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500 | the nearest and most similar planet to Earth , has 100 times denser atmosphere , with little or no geo-magnetic field . Space probes discovered a comet-like tail that extends to Earth 's orbit .Earth itself is largely protected from the solar wind by its magnetic field, which deflects most of the charged particles; how... | [0.05226847156882286, 0.025557128712534904, 0.0678345113992691, 0.03407858684659004, 0.09350594878196716, -0.022238895297050476, 0.04883534461259842, -0.04908212646842003, 0.06964085251092911, 0.020217835903167725, -0.04230908304452896, -0.001857976894825697, 0.056063588708639145, -0.09315795451402664, 0.08604018390178... | Solar wind | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol... |
501 | as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity . This electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms , called ions , in Mars 's upper atmosphere and shoots them into space .The MAVEN mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping at about 100 grams (≈1/4 lb) per second. Moons and planetary sur... | [0.007625814061611891, 0.07615706324577332, 0.03462665155529976, 0.039474863559007645, 0.10327211022377014, -0.10469178110361099, 0.056061893701553345, -0.03702089563012123, 0.004195560235530138, -0.012524785473942757, 0.04278969392180443, -0.05161837860941887, 0.037991639226675034, -0.047224145382642746, 0.04251920059... | Solar wind | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol... |
502 | 2021 , during its eighth flyby of the Sun , NASA 's Parker Solar Probe encountered the specific magnetic and particle conditions at 18.8 solar radii that indicated that it penetrated the Alfvén surface .Outer limits
The solar wind "blows a bubble" in the interstellar medium (the rarefied hydrogen and helium gas that pe... | [-0.03587969020009041, -0.006201041862368584, -0.006334173027426004, 0.05448412895202637, 0.029464738443493843, -0.06519521027803421, -0.00891032349318266, 0.03630390018224716, -0.040714945644140244, -0.0665583461523056, -0.005528750829398632, -0.03687673434615135, -0.0289599746465683, -0.05351943150162697, 0.040201704... | Solar wind | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol... |
503 | References Further reading '' NASA study using cluster reveals new insights into solar wind '' . EurekAlert ! . 24 October 2012 . Cuperman , S. ; Metzler , N. ( June 1973 ) ."On the role of fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field on heat conduction in the solar wind". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (16):... | [-0.05440064147114754, -0.021820468828082085, 0.07196701318025589, 0.11069420725107193, 0.06569073349237442, 0.008806505240499973, 0.04842640087008476, -0.022761359810829163, 0.03516452759504318, 0.00275922822766006, -0.023070285096764565, -0.04180333763360977, 0.047061946243047714, -0.06301302462816238, 0.060981649905... | Solar wind | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol... |
504 | ( June 1978 ) . `` A self-consistent solution of the three-fluid model for the solar wind '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 222 : 689–695 . Bibcode:1978ApJ ... 222 .. 689M . doi:10.1086/156187 .ISSN 0004-637X. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N. (May 1979). "Comments on 'Acceleration of solar wind He++, 3. Effects of resonant and... | [-0.07810717076063156, -0.006481270771473646, 0.06762835383415222, 0.04154757410287857, -0.007363844662904739, -0.021397221833467484, -0.041073381900787354, 0.008213520981371403, 0.04651770368218422, -0.0465116947889328, 0.025541948154568672, -0.03942982107400894, 0.030312037095427513, -0.021698184311389923, 0.10026095... | Solar wind | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol... |
505 | Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation have been a main driver of climate change over the millions to billions of years of the geologic time scale. Evidence that this is the case comes from analysis on many timescales and from many sources, including: direct observations; composites from baskets of different... | [-0.03067759983241558, 0.04183501750230789, 0.09037330746650696, 0.057775113731622696, 0.07845165580511093, -0.02846347540616989, -0.051216110587120056, 0.03392380475997925, 0.03075452148914337, 0.014623794704675674, -0.012108676135540009, -0.10690324753522873, 0.019687771797180176, 0.04524453356862068, 0.0544499978423... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
506 | billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70 % of its current power . Under the present atmospheric composition , this past solar luminosity would have been insufficient to prevent water from uniformly freezing .There is nonetheless evidence that liquid water was already present in the Hadean and Archean eons, leading to ... | [-0.032176531851291656, 0.10906945168972015, 0.09845340996980667, 0.1286163181066513, 0.13321025669574738, -0.065880686044693, 0.0034488399978727102, 0.04858419671654701, 0.01728879287838936, 0.0004338169237598777, -0.017199605703353882, -0.02744416706264019, 0.021934857591986656, 0.006695758085697889, 0.04302221909165... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
507 | , 165 , 159 , 121 and 82 , respectively . In the three decades following 1978 , the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence .A 2010 study found that the composition of solar radiation might have changed slightly, with in an increase of ultraviolet radiation and a d... | [-0.03461891785264015, 0.10750363767147064, 0.08226978033781052, 0.08302401751279831, 0.05560692772269249, -0.0023335330188274384, -0.06684444099664688, 0.027216419577598572, -0.043731629848480225, 0.015669358894228935, 0.0020231737289577723, -0.054597362875938416, -0.0023527343291789293, 0.054222021251916885, 0.073373... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
508 | suggested that a new 90-year period of low solar activity would reduce global average temperatures by about 0.3 °C , which would be far from enough to offset the increased forcing from greenhouse gases .Fossil fuel era
The link between recent solar activity and climate has been quantified and is not a major driver of t... | [-0.03168289363384247, 0.05595088005065918, 0.15420328080654144, 0.05166884511709213, 0.08350856602191925, 0.04680121690034866, -0.04935014620423317, 0.00010592540638754144, 0.00029768369859084487, 0.05256488919258118, 0.013002689927816391, -0.06087132543325424, 0.06143797188997269, 0.013850395567715168, 0.145728319883... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
509 | . Models and observations show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the troposphere , but cooling of the stratosphere . Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants stimulated a stratospheric cooling effect .If the Sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and war... | [-0.02204171009361744, 0.06804001331329346, 0.01529143936932087, 0.08281121402978897, 0.10492538660764694, -0.021856585517525673, 0.014740907587110996, 0.03770512342453003, 0.03351983428001404, 0.011265433393418789, -0.03574327751994133, -0.036268651485443115, 0.06662721931934357, -0.009497460909187794, 0.0573789998888... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
510 | forcing by TSI changes and indirect effects of ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation on the stratosphere . Least certain are indirect effects induced by galactic cosmic rays . In 2002 , Lean et al .stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including t... | [-0.02142360620200634, 0.035794928669929504, 0.13772429525852203, 0.05265181139111519, 0.05277778208255768, 0.03957301378250122, -0.07904083281755447, -0.017329169437289238, 0.003717828309163451, 0.01876339130103588, -0.004721194040030241, -0.011640211567282677, 0.06584125757217407, -0.03355474770069122, 0.117559880018... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
511 | opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures . '' In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction , Love et al .found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between glo... | [-0.057889409363269806, 0.07910054922103882, 0.1271418333053589, 0.08013249933719635, 0.06845154613256454, 0.021829698234796524, -0.01972828432917595, 0.03705674782395363, -0.023183070123195648, 0.0379616916179657, -0.049184445291757584, -0.017674589529633522, 0.11367480456829071, 0.018335437402129173, 0.06290454417467... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
512 | fell , have continued and become even more pronounced since then . In 2007 the difference in the trends was apparent after about 1987 and that difference has grown and accelerated in subsequent years .The updated figure (right) shows the variations and contrasts solar cycles 14 and 24, a century apart, that are quite s... | [-0.023055169731378555, -0.019155725836753845, 0.11237432062625885, 0.06739035993814468, 0.08340704441070557, -0.034818924963474274, 0.008130562491714954, 0.07919324189424515, 0.043175484985113144, 0.025259288027882576, 0.02802877686917782, -0.048630211502313614, 0.08115600049495697, 0.026316553354263306, 0.09433358907... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
513 | , however , the expected pattern if greenhouse gases were preventing radiative escape , which is more prevalent at night . Hemisphere and latitude The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere .This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral... | [0.019272854551672935, 0.04851405322551727, 0.11437144130468369, 0.038689129054546356, 0.11301034688949585, -0.020728934556245804, -0.044896312057971954, 0.003516585100442171, 0.03598868101835251, 0.054786283522844315, -0.07997474819421768, -0.0057540759444236755, 0.04626818001270294, 0.027516303583979607, 0.1889111250... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
514 | that solar forcing of climate through direct radiative forcing makes an insignificant contribution . In 2000 , Stott and others reported on the most comprehensive model simulations of 20th century climate to that date .Their study looked at both "natural forcing agents" (solar variations and volcanic emissions) as well... | [-0.049801815301179886, 0.06762055307626724, 0.07970776408910751, 0.07363186776638031, 0.10850512236356735, -0.011902677826583385, -0.11702161282300949, 0.018872549757361412, -0.016566256061196327, 0.04922516644001007, 0.032800767570734024, -0.017045779153704643, 0.03734559565782547, -0.009768706746399403, 0.0884134769... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
515 | the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes . They initially used sunspot and temperature measurements from 1861 to 1989 and later extended the period using four centuries of climate records .Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature c... | [-0.09464512765407562, 0.060521043837070465, 0.10101858526468277, 0.06637979298830032, 0.042743295431137085, -0.0756852775812149, -0.07593975216150284, 0.0013778196880593896, 0.011502932757139206, 0.02538449317216873, -0.0038152835331857204, 0.00865934044122696, 0.03525067865848541, 0.005740594584494829, 0.070825316011... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
516 | restricting the analysis over a specific time period , along with other arbitrarities in their methodology . Weather Solar activity may also impact regional climates , such as for the rivers Paraná and Po .Measurements from NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment show that solar UV output is more variable than to... | [0.0030714364256709814, 0.005575304850935936, 0.1320619136095047, 0.06330955028533936, 0.06261283159255981, -0.03718673065304756, 0.008032767102122307, -0.022593146190047264, 0.03351791203022003, 0.019585976377129555, 0.005276707001030445, -0.04960814118385315, 0.020345287397503853, 0.01876261457800865, 0.0596553795039... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
517 | top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar ( sunspot ) cycles , with increased GCR levels during `` antiparallel '' cycles . Global average cloud cover change was measured at 1.5–2 % .Several GCR and cloud cover studies found positive correlation at latitudes greater than 50° and negative correlation at lo... | [-0.0602632537484169, 0.019037893041968346, 0.1278846561908722, 0.0852237120270729, 0.06978660821914673, -0.026612142100930214, -0.013851107098162174, -0.004196322988718748, 0.039755914360284805, 0.017701106145977974, -0.012255564332008362, -0.010006308555603027, 0.05808987841010094, 0.015530823729932308, 0.03376052528... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
518 | most respected superiors . '' Even in the 1960s he said , `` For a young [ climate ] researcher to entertain any statement of sun-weather relationships was to brand oneself a crank . ''See also
Radiative forcing
Solar phenomena
Solar cycle
Solar observation
Space climate
Space weather
References
General references
Kar... | [-0.07436536997556686, 0.0795685276389122, 0.11969409883022308, 0.08988562971353531, 0.04250531643629074, -0.008635148406028748, -0.021388929337263107, 0.004375035408884287, 0.007182905450463295, 0.04312973469495773, -0.024412047117948532, -0.00963988620787859, 0.05124402046203613, 0.026470370590686798, 0.0658615827560... | Solar activity and climate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar... |
519 | The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth. To date, no conclusive evidence of past or present life has been found on Mars. Cumulative evidence suggests that during the ancient Noachian time period, the surface environment of Mars ha... | [-0.04859770089387894, -0.0035863593220710754, -0.0313604474067688, 0.0032758237794041634, 0.122937873005867, -0.001440623658709228, -0.025721261277794838, 0.01859552226960659, -0.019025588408112526, 0.0851278230547905, 0.03389064967632294, -0.06210440769791603, -0.007775288075208664, 0.08714801073074341, -0.0397426486... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
520 | on Mars is now a primary objective for space agencies . The discovery of organic compounds inside sedimentary rocks and of boron on Mars are of interest as they are precursors for prebiotic chemistry .Such findings, along with previous discoveries that liquid water was clearly present on ancient Mars, further supports ... | [-0.04712061211466789, -0.013911363668739796, -0.024347897619009018, 0.008824830874800682, 0.1724582314491272, -0.08092045783996582, -0.019229253754019737, 0.06821286678314209, 0.0055030579678714275, 0.04840259253978729, -0.0223098024725914, -0.037594955414533615, -0.012658452615141869, 0.07548170536756516, -0.03436916... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
521 | 's polar ice caps were discovered in the mid-17th century . In the late 18th century , William Herschel proved they grow and shrink alternately , in the summer and winter of each hemisphere .By the mid-19th century, astronomers knew that Mars had certain other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day... | [-0.006130511406809092, 0.007044276688247919, 0.015272704884409904, 0.03963198885321617, 0.06430038064718246, -0.11608559638261795, -0.0002338186459382996, 0.02840929850935936, -0.05211793631315231, 0.08758179843425751, 0.056560222059488297, 0.03257995843887329, 0.0010815120767802, 0.036980804055929184, -0.061737626791... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
522 | intelligent beings such as Mr. Lowell postulates , but is absolutely uninhabitable . '' Historian Charles H. Smith refers to Wallace 's book as one of the first works in the field of astrobiology .Spectroscopic analysis of Mars's atmosphere began in earnest in 1894, when U.S. astronomer William Wallace Campbell showed ... | [-0.0012197170872241259, -0.000824623042717576, 0.00645729573443532, 0.03504212200641632, 0.0946880578994751, -0.09349831938743591, 0.012927600182592869, 0.02605745568871498, -0.06946902722120285, 0.12545733153820038, -0.016882820054888725, -0.038882337510585785, 0.009745342656970024, 0.04972958564758301, -0.0563260428... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
523 | published yet that include all of the biocidal factors combined . Furthermore , the possibility of Martian life having a far different biochemistry and habitability requirements than the terrestrial biosphere is an open question .A common hypothesis is methanogenic Martian life, and while such organisms exist on Earth ... | [-0.024657029658555984, -0.01242578774690628, 0.061852771788835526, 0.05118360370397568, 0.10871358960866928, -0.07139675319194794, -0.04109221324324608, 0.005613165441900492, -0.02434191107749939, 0.10092242807149887, -0.02361392043530941, -0.07622966915369034, 0.010927691124379635, 0.015108476392924786, 0.02389277517... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
524 | wind , which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere , necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars . The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures .Part of the liquid water inventory sublimed and was transported to the poles, while the rest became
trapped in permafrost,... | [-0.04457668215036392, -0.008218099363148212, 0.07623734325170517, 0.01650433987379074, 0.13574329018592834, -0.045207150280475616, -0.0044502331875264645, 0.04532391577959061, 0.0039073447696864605, 0.051838137209415436, -0.020954495295882225, -0.04572223871946335, 0.05676725134253502, -0.023270556703209877, 0.0047693... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
525 | itself evidence that Martian life has ever actually existed . If it did , it was probably microbial , existing communally in fluids or on sediments , either free-living or as biofilms , respectively .The exploration of terrestrial analogues provide clues as to how and where best look for signs of life on Mars. Impactit... | [-0.07064419984817505, -0.022753026336431503, 0.0553964227437973, 0.03747766464948654, 0.16984111070632935, -0.03676493838429451, -0.00494378013536334, 0.0027514752000570297, 0.0034200106747448444, 0.07576058059930801, 0.02893715724349022, -0.05929093062877655, -0.04705849662423134, 0.0665934681892395, 0.00101550028193... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
526 | below the surface . The permafrost layer on Mars is only a couple of centimeters below the surface , and salty brines can be liquid a few centimeters below that but not far down .Water is close to its boiling point even at the deepest points in the Hellas basin, and so cannot remain liquid for long on the surface of Ma... | [0.001775806536898017, 0.046922944486141205, 0.024758756160736084, -0.0155494948849082, 0.10911980271339417, -0.038822922855615616, -0.036320317536592484, 0.0011202212190255523, -0.02366558276116848, 0.0328848659992218, 0.014798013493418694, -0.076836958527565, 0.08729001879692078, 0.03833920136094093, -0.0113819334656... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
527 | year . This level of ionizing radiation is sterilizing for dormant life on the surface of Mars . It varies considerably in habitability depending on its orbital eccentricity and the tilt of its axis .If the surface life has been reanimated as recently as 450,000 years ago, then rovers on Mars could find dormant but sti... | [-0.021761169657111168, -0.012321289628744125, -0.041674308478832245, 0.008724885061383247, 0.06756813824176788, -0.07449591159820557, -0.012419897131621838, 0.07065130025148392, -0.03626316413283348, 0.06411866098642349, 0.0882129892706871, -0.010172300040721893, 0.0766606330871582, 0.05011006444692612, 0.009498814120... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
528 | Regardless of the source of Martian organic compounds ( meteoric , geological , or biological ) , its carbon bonds are susceptible to breaking and reconfiguring with surrounding elements by ionizing charged particle radiation .These improved subsurface radiation estimates give insight into the potential for the preserv... | [-0.006716699805110693, 0.040983375161886215, 0.0573967844247818, 0.06094924360513687, 0.15547344088554382, -0.09577576816082001, 0.03209532052278519, 0.03225698694586754, -0.01003310177475214, 0.11772149801254272, 0.05520001798868179, -0.05856354534626007, 0.04951222985982895, 0.07909730821847916, 0.03297583386301994,... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
529 | of the soil . A recent study found that photosynthesis could occur within dusty ice exposed in the Martian mid-latitudes because the overlying dusty ice blocks the harmful ultraviolet radiation at Mars 's surface .Perchlorates
The Martian regolith is known to contain a maximum of 0.5% (w/v) perchlorate (ClO4−) that is ... | [-0.010796934366226196, -0.005221688188612461, -0.03213512524962425, 0.017539866268634796, 0.17558199167251587, -0.06353739649057388, 0.05100846290588379, 0.026378564536571503, 0.019757825881242752, 0.057036954909563065, -0.010504908859729767, -0.0175428856164217, 0.074770987033844, 0.07792115956544876, -0.023474894464... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
530 | Kennda Lynch discovered the first-known instance of a habitat containing perchlorates and perchlorates-reducing bacteria in an analog environment : a paleolake in Pilot Valley , Great Salt Lake Desert , Utah , United States .She has been studying the biosignatures of these microbes, and is hoping that the Mars Persever... | [-0.10126892477273941, -0.011979691684246063, 0.032054729759693146, -0.017641041427850723, 0.04440421983599663, -0.048760443925857544, -0.03139179199934006, 0.011029358953237534, 0.02624257281422615, 0.03767498955130577, -0.0035115964710712433, -0.13353286683559418, 0.024693114683032036, 0.03851180151104927, -0.0190815... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
531 | arguably the most important element needed for life . Thus , measurements of nitrate over the range of 0.1 % to 5 % are required to address the question of its occurrence and distribution .There is nitrogen (as N2) in the atmosphere at low levels, but this is not adequate to support nitrogen fixation for biological inc... | [-0.0649566724896431, -0.027840817347168922, 0.008802193216979504, 0.0055246357806026936, 0.12125539034605026, -0.05351058393716812, 0.0705496147274971, -0.05292379856109619, 0.007807835005223751, 0.05412270128726959, -0.01535771880298853, -0.035897932946681976, -0.053437694907188416, 0.043263889849185944, -0.096603117... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
532 | pressure Further complicating estimates of the habitability of the Martian surface is the fact that very little is known about the growth of microorganisms at pressures close to those on the surface of Mars .Some teams determined that some bacteria may be capable of cellular replication down to 25 mbar, but that is sti... | [-0.08908067643642426, -0.0632886216044426, -0.04160952568054199, 0.007353044580668211, 0.14120544493198395, -0.01007730234414339, 0.0077281733974814415, 0.02761971950531006, 0.007316844537854195, 0.028614476323127747, 0.01049203984439373, -0.07438047975301743, 0.026310503482818604, 0.06970077008008957, -0.080102011561... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
533 | as water ice , located in the Martian polar ice caps and under the shallow Martian surface even at more temperate latitudes . A small amount of water vapor is present in the atmosphere .There are no bodies of liquid water on the Martian surface because the water vapor pressure is less than 1 Pa, the atmospheric pressur... | [-0.028340913355350494, 0.04336763173341751, 0.027343174442648888, -0.02631288766860962, 0.0919547900557518, -0.08178246021270752, -0.01623174548149109, 0.03956574574112892, -0.006954019423574209, 0.08323520421981812, -0.049065038561820984, -0.07386785745620728, 0.04412258416414261, 0.021770328283309937, 0.054960671812... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
534 | discovered in the form of flood-like gullies . Additional similar images were published in 2006 , taken by the Mars Global Surveyor , that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars .The images showed changes in steep crater walls and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that wate... | [-0.04950835183262825, -0.014963671565055847, 0.05833687260746956, -0.024164164438843727, 0.046181388199329376, -0.0925004780292511, 0.012046457268297672, 0.05610956624150276, 0.019216224551200867, 0.06396690011024475, -0.05226984992623329, -0.01596267893910408, 0.0252494215965271, 0.013133887201547623, -0.071204476058... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
535 | ground with its inoperative wheel , uncovering an area 90 % rich in silica . The feature is reminiscent of the effect of hot spring water or steam coming into contact with volcanic rocks .Scientists consider this as evidence of a past environment that may have been favorable for microbial life and theorize that one pos... | [0.0197188388556242, -0.02621052972972393, -0.011235601268708706, -0.0011792965233325958, 0.1618102490901947, -0.022271521389484406, -0.01955912634730339, 0.01159252505749464, 0.0338023416697979, 0.06012507900595665, 0.0008053509518504143, -0.09168227016925812, -0.01734282821416855, 0.0490732379257679, 0.01110403519123... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
536 | and 2006 , which suggested that the methane was locally concentrated and probably seasonal . On June 7 , 2018 , NASA announced it has detected a seasonal variation of methane levels on Mars .The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), launched in March 2016, began on April 21, 2018, to map the concentration and sources of met... | [0.0030404464341700077, -0.02024512179195881, -0.03955193608999252, 0.001943430514074862, 0.15913185477256775, -0.057748544961214066, -0.012075694277882576, 0.0478983111679554, 0.015673603862524033, 0.08454946428537369, -0.021242240443825722, -0.0695127621293068, -0.06395765393972397, 0.03397638723254204, 0.02169659361... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
537 | in subsurface environments on Mars . If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane , it probably resides far below the surface , where it is still warm enough for liquid water to exist .Since the 2003 discovery of methane in the atmosphere, some scientists have been designing models and in vitro experiments test... | [-0.035244300961494446, -0.04444628581404686, -0.0672280564904213, 0.016704970970749855, 0.09481069445610046, -0.06560473144054413, -0.08078618347644806, 0.03883858397603035, 0.013891490176320076, 0.04887831211090088, -0.049413032829761505, -0.15870581567287445, 0.00823213066905737, 0.03936078026890755, -0.040392708033... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
538 | . Even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the seasonal source of the methane , the life forms probably reside far below the surface , outside of the rover 's reach .Formaldehyde
In February 2005, it was announced that the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) on the European Space Agency's Mars... | [-0.04883487522602081, -0.014382315799593925, -0.0451480969786644, 0.017204059287905693, 0.2241150587797165, -0.07416921108961105, -0.04359447956085205, 0.04494576156139374, 0.03922903165221214, 0.0795358419418335, 0.042368508875370026, -0.04441281408071518, -0.021978694945573807, 0.06928148865699768, -0.02559573203325... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
539 | Bianciardi and Patricia Ann Straat . Assessments published in December 2010 by Rafael Navarro-Gonzáles indicate that organic compounds `` could have been present '' in the soil analyzed by both Viking 1 and 2 .The study determined that perchlorate—discovered in 2008 by Phoenix lander—can destroy organic compounds when ... | [-0.03638418763875961, 0.026114169508218765, 0.032801687717437744, -0.03158379718661308, 0.155784472823143, -0.06228706240653992, 0.019123734906315804, 0.01278902031481266, 0.04669642075896263, 0.036401573568582535, -0.02722327597439289, -0.07582339644432068, 0.016181666404008865, 0.006365491077303886, -0.0428750216960... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
540 | acceptance of past life in a geologic sample , essentially most or all of these criteria must be met . All seven criteria have not yet been met for any of the Martian samples .ALH84001
In 1996, the Martian meteorite ALH84001, a specimen that is much older than the majority of Martian meteorites that have been recovered... | [-0.09620045870542526, 0.06994233280420303, 0.0461495965719223, 0.06684809178113937, 0.08763331919908524, -0.07299812138080597, -0.024241290986537933, 0.02991456910967827, -0.008982634171843529, 0.08352692425251007, 0.017027923837304115, -0.10299002379179001, -0.013551217503845692, 0.06359273940324783, -0.0035173743963... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
541 | meteorite , so in 2006 , NASA managed to obtain an additional and larger sample from the London Natural History Museum . On this second sample , a large dendritic carbon content was observed .When the results and evidence were published in 2006, some independent researchers claimed that the carbon deposits are of biolo... | [0.0016723420703783631, 0.01909765601158142, 0.05797438696026802, 0.02069753035902977, 0.09064846485853195, -0.0076838210225105286, 0.019958116114139557, 0.07666707038879395, 0.010543178766965866, 0.07388864457607269, -0.019390348345041275, -0.05109984427690506, -0.05902259051799774, 0.02019532211124897, 0.012566136196... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
542 | recovery of fossilized products of life-substrate interactions ( ichnofossils ) that has revealed biological activities in the early history of life on the Earth , e.g. , Proterozoic burrows , Archean microborings and stromatolites .Two major ichnofossil-like structures have been reported from Mars, i.e. the stick-like... | [-0.020033979788422585, -0.0243088286370039, 0.019717160612344742, 0.05463002994656563, 0.10661957412958145, -0.04494599625468254, -0.015311308205127716, 0.03421177715063095, 0.019347166642546654, 0.08196257054805756, 0.03775225579738617, -0.10296976566314697, -0.04267166927456856, 0.019045285880565643, -0.009674055501... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
543 | be able to clarify the origins of these minerals , organics , and textures . If confirmed , this biosignature would mean that there was microbial life on Mars around 3.5 billion years ago .According to geologist Michael Tice:
If the Cheyava Falls results ultimately do lead to the proof of ancient life on Mars ... that... | [-0.05497801676392555, 0.002990413224324584, 0.025926273316144943, 0.030447714030742645, 0.1279633641242981, -0.033520642668008804, -0.01658848486840725, 0.051107872277498245, 0.04594610631465912, 0.10301771014928818, 0.013251061551272869, -0.06462129950523376, 0.031308677047491074, 0.04188908264040947, -0.017545348033... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
544 | microorganisms , which over-winter beneath the ice cap , and as the sunlight returns to the pole during early spring , light penetrates the ice , the microorganisms photosynthesize and heat their immediate surroundings .A pocket of liquid water, which would normally evaporate instantly in the thin Martian atmosphere, i... | [-0.08666550368070602, -0.05036923289299011, 0.017166877165436745, 0.03767157718539238, 0.14545659720897675, -0.061975739896297455, 0.01140076108276844, 0.0026372219435870647, 0.07502955943346024, 0.052836477756500244, 0.028696943074464798, -0.0968996062874794, -0.030743904411792755, 0.06028561294078827, -0.02175320871... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
545 | There is abundant evidence as to what can happen when organisms from regions on Earth that have been isolated from one another for significant periods of time are introduced into each other 's environment .Species that are constrained in one environment can thrive – often out of control – in another environment much to... | [0.010487809777259827, -0.03150326386094093, -0.033966466784477234, -0.015169000253081322, 0.10090118646621704, -0.1255195140838623, -0.0009536947472952306, 0.06909632682800293, -0.07924193888902664, 0.07474116235971451, 0.05480268597602844, -0.06380744278430939, 0.07687213271856308, 0.07825041562318802, -0.04087303206... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
546 | `` Mars simulation chambers '' , were first described and used in U.S. Air Force research in the 1950s by Hubertus Strughold , and popularized in civilian research by Joshua Lederberg and Carl Sagan .On April 26, 2012, scientists reported that an extremophile lichen survived and showed remarkable results on the adaptat... | [-0.05128102004528046, -0.03542972356081009, -0.03336068242788315, 0.010334894061088562, 0.11519218236207962, -0.07630676031112671, -0.06719806790351868, -0.017866559326648712, -0.01774393580853939, 0.07780513912439346, 0.013492058962583542, -0.09316325932741165, 0.05623006448149681, 0.07353885471820831, -0.03676105663... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
547 | called halophile or `` salt-lover '' , were tested for survival using salts commonly found on Mars and at decreasing temperatures . The species tested include Halomonas , Marinococcus , Nesterenkonia , and Virgibacillus .Laboratory simulations show that whenever multiple Martian environmental factors are combined, the ... | [0.015642520040273666, -0.08011916279792786, -0.044810984283685684, 0.011512299068272114, 0.11924708634614944, -0.034437332302331924, -0.05104018747806549, 0.050835855305194855, 0.016316916793584824, 0.05000273138284683, 0.03867035359144211, -0.08863162249326706, 0.05498524010181427, 0.10181162506341934, -0.04700737074... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
548 | successful flyby of the planet Mars , returning the first pictures of the Martian surface in 1965 . The photographs showed an arid Mars without rivers , oceans , or any signs of life .Further, it revealed that the surface (at least the parts that it photographed) was covered in craters, indicating a lack of plate tecto... | [-0.060241326689720154, 0.025678418576717377, 0.02481093443930149, -0.029437553137540817, 0.13129344582557678, -0.10024956613779068, -0.026652909815311432, -0.0028103517834097147, -0.0031567199621349573, 0.04208648204803467, 0.0026452490128576756, -0.11052258312702179, 0.03422364592552185, 0.04401005804538727, -0.07051... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
549 | water and nutrients . All scientists agree on two points from the Viking missions : that radiolabeled 14CO2 was evolved in the Labeled Release experiment , and that the GCMS detected no organic molecules .There are vastly different interpretations of what those results imply: A 2011 astrobiology textbook notes that the... | [-0.06333267688751221, 0.031622789800167084, -0.08720117807388306, 0.01056638453155756, 0.1681133210659027, -0.0357385016977787, -0.021985923871397972, 0.05634499341249466, -0.029628176242113113, 0.03918101638555527, 0.05097527429461479, 0.02243657596409321, 0.02104461006820202, 0.0024442526046186686, -0.03582637012004... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
550 | An almost general consensus discarded the Labeled Release data as evidence of life , because the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer , designed to identify natural organic matter , did not detect organic molecules .More recently, high levels of organic chemicals, particularly chlorobenzene, were detected in powder ... | [-0.04528165981173515, 0.01631973497569561, -0.058441709727048874, 0.0508853942155838, 0.17739708721637726, -0.03661280497908592, -0.02411603182554245, 0.039790425449609756, 0.010774199850857258, 0.10331200063228607, 0.02502121962606907, -0.03937876224517822, 0.046238355338573456, 0.05402509495615959, -0.07856012880802... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
551 | After the discovery of perchlorates on Mars by the Phoenix lander , practically the same team of Navarro-González published a paper arguing that the Viking GCMS results were compromised by the presence of perchlorates .A 2011 astrobiology textbook notes that "while perchlorate is too poor an oxidizer to reproduce the L... | [-0.0718999132514, -0.015025023370981216, -0.0489838570356369, 0.01602315716445446, 0.0730528011918068, -0.10218263417482376, 0.015007082372903824, 0.00473284674808383, 0.013387897983193398, 0.007674436084926128, -0.020799772813916206, 0.0018701086519286036, 0.08691424876451492, 0.07356199622154236, -0.0362480804324150... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
552 | the presence of bound water and CO2 . A recent analysis of Martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO4− , 1.4 ppm ClO3− , and 16 ppm NO3− , most likely of Martian origin .The ClO3− suggests presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines such as ClO2− or ClO, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis ... | [0.006466524209827185, 0.009546829387545586, 0.016600143164396286, 0.019939597696065903, 0.15814687311649323, -0.10935664921998978, 0.020171616226434708, -0.03887489438056946, 0.005637813359498978, 0.08055119961500168, -0.02611216902732849, -0.08929683268070221, 0.0459970161318779, 0.06590130180120468, -0.0059509892016... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
553 | level . In addition , low levels of chlorobenzene ( C6H5Cl ) , were detected in powder drilled from one of the rocks , named `` Cumberland '' , analyzed by the Curiosity rover .Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover)
The NASA Mars 2020 mission includes the Perseverance rover. Launched on July 30, 2020 it is intended to investig... | [-0.016623605042696, -0.010926720686256886, -0.01753729209303856, -0.027922701090574265, 0.047907136380672455, -0.04852558672428131, -0.03774406015872955, 0.045541469007730484, 0.03497600555419922, 0.04453146085143089, -0.012598385103046894, -0.0659545511007309, 0.024724304676055908, 0.040649738162755966, -0.0600948780... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
554 | the examination on Earth of a soil sample from Mars . However , the difficulty of providing and maintaining life support over the months of transit from Mars to Earth remains to be solved .Providing for still unknown environmental and nutritional requirements is daunting, so it was concluded that "investigating carbon-... | [-0.022481538355350494, -0.03926216810941696, -0.009535416960716248, -6.502553151221946e-05, 0.17190593481063843, -0.05330580472946167, 0.03720860555768013, 0.013897594064474106, -0.10949727147817612, 0.09138679504394531, -0.037797704339027405, -0.04125349223613739, -0.028763016685843468, 0.04307866096496582, 0.0061071... | Life on Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedi... |
555 | The Galilean moons (), or Galilean satellites, are the four largest moons of Jupiter. They are, in descending-size order, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. They are the most readily visible Solar System objects after Saturn, the dimmest of the classical planets; though their closeness to bright Jupiter makes naked-e... | [-0.0026950400788336992, -0.08803391456604004, 0.005135218612849712, -0.019489329308271408, 0.013676753267645836, -0.13421504199504852, 0.005755802150815725, 0.0777442678809166, 0.037066519260406494, 0.002072012983262539, 0.012326442636549473, -0.02283615805208683, -0.029436755925416946, -0.05903039500117302, -0.023037... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
556 | 1610 , and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610 ; they remained the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter Amalthea in 1892 .Galileo initially named his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars") or Medicean Stars, but the names that eventually prevai... | [-0.08661709725856781, -0.005571699235588312, -0.02111387997865677, 0.04804355278611183, 0.00971994549036026, -0.13951076567173004, 0.025749634951353073, 0.05403975024819374, 0.011017825454473495, -0.001957782544195652, 0.0050245425663888454, -0.03570617362856865, 0.0007796079153195024, -0.05760178342461586, -0.0691228... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
557 | allowed Galileo to observe in January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons . On 7 January 1610 , Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter 's moons .At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. It turned out to be Ganymede, Callisto, and t... | [-0.03389766812324524, -0.08294117450714111, 0.03519248589873314, 0.04729008302092552, 0.014974573627114296, -0.11093904078006744, 0.00900145061314106, -0.009031708352267742, 0.011660905554890633, -0.047754619270563126, 0.0068181888200342655, -0.024159234017133713, -0.009203068912029266, -0.03597583249211311, -0.064723... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
558 | Galileo 's discovery by around two millennia . Simon Marius claimed another observation , and he later reported observing the moons in November 1609 , with a first written record for 29 December 1609 .However, because he did not publish these findings until after Galileo, there is a degree of uncertainty around his rec... | [-0.03848481923341751, -0.02578599937260151, -0.006734269671142101, 0.028123680502176285, -0.08637084811925888, -0.1437729001045227, -0.016169164329767227, 0.02089092694222927, 0.0005152575322426856, -0.04809453338384628, 0.03361746668815613, -0.0016327106859534979, 0.007787385024130344, -0.05155404284596443, -0.080521... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
559 | and Lorenzo ) . The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ( `` Starry Messenger '' ) , published in Venice in March 1610 , less than two months after the first observations .On 12 March 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to ... | [-0.08320564031600952, -0.028663309291005135, 0.030945030972361565, 0.07918180525302887, -0.05375869199633598, -0.09305592626333237, 0.017469288781285286, -0.03866517171263695, -0.03929808735847473, -0.07452142983675003, -0.01907450333237648, -0.011687126010656357, 0.059118449687957764, -0.06524530053138733, -0.0780890... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
560 | ) ; Circulatores Jovis , or Jovis Comites – by Johannes Hevelius ; Gardes , or Satellites ( from the Latin satelles , satellitis , meaning `` escorts '' ) – by Jacques Ozanam .The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who had discovered the moons independently at about the same time as Galileo. A... | [-0.03671572357416153, 0.0013438091846182942, 0.014110780321061611, 0.046880122274160385, 0.016412388533353806, -0.12847520411014557, 0.03329260274767876, 0.02827327512204647, 0.04846574366092682, -0.029943780973553658, -0.04821844398975372, -0.0712643638253212, 0.003205482615157962, -0.10264572501182556, -0.0461195446... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
561 | Jupiter outward , thus I , II , III and IV for Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto respectively . Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it .The numbered names (Jupiter x) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius's names became widely used... | [-0.020827531814575195, 0.008235452696681023, -0.008350702002644539, -0.026832299306988716, 0.017341306433081627, -0.11233183741569519, -0.032975804060697556, 0.03749506548047066, -0.00628839572891593, -0.03029818832874298, -0.007265973370522261, 0.007907523773610592, 0.015953263267874718, -0.0004380315949674696, -0.05... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
562 | practical and was used by Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Jean Picard to re-map France . Members Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter 's early history .Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal in... | [-0.05779982730746269, -0.06268052756786346, 0.004942083731293678, 0.031244035810232162, 0.055354565382003784, -0.15648968517780304, 0.011164804920554161, 0.08474299311637878, 0.08218160271644592, -0.022273650392889977, 0.008952443487942219, -0.030187562108039856, 0.014832728542387486, -0.06347024440765381, -0.02889310... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
563 | Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core . Although not proven , data from the Galileo orbiter indicates that Io might have its own magnetic field .Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). If a surface data or collection vessel were to l... | [-0.02069772034883499, -0.005405080039054155, 0.010432575829327106, 0.0600704587996006, 0.09699367731809616, -0.13715295493602753, 0.013932439498603344, 0.06372515857219696, 0.029288671910762787, -0.07436717301607132, -0.0637798011302948, -0.06917595863342285, 0.024933716282248497, -0.03713570162653923, -0.026070101186... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
564 | . The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly albedo features , which emphasize low topography . There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young .Some theories suggest that Jupiter's gravity is causing these markings, as one side of Europa is constantly facing... | [-0.005565194878727198, -0.0916043296456337, 0.04928208142518997, -0.0007309718057513237, 0.0728897824883461, -0.05653177201747894, 0.02032160386443138, 0.011129037477076054, 0.05589111149311066, -0.08482406288385391, -0.0923924520611763, -0.09953883290290833, -0.028418293222784996, -0.08594932407140732, -0.01401746086... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
565 | , regions with a large array of grooves and ridges . Ganymede has a high number of craters , but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them .The satellite has a thin oxygen atmosphere that includes O, O2, and possibly O3 (ozone), and some atomic hydrogen. Callisto
Callisto (Jupiter IV) is th... | [-0.010881530120968819, -0.05032974109053612, 0.04429579898715019, -0.015206602402031422, -0.04745197296142578, -0.14587080478668213, 0.022410735487937927, 0.07178967446088791, 0.05196906626224518, -0.041717708110809326, -0.047931522130966187, -0.09338238090276718, -0.09370121359825134, -0.06391909718513489, -0.0381116... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
566 | system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter 's magnetic field . Comparative structure Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter .Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock ... | [-0.06234110891819, -0.09076327830553055, 0.055749885737895966, 0.04119327291846275, 0.045612022280693054, -0.10915349423885345, -0.038068052381277084, 0.06832896173000336, 0.056690413504838943, -0.04594123363494873, -0.038467999547719955, -0.11178147047758102, -0.016277974471449852, -0.09913792461156845, 0.00248741009... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
567 | . In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed . In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space .Size
Latest flyby
Origin and evolution
Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas a... | [-0.04026186466217041, -0.05501842126250267, 0.05451750010251999, 0.05740521848201752, 0.08672996610403061, -0.10528324544429779, -0.007655162364244461, 0.044102881103754044, 0.06006191670894623, 0.013017965480685234, -0.0067827533930540085, -0.06244339421391487, 0.03208163008093834, -0.07629057765007019, 0.03126747533... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
568 | billion years , creating a 1:2:4:8 chain . Visibility All four Galilean moons are bright enough to be viewed from Earth without a telescope , if only they could appear farther away from Jupiter .(They are, however, easily distinguished with even low-powered binoculars.) They have apparent magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.6... | [0.014088591560721397, -0.1078038290143013, -0.0007490391726605594, -0.010683971457183361, 0.041337303817272186, -0.13362091779708862, -0.08050067722797394, 0.06629054248332977, 0.02836609072983265, -0.031063877046108246, -0.0060499259270727634, -0.08086695522069931, -0.021703841164708138, -0.08177079260349274, -0.0200... | Galilean moons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https... |
569 | The rings of Jupiter are a system of faint planetary rings. The Jovian rings were the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. The main ring was discovered in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and the system was more thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo o... | [-0.001171492738649249, -0.08107300847768784, -0.04494359716773033, 0.002070609014481306, 0.10705111175775528, -0.11976085603237152, 0.001528837252408266, 0.08738171309232712, 0.10392729938030243, -0.05210704728960991, -0.04719441011548042, -0.008421160280704498, -0.007826047018170357, -0.0929027795791626, 0.0097219552... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
570 | probably in the range of 1011 to 1016 kg . The age of the ring system is also not known , but it is possible that it has existed since the formation of Jupiter .A ring or ring arc appears to exist close to the moon Himalia's orbit. One explanation is that a small moon recently crashed into Himalia and the force of the ... | [-0.02098540961742401, -0.06818945705890656, -0.04869907721877098, 0.031364358961582184, 0.01260934304445982, -0.09129805117845535, -0.002195033710449934, 0.11301754415035248, 0.07890500128269196, -0.03891032189130783, -0.06264924257993698, -0.017243146896362305, 0.003413765924051404, -0.07556775957345963, -0.019019505... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
571 | is located at about 122,500 km ( 1.72 RJ ) . Thus the width of the main ring is around 6,500 km . The appearance of the main ring depends on the viewing geometry .In forward-scattered light the brightness of the main ring begins to decrease steeply at 128,600 km (just inward of the Adrastean orbit) and reaches the back... | [0.03115410916507244, -0.03858714923262596, -0.0674295574426651, -0.003630357561632991, 0.03673718869686127, -0.13822738826274872, -0.05446053296327591, 0.1036263033747673, 0.027697373181581497, -0.0684276595711708, -0.021049385890364647, -0.008626662194728851, -0.05791829153895378, -0.11056052893400192, 0.031478863209... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
572 | brightness drops sharply just outward of the Metidian orbit , forming the Metis notch . Inward of the orbit of Metis , the brightness of the ring rises much less than in forward-scattered light .So in the back-scattered geometry the main ring appears to consist of two different parts: a narrow outer part extending from... | [0.005655528511852026, -0.06765449047088623, -0.045070014894008636, -0.004684337414801121, 0.017819073051214218, -0.11793368309736252, -0.00891286414116621, 0.06940650194883347, 0.03462545573711395, 0.01831739768385887, -0.06464967131614685, 0.022487854585051537, -0.09743183106184006, -0.07838357239961624, -0.026588913... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
573 | The Galileo images also showed some patchiness in the ring on the scales 500–1000 km . In February–March 2007 New Horizons spacecraft conducted a deep search for new small moons inside the main ring .While no satellites larger than 0.5 km were found, the cameras of the spacecraft detected seven small clumps of ring par... | [0.010458031669259071, -0.13250528275966644, -0.039945393800735474, -0.02184072695672512, 0.05288500711321831, -0.10455985367298126, 0.016942068934440613, 0.05069596320390701, 0.0633709505200386, -0.019743289798498154, -0.019696339964866638, -0.002703625475987792, -0.0751943588256836, -0.08202967792749405, 0.0017137402... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
574 | explains the stronger forward-scattering of light as compared to back-scattering . However , larger bodies are required to explain the strong back-scattering and fine structure in the bright outer part of the main ring .Analysis of available phase and spectral data leads to a conclusion that the size distribution of sm... | [0.0678810104727745, 0.023707525804638863, 0.012078871950507164, 0.04482166841626167, 0.058239683508872986, -0.0947161391377449, -0.016236260533332825, 0.08311253041028976, 0.06426256895065308, 0.013826579786837101, -0.04665840417146683, -0.03790093958377838, 0.0021185430232435465, -0.05678378418087959, 0.0796904638409... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
575 | 107−109 kg . The mass of large bodies , excluding Metis and Adrastea , is 1011−1016 kg . It depends on their maximum size— the upper value corresponds to about 1 km maximum diameter .These masses can be compared with masses of Adrastea, which is about 2 × 1015 kg, Amalthea, about 2 × 1018 kg, and Earth's Moon, 7.4 × 10... | [0.007935377769172192, -0.0648099035024643, 0.015127288177609444, 0.04708566516637802, 0.06658171117305756, -0.10507794469594955, 0.0660252794623375, 0.04262089729309082, 0.00857608113437891, 0.003109676530584693, -0.019310180097818375, -0.018047237768769264, -0.05711305886507034, -0.05899202823638916, -0.0222555417567... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
576 | approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of Jupiter forming the faint ( in back-scattered light ) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring .The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near... | [-0.06208520755171776, -0.10541915893554688, 0.0014964964939281344, 0.012462222017347813, 0.040581878274679184, -0.08469178527593613, -0.11597546935081482, 0.059218380600214005, 0.015188713558018208, -0.07692854106426239, -0.013842171058058739, 0.010969763621687889, -0.0372435636818409, -0.13010273873806, 0.06688466668... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
577 | . Its outer edge coincides with the inner boundary of the main ring approximately at the radius 122500 km ( 1.72 RJ ) . From this radius the ring becomes rapidly thicker towards Jupiter .The true vertical extent of the halo is not known but the presence of its material was detected as high as 10000 km over the ring pla... | [0.0005579647840932012, 0.021360555663704872, -0.08214545994997025, 0.05655615031719208, 0.07493288815021515, -0.11743350327014923, -0.0004859433101955801, 0.0915563553571701, 0.0815407782793045, -0.05696307495236397, -0.043629977852106094, 0.015954002737998962, 0.02990558370947838, -0.04719127342104912, 0.015896936878... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
578 | ring are different from the main ring . The flux distribution in the range 0.5–2.5 μm is flatter than in the main ring ; the halo is not red and may even be blue .Origin of the halo ring
The optical properties of the halo ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it comprises only dust with particle sizes less than ... | [0.006954394746571779, -0.05187585577368736, -0.014931276440620422, 0.017912818118929863, 0.12478987127542496, -0.05389898642897606, 0.015917465090751648, 0.0691288560628891, 0.10466962307691574, -0.07825406640768051, -0.06369215250015259, -0.037229862064123154, 0.0384301133453846, -0.08301859349012375, 0.0430581346154... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
579 | gossamer ring is a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section , stretching from the orbit of Amalthea at 182000 km ( 2.54 RJ ) to about 129000 km ( 1.80 RJ ) .Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately ... | [0.040628522634506226, 0.006259703543037176, -0.06397150456905365, 0.013871844857931137, 0.04267195612192154, -0.13113431632518768, -0.007467056158930063, 0.08062795549631119, 0.08672603219747543, -0.08494935184717178, -0.018730252981185913, -0.0405043326318264, -0.019677283242344856, -0.08102269470691681, 0.0090759666... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
580 | and the direct dust measurements have allowed the determination of the particle size distribution , which appears to follow the same power law as the dust in the main ring with q=2 ± 0.5 .The optical depth of this ring is about 10−7, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the main ring, but the total mass of... | [0.013196200132369995, 0.01571507938206196, -0.04334710165858269, -0.003505989210680127, 0.06599351018667221, -0.13230469822883606, -0.008444215171039104, 0.06864820420742035, 0.09061311185359955, -0.07734766602516174, -0.023027995601296425, -0.05290155112743378, -0.016187768429517746, -0.08396363258361816, 0.058156188... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
581 | of the Thebe gossamer ring is about 3 × 10−8 , which is three times lower than the Amalthea gossamer ring , but the total mass of the dust is the same—about 107–109 kg .However the particle size distribution of the dust is somewhat shallower than in the Amalthea ring. It follows a power law with q < 2. In the Thebe ext... | [0.01165484543889761, 0.004373831674456596, -0.024722076952457428, 0.025863956660032272, 0.08103188872337341, -0.08634596318006516, 0.021689467132091522, 0.07203333079814911, 0.11473254859447479, -0.04073496162891388, -0.011997505091130733, -0.04608229547739029, -0.017194753512740135, -0.0899142324924469, 0.03236611187... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
582 | an outward extension of the Thebe gossamer ring . The same forces can explain a dip in the particle distribution and ring 's brightness , which occurs between the orbits of Amalthea and Thebe .The peak in the brightness just inside of the Amalthea's orbit and, therefore, the vertical asymmetry the Amalthea gossamer rin... | [0.013594374991953373, -0.06417834013700485, -0.0013633305206894875, 0.03499620035290718, 0.05539941042661667, -0.08629396557807922, -0.0027032364159822464, 0.04365266487002373, 0.08717071264982224, -0.04448608309030533, 0.01275072805583477, -0.043404798954725266, -0.03262041509151459, -0.144639790058136, -0.0035654834... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
583 | the Jovian rings was inferred from observations of the planetary radiation belts by Pioneer 11 spacecraft in 1975 . In 1979 the Voyager 1 spacecraft obtained a single overexposed image of the ring system .More extensive imaging was conducted by Voyager 2 in the same year, which allowed rough determination of the ring's... | [-0.029584767296910286, -0.0608828105032444, -0.05459656938910484, -0.0008189898799173534, 0.08939818292856216, -0.13674624264240265, -0.02869122289121151, 0.09466098248958588, 0.05227939411997795, -0.0581977404654026, -0.04886308312416077, 0.005268897861242294, 0.01529059186577797, -0.0694199949502945, -0.021196871995... | Rings of Jupiter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of... |
584 | Saturn has the most extensive and complex ring system of any planet in the Solar System. The rings consist of particles in orbit around the planet and are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. Particles range from micrometers to meters in size. There is no consensus as to what me... | [-0.010043964721262455, -0.08933136612176895, -0.03853815793991089, 0.015681302174925804, 0.04621617868542671, -0.08102738112211227, 0.05675056204199791, 0.1067257896065712, 0.10684109479188919, -0.01540557760745287, -0.05945830047130585, 0.020404979586601257, 0.006167580373585224, -0.06446120887994766, -0.053847249597... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
585 | of Saturn . Other gaps remain unexplained . Stabilizing resonances , on the other hand , are responsible for the longevity of several rings , such as the Titan Ringlet and the G Ring .Well beyond the main rings is the Phoebe ring, which is presumed to originate from Phoebe and thus share its retrograde orbital motion. ... | [-0.03837955370545387, -0.08176837861537933, -0.032374732196331024, -0.014470888301730156, -0.02472563274204731, -0.06794759631156921, 0.07041603326797485, 0.07577435672283173, 0.09032001346349716, -0.06570430845022202, -0.03520440682768822, 0.02119673602283001, -0.035754766315221786, -0.06173628941178322, -0.077736906... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
586 | further confused when the rings again became visible in 1613 . Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication .Galileo used the anagram "smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras" for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi... | [-0.04798043519258499, -0.05805337801575661, -0.0664714053273201, 0.018884263932704926, -0.00783856026828289, -0.07906563580036163, 0.054483626037836075, 0.06818661838769913, 0.04708025977015495, 0.001984135014936328, -0.04868686944246292, 0.01297017652541399, 0.01119675487279892, -0.05652031674981117, -0.0992890447378... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
587 | ad eclipticam inclinato ( `` [ Saturn ] is surrounded by a thin , flat , ring , nowhere touching [ the body of the planet ] , inclined to the ecliptic '' ) .He published his ring hypothesis in Systema Saturnium (1659) which also included his discovery of Saturn's moon, Titan, as well as the first clear outline of the d... | [-0.023583173751831055, -0.0448007769882679, -0.08585225045681, -0.01593800261616707, 0.034369952976703644, -0.0637609139084816, 0.06736727803945541, 0.10855485498905182, 0.03105311095714569, -0.05456120893359184, -0.06687556207180023, 0.0063076200895011425, -0.01935565657913685, -0.03161308914422989, -0.05526034533977... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
588 | mi ) . Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring . Voyager 1 's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km ( 39,900 mi ) .A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn's rings at the planned resolution; nevertheless, images from the spacecraft provided u... | [-0.05559367313981056, -0.023029085248708725, -0.06171926110982895, -0.0491110198199749, -0.03788329288363457, -0.06712289154529572, -0.0008895195205695927, 0.1183791384100914, 0.030305705964565277, 0.004168445710092783, -0.010557594709098339, 0.054739367216825485, -0.03185809403657913, -0.021847758442163467, -0.112840... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
589 | that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales , some related to perturbations by Saturn 's moons , but much unexplained .In September 2023, astronomers reported studies suggesting that the rings of Saturn may have resulted from the collision of two moons "a ... | [0.007046055980026722, -0.08388670533895493, 0.010848778299987316, -0.009513807483017445, 0.04092644527554512, -0.07547181099653244, -0.012043713591992855, 0.07177559286355972, 0.09891402721405029, -0.050895486027002335, -0.07006845623254776, 0.061191003769636154, -0.02088264562189579, -0.03641027584671974, 0.008610920... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
590 | , then south of the plane for 13.7 years . Dates for north-to-south crossings include 19 November 1995 and 6 May 2025 , with south-to-north crossings on 11 August 2009 and 23 January 2039 .During the period around an equinox the illumination of most of the rings is greatly reduced, making possible unique observations h... | [-0.005452215671539307, -0.06897890567779541, 0.011835773475468159, -0.014734013937413692, 0.08285130560398102, -0.035997532308101654, 0.06118285655975342, 0.1131591722369194, 0.03947716951370239, -0.03732670843601227, -0.14633774757385254, -0.038128964602947235, -0.034449830651283264, -0.016447514295578003, -0.0880416... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
591 | density waves in the A and B rings and an optical depth profile had yielded a mass of about 0.75 Mimas masses , with later observations and computer modeling suggesting that was an underestimate .Although the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gap, can be seen from Earth, the Voyager spac... | [-0.052730459719896317, -0.07651561498641968, -0.01650567166507244, 0.0027337067294865847, -0.0015224975068122149, -0.08288583159446716, 0.03998195007443428, 0.060842547565698624, 0.10627549141645432, -0.0325014553964138, -0.05727002024650574, 0.010353319346904755, -0.054298605769872665, -0.08636151999235153, 0.0088419... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
592 | so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings , it would be about one atom thick . The rings also have a similarly sparse OH ( hydroxide ) atmosphere .Like the O2, this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by ener... | [-0.016102883964776993, -0.008835939690470695, 0.009753899648785591, 0.03793048486113548, 0.06741750985383987, -0.10393193364143372, 0.037844736129045486, 0.07709962874650955, 0.09152556210756302, -0.056972283869981766, -0.07552038878202438, 0.011234823614358902, 0.010880720801651478, -0.07992232590913773, -0.032485738... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
593 | Estimates of the age of Saturn 's rings vary widely , depending on the approach used . They have been considered to possibly be very old , dating to the formation of Saturn itself .However, data from Cassini suggest they are much younger, having most likely formed within the last 100 million years, and may thus be betw... | [-0.011319434270262718, -0.021674837917089462, 0.00991747621446848, 0.012830293737351894, 0.04033360630273819, -0.06929311901330948, 0.01367064006626606, 0.10920659452676773, 0.054570723325014114, -0.006200829986482859, -0.0538799874484539, 0.012653264217078686, -6.303011468844488e-05, -0.027676329016685486, -0.0550495... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
594 | a large comet or asteroid . The second hypothesis is that the rings were never part of a moon , but are instead left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed .A more traditional version of the disrupted-moon hypothesis is that the rings are composed of debris from a moon 400 to 600 km (200 to 40... | [-0.03349848464131355, 0.005769074894487858, 0.07934648543596268, 0.003654471132904291, 0.07569277286529541, -0.0740203708410263, 0.0019340298604220152, 0.14460022747516632, 0.04347971826791763, -0.01560464408248663, -0.0798642709851265, 0.01727462001144886, 0.020505670458078384, -0.046676356345415115, -0.0325473546981... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
595 | g/cm3 , compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys . The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn 's moons out to Rhea .If the initial massive rings contained chunks of rocky material (>100 km; 60 miles across) as well as ice, these silicate bodies would hav... | [-0.059897281229496, -0.057888757437467575, 0.06058100238442421, 0.0613405667245388, 0.07112521678209305, -0.04979895055294037, 0.03630577400326729, 0.12506091594696045, 0.048822853714227676, -0.002666299929842353, -0.06834252178668976, -0.02999880351126194, -0.002919719321653247, -0.02848394401371479, 0.01928648352622... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
596 | suggesting a recent origin of the C ring has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper , which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates within this ring .If much of this material was contributed by a recently disrupted centaur or moon, the age of this ring could be on... | [-0.04913859814405441, 0.0015722039388492703, 0.0014080038527026772, 0.011027260683476925, 0.07963837683200836, -0.11072754859924316, 0.024616122245788574, 0.10989557951688766, 0.05681328475475311, 0.003960138186812401, -0.07951366901397705, -0.04725997522473335, 0.0053791082464158535, -0.037549447268247604, -0.0765050... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
597 | to the planet of 4,800–44,000 kg/s . Assuming this influx rate is stable , adding it to the continuous 'ring rain ' process implies the rings may be gone in under 100 million years .Subdivisions and structures within the rings
The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings, which are separated by ... | [-0.05310729518532753, -0.06225593388080597, 0.011766732670366764, -0.007035313174128532, 0.06289411336183548, -0.06300600618124008, 0.0689314529299736, 0.07320640236139297, 0.05382215976715088, -0.02503257617354393, -0.08565981686115265, -0.045609764754772186, 0.007697473280131817, -0.042442891746759415, -0.0713624805... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
598 | and more diffuse , and had moved planetward by 200 km ( 100 miles ) . Present in the D Ring is a finescale structure with waves 30 km ( 20 miles ) apart .First seen in the gap between the C Ring and D73, the structure was found during Saturn's 2009 equinox to extend a radial distance of 19,000 km (12,000 miles) from th... | [-0.10162907838821411, -0.02782394178211689, -0.03585830330848694, -0.053602054715156555, -0.020300088450312614, -0.060929108411073685, -0.04144146293401718, 0.12038354575634003, 0.03978431969881058, -0.046938639134168625, -0.02581699937582016, 0.030619872733950615, -0.06001289561390877, -0.08197981119155884, 0.0055242... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
599 | to 0.12 . That is , between 5 and 12 percent of light shining perpendicularly through the ring is blocked , so that when seen from above , the ring is close to transparent .The 30-km wavelength spiral corrugations first seen in the D Ring were observed during Saturn's equinox of 2009 to extend throughout the C Ring (se... | [-0.012360175140202045, -0.05505455657839775, -0.06848469376564026, -0.049339622259140015, 0.04146876186132431, -0.02553614042699337, 0.012411278672516346, 0.08045154809951782, 0.06248889118432999, -0.06602829694747925, 0.0034649723675101995, 0.01895158179104328, -0.08010006695985794, -0.06251567602157593, 0.0406740680... | Rings of Saturn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Satur... |
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