an attractive and visually appealing appearance; If yes, so can be your customers.
When a product or a store looks appealing, it can grab attention, making one curious about the product and instilling a desire to own or experience it. Speaking of aesthetics, fashion industry websites, and apps, among others, need amazing visual appeal.
With a market size projected to reach $3.3 trillion by 2030, the fashion industry remains one of the most significant contributors to the world’s economy. This is why companies invest heavily in creating visually appealing packaging, displays, and store designs to capture the attention of potential customers and increase the likelihood of making a sale.
Aesthetically pleasing visuals can evoke positive emotions and associations and make the product or store seem more desirable and valuable in the eyes of the shopper.
An attractive UI UX in fashion mobile app is particularly crucial because users expect the app to reflect the aesthetic and style of the fashion industry.
If the app’s design is lacklustre or poorly executed, it can turn off potential users and lead to a high churn rate.
Eye-catching UI UX in fashion mobile app
An eye-catching user interface (UI) is essential for fashion apps to attract and retain users. A well-designed UI can provide an excellent user experience (UX) that keeps users engaged and encourages them to return to the app.
Studies have shown that good UI UX in fashion mobile app design can increase user retention by up to 400%.
Additionally, an eye-catching UI can help drive growth by attracting new users through word-of-mouth marketing. Users are more likely to share an app with their friends if they are impressed with its design and functionality. This can lead to increased app downloads and user engagement.
In this blog, we will delve into the role of UI UX in fashion mobile apps, analyze the latest trends, and examine the role of technology in shaping the future of fashion, with fashion apps making the journey easier for all involved. So, sit back, relax, and dive into the fascinating fashion world!
Table of Contents
- What is a mobile app UI/UX? Why should you be thinking about it?
- Understanding Your User
- Work on the Elements of an Eye-Catching User Interface
- The Best Practices To An Eye-Catching User Interface
- Incorporate Multiple Device Design Layout
- CTA or Call To Action
- Test, Test, Test, and Insights
- Stay Updated With the Latest Trends and Innovation
1. What is a mobile app UI/UX? Why should you be thinking about it?
A mobile app UI/UX refers to an application’s design and user experience on mobile devices. It includes everything from the visual design, layout, and navigation to the app’s overall user flow and functionality.
UI UX in fashion mobile app is crucial as it can make or break your fashion brand. An eye-catching UI can create a positive first impression that encourages users to explore the app further.
Additionally, a well-designed UX can provide an intuitive and engaging experience that keeps users returning for more.
To begin creating an eye-catching user interface for your fashion app
- It’s essential first to understand your target audience and their needs.
- What are they looking for in a fashion app?
- What features and functionalities are they expecting?
Why should you be thinking about it?
By understanding your users, you can design an app that meets their expectations and provides a seamless experience.
Next, it’s crucial to create a visual design that reflects the brand and style of your fashion app. Consider using colors, typography, and imagery to create a cohesive and visually appealing design. Additionally, think about the layout and navigation of the app to ensure that it is easy to use and understand.
Finally, testing the UI/UX design with real users is crucial to gather feedback and to make necessary improvements. Testing can help identify any usability issues and areas for improvement, allowing you to create an app that meets the needs of your target audience.
2. Understanding Your User
Understanding your target audience and their preferences is essential when designing UI/UX in fashion mobile app. Conducting user research and segmentation can help you create a more engaging and personalized user experience, leading to increased user engagement and retention.
Understanding the target audience and their preferences
Understanding your target audience and their preferences is critical when designing a UI UX in a fashion mobile app. By gaining insights into your users’ needs and behaviours, you can create an app that meets their expectations and provides a seamless experience.
Conducting user research to gather insights
It is an effective way to gather insights into your target audience. You can use various methods, such as surveys, focus groups, and user testing, to collect data and feedback from potential users. This data can help you identify pain points, understand user behaviour, and gain insights into their preferences and expectations.
Targeted audience segmentation
Segmentation of your target audience plays a crucial role. It involves dividing your target audience into groups based on shared characteristics, such as demographics, interests, and behaviours. You can create more targeted and personalized user experiences by segmenting your audience and improving engagement and retention.
For example, if your fashion app targets men and women, you may want to segment your audience based on age, style preference, and shopping behaviour. This can help you create targeted marketing campaigns and personalized recommendations that appeal to each group’s needs and preferences.
Fashion App – How it is changing the fashion industry. Know How?
3. Work on the Elements of an Eye-Catching User Interface
By choosing a suitable colour scheme, font style, images, and graphics and incorporating animations and interactive features, you can create a native app that looks great and provides an intuitive and engaging user experience.
The key elements to consider in creating an eye-catching user interface for a fashion app include the following:
Choosing the suitable color scheme
The color scheme you choose can significantly impact your app’s overall look and feel. Consider using colors that reflect your brand and resonate with your target audience. Additionally, be mindful of color psychology and how colors evoke different emotions and moods.
Selecting an appropriate font style
Your font style can also impact your app’s overall design and readability. Consider using a font that is easy to read and complements your brand’s aesthetic. Additionally, be mindful of font size and spacing to ensure text is legible on all devices.
Creating visually appealing images and graphics
High-quality images and graphics can significantly enhance the visual appeal of your app. Consider using images that reflect your brand and attractively showcase your products. Additionally, be mindful of file sizes to ensure images load quickly on all devices.
Incorporating animations and interactive elements
Animations and interactive elements can help make your app more engaging and user-friendly. Consider using subtle animations to enhance transitions and provide feedback to users. Additionally, incorporate interactive features such as swipe gestures and touch-based controls to make your app more intuitive and user-friendly.
4. The Best Practices To An Eye-Catching User Interface
Following some best practices is essential to create an eye-catching user interface for a fashion app. By following these best practices, you can create a great-looking fashion app that provides a seamless and intuitive user experience. These include:
Emphasizing ease of use
One of the most critical factors in creating a successful user interface is ensuring it is easy to use. Consider your app’s overall flow, and ensure it is intuitive and easy to navigate. Additionally, ensure that buttons and other interactive elements are clearly labeled and easily understood.
Consistency in design
Consistency is vital when creating an eye-catching user interface. Use a consistent color scheme, font style, and layout throughout your app to create a cohesive and unified look. Use consistent design patterns and interactions to ensure your app is easy to use and understand.
Prioritizing functionality over aesthetics
While creating a visually appealing user interface is essential, the functionality should always come first. Ensure that your app provides the features and functionality your users need, and design the interface around these requirements. Additionally, avoid adding unnecessary elements or decorations that detract from the user experience.
5. Incorporate Multiple Device Design Layout
Incorporating multiple device design layouts is essential for creating an eye-catching user interface for a fashion app. By designing for both mobile and desktop users, taking into account key differences between mobile and desktop screens, and adapting the interface for different screen sizes, you can create an interface with the help of a mobile app builder that is visually appealing and easy to use.
Design for mobile and desktop users both
Multiple device design layouts are vital to creating an engaging user interface for a fashion app. With users accessing apps from various devices, including smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers, designing optimized interfaces for each device is essential.
Designing for mobile and desktop users is critical, as users may access your app from various devices depending on their needs and preferences. Mobile devices tend to have smaller screens and touch-based input, while desktop devices typically have larger screens and rely on keyboard and mouse input.
Key differences between mobile and desktop screens
Several key differences between mobile and desktop screens must be considered when designing an interface. Mobile screens tend to be smaller, meaning interfaces must be designed with a “mobile-first” approach. They work mostly on swipe gestures and scrolls. This involves prioritizing key elements and simplifying the interface to ensure it is easy to use on a smaller screen.
On the other hand, desktop screens tend to be larger, meaning interfaces can be more complex and include more information. They are totally dependent on click gestures. However, ensuring the interface is easy to navigate and use on a larger screen is still essential.
Adapting the user interface for different screen sizes
Adapting the user interface for different screen sizes is very important for creating an easy-to-navigate interface. This can be achieved through responsive design, which allows the interface to adapt to different screen sizes automatically. This ensures the interface remains consistent and easy to use across all devices.
Understanding user experience – The key to your business growth
6. CTA or Call-to-Action
They can be a game-changer component of UI/UX design in mobile apps. It is a visual element that encourages users to take a specific action, such as purchasing, signing up for a newsletter, or sharing content on social media. The importance of CTA in the UI/UX of mobile apps lies in its ability to guide users toward a desired goal and improve overall engagement and conversion rates.
Some reasons why CTA is vital in the UI/UX of mobile apps:
- Encourages User Interaction: CTAs provide users with a clear direction, which increases their engagement with the app.
- Boosts Conversions: By placing CTAs in strategic locations, designers can increase the chances of users taking the desired action, which ultimately results in higher conversion rates.
- Creates a Sense of Urgency: Designers can create a sense of urgency and encourage users to take immediate action. Particularly effective for limited-time offers or sales.
- Improves App Navigation: CTAs can guide users to different sections of the app, making navigation more intuitive and user-friendly.
7. Test, Test, Test, and Insights
Testing and gathering insights are critical steps in creating an interactive user interface for a fashion app. AB testing, or split testing, involves testing two or more interface versions to see which performs better.
This can include testing different color schemes, font styles, layouts, and other elements to see which are more effective at engaging users and driving conversions.
Importance of AB testing the user interface before launching
By conducting AB testing, you can gather valuable insights into what works and doesn’t in your interface. This allows you to make data-driven decisions about improving the interface and optimizing it for better performance.
Gathering user feedback to make improvements
In addition to AB testing, gathering user feedback through surveys, interviews, and other methods is essential. This allows you to understand how users interact with the interface and identify areas where improvements can be made. User feedback can be precious for identifying usability issues, such as confusing navigation or hard-to-use features.
By continuously testing and gathering insights, you can make iterative improvements to the user interface and ensure that it remains engaging and effective over time. This can help drive user retention, increase conversions, and ultimately lead to the success of your native app.
8. Stay Updated With the Latest Trends and Innovation
Staying up-to-date with the latest trends and incorporating innovative features plays a very crucial role in creating an engaging user interface for a fashion app. Some of the latest trends and innovations in user interface design for fashion apps include augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), chatbots, and live selling.
AR and VR technologies allow users to experience products more immersive and interactively, which can help increase engagement and drive conversions.
Chatbots can provide personalized customer service and support.
Live selling allows users to shop in real-time and interact with sellers and other shoppers.
Let’s look at some successful fashion apps with interesting and engaging user interfaces
- Zara: Zara’s app features a clean, minimalist design, easy navigation, and high-quality product images. It also includes a “Scan & Shop” feature that allows users to scan barcodes in-store to view product information and purchase items online.
- ASOS: ASOS’s app includes a personalized homepage that showcases recommended products based on the user’s browsing history and preferences. It also features a “Fit Assistant” tool that helps users find the right size for their body type.
- H&M: H&M’s app features a simple, intuitive interface with large product images and easy filtering options. It also includes a “Scan & Find” feature that allows users to scan product tags in-store to view additional information and purchase items online.
- Farfetch: Farfetch’s app includes a “See It, Snap It, Shop It” feature that allows users to take a photo of a product they like and find similar items available on the app. It also features a “360 View” feature that allows users to view products from all angles.
By incorporating the latest trends and innovations in user interface design and taking inspiration from successful fashion apps, you can create an eye-catching user interface that engages users and drives conversions.
Creating an eye-catching user interface for a fashion app requires careful consideration of various factors, from the color scheme and font style to the layout and interactive elements. To create an effective user interface, it’s essential to understand your target audience and their preferences, conduct user research, and segment your audience based on their needs and behaviors.
Incorporating best practices like emphasizing ease of use, consistency in design, and prioritizing functionality over aesthetics can help ensure that your interface is engaging and effective. Additionally, designing for multiple device layouts and testing and gathering insights can help you identify areas for improvement and optimize the interface for better performance.
Staying current with the latest trends and innovations in user interface design, such as AR/VR, chatbots, and live selling, can help keep your interface fresh and engaging for users. Ultimately, the key to creating an eye-catching user interface is to focus on user-centered design and continuously strive to improve and optimize the interface based on user feedback and insights.
Take help from a professional mobile app builder like MageNative that can help you create a native mobile app that stands out from the rest.
So, how did you like the blog? Do share your feedback with us in the comments section.
MageNative, a mobile app builder that helps businesses create mobile apps for their eCommerce stores to improve customer engagement and boost sales.
About The Author
A content marketing professional at Magenative, An app development company providing solutions on different app development platforms including Shopify , Magento and Woocommerce.
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Algeria’s War of independence (1954-1962)
In 1954 the National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale, FLN) began an armed campaign against the French authorities. At the time, it was hard to see how the series of small-scale attacks on the powerful French army and the colonial infrastructure could lead to an all-out war that lasted for eight years and ended with the departure of the colons. In the first years there were also battles between the FLN and the partisans of Messali Hadj. This was exemplified by the killing, in 1957, of more than three hundred inhabitants of the village of Melouza, deemed supporters of Messali, by the FLN. Militarily, the guerrilla fighters were no match for the French army. Through the massive deployment of force and the widespread use of torture, the French largely put down the urban guerrillas in the 1957 Battle of Algiers. The rural areas in the interior were subjected to napalm bombings, while the borders with Tunisia and Morocco were heavily guarded to prevent FLN incursions. But it was too late for a return to the colonial status quo. Algerian nationalism had become a cause for the masses to rally behind, while the colonists were terrified by bomb attacks and other elements of war that disrupted their way of life and produced a continuous fear for the future. Internal divisions and international pressure worked against Paris during a time of worldwide decolonization.
Under the presidency of General Charles De Gaulle, from 1958 onwards, France slowly began changing course. The new President regarded the war as unwinnable, while it became clear that France had less to gain from holding on to its overseas agricultural possessions than from transforming itself into an industrial nation. De Gaulle opted for a solution that would leave France with some influence in Algeria but in fact meant the end of the colonial status quo. During the first contacts, he tried to keep the Sahara for France, because of the discovery of oil and the perceived need to test nuclear weapons at Reggane. For most colons and many other segments of French society, this was not acceptable, as the ‘loss’ of Algeria would, in fact, mean the end of the French empire. In response, extremist elements in the French army, forming the Organization of the Secret Army (Organisation de l’Armée Secrète, OAS), began a terrorist campaign and even targeted De Gaulle. This led to further bloodshed but did not change the course of history. It is estimated that between 400,000 and 1,500,000 Algerians were killed during the war of liberation (1954-1962), usually called the Algerian War of Independence or the Algerian Revolution. The numbers of dead have always been a source of contention: French historians put the number at around 300,000, but it is not always clear whether this includes the many wounded who, after 1962, succumbed to their injuries or those who were made to ‘disappear’. The higher figures of more than one million are part of the official Algerian discourse on the war.
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This is the equation."
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# Continuity of a function of two variables
When we check for the continuity of a function of one variable, we check the left hand side and right hand side limit of the function about the point in question, clearly this point lies inside the domain, what I mean is that if we are checking the continuity at $c$ then $a\leq c\leq b$, extending the same idea to functions with two variables, when we check the function's behavior/continuity at some point, we check it along two different paths and I have seen some examples where the author considers X-axis, Y-axis, $y=x$, $y=kx^2$ etc, my question is, these paths have to be included in the region under investigation, what I understand is that if we have a function of two variables, first we will have to draw the region defined by the function for various values of the independent variables $x$ and $y$ and then choose two different paths included in that region.
As shown in the above diagram, if I get the region as shown by the Blue area enclosed by the line $y=x$ and $y=0$ from $x=2$ to $x \to \infty$, the curve $y=x^2$ is not included in the region so I can not use it to test the continuity, but in the example that I have seen author does not mention that the path he is choosing lies inside the region.
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It is extremely difficult to check continuity of a $2$-variable function by checking "along paths". In order to be able to deduce continuity at a point by checking continuity along paths, you must check the limit along every possible path that converges to the point and is contained in the domain. What is behind this is that you can check continuity by checking that $\lim f(x_n,y_n) = f(x,y)$ for any sequence $(x_n,y_n)$ that converges to $(x,y)$. In the one variable case, we can do it by just checking left and right, but in two variables there are way too many to check. – Arturo Magidin Apr 14 '12 at 4:29
To complement what @Arturo said: if you can find two paths along which the limits are different, then you can conclude that the function is not continuous at the point. That’s why you so often see examples with limits calculated along two paths. But agreement along two paths, or two hundred, doesn’t ensure agreement along all possible sequences converging to the point. – Brian M. Scott Apr 14 '12 at 4:32
Where are you trying to test continuity using $y=x^2$? No point of that curve lies inside your domain, so that curve/path does not approach any point in which you would be trying to test continuity... – Arturo Magidin Apr 14 '12 at 4:34
@ArturoMagidin, you said "you must check the limit along every possible path that converges to the point and is contained in the domain", Now, at $(0,0)$, many path converge, like $y=x, y=x^2$, so I have two path, but what is the check that both paths are included in the region under consideration? – Vikram Apr 14 '12 at 4:55
@Vikram: No, that is not the reason your set-up is confusing. Your set-up is confusing because you explicitly state that you are considering a domain that does not include $(0,0)$, and yet you also claim to be trying to find the limit as $(x,y)$ approaches $(0,0)$. You are not just confused about what you are trying to do, you are confused about what it is you are confused about. You explicitly claim in your post that you are considering as domain only the blue region. The blue region does not contain $(0,0)$. So it's not a problem of 2d vs 3d. – Arturo Magidin Apr 14 '12 at 19:41
In 1-D the epsilon-delta definition of continuity at a point $x_0$ is $\forall \epsilon>0$, $\exists \delta>0$ such that $|f(x_0+\epsilon)-f(x_0)|<\delta$.
but actually the way to extend the idea is to consider a ϵ-width ball around $\vec{x_0}$. Then the epsilon-delta definition will be $\forall \vec{\epsilon}$ with $|\vec{\epsilon}|>0$, $\exists \delta>0$ such that $\|f(\vec{x_0}+\vec{\epsilon})-f(\vec{x_0})\|<\delta$.
In English, the continuity holds in every direction around the point $\vec{x_0}$.
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A Reciprocal And Square Problem (Posted on 2007-07-10)
Find all real pairs (p, q) satisfying the following system of equations:
p - 1/p - q2 = 0
q/p + pq = 4
See The Solution Submitted by K Sengupta Rating: 3.5000 (2 votes)
Comments: ( Back to comment list | You must be logged in to post comments.)
computer aided solution | Comment 3 of 7 |
The curve of q^2 = p – 1/p, with q as the dependent variable consists of a parabola-like figure with it's axis being the p axis (independent variable axis) and vertex at (1,0) in union with a curve going through (-1,0) asymptotically approaching the q axis towards +infinity and also asymptotically approaching the q axis towards -infinity.
The curve q = 4/(1/p + p) is valid for all real p (if we define (0,0) as part of the curve, but this doesn't play into the solution). It has negative q for negative p and positive q for positive p and is in fact what's called an odd function; q approaches zero as p becomes larger or as p becomes smaller; q is a minimum at (-1,-2) and maximum at (1,2). It intersects the other graph in each of the two parts described above. One of the intersections has 2<p<3, 1<q<2, and the other has –1<p<0, -2<q<-1. From a graph we can see there are no other solutions, as the first equation has no values of p < -1 and values of q get farther from zero for higher values of p than 1, while values of q approach zero for larger values of p in the other equation.
The following program finds the positive solution:
DEFDBL A-Z
p = 2.5: q = 1.4
CLS
DO
prevP = p: prevQ = q
p = ((4 + SQR(16 - 4 * q * q)) / (2 * q) + p) / 2
q = (SQR(p - 1 / p) + q) / 2
PRINT p; q, p * p; q * q
LOOP UNTIL prevP = p AND prevQ = q
Which displays as its final iteration:
`2.414213562373095 1.414213562373095 5.82842712474619 2`
for p, q, p^2 and q^2. So this solution is q=sqrt(2), p=sqrt(2) + 1, which checks out by plugging in to the equations.
By inspection, guided by the above solution and the graph, the other solution is q=-sqrt(2), p=1-sqrt(2).
Edited on July 10, 2007, 11:16 am
Posted by Charlie on 2007-07-10 11:16:04
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परीक्षा के प्रश्न पत्र में 200 बहु विकल्पीय वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न होंगे। हर सेक्शन में 50 प्रश्न होंगे और प्रत्येक गलत उत्तर के लिए चौथाई अंक काटे जाएंगे। दो घंटे की अवधि की परीक्षा में सामान्य बुद्धिमत्ता और तर्कशक्ति, सामान्य जागरूकता, मात्रात्मक अभिवृत्ति तथा अंग्रेजी कॉम्प्रीहेंसंस, से संबंधित 5050 प्रश्न होंगे। यह परीक्षा टीयर 2 में शामिल होने के लिए स्क्रीनिंग परीक्षा है। दोनों बाजारों में कीमतों पर दबाव पड़ा है। मुंबई: भारतीय नौसेना का सेवामुक्त विमानवाहक युद्धपोत विराट शनिवार को अपनी अंतिम समुद्री यात्रा पर गुजरात स्थित अलंग के लिए रवाना हुआ। अलंग में इस जहाज को टुकड़ों में काटकर कबाड़ के रूप में बेच दिया जाएगा। विशालकाय युद्धपोत विराट को पूर्व नौसैनिकों ने गेटवे ऑफ इंडिया से भावभीनी विदाई दी। मार्च 2017 में सेवामुक्त किए जाने के बाद नौसेना डॉकयार्ड से विराट की अंतिम यात्रा की शुरुआत हो गई थी। रक्षा प्रवक्ता ने बताया कि विराट को शुक्रवार को ही जाना था लेकिन कुछ कारणों से एक दिन का विलंब हुआ। शीर्ष अदालत ने उनसे अदालत से बाहर सौहार्दपूर्ण तरीके से अपने मामले का निपटारा करने को कहा है। हालांकि उसकी असली आयु का पता नहीं है, लेकिन अनुमान लगाया जा रहा है कि ये करीब सौ साल का</s>
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मटेरियल यूज कर कई आकर्षक मॉडल तैयार किए। इनमें रोबोटिक कार, स्मार्ट डस्टबिन, रिसर्च वेस्ट प्रोजेक्ट, साइंटिफिक मैजिक शो समेत कई तरह के मॉडल बच्चों ने प्रस्तुत किया। इसमें प्राथमिक विद्यालय मोहम्मदपुर प्रथम, भगवानपुर दूसरे व अयोध्या के शिवालम स्कूल तीसरे स्थान पर रहा। इन स्कूलों के बच्चों को स्मृति चिह्न देकर सम्मानित किया गया। डायट प्राचार्य ने कहा कि ऐसे आयोजन बच्चों में वैज्ञानिक प्रतिभा को उभारने का मौका देता है। उन्होंने विज्ञान शिक्षकों के प्रयास की सराहना की। डीडीओ ने कहा कि मॉडल तैयार करने वाले बच्चे देश को सशक्त बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाएंगे। डॉ.वंदना मिश्रा, डॉ.शिल्पी वर्मा, अंजली, बीईओ आशीष सिंह, उपेंद्र त्रिपाठी, नरेंद्र कुमार, सौरभ कुमार, मनीष चौधरी, निजामुद्दीन व अन्य मौजूद रहे। पिछले 2 वर्षों में राइजिंग पुणे सुपरजॉएंट्स की ओर से खेलने वाले धोनी आखिर अपने दूसरे घर चेन्नई लौट आए हैं। चेन्नई टीम ने आईपीएल नीलामी से पहले अपनी 2015 की टीम से धोनी, सुरेश रैना और रवीन्द्र जडेजा को रिटेन किया था। चेन्नई को 2 बार चैंपियन बनाने वाले धोनी अब अपनी टीम की नए सिरे से शुरुआत करेंगे जिसमें कई बदलाव दिखाई दे रहे हैं। पहली तिमाही के मजबूत नतीजों का हवाला देते हुए साइप्रस के वित्तमंत्री ने कहा कि</s>
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# Finding the projection of a vector.
#### Jundoe
##### New member
I would like to verify this problem from an introductory to Linear Algebra course.
It goes as follows:
Let L be the line with parametric equations x=2+3t, y=1-2t, z=-2+t, and let v=(3,2,2). Find vectors w1 and w2 such that v=w1+w2, and such that w1 is parallel to L and w2 is perpendicular to L.
This is how I proceeded:
From the given parametric equations I constructed the vectors:
line L: a=(3, -2, 1) and b=(2,1,-2).
To find w1, I know that w1= kL
And to find k: (v.L)/||L||2
And w2 is just a matter of: w2=v-w1
The issue I am facing is, which vector do I chose for the L?
I have found 2 vectors from the parametric equations.
Should I simply take the difference? a-b= (1,-3,3)?
Thank You.
[edit.]
If I stick to my L line being equal to (1,-3,3), due to the fact that b is my position vector, then:
w1 = 3/19(1,-3,3)
w2 = (3,2,2) - 3/19(1,-3,3)
Am I completely off?
Last edited:
#### Opalg
##### MHB Oldtimer
Staff member
I would like to verify this problem from an introductory to Linear Algebra course.
It goes as follows:
Let L be the line with parametric equations x=2+3t, y=1-2t, z=-2+t, and let v=(3,2,2). Find vectors w1 and w2 such that v=w1+w2, and such that w1 is parallel to L andw2 is perpendicular to L.
This is how I proceeded:
From the given parametric equations I constructed the vectors:
line L: a=(3, -2, 1) and b=(2,1,-2).
To find w1, I know that w1= kL
And to find k: (v.L)/||L||2
And w2 is just a matter of: w2=v-w1
The issue I am facing is, which vector do I chose for the L?
I have found 2 vectors from the parametric equations.
Should I simply take the difference? a-b= (1,-3,3)?
Thank You.
Hi Jundoe, and welcome to MHB!
You have got the equation of the line L as $(x,y,z) = \mathbf{b} + \mathbf{a}t.$ In that equation, $\mathbf{b}$ (the constant) is a point on the line, and $\mathbf{a}$ (the coefficient of $t$) gives the direction of the line. So you want to take $\mathbf{a}$ as the parameter for $\mathbf{w}_1$, because you want $\mathbf{w}_1$ to point in the same direction as L.
#### Jundoe
##### New member
Hi Jundoe, and welcome to MHB!
You have got the equation of the line L as $(x,y,z) = \mathbf{b} + \mathbf{a}t.$ In that equation, $\mathbf{b}$ (the constant) is a point on the line, and $\mathbf{a}$ (the coefficient of $t$) gives the direction of the line. So you want to take $\mathbf{a}$ as the parameter for $\mathbf{w}_1$, because you want $\mathbf{w}_1$ to point in the same direction as L.
Thank you for replying! So in other words, the position of the vector–its origin–is irrelevant in this matter?
So, ignoring the point. I would have the following:
w1= 1/2(3,-2,1)
w2= (3,2,2)-1/2(3,-2,1)= (3/2, 3, 3/2)
Hope I didn't do any careless mistakes, does that seem about right?
#### Opalg
##### MHB Oldtimer
Staff member
Thank you for replying! So in other words, the position of the vector–its origin–is irrelevant in this matter?
So, ignoring the point. I would have the following:
w1= 1/2(3,-2,1)
w2= (3,2,2)-1/2(3,-2,1)= (3/2, 3, 3/2)
Hope I didn't do any careless mistakes, does that seem about right?
Correct!
|
When Your Child Visits a New Friend’s Home
It can be stressful for both you and your child when he goes over to a new friend's house for the first time. By setting some ground rules ahead of time, you will feel more comfortable and secure about your child's well being. These rules will also let your child understand what is expected of him when having a good time at his friend's house.
Tips for keeping your child safe when he visits a new friend's house
- Set reasonable time limits for how long and how often your child visits a friend's house.
- Make sure your child knows to ask you before he goes over to a friend's house.
- Your child should not change his plans and go somewhere else without discussing it with you first.
- Meet the new friend and his parents . Make sure you know your child's friend and the friend's parents before your child goes to their home.
- Make sure a trusted adult will be at the house while your child is visiting.
- Before your child visits another home, ask the adults there whether they have guns and, if so, whether these are securely and safely stored. This may feel like an uncomfortable question to ask. You can start the discussion by saying; "If you have any weapons in your home, I assume that they are locked and out of reach of our children."
- Check out the neighborhood where your child's friend lives. Make sure that your child feels safe in the neighborhood.
- Just as it is important for you to know where your child is and how to reach him, be sure your child knows where you are and how to reach you.
- Set up clear rules for play after school, on weekends, and during summer and holiday times. Review them regularly with your child.
This information was compiled by Sunindia Bhalla, and reviewed by the Program Staff of The Children’s Trust.
Out of School Time
|
By Narayanan Srinivasan,Bhoomika R Kar,Janak Pandey
The first part makes a speciality of simple cognitive approaches of studying and reminiscence together with uncomplicated associative strategies, spatial reminiscence, series studying, and implicit studying. the following part specializes in imaginative and prescient and a focus, concentrating on multisensory spatial notion, easy attentional methods, and modeling of recognition. The 3rd part dwells on time belief, masking behavioural and neural experiences. And the final part on language, cognition, and improvement comprises chapters on either basic and irregular improvement, specially targeting language improvement and similar cognitive abilities.
The booklet will act as a supplementary examining fabric for classes on computational modeling, cognitive neuroscience, tradition and cognition, cognitive improvement, psycholinguistics, cognizance, and notion. it is going to additionally curiosity R&D of IT businesses operating within the parts of human-computer interplay, synthetic intelligence, and robotics, and firms interested by human components engineering.
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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
{
"name": """Autopay in eCommerce""",
"summary": """Auto invoice creating on payment""",
"category": "eCommerce",
"images": [],
"version": "1.0.0",
"author": "IT-Projects LLC",
"website": "https://it-projects.info",
"license": "GPL-3",
"price": 90.00,
"currency": "EUR",
"depends": [
"website_sale",
"payment"
],
"external_dependencies": {"python": [], "bin": []},
"data": [
"website_sale_autopay_views.xml",
],
"demo": [
"demo/website_sale_autopay_demo.xml",
],
"installable": True,
"auto_install": False,
}
|
The pancreas in the human body releases pancreatic juices that aid in digestion, by breaking down foods as they pass through the small intestine. The pancreas also produces hormones, like insulin, which the body needs to function. The Pancreaticoduodenal veins are veins located in the pancreas. The arteries and veins function as a transportation system in the human body. The veins carry blood to the heart, while the arteries carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body. The heat oxygenates the blood, making it healthier and the veins carry unhealthy blood from the pancreas and nearby areas. The vein is closely related to the inferior and superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. The arteries carry blood to the pancreas and duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. The superior artery is located both in front of and behind the pancreas. The Pancreaticoduodenal veins drain into the portal vein, which transports blood to the liver, from the intestines and stomach, before transporting it to the heart.
Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team
In Depth: Pancreaticoduodenal veins
|
"""
ㄱㄱㅊ <basekim14@gmail.com>, 20-06-17
Baekjoon Online Judge Study - 5543(sanggeunnald)
"""
from sys import stdin
sangduk = int(stdin.readline())
joongduk = int(stdin.readline())
haduk = int(stdin.readline())
coke = int(stdin.readline())
sprite = int(stdin.readline())
burgers = [sangduk, joongduk, haduk]
drinks = [coke, sprite]
discount = 50
set_price = [burger_price + drink_price - discount\
for burger_price in burgers\
for drink_price in drinks]
print(min(set_price))
|
1. FOREST HANDLING PROJECT
The area is used as a biological corridor by native species as set out in study; there are also stands with own individuals águanos to manage seeds, palm trees and trees with no forest production according to research, they may potentiate as economic activities within the framework of sustainable management of natural resources.
Manage, protect, conserve, restore, enhance and maintain the biodiversity of the Amaru Mayu Ecological Conservation Volunteer Reserve, as well as biotic and commercial value of the forest area, directly and indirectly to the residents of the adjoining areas, visitors and participants benefiting at different levels and categories of involvement.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SUB PROJECT
- Recover native species and natural habitats for wildlife and landscape beautification.
- Propose a model of sustainable forest management through analogy forestry and organic agriculture
- Generate a pleasant microclimate and environmental balance stability conducting reforestation with native species in vulnerable area.
- Improve income through the sale of certified products and other activities.
- Establish an academic unit for the training of professionals in Forest Natural Resources and related sciences which will house the community and students in the region.
- To protect and preserve soils, water sources and threatened species.
- Get financial resources and benefits for nature conservation, as producers of eco-systemic services substantially to the project self-sustaining funding
2. REFUGE OF WILDLIFE PROJECT
To contribute to the protection and conservation of threatened species and in danger of extinction, into the area has identified species if birds, countless insect, reptile species and mammals including, Tapirus terrestris (Tapir), Nasua nasua (Coatis), Cuniculus paca (Pacas), Eira
Barbara (tayras), Chiroptera (bats), Cebus Capucinus (Capuchin monkey), Lagothrix lagotricha (woolly monkey), Ateles paniscus (spider monkey), parrots, Ara Macaws (macaws), Rupicola peruviana (Cock of the Rocks), occasionally Panthera onca (jaguars), Puma concolor (pumas) and many other mammals species from the area.
Create a Rescue Center of Wildlife in the Amaru Mayu voluntary conservation reserve where a shelter is offered to the rescued wild animals and abandoned where they will receive proper care, treatment, protection and management to return to their natural habitat contributing the conservation and protection of threatened and endangered species.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE REFUGE
- Provide a natural refuge with environmental quality and adequate monitoring for animals arriving at the shelter.
- Conduct research related to the Amazon wildlife in its natural state, in captivity and semi captivity in rescue centers.
- Serve as academic training and practice in the management of wild species.
- To receive and care for endangered species that the competent authorities confiscated and later return them to their natural environment.
- Implement and diversify tourist attractions in the area
3. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS PROJECT
The Global Environmental Awareness, the Messenger program addresses the educational opportunities so that they should ensure that no visitor leaves the project without having learned something of environmental awareness and conservation.
In this sense, it provides for the implementation of educational workshops and raising awareness on how to be rational critical consumer, merchant and solidarity environmentally committed and conservation issues and sustainable development.
Schools Atalaya, Gamitana and native communities of Santa Rosa de Huacaria and Keros, which has been developing awareness activities on the environment, dedicated to the students of Pronoei and primary level by teachers with the support of project volunteers.
Encourage children and their schools to formulate values of solidarity, preservation and care of the environment for the development of cultural campaigns to achieve a change of attitude that allows environmental balance and a better quality of life.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSCIOUSNESS PROJECT
- Support and emphasize the development of environmental education content at all levels of education.
- Open spaces for dialogue, reflection and awareness on specific topics of interest to improve the quality of life.
- Promote the participation of the general population, in order to develop a leading role in solving environmental conflicts of the town, the region and the world.
- To promote recycling campaigns, solid waste management and reforestation.
- Raise awareness of the rights of the environment and our relationship with nature
- Educate consumers on the quality of critical, rational and solidarity merchant consumer.
4. WATER HANDLING PROJECT WATERCULTURE AND FISHCULTURE
To recover the surface level of the “water mirror of Cocha” which will be of vital importance as a meeting place for wildlife, being by its primitive features a fit and proper space proposed by the recollection and increased biodiversity and a relevant tourist attraction that could be defined as an alternative destination for touristic area of Manu Park.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- Increase the production of edible aquatic organisms in natural and artificial bodies of water in lakes, rivers, large and small reservoirs through the establishment of fisheries and aquaculture projects in them.
- Promote the practice of aquaculture in the entire area of the Manu Biosphere Reserve by monitoring to vocational and professional level.
- Create and maintain spaces that generate recollection of biodiversity
5. ECOTOURISM PROJECT
“Tourism, as if the environment and people mattered”
also defined as that form of environmentally and responsible tourism that consistent in visiting natural areas, landscapes (flora and fauna), as well as cultural manifestation through a process that promotes conservation with less environmental impact and empowerment of involvement more active economic partner of local people as direct and indirect beneficiaries of the proposal.
The level of biodiversity of the Amazon region is one of the highest in the world, the forest is easily accessible and wildlife is abundant. There is a vast amount of beautiful jungle to be appreciated by the visitor, all this makes this amazing and attractive place for tourists; the protection of the Amazon rainforest in eastern Peru is a basic and priority investment and can ensure alternative income for many years because the other world’s forests are being rapidly reduced in size, the value of the Amazon is like a precious object and that value will increase over time.
Create tourist destination relevance in the buffer zone of the Manu National Park, as an alternative destination to the area for tourist use.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- Provide quality service to the public visiting the Conservation Area through the different activities that the program to ensure the satisfaction of those who visit.
- Be the exemplary instrument facilitator to surrounding communities develop ecotourism activities.
- Increase biological literacy and protection of cultural resources, by encouraging visitors learning and knowledge about these resources and encouraging respect and appreciation for nature and our culture alive.
- Create, highlight and enhance greater highlight attractions in the area for tourism operations system inside and outside the protected area of the project.
MISSION OF ECOTOURISM PROJECT ORIENTED TO NATURE
Ecotourism Program justifies its existence in the conservation area by the value it represents for the same as the ecotourism, whether national or international, usually becomes a champion of wilderness areas you have visited.
The more rewarding is the visit of tourist echo, so will the support, which may be by his electoral vote for legislators and politicians in general that can support the Conservation Area through their public opinion, or through direct payment for services rendered.
To achieve this purpose the ecotourism program, it is proposed to maintain and improve tourism capacity, through a zonification of resources by the type of interest that may arise, taking into account the ecological wealth and geological attractions, scenic, recreational and historical, since for tourist activity development in any tourist area, there must be several basic components: tourism resources, (destinations and attractions quality and diversity) services, facilities and visitors.
|
What cracks to worry about ?
Turning a blind eye to cracks in walls may mean you’re missing the warning signs for serious and ongoing structural damage caused by subsidence.
Now that you know what you’re dealing with, you need to understand whether these cracks indicate a structural problem.
Small, hairline cracks are not usually concerning, These are often the result of seasonable expansion and contraction of soils beneath a structure’s foundation.
However, if when you measured the cracks they displayed the following characteristics, it may indicate weakness in your property’s foundation:
- Large cracks that start at windows, doorways or corners of buildings.
- Cracks are wider than 5mm.
- Cracks are jagged, horizontal or vertical, zig-zagged, stepped in brickwork or follow mortar lines.
Subsidence is not without warning signs. Some of the most common include:
Internal cracked walls
Wall cracks are common in homes and are often the first sign of foundation subsidence. Inside the house, they appear like steps in the brickwork/blocks or tiles and typically follow mortar or grout lines. The mortar and masonry deteriorates over time due to the movement of the affected wall.
A concrete floor slab within a home can sink due to weak ground or subsidence. A building can sink at various localised points or can be spread across the entire footprint of the house foundation.
Doors that don’t open smoothly, have uneven gaps or rub against frames are often a first indication of foundation damage
Exterior cracked walls
Step wall cracks are common in homes and are often the first sign of foundation subsidence. The mortar and masonry deteriorate over time due to the movement of the affected wall. Wall cracks are usually of concern when one side of the wall is higher than the other or cracks are wider than about 5mm.
Sinking & uneven concrete slabs
Sinking and uneven concrete driveways or path slabs can be an indication of unstable ground due to voids beneath the surface. If there is noticeable soil building up around slab joints, the concrete slab can start to crack around the edges as weight is exerted where there is no ground support.
Usually visible in building extensions where two walls join and in modern buildings at the sides of large window and door openings. The gap is often wider at the top of the joint, exposing the lining.
Start measuring wall cracks from the convenience of your home.
If you notice wall cracks around your home that are:
Large cracks that start at windows, doorways or corners of buildings
Cracks wider than 5mm
Jagged, horizontal or vertical, zig-zagged, stepped in brickwork or follow mortar line
These characteristics may indicate weakness in your property’s foundation.
To help you discover if the cracks in walls around you home could be due to subsidence, we’ve developed this handy tool. Download our FREE crack gauge and start measuring and monitoring the wall cracks around your home now!
Benefits & Features
Mainmark’s Technologies & Solutions are:
Our technologies have fast curing times and treated areas can be used immediately or without the delays compared to traditional repair methods.
Our technologies use an inert material that is non-toxic and does not leach into the environment or affect the treated area.
Our solutions are of surgical nature compared to traditional methods.
Compared to traditional methods, our solutions are more cost-effective, with minimal disruption to the area.
What causes cracks to form in walls?
There are many different causes of subsidence and various contributing factors.
All involve some change in the ground, which, in turn, generates movement of the soil.
As well, different types of ground are more affected by different conditions.
When ground has been affected, building subsidence is common. Foundations or footings are no longer fully supported, sinking due to weak ground.
Moisture levels in the soil affect reactive clays as they expand and contract.
Oversaturated clays lose their strength resulting in footing subsidence. In loosely packed soils, such as sand and silt, the fine particales in the soil can wash away causing the footing to settle.
Neighbouring trees and shrubs absorb water using their roots causing movement in the soil as it soaks up moisture in the ground.
Poor foundation design or inadequate compaction of soil during construction results in movement of the structure as it settles.
Burst or cracked water pipes including blocked sewage and rain gutters can oversaturate clay soils or wash fine particles from sand and silt soils and cause footings to subside.
Extreme or Seasonal Weather
Natural disasters such as flooding, drought and earthquakes affect soil moisture levels in particular clay resulting in excessive foundation movement.
Renovation or Construction
Vibration caused by nearby construction activity such as drilling or piling, or heavy road traffic causes soil particles to shift and settle, resulting in ground subsidence.
Types of cracks
Often found on masonry walls, they appear like steps in the brickwork / blocks and typically follow mortar lines. The mortar and masonry deteriorates due to the movement of the affected wall.
Found running horizontally between bricks and in some instances, they transition to become a step crack. Internally they typically appear as gaps between skirting board and floor or between the cornice and ceiling.
Articulation Joint Crack
Usually visible in building extensions where two walls join and in modern buildings at the sides of large window and door openings. The gap is often wide at the top of the joint, exposing the lining.
Window & Door Gaps
When footings subside, gaps can open at door and windows.
Get a quote
Arrange a site assessment in 3 simple steps:
Submit your enquiry using our online form. Include a brief message about the type of foundation issues you are experiencing.
Our friendly customer service team will be in touch to schedule a site assessment that suits you.
One of the Mainmark experts will visit your home or property, assess the damage, and ascertain the likely cause. They will establish the approach needed, creating a plan specific to the needs of your building and provide you with a detailed quote.
© 2023 The Mainmark group of companies. ‘Mainmark®’, ‘Terefil®’, ‘Terefirm®’ and ‘Teretek®’ are trademarks of the Mainmark group of companies.
Mainmark Ground Engineering Pty Ltd
ABN: 51 606 182 503
|
What is it used for?
- Eye infections
How does it work?
Polytrim eye ointment contains two active ingredients, trimethoprim and polymixin B sulphate.
Trimethoprim is an antibiotic that works in a similar way to a group of antibiotics called the sulphonamides. It works inside the bacterial cell, where it stops the production of a chemical called folic acid. Folic acid is necessary for the production of genetic material (DNA). Without the production of DNA the bacterium is not able to reproduce, and the spread of the infection is stopped.
Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that destroy bacteria by interfering with part of the bacterial cell wall known as the cytoplasmic membrane. The cytoplasmic membrane is the site of most of the bacterial cell's biochemical activity. By interfering with this function polymyxins prevent the bacteria from surviving.
These antibiotics are used together to treat bacterial infections of the eye. The combination is available as eyedrops and eye ointment.
- Avoid prolonged use.
Not to be used in
- Allergy to any of the active ingredients
This medicine should not be used if you are allergic to one or any of its ingredients. Please inform your doctor or pharmacist if you have previously experienced such an allergy.
If you feel you have experienced an allergic reaction, stop using this medicine and inform your doctor or pharmacist immediately.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Certain medicines should not be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding. However, other medicines may be safely used in pregnancy or breastfeeding providing the benefits to the mother outweigh the risks to the unborn baby. Always inform your doctor if you are pregnant or planning a pregnancy, before using any medicine.
- There is no information about the safety of this medicine during pregnancy, but it has been widely used for many years without apparent ill consequence.
- There are no known harmful effects when this medicine is used by breastfeeding mothers.
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
- Allergy to active ingredients (hypersensitivity)
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer.
For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.
How can this medicine affect other medicines?
No significant interactions known
|
- What is the relationship, if any, between an ethic of care and servant leadership?
- Does servant leadership always relate to character and lead to teaching/instilling virtue?
- Can servant leadership be connected to networks/relationality? Is this the "in" to an ethic of care?
- Servant leadership relies on love as a guiding metaphor. What is the relationship of love to care?
- How does servant leadership interpret love? How does this connect to Ancient Greek conceptions of agapao, latreia, phileo, and eros (each very different conceptions of love)?
- If virtues and definitions of love are the bedrock for servant leadership, what did servant leadership look like prior to Christianity? It's difficult to find definitions for the four terms listed in question 5 that aren't touched by Christianity.
Things to read
- Burke, Kenneth. A grammar of motives. Univ of California Press, 1969.
- Burke, Kenneth. A rhetoric of motives. Vol. 111. Univ of California Press, 1969.
- Corder, Jim W. "Argument as emergence, rhetoric as love." Rhetoric Review 4.1 (1985): 16-32.
- Davis, D. Diane. "" Addicted to Love"; Or, Toward an Inessential Solidarity." JAC (1999): 633-656.
- Greenleaf, Robert K., and Larry C. Spears. Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press, 2002.
Connections and Extensions
- Dubinsky connects service learning back to virtue: what does he draw from to define virtue?
- Servant leadership frames the ideas as an ethical question. What about other fames, such as service design?
- In bringing different fields together, how does the exigency for addressing servant leadership change?
- What gets lost in moving from more metaphysical questions to questions of design and production? What's gained? Moves away from religious notions of virtue, but doesn't attack them.
- Moving this line of thinking into academe: what's lost and gained by introducing servant leadership and service design? Who will likely object? Why?
- Considering servant leadership in community organizations like the Austin Animal Center: how do volunteer infrastructures reflect/complicate servant leadership? I'm thinking here of how prestige systems and gift economies fit in.
|
|This article or section is an item stub. You can help expand it by editing it.|
- Deadly Gladiator's Wildhide
- 2350 Armor
- Meta Socket
Red Socket x3
Yellow Socket x2
Blue Socket x2
- Deadly Gladiator's Wildhide (5 pieces)
- (2) Set: +50 Resilience Rating.
(4) Set: Your Wrath casts have a chance to reduce the cast time on your next Starfire by 1.5 sec.
- Combined stats. Numbers in [brackets] indicate socket bonuses
|
algebra
posted by .
can you check if im right?
-36/9 = -4
-52/ -4 = 13
(-5) x (-20) = 100
-63/-9 = 7
(-15) x (2) = -30
22 /-2 = -11
(13) x (-6) = -78
-100/-5 = 50
(-60) x (-3) = 180
-240 / 30 = -8
(43) x (-8) = -344
-169/ -13 = 13
• algebra -
You may want to review the answer given to -100/-5 =
Similar Questions
1. math help, correction
Anna has 12 bills in her wallet, some \$5 and some \$10. The total value of the bills is \$100. HOw many of each bill odes Anna have?
2. Algebra
If y varies directly with x, and y = 110 when x = 100, find the constant of variation k. If y = kx, then 110 = k*100. Solve for k. Check my thinking. Wouldn't I divide 110 by 100=1.1?
Find the unknown value in the percent proportion. 5/ = 4/100 My asnwear please check am I right?
4. algebra
I need to check & see if I understand this. 100,000 base 100 is 100 with an exponent of 5, right?
Find the length of the 3rd side of each right triangle. 1. 8^2+15^2=c^2 Answer: c=17 2. 5^2+b^2=13^2 Answer: b=12 3. 9^2+13^2=c^2 Answer: c~15.81 Simplify. Assume that all variables are nonnegative. { this means square root 4. {12 …
6. Pre-Algebra
Can I have someone check this please? I wouldn't want to do the whole page, then find out I had done them all wrong. :( [Percents of Change] A \$100 digital watch is now \$72 Decrease, 72/100 = negative percent. 100/72.00 = .72 .72 -
42 is 200 percent of what number? So I put 42 over 100 is equal to 200 over x?
8. Algebra check+help?
What percent of 225 is 99? So then I wrote out 225 Over X and then I wrote = To 99/100?
9. a l g e b r a = Mrs Sue
can you check if im right? -36/9 = -4 -52/ -4 = 13 (-5) x (-20) = 100 -63/-9 = 7 (-15) x (2) = -30 22 /-2 = -11 (13) x (-6) = -78 -100/-5 = 50 (-60) x (-3) = 180 -240 / 30 = -8 (43) x (-8) = -344 -169/ -13 = 13
10. algebra (check my work)
60% of what number is 24? a/w = p/100 24/w = 60/100 24 * 100 = 60* w 2400 / 60 = 60w / 60 w = 40 am i correct?
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|
The Shoe That Grows With The Growth Of Your Child’s Feet
Economic conditions of any country determine living standards and living styles of its people. There are people who can afford to splurge: think about the West where people spend huge amounts on clothes and food. And there are people who live hand to mouth in extreme poverty: think about Somalia or Kenya where it is beyond the bounds of possibility to meet the basic necessities of life.
Poverty however doesn’t stop natural growth of children. As they grow up, they need clothes and shoes accordingly. Poor parents around the world find it very hard to provide their children with clothes and shoes each year.
As far as the problem of new shoes are concerned, Because International has found a solution for children of poor parents with the invention of The Shoe That Grows. These shoes are magical: they can expand their size to five times of the initial and can remain usable for five years. Meaning, as the children grow, shoes grow with them as well.
The components of the shoe are not very complicated. That is, simple but fine quality leather, compressed rubber and snaps have been used in these shoes. Children won’t have to learn any techniques to use these clever shoes because of the simplicity of the used material. The nonprofit explains it on its website saying that shoes have “no mechanical parts of gears to break.”
The Shoe That Grows comes in two sizes: small and large. The small size of the clever shoes can be worn by children of 4th grade and less. While the large size is adjustable for 5th grade to 9th grade students.
Founder of the Because International Kenton Lee says:
“We believe in creating innovative products that can help people living in extreme poverty around the world, helping them in really simple, practical ways.”
Abubaker Zahoor writes on diverse topics with special interest in innovations, tech-ethics, and inter-and intra- organizational business relationships.
|
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