Unnamed: 0
int64 0
786
| text
stringlengths 404
2.43k
| embedding
stringlengths 8.38k
8.47k
| title
stringclasses 29
values | url
stringclasses 29
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
500
|
the nearest and most similar planet to Earth , has 100 times denser atmosphere , with little or no geo-magnetic field . Space probes discovered a comet-like tail that extends to Earth 's orbit .Earth itself is largely protected from the solar wind by its magnetic field, which deflects most of the charged particles; however, some of the charged particles are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt. A smaller number of particles from the solar wind manage to travel, as though on an electromagnetic energy transmission line, to the Earth's upper atmosphere and ionosphere in the auroral zones. The only time the solar wind is observable on the Earth is when it is strong enough to produce phenomena such as the aurora and geomagnetic storms. Bright auroras strongly heat the ionosphere, causing its plasma to expand into the magnetosphere, increasing the size of the plasma geosphere and injecting atmospheric matter into the solar wind. Geomagnetic storms result when the pressure of plasmas contained inside the magnetosphere is sufficiently large to inflate and thereby distort the geomagnetic field. Although Mars is larger than Mercury and four times farther from the Sun, it is thought that the solar wind has stripped away up to a third of its original atmosphere, leaving a layer 1/100 as dense as the Earth's. It is believed the mechanism for this atmospheric stripping is gas caught in bubbles of the magnetic field, which are ripped off by the solar wind. In 2015 the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping caused by the magnetic field carried by the solar wind as it flows past Mars, which generates an electric field, much as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity. This electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms, called ions, in Mars's upper atmosphere and shoots them into space.
|
[0.05226847156882286, 0.025557128712534904, 0.0678345113992691, 0.03407858684659004, 0.09350594878196716, -0.022238895297050476, 0.04883534461259842, -0.04908212646842003, 0.06964085251092911, 0.020217835903167725, -0.04230908304452896, -0.001857976894825697, 0.056063588708639145, -0.09315795451402664, 0.0860401839017868, 0.004870973527431488, 0.09042249619960785, -0.08702711760997772, -0.034418221563100815, 0.004572357051074505, -0.037130143493413925, 0.027113575488328934, -0.03908636048436165, 0.023313626646995544, -0.027406901121139526, 0.01757768727838993, -0.02398843690752983, -0.018071427941322327, -0.10268855839967728, -0.0028667813166975975, 0.023297511041164398, -0.02425164170563221, -0.09229493141174316, 0.0528581365942955, -0.04559804126620293, 0.06591959297657013, 0.03381011262536049, 0.06561629474163055, -0.010250306688249111, 0.029781891033053398, 0.002315636957064271, -0.10156174749135971, 0.05143727362155914, -0.06321004033088684, -0.021535949781537056, 0.0023476514033973217, 0.047707658261060715, -0.05145365744829178, 0.036716654896736145, 0.021634742617607117, -0.028015702962875366, 0.0230583343654871, -0.020587919279932976, 0.04793528839945793, -0.04314648360013962, 0.025532279163599014, -0.023560266941785812, -0.017308929935097694, -0.0053078895434737206, -0.020928680896759033, -0.04855247959494591, -0.037191323935985565, -0.07093964517116547, 0.024412110447883606, 0.032369013875722885, -0.07123590260744095, -0.004932056646794081, 0.060960832983255386, 0.013575294055044651, -0.04508832469582558, 0.0356639102101326, 0.019477706402540207, -0.1397186666727066, -0.00779768917709589, 0.002942112274467945, 0.08028476685285568, 0.05731762945652008, -0.0014408649876713753, 0.08079874515533447, 0.03125504031777382, -0.01781654916703701, 0.053990986198186874, -0.0495973639190197, 0.035912349820137024, -0.05979932099580765, 0.0947045236825943, 0.010438380762934685, 0.06692321598529816, -0.013410908170044422, 0.006292747799307108, 0.016440890729427338, -0.09660734981298447, -0.07050564885139465, 0.03549283370375633, 0.05421070009469986, 0.03889219090342522, 0.062074802815914154, -0.057128727436065674, 0.022753804922103882, 0.004951495211571455, 0.06838153302669525, 0.013365685939788818, -0.022613590583205223, 0.05674421042203903, -0.05802008882164955, 0.022454045712947845, 0.05276242643594742, -0.00810551643371582, 0.010583546943962574, -0.000542818452231586, -0.021600326523184776, -0.007896371185779572, -0.0023423221427947283, -0.058771319687366486, 0.03227460756897926, -0.010429194197058678, 0.07064899057149887, 0.08940835297107697, -0.10134465992450714, 0.013443179428577423, 0.012423079460859299, 0.033118877559900284, 0.06281784176826477, 0.058947525918483734, 0.11804354935884476, 0.041041336953639984, 0.02563565969467163, 1.457914399118027e-33, 0.054046373814344406, 0.00973281729966402, 0.07704433798789978, 0.02153818868100643, -0.009774478152394295, 0.07243993133306503, -0.01594328135251999, 0.043176427483558655, -0.011555038392543793, 0.041122011840343475, -0.0789334625005722, 0.042195145040750504, 0.08268370479345322, 0.024570206180214882, -0.03549068421125412, -0.02213204838335514, -0.0009053513640537858, -0.06650763005018234, -0.04625263810157776, 0.009004268795251846, -0.09178910404443741, -0.019822904840111732, 0.0415121354162693, 0.009489837102591991, -0.0074629453010857105, -0.037903741002082825, 0.08781019598245621, -0.018647298216819763, -0.03492100164294243, 0.0067696045152843, -0.007509701419621706, 0.012114064767956734, 0.004207879304885864, 0.11127021163702011, -0.0774226039648056, 0.050200074911117554, -0.054503753781318665, 0.049693867564201355, 0.05333581939339638, -0.06126738712191582, -0.027337634935975075, -0.039299096912145615, -0.04728477820754051, 0.04957205802202225, 0.07674074918031693, -0.05764380097389221, 0.04321645572781563, -0.10361220687627792, -0.048290204256772995, -0.013833850622177124, 0.08406155556440353, 0.029229678213596344, -0.001682244474068284, 0.005655519664287567, 0.07119212299585342, 0.015349502675235271, 0.02762080356478691, 0.017292866483330727, -0.0676393210887909, 0.03113238885998726, 0.024371160194277763, -0.00707970792427659, 0.05599646642804146, 0.030816614627838135, 0.0982741117477417, 0.05031023547053337, 0.030747752636671066, 0.00982409343123436, -0.009847937151789665, 0.004410694818943739, 0.010462841019034386, 0.02057250216603279, 0.05398966372013092, 0.012349976226687431, 0.023387128487229347, -0.025712430477142334, -0.0019290432101115584, 0.01109418086707592, 0.061799053102731705, 0.08393218368291855, -0.07937868684530258, -0.11459267139434814, 0.08103005588054657, 0.03153619170188904, -0.04517940431833267, -0.05167326331138611, -0.04246331378817558, 0.01027986966073513, 0.004364544525742531, -0.06313567608594894, 0.0324467197060585, -2.9108379749231972e-05, 0.03882034495472908, -0.04631423205137253, -0.07182546705007553, -2.947912998186787e-33, -0.03468342870473862, -0.02367403358221054, -0.06625853478908539, -0.012311022728681564, -0.003325200406834483, 0.06640440970659256, -0.06399469077587128, 0.08860963582992554, -0.14811362326145172, -0.015544337220489979, -0.027565626427531242, 0.009880480356514454, 0.0001681991561781615, -0.04934713989496231, 0.0303817018866539, -0.04718263819813728, 0.021789250895380974, 0.06037599965929985, -0.06313832104206085, -0.00865147914737463, 0.02328106015920639, 0.00675585214048624, 0.0173945352435112, -0.018791109323501587, 0.0024787476286292076, -0.04171803593635559, 0.0038552298210561275, -0.0066919815726578236, 0.004167189355939627, 0.018374234437942505, -0.055844683200120926, 0.05246594175696373, -0.034628454595804214, -0.02044895850121975, 0.01946573704481125, 0.03140339255332947, 0.07178787142038345, -0.04037567600607872, -0.06825176626443863, -0.02674603834748268, -0.08338858932256699, 0.06220860406756401, 0.05932611599564552, -0.12755711376667023, 0.003591070882976055, -0.00376619934104383, -0.021441852673888206, 0.10435768961906433, -0.009124040603637695, 0.05123571306467056, -0.023563066497445107, -0.02202693745493889, -0.09957876056432724, 0.11726927757263184, 0.02649618871510029, 0.029781121760606766, 0.026684071868658066, 0.0319642648100853, -0.02351260557770729, -0.001306491089053452, -0.03887857124209404, -0.05870559811592102, 0.06354355812072754, -0.03933166712522507, -0.009992705658078194, -0.057156916707754135, 0.02971416339278221, 0.08837391436100006, -0.05133374407887459, 0.05312543362379074, 0.07653908431529999, -0.0025624725967645645, -0.0260272528976202, -0.03332553431391716, 0.03559314087033272, 0.06439226865768433, 0.11685687303543091, -0.06403281539678574, -0.04810934141278267, -0.013214661739766598, -0.00965768564492464, 0.0033984160982072353, 0.02520076371729374, -0.07984030246734619, 0.03073096089065075, 0.030642841011285782, -0.023477766662836075, -0.14894166588783264, -0.08940399438142776, 0.042471595108509064, -0.008243018761277199, -0.018188251182436943, 0.005892462562769651, 0.03847866132855415, -0.061946261674165726, -4.899582961570559e-08, 0.05269239470362663, -0.007730191573500633, 0.04338177666068077, -0.036649007350206375, -0.017454929649829865, 0.07520195096731186, 0.051836226135492325, 0.0449354462325573, -0.01447129063308239, -0.04704129695892334, 0.06852346658706665, -0.001012299908325076, 0.04729611054062843, 0.015974944457411766, 0.04789755865931511, -0.038723837584257126, -0.0007496916805393994, -0.05692160502076149, -0.006901009939610958, -0.010632913559675217, 0.02680385299026966, -0.0160678680986166, -0.05207153037190437, 0.019116947427392006, 0.08845901489257812, 0.003434984479099512, 0.03900948911905289, 0.0007901353528723121, 0.03359467536211014, -0.06528956443071365, -0.11981417238712311, -0.04418747127056122, 0.053897131234407425, -0.10388441383838654, -0.12537533044815063, 0.015677418559789658, -0.03534560650587082, 0.010050284676253796, 0.0008811492589302361, 0.007174340542405844, -0.026372576132416725, -0.006570465862751007, 0.015676623210310936, -0.033124715089797974, -0.07471783459186554, -0.017715252935886383, -0.048249829560518265, -0.10437878221273422, -0.06167290732264519, 0.036410216242074966, -0.04835621640086174, -0.006186855025589466, 0.11319435387849808, -0.09528689831495285, -0.035703144967556, 0.007823614403605461, -0.106207937002182, -0.08684796094894409, 0.04872387647628784, -0.008259065449237823, -0.0340593159198761, -0.02564154379069805, -0.07617668062448502, 0.048051122575998306]
|
Solar wind
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.
|
501
|
as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity . This electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms , called ions , in Mars 's upper atmosphere and shoots them into space .The MAVEN mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping at about 100 grams (≈1/4 lb) per second. Moons and planetary surfaces
Mercury, the nearest planet to the Sun, bears the full brunt of the solar wind, and since its atmosphere is vestigial and transient, its surface is bathed in radiation. Mercury has an intrinsic magnetic field, so under normal solar wind conditions, the solar wind cannot penetrate its magnetosphere and particles only reach the surface in the cusp regions. During coronal mass ejections, however, the magnetopause may get pressed into the surface of the planet, and under these conditions, the solar wind may interact freely with the planetary surface. The Earth's Moon has no atmosphere or intrinsic magnetic field, and consequently its surface is bombarded with the full solar wind. The Project Apollo missions deployed passive aluminum collectors in an attempt to sample the solar wind, and lunar soil returned for study confirmed that the lunar regolith is enriched in atomic nuclei deposited from the solar wind. These elements may prove useful resources for future lunar expeditions. Limits
Alfvén surface
The Alfvén surface is the boundary separating the corona from the solar wind defined as where the coronal plasma's Alfvén speed and the large-scale solar wind speed are equal. Researchers were unsure exactly where the Alfvén critical surface of the Sun lay. Based on remote images of the corona, estimates had put it somewhere between 10 and 20 solar radii from the surface of the Sun. On April 28, 2021, during its eighth flyby of the Sun, NASA's Parker Solar Probe encountered the specific magnetic and particle conditions at 18.8 solar radii that indicated that it penetrated the Alfvén surface.
|
[0.007625814061611891, 0.07615706324577332, 0.03462665155529976, 0.039474863559007645, 0.10327211022377014, -0.10469178110361099, 0.056061893701553345, -0.03702089563012123, 0.004195560235530138, -0.012524785473942757, 0.04278969392180443, -0.05161837860941887, 0.037991639226675034, -0.047224145382642746, 0.04251920059323311, 0.013096977025270462, 0.018348626792430878, -0.003537358483299613, 0.018009470775723457, 0.07527139037847519, 0.00595411891117692, 0.03567752242088318, -0.01430963072925806, 0.004132901784032583, 0.0027080136351287365, 0.11578962206840515, -0.1232936754822731, 0.02128712832927704, -0.013437863439321518, 0.004931390285491943, -0.017687862738966942, 0.01664906181395054, -0.0422169528901577, 0.007751370780169964, -0.001534761511720717, 0.07204398512840271, -0.033990178257226944, 0.07330208271741867, -0.03928510844707489, -0.05882721394300461, -0.047150302678346634, -0.12448997795581818, 0.07096105068922043, -0.02505815587937832, -0.022566113620996475, -0.031004471704363823, 0.08895330876111984, -0.05109034851193428, 0.052543383091688156, 0.03011450357735157, 0.02302435226738453, 0.021977633237838745, -0.009167829528450966, 0.03059362806379795, -0.08126877248287201, -0.0003626452526077628, -0.0061582461930811405, -0.0649450421333313, 0.007597797550261021, -0.08092958480119705, -0.09376121312379837, -0.05999013036489487, -0.0820387527346611, -0.002497832989320159, 0.022616403177380562, -0.015321505255997181, -0.03266751021146774, -0.0333065465092659, 0.00197670329362154, -0.03015941195189953, 0.039337363094091415, -0.051696646958589554, -0.11034383624792099, -0.03996400535106659, -0.03497452661395073, 0.12296129018068314, 0.059437450021505356, -0.016630185768008232, 0.05842361971735954, 0.011155088432133198, 0.036010418087244034, 0.01886044815182686, -0.09885987639427185, 0.029671646654605865, 0.0017962304409593344, 0.050073716789484024, 0.011164438910782337, 0.06549561023712158, -0.016489993780851364, 0.0008060015388764441, -0.013766826130449772, 0.0157430712133646, -0.058230672031641006, 0.025065727531909943, 0.05541360378265381, 0.050485026091337204, 0.008134936913847923, -0.03273420408368111, -0.03028854727745056, 0.03082260675728321, 0.04683432728052139, 0.12678936123847961, -0.08737184852361679, 0.005795879289507866, -0.09122847765684128, 0.026364507153630257, -0.013516256585717201, 0.05698174610733986, 0.0002936905948445201, -0.006057868245989084, -0.005436947103589773, -0.013381260447204113, -0.04476730152964592, -0.06849073618650436, 0.09432806074619293, -0.0035669258795678616, 0.004786296747624874, 0.012987951748073101, -0.0947171002626419, 0.006914898287504911, -0.013753991574048996, 0.02621038258075714, 0.02536933682858944, 0.01723448932170868, 0.0867389440536499, -0.017730318009853363, 0.03824354708194733, 1.1889837913464464e-33, 0.016232609748840332, 0.008256551809608936, 0.0832526832818985, -0.026035621762275696, -0.0004725178878288716, 0.023861581459641457, -0.00010648294846760109, 0.09373590350151062, 0.09100828319787979, 0.025189721956849098, -0.05067146569490433, 0.023346025496721268, 0.06382442265748978, 0.04955725371837616, 0.030739203095436096, -0.05056050419807434, 0.08831095695495605, -0.09102562814950943, 0.01199718564748764, 0.0049611167050898075, -0.08246350288391113, -0.03585164248943329, -0.014551188796758652, 0.029288675636053085, 0.03599978983402252, 0.036970674991607666, 0.011603265069425106, -0.04577842354774475, -0.022757377475500107, 0.02401750721037388, -0.02763267047703266, 0.016887230798602104, -0.016094477847218513, 0.05492638796567917, -0.019526664167642593, 0.06442568451166153, -0.09346675127744675, 0.05685347691178322, 0.022298311814665794, 0.0008014640770852566, 0.01671953685581684, 0.03244558721780777, 0.05133882537484169, 0.06279481202363968, -0.02907273918390274, -0.0803692415356636, -0.020439649000763893, -0.012935614213347435, 0.016134077683091164, 0.0006497061112895608, 0.12495162338018417, 0.041850894689559937, -0.02236129529774189, 0.05210791528224945, 0.04566345363855362, 0.07580897957086563, 0.038454145193099976, 0.0074829417280852795, -0.06947243213653564, 0.06323834508657455, -0.045236218720674515, -0.00689437473192811, 6.307680564532347e-07, 0.058752965182065964, 0.011208963580429554, 0.07814139127731323, -0.039269499480724335, 0.020637579262256622, -0.07877906411886215, -0.015986774116754532, -0.03696930408477783, 0.010642344132065773, 0.045439548790454865, 0.01831585355103016, -0.030306242406368256, 0.02818232588469982, 0.05351274460554123, -0.0471634566783905, 0.02990715391933918, 0.037731193006038666, -0.06440596282482147, -0.01570393517613411, 0.027351034805178642, -0.0885634571313858, -0.08390921354293823, -0.04617125168442726, -0.0033811754547059536, 0.00767442537471652, 0.036764636635780334, -0.07965362071990967, 0.07837672531604767, -0.059556812047958374, 0.036340776830911636, -0.06144360825419426, -0.09756108373403549, -2.9286999103645812e-33, -0.03100295178592205, -0.010847863741219044, -0.0418369360268116, -0.05454862862825394, 0.03194316476583481, 0.07501427829265594, -0.033745184540748596, -0.0015485308831557631, -0.1127132847905159, 0.01943676918745041, -0.046808574348688126, 0.024892082437872887, -0.039725594222545624, -0.03423111513257027, 0.03391323983669281, 0.029652558267116547, -0.053435131907463074, 0.027003249153494835, -0.01927671767771244, 0.052441079169511795, 0.07423058152198792, 0.15112100541591644, 0.10349729657173157, -0.018557565286755562, -0.002027830109000206, -0.05240572988986969, 0.011465892195701599, -0.041035715490579605, 0.08144749701023102, 0.010813901200890541, 0.022643573582172394, 0.08081462234258652, -0.01784856803715229, -0.053006578236818314, -0.005447931122034788, 0.025915592908859253, 0.09067502617835999, -0.013713007792830467, -0.024734318256378174, 0.03364571928977966, -0.006130106281489134, 0.022629590705037117, -0.04717075452208519, -0.02037273906171322, -0.045252032577991486, 0.04145031049847603, -0.004898263141512871, 0.07769552618265152, -0.03393488749861717, 0.023870864883065224, 0.0012728559086099267, -0.06594119966030121, -0.08454140275716782, 0.09251700341701508, 0.04290905222296715, -0.006077617406845093, 0.006384571082890034, 0.01264434028416872, -0.04084573686122894, -0.0471775084733963, 0.022069493308663368, -0.044633615761995316, -0.0019728404004126787, -0.03888101503252983, -0.03353787213563919, -0.07401841133832932, 0.035056643187999725, 0.07567599415779114, -0.0804353803396225, 0.06092015281319618, -0.013750373385846615, 0.02904737927019596, 0.038385059684515, -0.03869635611772537, 0.03518987074494362, 0.08691585808992386, 0.10439353436231613, -0.0613577701151371, -0.04609875753521919, -0.056891217827796936, -0.07355938851833344, 0.04982844740152359, -0.018930016085505486, -0.09244143217802048, 0.04727441072463989, -0.08820488303899765, -0.03372206538915634, -0.0601968951523304, -0.09183428436517715, 0.0268459003418684, -0.043828971683979034, -0.060471098870038986, 0.07845202833414078, 0.08697059005498886, -0.053324103355407715, -5.128301694412585e-08, 0.01086079515516758, 0.026391059160232544, 0.06219448521733284, -0.04097103327512741, -0.03104121796786785, 0.09890115261077881, 0.002022447995841503, 0.06273102760314941, 0.024874158203601837, -0.05014472082257271, 0.01844797097146511, 0.0024939868599176407, 0.01818126067519188, -0.06012832373380661, -0.02726326510310173, 0.07984912395477295, 0.061393603682518005, 0.009994455613195896, -0.013712268322706223, -0.07181968539953232, 0.019995033740997314, -0.012998176738619804, -0.036331694573163986, -0.009536245837807655, 0.053678400814533234, 0.03126212954521179, 0.07541419565677643, 0.0296229999512434, -0.05754924193024635, -0.00038465045508928597, -0.0849393829703331, -0.047129008919000626, 0.052215494215488434, -0.10436980426311493, -0.027728058397769928, -0.02695370651781559, -0.012574749067425728, -0.08607379347085953, -0.01217348501086235, 0.02775709331035614, -0.018512804061174393, 0.02602079138159752, -0.09516967087984085, -0.025018790736794472, -0.03793613985180855, 0.02981184609234333, -0.11098639667034149, -0.018218325451016426, -0.041631899774074554, 0.04760811850428581, -0.04091132432222366, -0.04427454620599747, 0.07742058485746384, -0.08761037141084671, 0.02536669932305813, 0.06426441669464111, -0.06293388456106186, -0.022488117218017578, 0.051283400505781174, -0.00905913207679987, 0.03900562599301338, 0.01497574895620346, -0.03541859611868858, -0.039175257086753845]
|
Solar wind
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.
|
502
|
2021 , during its eighth flyby of the Sun , NASA 's Parker Solar Probe encountered the specific magnetic and particle conditions at 18.8 solar radii that indicated that it penetrated the Alfvén surface .Outer limits
The solar wind "blows a bubble" in the interstellar medium (the rarefied hydrogen and helium gas that permeates the galaxy). The point where the solar wind's strength is no longer great enough to push back the interstellar medium is known as the heliopause and is often considered to be the outer border of the Solar System. The distance to the heliopause is not precisely known and probably depends on the current velocity of the solar wind and the local density of the interstellar medium, but it is far outside Pluto's orbit. Scientists hope to gain perspective on the heliopause from data acquired through the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission, launched in October 2008. The heliopause is noted as one of the ways of defining the extent of the Solar System, along with the Kuiper Belt and the radius at which the Sun's gravitational influence is matched by other stars. The maximum extent of that influence has been estimated at between 50,000 AU and 2 light-years, compared to the heliopause (the outer boundary of the heliosphere), which has been detected at about 120 AU by the Voyager 1 spacecraft. The Voyager 2 spacecraft crossed the termination shock more than five times between August 30 and December 10, 2007. Voyager 2 crossed the shock about a Tm closer to the Sun than the 13.5 Tm distance where Voyager 1 came upon the termination shock. The spacecraft moved outward through the termination shock into the heliosheath and onward toward the interstellar medium. See also
References
Further reading
"NASA study using cluster reveals new insights into solar wind". EurekAlert!. 24 October 2012. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N. (June 1973).
|
[-0.03587969020009041, -0.006201041862368584, -0.006334173027426004, 0.05448412895202637, 0.029464738443493843, -0.06519521027803421, -0.00891032349318266, 0.03630390018224716, -0.040714945644140244, -0.0665583461523056, -0.005528750829398632, -0.03687673434615135, -0.0289599746465683, -0.05351943150162697, 0.04020170494914055, 0.037413861602544785, 0.04632256552577019, -0.12165212631225586, -0.0011270357063040137, -0.005339756142348051, -0.03804530203342438, 0.01081643532961607, -0.014284607954323292, -0.013798931613564491, 0.02376163937151432, 0.042409759014844894, -0.05056869238615036, -0.08913759887218475, -0.08394352346658707, 0.014322664588689804, 0.03689269348978996, 0.027210626751184464, -0.06325217336416245, -0.00841110572218895, 0.09294817596673965, 0.006818833295255899, 0.008937998674809933, 0.01578008569777012, 0.03502904251217842, -0.05084891617298126, -0.0289867352694273, -0.10256972163915634, 0.0016951147699728608, 0.047636114060878754, -0.04873625561594963, -0.01904597319662571, 0.0030108916107565165, 0.010279187932610512, 0.06494716554880142, 0.022576041519641876, -0.03173038735985756, -0.012839318253099918, 0.0049881902523338795, 0.035879287868738174, 0.07860708236694336, 0.0171943549066782, -0.021289557218551636, -0.02135784924030304, 0.024333620443940163, -0.00016515218885615468, -0.0006600059568881989, -0.0782451182603836, -0.028176138177514076, 0.019510816782712936, 0.016812631860375404, -0.024740634486079216, -0.04726608842611313, -0.02473864145576954, -0.020796891301870346, 0.0038692953530699015, 0.004127597901970148, 0.043620359152555466, -0.09246008843183517, -0.007557739969342947, 0.13123676180839539, 0.06366480886936188, 0.04702332988381386, 0.02794051729142666, 0.06696697324514389, -0.07282020896673203, 0.025545768439769745, 0.08395343273878098, -0.020332228392362595, 0.037767861038446426, -0.045010197907686234, 0.01980036310851574, 0.03282584249973297, 0.013073179870843887, 0.04273121803998947, 0.042665403336286545, 0.02230120077729225, -0.07089652866125107, -0.16786952316761017, -0.031170127913355827, 0.04034921154379845, -0.015678424388170242, 0.00774955190718174, -0.07537052780389786, 0.03221787139773369, 0.004668240901082754, 0.05492142587900162, 0.010114193893969059, -0.10418882966041565, 0.0476808175444603, -0.04462392255663872, 0.06967995315790176, 0.050989504903554916, -0.03452357277274132, 0.0014840866206213832, 0.012159246020019054, 0.035629261285066605, -0.019076358526945114, 0.013590777292847633, -0.1271498203277588, 0.08810879290103912, 0.040227409452199936, 0.011086732149124146, 0.09298834204673767, -0.021297384053468704, 0.02375933900475502, -0.05885786935687065, 0.05761317163705826, 0.03951381891965866, 0.08272191137075424, 0.024777257815003395, -0.027560343965888023, -0.030297914519906044, -3.664064564326034e-34, 0.004691625479608774, 0.02656281366944313, 0.021253494545817375, 0.018158134073019028, -0.08890809863805771, -0.004102526232600212, -0.06471043080091476, 0.05185260251164436, -0.030723201110959053, -0.03503650426864624, -0.05713649466633797, -0.02010222338140011, -0.017574282363057137, -0.03574464097619057, 0.05110127106308937, -0.04836314544081688, 0.02468191646039486, 0.017525697126984596, -0.014589336700737476, -0.022435016930103302, -0.07349682599306107, -0.09870783239603043, -0.07830251753330231, -0.034897468984127045, 0.04590465500950813, 0.02114045061171055, 0.053395163267850876, -0.016075842082500458, -0.005616925656795502, 0.04385434463620186, -0.059501174837350845, -0.005149108357727528, -0.011100344359874725, 0.03998255357146263, -0.08421613276004791, 0.05200580507516861, -0.0922563448548317, 0.026217922568321228, -0.05033436417579651, 0.030559513717889786, 0.01855490915477276, 0.08131763339042664, 0.012197170406579971, 0.011764884926378727, 0.03130367770791054, -0.05192270502448082, 0.07355763018131256, -0.05503850057721138, 0.004335317295044661, 0.02213785983622074, 0.03898086026310921, 0.04528554156422615, -0.000715831236448139, 0.004664381965994835, 0.05810057371854782, 0.02863098867237568, 0.09305520355701447, -0.05843391641974449, -0.019885648041963577, 0.07636488974094391, 0.08415187150239944, -0.012271718122065067, 0.01177395973354578, 0.004195726942270994, 0.040430545806884766, 0.15055721998214722, -0.0652349591255188, -0.0034278829116374254, -0.05486071854829788, -0.004155510570853949, -0.07001262903213501, 0.018801167607307434, 0.01611839048564434, 0.044690366834402084, -0.028569087386131287, -0.023326566442847252, 0.02878596819937229, 0.04712042212486267, 0.0509050078690052, 0.04388519376516342, -0.055208317935466766, -0.07375781238079071, 0.04353557154536247, -0.08449430763721466, -0.07016704976558685, -0.009097026661038399, -0.026777449995279312, -0.027063895016908646, -0.03826200217008591, -0.081989586353302, 0.06283304840326309, -0.0026801161002367735, 0.0453103668987751, -0.011808274313807487, -0.07124517112970352, -1.734875929193128e-33, -0.0301972683519125, -0.012359365820884705, -0.005519449710845947, -0.0745355412364006, -0.01859978213906288, 0.09014201909303665, -0.0057679517194628716, 0.11195790767669678, -0.0807582214474678, -0.03349494934082031, -0.030539309605956078, 0.048359718173742294, 0.04222079738974571, -0.09691265225410461, 0.0274270661175251, 0.035729821771383286, -0.011536137200891972, 0.03527054190635681, -0.003790562506765127, 0.025649936869740486, 0.005895605310797691, 0.027980465441942215, 0.05646142363548279, -0.010486979968845844, -0.05367661267518997, -0.04751231148838997, 0.07139609754085541, -0.07864077389240265, 0.024902286008000374, 0.014902932569384575, -0.00047450471902266145, -0.047151047736406326, -0.029875824227929115, 0.016035085543990135, 0.03104083426296711, 0.007389526814222336, 0.046104781329631805, -0.08714498579502106, -0.0900149792432785, 0.012860290706157684, -0.01509744394570589, 0.09691620618104935, -0.04279421269893646, -0.07897519320249557, -0.030243512243032455, 0.07927635312080383, -0.03256378695368767, 0.1349399834871292, 0.0036551249213516712, 0.050248757004737854, -0.02051238901913166, -0.026720896363258362, -0.025615990161895752, 0.07598711550235748, 0.010281548835337162, 0.03635825216770172, 0.06380309164524078, 0.05972127988934517, -0.01823151670396328, -0.0582515113055706, 0.008233325555920601, -0.00919255893677473, 0.09489262104034424, -0.0492660254240036, -0.0019216816872358322, -0.02565215341746807, -0.003098011016845703, 0.04387567192316055, -0.06869743764400482, 0.016895437613129616, 0.04898497089743614, -0.08916044235229492, -0.05215473100543022, 0.02554934099316597, 0.05318900942802429, 0.1100587472319603, 0.1478082537651062, -0.0528501495718956, -0.03743423521518707, 0.04190066084265709, -0.11113841086626053, 0.026319455355405807, 0.0445362851023674, -0.012035242281854153, 0.05536152049899101, 0.00031365297036245465, -0.032630618661642075, -0.15264059603214264, -0.013760234229266644, 0.06905873864889145, -0.0156764667481184, 0.02595120668411255, -0.013378461822867393, 0.011356780305504799, -0.0504344180226326, -4.9754039110894155e-08, 0.03722454980015755, -0.04163798689842224, 0.0603744313120842, 0.01786959543824196, 0.06074732914566994, 0.009504582732915878, 0.027131041511893272, 0.03116646595299244, 0.014091428369283676, 0.019996022805571556, 0.04156746715307236, 0.01614900678396225, 0.04957278072834015, -0.04698358476161957, -0.03280002251267433, -0.00023409779532812536, 0.018536128103733063, -0.08059404790401459, 0.02039460837841034, 0.04715922847390175, -0.00025584903778508306, 0.0006458688294515014, 0.07654238492250443, -0.06347820907831192, 0.045760806649923325, 0.01865222491323948, 0.016837067902088165, 0.04539398103952408, -0.004592136945575476, -0.06922893971204758, -0.0566275492310524, 0.009616246446967125, -0.03074919432401657, -0.09298725426197052, -0.11641860008239746, 0.05308091640472412, -0.044746238738298416, 0.07601132988929749, -0.0005125600728206336, 0.1339273601770401, 0.029034500941634178, 0.037225354462862015, 0.053469013422727585, 0.009038032963871956, 0.014224681071937084, 0.08875561505556107, -0.029181042686104774, -0.057338912039995193, -0.05471760779619217, -0.03396008163690567, -0.06413618475198746, 0.012795005924999714, 0.058802224695682526, -0.017392847687005997, 0.00918927788734436, -0.003526297863572836, -0.13247711956501007, 0.012135784141719341, -0.011731077916920185, 0.011854798533022404, 0.024461882188916206, 0.0008334179292432964, -0.05877083167433739, 0.07841181010007858]
|
Solar wind
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.
|
503
|
References Further reading '' NASA study using cluster reveals new insights into solar wind '' . EurekAlert ! . 24 October 2012 . Cuperman , S. ; Metzler , N. ( June 1973 ) ."On the role of fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field on heat conduction in the solar wind". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (16): 3167–3168. Bibcode:1973JGR....78.3167C. doi:10.1029/JA078i016p03167. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N. (June 1973). "On the Thermal Conductivity of the Quiet Solar-Wind Plasma and Consequences". The Astrophysical Journal. 182: 961. Bibcode:1973ApJ...182..961C. doi:10.1086/152196. ISSN 0004-637X. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N. (February 1975). "Solution of three-fluid model equations with anomalous transport coefficients for the quiet solar wind". The Astrophysical Journal. 196: 205. Bibcode:1975ApJ...196..205C. doi:10.1086/153406. ISSN 0004-637X. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N.; Spiegelglass, M. (June 1975). "Confirmation of known numerical solutions for the quiet solar wind equations". The Astrophysical Journal. 198: 755–759. Bibcode:1975ApJ...198..755C. doi:10.1086/153652. ISSN 0004-637X. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N. (December 1976). "On the relative magnitude of streaming velocities of alpha particles and protons at 1 AU". Astrophysics and Space Science. 45 (2): 411–417. Bibcode:1976Ap&SS..45..411C. doi:10.1007/BF00642675. ISSN 1572-946X. Metzler, N. (1978). A multi-fluid model for stellar winds. Proceedings of the L.D.de Feiter Memorial Symposium on the Study of Traveling Interplanetary Phenomena. Air Force Systems Command, USAF. Metzler, N.; Dryer, M. (June 1978). "A self-consistent solution of the three-fluid model for the solar wind". The Astrophysical Journal. 222: 689–695. Bibcode:1978ApJ...222..689M. doi:10.1086/156187.
|
[-0.05440064147114754, -0.021820468828082085, 0.07196701318025589, 0.11069420725107193, 0.06569073349237442, 0.008806505240499973, 0.04842640087008476, -0.022761359810829163, 0.03516452759504318, 0.00275922822766006, -0.023070285096764565, -0.04180333763360977, 0.047061946243047714, -0.06301302462816238, 0.06098164990544319, -0.038712479174137115, -0.01124342530965805, -0.007710200268775225, 0.018879054114222527, 0.018658805638551712, -0.08011805266141891, -0.0018781048711389303, -0.009385226294398308, 0.027596330270171165, 0.10536608844995499, 0.03221217915415764, -0.025248700752854347, -0.07392008602619171, -0.06948429346084595, 0.10542292892932892, -0.01642441377043724, 0.12267669290304184, -0.052615936845541, 0.06705142557621002, 0.018635619431734085, 0.02693970687687397, 0.03111213818192482, -0.016739342361688614, -0.06894750148057938, 0.0858754888176918, 0.010200166143476963, -0.02446473017334938, 0.04986552894115448, -0.009137281216681004, -0.11146064102649689, -0.006340010091662407, 0.007660945411771536, -0.0668354406952858, -0.010802656412124634, 0.03672604635357857, 0.0007474800222553313, 0.05893467739224434, 0.0026219284627586603, 0.04406844452023506, -0.012395470403134823, -0.021232089027762413, 0.01707000844180584, -0.02418220229446888, 0.001494441065005958, 0.0030979339499026537, -0.007886630482971668, -0.009514661505818367, -0.09242796152830124, 0.02396521344780922, 0.06248569115996361, -0.01326254103332758, -0.023523855954408646, 0.058041445910930634, 0.027612820267677307, -0.05506841838359833, -0.024959631264209747, 0.07246549427509308, -0.08740928769111633, -0.06350833177566528, 0.010408376343548298, 0.04669855907559395, 0.0957246795296669, 0.05186547711491585, 0.03890499845147133, -0.10532961040735245, -0.0033840287942439318, 0.014020286500453949, -0.05557488277554512, 0.0020078285597264767, -0.049613725394010544, 0.05955027788877487, -0.036377280950546265, -0.016312217339873314, 0.010688158683478832, 0.02458205260336399, 0.01174368429929018, 0.01760474219918251, -0.09149516373872757, -0.003068541409447789, 0.05944311246275902, 0.04991353675723076, 0.021615004166960716, 0.0005664966884069145, 0.10338073968887329, -0.011723040603101254, 0.0180014930665493, -0.00040991019341163337, 0.0043068137019872665, 0.05292685702443123, -0.02702401950955391, 0.06673161685466766, 0.030208969488739967, -0.03138470649719238, -0.058080751448869705, -0.012639095075428486, -0.10344164818525314, 0.011665286496281624, -0.04609546810388565, -0.04006817191839218, 0.0623861663043499, 0.04051238298416138, 0.08690834790468216, 0.052980680018663406, -0.04169651120901108, 0.024724483489990234, 0.002425733720883727, 0.01135511789470911, 0.010249359533190727, 0.050637006759643555, -0.0075294687412679195, -0.010151378810405731, 0.023392051458358765, -1.1374454353960932e-33, 0.04432983323931694, 0.03118876740336418, 0.009378441609442234, 0.05133695527911186, 0.017338138073682785, 0.08523137867450714, -0.01401665061712265, 0.03279935568571091, -0.0417039729654789, -0.04621225222945213, -0.12566061317920685, 0.06660692393779755, 0.044234227389097214, -0.02807360701262951, -0.04028661176562309, -0.025449370965361595, 0.014429229311645031, -0.05933557450771332, 0.003770509734749794, -0.060965511947870255, 0.019810229539871216, 0.019111447036266327, 0.038401179015636444, -0.07564980536699295, -0.02787598967552185, 0.0013556822668761015, 0.08984318375587463, -0.03681930527091026, 0.0634283572435379, 0.041778285056352615, -0.038761574774980545, -0.0388675294816494, 0.00937860831618309, 0.0142081743106246, -0.016906380653381348, 0.012893208302557468, -0.04084605723619461, -0.018819386139512062, 0.020243344828486443, 0.00383285921998322, -0.041942622512578964, -0.008123339153826237, -0.004464448895305395, 0.04671187326312065, 0.02722782827913761, 0.08032722026109695, 0.06415380537509918, -0.020940957590937614, 0.03724970296025276, -0.011613267473876476, 0.007267329841852188, 0.04324284940958023, -0.03918340802192688, 0.007278106175363064, 0.011893638409674168, -0.05387265235185623, 0.045537661761045456, -0.018425168469548225, -0.10091530531644821, -0.028836864978075027, 0.03464948758482933, 0.022022811695933342, -0.011945492587983608, -0.04434508830308914, 0.05277092009782791, 0.07380001991987228, -0.035172268748283386, 0.00422552227973938, -0.009459532797336578, -0.11262688785791397, 0.013553502969443798, 0.05617589130997658, 0.022587381303310394, 0.024523815140128136, 0.051808495074510574, -0.04799021780490875, 0.026789555326104164, 0.048352330923080444, -0.06044531613588333, -0.029768049716949463, -0.0845022052526474, -0.06029604747891426, 0.046398259699344635, 0.020794805139303207, -0.08992902934551239, -0.03716788440942764, -0.007440071552991867, 0.02191106416285038, -0.06679163873195648, -0.11618337035179138, 0.02792690135538578, 0.008972974494099617, 0.09198214113712311, 0.043687134981155396, -0.04976857081055641, -2.2427175904101804e-33, 0.003054623957723379, -0.013828383758664131, -0.013506963849067688, -0.05569709837436676, -0.04799003526568413, 0.07367390394210815, 0.013699797913432121, 0.09659475833177567, -0.05021597817540169, -0.06712359935045242, -0.002508662175387144, -0.040390320122241974, -0.039189405739307404, -0.09595771878957748, 0.06607521325349808, -0.0602046363055706, -0.013711187057197094, 0.054517630487680435, -0.003499615238979459, 0.004532461520284414, 0.03800632804632187, -0.012884256429970264, 0.022004228085279465, -0.00033905316377058625, -0.04486802965402603, -0.05383029580116272, 0.055042047053575516, -0.03286399319767952, -0.08755236119031906, 0.12420722097158432, 0.03325635567307472, 0.015058568678796291, -0.045628976076841354, 0.02891247719526291, 0.06525708734989166, 0.015878381207585335, 0.03433053940534592, -0.002507115714251995, -0.043490126729011536, -0.0027204533107578754, -0.037385109812021255, 0.0062397802248597145, 0.016977334395051003, -0.0813664048910141, 0.05697476118803024, 0.05929957702755928, -0.048803552985191345, -0.003612942062318325, -0.012550028041005135, 0.06315591186285019, -0.016263457015156746, -0.05785423889756203, -0.06289974600076675, 0.06783919036388397, 0.03728745877742767, 0.08906273543834686, 0.018693961203098297, 0.04445549100637436, 0.008696973323822021, -0.08823084086179733, 0.004594692029058933, -0.03537541255354881, 0.006824869196861982, -0.026498744264245033, -0.009463964961469173, -0.058035485446453094, -0.01882007345557213, -0.02112872526049614, 0.041134800761938095, -0.018186384811997414, -0.050514429807662964, -0.05107349902391434, -0.057196181267499924, 0.006808496546000242, 0.01741846278309822, 0.05989987030625343, 0.08527778089046478, -0.050358422100543976, -0.07570363581180573, 0.1157073825597763, -0.02137455902993679, 0.09474606066942215, 0.02144729159772396, -0.03318756818771362, 0.0773501992225647, -0.08959788829088211, 0.02906719595193863, -0.11047656089067459, -0.10001009702682495, 0.0531163215637207, 0.025612732395529747, -0.03516913950443268, 0.05297718197107315, 0.034537721425294876, -0.05081265792250633, -6.009970832110412e-08, 0.029910359531641006, 0.007180281914770603, 0.007270144298672676, -0.02001548931002617, -0.0071738469414412975, -0.00036553110112436116, -0.07980824261903763, -0.0012127250665798783, -0.06003711000084877, 0.09509601444005966, 0.047451410442590714, 0.044163454324007034, 0.08501871675252914, -0.03742744401097298, -0.05753128603100777, -0.03095129132270813, 0.0011539645493030548, -0.07273916900157928, 0.0028013144619762897, -0.04995979368686676, 0.08969771862030029, 0.03177443891763687, -0.04567605257034302, 0.06115057319402695, 0.06716101616621017, 0.0533364899456501, 0.016540583223104477, -0.030949726700782776, 0.014544462785124779, -0.06922329217195511, -0.09696536511182785, 0.003883887315168977, 0.0700407475233078, -0.08707260340452194, -0.058318842202425, 0.10059825330972672, -0.013847731985151768, 0.04380907118320465, 0.01612018421292305, 0.02414107881486416, 0.025637386366724968, 0.03200656175613403, -0.014605490490794182, -0.015466410666704178, 0.08506277948617935, 0.01930525153875351, -0.03391564264893532, -0.07506054639816284, -0.03855318948626518, 0.05144646018743515, 0.03178887069225311, 0.07036610692739487, -0.009358088485896587, 0.0234404057264328, -0.05107560008764267, -0.05715486407279968, -0.20289672911167145, -0.022478191182017326, 0.02151535637676716, -0.08462890237569809, 0.01064393576234579, 0.05511115491390228, -0.14655914902687073, 0.013173701241612434]
|
Solar wind
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.
|
504
|
( June 1978 ) . `` A self-consistent solution of the three-fluid model for the solar wind '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 222 : 689–695 . Bibcode:1978ApJ ... 222 .. 689M . doi:10.1086/156187 .ISSN 0004-637X. Cuperman, S.; Metzler, N. (May 1979). "Comments on 'Acceleration of solar wind He++, 3. Effects of resonant and nonresonant interactions with transverse waves' by J. V. Hollweg and J. M. Turner". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics. 84 (A5): 2139–2140. Bibcode:1979JGR....84.2139C. doi:10.1029/JA084iA05p02139. ISSN 0148-0227. Metzler, N.; Cuperman, S.; Dryer, M.; Rosenau, P. (August 1979). "A time-dependent two-fluid model with thermal conduction for the solar wind". The Astrophysical Journal. 231: 960. Bibcode:1979ApJ...231..960M. doi:10.1086/157258. ISSN 0004-637X. Alexander, Peter (13 October 1992). "History of solar coronal expansion studies". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 73 (41): 433–438. Bibcode:1992EOSTr..73..433A. doi:10.1029/91EO00319. ISSN 0096-3941. External links
Real-time plots of solar wind activity from the Advanced Composition Explorer
Get data from A.C.E. (Advanced Composition Explorer) and boost the brain Archived 2022-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
|
[-0.07810717076063156, -0.006481270771473646, 0.06762835383415222, 0.04154757410287857, -0.007363844662904739, -0.021397221833467484, -0.041073381900787354, 0.008213520981371403, 0.04651770368218422, -0.0465116947889328, 0.025541948154568672, -0.03942982107400894, 0.030312037095427513, -0.021698184311389923, 0.10026095062494278, -0.020238665863871574, -0.010321194306015968, 0.02287908084690571, -0.015952736139297485, 0.01386954914778471, -0.028774378821253777, 0.016289273276925087, -0.011963427066802979, -0.03781842067837715, 0.13146787881851196, -0.006087478715926409, -0.0065455809235572815, -0.007672377862036228, -0.033458370715379715, 0.10181766748428345, 0.011288945563137531, 0.06396724283695221, -0.14492826163768768, 0.02655988186597824, -0.016754761338233948, 0.002321273786947131, 0.02647814154624939, -0.0026787046808749437, -0.11865467578172684, 0.008205540478229523, 0.038122937083244324, -0.025798426941037178, 0.035601526498794556, 0.011415229178965092, -0.03331926465034485, 0.034137289971113205, 0.02866915613412857, 0.0030786616262048483, -0.013421012088656425, 0.016970589756965637, 0.012019859626889229, 0.020656978711485863, -0.0063600242137908936, 0.04103432223200798, -0.0290388111025095, 0.004411785397678614, 0.04428964480757713, 0.01759209856390953, -0.012424453161656857, -0.028102295473217964, 0.002154398011043668, 0.021793626248836517, -0.12916970252990723, 0.015087705105543137, 0.035721905529499054, -0.01888756826519966, -0.05743489786982536, 0.06855124980211258, -0.003630357561632991, 0.03562595695257187, 0.0037782303988933563, 0.032904066145420074, -0.07592577487230301, -0.06222920119762421, -0.006390404887497425, -0.025085443630814552, 0.06828002631664276, 0.08405077457427979, -0.01884331740438938, -0.06295990198850632, 0.005915911868214607, -0.01507632341235876, -0.08592536300420761, 0.0008925300789996982, -0.06257976591587067, 0.051837969571352005, -0.03281700611114502, 0.03369449824094772, -0.022425943985581398, 0.03102029301226139, 0.020383918657898903, 0.02758764661848545, -0.06766553223133087, -0.05571548268198967, 0.0749780461192131, 0.04900432750582695, 0.009750897996127605, -0.01365590374916792, 0.07345132529735565, -0.006155740935355425, -0.03128973767161369, 0.008712904527783394, -0.005588214844465256, 0.11299221962690353, 0.01540808379650116, 0.09112834185361862, -0.0006195059977471828, -0.006457137875258923, -0.04970496520400047, -0.020017772912979126, -0.04088512435555458, 0.01710612326860428, -0.006264110561460257, -0.03536014258861542, 0.0983770564198494, 0.019433921203017235, 0.02155637927353382, 0.04203921556472778, -0.026616157963871956, 0.01198217086493969, 0.011013840325176716, 0.0006872027297504246, 0.014129213988780975, 0.005534990690648556, -0.016109418123960495, -0.02220843732357025, 0.053201280534267426, -7.441442192296528e-34, 0.047270018607378006, 0.05713290348649025, 0.003908790182322264, 0.02741386368870735, 0.022268248721957207, 0.09391859173774719, 0.0004086712724529207, 0.043612122535705566, -0.005669151898473501, -0.0425787977874279, -0.13550902903079987, 0.08072122931480408, -0.017403805628418922, 0.014081252738833427, -0.03792683407664299, -0.02244173176586628, 0.033047258853912354, -0.04271294176578522, -0.0253565926104784, -0.0026749633252620697, 0.014118216931819916, 0.04612838849425316, 0.016686566174030304, -0.11718863248825073, -0.04045291617512703, -0.026395974680781364, 0.05554484948515892, -0.0013508523115888238, 0.0007221069536171854, 0.012789090164005756, -0.026145625859498978, -0.019285498186945915, 0.012459535151720047, 0.05863533169031143, 0.008890550583600998, -0.016469137743115425, -0.044457752257585526, -0.0119211720302701, 0.0020175131503492594, 0.004242634400725365, -0.017527718096971512, -0.004639726132154465, 0.03813673555850983, 0.10342990607023239, -0.030607281252741814, -0.04139570891857147, 0.0269002728164196, 0.019423410296440125, 0.029217632487416267, 0.03937237337231636, 0.06344238668680191, 0.09139461815357208, -0.08258099108934402, 0.03625316917896271, -0.0028280734550207853, -0.015235820785164833, 0.06647003442049026, 0.029467539861798286, -0.16063565015792847, -0.03648754581809044, 0.011084373109042645, 0.006297740153968334, 0.03086838871240616, -0.019101103767752647, 0.05570822209119797, 0.11278961598873138, -0.08848113566637039, -0.008508631028234959, 0.005996990948915482, -0.11829433590173721, -0.018622713163495064, 0.045417942106723785, 0.02831956185400486, 0.002104018349200487, 0.05136709287762642, -0.07802344113588333, 0.05241876468062401, 0.01968507654964924, -0.01387353427708149, 0.012138464488089085, -0.06550198048353195, -0.04627157375216484, 0.02962026558816433, -0.00041277846321463585, -0.05807099863886833, -0.04487600550055504, 0.02903733402490616, -0.0006279466906562448, -0.04698464274406433, -0.09429533779621124, 0.002957126358523965, 0.05646742507815361, 0.12873874604701996, -0.009521720930933952, 0.0446271188557148, -3.2109495119794515e-33, 0.028169801458716393, -0.007960448041558266, -0.01591869629919529, -0.013769452460110188, 0.06353101879358292, 0.09630168229341507, 0.05327413231134415, 0.10753697901964188, -0.08907830715179443, -0.11608961224555969, 0.04971431940793991, -0.02833610400557518, -0.00798316951841116, -0.030263327062129974, 0.06086665764451027, -0.01037682220339775, 0.013256494887173176, 0.00946398638188839, 0.006087564397603273, 0.0064973048865795135, 0.06364736706018448, 0.03467889502644539, 0.011091875843703747, 0.017994068562984467, -0.041572920978069305, -0.06758228689432144, 0.06155121698975563, -0.07130877673625946, -0.05589653179049492, 0.06848014146089554, 0.03585449978709221, 0.04477603733539581, -0.005343628581613302, 0.010566024109721184, 0.06176157668232918, 0.046830665320158005, 0.09168397635221481, 0.009814903140068054, -0.03660131245851517, 0.007775785401463509, 0.03736291825771332, 0.0326572023332119, -0.02383771724998951, -0.02876235917210579, -0.0055704000405967236, 0.0741819366812706, -0.06027800217270851, -0.04087086766958237, -0.0487954318523407, 0.04007907584309578, -0.042872700840234756, -0.08151300996541977, -0.024606550112366676, 0.06478159874677658, 0.06553424149751663, 0.033802323043346405, 0.07976530492305756, 0.01326366700232029, -0.02928183600306511, -0.039940085262060165, -0.039823468774557114, 0.011602476239204407, 0.03207804635167122, -0.054690271615982056, 0.03783339262008667, -0.02047903649508953, -0.06837651133537292, -0.025253167375922203, 0.0049393377266824245, -0.05383023992180824, -0.027575675398111343, -0.07785969227552414, -0.05810026079416275, -0.05047094076871872, 0.018900416791439056, 0.018894746899604797, 0.03254834935069084, -0.015211590565741062, -0.09473921358585358, 0.06428216397762299, -0.042090464383363724, 0.13949492573738098, -0.003943586256355047, -0.04918021708726883, 0.002368247602134943, -0.13054707646369934, -0.034514766186475754, -0.09791478514671326, -0.0943058654665947, 0.011060336604714394, 0.0698307603597641, 0.0011437905486673117, 0.02973804622888565, 0.07482607662677765, 0.015952855348587036, -6.38252544149509e-08, 0.02170799858868122, -0.022835779935121536, 0.0005187677452340722, -0.0011674452107399702, -0.029118236154317856, 0.034330978989601135, -0.05983896926045418, -0.06239781528711319, -0.04604072496294975, 0.0015539423329755664, 0.02111934870481491, 0.004470624960958958, 0.06747935712337494, -0.09444782137870789, -0.07628180086612701, -0.057118840515613556, 0.007253621704876423, -0.12026911973953247, -0.029438741505146027, -0.06814984977245331, 0.11078555136919022, 0.046373721212148666, -0.05294395610690117, 0.031799618154764175, 0.005990900564938784, 0.08950503170490265, -0.03141132742166519, -0.05015067756175995, 0.0202274639159441, -0.017314692959189415, -0.05212361738085747, 0.010324697010219097, -0.005654614884406328, -0.0756373405456543, -0.09728168696165085, 0.0816502794623375, -0.022432204335927963, 0.06684036552906036, -0.0006320593529380858, 0.024838274344801903, 0.038270626217126846, 0.07161153107881546, -0.05826404318213463, 0.012850699946284294, 0.10593519359827042, 0.025471098721027374, -0.038012612611055374, -0.11144672334194183, -0.03736598789691925, 0.0816660076379776, 0.007534668780863285, 0.07141683995723724, 0.024165837094187737, -0.007139386609196663, -0.03988797962665558, 0.007327817380428314, -0.18881919980049133, 0.006353077944368124, -0.028851352632045746, -0.06807172298431396, 0.02700669877231121, -0.0006771357730031013, -0.07340380549430847, 0.037107884883880615]
|
Solar wind
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind.
|
505
|
Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation have been a main driver of climate change over the millions to billions of years of the geologic time scale. Evidence that this is the case comes from analysis on many timescales and from many sources, including: direct observations; composites from baskets of different proxy observations; and numerical climate models. On millennial timescales, paleoclimate indicators have been compared to cosmogenic isotope abundances as the latter are a proxy for solar activity. These have also been used on century times scales but, in addition, instrumental data are increasingly available (mainly telescopic observations of sunspots and thermometer measurements of air temperature) and show that, for example, the temperature fluctuations do not match the solar activity variations and that the commonly-invoked association of the Little Ice Age with the Maunder minimum is far too simplistic as, although solar variations may have played a minor role, a much bigger factor is known to be Little Ice Age volcanism. In recent decades observations of unprecedented accuracy, sensitivity and scope (of both solar activity and terrestrial climate) have become available from spacecraft and show unequivocally that recent global warming is not caused by changes in the Sun. Geologic time
Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula. Volcanic outgassing probably created the primordial atmosphere, which contained almost no oxygen and would have been toxic to humans and most modern life. Much of the Earth was molten because of frequent collisions with other bodies which led to extreme volcanism. Over time, the planet cooled and formed a solid crust, eventually allowing liquid water to exist on the surface. Three to four billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70% of its current power. Under the present atmospheric composition, this past solar luminosity would have been insufficient to prevent water from uniformly freezing.
|
[-0.03067759983241558, 0.04183501750230789, 0.09037330746650696, 0.057775113731622696, 0.07845165580511093, -0.02846347540616989, -0.051216110587120056, 0.03392380475997925, 0.03075452148914337, 0.014623794704675674, -0.012108676135540009, -0.10690324753522873, 0.019687771797180176, 0.04524453356862068, 0.05444999784231186, -0.057268090546131134, -0.001460617408156395, 0.0014535874361172318, 0.04748097062110901, -0.05061250180006027, -0.024244999513030052, 0.027453497052192688, -0.0872306078672409, 0.018113436177372932, 0.02664397656917572, -0.05571732670068741, -0.1043926328420639, 0.008375938981771469, -0.057927828282117844, 0.11291305720806122, -0.0450732447206974, 0.11539341509342194, 0.012701529078185558, -0.0045022666454315186, 0.0057089184410870075, 0.04285051301121712, 0.04777903854846954, 0.0030348356813192368, -0.08753357082605362, 0.003580227494239807, 0.029414517804980278, -0.055235233157873154, 0.06259739398956299, 0.007173182442784309, -0.07355209439992905, 0.015590640716254711, 0.016791431233286858, -0.03440896421670914, -0.11387461423873901, 0.07350976020097733, 0.0004906845279037952, 0.03268018737435341, -0.015406987629830837, -0.004638258367776871, -0.043048080056905746, -0.06095806509256363, 0.04486403986811638, 0.02783033438026905, 0.04363949969410896, -0.022338686510920525, -0.023222845047712326, -0.023379573598504066, -0.10835469514131546, -0.00536936754360795, 0.030860891565680504, 0.024451913312077522, 0.05612979456782341, -0.05639318749308586, 0.042381782084703445, 0.00883179809898138, -0.00830214936286211, 0.08322688937187195, -0.05743075907230377, -0.038067448884248734, -0.0646950975060463, -0.010159021243453026, -0.009111185558140278, 0.03441551700234413, 0.03271748870611191, -0.11938409507274628, 0.05646241828799248, 0.06802283227443695, -0.03371399641036987, -0.027553273364901543, -0.05794582515954971, 0.008845052681863308, 0.0390339195728302, 0.06422587484121323, 0.006197238806635141, -0.059621889144182205, -0.010834586806595325, 0.04103437066078186, -0.05752880498766899, 0.018543696030974388, 0.00940255168825388, 0.06156882643699646, 0.049044083803892136, 0.017803477123379707, 0.12737365067005157, -0.001482267864048481, 0.0019073656294494867, 0.019767221063375473, -0.057598136365413666, 0.10216108709573746, 0.02718639001250267, -0.046130940318107605, -0.010767181403934956, -0.058521121740341187, -0.012118271552026272, 0.04717176780104637, -0.03052162565290928, -0.0011617299169301987, -0.038361724466085434, -0.0377192497253418, 0.08440729230642319, -0.05375732481479645, 0.014813227578997612, 0.039978619664907455, -0.08314239233732224, -0.008779262192547321, -0.037362147122621536, 0.03941361978650093, 0.03707759082317352, 0.09268493205308914, 0.07414282858371735, 0.08101050555706024, 0.01765226200222969, 4.7544180429892554e-33, 0.10894987732172012, 0.012264454737305641, -0.028135504573583603, 0.009220033884048462, -0.00932853389531374, 0.02414465881884098, -0.04425222799181938, 0.025036374107003212, -0.02370605058968067, -0.03438102826476097, -0.016303524374961853, 0.0642928034067154, 0.00438698660582304, 0.04468740522861481, 0.01920142024755478, 0.04238738864660263, 0.0028570613358169794, 0.04418469965457916, 0.033804841339588165, -0.021785948425531387, -0.11956160515546799, -0.034500766545534134, 0.0550520233809948, 0.00329495663754642, 0.03381706774234772, 0.011671005748212337, 0.05803375691175461, 0.03158828988671303, -0.03772120550274849, -0.041584596037864685, 0.06537169963121414, -0.08715645223855972, -0.050433725118637085, 0.023761507123708725, 0.08791016787290573, -0.03129114210605621, 0.017662223428487778, 0.02427821233868599, -0.02726990543305874, -0.011248343624174595, 0.03927508741617203, 0.03054404817521572, 0.018256215378642082, -0.06303827464580536, 0.040377598255872726, -0.04014173522591591, 0.02546115219593048, -0.002154690446332097, -0.0352618433535099, 0.038031205534935, -0.02455509454011917, 0.06099237874150276, -0.021538032218813896, -0.048252172768116, -0.02181219309568405, 0.006987038999795914, 0.04762517660856247, -0.030574845150113106, -0.06624244898557663, -0.0075545297004282475, 0.024462230503559113, -0.05496075376868248, 0.04537993296980858, -0.017709573730826378, 0.027933456003665924, 0.17708763480186462, -0.04093256965279579, 0.052336685359478, -0.021844517439603806, 0.04375661537051201, -0.015730150043964386, 0.0043069468811154366, 0.0005643582553602755, 0.00309847854077816, 0.05896430462598801, -0.02174077369272709, 0.11457087844610214, -0.022263262420892715, -0.028124675154685974, 0.017235297709703445, -0.027804212644696236, -0.05554093420505524, 0.03899694234132767, -0.053140874952077866, -0.12879051268100739, -0.08008792251348495, 0.02193763107061386, 0.05157029256224632, 0.026210440322756767, -0.048851095139980316, -0.011616840027272701, -0.031158024445176125, 0.038798898458480835, -0.0021741753444075584, -0.0790729746222496, -6.10660719449738e-33, -0.048266537487506866, -0.006117474287748337, 0.01267129834741354, -0.0006839963025413454, -0.05159032717347145, -0.04651255905628204, -0.04913981631398201, 0.01327369175851345, -0.02184455096721649, -0.07605400681495667, 0.039229657500982285, 0.004744970239698887, 0.01410769671201706, -0.12354779243469238, -0.05766335502266884, 0.013305184431374073, -0.047932956367731094, 0.03271660953760147, -0.013429282233119011, 0.045674242079257965, -0.02182818576693535, -0.031453926116228104, -0.04423778876662254, -0.05128324031829834, 0.01732410117983818, -0.006871694233268499, 0.04828723892569542, -0.03834952786564827, -0.01168065331876278, -0.01179871242493391, -0.11716711521148682, 0.009383169934153557, 0.013160007074475288, -0.06196875125169754, -0.04999161511659622, 0.06603489816188812, 0.03667537122964859, -0.025624265894293785, -0.10273217409849167, 0.01442593615502119, -0.020166737958788872, 0.054545897990465164, -0.0045733400620520115, -0.11127269268035889, 0.03536858409643173, -0.025316428393125534, -0.009000314399600029, 0.15185925364494324, 0.0179031603038311, 0.03853853419423103, 0.06436195969581604, -0.021526668220758438, -0.018061384558677673, 0.028845369815826416, -0.00026853091549128294, 0.01124167162925005, -0.014942867681384087, 0.04403252154588699, -0.0674501582980156, -0.05397215858101845, -0.005607515573501587, -0.06398329138755798, 0.005919467657804489, -0.01262164581567049, 0.04202457517385483, -0.04103902727365494, -0.014574350789189339, -0.04219134524464607, -0.08354435116052628, 0.05966956913471222, 0.08872614800930023, -0.09922614693641663, -0.03325020149350166, -0.07402974367141724, 0.029418334364891052, -0.01282552070915699, 0.006205936893820763, -0.0031413352116942406, -0.04507850855588913, 0.027471031993627548, 0.013807764276862144, 0.0031619311776012182, 0.0641300305724144, 0.028439687564969063, 0.05042010918259621, 0.052716661244630814, -0.06683624535799026, -0.061892639845609665, -0.025555839762091637, 0.06835061311721802, -0.10131387412548065, -0.036696989089250565, -0.06272970139980316, 0.09563466161489487, -0.026804780587553978, -5.2685486195969133e-08, 0.07468365877866745, 0.08209431916475296, 0.01976959779858589, 0.04551314935088158, 0.0015218844637274742, 0.00010892674617934972, 0.01991177909076214, -0.0011462039547041059, -0.01791061833500862, -0.02661946788430214, 0.1182912066578865, -0.0013478095643222332, 0.1005910336971283, -0.033599141985177994, 0.039745960384607315, -0.01593014784157276, 0.06645272672176361, -0.08739487826824188, -0.04990002512931824, 0.01602942869067192, 0.0029736871365457773, 0.027669761329889297, -0.004543897230178118, -0.04455573484301567, 0.041753076016902924, -0.00099981261882931, -0.011250740848481655, 0.17253874242305756, 0.011936024762690067, -0.07354847341775894, -0.019796591252088547, -0.037081945687532425, 0.08076166361570358, -0.11892399936914444, -0.009767932817339897, 0.043651092797517776, -0.05045299977064133, 0.09107246994972229, -0.040030043572187424, -0.026205673813819885, 0.004640724044293165, 0.055502962321043015, -0.08144795149564743, 0.056127723306417465, 0.026113465428352356, 0.023499369621276855, 0.0023255792912095785, -0.01993895135819912, 0.011301692575216293, 0.10042370110750198, -0.030045578256249428, -0.014055571518838406, -0.02420630306005478, -0.04625576362013817, 0.0016632780898362398, 0.013587729074060917, -0.035537686198949814, -0.040465012192726135, -0.012865584343671799, 0.046385787427425385, 0.05566592514514923, -0.06796528398990631, -0.10731304436922073, -0.047023799270391464]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
506
|
billion years ago the Sun emitted only 70 % of its current power . Under the present atmospheric composition , this past solar luminosity would have been insufficient to prevent water from uniformly freezing .There is nonetheless evidence that liquid water was already present in the Hadean and Archean eons, leading to what is known as the faint young Sun paradox. Hypothesized solutions to this paradox include a vastly different atmosphere, with much higher concentrations of greenhouse gases than currently exist. Over the following approximately 4 billion years, the Sun's energy output increased and the composition of the Earth atmosphere changed. The Great Oxygenation Event around 2.4 billion years ago was the most notable alteration of the atmosphere. Over the next five billion years, the Sun's ultimate death as it becomes a very bright red giant and then a very faint white dwarf will have dramatic effects on climate, with the red giant phase likely already ending any life on Earth. Measurement
Since 1978, solar irradiance has been directly measured by satellites with very good accuracy. These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978. Solar irradiance before the 1970s is estimated using proxy variables, such as tree rings, the number of sunspots, and the abundances of cosmogenic isotopes such as 10Be, all of which are calibrated to the post-1978 direct measurements. Solar activity has been on a declining trend since the 1960s, as indicated by solar cycles 19–24, in which the maximum number of sunspots were 201, 111, 165, 159, 121 and 82, respectively. In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
|
[-0.032176531851291656, 0.10906945168972015, 0.09845340996980667, 0.1286163181066513, 0.13321025669574738, -0.065880686044693, 0.0034488399978727102, 0.04858419671654701, 0.01728879287838936, 0.0004338169237598777, -0.017199605703353882, -0.02744416706264019, 0.021934857591986656, 0.006695758085697889, 0.043022219091653824, -0.01979955844581127, -0.020309699699282646, -0.017097705975174904, -0.005988486111164093, -0.05156171694397926, -0.029980076476931572, 0.035299576818943024, -0.02482282556593418, -0.005060368217527866, -0.012504464015364647, -0.024506404995918274, -0.0239061638712883, -0.013614315539598465, -0.061087820678949356, 0.037234462797641754, -0.019518300890922546, 0.0246600192040205, 0.04181859642267227, -0.02899123728275299, -0.008077622391283512, 0.04855567216873169, 0.11584267765283585, -0.08720365166664124, -0.0381956472992897, 0.014652223326265812, -0.0401376336812973, -0.028021275997161865, 0.014086494222283363, 0.0009319079690612853, -0.06821036338806152, 0.008433796465396881, 0.0052844746969640255, -0.05692296102643013, -0.06950469315052032, 0.03859340772032738, 0.022282525897026062, 0.018647244200110435, -0.024273278191685677, -0.009738937020301819, -0.024259719997644424, -0.03382771089673042, -0.0301008652895689, -0.018139030784368515, 0.01892217993736267, -0.05484800785779953, -0.021670999005436897, -0.07877574861049652, -0.06318351626396179, -0.04549190774559975, 0.010268320329487324, 0.005751624703407288, 0.04482195898890495, -0.07188618183135986, -0.021679291501641273, -0.008276856504380703, -0.06788431853055954, 0.0899277925491333, -0.05434785410761833, -0.07497595250606537, -0.10617886483669281, 0.04853668808937073, 0.05158097296953201, 0.05601920187473297, 0.07807239890098572, -0.02516891248524189, 0.09703880548477173, 0.02310747466981411, -0.03561285138130188, 0.02508544735610485, -0.018098849803209305, 0.015386451035737991, 0.016911404207348824, 0.03243665769696236, -0.010502124205231667, -0.02954592928290367, -0.08765722066164017, 0.007082460913807154, -0.02257835492491722, 0.017792902886867523, 0.0492599681019783, 0.12248872965574265, 0.028739847242832184, -0.06900712847709656, 0.09583263844251633, 0.013873609714210033, 0.007334791589528322, 0.04502313584089279, -0.06111055612564087, 0.03635925054550171, 0.07314121723175049, -0.0005935205263085663, -0.011795880272984505, 0.015611380338668823, -0.04010602459311485, 0.006146677769720554, 0.04326141998171806, 0.012143759056925774, 0.04573020339012146, -0.009222338907420635, 0.031598567962646484, 0.032761603593826294, -0.00979546271264553, 0.019977115094661713, -0.13738203048706055, -0.016062326729297638, -0.034725259989500046, 0.11043727397918701, 0.02381584234535694, 0.0637359544634819, 0.06311769783496857, -0.04097863286733627, 0.026588592678308487, 3.53713045989142e-33, 0.09085873514413834, -0.008859316818416119, -0.001522189355455339, 0.005191716365516186, -0.0005358061171136796, 0.05662083253264427, -0.03279399499297142, 0.05944913253188133, -0.005530418828129768, -0.05070817470550537, -0.045756854116916656, -0.05966474115848541, 0.007437507621943951, -0.04360518604516983, -0.0281821321696043, -0.01189292874187231, 0.01862809993326664, 0.022821417078375816, 0.017758706584572792, -0.015871362760663033, -0.07184332609176636, -0.0005811471492052078, 0.05007413774728775, -0.04314650967717171, 0.032940566539764404, 0.021151361986994743, 0.1003628820180893, -0.009249049238860607, -0.010913259349763393, -0.04296278581023216, 0.03192105516791344, -0.09940358251333237, -0.019827857613563538, 0.07213245332241058, -0.02312425523996353, -0.05552633851766586, -0.017510009929537773, 0.01454518735408783, 0.008073104545474052, 0.05167738348245621, -0.035322971642017365, 0.10458913445472717, 0.014333626255393028, -0.04551161453127861, 0.0899304673075676, -0.009386497549712658, 0.06721328943967819, -0.03147411718964577, -0.02733505517244339, 0.04012376442551613, -0.01567739248275757, 0.016479115933179855, -0.08816545456647873, 0.005308905616402626, -0.04250643402338028, -0.02544441819190979, 0.05620696395635605, -0.02153194323182106, -0.10399706661701202, 0.06916426122188568, 0.07444006949663162, -0.014842161908745766, -0.011370521038770676, -0.007455562707036734, -0.031122488901019096, 0.14143113791942596, -0.011967567726969719, -0.013996782712638378, -0.01465132087469101, -0.025945492088794708, 0.035022616386413574, -0.0573115237057209, 0.02183591015636921, -0.05665123835206032, 0.021627165377140045, -0.014198550023138523, 0.08966998755931854, -0.02121199108660221, -0.03018242120742798, 0.06645604223012924, 0.03452980890870094, -0.019082799553871155, 0.043559689074754715, -0.06494682282209396, -0.06335000693798065, -0.09587568044662476, 0.009552273899316788, 0.04774267598986626, 0.004678983241319656, -0.039697326719760895, 0.0841154158115387, -0.08504725247621536, 0.06721305847167969, -0.030844781547784805, -0.05439416691660881, -4.7609405672683806e-33, 0.023122169077396393, 0.04134069010615349, -0.01434179674834013, 0.01393021922558546, 0.026239879429340363, -0.0333327054977417, -0.038150426000356674, 0.10238825529813766, -0.09584783017635345, -0.09874612092971802, 0.08615638315677643, 0.07935468852519989, -0.015488099306821823, -0.07075652480125427, -0.02335570938885212, 0.0400683619081974, -0.033100057393312454, 0.08619815856218338, -0.06343641877174377, 0.058101095259189606, -0.0041267480701208115, -0.004278369247913361, -0.005789240822196007, -0.005336110945791006, 0.0030345728155225515, 0.00922661367803812, 0.05858061835169792, -0.05047603324055672, -0.02746002934873104, 0.03841634467244148, -0.09476558119058609, -0.01692190207540989, -0.013904162682592869, 0.04144442081451416, 0.034303825348615646, -0.004513802472501993, -0.0016090897843241692, -0.03779018297791481, -0.11300557851791382, 0.001383319846354425, 0.005247433204203844, -0.013552173040807247, -0.024524232372641563, -0.08434010297060013, 0.02007974497973919, 0.011631817556917667, -0.05208742991089821, 0.1156134381890297, 0.034222207963466644, 0.01983669027686119, 0.013880486600100994, -0.036328304558992386, -0.05043908581137657, 0.03367168456315994, -0.015471110120415688, -0.01404090691357851, -0.0067756203934550285, 0.08326837420463562, -0.03366889804601669, 0.052783433347940445, 0.025900118052959442, -0.08645927160978317, 0.08158417791128159, 0.0028738658875226974, 0.021481620147824287, -0.019419200718402863, -0.022436553612351418, 0.019768279045820236, -0.04571181908249855, 0.008097589947283268, 0.1140032559633255, -0.06262655556201935, -0.06384430825710297, 0.0008505365694873035, 0.040678899735212326, 0.06101854890584946, 0.008737691678106785, -0.03433686122298241, -0.07126567512750626, 0.06693185120820999, -0.055184394121170044, 0.0199882835149765, 0.03058657795190811, -0.007172075100243092, 0.07121149450540543, -0.03211405873298645, -0.02458224445581436, -0.10466523468494415, -0.052864283323287964, 0.0021538978908210993, -0.11304676532745361, -0.006262588314712048, -0.06892203539609909, 0.09541848301887512, 0.022932345047593117, -5.097095723272105e-08, 0.04011032357811928, 0.061469677835702896, 0.030203279107809067, 0.08724233508110046, 0.026333769783377647, -0.008815470151603222, 0.03823696821928024, 0.05960605666041374, -0.04839479178190231, -0.00918402150273323, -0.013481132686138153, 0.03068319521844387, 0.10812734812498093, -0.033130720257759094, 0.001984501490369439, -0.016196368262171745, 0.024127667769789696, -0.05741097778081894, 0.024674441665410995, 0.040894221514463425, 0.028051000088453293, -0.012132209725677967, 0.00780229177325964, -0.013553071767091751, -0.027825133875012398, -0.011926624923944473, 0.037914350628852844, 0.07949729263782501, 0.03684939444065094, -0.10184039920568466, 0.02258780598640442, -0.05985253304243088, 0.08326692134141922, -0.07065022736787796, -0.10398319363594055, -0.023912174627184868, -0.04178667813539505, 0.07225216925144196, 0.04027842357754707, -0.015606355853378773, -0.026184378191828728, 0.095472551882267, -0.0332479253411293, 0.024481389671564102, 0.025845319032669067, 0.011957325041294098, -0.02198459766805172, -0.07403496652841568, -0.0005784148816019297, 0.04236983507871628, 0.025052206590771675, 0.0385778546333313, -0.013673219829797745, -0.10595527291297913, 0.01160408928990364, -0.06467287242412567, -0.11307377368211746, 0.014851436018943787, -0.07090947031974792, 0.07370195537805557, 0.09923120588064194, -0.08682570606470108, -0.07881253212690353, -0.0028762798756361008]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
507
|
, 165 , 159 , 121 and 82 , respectively . In the three decades following 1978 , the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence .A 2010 study found that the composition of solar radiation might have changed slightly, with in an increase of ultraviolet radiation and a decrease in other wavelengths." Modern era
In the modern era, the Sun has operated within a sufficiently narrow band that climate has been little affected. Models indicate that the combination of solar variations and volcanic activity can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between A.D. 1000 and 1900. The Holocene
Numerous paleoenvironmental reconstructions have looked for relationships between solar variability and climate. Arctic paleoclimate, in particular, has linked total solar irradiance variations and climate variability. A 2001 paper identified a ~1500 year solar cycle that was a significant influence on North Atlantic climate throughout the Holocene. Little Ice Age
One historical long-term correlation between solar activity and climate change is the 1645–1715 Maunder minimum, a period of little or no sunspot activity which partially overlapped the "Little Ice Age" during which cold weather prevailed in Europe. The Little Ice Age encompassed roughly the 16th to the 19th centuries. Whether the low solar activity or other factors caused the cooling is debated. The Spörer Minimum between 1460 and 1550 was matched to a significant cooling period. A 2012 paper instead linked the Little Ice Age to volcanism, through an "unusual 50-year-long episode with four large sulfur-rich explosive eruptions," and claimed "large changes in solar irradiance are not required" to explain the phenomenon. A 2010 paper suggested that a new 90-year period of low solar activity would reduce global average temperatures by about 0.3 °C, which would be far from enough to offset the increased forcing from greenhouse gases.
|
[-0.03461891785264015, 0.10750363767147064, 0.08226978033781052, 0.08302401751279831, 0.05560692772269249, -0.0023335330188274384, -0.06684444099664688, 0.027216419577598572, -0.043731629848480225, 0.015669358894228935, 0.0020231737289577723, -0.054597362875938416, -0.0023527343291789293, 0.054222021251916885, 0.07337313890457153, 0.002924884669482708, -0.08145038783550262, 0.004941971506923437, 0.0597546212375164, -0.002132027642801404, -0.01089311670511961, -0.008519218303263187, -0.07166267186403275, -0.029671819880604744, 0.02140967920422554, -0.02642827108502388, -0.07223449647426605, 0.017702875658869743, -0.09823910146951675, 0.11163593828678131, -0.018570009618997574, 0.06857505440711975, 0.03290409967303276, -0.013289046473801136, 0.06031373515725136, 0.012431028299033642, 0.04369892179965973, 0.002796025015413761, -0.07609723508358002, 0.06237807124853134, -0.015123995020985603, -0.03770545870065689, 0.05520370230078697, 0.018511787056922913, -0.10710026323795319, 0.03896657004952431, 0.005756225902587175, -0.005128372460603714, -0.10163694620132446, 0.0031299437396228313, 0.052194744348526, -0.022684263065457344, -0.05315955728292465, -0.006655051372945309, -0.029883479699492455, -0.019406860694289207, -0.05343159660696983, 0.020448537543416023, -0.0002109642227878794, -0.02712830901145935, 0.0132950684055686, -0.041087806224823, -0.0901871919631958, -0.014208558946847916, 0.03200048580765724, 0.024134846404194832, 0.03298305720090866, -0.05201664939522743, -0.007778518833220005, -0.015802400186657906, -0.02047719620168209, 0.06206396222114563, -0.0842420682311058, -0.02649819478392601, -0.02350022830069065, -0.006244539283216, -0.032977789640426636, 0.05245933681726456, 0.010440390557050705, -0.1196649968624115, 0.054029710590839386, 0.09699441492557526, -0.019164925441145897, -0.00410744734108448, -0.043844714760780334, -0.016017181798815727, 0.08681177347898483, -0.00016506947576999664, 0.002937478944659233, -0.014444176107645035, -0.015891730785369873, 0.07272305339574814, -0.01825094409286976, 0.005170827265828848, 0.04972105100750923, 0.0859278067946434, 0.07305222004652023, 0.044532980769872665, 0.07545330375432968, 0.015337553806602955, 0.023287642747163773, -0.012915129773318768, -0.036146827042102814, 0.04145251214504242, 0.010761060751974583, -0.01743030548095703, -0.012970144860446453, -0.05471009016036987, -0.05533182621002197, 0.05904507264494896, -0.04091617092490196, -0.0027168518863618374, -0.015873340889811516, 0.008847974240779877, 0.10818669199943542, -0.05886194854974747, -0.007925495505332947, 0.045763399451971054, -0.044925887137651443, -0.004172610584646463, -0.026076342910528183, 0.04827997833490372, 0.06989257782697678, 0.09021923691034317, 0.03408224880695343, 0.07479456812143326, 0.05448007956147194, 1.2602578709276403e-33, 0.14947770535945892, -0.007858840748667717, -0.059725720435380936, 0.03005596622824669, 0.040600601583719254, 0.03015577793121338, -0.022179504856467247, 0.03289737179875374, -0.05192410945892334, -0.06495746970176697, -0.01849365234375, -0.0023194467648863792, 0.012878753244876862, 0.04176551103591919, -0.009888339787721634, 0.0003616342437453568, -0.0001788018853403628, 0.03978421539068222, 0.05457315593957901, 0.008915605954825878, -0.12272192537784576, -0.03245808184146881, 0.0766194760799408, 0.05472087860107422, 0.004933570045977831, -0.02535054460167885, 0.009094512090086937, -0.0023687933571636677, -0.029273146763443947, -0.029182830825448036, 0.07044965028762817, -0.11094057559967041, -0.057180266827344894, -0.023959025740623474, 0.054584816098213196, 0.02442048490047455, 0.06516068428754807, 0.0017061876133084297, 0.009505723603069782, 0.014026572927832603, 0.0241710152477026, 0.015681101009249687, 0.04642845317721367, -0.08216159045696259, 0.03556297719478607, 0.004741762299090624, 0.05648117512464523, 0.03739987313747406, -0.07640119642019272, 0.06774196773767471, -0.08985622227191925, 0.02793014980852604, -0.04654562473297119, -0.03603748977184296, -0.03451922535896301, 0.04077030345797539, 0.02736387774348259, -0.003707225900143385, -0.07176382839679718, 0.018370073288679123, 0.05632889270782471, -0.008474410511553288, 0.09541479498147964, -0.10657665133476257, 0.06615923345088959, 0.12786653637886047, -0.04570276662707329, 0.04086543247103691, -0.08974166959524155, 0.00811614841222763, 0.019396446645259857, -0.03827321156859398, 0.005279788747429848, 0.008087348192930222, 0.08646344393491745, 0.03171350061893463, 0.05550660565495491, -0.023502610623836517, -0.08629097044467926, 0.001908819074742496, -0.03876470401883125, -0.024191584438085556, -0.0036890427581965923, -0.05534686520695686, -0.15162289142608643, -0.027574196457862854, 0.07060427218675613, 0.06678181886672974, 0.04973143711686134, -0.04336763173341751, 0.0005659055896103382, -0.06820923835039139, 0.0358467623591423, -0.012807657942175865, -0.05508871749043465, -1.2014774595857641e-33, -0.0038832719437777996, -0.0001532936585135758, -0.007489734794944525, -0.022262215614318848, -0.032294660806655884, -0.03593987226486206, -0.02448044903576374, 0.07237377762794495, -0.026739954948425293, -0.08898022770881653, 0.09601148217916489, -0.04332710802555084, 0.0418698750436306, -0.09292730689048767, -0.01917951926589012, 0.019713688641786575, -0.057350561022758484, 0.047257374972105026, 0.00559674808755517, 0.09248917549848557, -0.028395775705575943, -0.05263899639248848, -0.06697995215654373, -0.04079115018248558, 0.01450690533965826, 0.010121057741343975, 0.03846648335456848, -0.02850187011063099, -0.019444812089204788, 0.009614289738237858, -0.08210799098014832, 0.05550564080476761, 0.008360949344933033, -0.03205825388431549, -0.07256507873535156, 0.0789143368601799, 0.005967905279248953, -0.06537160277366638, -0.04411665350198746, -0.05009511113166809, 0.030667809769511223, -0.004624892026185989, 0.039706531912088394, -0.06291524320840836, 0.046748775988817215, 0.01798996888101101, -0.03204753249883652, 0.09919967502355576, 0.05180773511528969, 0.05604885518550873, 0.03648610785603523, -0.004339335020631552, -0.0030305730178952217, 0.005937141831964254, -0.013623972423374653, -0.00952216237783432, 0.01961715705692768, 0.06984445452690125, -0.06833919137716293, -0.07364384084939957, -0.03524680435657501, -0.04904356971383095, 0.020262503996491432, -0.009459022432565689, 0.04310331866145134, -0.021051423624157906, -0.057006243616342545, -0.047492265701293945, -0.049468930810689926, 0.003628743812441826, 0.08403071016073227, -0.06481049209833145, -0.012322498485445976, -0.04901915416121483, 0.061386752873659134, -0.01377391442656517, -0.008507263846695423, -0.01193242333829403, -0.05782381072640419, 0.06575080007314682, -0.09183009713888168, 0.027273250743746758, -0.006893042009323835, -0.01319121103733778, 0.017231807112693787, -0.0058652921579778194, -0.028307899832725525, -0.09801860898733139, -0.06958571821451187, 0.05444192886352539, -0.07075906544923782, -0.02324322611093521, -0.02710176631808281, 0.0940505787730217, -0.011891243979334831, -4.5584044983115746e-08, 0.11268390715122223, 0.0723365917801857, 0.07334113866090775, 0.08399898558855057, 0.04604928940534592, -0.01799369789659977, 0.07168092578649521, 0.03830009326338768, -0.04744565114378929, 0.013246463611721992, 0.03217823803424835, 0.05188632011413574, 0.1377943754196167, 0.016261128708720207, 0.004034955520182848, -0.006215590983629227, 0.036000046879053116, -0.08622808009386063, -0.024898696690797806, -0.009317824617028236, -0.0022156343329697847, -0.002234239364042878, -0.032157521694898605, -0.007705542258918285, 0.04528263583779335, 0.011968291364610195, 0.07379167526960373, 0.15902097523212433, -0.010207399725914001, -0.10988908261060715, -0.012601996771991253, -0.01253033708781004, 0.04748852923512459, -0.10676074028015137, -0.030035298317670822, -0.002497697016224265, -0.049868565052747726, 0.0674859806895256, -0.048678331077098846, -0.027279967442154884, -0.016057327389717102, 0.05674470588564873, -0.031148016452789307, 0.05035160109400749, 0.03508433699607849, -0.01897045224905014, 0.009862060658633709, -0.059800464659929276, 0.003961392678320408, 0.05436389893293381, 0.007954166270792484, 0.04355434328317642, 0.0083755599334836, -0.00755328731611371, -0.05460420250892639, 0.023238753899931908, 0.021617557853460312, -0.029163459315896034, -0.024409933015704155, 0.052194543182849884, 0.02374253235757351, -0.04372279718518257, -0.09049784392118454, -0.038007307797670364]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
508
|
suggested that a new 90-year period of low solar activity would reduce global average temperatures by about 0.3 °C , which would be far from enough to offset the increased forcing from greenhouse gases .Fossil fuel era
The link between recent solar activity and climate has been quantified and is not a major driver of the warming that has occurred since early in the twentieth century. Human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming. Some studies associate solar cycle-driven irradiation increases with part of twentieth century warming. Three mechanisms are proposed by which solar activity affects climate:
Solar irradiance changes directly affecting the climate ("radiative forcing"). This is generally considered to be a minor effect, as the measured amplitudes of the variations are too small to have significant effect, absent some amplification process. Variations in the ultraviolet component. The UV component varies by more than the total, so if UV were for some (as yet unknown) reason to have a disproportionate effect, this might explain a larger solar signal. Effects mediated by changes in galactic cosmic rays (which are affected by the solar wind) such as changes in cloud cover. Climate models have been unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only consider variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity. Hegerl et al. (2007) concluded that greenhouse gas forcing had "very likely" caused most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century. In making this conclusion, they allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimating the effect of solar forcing. Another line of evidence comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed. Models and observations show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the troposphere, but cooling of the stratosphere. Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants stimulated a stratospheric cooling effect.
|
[-0.03168289363384247, 0.05595088005065918, 0.15420328080654144, 0.05166884511709213, 0.08350856602191925, 0.04680121690034866, -0.04935014620423317, 0.00010592540638754144, 0.00029768369859084487, 0.05256488919258118, 0.013002689927816391, -0.06087132543325424, 0.06143797188997269, 0.013850395567715168, 0.14572831988334656, 0.0012648575939238071, -0.00881980825215578, 0.026170430704951286, -0.013698793947696686, -0.02758733369410038, 0.016410211101174355, 0.02502809464931488, -0.05639541149139404, -0.03805309534072876, -0.01988529972732067, -0.045306138694286346, -0.0626617968082428, 0.006632363889366388, -0.06501100957393646, 0.11182843893766403, -0.008922017179429531, 0.11155742406845093, -0.006259700749069452, 0.03480743244290352, -0.05260926112532616, 0.03337688744068146, -0.007851624861359596, 0.0006000782013870776, -0.048673663288354874, 0.05716951563954353, -0.050125062465667725, -0.11196520924568176, 0.037341807037591934, 0.006421599071472883, -0.055885422974824905, -0.0030173680279403925, 0.03269164636731148, -0.017342066392302513, -0.09023536741733551, -0.05079767853021622, 0.03935179114341736, 0.05478259176015854, -0.0011070286855101585, -0.00018199380428995937, -0.08786173909902573, -0.08978506922721863, 0.010780551470816135, 0.0789121687412262, 0.028138909488916397, -0.06632084399461746, 0.0055465735495090485, -0.05189116671681404, -0.11902177333831787, 0.00837975274771452, 0.00025381395244039595, 0.006363984197378159, 0.008104796521365643, 0.011251459829509258, 0.03218833729624748, -0.019487084820866585, 0.03296889737248421, 0.026228250935673714, -0.07602944225072861, -0.044802673161029816, -0.006338133942335844, 0.003264517756178975, 0.041765280067920685, 0.09614095091819763, 0.11654018610715866, -0.0938543751835823, 0.025779301300644875, 0.00011834488395834342, -0.0009056661510840058, -0.014297638088464737, -0.0371466726064682, 0.025367898866534233, 0.0331588014960289, 0.04159930720925331, -0.0041313376277685165, 0.04145475849509239, -0.05109313130378723, -0.008671829476952553, 0.00799261499196291, 0.012688808143138885, -0.052567701786756516, 0.10691126435995102, 0.03182597458362579, -0.03057074174284935, 0.05506731569766998, -0.013100744225084782, -0.0014682080363854766, 0.02229423075914383, -0.07522085309028625, 0.06107129901647568, 0.041686221957206726, 0.0053992969915270805, -0.011393480934202671, -0.05085533857345581, -0.08143696933984756, 0.016118643805384636, -0.044097647070884705, 0.03966100141406059, -0.08038610219955444, -0.061627067625522614, 0.07005546241998672, -0.014392975717782974, 0.059756308794021606, 0.03637963905930519, -0.08167297393083572, -0.06004589796066284, -0.038108255714178085, -0.04245014861226082, 0.003092491766437888, 0.030459966510534286, -0.0059270611964166164, 0.011657830327749252, -0.03601047024130821, 5.990533739509402e-33, 0.06585798412561417, 0.02627546153962612, -0.0236043781042099, -0.027604995295405388, 0.06794518977403641, 0.07109972089529037, -0.06983878463506699, 0.02154543809592724, -0.01874590665102005, -0.055265117436647415, 0.021438807249069214, 0.03220542147755623, 0.004670546855777502, 0.10519683361053467, 0.01967000402510166, -0.0033631445840001106, -0.014446151442825794, 0.02718728594481945, 0.0006035134429112077, -0.03726191818714142, -0.1479925513267517, 0.05241302773356438, 0.08811728656291962, -0.0021518534049391747, -0.006599431857466698, 0.0002376146148890257, 0.0709681585431099, 0.02802935242652893, -0.031555116176605225, -0.031061837449669838, 0.052917785942554474, -0.045967262238264084, -0.018826529383659363, 0.01298693660646677, 0.03759276121854782, -0.0010185908759012818, -0.045476190745830536, 0.015996554866433144, 0.023592522367835045, 0.045761432498693466, -0.013844397850334644, 0.06514615565538406, 0.01248500868678093, -0.033515140414237976, 0.10795201361179352, 0.011579046957194805, 0.05657171085476875, 0.02131170779466629, -0.10015419870615005, 0.08306632936000824, -0.04285164922475815, 0.11419687420129776, -0.04753747582435608, -0.04395917430520058, -0.027017520740628242, -0.02805568277835846, 0.04571103677153587, -0.0680268332362175, -0.10136814415454865, -0.04794221371412277, 0.017783736810088158, -0.08582552522420883, 0.03319735452532768, 0.012396452017128468, 0.059397824108600616, 0.09547387063503265, -0.004977202042937279, -0.010653056204319, -0.06507418304681778, 0.07491132616996765, -0.0060319905169308186, -0.00995626114308834, 0.01175281498581171, -0.012128299102187157, 0.07810748368501663, 0.023841552436351776, 0.01641233265399933, 0.011060679331421852, -0.06420901417732239, 0.04053276404738426, -0.04720950126647949, 0.0008498080424033105, 0.06748490780591965, -0.05233260244131088, -0.09007348120212555, -0.043088819831609726, -0.02659723535180092, 0.02621615305542946, 0.03405043110251427, -0.058467671275138855, 0.06621028482913971, -0.019420765340328217, 0.05880262330174446, 0.07505752891302109, -0.020599521696567535, -5.865131267479711e-33, 0.011258876882493496, -0.0022105902899056673, 0.012818698771297932, -0.08543017506599426, 0.0138442637398839, -0.018845202401280403, -0.00020211233641020954, -0.012461760081350803, -0.0009089446975849569, -0.08731762319803238, 0.06848911941051483, 0.03762418404221535, -0.03058490715920925, -0.032638758420944214, -0.0751524493098259, -0.03318062052130699, 0.009124676696956158, 0.048170845955610275, -0.04569524899125099, 0.013605051673948765, 0.005310020875185728, 0.033056359738111496, 0.018770407885313034, 0.0022344719618558884, -0.03580595180392265, -0.025097575038671494, 0.018065165728330612, -0.00548951793462038, 0.02152443863451481, 0.0409083366394043, -0.10367631167173386, 0.08556191623210907, -0.024616677314043045, -0.032622139900922775, 0.042091596871614456, 0.05576105788350105, 0.04475053772330284, 0.0022285173181444407, -0.08967775851488113, -0.025282159447669983, 0.06687392294406891, -0.014087130315601826, 0.016261067241430283, -0.06886713951826096, 0.06596235185861588, 0.01992419920861721, -0.08303848654031754, 0.12078961730003357, -0.04966587573289871, 0.055341027677059174, 0.05866701155900955, -0.03839058429002762, -0.04244179651141167, 0.017473621293902397, 0.008487934246659279, -0.017480792477726936, 0.056487467139959335, 0.03045116364955902, 0.010195707902312279, -0.009794427081942558, -0.0791878029704094, -0.012267328798770905, 0.0516975000500679, -0.07431457936763763, -0.025419536978006363, -0.02880529686808586, 0.016732191666960716, -0.011592132039368153, 0.033127766102552414, -0.013499388471245766, 0.048791926354169846, -0.07603228837251663, -0.049711089581251144, -0.06341784447431564, -0.012696190737187862, 0.02213415503501892, 0.007260890211910009, -0.041102051734924316, -0.07499641180038452, 0.08252546936273575, -0.05494898557662964, 0.00921617355197668, -0.03824732080101967, -0.021356262266635895, -0.006437263917177916, -0.02326633222401142, -0.07706617563962936, -0.07438730448484421, -0.02273467741906643, 0.06253514438867569, -0.08391641825437546, 0.01418550405651331, -0.05083427205681801, 0.1461717188358307, -0.014287007041275501, -5.78968588627049e-08, 0.02390427142381668, 0.07530120015144348, 0.032162126153707504, 0.0672842264175415, 0.021422605961561203, -0.012025372125208378, -0.0013602847466245294, 0.021666981279850006, -0.006190216168761253, -0.05003432184457779, 0.07316601276397705, 0.11583571135997772, 0.1525997817516327, -0.022539867088198662, 0.035186801105737686, -0.0042984094470739365, 0.03325387090444565, -0.08100418746471405, -0.02232656441628933, -0.061583977192640305, 0.047249685972929, -0.01740868389606476, -0.014731192030012608, 0.05253409221768379, 0.027386920526623726, -0.026573631912469864, 0.04613591730594635, 0.12998850643634796, -0.009385100565850735, -0.04467914626002312, 0.013250153511762619, -0.02254198119044304, 0.0406506285071373, -0.05567435547709465, -0.07253541052341461, 0.031706999987363815, -0.025885524228215218, -0.017908291891217232, 0.013043410144746304, 0.0319918617606163, 0.010207027196884155, 0.08151592314243317, -0.06439149379730225, 0.05199296027421951, -0.018054574728012085, -0.06424297392368317, 0.006082491017878056, -0.032408006489276886, -0.0018205690430477262, 0.04220517724752426, -0.026998765766620636, -0.0024443294387310743, -0.02603020891547203, -0.08745796978473663, -0.0850653126835823, 0.025264231488108635, -0.030689893290400505, -0.0055059874430298805, 0.0011091935448348522, 0.040190890431404114, 0.07836791127920151, -0.08380112051963806, -0.07003441452980042, -0.0046957116574049]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
509
|
. Models and observations show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the troposphere , but cooling of the stratosphere . Depletion of the ozone layer by chemical refrigerants stimulated a stratospheric cooling effect .If the Sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as the increased solar activity would replenish ozone and oxides of nitrogen. Lines of evidence
The assessment of the solar activity/climate relationship involves multiple, independent lines of evidence. Sunspots
Early research attempted to find a correlation between weather and sunspot activity, mostly without notable success. Later research has concentrated more on correlating solar activity with global temperature. Irradiation
Accurate measurement of solar forcing is crucial to understanding possible solar impact on terrestrial climate. Accurate measurements only became available during the satellite era, starting in the late 1970s, and even that is open to some residual disputes: different teams find different values, due to different methods of cross-calibrating measurements taken by instruments with different spectral sensitivity. Scafetta and Willson argue for significant variations of solar luminosity between 1980 and 2000, but Lockwood and Frohlich find that solar forcing declined after 1987. The 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report (TAR) concluded that the measured impact of recent solar variation is much smaller than the amplification effect due to greenhouse gases, but acknowledged that scientific understanding is poor with respect to solar variation. Estimates of long-term solar irradiance changes have decreased since the TAR. However, empirical results of detectable tropospheric changes have strengthened the evidence for solar forcing of climate change. The most likely mechanism is considered to be some combination of direct forcing by TSI changes and indirect effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the stratosphere. Least certain are indirect effects induced by galactic cosmic rays. In 2002, Lean et al.
|
[-0.02204171009361744, 0.06804001331329346, 0.01529143936932087, 0.08281121402978897, 0.10492538660764694, -0.021856585517525673, 0.014740907587110996, 0.03770512342453003, 0.03351983428001404, 0.011265433393418789, -0.03574327751994133, -0.036268651485443115, 0.06662721931934357, -0.009497460909187794, 0.05737899988889694, -0.010551615618169308, 0.0309908427298069, -0.0035496726632118225, 0.047253310680389404, -0.07945533841848373, -0.04424091428518295, -0.037870921194553375, -0.019692160189151764, -0.0319271944463253, 0.07099056243896484, -0.02077740803360939, -0.15625686943531036, 0.044550821185112, -0.13371795415878296, 0.10854096710681915, -0.011150416918098927, 0.09937196969985962, -0.015284747816622257, 0.02539794147014618, -0.036694835871458054, 0.0016911354614421725, 0.04875316843390465, -0.01876506395637989, -0.04328117147088051, 0.07370375841856003, -0.02024424821138382, -0.08701711893081665, 0.012057771906256676, -0.010119936428964138, -0.11194168776273727, 0.008713295683264732, 0.02419566549360752, 0.027145668864250183, -0.11253673583269119, -0.0009384262375533581, 0.03880210220813751, 0.06672710180282593, -0.008588893339037895, 0.010458816774189472, -0.031411491334438324, 0.022888649255037308, -0.026547908782958984, 0.02217249572277069, -0.009667490608990192, -0.006375182885676622, -0.048748813569545746, -0.055376723408699036, -0.13795159757137299, -0.019575120881199837, 0.08289835602045059, 0.012439201585948467, 0.026417255401611328, -0.0019520088098943233, -0.014023106545209885, 0.024769116193056107, -0.04500023275613785, 0.11637154966592789, -0.016452036798000336, -0.07284237444400787, -0.04554921016097069, 0.056542959064245224, -0.0021475835237652063, 0.07548877596855164, 0.08488786965608597, -0.11679714918136597, 0.11471427977085114, 0.054311495274305344, -0.103299081325531, 0.012480275705456734, -0.025395838543772697, 0.04678244888782501, 0.006013539154082537, 0.05772029981017113, 0.022947927936911583, 0.027211003005504608, 0.016305508092045784, -0.04929676279425621, -0.04815144091844559, 0.03978139907121658, 0.0038063693791627884, 0.0988474115729332, 0.04634455591440201, -0.03648478165268898, 0.06500595062971115, -0.012734291143715382, -0.01232216227799654, -0.02508038654923439, -0.03411029279232025, 0.07826807349920273, 0.019008859992027283, 0.004926319234073162, -0.026941467076539993, -0.041194409132003784, -0.018924666568636894, 0.005581357516348362, -0.088727205991745, -0.030413426458835602, -0.030647290870547295, -0.010510941036045551, 0.10662219673395157, -0.0012109581148251891, 0.0030837792437523603, 0.06134529411792755, -0.08139849454164505, -0.04626043140888214, -0.020256685093045235, 0.03534746170043945, 0.05053791403770447, 0.09280620515346527, 0.07272295653820038, 0.0249787550419569, 0.020967720076441765, 3.52141042700108e-33, 0.10001712292432785, 0.048109058290719986, 0.04208297282457352, 0.019390137866139412, -0.010762017220258713, 0.060980647802352905, -0.08675118535757065, 0.08789938688278198, -0.001577274058945477, -0.006555493921041489, -0.03452662378549576, 0.05738663300871849, -0.006676961202174425, -0.007703099399805069, 0.07465477287769318, 0.04006405174732208, -0.01019041333347559, 0.07412173599004745, -0.03706393018364906, -0.030099501833319664, -0.10812532156705856, -0.015405981801450253, 0.019917387515306473, 0.003460504114627838, 0.0007048197439871728, 0.03316594287753105, 0.051444508135318756, 0.005505099892616272, 0.007295511197298765, -0.016160286962985992, 0.09778003394603729, -0.08116608113050461, -0.03022465668618679, 0.06387855112552643, 0.05224264785647392, -0.040456052869558334, -0.06452246010303497, -0.0017606726614758372, -0.01700662076473236, -0.03947003185749054, 0.004534548614174128, 0.08688345551490784, 0.0324600487947464, 0.023271113634109497, 0.0031650851015001535, -0.01680900529026985, -0.03322934731841087, -0.047968536615371704, 0.053266558796167374, 0.04644783213734627, -0.03314802050590515, 0.06822549551725388, -0.03565472736954689, -0.062268491834402084, -0.025154070928692818, 0.02566356211900711, 0.03571604937314987, -0.0004970879526808858, -0.04543513432145119, -0.011760910972952843, -0.041081078350543976, -0.042554259300231934, 0.014982630498707294, -0.07840319722890854, 0.006138264667242765, 0.13531041145324707, -0.05274517461657524, 0.05619183927774429, -0.06025593355298042, 0.012887991964817047, 0.012922598980367184, -0.020666275173425674, 0.019393153488636017, 0.02754387818276882, 0.03549009561538696, 0.012573379091918468, 0.034945111721754074, 0.011856455355882645, -0.04355931654572487, -0.016562432050704956, -0.003216326702386141, -0.03115474246442318, 0.03791613131761551, -0.10426922142505646, -0.1311771422624588, -0.044715605676174164, -0.028486989438533783, 0.058439597487449646, 0.06967069953680038, 0.012229089625179768, 0.006957941222935915, -0.020438313484191895, 0.009642834775149822, -0.0235066469758749, -0.059706952422857285, -3.996421816696612e-33, -0.04189671203494072, 0.003821411170065403, -0.009911315515637398, -0.013247117400169373, -0.01517794281244278, 0.0077895792201161385, -0.054862018674612045, -0.04526429623365402, -0.005649279803037643, -0.03548688068985939, 0.0412692092359066, 0.02330535463988781, 0.0058217174373567104, -0.04990267753601074, 0.027408909052610397, -0.027900708839297295, -0.10562589019536972, 0.02536809630692005, -0.039878975600004196, 0.034693919122219086, -0.048386652022600174, -0.040082499384880066, 0.002665880136191845, 0.013167754746973515, -0.02949601411819458, -0.016549425199627876, 0.08191990107297897, -0.07292322814464569, 0.0024850850459188223, 0.014248663559556007, -0.04825345799326897, 0.01099185086786747, -0.023981239646673203, 0.07077445834875107, 0.03694470599293709, 0.015275852754712105, 0.05855615437030792, -0.005549940280616283, -0.09336984902620316, -0.017894217744469643, -0.00432263920083642, 0.00018044635362457484, 0.005232286639511585, -0.12237273156642914, 0.053116533905267715, 0.021004797890782356, -0.08079196512699127, 0.13798072934150696, 0.038588039577007294, -0.00102404470089823, 0.059177372604608536, 0.04207340627908707, -0.10467684268951416, 0.002826197072863579, 0.023432407528162003, -0.0006978984456509352, 0.015047774650156498, 0.013668220490217209, -0.028306033462285995, -0.037765830755233765, 0.05693921819329262, -0.0784057155251503, -0.01552878599613905, 0.019868310540914536, -0.0022673746570944786, -0.05488938093185425, 0.027523888275027275, 0.001276054186746478, 0.0019404867198318243, 0.019005300477147102, 0.03330042585730553, -0.07764121145009995, -0.034379079937934875, -0.020914508029818535, 0.012904422357678413, 0.01471964456140995, -0.021081825718283653, -0.02840346284210682, -0.09493809193372726, 0.09309406578540802, -0.07635222375392914, -0.006207515485584736, 0.028440270572900772, -0.010724395513534546, 0.026258205994963646, -0.01675495319068432, 0.00034934980794787407, -0.08422417938709259, -0.05643606185913086, 0.055603861808776855, -0.05014461278915405, 0.02977837435901165, -0.06467212736606598, 0.050294436514377594, 0.008417672477662563, -4.706135925403032e-08, 0.02933996170759201, 0.035928934812545776, 0.07135066390037537, 0.06766433268785477, -0.023902447894215584, -0.01585501618683338, 0.04292049631476402, -0.011074479669332504, -0.026204906404018402, -0.016295718029141426, 0.030771980062127113, 0.01379140093922615, 0.0999828651547432, -0.025961676612496376, -0.0038031786680221558, -0.0795634388923645, 0.06656800955533981, -0.04852776229381561, -0.016956856474280357, 0.015332639217376709, 0.06894093751907349, 0.025735553354024887, -0.0046489364467561245, -0.006357711739838123, 0.0865754708647728, 0.035212211310863495, -0.0025340067222714424, 0.13094495236873627, 0.023900171741843224, -0.004210943356156349, 0.020295191556215286, -0.05375796556472778, 0.09978918731212616, -0.15031810104846954, -0.0418618805706501, 0.06095782294869423, 0.013212712481617928, 0.06318561732769012, 0.0007216798840090632, 0.06504492461681366, -0.0026101621333509684, 0.0473518967628479, -0.0318220816552639, 0.05309233441948891, 0.03187986835837364, 0.027439823374152184, 0.007779173087328672, -0.04329102113842964, -0.027061933651566505, 0.04627712443470955, 0.008552514016628265, -0.012301287613809109, -0.010923711583018303, -0.07033023983240128, -0.07601524889469147, -0.034702494740486145, -0.08053909242153168, -0.049260273575782776, -0.020294299349188805, -0.008592050522565842, 0.060730110853910446, -0.013940003700554371, -0.13243243098258972, 0.0016579898074269295]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
510
|
forcing by TSI changes and indirect effects of ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation on the stratosphere . Least certain are indirect effects induced by galactic cosmic rays . In 2002 , Lean et al .stated that while "There is ... growing empirical evidence for the Sun's role in climate change on multiple time scales including the 11-year cycle", "changes in terrestrial proxies of solar activity (such as the 14C and 10Be cosmogenic isotopes and the aa geomagnetic index) can occur in the absence of long-term (i.e., secular) solar irradiance changes ... because the stochastic response increases with the cycle amplitude, not because there is an actual secular irradiance change." They conclude that because of this, "long-term climate change may appear to track the amplitude of the solar activity cycles," but that "Solar radiative forcing of climate is reduced by a factor of 5 when the background component is omitted from historical reconstructions of total solar irradiance ...This suggests that general circulation model (GCM) simulations of twentieth century warming may overestimate the role of solar irradiance variability." A 2006 review suggested that solar brightness had relatively little effect on global climate, with little likelihood of significant shifts in solar output over long periods of time. Lockwood and Fröhlich, 2007, found "considerable evidence for solar influence on the Earth's pre-industrial climate and the Sun may well have been a factor in post-industrial climate change in the first half of the last century", but that "over the past 20 years, all the trends in the Sun that could have had an influence on the Earth's climate have been in the opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures." In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction, Love et al.
|
[-0.02142360620200634, 0.035794928669929504, 0.13772429525852203, 0.05265181139111519, 0.05277778208255768, 0.03957301378250122, -0.07904083281755447, -0.017329169437289238, 0.003717828309163451, 0.01876339130103588, -0.004721194040030241, -0.011640211567282677, 0.06584125757217407, -0.03355474770069122, 0.11755988001823425, -0.04901914671063423, -0.004811139311641455, 0.006884196773171425, 0.015131969936192036, -0.0204140767455101, -0.035724930465221405, 0.04687120392918587, -0.0621504969894886, -0.028925253078341484, 0.005252971779555082, -0.0984668955206871, -0.03640942648053169, -0.028744693845510483, -0.07108595967292786, 0.07698121666908264, -0.028537271544337273, 0.09134328365325928, -0.012147861532866955, 0.01455268170684576, 0.007320965640246868, 0.0008605673792771995, -0.05740077793598175, -0.0481707900762558, -0.06208861991763115, 0.07016648352146149, 0.002423480385914445, -0.08358252048492432, 0.008351406082510948, -0.001033562351949513, -0.03963961452245712, -0.01984219439327717, 0.07107054442167282, -0.01394310686737299, -0.11400237679481506, 0.03939695283770561, 0.041465818881988525, 0.02111712284386158, -0.06646516919136047, 0.047145992517471313, -0.034084752202034, -0.02405431494116783, -0.010497787967324257, 0.004067542497068644, -0.0021594956051558256, -0.009726841934025288, 0.003552135080099106, -0.04473837465047836, -0.1446532905101776, -0.013838345184922218, 0.06116006150841713, 0.03677106276154518, 0.01519515085965395, 0.0019646272994577885, 0.028300069272518158, -0.01487679686397314, 0.008422412909567356, 0.01942405104637146, -0.06517674773931503, -0.08086586743593216, -0.018347635865211487, 0.026303190737962723, 0.03264655917882919, 0.047851163893938065, 0.1041480079293251, -0.11278066784143448, 0.055089108645915985, 0.05245202034711838, 0.03035825490951538, -0.030266327783465385, -0.045206218957901, -0.046144645661115646, -0.015469973906874657, 0.05140296369791031, -0.005159876774996519, 0.05068638548254967, 0.02410438284277916, 0.0034725358709692955, -0.01353491097688675, -0.01479268167167902, -0.013725160621106625, 0.08443374186754227, 0.05202360078692436, -0.018460584804415703, 0.09480492025613785, -0.019196966663002968, 0.009493384510278702, -0.03520779684185982, -0.04635104909539223, 0.1289314478635788, 0.013765263371169567, -0.013380785472691059, 0.018854282796382904, -0.0557430200278759, -0.07108668982982635, -0.013493685983121395, -0.041939448565244675, 0.06446585804224014, -0.04491262510418892, -0.0912676751613617, 0.05930798500776291, -0.017045646905899048, 0.07011888921260834, 0.06537723541259766, -0.07328177988529205, -0.04008941352367401, -0.026919249445199966, -0.013562270440161228, 0.03039032407104969, 0.05985105410218239, 0.03171630576252937, -0.018675092607736588, 0.025122538208961487, 1.7634398909051325e-33, 0.11311497539281845, 0.027766209095716476, 0.003037515329197049, -0.00012309977319091558, 0.029868651181459427, 0.08400201052427292, -0.06978219002485275, -0.010618923231959343, 0.0006599460612051189, -0.05917733162641525, -0.0487627238035202, 0.08817076683044434, 0.015804525464773178, 0.04421781003475189, 0.01977163553237915, -0.01069997251033783, -0.022328494116663933, 0.07635912299156189, 0.028306758031249046, -0.06620540469884872, -0.07937805354595184, -0.005023405887186527, 0.05556778982281685, -0.02444450929760933, 0.0026820346247404814, 0.026513485237956047, 0.06347658485174179, 0.06410638988018036, -0.055671725422143936, 0.006447111256420612, 0.021964754909276962, -0.01423299964517355, -0.037454474717378616, -0.009425492957234383, 0.0675668865442276, -0.03482459485530853, 0.011086730286478996, 0.035879913717508316, 0.0327518954873085, -0.03848223388195038, -0.00804259441792965, 0.05951152741909027, -0.0005586797487922013, 0.04532323032617569, 0.07670341432094574, -0.014677619561553001, 0.05005175992846489, -0.05270136892795563, -0.05883466824889183, 0.06930966675281525, -0.017634965479373932, 0.07699523121118546, -0.050579983741045, -0.03273296356201172, -0.0030607632361352444, 0.021165434271097183, 0.058276064693927765, 0.031476158648729324, -0.08466543257236481, 0.02299734391272068, 0.04453839361667633, -0.03534410148859024, 0.03590597212314606, 0.029024695977568626, 0.07618118822574615, 0.1748828887939453, -0.010429748333990574, 0.03533339127898216, -0.0374760702252388, 0.019544079899787903, 0.0040469300001859665, 0.021274225786328316, 0.012099177576601505, 0.001024234457872808, 0.03511859104037285, 0.010767699219286442, 0.05572860315442085, 0.03304833173751831, -0.07693219184875488, 0.030219314619898796, -0.09156327694654465, -0.009223244152963161, 0.032760120928287506, -0.06616634875535965, -0.049508411437273026, -0.032582253217697144, -0.004528602119535208, -0.004767638631165028, 0.053812675178050995, -0.08182834833860397, 0.07133126258850098, -0.010496496222913265, 0.06079287454485893, 0.033555030822753906, -0.024957897141575813, -3.1787832110951535e-33, -0.011983727104961872, -0.014539270661771297, -0.0245782732963562, -0.07458546757698059, -0.007468802388757467, -0.0375489667057991, 0.0007225169101729989, 0.07651128619909286, -0.011027172207832336, -0.0747438296675682, 0.05862443521618843, 0.06769009679555893, -0.07069392502307892, -0.012220469303429127, -0.03517821803689003, -0.05793542042374611, -0.025054357945919037, 0.05588533729314804, -0.10294036567211151, -0.014480012468993664, -0.012047525495290756, -0.04319418594241142, 0.022369811311364174, -0.0493726022541523, -0.03510941192507744, -0.026175444945693016, 0.04043549299240112, 0.005160470958799124, 0.004516908898949623, 0.011172176338732243, -0.06043330579996109, 0.05578756332397461, -0.0210795309394598, -0.0007129668374545872, 0.03631997108459473, 0.02516797184944153, 0.013345872983336449, -0.0008222834439948201, -0.1019129678606987, 0.031390734016895294, 0.04824312403798103, -0.011115933768451214, 0.002667774446308613, -0.11516576260328293, 0.06011408194899559, 0.005383200012147427, -0.07360567897558212, 0.0930955708026886, 0.01496131531894207, 0.04215870052576065, 0.05328479781746864, -0.03440777212381363, -0.05044451728463173, 0.04065854847431183, -0.01236344501376152, -0.000462650932604447, 0.030743572860956192, 0.04146384447813034, -0.00688216183334589, -0.03858865797519684, -0.03012271597981453, 0.008934316225349903, 0.028951458632946014, -0.12707039713859558, 0.008943721652030945, -0.057258348912000656, 0.05451178178191185, -0.06151995435357094, 0.036705661565065384, 0.028355157002806664, 0.0223290603607893, -0.0818193256855011, -0.09229850769042969, -0.02033199928700924, -0.007459093350917101, 0.05473225563764572, 0.019187550991773605, -0.02156118117272854, -0.05665549263358116, 0.033832624554634094, -0.08202126622200012, 0.013484606519341469, -0.022369252517819405, -0.0015488925855606794, 0.021428007632493973, -0.0018945757765322924, -0.020974626764655113, -0.09407812356948853, -0.007464438211172819, 0.07545680552721024, -0.10347290337085724, -0.02548561803996563, -0.0410277396440506, 0.1187189370393753, -0.02809646725654602, -5.447977002859261e-08, 0.045530471950769424, 0.11766064912080765, 0.0014569401973858476, 0.08495207875967026, 0.06590637564659119, 0.01570160686969757, -0.00907834805548191, -0.04636896401643753, 0.03329784795641899, -0.02864236570894718, 0.11385974287986755, 0.05964208394289017, 0.11517783999443054, -0.02797376923263073, -0.03176844120025635, -0.0033612691331654787, 0.006989086978137493, -0.12982335686683655, 0.00292969704605639, -0.038327738642692566, 0.0047470140270888805, 0.03378846123814583, -0.0013401268515735865, 0.0472034327685833, 0.04455259069800377, 0.02126881293952465, -0.004195341840386391, 0.11743432283401489, -0.004232201725244522, -0.049490951001644135, 0.07612424343824387, -0.019974788650870323, 0.060592323541641235, -0.073482945561409, -0.1039297878742218, 0.04015115275979042, 0.011603003367781639, 0.03973476588726044, 0.039320021867752075, 0.07280633598566055, 0.0029644526075571775, 0.02388620749115944, -0.03959980234503746, 0.05124950781464577, -0.06954248249530792, -0.013043039478361607, -0.017437821254134178, -0.06349451094865799, -0.0005372422165237367, 0.030276073142886162, -0.06276006996631622, -0.01739269308745861, -0.08243225514888763, -0.05635479837656021, -0.053036801517009735, -0.022515781223773956, -0.023861123248934746, -0.03794915974140167, -0.014925501309335232, 0.005582163576036692, 0.047231290489435196, -0.09392731636762619, -0.12555402517318726, -0.02133088931441307]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
511
|
opposite direction to that required to explain the observed rise in global mean temperatures . '' In a study that considered geomagnetic activity as a measure of known solar-terrestrial interaction , Love et al .found a statistically significant correlation between sunspots and geomagnetic activity, but not between global surface temperature and either sunspot number or geomagnetic activity. Benestad and Schmidt concluded that "the most likely contribution from solar forcing a global warming is 7 ± 1% for the 20th century and is negligible for warming since 1980." This paper disagreed with Scafetta and West, who claimed that solar variability has a significant effect on climate forcing. Based on correlations between specific climate and solar forcing reconstructions, they argued that a "realistic climate scenario is the one described by a large preindustrial secular variability (e.g., the paleoclimate temperature reconstruction by Moberg et al.) with TSI experiencing low secular variability (as the one shown by Wang et al.). Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900. Stott et al. estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999. Direct measurement and time series
Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known. The oppositely-directed trends highlighted by Lockwood and Fröhlich in 2007, with global mean temperatures continuing to rise while solar activity fell, have continued and become even more pronounced since then. In 2007 the difference in the trends was apparent after about 1987 and that difference has grown and accelerated in subsequent years.
|
[-0.057889409363269806, 0.07910054922103882, 0.1271418333053589, 0.08013249933719635, 0.06845154613256454, 0.021829698234796524, -0.01972828432917595, 0.03705674782395363, -0.023183070123195648, 0.0379616916179657, -0.049184445291757584, -0.017674589529633522, 0.11367480456829071, 0.018335437402129173, 0.06290454417467117, -0.057723112404346466, -0.04803233966231346, -0.014480271376669407, -0.01616113819181919, 0.025546429678797722, -0.053642239421606064, 0.03807317093014717, -0.009017415344715118, 0.013871202245354652, 0.006612041499465704, -0.07263009995222092, -0.04336969181895256, 0.007959356531500816, -0.11471160501241684, 0.16313783824443817, -0.0629630759358406, 0.12417811155319214, -0.014648813754320145, -0.014959645457565784, -0.04911088943481445, 0.06907885521650314, -0.05192169174551964, 0.020581718534231186, -0.05282822623848915, 0.034680724143981934, 0.017909958958625793, -0.054086387157440186, 0.04370492696762085, -0.01562249381095171, -0.09085353463888168, 0.017751045525074005, 0.031247997656464577, -0.007515976671129465, -0.09001440554857254, 0.04541303962469101, 0.0049905418418347836, 0.04657581076025963, -0.021074237301945686, -0.05072193965315819, -0.0247937198728323, 0.00818854384124279, 0.011547505855560303, 0.013832266442477703, 0.003242677077651024, -0.010011537931859493, -0.004763777833431959, -0.038379814475774765, -0.09488240629434586, -0.019512329250574112, 0.13260050117969513, 0.023868951946496964, 0.004036379978060722, -0.028051555156707764, -0.009006568230688572, -0.00020236929412931204, 0.011175067164003849, 0.03763091564178467, -0.08029459416866302, -0.06925918906927109, -0.04624160751700401, -0.010533052496612072, 0.010867016389966011, 0.07835952937602997, 0.05143539980053902, -0.10657823085784912, 0.07028544694185257, 0.05280524492263794, 0.017910320311784744, -0.06151900440454483, -0.03308004140853882, 0.04600834473967552, 0.05734565481543541, 0.038950297981500626, 0.04566606506705284, 0.028692621737718582, 0.021336708217859268, -0.042775124311447144, -0.036406099796295166, 0.03906287997961044, 0.03796626999974251, 0.07762741297483444, 0.025358740240335464, 0.008187002502381802, 0.06313592940568924, -0.001192293013446033, 0.03530723601579666, 0.016702398657798767, -0.053277067840099335, 0.05668609216809273, -0.0003644309181254357, -0.05156126990914345, 0.0025419704616069794, -0.10309570282697678, -0.11586568504571915, 0.03331100195646286, -0.06640871614217758, -0.0025412568356841803, -0.02149493619799614, -0.036993466317653656, 0.0784735232591629, -0.03583558648824692, 0.06625721603631973, 0.07012736797332764, -0.058923304080963135, -0.05909138172864914, 0.024561183527112007, 0.010118678212165833, 0.04199090600013733, 0.10632779449224472, 0.017101053148508072, 0.008478290401399136, 0.011383657343685627, 3.508608191494671e-33, 0.12132726609706879, 0.028574004769325256, 0.022761270403862, 0.06983942538499832, 0.0042962622828781605, 0.08929912000894547, -0.09157729148864746, 0.04168548434972763, -0.030635589733719826, -0.05550843104720116, -0.04701550304889679, 0.07947501540184021, 0.040172189474105835, 0.06126974895596504, -0.011332356370985508, -0.0017082967096939683, -0.029126005247235298, 0.013248569332063198, 0.0037717127706855536, -0.06600996851921082, -0.11060798913240433, 0.02288966439664364, 0.04506366699934006, 0.00595342880114913, -0.03168449550867081, -0.020882228389382362, 0.06586747616529465, 0.003164940746501088, -0.0435892790555954, -0.0326944999396801, 0.03872285410761833, -0.11992117762565613, -0.04048001766204834, 0.0009308287408202887, 0.05029192939400673, -0.03132101148366928, -0.013031462207436562, -0.00625621760264039, -0.018830927088856697, -0.020126229152083397, -0.007668713107705116, 0.04902954027056694, 0.022538987919688225, -0.022608045488595963, 0.0385587252676487, -0.029998134821653366, 0.0529155470430851, -0.01578492484986782, -0.05434610694646835, 0.0500871017575264, -0.045392461121082306, 0.0696209967136383, -0.00710602942854166, -0.04695729911327362, -0.06508325040340424, -0.030127350240945816, 0.052217643707990646, -0.010523791424930096, -0.0691184401512146, 0.03488617017865181, 0.014748591929674149, -0.026079634204506874, 0.04429417476058006, -0.030246451497077942, 0.08586031943559647, 0.14036263525485992, -0.014194944873452187, 0.021147526800632477, -0.08673577755689621, 0.012089337222278118, 0.02796418033540249, 0.014568896032869816, -0.004794178064912558, 0.0323978029191494, -0.01488975714892149, 0.029577992856502533, 0.06678450852632523, 0.02614622935652733, -0.043678149580955505, 0.005129020195454359, -0.06770729273557663, -0.024630121886730194, 0.055298227816820145, -0.05457625165581703, -0.1556110382080078, 0.0025275612715631723, 0.008762288838624954, 0.002828199416399002, 0.07853484153747559, -0.025003349408507347, 0.026399878785014153, -0.036376021802425385, 0.05295978859066963, 0.02218533866107464, -0.08560739457607269, -4.7833293265477296e-33, -0.07640528678894043, 0.004833484999835491, -0.02003064937889576, -0.0582863949239254, -0.06981312483549118, -0.05606181174516678, -0.020678816363215446, -0.008623886853456497, 0.016626808792352676, -0.07645318657159805, 0.07650075107812881, 0.007262841332703829, 0.09073549509048462, -0.03845113515853882, -0.03681541234254837, -0.02832319587469101, -0.02049698494374752, 0.04416457563638687, -0.07925428450107574, 0.010311036370694637, 0.021875638514757156, -0.040963198989629745, 0.015496211126446724, -0.03326937556266785, -0.03518340736627579, -0.003203786676749587, 0.013937328942120075, 0.023959806188941002, -0.07009751349687576, 0.04595065116882324, -0.015494332648813725, 0.022821329534053802, -0.04567617177963257, 0.03450564667582512, -0.026893040165305138, 0.04613972082734108, 0.01368048693984747, 0.008284177631139755, -0.0446016788482666, -0.016303690150380135, 0.0025079369079321623, 0.004008336924016476, 0.03490085527300835, -0.11138825863599777, 0.0499238520860672, -0.019447287544608116, -0.0489557683467865, 0.11891820281744003, 0.008978581987321377, 0.041533954441547394, 0.01980980858206749, 0.02168039232492447, -0.07015832513570786, 0.005849079228937626, -0.039603643119335175, -0.0445525124669075, 0.013042072765529156, -0.0028874194249510765, -0.04695039242506027, -0.024230800569057465, 0.03272102028131485, -0.021636249497532845, -0.003383323550224304, -0.049452587962150574, 0.02201126702129841, -0.04618699103593826, -0.013295372016727924, -0.06480888277292252, 0.058124907314777374, 0.030051877722144127, 0.05058686435222626, -0.07154834270477295, -0.08385156840085983, -0.02005930431187153, 0.0592026486992836, 0.030307579785585403, 0.006165036000311375, 0.026046108454465866, -0.03839892894029617, 0.07164831459522247, -0.04036516696214676, 0.01387858111411333, 0.05765940248966217, -0.01861925981938839, 0.012456542812287807, -0.043577972799539566, -0.04389209300279617, -0.11131107807159424, -0.02429833821952343, 0.06264233589172363, -0.09675078839063644, -0.007113018538802862, -0.033568575978279114, 0.07544521242380142, -0.025374220684170723, -5.002353020699957e-08, 0.05754111334681511, 0.06850025057792664, 0.03223002329468727, 0.07227423042058945, 0.014499020762741566, -0.024555262178182602, 0.0664544403553009, -0.01591048575937748, -0.02372027561068535, 0.002943360945209861, 0.058625053614377975, 0.019710293039679527, 0.08437813818454742, -0.035270124673843384, -0.026612717658281326, -0.04866815358400345, 0.03160896152257919, -0.05074689909815788, -0.029139619320631027, -0.0018567111110314727, 0.10044766962528229, -0.01059713400900364, -0.02086198888719082, -0.007862481288611889, 0.056463126093149185, 0.01210760697722435, 0.002686346648260951, 0.1483992636203766, -0.02051352709531784, -0.06932161003351212, -0.01129941362887621, -0.06366190314292908, 0.08384744822978973, -0.12260699272155762, -0.04994502291083336, 0.07905254513025284, 0.025534193962812424, 0.09633487462997437, 0.011549343355000019, 0.02420789562165737, -0.04559562727808952, 0.002339452737942338, -0.0034955046139657497, 0.06961596757173538, 0.02378411777317524, -0.061918653547763824, -0.03191293776035309, -0.038133759051561356, 0.04935281723737717, 0.010877158492803574, -0.012480638921260834, 0.03034478984773159, 0.02849283255636692, -0.0026266586501151323, -0.0351804681122303, 0.0007597068906761706, -0.07289618253707886, 0.006095167249441147, -0.020475583150982857, 0.00386376422829926, 0.06428784877061844, -0.033467311412096024, -0.12878184020519257, -0.025105858221650124]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
512
|
fell , have continued and become even more pronounced since then . In 2007 the difference in the trends was apparent after about 1987 and that difference has grown and accelerated in subsequent years .The updated figure (right) shows the variations and contrasts solar cycles 14 and 24, a century apart, that are quite similar in all solar activity measures (in fact cycle 24 is slightly less active than cycle 14 on average), yet the global mean air surface temperature is more than 1 degree Celsius higher for cycle 24 than cycle 14, showing the rise is not associated with solar activity. The total solar irradiance (TSI) panel shows the PMOD composite of observations with a modelled variation from the SATIRE-T2 model of the effect of sunspots and faculae with the addition of a quiet -Sun variation (due to sub-resolution photospheric features and any solar radius changes) derived from correlations with comic ray fluxes and cosmogenic isotopes. The finding that solar activity was approximately the same in cycles 14 and 24 applies to all solar outputs that have, in the past, been proposed as a potential cause of terrestrial climate change and includes total solar irradiance, cosmic ray fluxes, spectral UV irradiance, solar wind speed and/or density, heliospheric magnetic field and its distribution of orientations and the consequent level of geomagnetic activity. Daytime/nighttime
Global average diurnal temperature range has decreased. Daytime temperatures have not risen as fast as nighttime temperatures. This is the opposite of the expected warming if solar energy (falling primarily or wholly during daylight, depending on energy regime) were the principal means of forcing. It is, however, the expected pattern if greenhouse gases were preventing radiative escape, which is more prevalent at night. Hemisphere and latitude
The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere.
|
[-0.023055169731378555, -0.019155725836753845, 0.11237432062625885, 0.06739035993814468, 0.08340704441070557, -0.034818924963474274, 0.008130562491714954, 0.07919324189424515, 0.043175484985113144, 0.025259288027882576, 0.02802877686917782, -0.048630211502313614, 0.08115600049495697, 0.026316553354263306, 0.09433358907699585, -0.06293286383152008, 0.015622425824403763, -0.03243675082921982, 0.039209578186273575, -0.0192863829433918, -0.0058980342000722885, 0.012684394605457783, -0.057137373834848404, -4.726254701381549e-05, 0.03179352730512619, -0.017008384689688683, -0.124439537525177, -0.005436948500573635, -0.03987421840429306, 0.05581178888678551, -0.048722539097070694, 0.18384020030498505, 0.015094251371920109, 0.0024415254592895508, 0.033270541578531265, -0.028809990733861923, 0.023350760340690613, 0.024184012785553932, -0.01698075421154499, 0.005172241944819689, -0.031056392937898636, -0.1149422824382782, 0.04144739359617233, -0.0017308773240074515, -0.04401005059480667, 0.0017680265009403229, 0.03345305100083351, -0.0006621108623221517, -0.07604911923408508, 0.064000703394413, 0.06263868510723114, 0.08051574975252151, 0.02444644086062908, 0.02429495006799698, -0.010055707767605782, 0.0005487916059792042, -0.002080125967040658, 0.04793000593781471, 0.07102055102586746, 0.0038570326287299395, 0.00581504637375474, -0.06959430128335953, -0.09645898640155792, -0.009628196246922016, 0.07722321897745132, -0.0231928713619709, -0.006886783055961132, -0.039018429815769196, 0.02566559799015522, -0.033113230019807816, -0.028518034145236015, 0.07361544668674469, -0.06564795225858688, -0.08754085749387741, -0.0889492779970169, -0.0028287791647017, 0.07172680646181107, 0.02418609708547592, 0.06315627694129944, -0.1121877059340477, 0.065174400806427, 0.05197865143418312, -0.0039455462247133255, -0.03383711352944374, -0.05648477375507355, -0.021070677787065506, 0.03446889668703079, 0.052192572504282, 0.022798439487814903, 0.02382747083902359, -0.005115655716508627, 0.05102813243865967, -0.042547598481178284, 0.03262580931186676, -0.03044026717543602, 0.09106062352657318, 0.01926167868077755, -0.052171774208545685, 0.14427690207958221, 0.04237522929906845, 0.0533171109855175, 0.007418602239340544, -0.05323825031518936, 0.03387830778956413, 0.016911525279283524, -0.005884023383259773, -0.002266571158543229, -0.08845026791095734, -0.02291916497051716, -0.008692543022334576, -0.017318669706583023, 0.03277182951569557, -0.021903809159994125, -0.056820087134838104, 0.07936324924230576, -0.00905594415962696, 0.04495985805988312, 0.05204354599118233, -0.07596046477556229, -0.0378560833632946, -0.05435475707054138, 0.06048962101340294, 0.01643109694123268, 0.09462513774633408, 0.04438377916812897, -0.033491626381874084, -0.0193366389721632, 4.470964478019754e-33, 0.06446506828069687, -0.00037017976865172386, 0.016846967861056328, 0.022613827139139175, 0.048502445220947266, 0.0023198360577225685, -0.043443262577056885, 0.05665726587176323, 0.007941518910229206, -0.07727088779211044, -0.03082970529794693, 0.023510903120040894, 0.037995852530002594, -0.01735856756567955, 0.023124005645513535, 0.006541581358760595, 0.03299940750002861, -0.0244049821048975, 0.017838623374700546, -0.015467887744307518, -0.10792268067598343, 0.024994153529405594, 0.044505104422569275, 0.021043898537755013, 0.020737243816256523, 0.04580794647336006, 0.0712616816163063, -0.009346317499876022, -0.02809925377368927, 0.003664899617433548, 0.034070417284965515, -0.03146005794405937, 0.003561598714441061, 0.04840802028775215, -0.001008610357530415, -0.060141563415527344, -0.011880619451403618, 0.03470373898744583, -0.038181569427251816, -0.03268004208803177, -0.003086910117417574, 0.09468983858823776, -0.007745637092739344, -0.02120376192033291, -0.005047713406383991, -0.023529361933469772, 0.0553605817258358, -0.007428640965372324, -0.013433986343443394, 0.11062382161617279, -0.01517892349511385, 0.05477183312177658, -0.036548081785440445, -0.05818149447441101, -0.025898847728967667, 0.03513423725962639, 0.004077288322150707, -0.010026078671216965, -0.002363416366279125, 0.04535001888871193, 0.051416873931884766, -0.03517715260386467, 0.00494487164542079, -0.029154552146792412, -0.006108745001256466, 0.14330165088176727, -0.03223802149295807, 0.05522923171520233, -0.06676559895277023, 0.03135022893548012, -0.013309801928699017, 0.049089010804891586, 0.004797398112714291, 0.0005492736236192286, 0.07842493802309036, -0.014887156896293163, 0.009628077037632465, -0.024812156334519386, -0.0653371661901474, 0.04183712229132652, -0.08856535702943802, 0.019892826676368713, 0.04355825111269951, -0.1518690288066864, -0.10228908061981201, -0.07935703545808792, 0.004369060043245554, 0.030237510800361633, 0.04014330357313156, -0.1006205603480339, 0.05629714950919151, -0.0994652509689331, 0.0764504000544548, 0.04207998141646385, -0.04145387187600136, -4.855033379921935e-33, -0.07126452028751373, 0.07357420027256012, -0.043443914502859116, -0.011974785476922989, -0.021846085786819458, -0.07236915081739426, -0.01979285478591919, 0.03784918785095215, -0.06007079407572746, -0.05200629308819771, 0.05585671216249466, 0.06449328362941742, -0.07076887786388397, -0.046081945300102234, -0.007884930819272995, -0.04587842524051666, -0.0049658166244626045, 0.02147083170711994, -0.0471053272485733, 0.02987264096736908, 0.010667333379387856, 0.007043235935270786, -0.02274169586598873, -0.025564899668097496, -0.007845032028853893, 0.018959179520606995, 0.029355347156524658, 0.0003269585722591728, 0.05265875160694122, 0.029549898579716682, -0.06606338173151016, 0.03292682021856308, -0.015892544761300087, 0.03481050208210945, -0.003723463276401162, 0.00885991845279932, -0.01457156427204609, -0.07111193984746933, -0.097946397960186, 0.01755416952073574, 0.0033054333180189133, 0.011566536501049995, 0.05589742958545685, -0.04990218207240105, -0.0029888590797781944, -0.006039357744157314, -0.025757938623428345, 0.09622491151094437, 0.042690325528383255, -0.0595429353415966, 0.0440436527132988, -0.04681626707315445, -0.07263195514678955, 0.017442548647522926, 0.013288779184222221, -0.027125302702188492, 0.02314211055636406, 0.09764508157968521, -0.10261498391628265, -0.03266213834285736, 0.027439570054411888, -0.10909918695688248, 0.00754914665594697, -0.027402019128203392, -0.00291719613596797, -0.059075988829135895, -0.0107066435739398, -0.021831288933753967, -0.02746007777750492, 0.019932201132178307, 0.062402885407209396, -0.08509144186973572, -0.07271645963191986, -0.04571685194969177, 0.025657879188656807, -0.006503745913505554, 0.07229982316493988, -0.01829773373901844, -0.025004656985402107, 0.02599167823791504, -0.12829503417015076, -0.00934757199138403, 0.009493817575275898, -0.030100464820861816, 0.0011962342541664839, -0.029445568099617958, -0.09648259729146957, -0.09954942017793655, -0.06582079082727432, 0.0958801880478859, -0.08567593991756439, 0.013219264335930347, -0.027506498619914055, 0.10799197852611542, -0.016023710370063782, -5.271535030715313e-08, 0.03801482543349266, 0.03170327842235565, -0.02616211771965027, 0.08611544221639633, 0.06875821202993393, -0.007459334563463926, 0.05718587711453438, 0.025129791349172592, -0.009869334287941456, -0.011959431692957878, 0.052762437611818314, -0.02342243306338787, 0.15164433419704437, -0.06196306273341179, 0.009913160465657711, 0.014351895079016685, 0.019862651824951172, -0.05324256047606468, -0.0012620976194739342, 0.010221735574305058, 0.07225195318460464, 0.010583735071122646, 0.012738728895783424, -0.01292873453348875, 0.011261174455285072, 0.01587688736617565, -0.046640995889902115, 0.07877633720636368, -0.016958901658654213, -0.08751711249351501, 0.04236844927072525, -0.04072875156998634, 0.06124502792954445, -0.12711267173290253, -0.0866018533706665, 0.06179750710725784, -0.020577065646648407, 0.014329236932098866, 0.04535558074712753, 0.05634722858667374, 0.004907545633614063, 0.00738599942997098, 0.000778232526499778, 0.044627364724874496, 0.009833185002207756, 0.024994930252432823, 0.019105197861790657, -0.048507578670978546, 0.047991737723350525, -0.018046552315354347, -0.04308238998055458, 0.017725026234984398, -0.0236204843968153, -0.05379357933998108, -0.020489821210503578, -0.01866394467651844, -0.07015331834554672, -0.014128593727946281, 0.0476989783346653, 0.014332733117043972, 0.032873544842004776, -0.08344443887472153, -0.11382844299077988, -0.03130625560879707]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
513
|
, however , the expected pattern if greenhouse gases were preventing radiative escape , which is more prevalent at night . Hemisphere and latitude The Northern Hemisphere is warming faster than the Southern Hemisphere .This is the opposite of the expected pattern if the Sun, currently closer to the Earth during austral summer, were the principal climate forcing. In particular, the Southern Hemisphere, with more ocean area and less land area, has a lower albedo ("whiteness") and absorbs more light. The Northern Hemisphere, however, has higher population, industry and emissions. Furthermore, the Arctic region is warming faster than the Antarctic and faster than northern mid-latitudes and subtropics, despite polar regions receiving less sun than lower latitudes. Altitude
Solar forcing should warm Earth's atmosphere roughly evenly by altitude, with some variation by wavelength/energy regime. However, the atmosphere is warming at lower altitudes while cooling higher up. This is the expected pattern if greenhouse gases drive temperature, as on Venus. Solar variation theory
A 1994 study of the US National Research Council concluded that TSI variations were the most likely cause of significant climate change in the pre-industrial era, before significant human-generated carbon dioxide entered the atmosphere. Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude "our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.") If interpreted as a detection rather than an upper limit, this would contrast with global climate models predicting that solar forcing of climate through direct radiative forcing makes an insignificant contribution. In 2000, Stott and others reported on the most comprehensive model simulations of 20th century climate to that date.
|
[0.019272854551672935, 0.04851405322551727, 0.11437144130468369, 0.038689129054546356, 0.11301034688949585, -0.020728934556245804, -0.044896312057971954, 0.003516585100442171, 0.03598868101835251, 0.054786283522844315, -0.07997474819421768, -0.0057540759444236755, 0.04626818001270294, 0.027516303583979607, 0.18891112506389618, -0.022666307166218758, 0.05831700190901756, -0.02835850790143013, 0.005356332287192345, -0.03921935334801674, -0.0020624357275664806, 0.017208978533744812, 0.034183502197265625, 0.011779924854636192, -0.029707664623856544, -0.04074348136782646, -0.05802096053957939, 0.102841816842556, -0.02518211118876934, 0.11236682534217834, -0.07562347501516342, 0.08026687055826187, -0.02813255600631237, -0.03450978919863701, -0.04346847906708717, -0.03628354147076607, -0.01750521920621395, -0.01795409619808197, -0.026416966691613197, 0.06447544693946838, -0.045426979660987854, -0.036140669137239456, -0.011601298116147518, 0.03270262852311134, -0.05503835529088974, 0.05117897689342499, -0.04876428842544556, 0.04979517683386803, -0.06455032527446747, -0.11933989822864532, 0.0463344044983387, 0.038666799664497375, -0.08359453082084656, -0.024556683376431465, -0.04078223928809166, 0.04472808539867401, 0.002509546931833029, 0.018623491749167442, 0.0774945467710495, -0.06017448008060455, -0.07080134004354477, -0.06503137201070786, -0.06505560874938965, -0.022192971780896187, 0.1076943650841713, 0.025014135986566544, -0.01067326869815588, -0.023293575271964073, -0.017389820888638496, -0.022773103788495064, -0.023804035037755966, 0.05879423767328262, -0.10656017065048218, -0.01900157332420349, -0.04894857481122017, 0.003152270335704088, 0.02591426484286785, 0.06671099364757538, 0.028439532965421677, -0.03154679760336876, 0.08967587351799011, 0.029214778915047646, -0.03136061504483223, 0.031954724341630936, -0.04341530799865723, 0.007415147498250008, 0.07981983572244644, 0.00984628964215517, -0.01803714595735073, 0.032191623002290726, -0.012593493796885014, -0.021056611090898514, -0.00798035692423582, -0.007169438060373068, -0.03175031393766403, 0.0660119280219078, 0.0630028247833252, -0.02087334170937538, 0.055545367300510406, -0.07701043784618378, 0.022939568385481834, -0.014014297164976597, -0.03487050533294678, 0.02911405637860298, 0.024757882580161095, -0.015546075068414211, 0.04992370679974556, -0.014328193850815296, -0.0005704360664822161, 0.018066281452775, -0.09150461107492447, 0.06202422454953194, -0.018204566091299057, -0.008364435285329819, -0.0033615485299378633, -0.022234803065657616, 0.04347478598356247, 0.11753743141889572, -0.06526342034339905, 0.03878713771700859, -0.024805303663015366, 0.023693926632404327, 0.04794828221201897, 0.08111481368541718, 0.05560867488384247, -0.022217635065317154, -0.058987248688936234, 1.3115984132192691e-33, 0.11316873133182526, -0.01693057082593441, 0.014931072480976582, 0.019375797361135483, 0.029906366020441055, 0.027124451473355293, -0.06116810813546181, 0.026698486879467964, -0.024177802726626396, -0.009178748354315758, -0.08902949839830399, -0.003259851597249508, -0.006419014185667038, 0.08591629564762115, 0.01478919479995966, -0.009589748457074165, -0.03930653631687164, 0.013733964413404465, -0.09979220479726791, 0.0335812084376812, -0.07296563684940338, 0.022277003154158592, 0.11986882984638214, 0.041288815438747406, -0.057673193514347076, -0.05980917066335678, 0.013941667042672634, -0.004445327445864677, -0.024820948019623756, -0.028818054124712944, 0.06280989944934845, -0.08315135538578033, -0.041830506175756454, 0.05291365832090378, 0.02091045491397381, -0.011159275658428669, 0.03878718987107277, 0.026715431362390518, 0.03386048972606659, 0.02862401120364666, -0.02053549699485302, 0.05529523640871048, 0.07350783050060272, -0.02842014655470848, 0.05523722991347313, 0.010499516502022743, 0.04031401127576828, -0.018427398055791855, -0.04687866196036339, 0.061913274228572845, -0.10886403173208237, 0.08460842818021774, 0.028544725850224495, -0.06667183339595795, 0.02943928726017475, -0.026185249909758568, 0.06014852970838547, -0.001872673979960382, -0.05556018278002739, -0.018414728343486786, -0.03799746185541153, -0.03013750910758972, 0.0677524209022522, -0.02621321566402912, 0.05001118406653404, 0.043704040348529816, -0.011813019402325153, -0.034143149852752686, -0.052726875990629196, 0.031116509810090065, 0.08130377531051636, 0.010644535534083843, 0.05343621224164963, 0.027140719816088676, 0.06348730623722076, 0.01718682236969471, 0.03218536078929901, 0.02913077175617218, 0.01573149859905243, -0.006042421795427799, -0.05741416662931442, 0.043552711606025696, 0.04285125806927681, -0.11664308607578278, -0.10257885605096817, -0.06412748247385025, 0.004301816690713167, 0.0418953038752079, 0.05978889763355255, -0.056381482630968094, 0.04746820032596588, -0.1169063001871109, 0.008883785456418991, 0.04280773550271988, -0.03008248656988144, -1.955547993924142e-33, 0.026267796754837036, -0.05271239951252937, -0.03241689130663872, -0.05992351472377777, -0.03540202975273132, -0.04000091180205345, 0.011277486570179462, 0.017669323831796646, -0.0077944593504071236, -0.016388872638344765, 0.04413260519504547, 0.02924622781574726, 0.05949414521455765, -0.0016721024876460433, 0.017168978229165077, -0.03515033423900604, -0.010956124402582645, 0.046770576387643814, -0.026812981814146042, 0.007456331513822079, -0.03284941613674164, -0.023114366456866264, 0.011497480794787407, -0.03293093293905258, -0.022275397554039955, -0.03302861750125885, -0.0035320818424224854, 0.09253378957509995, -0.03114595264196396, -0.023135652765631676, -0.08689048141241074, 0.10900075733661652, -0.023388270288705826, -0.0009549265960231423, -0.03005579300224781, 0.03373020514845848, 0.026705561205744743, 0.0036615582648664713, -0.05216217786073685, 0.004318124148994684, 0.03800743818283081, -0.047347355633974075, 0.12562377750873566, -0.12469379603862762, 0.044754303991794586, -0.07811418920755386, -0.04322397708892822, 0.04610011354088783, 0.02359764464199543, 0.04658903181552887, 0.025051860138773918, 0.006265548523515463, -0.0521564781665802, 0.0724976435303688, 0.0282890684902668, -0.007197331637144089, 0.0031235984060913324, 0.03763798996806145, -0.013250821270048618, 0.014885379001498222, 0.03383801877498627, -0.024120967835187912, 0.03868470340967178, -0.03774578869342804, -0.023369867354631424, -0.03668171912431717, -0.008522242307662964, -0.09347617626190186, 0.09603297710418701, -0.0006181201315484941, -0.033535487949848175, -0.0807417705655098, -0.013692880980670452, -0.06107840687036514, 0.03958098217844963, -0.014615887776017189, 0.03050989843904972, -0.028063876554369926, -0.06384552270174026, 0.06133030727505684, -0.13471482694149017, -0.01919778250157833, -0.04395190253853798, 0.00469243386760354, -0.03805292025208473, -0.0015012829098850489, -0.042638156563043594, -0.12503938376903534, -0.044072676450014114, -0.006297423038631678, -0.047687236219644547, -0.012713277712464333, -0.0036884627770632505, 0.05086212977766991, -0.02714131586253643, -5.2226543090228006e-08, 0.03825755417346954, -0.016892215237021446, 0.0917634591460228, 0.08916507661342621, 0.005458598956465721, 0.02133583277463913, 0.02162737399339676, -0.002929828828200698, -0.006897836923599243, -0.007161643821746111, 0.061521921306848526, 0.061375848948955536, 0.17601576447486877, -0.05600573122501373, 0.03368716314435005, -0.031428128480911255, 0.02072112262248993, -0.036461081355810165, 0.031391557306051254, -0.020515048876404762, 0.013193011283874512, 0.00043391308281570673, -0.01660054922103882, 0.020093293860554695, 0.09403686225414276, -0.0031683335546404123, -0.03140316903591156, 0.07967860251665115, 0.017038943246006966, -0.0643472671508789, -0.013104095123708248, -0.0582413524389267, 0.1245979443192482, -0.1011822447180748, -0.06563437730073929, -0.002648766152560711, 0.010424146428704262, 0.09479936212301254, -0.01590879075229168, -0.0034442602191120386, 0.046242766082286835, -0.05155312269926071, -0.041130632162094116, 0.018043195828795433, 0.016646821051836014, -0.06404273211956024, 0.05026167631149292, 0.014862742274999619, 0.0478752925992012, 0.015106331557035446, -0.0023598100524395704, -0.032285891473293304, -0.025547903031110764, -0.04221401736140251, -0.014837117865681648, 0.004155424889177084, -0.059445224702358246, -0.008411558344960213, 0.043605562299489975, 0.0243437048047781, 0.05946008116006851, -0.04921705648303032, -0.12602080404758453, -0.03403015807271004]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
514
|
that solar forcing of climate through direct radiative forcing makes an insignificant contribution . In 2000 , Stott and others reported on the most comprehensive model simulations of 20th century climate to that date .Their study looked at both "natural forcing agents" (solar variations and volcanic emissions) as well as "anthropogenic forcing" (greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols). They found that "solar effects may have contributed significantly to the warming in the first half of the century although this result is dependent on the reconstruction of total solar irradiance that is used. In the latter half of the century, we find that anthropogenic increases in greenhouses gases are largely responsible for the observed warming, balanced by some cooling due to anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, with no evidence for significant solar effects." Stott's group found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature changes throughout the 20th century. They predicted that continued greenhouse gas emissions would cause additional future temperature increases "at a rate similar to that observed in recent decades". In addition, the study notes "uncertainties in historical forcing" — in other words, past natural forcing may still be having a delayed warming effect, most likely due to the oceans. Stott's 2003 work largely revised his assessment, and found a significant solar contribution to recent warming, although still smaller (between 16 and 36%) than that of greenhouse gases. A study in 2004 concluded that solar activity affects the climate - based on sunspot activity, yet plays only a small role in the current global warming. Correlations to solar cycle length
In 1991, Friis-Christensen and Lassen claimed a strong correlation of the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes. They initially used sunspot and temperature measurements from 1861 to 1989 and later extended the period using four centuries of climate records.
|
[-0.049801815301179886, 0.06762055307626724, 0.07970776408910751, 0.07363186776638031, 0.10850512236356735, -0.011902677826583385, -0.11702161282300949, 0.018872549757361412, -0.016566256061196327, 0.04922516644001007, 0.032800767570734024, -0.017045779153704643, 0.03734559565782547, -0.009768706746399403, 0.08841347694396973, -0.040174346417188644, -0.06949054449796677, 0.02594279870390892, -0.01960272714495659, -0.01667105220258236, -0.04564428701996803, 0.021490542218089104, -0.029266800731420517, -0.026586005464196205, -0.02896217070519924, -0.00216233404353261, -0.08186190575361252, 0.02158830128610134, -0.07967522740364075, 0.12719029188156128, -0.060958217829465866, 0.07290688902139664, 0.02430630847811699, -0.02286146581172943, -0.04534861445426941, 0.0039579295553267, -0.060571134090423584, -0.012275378219783306, -0.07298595458269119, 0.03544538840651512, -0.072196364402771, -0.06644631922245026, 0.016071399673819542, 0.027027912437915802, -0.08216845989227295, -0.012549065053462982, 0.062169186770915985, 0.008859240449965, -0.10364679247140884, -0.06844661384820938, 0.00754051748663187, 0.0036465772427618504, -0.018727006390690804, -0.04178280383348465, -0.02991431951522827, -0.051711369305849075, -0.008042744360864162, 0.009956850670278072, -0.010945763438940048, -0.08034367114305496, -0.017545927315950394, -0.017934227362275124, -0.13417382538318634, -0.016414597630500793, 0.07196339219808578, 0.07044514268636703, 0.04874482378363609, 0.028261885046958923, 0.017282234504818916, 0.02668916806578636, -0.012567587196826935, 0.08045307546854019, -0.03143304958939552, -0.03474084287881851, -0.013478360138833523, 0.013785102404654026, -0.017173096537590027, 0.09610631316900253, 0.08410197496414185, -0.06506194174289703, 0.09009683132171631, 0.013943054713308811, -0.05738638713955879, -0.025218293070793152, -0.07945521175861359, 0.06985444575548172, 0.025269387289881706, 0.030716486275196075, 0.01575622707605362, -0.0034193391911685467, 0.011422167532145977, -0.06158128380775452, 0.012982170097529888, 0.05747345834970474, -0.020251523703336716, 0.09440261125564575, 0.04790049046278, 0.02265220507979393, 0.058093588799238205, -0.058122001588344574, 0.009622054174542427, 0.033983051776885986, -0.04165225103497505, 0.05363260209560394, 0.023482441902160645, -0.06728675216436386, -0.014643721282482147, -0.059708040207624435, -0.02777208387851715, 0.010097821243107319, -0.1009962409734726, -0.00024485858739353716, -0.04360441118478775, -0.0692439004778862, 0.08123039454221725, -0.054063137620687485, 0.05715927854180336, 0.041064102202653885, -0.03369652107357979, -0.09962191432714462, -0.013155054301023483, 0.017875265330076218, 0.010693141259253025, 0.02340814471244812, 0.07060837745666504, -0.024749550968408585, -0.027886249125003815, 1.840784480453362e-33, 0.08415775001049042, 0.016893398016691208, -0.010916817001998425, 0.0009353271452710032, 0.041305847465991974, 0.034414540976285934, -0.0788968876004219, 0.054698120802640915, 0.03920765966176987, -0.06622687727212906, 0.011665868572890759, -0.01744907721877098, -0.0074426583014428616, 0.05945873260498047, -0.00991753488779068, 0.019118670374155045, -0.03423430398106575, 0.05081421136856079, 0.01052380446344614, -0.00868837721645832, -0.1028856411576271, 0.012765628285706043, 0.040431782603263855, -0.032539866864681244, -0.011445274576544762, 0.027231689542531967, 0.07078932970762253, 0.022031113505363464, -0.021262241527438164, -0.021270284429192543, 0.08197236061096191, -0.017133325338363647, -0.07661689072847366, 0.05510146543383598, 0.03930091857910156, -0.044364623725414276, -0.06852475553750992, -0.057325366884469986, 0.01694543845951557, 0.012905439361929893, 0.01656627282500267, 0.0447370670735836, 0.01770148053765297, -0.015030602924525738, 0.053975336253643036, -0.022280436009168625, 0.001807773602195084, 0.024720946326851845, -0.02459852024912834, 0.06791575998067856, -0.03664106875658035, 0.11155985295772552, -0.03588400408625603, -0.0150678725913167, -0.028358202427625656, -0.051996223628520966, 0.08098449558019638, -0.08722764253616333, -0.13097946345806122, -0.0053677037358284, -0.034106601029634476, -0.04810187220573425, 0.05905107408761978, -0.011154059320688248, 0.03949780762195587, 0.16230912506580353, -0.055898092687129974, 0.02611532248556614, -0.04387439787387848, 0.07932105660438538, -0.018967485055327415, -0.05881752818822861, -0.08958253264427185, 0.03184814751148224, 0.01791198179125786, 0.024243449792265892, 0.07495641708374023, -0.004170987755060196, -0.02897590957581997, 0.06295478343963623, -0.03486940637230873, -0.023513326421380043, -0.03683079034090042, -0.06740447878837585, -0.0856376439332962, -0.05785863846540451, 0.022829700261354446, 0.037433233112096786, 0.08799746632575989, -0.018725767731666565, 0.005411728750914335, -0.05796672776341438, 0.054429393261671066, 0.04486725106835365, -0.05426479130983353, -4.760784446924912e-33, -0.04997837916016579, 0.025150153785943985, -0.039811763912439346, -0.035168737173080444, -0.013227410614490509, -0.06941540539264679, -0.021549146622419357, -0.05590440705418587, 0.056366510689258575, -0.07934317737817764, 0.04384446144104004, 0.05472657084465027, 0.01750853843986988, -0.00861196219921112, -0.005798318888992071, -0.0061333803460001945, -0.007972915656864643, -0.0398482009768486, -0.06495778262615204, 0.034981682896614075, -0.023723263293504715, 0.008122164756059647, 0.0066209714859724045, -0.022097161039710045, -0.05165285989642143, -0.03906689211726189, 0.07487857341766357, -0.0046371836215257645, 0.01761695370078087, 0.0003925459459424019, -0.0355999693274498, 0.08037959784269333, -0.00491641229018569, 0.020911063998937607, -0.00020850688451901078, 0.04055856168270111, 0.06501851230859756, 0.013099836185574532, -0.012210037559270859, -0.07747088372707367, 0.053167931735515594, -0.027925023809075356, 0.006448626983910799, -0.07068882882595062, 0.05603579059243202, 0.036004386842250824, -0.0325748585164547, 0.10579611361026764, 0.008586712181568146, 0.040581971406936646, 0.05953128635883331, 0.04010625556111336, -0.04226330295205116, 0.0007193459314294159, 0.025952709838747978, -0.02875225804746151, -0.0133156543597579, 0.008859687484800816, -0.045395154505968094, -0.01441681757569313, -0.0957224890589714, -0.024295352399349213, 0.06418956816196442, -0.06067472696304321, -0.046318285167217255, -0.06667376309633255, 0.011333972215652466, -0.026419267058372498, 0.07439420372247696, -0.01649865321815014, 0.05213169753551483, -0.033431053161621094, -0.07943994551897049, 0.006715907249599695, -0.04706330969929695, -0.0024062779266387224, 0.00558651564642787, 0.02033163607120514, -0.03507095202803612, 0.10287868976593018, -0.07144518196582794, 0.034324824810028076, 0.02766542136669159, -0.015039452351629734, 0.003193213837221265, -0.034225285053253174, -0.026514288038015366, -0.06422869116067886, -0.012008927762508392, 0.04744754359126091, -0.09735285490751266, 0.025001056492328644, -0.034671932458877563, 0.16122844815254211, -0.01877753809094429, -5.128216074012926e-08, 0.03728676587343216, 0.06255300343036652, 0.06458467245101929, 0.07360982894897461, 0.049028243869543076, -0.005302529316395521, 0.01824299991130829, 0.014434672892093658, -0.06605605781078339, 0.00016424914065282792, 0.0667266696691513, 0.10408470034599304, 0.14104746282100677, -0.002689685206860304, -0.017829567193984985, -0.055991873145103455, 0.029654111713171005, -0.09055767208337784, -0.022102249786257744, -0.05330440029501915, 0.03136330842971802, -0.015460274182260036, -0.0452004037797451, -0.0016976079205051064, 0.05638013780117035, 0.02304868958890438, 0.05238015577197075, 0.08951239287853241, -0.03535866737365723, -0.024906668812036514, 0.04305437207221985, -0.04356304556131363, 0.049951981753110886, -0.0995427593588829, -0.013011653907597065, -0.009908427484333515, 0.02484387718141079, 0.020772352814674377, 0.0604662224650383, -0.05168355628848076, 0.020381590351462364, 0.05049959570169449, -0.049859289079904556, 0.09889856725931168, 0.032241981476545334, -0.04896945506334305, -0.07068847119808197, -0.006021179258823395, -0.006574322935193777, 0.06769528985023499, -0.009192860685288906, 0.0369730181992054, -0.021796641871333122, -0.04525196924805641, -0.00200046063400805, 0.003932120278477669, -0.02680443413555622, -0.01771845482289791, -0.02573518082499504, 0.053578995168209076, 0.08798039704561234, -0.061599452048540115, -0.10234291106462479, 0.029439760372042656]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
515
|
the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes . They initially used sunspot and temperature measurements from 1861 to 1989 and later extended the period using four centuries of climate records .Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period. The mechanism behind these claimed correlations was a matter of speculation. In a 2003 paper Laut identified problems with some of these correlation analyses. Damon and Laut claimed:
the apparent strong correlations displayed on these graphs have been obtained by incorrect handling of the physical data. The graphs are still widely referred to in the literature, and their misleading character has not yet been generally recognized. Damon and Laut stated that when the graphs are corrected for filtering errors, the sensational agreement with the recent global warming, which drew worldwide attention, totally disappeared. In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980. Benestad's 2005 review found that the solar cycle did not follow Earth's global mean surface temperature. In 2022, Chatzistergos updated the cycle length series with recent sunspot and solar plages data, extending them to more recent periods than previous studies, and also considering the various available time series. This is important because of the plentiful updates and corrections that have been applied to the sunspot data over the last decade. He showed that cycle lengths significantly diverge from Earth's temperatures and concluded that the strong correlation reported by Friis-Christensen and Lassen was an artefact of their analysis. Owing largely to their guess of next extrema times, arbitrarily restricting the analysis over a specific time period, along with other arbitrarities in their methodology. Weather
Solar activity may also impact regional climates, such as for the rivers Paraná and Po.
|
[-0.09464512765407562, 0.060521043837070465, 0.10101858526468277, 0.06637979298830032, 0.042743295431137085, -0.0756852775812149, -0.07593975216150284, 0.0013778196880593896, 0.011502932757139206, 0.02538449317216873, -0.0038152835331857204, 0.00865934044122696, 0.03525067865848541, 0.005740594584494829, 0.07082531601190567, -0.043476853519678116, -0.04910095036029816, -0.01746634766459465, 0.015277601778507233, -0.02605052851140499, -0.029432127252221107, -0.007411997765302658, -0.026097232475876808, 0.0106819374486804, 0.03150152787566185, -0.018937913700938225, -0.08697592467069626, 0.015818612650036812, -0.10312654823064804, 0.14044974744319916, -0.0535733699798584, 0.12135519832372665, -0.027287689968943596, 0.026783352717757225, -0.046317290514707565, -0.016344061121344566, 0.025593305006623268, 0.032768040895462036, -0.025172298774123192, 0.03099754825234413, -0.008976008743047714, -0.09396924078464508, 0.057494230568408966, 0.039219897240400314, -0.10108467191457748, 0.051359135657548904, -0.047325797379016876, 0.017621885985136032, -0.10824038833379745, 0.08692748099565506, -0.010265370830893517, 0.040610432624816895, 0.045087944716215134, -0.034680165350437164, 0.004477618262171745, -0.019623924046754837, 0.009059174917638302, 0.0490657314658165, 0.05717330425977707, 0.034675393253564835, 0.013879787176847458, -0.008231276646256447, -0.13881902396678925, 0.019856160506606102, 0.07380881160497665, 0.005122787319123745, 0.023302434012293816, -0.008386541157960892, -0.019727345556020737, 0.025054434314370155, 0.012949783354997635, 0.04277510568499565, -0.04925686866044998, -0.04827646538615227, -0.016588715836405754, 0.052392855286598206, 0.07710828632116318, 0.08553749322891235, 0.06594166904687881, -0.1707257628440857, 0.04919857531785965, 0.0390470027923584, 0.0508524589240551, -0.011359854601323605, -0.07548075914382935, 0.0032337282318621874, 0.025949561968445778, 0.02518850564956665, -0.03338360786437988, -0.0006683932733722031, 0.02777945064008236, -0.010002774186432362, -0.031702298671007156, 0.038955409079790115, -0.014536161907017231, 0.11827924847602844, 0.02787689119577408, 0.06854170560836792, 0.08362442255020142, -0.004524784162640572, 0.022347602993249893, -0.015835030004382133, -0.028759963810443878, 0.034567344933748245, -0.014373987913131714, -0.0017267892835661769, -0.009441888891160488, -0.03807082027196884, -0.012992525473237038, -0.04080329090356827, -0.09441286325454712, 0.026108933612704277, -0.01719709299504757, 0.010471416637301445, 0.07540854066610336, -0.03950398415327072, 0.009225062094628811, 0.06908109039068222, -0.05538511276245117, 0.0020066876895725727, -0.005114356987178326, 0.06230011209845543, 0.01303419191390276, 0.06469006091356277, 0.024230722337961197, 0.03195580467581749, -0.003457894315943122, 3.002657606814504e-33, 0.09625489264726639, 0.004677559249103069, 0.04117611423134804, 0.028676627203822136, -0.04600527137517929, 0.10244511067867279, -0.12500254809856415, 0.03452611342072487, 0.028537195175886154, -0.057980041950941086, -0.0040104929357767105, 0.047188758850097656, -0.028879478573799133, 0.004627648275345564, 0.005046304315328598, 0.02925465628504753, 0.038796570152044296, 0.014027104713022709, 0.0005508888280019164, -0.029048310592770576, -0.07489636540412903, -0.004664706997573376, 0.06581729650497437, 0.026333605870604515, 0.02124500460922718, 0.03380043804645538, 0.07252153754234314, 0.014787491410970688, 0.02030619978904724, -0.004353685770183802, 0.015720995143055916, -0.03866974264383316, -0.030751755461096764, 0.023813307285308838, -0.00678827753290534, -0.04545729234814644, 0.02667219564318657, 0.002737852046266198, -0.026067057624459267, 0.013416025787591934, -0.0020836631301790476, 0.01623278297483921, 0.04684729501605034, -0.025953011587262154, 0.028617465868592262, 0.021119773387908936, -0.009083808399736881, -0.004323229659348726, -0.019144564867019653, 0.09393180161714554, -0.03831309452652931, 0.0707470253109932, -0.038446731865406036, -0.04626576974987984, -0.023230385035276413, 0.04090079292654991, 0.016486162319779396, -0.05020700767636299, -0.08183778077363968, 0.015632402151823044, 0.06182551756501198, 0.0014011661987751722, 0.022434696555137634, -0.05694194138050079, 0.029570849612355232, 0.15689793229103088, -0.041066110134124756, 0.03737878426909447, -0.05065136402845383, 0.02702018991112709, -0.005921169184148312, 0.013707663863897324, -0.03261289373040199, 0.009800494648516178, 0.03445526584982872, -0.05288492143154144, 0.02358337864279747, 0.007940423674881458, -0.06501554697751999, 0.0091733168810606, -0.05329033359885216, -0.0397050566971302, 0.08195516467094421, -0.1059594452381134, -0.12560279667377472, -0.10081611573696136, -0.006464432459324598, 0.08241364359855652, 0.05852149799466133, -0.041575927287340164, 0.03712964057922363, -0.049593325704336166, 0.027233699336647987, 0.03364904224872589, -0.07280854880809784, -3.4535127712716305e-33, -0.05774211138486862, 0.0750008299946785, -0.02049659937620163, 0.010001498274505138, -0.04389524087309837, -0.05466838181018829, -0.01770181767642498, 0.029867073521018028, -0.027010029181838036, -0.0698874220252037, 0.0648471787571907, -0.05821032449603081, 0.03189769387245178, -0.036259207874536514, -0.0249180905520916, -0.007595851551741362, 0.0007758749998174608, -0.07095826417207718, -0.083231620490551, 0.03333265706896782, 0.021311787888407707, -0.03270311281085014, -0.06296596676111221, -0.026262342929840088, -0.013692378997802734, -0.03480162471532822, 0.050892166793346405, -0.051625512540340424, -0.009478127583861351, 0.03050478734076023, -0.05715059116482735, 0.05457143485546112, -0.03718345984816551, 0.023351598531007767, -0.0005809536669403315, 0.044159114360809326, 0.035677775740623474, -0.046778250485658646, -0.07041077315807343, -0.04656117781996727, 0.009917053394019604, 0.011369981802999973, -0.018282651901245117, -0.09530480206012726, 0.03106861002743244, 0.015596865676343441, -0.03960799053311348, 0.12366588413715363, -0.0008209380321204662, 0.04069538414478302, 0.02918364852666855, -0.007125289645045996, -0.046947725117206573, -0.03705798089504242, -0.0017637507990002632, -0.032031551003456116, 0.02377784065902233, 0.07029207050800323, -0.06649307161569595, -0.044335804879665375, -0.038914572447538376, -0.016435369849205017, 0.008085737936198711, -0.012593894265592098, -0.004808694124221802, -0.0305256936699152, 0.014123361557722092, -0.05998727306723595, 0.09573271125555038, 0.0066102552227675915, 0.08013507723808289, -0.04234057292342186, -0.09007439017295837, -0.0627903863787651, 0.045066364109516144, 0.03654275834560394, 0.0145644536241889, -0.030314726755023003, -0.05237818881869316, 0.03131958842277527, -0.043593041598796844, -0.010264832526445389, 0.07440898567438126, 0.02585473842918873, 0.016564689576625824, -0.04989710822701454, -0.019019337370991707, -0.07506214082241058, -0.06649594008922577, 0.09196128696203232, -0.055984966456890106, 0.0013266304740682244, -0.09600898623466492, 0.1260218620300293, 0.020331939682364464, -4.7863650820545445e-08, 0.0429530031979084, 0.04957997798919678, 0.015077533200383186, 0.06811030209064484, 0.06883936375379562, -0.02695268765091896, 0.07291961461305618, 0.07225577533245087, -0.043142255395650864, 0.06687955558300018, 0.08887768536806107, 0.05310383066534996, 0.0713244304060936, -0.03815783932805061, -0.021036051213741302, -0.07128264755010605, 0.051755715161561966, -0.05902595818042755, 0.009069913998246193, 0.011465021409094334, 0.020798224955797195, 0.008595822378993034, -0.07353226840496063, 0.053888093680143356, 0.059577371925115585, -0.021004917100071907, -0.078854039311409, 0.09898603707551956, -0.011738456785678864, -0.07799287885427475, -0.0534650944173336, -0.05642768740653992, 0.06798240542411804, -0.11019968241453171, 0.0007151247700676322, 0.01067453995347023, -0.04594288393855095, 0.10274176299571991, 0.05837142840027809, 0.03706894442439079, -0.021833274513483047, 0.04336186498403549, -0.03527276590466499, 0.05760984495282173, 0.024344442412257195, -0.06150759011507034, 0.004941683728247881, -0.05327779799699783, 0.013583057560026646, 0.011181856505572796, -0.02030443400144577, -0.026451218873262405, 0.03744785487651825, -0.04628636687994003, -0.016732923686504364, 0.03094092570245266, -0.06884980946779251, -0.016153749078512192, -0.03640252351760864, 0.04736723378300667, -0.030072525143623352, -0.06456606835126877, -0.12673085927963257, -0.030653396621346474]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
516
|
restricting the analysis over a specific time period , along with other arbitrarities in their methodology . Weather Solar activity may also impact regional climates , such as for the rivers Paraná and Po .Measurements from NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment show that solar UV output is more variable than total solar irradiance. Climate modelling suggests that low solar activity may result in, for example, colder winters in the US and northern Europe and milder winters in Canada and southern Europe, with little change in global averages. More broadly, links have been suggested between solar cycles, global climate and regional events such as El Niño. Hancock and Yarger found "statistically significant relationships between the double [~21-year] sunspot cycle and the 'January thaw' phenomenon along the East Coast and between the double sunspot cycle and 'drought' (June temperature and precipitation) in the Midwest." Cloud condensation
Recent research at CERN's CLOUD facility examined links between cosmic rays and cloud condensation nuclei, demonstrating the effect of high-energy particulate radiation in nucleating aerosol particles that are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei. Kirkby (CLOUD team leader) said, "At the moment, it [the experiment] actually says nothing about a possible cosmic-ray effect on clouds and climate." After further investigation, the team concluded that "variations in cosmic ray intensity do not appreciably affect climate through nucleation." 1983–1994 global low cloud formation data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) was highly correlated with galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux; subsequent to this period, the correlation broke down. Changes of 3–4% in cloudiness and concurrent changes in cloud top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar (sunspot) cycles, with increased GCR levels during "antiparallel" cycles. Global average cloud cover change was measured at 1.5–2%.
|
[0.0030714364256709814, 0.005575304850935936, 0.1320619136095047, 0.06330955028533936, 0.06261283159255981, -0.03718673065304756, 0.008032767102122307, -0.022593146190047264, 0.03351791203022003, 0.019585976377129555, 0.005276707001030445, -0.04960814118385315, 0.020345287397503853, 0.01876261457800865, 0.05965537950396538, -0.001670605386607349, -0.02185966446995735, -0.06531640887260437, 0.006355770863592625, -0.01091252826154232, -0.018583806231617928, -0.02041950449347496, -0.09520749747753143, 0.025497304275631905, 0.023127952590584755, -0.016068222001194954, -0.07113444805145264, 0.009729091078042984, -0.0708499550819397, 0.07348979264497757, -0.013776720501482487, 0.08222942799329758, -0.024408528581261635, 0.04858838766813278, 0.06390020251274109, 0.02521437779068947, 0.05121370404958725, 0.015955936163663864, -0.021588901057839394, 0.00019056181190535426, -0.01800178550183773, -0.12235486507415771, 0.0279099028557539, 0.010336636565625668, -0.037650950253009796, 0.025198128074407578, -0.008893818594515324, 0.009595115669071674, -0.03709203377366066, 0.04379194974899292, 0.04051364213228226, 0.024453552439808846, -0.028740737587213516, 0.036958128213882446, -0.02262246608734131, 0.04155641421675682, -0.0362686961889267, -0.04155036434531212, 0.013345887884497643, 0.03221765533089638, -0.0694480910897255, -0.022198228165507317, -0.11272221803665161, 0.012751718983054161, 0.1577974408864975, 0.014897598884999752, -0.015194949693977833, 0.08733735978603363, 0.004763121251016855, -0.08156558871269226, 0.00829568412154913, 0.019513797014951706, -0.04386458918452263, 0.04803391173481941, -0.021976161748170853, 0.03020656108856201, 0.022322945296764374, 0.027046386152505875, 0.09731875360012054, -0.06827665865421295, 0.08922059088945389, 0.0657663494348526, 0.04545985907316208, -0.04210850968956947, -0.0763767808675766, 0.019890643656253815, 0.012379848398268223, 0.03268471360206604, 0.03646930307149887, 0.024100348353385925, 0.0746188536286354, -0.0020458861254155636, 0.018292797729372978, 0.001805701875127852, -0.009828653186559677, 0.1438576877117157, 0.07028554379940033, -0.02254352904856205, 0.07136330008506775, 0.001810202607885003, 0.030771365389227867, -0.03381163626909256, -0.01852404512465, -0.01319714356213808, 0.04030204936861992, 0.029909629374742508, -0.007364833727478981, -0.09273766726255417, 0.010207041166722775, -0.01089382078498602, -0.0458964928984642, 0.03758341073989868, -0.05333045497536659, -0.03020543046295643, 0.06613413244485855, 0.0012292006285861135, 0.00022898866154719144, 0.06007370725274086, -0.10471291840076447, -0.10245348513126373, -0.07397811114788055, -0.01112401857972145, 0.05535415560007095, 0.07771079987287521, 0.05696843937039375, 0.042961642146110535, -0.06631097197532654, 4.101896720743988e-33, 0.1368783861398697, -0.04529895260930061, 0.05213216692209244, -0.04021655023097992, 0.004857537802308798, -0.011002111248672009, -0.03184765204787254, 0.006656400393694639, -0.020201487466692924, -0.06078905239701271, -0.04484791308641434, -0.005393655970692635, 0.00166545738466084, -0.010589191690087318, 0.03280812129378319, -0.02510484680533409, -0.007084004580974579, 0.044298142194747925, -0.02963997609913349, 0.01078865211457014, -0.12621930241584778, -0.03488830476999283, 0.03159871697425842, 0.016896866261959076, 0.025057587772607803, -0.0074701448902487755, 0.036489248275756836, -0.016330551356077194, 0.03484239801764488, 0.008566665463149548, 0.04897172003984451, 0.030372945591807365, 0.04289909824728966, 0.11063968390226364, 0.04802678897976875, -0.011323245242238045, -0.06515414267778397, 0.048858825117349625, -0.0009868794586509466, 0.06081756576895714, -0.00887810904532671, 0.03192044422030449, 0.005541759543120861, -0.03405974432826042, 0.022379545494914055, -0.02990632690489292, 0.03411397710442543, -0.04255041480064392, -0.01691872999072075, -0.003030849155038595, -0.061062801629304886, 0.0663999542593956, -0.021179545670747757, -0.06797513365745544, 0.08044879138469696, 0.09214144945144653, 0.06145189702510834, -0.0763217955827713, -0.009432640857994556, -0.0075005218386650085, -0.07208068668842316, -0.02926579862833023, 0.00837802980095148, -0.06329545378684998, -0.02165941894054413, 0.014747747220098972, -0.057549070566892624, 0.08671648055315018, -0.021690357476472855, 0.03200063109397888, 0.024280373007059097, 0.004228898324072361, 0.0675201416015625, -0.021246708929538727, 0.07204713672399521, -0.019183943048119545, 0.007641678210347891, 0.024978064000606537, -0.0677020400762558, 0.03774897754192352, -0.0694025307893753, -0.01783192716538906, 0.05638660863041878, -0.042245052754879, -0.12310584634542465, -0.0019773480016738176, 0.033620432019233704, 0.07727199792861938, -0.003054745029658079, -0.025677477940917015, 0.04366375878453255, -0.0040535693988204, 0.04489734023809433, -0.029655303806066513, -0.05676547810435295, -4.3638978811529675e-33, 0.039192087948322296, -0.04000772908329964, -0.019027961418032646, -0.023808127269148827, 0.013897552154958248, 0.0007088765851221979, 0.018865080550312996, -0.007185707334429026, -0.012793585658073425, -0.058010391891002655, 0.02835891954600811, 0.08094657957553864, -0.06077398359775543, -0.04557030275464058, 0.019726429134607315, 0.005891433916985989, 0.0002418937219772488, 0.02547953650355339, -0.09055693447589874, 0.042041998356580734, 0.010894647799432278, -0.05854785814881325, -0.020881814882159233, -0.050450727343559265, -0.042447779327631, -0.05159999802708626, 0.0660654753446579, -0.02208326756954193, 0.0463411845266819, 0.03560455143451691, -0.09340149909257889, 0.09468517452478409, 0.004463157616555691, 0.03557978570461273, -0.0025013184640556574, 0.014675302430987358, 0.07991284132003784, -0.06978026032447815, -0.07111535221338272, -0.06387024372816086, 0.0048062484711408615, -0.017425263300538063, 0.011300665326416492, -0.07191978394985199, 0.042198508977890015, 0.05177466571331024, -0.02490711584687233, 0.07824462652206421, -0.004005055874586105, 0.045097000896930695, 0.010776164941489697, -0.05181962996721268, -0.11137841641902924, 0.10290192067623138, -0.033745795488357544, -0.030990608036518097, 0.04273299127817154, 0.03438509628176689, -0.057227104902267456, -0.014973564073443413, -0.03905375674366951, -0.10718681663274765, 0.002888390561565757, -0.09977894276380539, -0.0038401333149522543, -0.04404786229133606, -0.00858429353684187, 0.011863318271934986, 0.04570960998535156, -0.036292754113674164, 0.05778032913804054, -0.07719193398952484, -0.02587796561419964, -0.09588006138801575, 0.011585422791540623, 0.044821273535490036, 0.014879411086440086, -0.06279068440198898, -0.08005962520837784, 0.06066787242889404, -0.1460706889629364, 0.03711273893713951, -0.06573587656021118, -0.002279784297570586, 0.024406615644693375, -0.03436306491494179, 0.02506754919886589, -0.11656534671783447, -0.11601445078849792, 0.06359493732452393, -0.0902625098824501, 0.010142436251044273, -0.0803334042429924, 0.10169759392738342, 0.005666499957442284, -5.2946273143561484e-08, 0.0099461255595088, 0.027363281697034836, 0.022384054958820343, 0.03746946528553963, 0.05167284607887268, 0.0230675358325243, 0.03376372903585434, 0.05726855993270874, -0.01184322964400053, 0.02039813995361328, 0.022514808923006058, 0.022857215255498886, 0.0695100799202919, -0.05721481144428253, 0.048920221626758575, -0.0737832561135292, 0.03429818153381348, -0.03106566146016121, -0.0750453770160675, -0.07904396951198578, 0.029576411470770836, 0.02925359085202217, -0.044299084693193436, 0.08844675123691559, -0.01647154800593853, 0.05123642459511757, 0.032859399914741516, 0.09700151532888412, 0.01529727317392826, -0.07242574542760849, -0.03906504064798355, -0.010959068313241005, 0.05807178467512131, -0.12441839277744293, 0.029082346707582474, 0.014989436604082584, -0.022825157269835472, 0.009755156934261322, 0.027576403692364693, 0.03993852064013481, 0.008750971406698227, 0.024436863139271736, -0.055119648575782776, 0.04129311069846153, 0.01741672493517399, -0.043115824460983276, -0.012114118784666061, -0.04776966571807861, 0.028022466227412224, 0.09964951127767563, 0.005783595144748688, -0.01101015042513609, -0.037271078675985336, -0.026720071211457253, 0.03102903440594673, 0.07329528778791428, -0.012172323651611805, -0.057657692581415176, -0.01101500354707241, 0.04401976242661476, 0.0811922624707222, -0.07621917128562927, -0.10065557062625885, -0.013297065161168575]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
517
|
top temperatures correlated to the 11 and 22-year solar ( sunspot ) cycles , with increased GCR levels during `` antiparallel '' cycles . Global average cloud cover change was measured at 1.5–2 % .Several GCR and cloud cover studies found positive correlation at latitudes greater than 50° and negative correlation at lower latitudes. However, not all scientists accept this correlation as statistically significant, and some who do attribute it to other solar variability (e.g. UV or total irradiance variations) rather than directly to GCR changes. Difficulties in interpreting such correlations include the fact that many aspects of solar variability change at similar times, and some climate systems have delayed responses. Historical perspective
Physicist and historian Spencer R. Weart in The Discovery of Global Warming (2003) wrote:
The study of [sun spot] cycles was generally popular through the first half of the century. Governments had collected a lot of weather data to play with and inevitably people found correlations between sun spot cycles and select weather patterns. If rainfall in England didn't fit the cycle, maybe storminess in New England would. Respected scientists and enthusiastic amateurs insisted they had found patterns reliable enough to make predictions. Sooner or later though every prediction failed. An example was a highly credible forecast of a dry spell in Africa during the sunspot minimum of the early 1930s. When the period turned out to be wet, a meteorologist later recalled "the subject of sunspots and weather relationships fell into dispute, especially among British meteorologists who witnessed the discomfiture of some of their most respected superiors." Even in the 1960s he said, "For a young [climate] researcher to entertain any statement of sun-weather relationships was to brand oneself a crank."
|
[-0.0602632537484169, 0.019037893041968346, 0.1278846561908722, 0.0852237120270729, 0.06978660821914673, -0.026612142100930214, -0.013851107098162174, -0.004196322988718748, 0.039755914360284805, 0.017701106145977974, -0.012255564332008362, -0.010006308555603027, 0.05808987841010094, 0.015530823729932308, 0.03376052528619766, -0.04170452058315277, -0.021026303991675377, -0.062101781368255615, 0.030376484617590904, -0.037008244544267654, -0.05593825504183769, 0.010089060291647911, -0.05514901131391525, -0.015974925830960274, 0.016417797654867172, -0.039053723216056824, -0.09225831180810928, 0.0063531179912388325, -0.0688716247677803, 0.09906608611345291, -0.06731300055980682, 0.07311974465847015, 0.010839015245437622, 0.053202662616968155, -0.006071055773645639, 0.00017325294902548194, 0.038233473896980286, 0.014427639544010162, -0.005586626473814249, 0.028899377211928368, -0.02544967643916607, -0.08616682887077332, 0.03922325000166893, 0.011782664805650711, -0.048865217715501785, 0.09940813481807709, 0.029454872012138367, 0.020734580233693123, -0.14550073444843292, 0.016344895586371422, 0.00873307790607214, 0.010687779635190964, -0.002964356681331992, -0.0600115992128849, -0.03176705539226532, 0.023418674245476723, 0.018840055912733078, 0.058269597589969635, 0.010626444593071938, -0.0015652219299227, -0.012751208618283272, -0.013759489171206951, -0.13130442798137665, -0.0086657190695405, 0.1076781302690506, -0.006759737618267536, 0.034271351993083954, 0.033141374588012695, 0.022009573876857758, 0.041338156908750534, -0.017667943611741066, 0.09166770428419113, 0.0007130546146072447, -0.05295319855213165, 0.005609443876892328, 0.03726295754313469, -0.0523977093398571, 0.06001443788409233, 0.06822579354047775, -0.0928722470998764, 0.09164317697286606, 0.08274149894714355, 0.06562346965074539, 0.05072299763560295, -0.037376172840595245, -0.08282459527254105, 0.030460873618721962, 0.04393763467669487, 0.003948086407035589, -0.0738537609577179, 0.060817498713731766, -0.016936028376221657, -0.07399192452430725, 0.052837006747722626, -0.006128124892711639, 0.12687768042087555, 0.05413044989109039, 0.0076337275095283985, 0.08584820479154587, -0.01206827349960804, -0.011246776208281517, -0.004962709732353687, -0.041253283619880676, 0.09253764897584915, -0.017197515815496445, -0.011515703983604908, -0.032480351626873016, -0.05023802071809769, -0.008477275259792805, -0.0499221608042717, -0.07453209906816483, 0.05252063646912575, -0.03408729285001755, -0.028891542926430702, 0.023275230079889297, -0.04913638159632683, 0.015042021870613098, 0.10478056222200394, -0.059018053114414215, -0.0072255488485097885, 0.00017983579891733825, 0.004823719616979361, 0.013594611547887325, 0.06082351878285408, 0.010560262016952038, 0.08299354463815689, -0.0022883203346282244, 5.116139695256351e-33, 0.12847033143043518, 0.0015120164025574923, 0.02777721732854843, 0.03878616541624069, -0.0202007032930851, 0.05423573777079582, -0.10013405233621597, -0.03129871189594269, 0.02110227383673191, -0.019983410835266113, 0.02362915500998497, 0.042326223105192184, -0.007871746085584164, 0.010002002120018005, 0.04326688125729561, 0.06453166157007217, -0.047627709805965424, 0.010099242441356182, -0.0396793894469738, -0.038549039512872696, -0.1156230941414833, -0.038077134639024734, 0.07184118032455444, -0.04588081315159798, -0.023836428299546242, 0.012335414998233318, 0.0775458812713623, -0.0069104693830013275, 0.04165957495570183, -0.013631443493068218, 0.09330328553915024, -0.03492774814367294, 0.010918441228568554, 0.07892487198114395, 0.05640978366136551, -0.02031436748802662, 0.004098113626241684, -0.04552927613258362, 0.048635922372341156, 0.000413005705922842, 0.011244615539908409, 0.015401074662804604, 0.05347507447004318, -0.05152606591582298, 0.05518479272723198, 0.01568540185689926, 0.03509103134274483, -0.03155297785997391, -0.0894956886768341, 0.06698715686798096, -0.06148679926991463, 0.060729820281267166, -0.08168939501047134, -0.06631940603256226, -0.020895566791296005, 0.06424408406019211, 0.018729714676737785, -0.02789197489619255, -0.06467033922672272, 0.01740940473973751, -0.00500280037522316, 0.002795006148517132, 0.09580029547214508, -0.09282685816287994, -0.0076546743512153625, 0.07326629757881165, -0.05307871103286743, 0.018910584971308708, -0.06032443791627884, 0.0897226482629776, 0.030507124960422516, 0.038244303315877914, -0.014361455105245113, -0.00015844893641769886, 0.01641656458377838, -0.026257827877998352, 0.02986796572804451, 0.060314424335956573, -0.041529081761837006, -0.0046759494580328465, -0.05457141250371933, -0.023453978821635246, 0.04174412786960602, -0.09720280766487122, -0.11936520785093307, -0.06536515057086945, 0.016924463212490082, 0.05477305129170418, 0.012276779860258102, -0.02596948854625225, 0.05327846482396126, -0.05417263135313988, 0.06970484554767609, 0.009124178439378738, -0.07572430372238159, -5.0396377882208675e-33, -0.041267383843660355, -0.01391241978853941, 0.03616243973374367, -0.011776628904044628, -0.0571194626390934, -0.05156723037362099, -0.0009435605024918914, -0.04923557862639427, 0.03700200468301773, 0.016662150621414185, 0.0435902439057827, 0.0585649237036705, 0.020473141223192215, -0.0035176246892660856, -0.026467453688383102, -0.020973902195692062, -0.034812942147254944, -0.022590680047869682, -0.059271764010190964, -0.005973891355097294, 0.03724108263850212, -0.06860453635454178, -0.039509713649749756, -0.029209405183792114, -0.02482724003493786, -0.01883862540125847, 0.03080662526190281, 0.002515386091545224, 0.006930322851985693, -0.009355605579912663, -0.0918555036187172, 0.09984830021858215, -0.03605661541223526, 0.01619514636695385, -0.020196398720145226, 0.04501986503601074, 0.01389359962195158, -0.04669644683599472, -0.08640402555465698, -0.018669232726097107, -0.041583918035030365, -0.025129321962594986, 0.03563379868865013, -0.14724886417388916, 0.05590597912669182, -0.0011341932695358992, -0.029022280126810074, 0.1399950087070465, 0.0504760779440403, 0.006083731539547443, 0.022981632500886917, 0.016243936493992805, -0.06871641427278519, 0.009319085627794266, 0.0079299071803689, 0.02420039102435112, 0.004209096543490887, 0.030177434906363487, -0.09966862946748734, 0.0016435434808954597, -0.004289052449166775, -0.04079015925526619, 0.048642802983522415, -0.04347312077879906, -0.009513803757727146, -0.014135371893644333, 0.030904728919267654, -0.05356011167168617, 0.06371249258518219, 0.0424557626247406, 0.02156904712319374, -0.0573544017970562, -0.05138761177659035, -0.10281629860401154, 0.028700552880764008, 0.013155105523765087, -0.001295079942792654, -0.020064184442162514, -0.09521614760160446, 0.04523541405797005, -0.08321813493967056, 0.007680812384933233, -0.002035736571997404, -0.0026304423809051514, 0.03704908490180969, -0.030190343037247658, -0.018514178693294525, -0.055634528398513794, -0.050003767013549805, 0.04125805199146271, -0.11445220559835434, 0.015151034109294415, -0.08090070635080338, 0.05455316975712776, -0.02276752144098282, -5.1015422997124915e-08, 0.025929763913154602, 0.043684616684913635, 0.027901411056518555, 0.03426985442638397, 0.01768650859594345, -0.03797463700175285, 0.059971343725919724, 0.0447353757917881, -0.03588327765464783, 0.05477491766214371, 0.016936330124735832, 0.026108212769031525, 0.10145830363035202, -0.02894182875752449, -7.502747030230239e-05, -0.037176597863435745, 0.0343468151986599, -0.08174418658018112, -0.03160739690065384, -0.0052638668566942215, 0.0633450299501419, 0.0250774547457695, -0.030120544135570526, 0.04064922407269478, 0.06371209025382996, 0.007421453949064016, 0.025017444044351578, 0.09345372021198273, -0.030889850109815598, -0.06245744973421097, -0.01355696003884077, -0.058767084032297134, 0.10097860544919968, -0.10515870153903961, 0.014482083730399609, 0.04672260954976082, -0.025648022070527077, 0.09918735921382904, 0.02934047393500805, 0.008393761701881886, 0.0068973577581346035, 0.07251901179552078, -0.0304988082498312, 0.07815704494714737, 0.0006346548907458782, -0.023672761395573616, -0.003292791312560439, -0.007242124527692795, 0.006078402977436781, 0.09383965283632278, 0.01016039028763771, 0.007037414237856865, -0.007396690081804991, -0.019296754151582718, -0.010003338567912579, 0.01939469762146473, -0.022023845463991165, -0.06551418453454971, -0.014838623814284801, 0.06318572908639908, -0.041598234325647354, -0.11370844393968582, -0.145027756690979, -0.001520545338280499]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
518
|
most respected superiors . '' Even in the 1960s he said , `` For a young [ climate ] researcher to entertain any statement of sun-weather relationships was to brand oneself a crank . ''See also
Radiative forcing
Solar phenomena
Solar cycle
Solar observation
Space climate
Space weather
References
General references
Karl, Thomas R.; Melillo, Jerry M.; Peterson, Thomas C. (2009). "Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States" (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 30 January 2024. "The Sun's role in Climate Changes" (PDF). Proc. of The International Conference on Global Warming and The Next Ice Age, 19–24 August 2001, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 2005-02-21. White, Warren B.; Lean, Judith; Cayan, Daniel R.; Dettinger, Michael D. (1997). "Response of global upper ocean temperature to changing solar irradiance". Journal of Geophysical Research. 102 (C2): 3255–3266. Bibcode:1997JGR...102.3255W. doi:10.1029/96JC03549. A graphical representation of the relationship between natural and anthropogenic factors contributing to climate change appears in "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis", a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). External links
Gerrit Lohmann; Norel Rimbu; Mihai Dima (2004). "Climate signature of solar irradiance variations: analysis of long-term instrumental, historical, and proxy data" (PDF). International Journal of Climatology. 24 (8): 1045–1056. Bibcode:2004IJCli..24.1045L. doi:10.1002/joc.1054. S2CID 53698312.
|
[-0.07436536997556686, 0.0795685276389122, 0.11969409883022308, 0.08988562971353531, 0.04250531643629074, -0.008635148406028748, -0.021388929337263107, 0.004375035408884287, 0.007182905450463295, 0.04312973469495773, -0.024412047117948532, -0.00963988620787859, 0.05124402046203613, 0.026470370590686798, 0.06586158275604248, 0.050040192902088165, -0.047766055911779404, -0.011987870559096336, -0.025736194103956223, 0.018464112654328346, -0.04275798797607422, 0.02162196673452854, -0.030932581052184105, -0.022259464487433434, -0.003990550991147757, -0.01776816137135029, -0.07608220726251602, 0.01247185654938221, -0.06324540823698044, 0.14080391824245453, -0.07208648324012756, 0.11158179491758347, 0.03067607991397381, 0.01929391548037529, 0.041643667966127396, 0.035606518387794495, 0.08126969635486603, -0.052449632436037064, -0.06255476176738739, 0.060879889875650406, -0.00199546804651618, -0.08618380129337311, 0.009881622157990932, -0.0022537533659487963, -0.055313996970653534, 0.04731055721640587, 0.028325647115707397, -0.003927349112927914, -0.10464314371347427, 0.04173344001173973, -0.022267093881964684, 0.01873648539185524, -0.03495941683650017, -0.00958250556141138, -0.053408704698085785, -0.0034468870144337416, 0.03160766139626503, 0.046695489436388016, 0.023148823529481888, -0.00962348747998476, -0.015644000843167305, -0.036807626485824585, -0.10608423501253128, 0.03659571334719658, 0.08579488098621368, 0.013686769641935825, -0.026031604036688805, 0.06329944729804993, -0.06658372282981873, -0.02404460310935974, 0.0008674769196659327, 0.04539785161614418, -0.04102082923054695, -0.04803524911403656, -0.01968451216816902, 0.0005990423960611224, 0.031182417646050453, 0.05873457342386246, 0.0978979617357254, -0.1176256611943245, 0.09946921467781067, -0.003952799830585718, 0.01338939182460308, -0.017849212512373924, -0.02364019863307476, -0.03274626284837723, 0.05876674875617027, 0.023184238001704216, 0.03331008553504944, 0.026015935465693474, -0.056933969259262085, -0.04091161489486694, -0.003651260631158948, -0.007106003817170858, -0.07069176435470581, 0.08953474462032318, 0.002194559434428811, -0.012722051702439785, 0.034603748470544815, -0.019566349685192108, 0.003926653880625963, 0.032956454902887344, -0.06735972315073013, 0.005011165980249643, -0.011325995437800884, -0.03824755921959877, -0.04345335438847542, -0.05859952047467232, -0.06887906044721603, 0.02164560928940773, -0.07080334424972534, 0.051140494644641876, -0.03847312182188034, -0.025997545570135117, 0.1141117587685585, -0.03214528039097786, -0.026386084035038948, 0.0458497479557991, -0.03459572792053223, -0.11024248600006104, -0.01579851657152176, 0.02149418368935585, -0.0042556580156087875, 0.11925603449344635, 0.025556402280926704, 0.006509989034384489, 0.036378905177116394, -5.648012501766042e-34, 0.08529607951641083, 0.03582803159952164, 0.00822696927934885, 0.016823729500174522, 0.04817814379930496, 0.05636663734912872, -0.03528657555580139, 0.0385061614215374, -0.03738268092274666, -0.08888489753007889, -0.020880386233329773, 0.05714908614754677, 0.040658656507730484, 0.01828124187886715, 0.0003951566177420318, 0.03145118057727814, -0.033754728734493256, 0.0026957399677485228, -0.007772814016789198, -0.007625976111739874, -0.10332964360713959, 0.07557898014783859, 0.053565140813589096, -0.005376270040869713, 0.005265457089990377, -0.01586218550801277, 0.07250074297189713, -0.01634359173476696, -0.0036841430701315403, -0.00012163552310084924, 0.019990868866443634, -0.08777832239866257, -0.0139740239828825, 0.0597856268286705, 0.11052696406841278, -0.02200416661798954, -0.040338825434446335, -0.011715888045728207, -0.01944880560040474, 0.03631439432501793, -0.013481833972036839, 0.04588602855801582, 0.02623002603650093, 0.018152160570025444, 0.05043093487620354, 0.005033957771956921, 0.032499346882104874, 0.019925083965063095, -0.033703725785017014, 0.003238186938688159, -0.06805133819580078, 0.08421878516674042, -0.021955274045467377, -0.06287283450365067, 0.033286262303590775, -0.023807743564248085, 0.048445191234350204, 5.9575999330263585e-05, -0.1073482409119606, -0.0488550066947937, -0.014357509091496468, -0.035491425544023514, 0.0015696181217208505, -0.02331814169883728, 0.06098160892724991, 0.13754020631313324, -0.041593555361032486, 0.019988778978586197, -0.09415081888437271, -0.009636289440095425, 0.008722333237528801, -0.00644608773291111, -0.028071273118257523, 0.032167013734579086, -0.007462518755346537, -0.012678110040724277, 0.05648960918188095, 0.02144191972911358, -0.04177016764879227, 0.02832632139325142, -0.06127936765551567, -0.01991082727909088, 0.085289366543293, -0.05197610706090927, -0.10969787836074829, -0.06971246004104614, 0.04086791351437569, 0.026126403361558914, 0.05081449821591377, -0.004891619551926851, 0.024964019656181335, -0.05297760292887688, 0.07543761283159256, 0.05397963896393776, -0.07307747006416321, -2.326319666995623e-33, -0.02217242121696472, -0.007994561456143856, -0.030309617519378662, -0.027282096445560455, -0.015817925333976746, -0.05475546047091484, -0.01456473208963871, 0.011273731477558613, 0.007336728740483522, -0.0671287328004837, 0.06409656256437302, 0.012407176196575165, 0.026978710666298866, -0.017060672864317894, -0.03294585272669792, -0.023017972707748413, -0.026667261496186256, 0.04031900689005852, -0.1139659434556961, -0.015915513038635254, 0.01424565352499485, -0.03988960012793541, 0.02871333435177803, 0.029338616877794266, -0.07100105285644531, -0.035986509174108505, 0.1365167647600174, -0.03341659903526306, 0.008532274514436722, 0.01970897987484932, -0.08070240169763565, 0.08412409573793411, -0.05803299695253372, 0.03530688211321831, -0.018026208505034447, 0.07833991944789886, 0.015245688147842884, -0.06333749741315842, -0.08577478677034378, -0.01574469357728958, 0.015267196111381054, -0.07556455582380295, -0.0033137956634163857, -0.10997732728719711, 0.04570998623967171, 0.008518378250300884, -0.07896838337182999, 0.10979610681533813, -0.023216234520077705, 0.027417996898293495, -0.021865811198949814, -0.02408633567392826, -0.0563194714486599, 0.01860818825662136, -0.007218773011118174, -0.0275053009390831, 0.04820249229669571, 0.025287330150604248, -0.023912332952022552, -0.04066704213619232, 0.008275016210973263, 0.014481116086244583, 0.03045049123466015, -0.002067633904516697, -0.009871389716863632, -0.05812155827879906, 0.00628741504624486, -0.015007521957159042, 0.03899935632944107, 0.016840990632772446, 0.09432756155729294, -0.07448452711105347, -0.09040554612874985, -0.050294291228055954, 0.02480573020875454, 0.04119468852877617, -0.023224500939249992, -0.027154922485351562, -0.09880189597606659, 0.07868710160255432, -0.04022606462240219, 0.0319758765399456, -0.014180394820868969, 0.0473807193338871, 0.016818588599562645, -0.028088673949241638, -0.006003719288855791, -0.09852945804595947, -0.0732995793223381, 0.0745939090847969, -0.05472175031900406, 0.010036125779151917, -0.1127701997756958, 0.0799751803278923, -0.04663616418838501, -5.6509623647116314e-08, 0.00439953850582242, 0.05127650871872902, 0.05608030781149864, 0.07107219099998474, 0.05748750641942024, 0.015951434150338173, 0.038046944886446, -0.014629856683313847, -0.04341721534729004, 0.07199717313051224, 0.019054187461733818, 0.09593875706195831, 0.13475683331489563, -0.027556898072361946, -0.06295832246541977, -0.07621369510889053, 0.06221238151192665, -0.10494405031204224, -0.02025885507464409, -0.020869888365268707, 0.04347218573093414, 0.040052320808172226, 0.0060357642360031605, 0.005616478621959686, 0.017545707523822784, -0.007268841844052076, 0.0209480132907629, 0.055339038372039795, -0.002036066260188818, -0.06936879456043243, -0.022838205099105835, -0.012348438613116741, 0.07128342986106873, -0.09416039288043976, 0.016791928559541702, 0.025265097618103027, -0.02852858044207096, 0.0952451229095459, 0.0481632798910141, 0.035077162086963654, -0.03963114321231842, 0.1120215579867363, -0.06033620238304138, 0.080995574593544, 0.00969077181071043, 0.006603713613003492, -0.024020669981837273, 0.012207917869091034, -0.02037036046385765, 0.059174880385398865, 0.012785142287611961, -0.024018898606300354, -0.03329591453075409, -0.07582131028175354, -0.04909651726484299, 0.02521659806370735, -0.06170358136296272, -0.03685392066836357, -0.011244157329201698, 0.01620445027947426, 0.04144050180912018, -0.059583622962236404, -0.10755055397748947, 0.027759764343500137]
|
Solar activity and climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_activity_and_climate.
|
519
|
The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth. To date, no conclusive evidence of past or present life has been found on Mars. Cumulative evidence suggests that during the ancient Noachian time period, the surface environment of Mars had liquid water and may have been habitable for microorganisms, but habitable conditions do not necessarily indicate life. Scientific investigations for potential life on Mars began in the 19th century and continue today with telescopes and robotic probes searching for water, chemical biosignatures in the soil and rocks at the planet's surface, and biomarker gases in the atmosphere. Mars is of particular interest for the study of the origins of life because of its similarity to the early Earth. This is especially true since Mars has a cold climate and lacks plate tectonics or continental drift, so it has remained almost unchanged since the end of the Hesperian period. At least two-thirds of Mars's surface is more than 3.5 billion years old, and it could have been habitable 4.48 billion years ago, 500 million years before the earliest known Earth lifeforms; Mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to life, even if life does not or has never existed there. Following the confirmation of the past existence of surface liquid water, the Curiosity, Perseverance and Opportunity rovers started searching for evidence of past life, including a past biosphere based on autotrophic, chemotrophic, or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments (plains related to ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable. The search for evidence of habitability, fossils, and organic compounds on Mars is now a primary objective for space agencies. The discovery of organic compounds inside sedimentary rocks and of boron on Mars are of interest as they are precursors for prebiotic chemistry.
|
[-0.04859770089387894, -0.0035863593220710754, -0.0313604474067688, 0.0032758237794041634, 0.122937873005867, -0.001440623658709228, -0.025721261277794838, 0.01859552226960659, -0.019025588408112526, 0.0851278230547905, 0.03389064967632294, -0.06210440769791603, -0.007775288075208664, 0.08714801073074341, -0.03974264860153198, -0.06404475122690201, -0.06748201698064804, -0.050825003534555435, 0.015559653751552105, 0.08701813220977783, 0.021903900429606438, 0.06017550826072693, -0.015309395268559456, -0.010062357410788536, -0.060027118772268295, 0.056146517395973206, 0.005750664509832859, 0.08120124787092209, -0.007840214297175407, 0.03666170313954353, 0.016935212537646294, 0.025985486805438995, 0.10214768350124359, -0.08384039998054504, 0.039571601897478104, 0.07581482827663422, 0.0008857983630150557, 0.010516971349716187, 0.016212765127420425, -0.020568013191223145, 0.030072076246142387, -0.0797562375664711, 0.08971289545297623, -0.04745493084192276, -0.016005225479602814, -0.00696978997439146, 0.07893721759319305, -0.06825610250234604, 0.014036011882126331, 0.05282368138432503, -0.040143635123968124, -0.01604287698864937, 0.04080444574356079, -0.06908727437257767, -0.06286045163869858, -0.028875499963760376, -0.06009760871529579, -0.04423017054796219, 0.01156043354421854, -0.11271512508392334, 0.00045295219752006233, -0.05557617172598839, -0.01090595219284296, -0.047204047441482544, -0.05135025829076767, 0.025007108226418495, -0.02577030286192894, -0.020648987963795662, 0.04602653533220291, 0.007121908478438854, -0.059946827590465546, 0.038293082267045975, -0.03398798778653145, 0.04695678502321243, -0.04442929849028587, 0.07250013947486877, 0.11874201148748398, 0.019089655950665474, 0.006764180958271027, -0.0497295968234539, 0.07814913988113403, 0.030227357521653175, -0.11461034417152405, 0.035332243889570236, -0.1251223385334015, 0.0015530787641182542, -0.07024487107992172, 0.0908600240945816, -0.003900982905179262, -0.06681226193904877, -0.019793566316366196, 0.025450021028518677, -0.030215179547667503, -0.0458688847720623, -0.022744525223970413, 0.05809328705072403, 0.0029058908112347126, 0.03389232978224754, 0.12517693638801575, -0.08216706663370132, -0.02621006965637207, -0.023506280034780502, -0.08040737360715866, 0.08171629160642624, 0.052053116261959076, -0.05444370210170746, -0.011247439309954643, 0.07929648458957672, 0.08959163725376129, 0.010168923996388912, -0.03238255903124809, -0.054715633392333984, -0.05158631503582001, -0.03108871914446354, 0.06099425256252289, -0.08585785329341888, 0.011725121177732944, 0.02709478698670864, -0.08076867461204529, 0.01483637373894453, 0.0045315781608223915, 0.05716051906347275, 0.048330165445804596, -0.10207941383123398, 0.08111371099948883, 0.01096410769969225, -0.03388524055480957, 2.69096701449932e-33, 0.036871690303087234, -0.07287805527448654, 0.0059852092526853085, 0.004539604764431715, -0.04480161517858505, -0.013391363434493542, 0.01589922420680523, -0.0024816705845296383, 0.04551515355706215, -0.033854104578495026, -0.0008348732953891158, -0.03054046630859375, -0.062294695526361465, -0.04430157691240311, -0.06901560723781586, 0.12639503180980682, -0.007811404298990965, -0.13079698383808136, -0.03865530341863632, 0.03158492594957352, -0.06216942146420479, -0.0760050117969513, 0.04223622381687164, -0.03119664266705513, 0.11454305052757263, -0.07561411708593369, 0.0412999764084816, -0.11288008838891983, 0.028445523232221603, -0.08154383301734924, 0.017025325447320938, 6.187446706462651e-05, -0.07717958092689514, -0.04259011521935463, 0.1020255833864212, 0.045710768550634384, 0.012300954200327396, 0.07520226389169693, -0.027213718742132187, -0.04044286906719208, 0.0009304126724600792, 0.01662657968699932, 0.06579729169607162, -0.07740940153598785, 0.0598188079893589, -0.001532400376163423, -0.028910253196954727, 0.07142066955566406, 0.06261938065290451, -0.046384260058403015, 0.1067802906036377, 0.0024299179203808308, -0.01725241169333458, 0.07529915124177933, -0.06956537067890167, -0.006154075730592012, -0.055121034383773804, 0.02808254212141037, -0.03178730607032776, 0.06845896691083908, 0.007874825038015842, -0.037911947816610336, 0.08734816312789917, 0.057887423783540726, 0.02455763705074787, 0.043145399540662766, 0.026142854243516922, -0.032527483999729156, 0.03869369998574257, 0.03334575146436691, -0.014991451986134052, -0.014746696688234806, -0.021729305386543274, -0.00657954066991806, -0.0377495139837265, -0.03605811297893524, 0.0007543795509263873, -0.11422394216060638, 0.0361444391310215, 0.10021409392356873, 0.06626540422439575, -0.015030122362077236, -0.031695157289505005, 0.005956930108368397, -0.055983297526836395, -0.01210277620702982, 0.026860054582357407, 0.0015413436340168118, 0.03266576677560806, -0.014425422996282578, 0.01359246950596571, 0.0056126113049685955, 0.029772527515888214, -0.0888204425573349, -0.04489385336637497, -5.1206539609054934e-33, -0.012637630105018616, -0.025354336947202682, 0.01342760119587183, 0.02997761219739914, 0.0004494047025218606, 0.013056617230176926, -0.053313713520765305, 0.05356581509113312, -0.0408182367682457, -0.0006893625250086188, 0.049925994127988815, 0.05498206987977028, 0.054497357457876205, -0.09770544618368149, 0.002169838175177574, 0.03603292629122734, -0.08358631283044815, 0.04744634032249451, 0.05168565735220909, -0.004577420186251402, -0.0011991795618087053, 0.0048472266644239426, -0.0972101241350174, -0.061024751514196396, -0.017918098717927933, 0.05001259595155716, 0.004725235514342785, 2.0170669813524e-05, -0.05821651592850685, 0.06392928212881088, -0.06584814935922623, 0.10889947414398193, 0.017381509765982628, -0.05846218764781952, 0.06871510297060013, 0.050333864986896515, 0.030512405559420586, -0.0857490822672844, -0.017417404800653458, 0.03390315920114517, 0.039193689823150635, 0.05747070536017418, 0.005673786625266075, -0.03349520266056061, -0.011354790069162846, 0.028437314555048943, 0.03554612398147583, 0.04002610594034195, 0.0354430116713047, 0.056685272604227066, 0.05003610998392105, -0.013962451368570328, -0.09080343693494797, -0.007443238515406847, 0.05492895096540451, 0.0004023824294563383, -0.054787036031484604, 0.07899124175310135, -0.016467450186610222, -0.03752316161990166, 0.017997635528445244, -0.048543281853199005, -0.06433708965778351, 0.001169534050859511, -0.003223440842702985, 0.001069259480573237, 0.04101068526506424, 0.06329798698425293, -0.05605120584368706, -0.016177404671907425, 0.006326551549136639, -0.054635364562273026, 0.028936075046658516, -0.014407913200557232, 0.051624760031700134, 0.05593113228678703, -0.03541294485330582, -0.03547406941652298, 0.014841551892459393, 0.08460371941328049, -0.06739376485347748, -0.009729096665978432, 0.03836687281727791, 0.031738296151161194, 0.07978813350200653, 7.323425234062597e-05, -0.08463920652866364, -0.03797229006886482, -0.0629134252667427, -0.00700274296104908, -0.031197020784020424, -0.11136987060308456, -0.04198349267244339, 0.04713956266641617, -0.05928023159503937, -4.987519375276861e-08, 0.10856377333402634, -0.00658405153080821, 0.07324258238077164, 0.023826802149415016, -0.036102645099163055, 0.03998662158846855, 0.05516180768609047, 0.04887513071298599, 0.03528227284550667, 0.0362170971930027, 0.03719305992126465, -0.008722434751689434, -0.029607532545924187, -0.06214958801865578, 0.00862757209688425, 0.02417200803756714, -0.0011867162538692355, -0.02569812722504139, -0.040803417563438416, 0.03571929782629013, 0.009621786884963512, -0.014035225845873356, -0.0918002799153328, 0.003786541987210512, -0.05004550889134407, -0.024251224473118782, 0.050634514540433884, 0.06430048495531082, 0.00218852492980659, -0.0588245764374733, 0.03633097931742668, -0.06195172294974327, 0.06483707576990128, -0.07109078764915466, 0.024914110079407692, -0.0713646337389946, -0.04912067577242851, 0.0015694311587139964, -0.00179760972969234, 0.01897665299475193, 0.021821321919560432, 0.03490963950753212, -0.11035139113664627, -0.024323882535099983, -0.03448265790939331, -0.02158339135348797, -0.05871007964015007, -0.027791598811745644, -0.040103450417518616, 0.0038298701401799917, -0.03678256273269653, 0.039022691547870636, 0.07011964917182922, -0.04749790206551552, 0.03533678501844406, 0.003318681148812175, 0.017995895817875862, 0.047279469668865204, -0.02318117953836918, 0.026732055470347404, 0.017017563804984093, 0.039088837802410126, -0.01586185209453106, 0.003645858960226178]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
520
|
on Mars is now a primary objective for space agencies . The discovery of organic compounds inside sedimentary rocks and of boron on Mars are of interest as they are precursors for prebiotic chemistry .Such findings, along with previous discoveries that liquid water was clearly present on ancient Mars, further supports the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars. Currently, the surface of Mars is bathed with ionizing radiation, and Martian soil is rich in perchlorates toxic to microorganisms. Therefore, the consensus is that if life exists—or existed—on Mars, it could be found or is best preserved in the subsurface, away from present-day harsh surface processes. In June 2018, NASA announced the detection of seasonal variation of methane levels on Mars. Methane could be produced by microorganisms or by geological means. The European ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter started mapping the atmospheric methane in April 2018, and the 2022 ExoMars rover Rosalind Franklin was planned to drill and analyze subsurface samples before the programme's indefinite suspension, while the NASA Mars 2020 rover Perseverance, having landed successfully, will cache dozens of drill samples for their potential transport to Earth laboratories in the late 2020s or 2030s. As of 8 February 2021, an updated status of studies considering the possible detection of lifeforms on Venus (via phosphine) and Mars (via methane) was reported. In October 2024, NASA announced that it may be possible for photosynthesis to occur within dusty water ice exposed in the mid-latitude regions of Mars. On 10 September 2025, NASA reported Perseverance found a possible biosignature in a Jezero Crater rock the previous year, hinting at ancient microbial activity. Early speculation
Mars's polar ice caps were discovered in the mid-17th century. In the late 18th century, William Herschel proved they grow and shrink alternately, in the summer and winter of each hemisphere.
|
[-0.04712061211466789, -0.013911363668739796, -0.024347897619009018, 0.008824830874800682, 0.1724582314491272, -0.08092045783996582, -0.019229253754019737, 0.06821286678314209, 0.0055030579678714275, 0.04840259253978729, -0.0223098024725914, -0.037594955414533615, -0.012658452615141869, 0.07548170536756516, -0.03436916694045067, 0.05208832770586014, -0.04112996533513069, -0.04526548832654953, 0.0135548897087574, 0.04631677642464638, -0.024360422044992447, 0.0846109539270401, 0.004707611631602049, 0.03139357641339302, -0.07035970687866211, 0.06546088308095932, -0.035435065627098083, 0.005942433141171932, 0.01514595840126276, 0.024308132007718086, 0.007962427102029324, 0.04329681396484375, 0.0729389488697052, -0.061185095459222794, 0.06743704527616501, 0.09207693487405777, -0.019584760069847107, 0.02989312820136547, 0.04141286760568619, -0.008933884091675282, -0.03927319124341011, -0.15463213622570038, 0.04668175056576729, -0.017544616013765335, -0.016096636652946472, -0.00020783490617759526, 0.10291443020105362, -0.0815497562289238, -0.04525107517838478, 0.028965884819626808, 0.05874873325228691, -0.00475893123075366, -0.023309092968702316, -0.02137099765241146, -0.08892569690942764, -0.027148412540555, -0.07289674133062363, -0.0445818156003952, -0.004708238877356052, -0.0727938711643219, 0.00557927368208766, -0.06256259977817535, 0.005660596303641796, -0.03908808156847954, -0.014398336410522461, 0.034386347979307175, 0.02291841432452202, -0.07705783098936081, 0.07863447815179825, -0.008080901578068733, -0.029912982136011124, 0.029073050245642662, -0.03963691368699074, 0.008412524126470089, -0.01078823022544384, 0.12386181950569153, 0.13971443474292755, 0.033673640340566635, 0.030907273292541504, -0.06370291858911514, 0.055199164897203445, 0.017643321305513382, -0.045290570706129074, -0.052843574434518814, -0.08951889723539352, 0.036992643028497696, -0.051759157329797745, 0.05506280064582825, 0.003942680079489946, -0.054663222283124924, -0.011449229903519154, -0.01135317888110876, -0.015868473798036575, 0.021038932725787163, -0.08909288793802261, 0.05093355476856232, 0.060627419501543045, 0.04632760211825371, 0.10510359704494476, -0.034399762749671936, -0.021177710965275764, 0.03809363767504692, -0.1113421767950058, 0.0362522155046463, -0.040167491883039474, -0.03813306987285614, 0.04550106078386307, 0.05006146803498268, 0.08972898125648499, -0.018040118739008904, -0.011667418293654919, -0.044426724314689636, 0.015555312857031822, -0.03281565383076668, 0.06637324392795563, 0.00639917328953743, 0.015923403203487396, 0.03551091253757477, -0.056902289390563965, 0.05097968503832817, -0.012482663616538048, 0.04122432693839073, 0.04428737238049507, -0.059403516352176666, 0.14597707986831665, -0.017268897965550423, -0.0032714896369725466, 3.578434759985423e-33, 0.02862362377345562, -0.019539525732398033, 0.014387299306690693, 0.00937427207827568, -0.03864619880914688, 0.030970241874456406, 0.026917235925793648, -0.02400960400700569, 0.03310181573033333, 0.003612138796597719, -0.0289282388985157, -0.015475503169000149, -0.04908427223563194, -0.03178463503718376, -0.07067153602838516, 0.06136932969093323, 0.00771488668397069, -0.10387337952852249, -0.0616864450275898, 0.014019818045198917, -0.02831052988767624, -0.06121944636106491, -0.014113432727754116, -0.024458283558487892, 0.10448041558265686, 0.010054453276097775, 0.06000881642103195, -0.08466531336307526, 0.032615985721349716, -0.043388482183218, -0.015393215231597424, 0.04602257162332535, -0.10415297746658325, 0.07110084593296051, 0.03682786971330643, 0.07878195494413376, -0.055336661636829376, 0.10129651427268982, -0.046095915138721466, -0.02899329550564289, 0.04852287471294403, 0.07196276634931564, 0.07288935035467148, -0.059450726956129074, 0.05391133576631546, -0.045158106833696365, 0.0022834278643131256, 0.0940941721200943, 0.05741053819656372, -0.04529095068573952, 0.02105698734521866, 0.03683144599199295, -0.025846567004919052, 0.0349738784134388, 0.02074027992784977, -0.02947445772588253, -0.012272343039512634, -0.05464019253849983, 0.016239535063505173, 0.04985714703798294, 0.0006482424796558917, 0.04775946959853172, -0.004972994327545166, 0.09754475206136703, -0.05574214085936546, 0.0031657819636166096, 0.016069624572992325, -0.026319237425923347, 0.040549181401729584, 0.049996018409729004, -0.02135195955634117, 0.008853519335389137, -0.007438728120177984, -0.017057577148079872, -0.06463316828012466, -0.05521709844470024, 0.015073688700795174, -0.09826197475194931, 0.08755630254745483, 0.06284432858228683, 0.010258578695356846, -0.06452246010303497, 0.05080791935324669, -0.0018354463391005993, -0.08148884028196335, -0.02348940446972847, -0.055053211748600006, -0.023171881213784218, 0.06571675837039948, 0.03672657534480095, -0.08946968615055084, -0.09697504341602325, -0.005313444416970015, -0.05423546954989433, -0.049757156521081924, -4.3267471168791984e-33, 0.026025084778666496, 0.0014863349497318268, 0.011984209530055523, 0.05052480846643448, 0.003958126530051231, 0.01597660593688488, -0.010912785306572914, 0.010279016569256783, -0.010333426296710968, 0.0018575354479253292, 0.020823026075959206, 0.06889598071575165, 0.03335852548480034, -0.04563109949231148, 0.014811168424785137, 0.015446124598383904, -0.059977803379297256, -0.02514941617846489, 0.020044144243001938, -0.009895972907543182, -0.06113356724381447, 0.06567491590976715, -0.1177646592259407, -0.032387625426054, -0.009505869820713997, 0.02202412486076355, 0.07213322073221207, -0.03996756300330162, -0.03233746811747551, 0.0068129743449389935, -0.08768489211797714, 0.05025726556777954, -0.006713355891406536, -0.04263237863779068, 0.05832229182124138, 0.0025926341768354177, 0.06849547475576401, -0.09204129129648209, -0.07695163786411285, -0.004086173139512539, 0.03905005753040314, 0.03716092184185982, -0.057125017046928406, 0.022989485412836075, -0.045531053096055984, 0.006046100053936243, 0.021585766226053238, 0.03269204869866371, 0.04894515872001648, 0.08438372611999512, 0.03667828068137169, -0.007309636566787958, -0.10863682627677917, -0.004549592267721891, 0.033833615481853485, 0.011124630458652973, -0.045954179018735886, 0.0648152232170105, -0.037195105105638504, -0.02885471284389496, 0.024471018463373184, -0.020195821300148964, -0.035464830696582794, -0.0442601777613163, -0.003745291382074356, -0.026459626853466034, 0.021187815815210342, 0.1028699055314064, -0.03248542919754982, 0.05604075267910957, 0.028193652629852295, -0.0653725415468216, 0.021343305706977844, -0.008761200122535229, 0.05786638706922531, -0.008249929174780846, 0.021539762616157532, -0.11600445955991745, 0.0039557223208248615, -0.006685021333396435, -0.04071204736828804, -0.024930685758590698, 0.04691265895962715, 0.05902045965194702, 0.10359808057546616, 0.003196211764588952, -0.04277834668755531, -0.06105713173747063, -0.10391339659690857, 0.008500059135258198, -0.03545205667614937, -0.11457537114620209, -0.08047433942556381, 0.06624381244182587, -0.006033592391759157, -4.653782426089492e-08, 0.03682084009051323, 0.006495764944702387, -0.020553259178996086, 0.03150838240981102, 0.00487629696726799, 0.03401673212647438, 0.03345520794391632, 0.08979103714227676, -0.011107766069471836, 0.023378612473607063, 0.024095257744193077, 0.016203798353672028, 0.030379073694348335, -0.0647866353392601, 0.021008916199207306, 0.06820063292980194, 0.029023077338933945, -0.04186243936419487, -0.07194714993238449, -0.04084300994873047, -0.029384320601820946, 0.0020693980623036623, -0.04207713156938553, -0.031211378052830696, 0.005832321476191282, -0.010224318131804466, 0.04274715483188629, 0.06535233557224274, 0.013507082127034664, -0.058443933725357056, -0.007195641286671162, -0.05034294351935387, 0.0610952265560627, -0.019600333645939827, 0.0845923200249672, -0.0645899698138237, -0.0526668019592762, -0.015109018422663212, -0.02424975112080574, 0.02105705253779888, -0.0486181415617466, 0.059171829372644424, -0.07054976373910904, 0.011286505497992039, -0.045984357595443726, -0.06041581183671951, -0.13809500634670258, -0.023424703627824783, -0.020005997270345688, 0.0053215185180306435, -0.012950998730957508, -0.05075174570083618, 0.05274619907140732, 0.02706756815314293, 0.10372999310493469, 0.06709588319063187, 0.0027041363064199686, 0.008545308373868465, -0.028905514627695084, 0.038559459149837494, 0.018875356763601303, -0.006400222424417734, -0.001981524284929037, -0.09287744015455246]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
521
|
's polar ice caps were discovered in the mid-17th century . In the late 18th century , William Herschel proved they grow and shrink alternately , in the summer and winter of each hemisphere .By the mid-19th century, astronomers knew that Mars had certain other similarities to Earth, for example that the length of a day on Mars was almost the same as a day on Earth. They also knew that its axial tilt was similar to Earth's, which meant it experienced seasons just as Earth does—but of nearly double the length owing to its much longer year. These observations led to increasing speculation that the darker albedo features were water and the brighter ones were land, whence followed speculation on whether Mars may be inhabited by some form of life. In 1854, William Whewell, a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, theorized that Mars had seas, land and possibly life forms. Speculation about life on Mars exploded in the late 19th century, following telescopic observation by some observers of apparent Martian canals—which were later found to be optical illusions. Despite this, in 1895, American astronomer Percival Lowell published his book Mars, followed by Mars and its Canals in 1906, proposing that the canals were the work of a long-gone civilization. This idea led British writer H. G. Wells to write The War of the Worlds in 1897, telling of an invasion by aliens from Mars who were fleeing the planet's desiccation. The 1907 book Is Mars Habitable? by British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace was a reply to, and refutation of, Lowell's Mars and Its Canals. Wallace's book concluded that Mars "is not only uninhabited by intelligent beings such as Mr. Lowell postulates, but is absolutely uninhabitable." Historian Charles H. Smith refers to Wallace's book as one of the first works in the field of astrobiology.
|
[-0.006130511406809092, 0.007044276688247919, 0.015272704884409904, 0.03963198885321617, 0.06430038064718246, -0.11608559638261795, -0.0002338186459382996, 0.02840929850935936, -0.05211793631315231, 0.08758179843425751, 0.056560222059488297, 0.03257995843887329, 0.0010815120767802, 0.036980804055929184, -0.061737626791000366, -0.0015570775140076876, -0.1633286476135254, 0.029215654358267784, -0.0675787404179573, 0.07697360962629318, -0.022125815972685814, 0.030496172606945038, -0.07967650890350342, -0.017891718074679375, 0.011329302564263344, 0.11528811603784561, 0.0074286251328885555, 0.015021661296486855, -0.030231429263949394, 0.11381106078624725, -0.016019752249121666, 0.011167424730956554, 0.06052485853433609, -0.03580058366060257, 0.039383307099342346, 0.026742713525891304, 0.07509881258010864, -0.020444901660084724, 0.037350405007600784, -0.03558264672756195, 0.016843067482113838, -0.04924874007701874, 0.09124051034450531, 0.061771586537361145, -0.08292367309331894, 0.07912293821573257, 0.07901617884635925, -0.05794466286897659, -0.027341775596141815, 0.010675382800400257, -0.028024407103657722, -0.04156471788883209, -0.034934815019369125, -0.09111487865447998, -0.10986527800559998, 0.03251684457063675, -0.07022075355052948, -0.008781351149082184, 0.03970767557621002, -0.08476150780916214, -0.05713357776403427, -0.059516727924346924, -0.006529022939503193, -0.021863525733351707, 0.03954872116446495, 0.04717230796813965, -0.031710460782051086, -0.019361751154065132, 0.029778430238366127, 0.0068861013278365135, 0.00892295129597187, 0.041917603462934494, -0.021418919786810875, -0.023706650361418724, 0.0017374960007146, -0.019885504618287086, 0.07633744925260544, 0.03891686350107193, -0.0308255385607481, 0.022517943754792213, 0.04669186472892761, -0.03494739904999733, -0.07957173883914948, 0.05263900011777878, -0.13775625824928284, -0.040814921259880066, -0.07695087045431137, 0.04599647596478462, -0.019490685313940048, -0.06318148225545883, 0.0416070781648159, -0.06338809430599213, -0.11392150074243546, -0.018201125785708427, -0.018042756244540215, -0.0010748408967629075, -0.03362400457262993, 0.017921317368745804, 0.0409802608191967, -0.024010421708226204, 0.03662265092134476, 0.0007261857390403748, -0.07324837893247604, 0.024700604379177094, 0.04378478601574898, -0.026632117107510567, -0.05002749338746071, 0.01652226597070694, 0.0868804007768631, -0.021514251828193665, -0.013548859395086765, -0.010739415884017944, -0.05126560479402542, 0.012129581533372402, 0.05367450788617134, -0.05414191633462906, 0.030309641733765602, 0.08124599605798721, -0.03836354240775108, -0.05156828835606575, 0.003818096360191703, 0.057112421840429306, 0.027370739728212357, -0.029416874051094055, 0.041747383773326874, 0.04954291880130768, -0.0034965742379426956, -1.4052175383836408e-33, 0.02363910898566246, 0.011384818702936172, 0.002933647483587265, 0.03201210871338844, 0.03385760635137558, -0.03827574849128723, 0.057917628437280655, -0.008698725141584873, 0.01165271271020174, -0.09475761651992798, -0.004722768906503916, 0.005660275463014841, -0.021707041189074516, -0.06589853018522263, -0.048300500959157944, 0.0709681436419487, 0.007779622450470924, -0.08128203451633453, -0.026571236550807953, 0.018223533406853676, -0.017414063215255737, -0.05358278006315231, 0.0678451731801033, -0.017239777371287346, 0.03026527166366577, -0.04567500203847885, 0.013526526279747486, -0.08427237719297409, 0.06410212069749832, -0.029365234076976776, 0.05660325661301613, 0.10007734596729279, -0.049700621515512466, 0.06702914088964462, 0.0623030811548233, 0.07821506261825562, 0.01117234118282795, -0.003869334002956748, 0.04077455401420593, -0.060204602777957916, 0.02701541781425476, -0.011684062890708447, 0.028092319145798683, -0.07970336079597473, 0.059755899012088776, 0.03857623413205147, -0.023223524913191795, 0.07411560416221619, 0.039138637483119965, -0.022417154163122177, 0.0316668301820755, 0.04427654296159744, 0.017824845388531685, -0.020472558215260506, 0.009823211468756199, -0.013394065201282501, -0.06131863594055176, 0.08620601147413254, -0.01167356874793768, 0.045560646802186966, -0.04574557766318321, -0.050605762749910355, 0.05545400455594063, 0.057712651789188385, -0.04989631101489067, 0.06812478601932526, 0.024190140888094902, -0.0039467113092541695, -0.041773516684770584, 0.024236761033535004, -0.033052824437618256, 0.021460367366671562, -0.052956268191337585, -0.049064602702856064, -0.1067017987370491, 0.004273463971912861, 0.027021564543247223, -0.03742720186710358, -0.0331810899078846, 0.008540408685803413, -0.00821779202669859, 0.03573984652757645, 0.03922592103481293, -0.011187640018761158, -0.05698833242058754, 0.0014237883733585477, 0.008391053415834904, 0.07387127727270126, 0.04891560599207878, -0.003696845145896077, -0.03963353484869003, -0.030699748545885086, 0.004535442218184471, -0.061628859490156174, -0.06239626556634903, -2.0482092748635858e-33, -0.05224278196692467, -0.04941617697477341, -0.03763734921813011, 0.02551531046628952, -0.028114723041653633, -0.03262447565793991, -0.07840582728385925, 0.02939438261091709, -0.019469548016786575, -0.058659449219703674, 0.05342215672135353, 0.03342274948954582, -0.04760077968239784, -0.06619930267333984, 0.006109616719186306, -0.0011122258147224784, -0.025585006922483444, 0.027006572112441063, 0.007002567406743765, 0.045343417674303055, -0.049898598343133926, 0.0497516468167305, -0.12903334200382233, -0.07754958420991898, 0.01435765903443098, 0.017062725499272346, 0.07220441848039627, -0.03498421609401703, -0.022871315479278564, -0.025451553985476494, -0.051453202962875366, 0.14035849273204803, 0.03200589492917061, -0.07505624741315842, 0.007060559466481209, 0.16125644743442535, 0.014364386908710003, -0.06039439141750336, -0.018766187131404877, 0.056997787207365036, 0.0004105975094716996, 0.04712788760662079, 0.07536061108112335, -0.03935873880982399, -0.04060414433479309, -0.026493333280086517, 0.010977142490446568, 0.06555072218179703, -0.016308767721056938, 0.11350075155496597, 0.0387578085064888, 0.026390543207526207, -0.060782063752412796, -0.007190717849880457, 0.03138163685798645, -0.030854349955916405, -0.017256462946534157, 0.05097726359963417, -0.06659810245037079, -0.06333932280540466, -0.06553368270397186, -0.09385019540786743, -0.07832424342632294, -0.04416942596435547, -0.026848439127206802, -0.056512199342250824, -0.004547606687992811, -0.026517590507864952, -0.03050430864095688, 0.039625782519578934, 0.024061400443315506, -0.017547283321619034, 0.03833348676562309, -0.021461663767695427, 0.04391651600599289, 0.05022672936320305, -0.01718001812696457, -0.027368852868676186, -0.080229252576828, 0.10880213230848312, -0.0921034961938858, 0.06299356371164322, 0.08709201961755753, 0.07765328139066696, 0.04694707691669464, -0.05468672141432762, -0.05171465128660202, -0.008316578343510628, -0.1155080497264862, -0.02269904315471649, -0.01893557421863079, -0.12686637043952942, -0.03445117175579071, 0.10655616223812103, -0.04010961204767227, -5.1357570640675476e-08, 0.05926084145903587, 0.008762176148593426, -0.01516234502196312, 0.02927257865667343, -0.004985726438462734, 0.05725769326090813, 0.1002611294388771, 0.11573271453380585, -0.08058653771877289, 0.04127771034836769, -0.02508891560137272, -0.023871764540672302, 0.02763390727341175, 0.0060501000843942165, -0.0203727837651968, -0.0037877969443798065, -0.006695324555039406, -0.02134634181857109, -0.021922102198004723, 0.021858058869838715, 0.03602297604084015, -0.020820235833525658, -0.0017070927424356341, 0.02493259683251381, 0.017415616661310196, 0.046587247401475906, 0.036510761827230453, 0.03546537831425667, -0.04391065239906311, -0.058669742196798325, -0.0018485640175640583, -0.07906603068113327, 0.08480070531368256, -0.04345716908574104, -0.008564196527004242, -0.029279138892889023, 0.020499752834439278, 0.021967900916934013, -0.01384044624865055, -0.010460401885211468, -0.024697404354810715, 0.06452430039644241, -0.04215789586305618, 0.0470452643930912, 0.048147059977054596, 0.0513845719397068, -0.0034802714362740517, 0.007763433735817671, -0.003987038042396307, 0.09909937530755997, -0.04043927416205406, 0.041174400597810745, 0.08651366084814072, -0.023180736228823662, 0.020745018497109413, 0.07492204755544662, -0.004684391897171736, 0.035469211637973785, -0.04310169070959091, 0.0038549830205738544, -0.020957352593541145, 0.05902973935008049, -0.1025085374712944, -0.00502694072201848]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
522
|
intelligent beings such as Mr. Lowell postulates , but is absolutely uninhabitable . '' Historian Charles H. Smith refers to Wallace 's book as one of the first works in the field of astrobiology .Spectroscopic analysis of Mars's atmosphere began in earnest in 1894, when U.S. astronomer William Wallace Campbell showed that neither water nor oxygen were present in the Martian atmosphere. The influential observer Eugène Antoniadi used the 83-cm (32.6 inch) aperture telescope at Meudon Observatory at the 1909 opposition of Mars and saw no canals, the outstanding photos of Mars taken at the new Baillaud dome at the Pic du Midi observatory also brought formal discredit to the Martian canals theory in 1909, and the notion of canals began to fall out of favor. Habitability
Chemical, physical, geological, and geographic attributes shape the environments on Mars. Isolated measurements of these factors may be insufficient to deem an environment habitable, but the sum of measurements can help predict locations with greater or lesser habitability potential. The two current ecological approaches for predicting the potential habitability of the Martian surface use 19 or 20 environmental factors, with an emphasis on water availability, temperature, the presence of nutrients, an energy source, and protection from solar ultraviolet and galactic cosmic radiation. Scientists do not know the minimum number of parameters for determination of habitability potential, but they are certain it is greater than one or two of the factors in the table below. Similarly, for each group of parameters, the habitability threshold for each is to be determined. Laboratory simulations show that whenever multiple lethal factors are combined, the survival rates plummet quickly. There are no full-Mars simulations published yet that include all of the biocidal factors combined. Furthermore, the possibility of Martian life having a far different biochemistry and habitability requirements than the terrestrial biosphere is an open question.
|
[-0.0012197170872241259, -0.000824623042717576, 0.00645729573443532, 0.03504212200641632, 0.0946880578994751, -0.09349831938743591, 0.012927600182592869, 0.02605745568871498, -0.06946902722120285, 0.12545733153820038, -0.016882820054888725, -0.038882337510585785, 0.009745342656970024, 0.04972958564758301, -0.056326042860746384, -0.0013507716357707977, -0.02060161530971527, 0.04385146498680115, -0.00660189101472497, 0.06994704157114029, 0.0001000163538265042, 0.08851415663957596, 0.03030143305659294, -0.034824274480342865, -0.020650990307331085, 0.06907329708337784, -0.03140905871987343, 0.09482770413160324, -0.022098679095506668, 0.05284438282251358, 0.00805116817355156, 0.010499104857444763, 0.07445263117551804, -0.05525171384215355, 0.09913419932126999, 0.06718331575393677, 0.010463078506290913, -0.03961021453142166, -0.06206757202744484, 0.013369466178119183, -0.0005143572925589979, -0.012321204878389835, 0.0908917561173439, 0.009826892986893654, -0.03132252395153046, -0.0045353746972978115, 0.06385471671819687, -0.11559023708105087, -0.03507079556584358, 0.02713604085147381, 0.0013150054728612304, 0.03995956480503082, -0.01654716208577156, -0.07819849997758865, -0.0494842603802681, -0.014197164215147495, -0.07968685030937195, -0.017916539683938026, -0.025531446561217308, -0.10796850174665451, 0.006980398204177618, -0.016923194751143456, -0.0678098276257515, -0.07289104908704758, 0.014473379589617252, 0.08777256309986115, -0.056141383945941925, 0.031170088797807693, 0.021549178287386894, -0.019729020074009895, -0.025560375303030014, 0.03410246968269348, -0.05442814156413078, -0.13850586116313934, -0.005800132639706135, 0.0011302552884444594, 0.10453814268112183, 0.03243893012404442, -0.02133195288479328, -0.04603619873523712, 0.06846544146537781, -0.019211726263165474, -0.10034456104040146, 0.03812908008694649, -0.08243907988071442, 0.010671951808035374, -0.08628961443901062, 0.061898984014987946, -0.00348540092818439, -0.03121243603527546, 0.014372437261044979, -0.0261063352227211, -0.06702420115470886, -0.07353030145168304, -0.021513724699616432, 0.039180655032396317, 0.03187398239970207, -0.03453514352440834, 0.04946191981434822, -0.007605270948261023, 0.027408268302679062, 0.026631001383066177, -0.07013478130102158, 0.09837032109498978, 0.07929310202598572, -0.058393098413944244, 0.0215544905513525, 0.06583157926797867, 0.06933382153511047, -0.017279094085097313, -0.014688055962324142, -0.019164375960826874, -0.04688962548971176, 0.013301500119268894, 0.07763388007879257, -0.08753207325935364, 0.014759628102183342, 0.08503787964582443, 0.006313192192465067, 0.02521323412656784, 0.011569752357900143, -0.016266580671072006, 0.06322214752435684, -0.07616574317216873, 0.06642477959394455, 0.018005305901169777, -0.07212069630622864, 1.2908918965585422e-33, -0.0008941037231124938, -0.014888954348862171, 0.02677697129547596, 0.029978403821587563, -0.02206149883568287, -0.015114720910787582, -0.036413129419088364, 0.03481492027640343, 0.05014001950621605, -0.04961324855685234, 0.014732486568391323, -0.01795440912246704, -0.05153939500451088, 0.01237622182816267, 0.040836311876773834, 0.11157669126987457, -0.028189854696393013, -0.042406413704156876, -0.047646816819906235, 0.004091701004654169, -0.04763916879892349, -0.05983562767505646, -5.3497409680858254e-05, -0.020136160776019096, 0.06897775083780289, -0.10103323310613632, 0.017869971692562103, -0.036240898072719574, -0.044834885746240616, -0.018109992146492004, 0.01715279370546341, 0.03813925012946129, -0.069302037358284, 0.025389444082975388, 0.05787971615791321, 0.006034451071172953, -0.018045641481876373, 0.08625544607639313, -0.0014595473185181618, -0.10130388289690018, -0.05901854485273361, 0.045993536710739136, 0.09004374593496323, -0.08947285264730453, 0.07941697537899017, 0.0008069801842793822, -0.000492780702188611, 0.07664303481578827, 0.05505944415926933, 0.018237020820379257, 0.0883224830031395, 0.002375905169174075, 0.002293171128258109, 0.02494730055332184, -0.07158412039279938, -0.013284818269312382, -0.030409419909119606, 0.017121784389019012, -0.028465239331126213, 0.02107505314052105, -0.006581988651305437, 0.0046721273101866245, 0.03600972890853882, 0.010551942512392998, -0.020634131506085396, 0.08994383364915848, -0.016687151044607162, 0.021498102694749832, -0.018678337335586548, 0.0339210219681263, -0.06989222764968872, 0.026246337220072746, -0.0613270029425621, -0.03282029554247856, -0.07723511010408401, -0.017188645899295807, 0.022812651470303535, -0.04100820794701576, 0.011199123226106167, 0.05738485977053642, 0.0009056096314452589, 0.017888972535729408, 0.011022361926734447, -0.015364916995167732, -0.0723864734172821, -0.023599743843078613, 0.027720054611563683, 0.07008831202983856, 0.04407166689634323, -0.011179332621395588, 0.04497385770082474, -0.002499158261343837, 0.004414834082126617, -0.10899151116609573, -0.07287024706602097, -4.21626864765915e-33, -0.04534410312771797, 0.0017914179479703307, -0.004632302559912205, -0.004375834949314594, -0.03871699050068855, -0.021175168454647064, -0.03949799761176109, 0.0031504651997238398, -0.007432278245687485, -0.13204456865787506, 0.04650302231311798, 0.11467672884464264, 0.027443086728453636, -0.07361980527639389, -0.007001635152846575, 0.02899683453142643, -0.14753778278827667, -0.013733306899666786, 0.025102505460381508, 0.04299399256706238, -0.016185417771339417, 0.02336868830025196, -0.006024447735399008, -0.13875609636306763, -0.07826730608940125, -0.007413162384182215, 0.010120094753801823, -0.05560481920838356, -0.005352529231458902, 0.0038928778376430273, -0.0628027394413948, 0.10259900242090225, -0.007425006944686174, -0.03309726342558861, 0.011370033025741577, 0.05008276551961899, 0.03576971963047981, -0.09217819571495056, -0.08442697674036026, 0.09684725850820541, 0.023341111838817596, 0.057620033621788025, 0.028185971081256866, -0.08365235477685928, -0.015147979371249676, 0.054463453590869904, 0.02894948609173298, -0.023657429963350296, -0.02162867598235607, 0.055170319974422455, 0.09185515344142914, 0.02381138876080513, -0.09725946933031082, 0.02564171515405178, 0.05515984073281288, 0.028260977938771248, 0.03727264329791069, 0.07605690509080887, -0.004645734094083309, -0.06086554750800133, -0.020202869549393654, -0.05410680174827576, -0.06556233018636703, -0.010338274762034416, -0.02441876195371151, -0.013849522918462753, 0.006908319890499115, 0.020692190155386925, -0.03247799724340439, 0.022737860679626465, -0.023153001442551613, -0.059860922396183014, 0.07959260791540146, -0.020557602867484093, 0.09167199581861496, 0.025294646620750427, -0.042808402329683304, -0.019674185663461685, -0.03073977492749691, 0.0776083767414093, -0.07255444675683975, 0.048440124839544296, 0.020888416096568108, 0.012487802654504776, 0.048713892698287964, -0.03772199526429176, -0.05747498199343681, -0.06595787405967712, -0.07777979969978333, 0.0024372043553739786, -0.011428581550717354, -0.06692611426115036, -0.028884025290608406, 0.11525121331214905, -0.03967227041721344, -5.49042304953673e-08, -0.010331197641789913, -0.013898183591663837, 0.007404392119497061, 0.02690044604241848, -0.040054820477962494, 0.019257405772805214, 0.06000443920493126, 0.08001848310232162, 0.004701037425547838, 0.06186540052294731, 0.051924195140600204, 0.0016004469944164157, -0.04004032909870148, 0.01938142068684101, -0.029885023832321167, 0.013885081745684147, 0.06047647446393967, -0.06105615943670273, -0.08592484891414642, 0.013060455210506916, 0.007611400913447142, 0.01763470470905304, -0.07871848344802856, -0.00025229406310245395, 0.03156883269548416, 0.003027525497600436, -0.03262420743703842, 0.02819518744945526, -0.006209739483892918, -0.025589656084775925, 0.06520411372184753, 0.0024270694702863693, 0.01958533562719822, -0.0827762708067894, -0.0459342785179615, -0.036847058683633804, -0.031616926193237305, 0.004459419287741184, 0.0005030483589507639, 0.006553943268954754, -0.019013311713933945, 0.015223146416246891, -0.10717542469501495, 0.06902681291103363, 0.07372007519006729, 0.044291604310274124, 0.017704768106341362, 0.00047624128637835383, -0.06405092775821686, 0.06993602216243744, -0.004090464673936367, -0.001850839238613844, 0.0830640196800232, -0.026024969294667244, 0.043702397495508194, 0.004267493728548288, 0.04044157266616821, 0.04148107022047043, -0.03038238361477852, 0.051806602627038956, 0.026189755648374557, 0.11367688328027725, -0.1174239069223404, -0.03674688935279846]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
523
|
published yet that include all of the biocidal factors combined . Furthermore , the possibility of Martian life having a far different biochemistry and habitability requirements than the terrestrial biosphere is an open question .A common hypothesis is methanogenic Martian life, and while such organisms exist on Earth too, they are exceptionally rare (while in itself numerous, there are not many environments on Earth where life commonly known to humans exists, where methanogenic life also can) and cannot survive in the majority of terrestrial environments that contain oxygen. Past
Recent models have shown that, even with a dense CO2 atmosphere, early Mars was colder than Earth has ever been. Transiently warm conditions related to impacts or volcanism could have produced conditions favoring the formation of the late Noachian valley networks, even though the mid-late Noachian global conditions were probably icy. Local warming of the environment by volcanism and impacts would have been sporadic, but there should have been many events of water flowing at the surface of Mars. Both the mineralogical and the morphological evidence indicates a degradation of habitability from the mid Hesperian onward. The exact causes are not well understood but may be related to a combination of processes including loss of early atmosphere, or impact erosion, or both. Billions of years ago, before this degradation, the surface of Mars was apparently fairly habitable, consisted of liquid water and clement weather, though it is unknown if life existed on Mars. The loss of the Martian magnetic field strongly affected surface environments through atmospheric loss and increased radiation; this change significantly degraded surface habitability. When there was a magnetic field, the atmosphere would have been protected from erosion by the solar wind, which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere, necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars. The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures.
|
[-0.024657029658555984, -0.01242578774690628, 0.061852771788835526, 0.05118360370397568, 0.10871358960866928, -0.07139675319194794, -0.04109221324324608, 0.005613165441900492, -0.02434191107749939, 0.10092242807149887, -0.02361392043530941, -0.07622966915369034, 0.010927691124379635, 0.015108476392924786, 0.023892775177955627, -0.0339064747095108, -0.06700187176465988, -0.049180395901203156, -0.01363963633775711, 0.10126085579395294, 0.013759642839431763, 0.10944976657629013, -0.07356515526771545, 0.02344701811671257, -0.004958308767527342, 0.040588028728961945, -0.013737029395997524, 0.13627490401268005, 0.020815256983041763, 0.011779602617025375, -0.013606435619294643, 0.061776887625455856, 0.07974318414926529, -0.057614050805568695, 0.044165853410959244, 0.11633961647748947, 0.019361263141036034, -0.007620403077453375, -0.05909540876746178, -0.0039016231894493103, 0.05839348956942558, -0.042183198034763336, 0.10044364631175995, -0.038927242159843445, -0.03567301109433174, -0.025508323684334755, 0.03786522522568703, -0.07074282318353653, -0.027627499774098396, -0.019160332158207893, -0.002809511963278055, -0.01490110531449318, -0.006101538427174091, -0.04525933042168617, -0.0663369819521904, -0.03524605929851532, -0.06477689743041992, -0.008399873971939087, 0.023938870057463646, -0.10430780798196793, -0.013296840712428093, -0.03526455909013748, -0.05487632006406784, -0.06942298263311386, 0.06258334219455719, 0.006163672544062138, -0.019518248736858368, -0.006649227347224951, 0.044355470687150955, 0.041712723672389984, 0.035014159977436066, 0.06328854709863663, -0.05509966239333153, -0.044274259358644485, -0.07223627716302872, 0.0016945613315328956, 0.08125908672809601, 0.038211166858673096, 0.004003327339887619, -0.025513531640172005, 0.05127773806452751, 0.04668176546692848, -0.08894704282283783, -0.02086699567735195, -0.10497604310512543, -0.011672022752463818, -0.07852046936750412, 0.021935857832431793, 0.0018627160461619496, -0.06740562617778778, -0.04898882657289505, 0.0320986807346344, -0.020394785329699516, -0.003102970775216818, 0.018334969878196716, 0.04068665951490402, 0.06138082221150398, 0.014628556556999683, 0.06536206603050232, -0.030989792197942734, 0.002730005420744419, 0.03499117121100426, -0.07624587416648865, 0.10033675283193588, 0.03145713359117508, -0.06541761010885239, 0.03308761492371559, 0.0761568546295166, 0.03207399323582649, 0.051292967051267624, -0.05667995661497116, -0.04672912508249283, -0.04496662691235542, -0.054763223975896835, 0.05450621247291565, -0.04948899522423744, -0.033809076994657516, 0.026057839393615723, -0.057031143456697464, 0.037503909319639206, -0.031647346913814545, 0.0839371383190155, 0.03444863110780716, -0.08915199339389801, 0.09344995766878128, 0.020402785390615463, -0.010849454440176487, 3.5566131767303455e-33, 0.12067399173974991, -0.06760785728693008, -0.06939257681369781, 0.02425362542271614, -0.0004389509849715978, -0.06014110893011093, -0.04310865327715874, -0.005508705507963896, 0.0325794592499733, -0.0703464075922966, 0.011203664354979992, 0.035432349890470505, -0.06756031513214111, -0.0317205935716629, -0.056582011282444, 0.10852312296628952, -0.02202966809272766, -0.1372356116771698, -0.01731792837381363, 0.0804339274764061, -0.08841002732515335, -0.02847938984632492, -0.007256879936903715, 0.06214660778641701, 0.021850410848855972, -0.08073017001152039, 0.03479083999991417, -0.07553188502788544, -0.02812318690121174, -0.028403444215655327, -0.009991630911827087, -0.01961703971028328, -0.04505768418312073, -7.402968185488135e-05, 0.058963071554899216, 0.061977848410606384, -0.029461463913321495, 0.06951519846916199, -0.007363613694906235, -0.04507702961564064, -0.009951475076377392, -0.012344802729785442, 0.044559817761182785, -0.06511113792657852, 0.06499484181404114, 0.01717641018331051, 0.013110070489346981, 0.09543119370937347, -0.009233826771378517, -0.02039015106856823, 0.08685801923274994, 0.03279381990432739, 0.009875772520899773, 0.06047169491648674, -0.11108780652284622, -0.017375772818922997, -0.009800582192838192, -0.005338550079613924, -0.057725317776203156, 0.028445640578866005, 0.019696393981575966, -0.04289238899946213, 0.08714231103658676, 0.04176516830921173, 0.02433938905596733, 0.009048176929354668, -0.01445639319717884, -0.002205731812864542, 0.0403432697057724, 0.01581347920000553, -0.011595281772315502, -0.009592480957508087, -0.030405430123209953, 0.026948612183332443, -0.022746870294213295, -0.0497475229203701, 0.00905518513172865, -0.060243990272283554, 0.051709022372961044, 0.07672958821058273, 0.03112105280160904, -0.023205449804663658, -0.008885213173925877, -0.019635507836937904, -0.06499089300632477, 0.022724607959389687, 0.05839806795120239, 0.002664789790287614, 0.011241670697927475, 0.00560280354693532, -0.014413543045520782, -0.025763459503650665, 0.062428444623947144, -0.0916348323225975, -0.0525829941034317, -5.933725036270038e-33, -0.011567038483917713, 0.011644902639091015, 0.013149202801287174, 0.012326616793870926, -0.03222386911511421, 0.03341323882341385, -0.026367438957095146, 0.06080057844519615, -0.02334831841289997, -0.03859438747167587, 0.08656665682792664, 0.05048365145921707, 0.07571221143007278, -0.12881872057914734, 0.022564569488167763, 0.033779893070459366, -0.03427569568157196, 0.09356912225484848, 0.10680922120809555, 0.0026835876051336527, 0.056868843734264374, 0.009047802537679672, -0.09315086901187897, -0.11877992004156113, 0.0060810511931777, 0.0020917761139571667, -0.04745950177311897, 0.03274703770875931, -0.03882281854748726, 0.05029449984431267, 0.023839909583330154, 0.114408478140831, -0.0014189265202730894, -0.03460920602083206, 0.03177984803915024, 0.07863911986351013, -0.019332483410835266, -0.040656570345163345, -0.0648561641573906, -0.04853719472885132, 0.08653678745031357, -0.010553688742220402, 0.08133940398693085, -0.016470829024910927, -0.004556001164019108, -0.008389011025428772, -0.026475071907043457, 0.019910266622900963, -0.011107039637863636, 0.10771457105875015, 0.08427419513463974, -0.012821738608181477, -0.09743943810462952, 0.018935689702630043, 0.0020094728097319603, 0.026129886507987976, -0.01577899605035782, 0.08189748972654343, -0.027751022949814796, -0.03931894898414612, -0.0020613574888557196, -0.06356406956911087, -0.05563434585928917, -0.028058435767889023, 0.03269677236676216, -0.03984212875366211, 0.012117966078221798, 0.020777545869350433, -0.03491457179188728, 0.035602305084466934, -0.031784020364284515, -0.02632627822458744, 0.03097665309906006, -0.08654039353132248, 0.07239030301570892, 0.03567486256361008, -0.10255318880081177, 0.02265612594783306, -0.022581618279218674, 0.05021583288908005, -0.08860257267951965, 0.04093046113848686, 0.059610482305288315, 0.039563700556755066, 0.043313708156347275, -0.020640475675463676, -0.05249776691198349, -0.042384952306747437, -0.028760993853211403, 0.05469641461968422, -0.023205095902085304, -0.11764916032552719, -0.05329368636012077, 0.04573759809136391, -0.07898108661174774, -5.2072767431354805e-08, 0.08647854626178741, 0.022340519353747368, 0.009731696918606758, 0.051147837191820145, -0.01666438952088356, 0.006345366593450308, 0.041405994445085526, 0.04072980582714081, 0.04409967362880707, 0.10990756750106812, 0.009647851809859276, 0.02139812521636486, 0.05110468715429306, -0.07831670343875885, -0.022261910140514374, 0.009371168911457062, 0.03488626331090927, -0.03560863807797432, -0.07506954669952393, -0.04524829611182213, 0.022607948631048203, -0.04140020161867142, -0.04221717640757561, 0.02008567750453949, -0.025580693036317825, -0.01959177851676941, -0.0009486788767389953, 0.048390988260507584, 0.04092651978135109, -0.06593599915504456, 0.002655407413840294, -0.031475212424993515, 0.054213590919971466, -0.10336348414421082, -0.07467245310544968, -0.04493088275194168, 0.014118031598627567, -0.022869572043418884, 0.0071973539888858795, -0.0102218147367239, 0.004149307496845722, -0.0002516726963222027, -0.06229488551616669, 0.011147214099764824, -0.0013913295697420835, -0.07340949773788452, -0.05798567086458206, -0.03686311095952988, -0.019276170060038567, 0.02603016048669815, -0.04255812615156174, 0.043273042887449265, 0.07818124443292618, 0.006178789772093296, 0.04523813724517822, -0.045126624405384064, 0.0067689730785787106, 0.0722389742732048, -0.014390869997441769, 0.03684348613023758, 0.017463739961385727, 0.0018685961840674281, -0.06242474913597107, -0.014434034004807472]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
524
|
wind , which would ensure the maintenance of a dense atmosphere , necessary for liquid water to exist on the surface of Mars . The loss of the atmosphere was accompanied by decreasing temperatures .Part of the liquid water inventory sublimed and was transported to the poles, while the rest became
trapped in permafrost, a subsurface ice layer. Observations on Earth and numerical modeling have shown that a crater-forming impact can result in the creation of a long-lasting hydrothermal system when ice is present in the crust. For example, a 130 km large crater could sustain an active hydrothermal system for up to 2 million years, that is, long enough for microscopic life to emerge, but unlikely to have progressed any further down the evolutionary path. Soil and rock samples studied in 2013 by NASA's Curiosity rover's onboard instruments brought about additional information on several habitability factors. The rover team identified some of the key chemical ingredients for life in this soil, including sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and possibly carbon, as well as clay minerals, suggesting a long-ago aqueous environment—perhaps a lake or an ancient streambed—that had neutral acidity and low salinity. On December 9, 2013, NASA reported that, based on evidence from Curiosity studying Aeolis Palus, Gale Crater contained an ancient freshwater lake which could have been a hospitable environment for microbial life. The confirmation that liquid water once flowed on Mars, the existence of nutrients, and the previous discovery of a past magnetic field that protected the planet from cosmic and solar radiation, together strongly suggest that Mars could have had the environmental factors to support life. The assessment of past habitability is not in itself evidence that Martian life has ever actually existed. If it did, it was probably microbial, existing communally in fluids or on sediments, either free-living or as biofilms, respectively.
|
[-0.04457668215036392, -0.008218099363148212, 0.07623734325170517, 0.01650433987379074, 0.13574329018592834, -0.045207150280475616, -0.0044502331875264645, 0.04532391577959061, 0.0039073447696864605, 0.051838137209415436, -0.020954495295882225, -0.04572223871946335, 0.05676725134253502, -0.023270556703209877, 0.0047693983651697636, -0.0028282650746405125, -0.037354543805122375, -0.0298122838139534, -0.016906585544347763, 0.048281505703926086, 0.020196037366986275, 0.06670369952917099, -0.05785281956195831, 0.026239322498440742, -0.023768050596117973, 0.11050480604171753, -0.021555716171860695, 0.0737101212143898, 0.011149900034070015, -0.0019325027242302895, -0.012601871974766254, 0.006336990278214216, 0.07411804050207138, -0.059491585940122604, 0.06648659706115723, 0.13116221129894257, -0.020068936049938202, -0.04421508312225342, -0.07079530507326126, -0.06344667822122574, 0.01592070981860161, -0.10418559610843658, 0.07099805027246475, 0.002221799921244383, 0.009872643277049065, 0.007600725628435612, 0.09978780895471573, -0.11800798028707504, -0.0050475397147238255, 0.011525655165314674, 0.009399319998919964, -0.03847307339310646, -0.051710713654756546, -0.01271129958331585, -0.11470731347799301, -0.039546992629766464, -0.06352036446332932, 0.009936568327248096, -0.00324464263394475, -0.027328722178936005, -0.0048398207873106, 0.0011041706893593073, 0.000308895978378132, -0.06694265455007553, 0.07954730838537216, 0.004277192987501621, -0.03840991482138634, -0.08685285598039627, 0.031600456684827805, -0.036411140114068985, 0.005888157524168491, 0.0785519927740097, -0.006085697095841169, -0.06594598293304443, -0.051156990230083466, 0.03743395209312439, 0.06024700775742531, 0.048314113169908524, -0.016376124694943428, -0.04229014739394188, 0.03901585564017296, 0.08160194754600525, -0.048191700130701065, 0.014934321865439415, -0.1200304627418518, -0.019449882209300995, 0.033200234174728394, -0.016297386959195137, -0.002172056119889021, -0.08161555975675583, -0.05215243622660637, 0.01736556738615036, -0.03579572215676308, 0.004824669100344181, 0.00913366861641407, 0.10161221772432327, 0.02808692678809166, -0.021902315318584442, 0.067359559237957, -0.037888120859861374, -0.023189077153801918, 0.07298239320516586, -0.1078549399971962, 0.03993013873696327, 0.06815730780363083, -0.00527878338471055, -0.026887528598308563, 0.0647745206952095, 0.12037597596645355, 0.017319828271865845, -0.03318621590733528, -0.08967210352420807, -0.03169270232319832, 0.02634292095899582, 0.07216578722000122, -0.0493297204375267, -0.0249969270080328, 0.04595599323511124, -0.08304781466722488, 0.020698048174381256, -0.01929520256817341, 0.04904025048017502, 0.00919682439416647, -0.05926983058452606, 0.09588643908500671, 0.044854555279016495, 0.04402259364724159, 4.007799775493106e-34, 0.08084291219711304, -0.06871241331100464, -0.009481667540967464, 0.02952457033097744, -0.017492396757006645, -0.03641027212142944, -0.026609480381011963, 0.03620469570159912, 0.005849488545209169, 0.008992904797196388, -0.02783355675637722, -0.00901793409138918, -0.06891617178916931, 0.006913293618708849, -0.06691526621580124, 0.040454618632793427, -0.013866357505321503, -0.08867558091878891, -0.015064211562275887, 0.02466045878827572, -0.04156000167131424, -0.05882984772324562, 0.018367068842053413, -0.013909222558140755, 0.07322362065315247, 0.010851369239389896, 0.035800397396087646, -0.022578543052077293, -0.01086446363478899, -0.04679270088672638, 0.00845226552337408, -0.020299477502703667, -0.07491597533226013, 0.0343141071498394, 0.03679138049483299, 0.061600059270858765, 0.017660090699791908, 0.06724311411380768, 0.030401917174458504, 0.006492388900369406, 0.043874166905879974, -0.01458306796848774, 0.07482600957155228, -0.07032083719968796, 0.014679835177958012, -0.05529313534498215, 0.024586085230112076, 0.012950021773576736, -0.011246741749346256, -0.05733805522322655, 0.02448718249797821, 0.04341327026486397, 0.03703070804476738, 0.06417153775691986, -0.05284658446907997, -0.04436918720602989, 0.022454384714365005, -0.008658044040203094, -0.02603786811232567, 0.030814843252301216, -0.013400034978985786, 0.02959553711116314, 0.027935896068811417, 0.04013263061642647, 0.009569106623530388, 0.02755553461611271, 0.024165373295545578, 0.01523028314113617, 0.05182020738720894, -0.01299329288303852, -0.04045311361551285, 0.016804786399006844, -0.011100144125521183, -0.029438626021146774, -0.07902349531650543, -0.08180379867553711, -0.007042305078357458, -0.07155375182628632, 0.03955511748790741, 0.11478208750486374, 0.008110368624329567, -0.07242294400930405, 0.008590011857450008, 0.013284372165799141, -0.09347765147686005, -0.012503273785114288, 0.04629363864660263, -0.036191511899232864, 0.00888054445385933, -0.020635513588786125, -0.0748465284705162, -0.04624589905142784, 0.0055946777574718, -0.07816935330629349, -0.02155902609229088, -2.4070709861093294e-33, 0.030625512823462486, -0.012399448081851006, -0.03444703668355942, 0.06198813021183014, 0.02705131098628044, -0.030269047245383263, -0.0009301743702962995, 0.08336331695318222, -0.08316417038440704, -0.029913155362010002, 0.014299576170742512, 0.04193612560629845, 0.09007977694272995, -0.07376602292060852, 0.01974397338926792, 0.052823882550001144, -0.0687137320637703, -0.013463950715959072, 0.05392526462674141, 0.0307051669806242, -0.036580003798007965, 0.09926540404558182, -0.08197804540395737, -0.03162965178489685, 0.04627804830670357, 0.007631573360413313, 0.04937541112303734, -0.020930295810103416, -0.03899836167693138, 0.04766107350587845, -0.043683972209692, 0.07869772613048553, 0.02041781134903431, -0.07175952196121216, 0.021757997572422028, 0.01688750460743904, 0.04703754559159279, -0.07909101992845535, -0.0653606727719307, 0.003506656736135483, 0.09630871564149857, -0.01837957464158535, 0.025757702067494392, -0.004745056852698326, 0.01934226043522358, 0.019111772999167442, 0.05914348363876343, 0.045156244188547134, 0.059876978397369385, 0.09870556741952896, 0.10640319436788559, -0.04550369456410408, -0.10079341381788254, 0.025960905477404594, 0.05594605579972267, -0.04016200453042984, -0.1032918393611908, 0.08863677084445953, -0.02879532426595688, -0.08450116962194443, -0.019009342417120934, -0.02342718467116356, -0.0245065838098526, -0.017360523343086243, -0.0235124621540308, 0.033801306039094925, 0.03640866279602051, 0.05036628246307373, -0.04317145422101021, 0.0029998822137713432, 0.04006725922226906, -0.03979429602622986, 0.09496553987264633, -0.048077065497636795, 0.06263840198516846, 0.031541723757982254, -0.034930214285850525, -0.023520875722169876, 0.008221794851124287, 0.004583952482789755, -0.06461456418037415, 0.0304112546145916, 0.01521527674049139, 0.0018895553657785058, 0.13381874561309814, -0.014751543290913105, -0.07201339304447174, -0.03005273826420307, -0.07173621654510498, 0.030027639120817184, 0.011612645350396633, -0.12306623160839081, -0.08670409768819809, 0.095287024974823, -0.015116642229259014, -5.14917353200417e-08, 0.08185719698667526, 0.08644136041402817, 0.01987273618578911, 0.05362289771437645, 0.019267890602350235, -0.007074200548231602, 0.10761252045631409, 0.08873021602630615, 0.03840472921729088, 0.03896407410502434, -0.013958977535367012, 0.002933148294687271, 0.01764838770031929, -0.060158293694257736, -0.02208101749420166, 0.03447471559047699, 0.029530655592679977, -0.019084692001342773, -0.07079626619815826, -0.030662057921290398, 0.012552144937217236, -0.05780244618654251, -0.04084877669811249, -0.028427937999367714, 0.012745918706059456, -0.007782297674566507, 0.04472627863287926, -0.036705005913972855, 0.01545778289437294, -0.10656923800706863, -0.009231860749423504, -0.037858542054891586, 0.04605367034673691, -0.08767659217119217, 0.06683520972728729, -0.017061153426766396, 0.01032513752579689, -0.013241710141301155, 0.02717113122344017, -0.02934005856513977, -0.06378418207168579, 0.0669688805937767, -0.044918157160282135, -0.03759506344795227, -0.07632611691951752, 0.017468243837356567, -0.12600134313106537, -0.0007079068454913795, -0.01090948935598135, 0.04587786644697189, -0.0034818178974092007, -0.017468996345996857, 0.05845843628048897, 0.00403235387057066, 0.06831948459148407, 0.030108824372291565, 0.036465827375650406, 0.0027248584665358067, -0.08217217028141022, 0.06164488568902016, 0.023357557132840157, -0.015533850528299809, -0.028271185234189034, -0.08647346496582031]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
525
|
itself evidence that Martian life has ever actually existed . If it did , it was probably microbial , existing communally in fluids or on sediments , either free-living or as biofilms , respectively .The exploration of terrestrial analogues provide clues as to how and where best look for signs of life on Mars. Impactite, shown to preserve signs of life on Earth, was discovered on Mars and could contain signs of ancient life, if life ever existed on the planet. On June 7, 2018, NASA announced that the Curiosity rover had discovered organic molecules in sedimentary rocks dating to three billion years old. The detection of organic molecules in rocks indicate that some of the building blocks for life were present. Research into how the conditions for habitability ended is ongoing. On October 7, 2024, NASA announced that the results of the previous three years of sampling onboard Curiosity suggested that based on high carbon-13 and oxygen-18 levels in the regolith, the early Martian atmosphere was less likely than previously thought, to be stable enough to support surface water hospitable to life, with rapid wetting-drying cycles and very high-salinity cryogenic brines providing potential explanations. Present
Conceivably, if life exists (or existed) on Mars, evidence of life could be found, or is best preserved, in the subsurface, away from present-day harsh surface conditions. Present-day life on Mars, or its biosignatures, could occur kilometers below the surface, or in subsurface geothermal hot spots, or it could occur a few meters below the surface. The permafrost layer on Mars is only a couple of centimeters below the surface, and salty brines can be liquid a few centimeters below that but not far down.
|
[-0.07064419984817505, -0.022753026336431503, 0.0553964227437973, 0.03747766464948654, 0.16984111070632935, -0.03676493838429451, -0.00494378013536334, 0.0027514752000570297, 0.0034200106747448444, 0.07576058059930801, 0.02893715724349022, -0.05929093062877655, -0.04705849662423134, 0.0665934681892395, 0.0010155002819374204, 0.011953462846577168, -0.04303409531712532, -0.06108273193240166, -0.027151867747306824, 0.09690212458372116, -0.017775721848011017, 0.09205637127161026, -0.004423945676535368, 0.02508905529975891, -0.014473706483840942, 0.07807739078998566, 0.03167600929737091, 0.075076162815094, 0.0006497417343780398, 0.04805312305688858, 0.030122600495815277, 0.07252541929483414, 0.07718012481927872, -0.08657612651586533, 0.09499392658472061, 0.09610430896282196, 0.024429770186543465, -0.04285125806927681, 0.0036619845777750015, -0.044186029583215714, -0.05000249668955803, -0.11916431784629822, 0.06953418999910355, -0.0393495187163353, 0.0206447746604681, -0.034585848450660706, 0.07188037037849426, -0.05812350660562515, 0.015579234808683395, 0.03427579253911972, -0.010331159457564354, -0.06673208624124527, 0.013172542676329613, -0.058173079043626785, -0.060280028730630875, -0.050987500697374344, -0.11819665133953094, -0.026606077328324318, 0.016309674829244614, -0.07629811018705368, 0.006194779183715582, -0.06773456186056137, 0.043188948184251785, -0.05326809734106064, 0.035875312983989716, 0.03112766519188881, 0.015587866306304932, -0.05957283452153206, 0.09989862143993378, -0.03316955268383026, -0.03350453078746796, 0.049928151071071625, -0.055473122745752335, 0.013773764483630657, -0.009723416529595852, 0.07415580004453659, 0.07158346474170685, 0.009599686600267887, -0.0002743299410212785, -0.06758289784193039, 0.029149338603019714, -0.04022720083594322, -0.06023598462343216, 0.01973939873278141, -0.09324850142002106, -0.007185011170804501, 0.0005486859008669853, 0.07369080930948257, -0.017016226425766945, -0.024316508322954178, 0.002935845172032714, 0.015379241667687893, -0.0024598357267677784, -0.008644834160804749, -0.058841679245233536, 0.06532473862171173, 0.020585400983691216, 0.033424824476242065, 0.09782173484563828, -0.03188513219356537, -0.01647292450070381, 0.01931939832866192, -0.1015205979347229, 0.04921600967645645, 0.03377087786793709, -0.01260172389447689, -0.013144498690962791, 0.04246734082698822, 0.10041627287864685, -0.026463018730282784, -0.04692916199564934, -0.028490697965025902, 0.0032743930350989103, 0.008813900873064995, 0.010823339223861694, -0.019138356670737267, -0.0018821635749191046, 0.04380577430129051, -0.0638829693198204, -0.007020561024546623, -0.01254548504948616, 0.0572705939412117, 0.031026531010866165, -0.10309548676013947, 0.0982729122042656, 0.01577925868332386, 0.0004604750720318407, 2.299158033309951e-33, 0.10951820015907288, -0.06808819621801376, 0.020333511754870415, 0.01875471882522106, -0.03757210075855255, -0.015508532524108887, -0.02862113155424595, 0.010124446824193, -0.004328273702412844, -0.04005739092826843, -0.026700835675001144, -0.028691284358501434, -0.01395200565457344, -0.04841890186071396, -0.041765253990888596, 0.057240549474954605, -0.0923754870891571, -0.12360774725675583, -0.007684183772653341, 0.04047771170735359, -0.047049928456544876, -0.07461486011743546, 0.003333878004923463, -0.006071224808692932, 0.08931010961532593, -0.0430334247648716, 0.04389119893312454, -0.038392677903175354, 0.016975654289126396, -0.06982842087745667, 0.0024982793256640434, 0.02693159133195877, -0.08228141069412231, 0.005766083486378193, 0.008222341537475586, 0.04449337720870972, -0.02236260659992695, 0.045509904623031616, 0.0028644439298659563, -0.04177039489150047, 0.057977043092250824, 0.010467680171132088, 0.053632672876119614, -0.09036017954349518, 0.02056661620736122, -0.040701791644096375, 0.005553270690143108, 0.015071751549839973, 0.03230015188455582, -0.030565544962882996, 0.049962401390075684, 0.027278665453195572, -0.014674443751573563, 0.05981516093015671, -0.06755676865577698, -0.022696807980537415, -0.01667379029095173, -0.0077368575148284435, 0.0034337658435106277, 0.011333786882460117, 0.01965772733092308, -0.003652719082310796, 0.07836412638425827, 0.06542657315731049, -0.004428491927683353, 0.08916289359331131, 0.03171506151556969, -0.002591780386865139, 0.03347158804535866, 0.026128631085157394, 0.012019895017147064, 0.014447757042944431, -0.03990699350833893, -0.04710732400417328, -0.06918342411518097, -0.06183398514986038, -0.03060460276901722, -0.07767064869403839, 0.073171466588974, 0.07771949470043182, 0.07388486713171005, -0.0651777982711792, 0.019905056804418564, -0.00041414937004446983, -0.051506541669368744, -0.004515241831541061, 0.009903298690915108, -0.08260965347290039, 0.0364643894135952, -0.016466571018099785, -0.038087185472249985, -0.052332911640405655, 0.0016745115863159299, -0.10041389614343643, -0.04065794125199318, -3.888738819979613e-33, 0.050510820001363754, -0.029924290254712105, 0.02716725878417492, 0.0598064661026001, -0.020182587206363678, -0.04437555745244026, -0.05197105184197426, 0.017090272158384323, 0.010998871177434921, -0.025644563138484955, 0.10148128122091293, 0.09155317395925522, 0.06337033212184906, -0.07174105942249298, -0.005203028675168753, 0.029367754235863686, -0.0823243260383606, -0.03943423181772232, 0.05470269173383713, -0.0023862398229539394, -0.05865366756916046, 0.01633240096271038, -0.11321625858545303, -0.0429038405418396, 0.01881614699959755, 0.04925152659416199, 0.04501603543758392, -0.04928513616323471, 0.009771264158189297, -0.0026302586775273085, -0.061289578676223755, 0.0566214881837368, 0.009935070760548115, -0.033768851310014725, 0.08373241871595383, 0.022262517362833023, 0.07812432944774628, -0.08398748934268951, -0.08124177157878876, -0.0034180334769189358, 0.010322925634682178, 0.04533994570374489, -0.0413290373980999, 0.009237908758223057, -0.01785748265683651, 0.03659461811184883, 0.039672210812568665, 0.06524116545915604, 0.011924986727535725, 0.08196935057640076, 0.07688438892364502, 0.05056147277355194, -0.07891511917114258, -0.011919811367988586, 0.07051549106836319, 0.004964418709278107, -0.0668630450963974, 0.04060735926032066, -0.012729352340102196, -0.0328141488134861, 0.010909332893788815, -0.03259636461734772, -0.07156824320554733, -0.05711930990219116, -0.020710911601781845, 0.03498559072613716, -0.005474987905472517, 0.09905418753623962, -0.042311348021030426, -0.018400633707642555, 0.05117461457848549, -0.06256119161844254, 0.02449689991772175, -0.03839712589979172, 0.032246772199869156, 0.02838887646794319, -0.006782463751733303, -0.05978326126933098, -0.012742169201374054, 0.0273523461073637, -0.06983824074268341, -0.0013119191862642765, 0.04305720701813698, 0.04708390682935715, 0.06838718801736832, -0.004310082644224167, -0.12565283477306366, -0.00431147962808609, -0.07251828908920288, 0.02764901891350746, -0.01719047501683235, -0.10974078625440598, -0.06859966367483139, 0.12171276658773422, -0.018301978707313538, -4.608402193184702e-08, 0.08630146086215973, 0.03940277919173241, 0.0250555370002985, 0.011638501659035683, 0.03899801895022392, 0.03521265834569931, 0.13563640415668488, 0.05820731073617935, 0.014975891448557377, -0.026240380480885506, 0.014977632090449333, -0.047563180327415466, -0.00034613971365615726, -0.03838726505637169, 0.04765257611870766, 0.039809271693229675, -0.04579166695475578, -0.034425053745508194, -0.08191293478012085, -0.0026279317680746317, 0.022659067064523697, -0.05185456946492195, -0.026921553537249565, 0.03331943228840828, -0.05316227301955223, 0.01918550580739975, 0.025537455454468727, 0.0131851090118289, -0.013336789794266224, -0.07592204213142395, 0.012710580602288246, -0.06265951693058014, 0.09526840597391129, -0.04959907382726669, 0.060690704733133316, -0.049246467649936676, -0.03957125172019005, -0.03258141130208969, -0.0019751721993088722, 0.05173119157552719, -0.04193311929702759, 0.02908504009246826, -0.12279734015464783, -0.01785462535917759, -0.027239881455898285, -0.05057279020547867, -0.05033409968018532, -0.04144735261797905, -0.03609003499150276, 0.030004199594259262, -0.004289461765438318, 0.029242902994155884, 0.06084185466170311, 0.01449449174106121, 0.06562013179063797, 0.08692730963230133, 0.01154689583927393, 0.045055489987134933, -0.025862228125333786, 0.02010629139840603, 0.06358359754085541, -0.07623381912708282, -0.028537899255752563, -0.019364824518561363]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
526
|
below the surface . The permafrost layer on Mars is only a couple of centimeters below the surface , and salty brines can be liquid a few centimeters below that but not far down .Water is close to its boiling point even at the deepest points in the Hellas basin, and so cannot remain liquid for long on the surface of Mars in its present state, except after a sudden release of underground water. So far, NASA has pursued a "follow the water" strategy on Mars and has not searched for biosignatures for life there directly since the Viking missions. The consensus by astrobiologists is that it may be necessary to access the Martian subsurface to find currently habitable environments. Cosmic radiation
In 1965, the Mariner 4 probe discovered that Mars had no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic radiation and solar radiation; observations made in the late 1990s by the Mars Global Surveyor confirmed this discovery. Scientists speculate that the lack of magnetic shielding helped the solar wind blow away much of Mars's atmosphere over the course of several billion years. As a result, the planet has been vulnerable to radiation from space for about 4 billion years. Recent in-situ data from Curiosity rover indicates that ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPE) may not be a limiting factor in habitability assessments for present-day surface life on Mars. The level of 76 mGy per year measured by Curiosity is similar to levels inside the ISS. Cumulative effects
Curiosity rover measured ionizing radiation levels of 76 mGy per year. This level of ionizing radiation is sterilizing for dormant life on the surface of Mars. It varies considerably in habitability depending on its orbital eccentricity and the tilt of its axis.
|
[0.001775806536898017, 0.046922944486141205, 0.024758756160736084, -0.0155494948849082, 0.10911980271339417, -0.038822922855615616, -0.036320317536592484, 0.0011202212190255523, -0.02366558276116848, 0.0328848659992218, 0.014798013493418694, -0.076836958527565, 0.08729001879692078, 0.03833920136094093, -0.011381933465600014, -0.005280588753521442, -0.038557540625333786, -0.03956756368279457, 0.001199502730742097, 0.06905347853899002, -0.09213914722204208, 0.0987875759601593, -0.046348828822374344, 0.007407705765217543, -0.03776000440120697, 0.0394667387008667, 0.03293830528855324, 0.061065156012773514, -0.032684050500392914, 0.03623584285378456, 0.011751146055758, 0.003662491450086236, 0.02586783468723297, -0.04764232784509659, 0.04016650840640068, 0.10645778477191925, 0.001103745074942708, -0.0007639495306648314, 0.01975671574473381, -0.021944252774119377, -0.030113812536001205, -0.1063908115029335, 0.06785460561513901, 0.0022855177521705627, 0.007797584403306246, -0.007678881287574768, 0.11757665127515793, -0.13209642469882965, 0.04206046834588051, 0.018151456490159035, 0.005299388896673918, 0.01580124720931053, -0.0012096741702407598, 0.021719874814152718, -0.11577354371547699, -0.050482217222452164, -0.07848076522350311, -0.0493905209004879, -0.010328183881938457, -0.027656611055135727, 0.026989171281456947, -0.04940778762102127, -0.03646207973361015, -0.03420830890536308, 0.025879519060254097, -0.0204180721193552, -0.08474282175302505, -0.011736550368368626, -0.005490667186677456, 0.0022356314584612846, 0.009603651240468025, 0.02751324512064457, -0.04545816406607628, -0.04293786361813545, -0.0025958060286939144, 0.07095266133546829, 0.09490976482629776, 0.02039598673582077, 0.05678274482488632, -0.03315020725131035, 0.042431920766830444, 0.012765833176672459, -0.04823162406682968, 0.04437253251671791, -0.10871190577745438, -0.0300535149872303, -0.0012326502474024892, 0.03681143373250961, 0.006526455748826265, -0.008771320804953575, 0.022855235263705254, 0.008026803843677044, -0.08300799876451492, 0.004244108684360981, -0.04092632234096527, 0.07378347218036652, -0.017087716609239578, -0.025201842188835144, 0.06784334778785706, -0.044411007314920425, -0.013199861161410809, -0.02103085070848465, -0.1201665848493576, 0.08031027764081955, 0.05783757194876671, -0.06061512231826782, 0.05363365635275841, 0.09991932660341263, 0.07227066159248352, -0.09452167898416519, -0.019366810098290443, -0.018266990780830383, -0.08216007798910141, -0.018103091046214104, 0.08241783827543259, -0.028194885700941086, 0.07359088212251663, 0.05048070102930069, -0.0612606517970562, 0.0002512823848519474, -0.02323465421795845, 0.07662243396043777, 0.07043295353651047, -0.05193063244223595, 0.09140674769878387, 0.03055315837264061, 0.015888551250100136, 2.8527526897258917e-33, 0.09202461689710617, 0.02697880007326603, 0.026155805215239525, 0.03668181598186493, -0.03771635890007019, -0.012887105345726013, -0.007874101400375366, -0.010737134143710136, 0.009862801991403103, 0.0032926180865615606, -0.005162288434803486, 0.026926737278699875, -0.028381219133734703, -0.050073251128196716, -0.06070755794644356, 0.011265181936323643, 0.011638141237199306, -0.09141962975263596, -0.09664902836084366, -0.0007253841031342745, 0.0038856337778270245, -0.06264831870794296, 0.03313101828098297, -0.019577737897634506, 0.09859206527471542, -0.0309083703905344, 0.08037654310464859, -0.0739760547876358, -0.025805706158280373, -0.025677047669887543, -0.08764941245317459, 0.06646275520324707, -0.0144135020673275, 0.004868757911026478, 0.07019724696874619, 0.0720086544752121, -0.010094228200614452, 0.08286109566688538, 0.0191151425242424, 0.012170272879302502, 0.01637285016477108, -0.03187163546681404, 0.07207251340150833, -0.021829897537827492, 0.09827963262796402, -0.042888857424259186, -0.025052499026060104, -0.018095212057232857, -0.019210511818528175, -0.01593293435871601, 0.13226133584976196, -0.00198134477250278, -0.0550755076110363, 0.054826151579618454, -0.0009055064874701202, -0.04262225329875946, -0.027709465473890305, 0.0026627443730831146, -0.06443137675523758, 0.046500299125909805, -1.42386570587405e-05, -0.012459462508559227, 0.03739412501454353, 0.03806987777352333, 0.03653763234615326, 0.017091359943151474, 0.03816203400492668, -0.06185462698340416, 0.011589309200644493, 0.016333717852830887, -0.06195421144366264, 0.02628222294151783, 0.005759190768003464, 0.0035864231176674366, -0.07039637863636017, -0.01700744405388832, -0.01016531977802515, -0.03939050808548927, 0.06762783229351044, 0.08830681443214417, 0.022670764476060867, -0.019855815917253494, 0.04739545285701752, 0.0029676328413188457, -0.0466691255569458, -0.012909786775708199, -0.0016361135058104992, 0.00738809909671545, 0.06651247292757034, -0.008367770351469517, -0.01940956711769104, 0.007667039055377245, 0.03345547616481781, -0.1332170069217682, -0.06451653689146042, -4.10927074374349e-33, -0.01355445571243763, -0.06063109263777733, -0.0036996190901845694, 0.022975292056798935, 0.019726689904928207, -0.030910631641745567, 0.010349581949412823, 0.1084926500916481, -0.059725020080804825, -0.014811727218329906, 0.018586300313472748, 0.06482145190238953, 0.0002360002399655059, -0.08340170234441757, -0.04339340329170227, 0.05491959676146507, -0.030382055789232254, 0.0013106248807162046, -0.01230621337890625, -0.023530930280685425, -0.05353977903723717, 0.06255163252353668, -0.024793820455670357, 0.004863944835960865, -0.03600052371621132, 0.019857708364725113, 0.06025088578462601, -0.0407361276447773, -0.002059451537206769, 0.03919193521142006, -0.05071756988763809, 0.09751786291599274, 0.026146328076720238, -0.02987038902938366, 0.06244322657585144, 0.029178623110055923, 0.04603658616542816, -0.01227229181677103, -0.07943179458379745, 0.0009039437281899154, 0.045678719878196716, 0.05272570252418518, -0.04435747116804123, -0.021973205730319023, -0.016989441588521004, 0.02743450738489628, 0.05349801853299141, 0.03922621160745621, 0.023114992305636406, 0.12083958834409714, -0.004421043675392866, -0.08933759480714798, -0.034531205892562866, 0.0556010901927948, -0.016446469351649284, -0.03994855657219887, -0.05886070430278778, 0.05994177982211113, -0.011697452515363693, -0.01673552580177784, 0.01973010040819645, -0.054386597126722336, -0.005510248709470034, -0.08519778400659561, 0.01131812110543251, 0.04049842059612274, -0.00609895633533597, 0.11828157305717468, -0.055143728852272034, -0.04167184978723526, 0.04798994958400726, -0.10313600301742554, 0.019865011796355247, -0.06586669385433197, 0.07269235700368881, 0.1102031022310257, -0.019714219495654106, -0.0631679892539978, -0.056687284260988235, 0.05035904049873352, -0.06498871743679047, 0.03374147787690163, -0.024811215698719025, -0.015156455338001251, 0.13497748970985413, -0.0001246519386768341, -0.042723398655653, -0.06449677050113678, -0.08334743976593018, -0.08196862787008286, -0.029927590861916542, -0.1191827580332756, -0.044148050248622894, 0.04512535408139229, -0.01848454959690571, -5.049854223670991e-08, 0.06130155548453331, 0.061686921864748, 0.014950292184948921, 0.0036397012881934643, 0.0022963942028582096, 0.07479941844940186, 0.04472988471388817, 0.04395211115479469, 0.05058882012963295, 0.03251943737268448, -0.050365131348371506, 0.01758408360183239, 0.011952890083193779, -0.041550032794475555, -0.021287281066179276, 0.09128476679325104, 0.04842621460556984, -0.05559905618429184, -0.03194783627986908, -0.002110037487000227, -0.006948545575141907, -0.0028868080116808414, -0.07740795612335205, 0.011885472573339939, 0.0027961833402514458, 0.040826596319675446, 0.06531257927417755, 0.038829781115055084, 0.08052142709493637, -0.11327999830245972, 0.05643092468380928, -0.06342161446809769, 0.07749797403812408, -0.02116968482732773, -0.001188973430544138, -0.010722251608967781, 0.01311489101499319, -0.014507582411170006, 0.01261182315647602, 0.060004547238349915, -0.07258254289627075, 0.03972858935594559, -0.036577802151441574, -0.0009030327782966197, -0.1370142102241516, 0.010787729173898697, -0.11870952695608139, -0.007651961874216795, -0.05098351091146469, 0.034867651760578156, -0.013211576268076897, -0.008483024314045906, 0.06959648430347443, -0.01204773411154747, 0.028555573895573616, 0.03403459116816521, 0.01051290612667799, 0.02327258698642254, -0.07788287848234177, 0.012600100599229336, -0.018784578889608383, -0.03094599023461342, -0.06601560860872269, 0.01392991654574871]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
527
|
year . This level of ionizing radiation is sterilizing for dormant life on the surface of Mars . It varies considerably in habitability depending on its orbital eccentricity and the tilt of its axis .If the surface life has been reanimated as recently as 450,000 years ago, then rovers on Mars could find dormant but still viable life at a depth of one meter below the surface, according to an estimate. Even the hardiest cells known could not possibly survive the cosmic radiation near the surface of Mars since Mars lost its protective magnetosphere and atmosphere. After mapping cosmic radiation levels at various depths on Mars, researchers have concluded that over time, any life within the first several meters of the planet's surface would be killed by lethal doses of cosmic radiation. The team calculated that the cumulative damage to DNA and RNA by cosmic radiation would limit retrieving viable dormant cells on Mars to depths greater than 7.5 meters below the planet's surface. Even the most radiation-tolerant terrestrial bacteria would survive in dormant spore state only 18,000 years at the surface; at 2 meters—the greatest depth at which the ExoMars rover will be capable of reaching—survival time would be 90,000 to half a million years, depending on the type of rock. Data collected by the Radiation assessment detector (RAD) instrument on board the Curiosity rover revealed that the absorbed dose measured is 76 mGy/year at the surface, and that "ionizing radiation strongly influences chemical compositions and structures, especially for water, salts, and redox-sensitive components such as organic molecules." Regardless of the source of Martian organic compounds (meteoric, geological, or biological), its carbon bonds are susceptible to breaking and reconfiguring with surrounding elements by ionizing charged particle radiation.
|
[-0.021761169657111168, -0.012321289628744125, -0.041674308478832245, 0.008724885061383247, 0.06756813824176788, -0.07449591159820557, -0.012419897131621838, 0.07065130025148392, -0.03626316413283348, 0.06411866098642349, 0.0882129892706871, -0.010172300040721893, 0.0766606330871582, 0.05011006444692612, 0.00949881412088871, 0.010006926953792572, -0.0328492633998394, -0.05282161384820938, -0.0489974319934845, 0.08816291391849518, -0.013962716795504093, 0.1215871125459671, -0.04131930693984032, 0.010774469934403896, -0.05429476872086525, 0.001650685560889542, 0.01596680097281933, 0.023824049159884453, -0.023908240720629692, 0.017988581210374832, -0.019458239898085594, -0.028348030522465706, 0.06275168806314468, -0.010058481246232986, 0.04728236049413681, 0.11017729341983795, -0.017284121364355087, 0.0007838250603526831, 0.035434696823358536, -0.04107806459069252, 0.009643143974244595, -0.06385093182325363, 0.007330817636102438, 0.0004515702312346548, 0.026371613144874573, -0.002654385520145297, 0.04337867349386215, -0.09361472725868225, 0.004945589229464531, 0.0359504334628582, 0.02683165855705738, 0.03111794777214527, 0.013179994188249111, 0.06892041116952896, -0.09246905893087387, -0.027959801256656647, -0.08450484275817871, -0.029667295515537262, -0.011620375327765942, -0.03597288951277733, 0.026668811216950417, -0.06550195068120956, 0.025586018338799477, -0.07345904409885406, 0.010887176729738712, -0.03118733875453472, -0.0002666120126377791, -0.05237837880849838, -0.0214751735329628, 0.07559413462877274, -0.020476259291172028, 0.021502001211047173, -0.12203438580036163, -0.0013419851893559098, -0.03314704820513725, 0.06653180718421936, 0.10505139082670212, -0.017879493534564972, 0.03276776522397995, -0.05059436708688736, 0.06315790116786957, -0.01174089964479208, -0.051702652126550674, -0.02008700743317604, -0.10421067476272583, -0.04321005940437317, -0.025840962305665016, 0.12723107635974884, 0.03476890176534653, 0.05091391131281853, -0.021864568814635277, 0.07041016221046448, 0.05824970453977585, 0.00407336326315999, -0.05537405610084534, 0.058624692261219025, 0.0073366290889680386, -0.0024592597037553787, 0.04084472358226776, -0.038146134465932846, -0.058279067277908325, -0.06042900308966637, -0.09893138706684113, 0.08341658115386963, -0.0007420702022500336, -0.07166534662246704, 0.007245201617479324, 0.049133606255054474, 0.01481552142649889, 0.012276263907551765, 0.031168853864073753, -0.07733581215143204, -0.00023957432131282985, -0.026896106079220772, 0.05780733376741409, -0.012084797024726868, 0.08135759830474854, 0.03189215064048767, -0.05596994236111641, 0.00433209165930748, 0.04769706726074219, 0.04913167655467987, 0.0576433427631855, -0.08954301476478577, 0.06315910816192627, -0.009733757004141808, 0.060549382120370865, 3.740384086066148e-33, 0.0432068333029747, 0.01659589633345604, 0.014541208744049072, 0.019747955724596977, -0.03420897200703621, -0.01335276011377573, 0.002709553111344576, -0.007227730471640825, 0.004619618412107229, 0.0012523334007710218, -0.026983750984072685, -0.047091152518987656, 0.008900514803826809, -0.04131330922245979, -0.04769618809223175, 0.09257461875677109, 0.026832139119505882, -0.010138788260519505, -0.10263290256261826, 0.003606207901611924, -0.0064805373549461365, -0.06083930656313896, 0.029361635446548462, 0.006829320918768644, 0.11324641108512878, -0.04221491888165474, 0.04485016316175461, -0.09313038736581802, -0.05263632535934448, -0.05987542122602463, -0.013687328435480595, 0.03700674697756767, -0.07761073112487793, 0.03376682847738266, 0.01585562713444233, 0.09405944496393204, 0.023343242704868317, 0.0853772833943367, 0.020663483068346977, 0.007168672978878021, 0.008521436713635921, 0.009884577244520187, 0.12427209317684174, -0.01634480617940426, 0.07567620277404785, -0.025717290118336678, 0.011422375217080116, 0.011619695462286472, -0.04049764946103096, -0.016228364780545235, 0.08462078124284744, -0.008069933392107487, -0.03648660331964493, 0.07979822158813477, 0.01137299370020628, -0.02717866748571396, -0.03689783811569214, 0.007356427609920502, -0.05065775662660599, 0.05597830191254616, 0.055992674082517624, -0.042422953993082047, 0.03753427788615227, 0.08117150515317917, 0.011348221451044083, 0.022467033937573433, 0.010255297645926476, -0.0628112331032753, 0.029581813141703606, 0.004343172535300255, 0.026942875236272812, -0.0037549736443907022, -0.024067148566246033, -0.06525502353906631, -0.066089928150177, -0.045713722705841064, 0.06509830057621002, -0.04816005751490593, 0.06483076512813568, 0.08447171747684479, -0.0005983519367873669, -0.042414095252752304, -0.0649113729596138, -0.047107867896556854, -0.007420864887535572, 0.0008966808090917766, -0.009530720300972462, -0.0030377693474292755, -0.016706271097064018, -0.011391853913664818, 0.035619862377643585, -0.04931334778666496, -0.008061627857387066, -0.08919447660446167, -0.060728222131729126, -3.3124438982813556e-33, 0.042411789298057556, -0.03383396565914154, 0.05013986676931381, 0.06029098480939865, -0.03344544395804405, -0.008839721791446209, -0.07606223970651627, 0.13202495872974396, -0.10466401278972626, -0.04654790088534355, -0.02484799548983574, 0.0715627521276474, 0.013151844032108784, -0.04333111643791199, 0.005900114309042692, 0.002414967631921172, 0.014230141416192055, -0.0164015032351017, -0.021142978221178055, -0.01905183121562004, -0.013590220361948013, 0.017606955021619797, -0.0968066155910492, -0.034942690283060074, -0.021960951387882233, 0.039575133472681046, -0.009059347212314606, 0.0010247697355225682, 0.04381927102804184, -0.0014763427898287773, -0.029140092432498932, 0.002189414808526635, -0.040913693606853485, -0.01459540519863367, 0.09081944078207016, 0.004741501994431019, 0.04864232614636421, -0.04920239746570587, -0.013209633529186249, -0.02893422730267048, 0.07010463625192642, 0.06685633212327957, -0.09909084439277649, -0.017754463478922844, 0.0015611249255016446, 0.04819192364811897, 0.024685408920049667, 0.038358986377716064, 0.02976764552295208, 0.09208101034164429, 0.02059130184352398, -0.022903922945261, -0.07717356830835342, 0.05382072180509567, -0.0038446111138910055, -0.038136061280965805, -0.051560115069150925, 0.06278743594884872, -0.04444272443652153, -0.09012947231531143, 0.037556905299425125, -0.06425376236438751, 0.028057653456926346, -0.007410796824842691, -0.04913627728819847, 0.027311187237501144, 0.031597815454006195, 0.14867085218429565, -0.10135894268751144, -0.04960386082530022, 0.07955393940210342, -0.04944286122918129, -0.014976460486650467, -0.08060043305158615, 0.005707491654902697, 0.06846638023853302, 0.038853298872709274, -0.03411383554339409, 0.044309478253126144, 0.002162246499210596, -0.07810718566179276, 0.019864723086357117, 0.006486167665570974, 0.021041205152869225, 0.14582689106464386, 0.007861465215682983, -0.03269804269075394, -0.029428204521536827, -0.019495433196425438, -0.04967945069074631, -0.0512302964925766, -0.1500409096479416, -0.023176342248916626, 0.013203142210841179, -0.03535565361380577, -4.4272315591342704e-08, 0.09659329056739807, 0.0787082388997078, -0.0343262255191803, -0.06018729880452156, 0.02472851425409317, 0.05925726890563965, 0.054217688739299774, 0.03096328116953373, 0.07425927370786667, 0.05545060709118843, 0.03231615945696831, -0.01044089812785387, 0.03554723411798477, 0.0036076281685382128, -0.004670803435146809, 0.1375669687986374, -0.01765778847038746, -0.019310519099235535, -0.003813345916569233, 0.03390781208872795, -0.07490793615579605, -0.02067137137055397, -0.0751635953783989, 0.019274447113275528, -0.06272546201944351, 0.03662438690662384, 0.06200011074542999, 0.04045330733060837, 0.03848739713430405, -0.08073235303163528, 0.012638714164495468, -0.060804542154073715, 0.09029357880353928, 0.04241061583161354, -0.012416742742061615, -0.09402980655431747, -0.010016105137765408, -0.0030186851508915424, -0.0029802650678902864, 0.08439895510673523, -0.031902339309453964, -0.03443773090839386, -0.05793411284685135, 0.012303704395890236, -0.08874203264713287, -0.048393864184617996, -0.06040613725781441, -0.028803423047065735, -0.07617554068565369, -0.017879126593470573, 0.004445827566087246, 0.01515226811170578, 0.03438248485326767, -0.04259743168950081, -0.00046070374082773924, 0.049428075551986694, 0.028913836926221848, 0.04936547577381134, -0.0695367082953453, 0.0850880891084671, 0.004082067869603634, -0.033157650381326675, -0.05501175671815872, -0.012662327848374844]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
528
|
Regardless of the source of Martian organic compounds ( meteoric , geological , or biological ) , its carbon bonds are susceptible to breaking and reconfiguring with surrounding elements by ionizing charged particle radiation .These improved subsurface radiation estimates give insight into the potential for the preservation of possible organic biosignatures as a function of depth as well as survival times of possible microbial or bacterial life forms left dormant beneath the surface. The report concludes that the in situ "surface measurements—and subsurface estimates—constrain the preservation window for Martian organic matter following exhumation and exposure to ionizing radiation in the top few meters of the Martian surface." In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a major, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month. UV radiation
On UV radiation, a 2014 report concludes that "[T]he Martian UV radiation environment is rapidly lethal to unshielded microbes but can be attenuated by global dust storms and shielded completely by < 1 mm of regolith or by other organisms." In addition, laboratory research published in July 2017 demonstrated that UV irradiated perchlorates cause a 10.8-fold increase in cell death when compared to cells exposed to UV radiation after 60 seconds of exposure. The penetration depth of UV radiation into soils is in the sub-millimeter to millimeter range and depends on the properties of the soil. A recent study found that photosynthesis could occur within dusty ice exposed in the Martian mid-latitudes because the overlying dusty ice blocks the harmful ultraviolet radiation at Mars's surface.
|
[-0.006716699805110693, 0.040983375161886215, 0.0573967844247818, 0.06094924360513687, 0.15547344088554382, -0.09577576816082001, 0.03209532052278519, 0.03225698694586754, -0.01003310177475214, 0.11772149801254272, 0.05520001798868179, -0.05856354534626007, 0.04951222985982895, 0.07909730821847916, 0.03297583386301994, 0.055711280554533005, -0.011033881455659866, -0.006346235051751137, -0.055362630635499954, 0.10062318295240402, -0.05169283226132393, 0.09073237329721451, -0.049949612468481064, 0.0037103795912116766, 0.010720763355493546, 0.029663769528269768, -0.03576141223311424, 0.06375344097614288, -0.027970679104328156, 0.03236645087599754, 0.006559424567967653, 0.009377431124448776, 0.010018516331911087, 0.008066633716225624, 0.03357492387294769, 0.1238330751657486, -0.03457508608698845, -0.03846355155110359, -0.011316617950797081, 0.023248804733157158, -0.03222052752971649, -0.1338295042514801, 0.021705619990825653, -0.03595297783613205, -0.009026220999658108, 0.013229933567345142, 0.0478777252137661, -0.08311505615711212, -0.009117433801293373, 0.0024114169646054506, 0.025624919682741165, 0.0317312516272068, -0.02455986849963665, 0.01811124011874199, -0.12977346777915955, -0.00901885237544775, -0.06374024599790573, -0.022518470883369446, -0.03916195034980774, -0.04342539981007576, -0.0030529755167663097, -0.05217374861240387, -0.05467087775468826, -0.0034529210533946753, 0.024186836555600166, 0.00683424761518836, -0.012483777478337288, -0.033793725073337555, 0.004578687716275454, 0.02925400249660015, -0.010130999609827995, 0.020068949088454247, -0.04332456365227699, -0.054221246391534805, -0.008359814994037151, 0.11503469944000244, 0.11094650626182556, -0.00038119227974675596, 0.04453517496585846, -0.056112464517354965, 0.08490172028541565, 0.06477624922990799, -0.02713366225361824, -0.0028511108830571175, -0.006623417139053345, -0.026781564578413963, -0.03464088961482048, 0.09709886461496353, -0.03018532693386078, 0.04438759759068489, -0.017876479774713516, 0.05552154406905174, 0.014141879044473171, 0.021058950573205948, -0.08502360433340073, 0.08439955860376358, 0.04035964608192444, -0.03006272204220295, 0.05902966111898422, -0.00931114237755537, -0.04856397211551666, -0.037718139588832855, -0.12185070663690567, 0.07103729993104935, -0.05361244082450867, -0.13952851295471191, 0.06340014189481735, 0.0290510430932045, 0.024788351729512215, 0.003085247939452529, 0.00861340295523405, -0.013870836235582829, -0.10464019328355789, -0.03729825094342232, 0.0899578258395195, 0.04631264880299568, 0.09868143498897552, 0.06918647140264511, -0.07507900148630142, -0.019168240949511528, -0.006103194318711758, 0.03870602697134018, 0.10960312187671661, -0.053899675607681274, 0.06674201041460037, -0.024421345442533493, 0.053988970816135406, 3.090705623439947e-33, 0.09880537539720535, 0.06800080090761185, -0.005751221906393766, -0.02931404858827591, 0.0545865036547184, 0.03624590486288071, -0.02037683129310608, 0.019355518743395805, -0.01335479412227869, -0.03867390379309654, -0.04599461704492569, 0.05190713703632355, 0.00904554221779108, -0.013608090579509735, -0.0695032924413681, 0.04517913609743118, -0.01562860980629921, 0.02129252627491951, -0.09263550490140915, 0.01999044604599476, -0.06166314333677292, -0.03872387483716011, 0.04052429273724556, 0.038632381707429886, 0.05385768041014671, -0.03448733314871788, 0.03931991010904312, -0.041308049112558365, -0.06097831577062607, -0.01648773066699505, -0.024407697841525078, 0.06849736720323563, -0.01953728310763836, 0.04189620912075043, 0.038197111338377, 0.04930933937430382, -0.08523167669773102, 0.08542412519454956, 0.034767065197229385, -0.027376316487789154, -0.021154483780264854, 0.044363223016262054, 0.06551014631986618, -0.03975573554635048, 0.051209039986133575, -0.0331493616104126, -0.03494378551840782, 0.01834365352988243, -0.057873569428920746, -0.029696153476834297, 0.02338571846485138, 0.03932778909802437, -0.018557952716946602, 0.0018854450900107622, -0.028236057609319687, -0.017478778958320618, -0.00886917021125555, -0.002149650827050209, -0.07678570598363876, 0.01067435834556818, -0.01107163354754448, -0.004701556172221899, 0.02121417596936226, 0.0549139566719532, -0.03567725419998169, -0.0022182997781783342, 0.02114347368478775, 0.029052725061774254, -0.02141072414815426, 0.022498808801174164, 0.005225030239671469, 0.05076627433300018, -0.0025214790366590023, -0.01702539622783661, -0.06540590524673462, 0.010948145762085915, 0.00786949135363102, 0.007592582609504461, 0.04508011415600777, 0.10337252914905548, 0.007309029344469309, -0.024875441566109657, 0.06156977638602257, -0.08226469904184341, -0.0965486615896225, 0.0012473668903112411, -0.002603760454803705, 0.016174495220184326, 0.027097418904304504, -0.01187387015670538, 0.041531071066856384, -0.019338898360729218, 0.020633205771446228, -0.1583101451396942, -0.04933623597025871, -4.028492608664906e-33, 0.05143110081553459, -0.010654040612280369, -0.048362210392951965, -0.002035386860370636, 0.008176923729479313, -0.03900116682052612, -0.052604686468839645, 0.09484679996967316, -0.07517676055431366, -0.0696854442358017, 0.07215242087841034, 0.09602514654397964, -0.03848434239625931, -0.060300521552562714, -0.04257918894290924, -0.029384540393948555, -0.04045328125357628, 0.01662149280309677, 0.034129247069358826, -0.04727576673030853, -0.023314058780670166, 0.03881019726395607, 0.005523385014384985, -0.06250013411045074, 0.017357388511300087, -0.03414921835064888, 0.06807468086481094, -0.03283115476369858, 0.0416359007358551, -0.016796380281448364, -0.08233977854251862, 0.07714522629976273, -0.02629387006163597, -0.0018416385864838958, 0.09022268652915955, 0.029087161645293236, 0.07619012147188187, -0.0905945673584938, -0.09073808789253235, -0.03043827973306179, 0.08588241040706635, 0.019112220034003258, -0.019399795681238174, -0.029480667784810066, 0.025181658565998077, 0.041714753955602646, -0.019988052546977997, 0.034211937338113785, 0.011832156218588352, 0.022824397310614586, -0.010458383709192276, -0.04630456492304802, -0.09317629784345627, 0.050392959266901016, -0.03328191861510277, -0.0063245585188269615, -0.02392709068953991, 0.08422598242759705, -0.010578189976513386, -0.029706735163927078, 0.0036357163917273283, -0.05939595028758049, -0.023086730390787125, -0.05647178366780281, -0.02537747286260128, -0.016568902879953384, 0.04223969578742981, 0.0810188427567482, -0.02353575825691223, -0.027871310710906982, 0.07258369028568268, -0.07901936024427414, -0.017060035839676857, -0.0341067798435688, -0.02099865861237049, 0.04550033062696457, 0.03419981151819229, -0.02580590359866619, -0.04751894250512123, 0.04441393166780472, -0.044134389609098434, 0.005748562049120665, -0.05593973025679588, 0.00681125745177269, 0.09404841810464859, -0.02351892553269863, -0.017519837245345116, -0.06345892697572708, -0.1646377295255661, -0.017857320606708527, -0.06828545033931732, -0.057146571576595306, -0.07938671112060547, 0.10180794447660446, 0.007271007634699345, -4.6087468064115455e-08, 0.09289826452732086, -0.0007123823743313551, -0.019399957731366158, -0.03760058060288429, 0.027728084474802017, 0.07303161174058914, 0.052481941878795624, 0.06076043099164963, 0.011579175479710102, 0.03466670587658882, -0.011161347851157188, 0.026234658434987068, 0.04025772958993912, 0.0026057299692183733, -0.03284435719251633, 0.06987310200929642, 0.010064661502838135, -0.07544341683387756, -0.026278158649802208, -0.061619359999895096, -0.037535421550273895, -0.025995774194598198, -0.049377456307411194, 0.022373264655470848, -0.007547088898718357, 0.04536980763077736, 0.05134938284754753, 0.06790987402200699, 0.0159609355032444, -0.09972424060106277, 0.01662159524857998, -0.033544380217790604, 0.11136022210121155, -0.06340639293193817, -0.02901393361389637, -0.04071282595396042, -0.030655575916171074, -0.04847222566604614, 0.009483536705374718, 0.0477580800652504, -0.05355383828282356, 0.02519954927265644, -0.04729163274168968, 0.029035573825240135, -0.06532490253448486, -0.02955738455057144, -0.05325488746166229, -0.0009427041513845325, -0.036093369126319885, 0.01664912700653076, 0.00197038147598505, -0.041084256023168564, 0.03363620117306709, -0.04553098976612091, -0.008390817791223526, 0.050162915140390396, 0.04776981472969055, -0.018120218068361282, -0.013590991497039795, 0.00870464462786913, 0.06429453194141388, -0.08744595944881439, -0.02786089852452278, -0.009047501720488071]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
529
|
of the soil . A recent study found that photosynthesis could occur within dusty ice exposed in the Martian mid-latitudes because the overlying dusty ice blocks the harmful ultraviolet radiation at Mars 's surface .Perchlorates
The Martian regolith is known to contain a maximum of 0.5% (w/v) perchlorate (ClO4−) that is toxic for most living organisms, but since they drastically lower the freezing point of water and a few extremophiles can use it as an energy source (see Perchlorates - Biology) and grow at concentrations of up to 30% (w/v) sodium perchlorate by physiologically adapting to increasing perchlorate concentrations, it has prompted speculation of what their influence would be on habitability. Research published in July 2017 shows that when irradiated with a simulated Martian UV flux, perchlorates become even more lethal to bacteria (bactericide). Even dormant spores lost viability within minutes. In addition, two other compounds of the Martian surface, iron oxides and hydrogen peroxide, act in synergy with irradiated perchlorates to cause a 10.8-fold increase in cell death when compared to cells exposed to UV radiation after 60 seconds of exposure. It was also found that abraded silicates (quartz and basalt) lead to the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species. The researchers concluded that "the surface of Mars is lethal to vegetative cells and renders much of the surface and near-surface regions uninhabitable." This research demonstrates that the present-day surface is more uninhabitable than previously thought, and reinforces the notion to inspect at least a few meters into the ground to ensure the levels of radiation would be relatively low. However, researcher Kennda Lynch discovered the first-known instance of a habitat containing perchlorates and perchlorates-reducing bacteria in an analog environment: a paleolake in Pilot Valley, Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah, United States.
|
[-0.010796934366226196, -0.005221688188612461, -0.03213512524962425, 0.017539866268634796, 0.17558199167251587, -0.06353739649057388, 0.05100846290588379, 0.026378564536571503, 0.019757825881242752, 0.057036954909563065, -0.010504908859729767, -0.0175428856164217, 0.074770987033844, 0.07792115956544876, -0.02347489446401596, 0.038782864809036255, -0.021001456305384636, 0.04854530468583107, -0.06264504790306091, 0.11359767615795135, 0.011904926970601082, 0.06379543244838715, -0.04952371120452881, 0.028036024421453476, -0.08629310876131058, 0.10459344834089279, 0.0022188732400536537, 0.07621536403894424, -0.01962631195783615, 0.029244286939501762, -0.05668853968381882, 0.04501758888363838, 0.08743659406900406, -0.05843241140246391, 0.03391929343342781, 0.08317624777555466, -0.003502737497910857, -0.02860979735851288, -0.029239315539598465, 0.005514814984053373, 0.007612914778292179, -0.06716835498809814, 0.024312200024724007, -0.0060744998045265675, -0.027216212823987007, -0.02493724785745144, 0.07807847112417221, -0.061920296400785446, -0.008096372708678246, -0.023533865809440613, -0.00918103102594614, 0.03829578310251236, -0.04599785432219505, -0.03570355474948883, -0.1012900173664093, -0.06477528065443039, -0.06478401273488998, 0.010025774128735065, -0.017218485474586487, -0.09362795948982239, -0.023891910910606384, -0.10801985114812851, -0.056437816470861435, -0.03183431923389435, 0.015145565383136272, -0.020073451101779938, -0.02032424509525299, 0.002423226134851575, 0.0271777156740427, -0.010442443192005157, 0.011147470213472843, 0.046321801841259, -0.03720773383975029, -0.04992807283997536, -0.055730246007442474, 0.1273781806230545, 0.11407360434532166, -0.043350424617528915, 0.01327307429164648, -0.017466498538851738, 0.054942138493061066, 0.00786999799311161, 0.009874388575553894, 0.037485864013433456, 0.022128621116280556, -0.03013400360941887, -0.023611240088939667, 0.0349605455994606, 0.031011490151286125, 0.026682434603571892, -0.0032967173028737307, 0.07332120835781097, 0.00433348910883069, -0.026071865111589432, -0.07568282634019852, 0.12802639603614807, -0.004952991846948862, -0.03803446888923645, -0.01571834832429886, -0.022181227803230286, -0.029414303600788116, -0.011850829236209393, -0.11459694802761078, 0.03514409810304642, 0.10296227037906647, -0.08320508152246475, 0.01660756580531597, 0.09145205467939377, -0.0008694598218426108, -0.013094532303512096, -0.027685267850756645, -0.048220179975032806, -0.06872730702161789, -0.00358393182978034, 0.06867212802171707, -0.03169158846139908, 0.06887506693601608, -0.0293874591588974, -0.06537225097417831, 0.05082428827881813, -0.02170485630631447, 0.06768032908439636, 0.011817974038422108, -0.05536828190088272, 0.022931747138500214, 0.025232506915926933, -0.034708090126514435, 3.5551867878040196e-33, 0.08025088906288147, 0.020968882367014885, 0.02144205942749977, -0.026241403073072433, 0.029475396499037743, 0.005746043287217617, -0.0795346051454544, -0.007666141260415316, 0.031204061582684517, -0.09629792720079422, 0.010528086684644222, -0.05758832022547722, -0.005885470192879438, -0.06425484269857407, -0.010095952078700066, 0.06512748450040817, -0.023703182116150856, -0.03226621076464653, -0.04216746985912323, 0.044299278408288956, -0.05995143949985504, 0.019321829080581665, 0.029484828934073448, 0.08028566837310791, 0.033529434353113174, 0.01160464808344841, 0.010555998422205448, -0.10864976048469543, -0.021570172160863876, -0.019773472100496292, 0.03485726937651634, -0.02231268212199211, -0.06582185626029968, 0.024612631648778915, 0.04546579718589783, 0.06081487238407135, -0.05806233361363411, 0.09318267554044724, 0.008282983675599098, 0.010358874686062336, -0.07718738913536072, 0.027810489758849144, 0.049236856400966644, -0.005615520756691694, 0.049778398126363754, -0.06288319826126099, -0.051386646926403046, 0.09626688063144684, 0.002772311447188258, 0.014878973364830017, 0.03868073225021362, 0.018926149234175682, 0.008860327303409576, 0.0025309277698397636, -0.055651649832725525, -0.03823406621813774, 0.02053011581301689, -0.008823519572615623, -0.026375604793429375, 0.010227348655462265, -0.03622734174132347, 0.025376390665769577, 0.004873859696090221, 0.06796666979789734, 0.0425860621035099, -0.03465155139565468, -0.027736656367778778, -0.03840576484799385, 0.020495176315307617, 0.0045253983698785305, 0.026977932080626488, 0.0003038875584024936, 0.04603298380970955, -0.02201630361378193, -0.0673045888543129, -0.026950102299451828, 0.01456120889633894, -0.04145115613937378, 0.04697510972619057, 0.05583028122782707, 0.06334370374679565, 0.028692875057458878, 0.06933970004320145, -0.026738503947854042, -0.1630856692790985, -0.009212629869580269, 0.018290407955646515, 0.04474285989999771, 0.02743287943303585, 0.0018057628767564893, 0.1034562736749649, -0.034656770527362823, -0.023441171273589134, -0.14078956842422485, -0.11051449179649353, -3.924625193142279e-33, 0.05489344149827957, -0.053649306297302246, 0.011670858599245548, -0.0023001409135758877, -0.022113557904958725, 0.011560652405023575, -0.12781520187854767, 0.016789846122264862, -0.02336982451379299, -0.06749002635478973, 0.072108194231987, 0.05413108319044113, 0.016050126403570175, 0.0035065298434346914, -0.02061498537659645, 0.013908298686146736, 0.009104420430958271, 0.07308674603700638, 0.030774930492043495, -0.04855060949921608, -0.0007625792059116066, 0.06233271211385727, 0.012662417255342007, 0.0375506617128849, 0.007066297810524702, -0.0463714599609375, 0.015401803888380527, -0.012752693146467209, 0.0829697847366333, -0.0032237842679023743, -0.0058615123853087425, 0.11039022356271744, -0.042957741767168045, 0.0016752025112509727, 0.07900664955377579, 0.04510091617703438, 0.0052478499710559845, -0.005881499033421278, -0.06415092945098877, 0.009367428719997406, 0.08723245561122894, -0.06557314097881317, 0.029312586411833763, -0.004836196545511484, 0.020202409476041794, -0.014789841137826443, 0.006626097485423088, 0.0018457502592355013, -0.03007781133055687, 0.025509927421808243, 0.020266730338335037, -0.07115280628204346, -0.10609044879674911, 0.05340951308608055, 0.024193568155169487, -0.05524169281125069, -0.017079174518585205, 0.06288404017686844, -0.007197781000286341, -0.055166784673929214, -0.0106111541390419, -0.05610707774758339, -0.056832145899534225, -0.047287438064813614, 0.003111200174316764, 0.026769030839204788, 0.02902889810502529, 0.07583290338516235, 0.0006806644960306585, -0.008811303414404392, 0.05886804684996605, -0.014554423280060291, 0.0359942689538002, -0.08741338551044464, -0.016336411237716675, 0.022967590019106865, -0.01853441633284092, -0.0025028823874890804, -0.028669655323028564, 0.02316931262612343, -0.08671888709068298, 0.04168333113193512, -0.005718606989830732, 0.01159033551812172, 0.03640423342585564, -0.05297105386853218, -0.013413315638899803, 0.02612779103219509, -0.13512583076953888, -0.01852518692612648, -0.07062212377786636, -0.1263711005449295, -0.04222012683749199, 0.07442090660333633, 0.01580864191055298, -4.073921289204918e-08, 0.0030339148361235857, 0.05140020325779915, 0.004014275036752224, 0.03456075116991997, -0.035093072801828384, 0.024699322879314423, 0.0587424598634243, 0.05105074495077133, 0.0673859715461731, 0.060613930225372314, -0.002839278429746628, 0.03941458463668823, 0.1024048700928688, -0.05758175253868103, -0.04540255293250084, 0.1322418451309204, 0.05422602593898773, -0.06180655211210251, -0.004598718602210283, -0.053313907235860825, -0.09511012583971024, -0.020559852942824364, -0.06588486582040787, -0.012028457596898079, -0.03594920039176941, -0.007684280164539814, 0.06983953714370728, 0.0343175046145916, 0.04980955272912979, -0.05221083015203476, 0.01932384818792343, -0.0529249869287014, 0.06549854576587677, -0.06803757697343826, -0.010433749295771122, -0.09546643495559692, 0.00274415104649961, -0.07227972149848938, 0.03944375365972519, 0.05036606639623642, -0.054822489619255066, 0.013111455366015434, -0.08582327514886856, 0.03936312347650528, -0.05022984370589256, -0.02445894107222557, -0.03410061448812485, 0.010523196309804916, -0.05544054135680199, -0.03583691269159317, 0.022859860211610794, 0.015424471348524094, 0.06956756114959717, -0.018529003486037254, -0.003344194730743766, 0.06904295831918716, 0.1198546513915062, 0.003832669695839286, -0.013975131325423717, 0.021683281287550926, -0.01388639211654663, -0.006416399963200092, -0.02236866019666195, 0.02199484035372734]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
530
|
Kennda Lynch discovered the first-known instance of a habitat containing perchlorates and perchlorates-reducing bacteria in an analog environment : a paleolake in Pilot Valley , Great Salt Lake Desert , Utah , United States .She has been studying the biosignatures of these microbes, and is hoping that the Mars Perseverance rover will find matching biosignatures at its Jezero Crater site. Recurrent slope lineae
Recurrent slope lineae (RSL) features form on Sun-facing slopes at times of the year when the local temperatures reach above the melting point for ice. The streaks grow in spring, widen in late summer and then fade away in autumn. This is hard to model in any other way except as involving liquid water in some form, though the streaks themselves are thought to be a secondary effect and not a direct indication of the dampness of the regolith. Although these features are now confirmed to involve liquid water in some form, the water could be either too cold or too salty for life. At present they are treated as potentially habitable, as "Uncertain Regions, to be treated as Special Regions".). They were suspected as involving flowing brines back then. The thermodynamic availability of water (water activity) strictly limits microbial propagation on Earth, particularly in hypersaline environments, and there are indications that the brine ionic strength is a barrier to the habitability of Mars. Experiments show that high ionic strength, driven to extremes on Mars by the ubiquitous occurrence of divalent ions, "renders these environments uninhabitable despite the presence of biologically available water." Nitrogen fixation
After carbon, nitrogen is arguably the most important element needed for life. Thus, measurements of nitrate over the range of 0.1% to 5% are required to address the question of its occurrence and distribution.
|
[-0.10126892477273941, -0.011979691684246063, 0.032054729759693146, -0.017641041427850723, 0.04440421983599663, -0.048760443925857544, -0.03139179199934006, 0.011029358953237534, 0.02624257281422615, 0.03767498955130577, -0.0035115964710712433, -0.13353286683559418, 0.024693114683032036, 0.03851180151104927, -0.01908152364194393, 0.01437155157327652, -0.09574670344591141, 0.024234456941485405, -0.023223552852869034, -0.0031857865396887064, 0.0588211826980114, 0.07313226908445358, -0.044591885060071945, 0.05723799392580986, -0.07141692191362381, 0.1050073653459549, 0.004503810778260231, 0.09431041032075882, 0.01201248075813055, -0.016260262578725815, 0.0167342908680439, 0.06489577144384384, 0.03247421979904175, -0.048731397837400436, 0.11137306690216064, 0.08804597705602646, 0.011757537722587585, -0.01129944995045662, -0.0410345159471035, 0.024077007547020912, 0.015093846246600151, -0.07287511229515076, 0.0043593826703727245, -0.024471288546919823, -0.011700062081217766, -0.0012673414312303066, 0.08778917789459229, -0.071727454662323, -0.03153586760163307, -0.034921836107969284, 0.056504808366298676, -0.05362552031874657, -0.06631500273942947, -0.04335571080446243, -0.041425466537475586, 0.008138260804116726, -0.1038527712225914, -0.031902018934488297, 0.02816365472972393, -0.030886661261320114, 0.06102461367845535, -0.029904084280133247, -0.08775884658098221, -0.05828781798481941, 0.034586913883686066, 0.009581509977579117, -0.05583827570080757, -0.07003132253885269, 0.0890313982963562, -0.0768972784280777, -0.005901963450014591, 0.054768431931734085, -0.03516572713851929, -0.020913541316986084, -0.06151486188173294, 0.03287820145487785, 0.08342214673757553, 0.023641925305128098, -0.038507554680109024, -0.05457475036382675, -0.028367584571242332, -0.010149885900318623, 0.09810204058885574, -0.01602848991751671, -0.08707542717456818, -0.01472391001880169, 0.05871814861893654, -0.08330884575843811, 0.08570654690265656, -0.03498165309429169, 0.02979438565671444, -0.0025481823831796646, -0.049958735704422, -0.011732405982911587, -0.061746276915073395, 0.09879778325557709, -0.02493288367986679, -0.0483882874250412, 0.04408905282616615, 0.016188153997063637, -0.038345158100128174, -0.025890925899147987, -0.09554875642061234, 0.048816271126270294, 0.056188225746154785, -0.057392869144678116, -0.012859036214649677, 0.10454253852367401, -0.028210027143359184, 0.02372029982507229, -0.023438751697540283, -0.0039466810412704945, 0.009577522985637188, 0.07271093130111694, 0.08081191778182983, -0.03443971648812294, -0.023070955649018288, 0.013969063758850098, -0.018701035529375076, 0.014145773835480213, -0.06074916943907738, 0.0367087684571743, -0.024024559184908867, 0.06349076330661774, 0.11936207115650177, 0.10583975911140442, -0.026504861190915108, 4.088658082959837e-33, 0.12951244413852692, -0.008524705655872822, 0.019088774919509888, -0.018155574798583984, 0.0033856716472655535, -0.05215183272957802, -0.12493100762367249, -0.046855438500642776, 0.007229441311210394, -0.054958444088697433, -0.036619119346141815, -0.012324510142207146, -0.06557320803403854, 0.02674718014895916, -0.03653908148407936, 0.015083405189216137, 0.007771042175590992, -0.0853266641497612, -0.05880014970898628, 0.0575663223862648, -0.09327588230371475, 0.06656493246555328, 0.07745213061571121, -0.05005563050508499, 0.031526897102594376, -0.01294492743909359, 0.041418928653001785, -0.054924894124269485, -0.014766964130103588, 0.023765286430716515, 0.027059484273195267, -0.1076083853840828, -0.04093052074313164, -0.007960646413266659, 0.034307174384593964, 0.07552026212215424, 0.015201596543192863, 0.017726480960845947, -0.029113898053765297, 0.03549335524439812, -0.010306243784725666, 0.016969559714198112, -0.000659067474771291, 0.012283002957701683, 0.03469124808907509, -0.04832042008638382, 0.07280199229717255, 0.09581343829631805, -0.017214961349964142, 0.013439002446830273, -0.02204812690615654, 0.10275119543075562, 0.06073570251464844, 0.012719089165329933, -0.012248068116605282, 0.02915235236287117, 0.04312528669834137, -0.024691252037882805, -0.022427253425121307, 0.09299489855766296, 0.023847458884119987, 0.0694255530834198, -0.03374418243765831, -0.015112338587641716, 0.08915956318378448, 0.02765168994665146, -0.033278871327638626, 0.038499701768159866, -0.02376411110162735, -0.012178241275250912, -0.03775123134255409, 0.03928408771753311, 0.03973055258393288, 0.05114386975765228, -0.032552771270275116, -0.08133497834205627, 0.05330575257539749, -0.014844865538179874, 0.018036022782325745, 0.02776525169610977, -0.03717685490846634, -0.0053919279016554356, -0.001357500092126429, 0.020350223407149315, -0.13826292753219604, 0.01547619141638279, 0.07343031466007233, -0.06472035497426987, 0.0005897660739719868, -0.024998487904667854, 0.023894142359495163, -0.0070728096179664135, 0.05445372313261032, -0.0635698139667511, -0.04266812279820442, -5.729982477913765e-33, 0.05815998837351799, -0.032982587814331055, -0.060713622719049454, 0.025585854426026344, 0.011676252819597721, 0.02028547413647175, -0.01798395998775959, 0.09659454971551895, -0.050068002194166183, -0.03980493173003197, 0.01526340190321207, 0.04977167025208473, 0.0178699754178524, -0.05033997818827629, 0.0014547690516337752, -0.00858607143163681, 0.03369325399398804, 0.048660848289728165, 0.025752024725079536, -0.048937004059553146, -0.05367591232061386, 0.081148661673069, -0.030013250187039375, -0.052779365330934525, 0.04020410031080246, -0.03607099503278732, -0.0026883473619818687, 0.055253271013498306, -0.08705976605415344, -0.03462207317352295, -0.02053254097700119, 0.06839355826377869, 0.028399402275681496, -0.1152515560388565, -0.04652943089604378, 0.05716489255428314, -0.02931451052427292, -0.08224417269229889, -0.04311346635222435, 0.006579360458999872, 0.05715367570519447, -0.053397756069898605, 0.05146145075559616, -0.034091364592313766, 0.0036720698699355125, 0.011228597722947598, 0.011025597341358662, 0.11239297688007355, -0.012824084609746933, 0.03445606678724289, 0.04594495892524719, -0.015537761151790619, -0.03530008718371391, 0.032389070838689804, 0.027214597910642624, -0.04483499377965927, -0.026265956461429596, 0.06529051065444946, -0.07229802757501602, 0.01988750882446766, -0.035516850650310516, -0.07257616519927979, -0.05009375885128975, -0.02907215617597103, 0.09083913266658783, -0.014506104402244091, -0.01092654000967741, 0.005626424681395292, 0.017653005197644234, 0.019178496673703194, 0.03703443333506584, -0.06938672810792923, 0.010633501224219799, -0.10140613466501236, 0.07133574038743973, -0.03277841955423355, -0.10039491206407547, 0.007695346605032682, -0.007829508744180202, 0.00058353366330266, -0.11359775811433792, 0.003699160646647215, 0.008856161497533321, 0.037652868777513504, 0.08589501678943634, -0.021638236939907074, -0.04788030683994293, -0.04149100184440613, -0.01262657716870308, 0.014699640683829784, 0.030504608526825905, -0.12417875975370407, -0.0812608078122139, 0.1422707885503769, -0.007493622601032257, -5.482568710135638e-08, 0.0815529152750969, 0.028302138671278954, -0.02582191489636898, 0.018870528787374496, 0.0029183519072830677, 0.022045081481337547, 0.09290575981140137, 0.02447839081287384, 0.0008882295223884284, 0.007122957147657871, -0.016126317903399467, 0.05115087330341339, 0.039845775812864304, 0.040383439511060715, -0.024744173511862755, 0.10481670498847961, 0.028949225321412086, -0.011310722678899765, -0.08158357441425323, -0.02333921752870083, -0.07489091157913208, -0.043395962566137314, -0.059683095663785934, 0.01832662709057331, -0.01154943648725748, -0.010133186355233192, 0.07131383568048477, 0.0503506176173687, 0.0033674894366413355, -0.023492401465773582, 0.008000894449651241, -0.015022749081254005, 0.08672169595956802, -0.033422719687223434, 0.03448764607310295, 0.02446916699409485, -0.03600127622485161, 0.07269680500030518, -0.032455503940582275, 0.019182374700903893, -0.04589293897151947, 0.00982540100812912, -0.012127961963415146, 0.01719394139945507, 0.02366124838590622, 0.04345852881669998, -0.029162507504224777, 0.017352448776364326, -0.016081644222140312, -0.014482097700238228, -0.003647425677627325, 0.02829073742032051, 0.03169630095362663, 0.08097491413354874, -0.031779348850250244, 0.03454359248280525, 0.008399675600230694, -0.10062941908836365, -0.019268857315182686, 0.059146493673324585, 0.03400004655122757, -0.026148082688450813, -0.03487923741340637, -0.09064790606498718]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
531
|
arguably the most important element needed for life . Thus , measurements of nitrate over the range of 0.1 % to 5 % are required to address the question of its occurrence and distribution .There is nitrogen (as N2) in the atmosphere at low levels, but this is not adequate to support nitrogen fixation for biological incorporation. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate could be a resource for human exploration both as a nutrient for plant growth and for use in chemical processes. On Earth, nitrates correlate with perchlorates in desert environments, and this may also be true on Mars. Nitrate is expected to be stable on Mars and to have formed by thermal shock from impact or volcanic plume lightning on ancient Mars. On March 24, 2015, NASA reported that the SAM instrument on the Curiosity rover detected nitrates by heating surface sediments. The nitrogen in nitrate is in a "fixed" state, meaning that it is in an oxidized form that can be used by living organisms. The discovery supports the notion that ancient Mars may have been hospitable for life. It is suspected that all nitrate on Mars is a relic, with no modern contribution. Nitrate abundance ranges from non-detection to 681 ± 304 mg/kg in the samples examined until late 2017. Modeling indicates that the transient condensed water films on the surface should be transported to lower depths (≈10 m) potentially transporting nitrates, where subsurface microorganisms could thrive. In contrast, phosphate, one of the chemical nutrients thought to be essential for life, is readily available on Mars. Low pressure
Further complicating estimates of the habitability of the Martian surface is the fact that very little is known about the growth of microorganisms at pressures close to those on the surface of Mars.
|
[-0.0649566724896431, -0.027840817347168922, 0.008802193216979504, 0.0055246357806026936, 0.12125539034605026, -0.05351058393716812, 0.0705496147274971, -0.05292379856109619, 0.007807835005223751, 0.05412270128726959, -0.01535771880298853, -0.035897932946681976, -0.053437694907188416, 0.043263889849185944, -0.09660311788320541, -0.012798363342881203, 0.014383947476744652, -0.027837425470352173, -0.04843709245324135, 0.04623185098171234, -0.010400494560599327, 0.07142747938632965, 0.007749749813228846, -0.010046706534922123, -0.05011361837387085, 0.03272606059908867, -0.0868791937828064, 0.0021168936509639025, 0.030748700723052025, -0.038553621619939804, 0.008445662446320057, 0.06133614480495453, 0.04071952775120735, -0.10525675863027573, 0.016664797440171242, 0.03849036619067192, 0.03713960200548172, 0.0023965623695403337, -0.020543962717056274, 0.028389599174261093, 0.024809053167700768, -0.07296130061149597, 0.05782807618379593, 0.011829627677798271, -0.009148982353508472, 0.020592577755451202, 0.041882578283548355, -0.10832002758979797, 0.009495154954493046, 0.034387968480587006, -0.024086568504571915, 0.0019374340772628784, 0.014065783470869064, -0.014794614166021347, -0.057536717504262924, -0.05880073085427284, -0.06181625649333, -0.04905690252780914, 0.00465331831946969, -0.06511242687702179, 0.03425377979874611, -0.02134329080581665, 0.029536835849285126, -0.09496006369590759, 0.09459731727838516, 0.06826151907444, -0.010616252198815346, -0.07497380673885345, 0.05907079949975014, -0.014385128393769264, 0.018114762380719185, 0.05136239156126976, 0.015057090669870377, 0.007504409644752741, -0.07982198148965836, 0.03881065174937248, 0.09263716638088226, 0.016621187329292297, 0.029186204075813293, -0.006381356157362461, 0.08143625408411026, 0.10604770481586456, -0.06558407843112946, 0.032681629061698914, -0.04821506515145302, 0.013586499728262424, -0.058512669056653976, 0.06456433236598969, -0.0032923673279583454, -0.025301890447735786, -0.013284388929605484, 0.04090706631541252, 0.002315773395821452, 0.005072019528597593, 0.034431107342243195, 0.08939904719591141, -0.03552297502756119, 0.0004269369528628886, -0.002441498450934887, -0.046877421438694, 0.009712416678667068, 0.04575642943382263, -0.07819939404726028, 0.031868625432252884, -0.08506432175636292, 0.0003637306217569858, -0.037247490137815475, 0.04686000570654869, 0.08592492341995239, 0.09277603030204773, -0.03295513987541199, -0.04520606994628906, -0.07177957892417908, -0.041805628687143326, 0.046024587005376816, -0.04321148246526718, -0.030435670167207718, 0.006459688767790794, -0.10316649079322815, 0.006800865288823843, -0.011336570605635643, 0.07515762746334076, -0.004195553250610828, -0.00827568769454956, 0.0934029370546341, 0.040869202464818954, -0.03620181977748871, 1.8830086048768832e-33, 0.07086668908596039, 0.006677040830254555, 0.03766104206442833, 0.030177241191267967, -0.05305518954992294, -0.016166888177394867, -0.019221778959035873, -0.03624606132507324, 0.05241924151778221, -0.0472431480884552, -0.023126976564526558, 0.01300608366727829, -0.03240998834371567, -0.09747970849275589, 0.007376000750809908, 0.08124081045389175, 0.02238433249294758, -0.0801583081483841, 0.04601304233074188, 0.02638278901576996, -0.01853487826883793, -0.053343188017606735, -0.08786018192768097, -0.010411178693175316, 0.07104431837797165, 0.001297101960517466, 0.010160802863538265, -0.08667604625225067, 0.017226772382855415, -0.06316589564085007, 0.002688909647986293, 0.008930872194468975, -0.06614743918180466, -0.023327810689806938, 0.09460651129484177, -0.029958931729197502, -0.060025814920663834, 0.10949834436178207, -0.03743983432650566, 0.00829885434359312, 0.030852189287543297, 0.07848454266786575, 0.0506741963326931, 0.014385383576154709, 0.07167067378759384, -0.04817945510149002, -0.037063632160425186, 0.04945516213774681, 0.04743041470646858, 0.003152902703732252, 0.025472670793533325, 0.011866677552461624, 0.02982262149453163, -0.0004653235664591193, -0.026443583890795708, 0.015194419771432877, 0.004470166750252247, 0.011521422304213047, 0.0008168120984919369, -0.05655098706483841, -0.011712765321135521, -0.05588077753782272, 0.06342574208974838, 0.0368303507566452, 0.001641483511775732, 0.01650577038526535, -0.0068945009261369705, 0.011800303123891354, 0.02225237525999546, 0.03282680734992027, -0.0653170645236969, -0.00808684527873993, -0.003962869755923748, -0.004395604133605957, -0.09340310841798782, -0.05321115255355835, 0.01135841105133295, -0.07613037526607513, 0.048206876963377, 0.030096670612692833, 0.05543965473771095, -0.051340751349925995, 0.01095192227512598, -0.012376988306641579, -0.058758750557899475, -0.00491672195494175, -0.001513286610133946, 0.013559301383793354, 0.06128499656915665, -0.03777933493256569, 0.0430871807038784, -0.0584566667675972, -0.07182314991950989, -0.16159985959529877, -0.07552064955234528, -3.61128541898709e-33, 0.059661008417606354, -0.022177543491125107, -0.005651968531310558, 0.0641329437494278, 0.009245431050658226, -0.010917560197412968, -0.027128417044878006, -0.014340696856379509, 0.033939577639102936, 0.018933292478322983, 0.012072139419615269, 0.02988969162106514, 0.0584845207631588, -0.06372775882482529, 0.048925820738077164, 0.014916777610778809, -0.11964868009090424, 0.0825369730591774, 0.07450741529464722, -0.012095925398170948, -0.027114884927868843, 0.04439869150519371, -0.0779319554567337, -0.013588186353445053, 0.021424999460577965, 0.06671998649835587, -0.05145741254091263, -0.01100713200867176, 0.011401853524148464, -0.01707232929766178, 0.014281556941568851, 0.02694271132349968, -0.011797294951975346, -0.08208484202623367, 0.08521532267332077, -0.00918679777532816, 0.0924886167049408, -0.06530889868736267, -0.08907343447208405, -0.03422563150525093, 0.04374353215098381, 0.10332656651735306, 0.05500882863998413, 0.05828018859028816, -0.07761989533901215, 0.013878180645406246, 0.057344771921634674, 0.005783161614090204, 0.01740679144859314, 0.06379707902669907, 0.11251918971538544, 0.0007187232258729637, -0.17624978721141815, 0.03523683547973633, 0.07064058631658554, 0.045577291399240494, -0.02695021592080593, 0.10416745394468307, -0.016620663926005363, -0.015053361654281616, 0.034439291805028915, -0.08247915655374527, -0.07685932517051697, -0.031223516911268234, -0.023183707147836685, -0.01516957301646471, 0.040659304708242416, 0.071291983127594, -0.013784519396722317, -0.0025504622608423233, -0.010814785957336426, -0.00912555307149887, 0.09856989234685898, -0.06390420347452164, 0.006231745705008507, 0.031838927417993546, 0.03423881158232689, -0.04451978579163551, 0.01738346368074417, 0.020688863471150398, -0.08240806311368942, -0.013193951919674873, -0.007181487511843443, 0.003083038842305541, 0.08946001529693604, 0.03629494085907936, 0.011801728047430515, 0.01566753163933754, -0.09962644428014755, 0.013058146461844444, -0.026201386004686356, -0.13637307286262512, -0.06058762967586517, 0.033158425241708755, -0.07061190158128738, -4.822646459956559e-08, 0.08699044585227966, 0.0395449623465538, -0.013244728557765484, 0.002591060707345605, -0.009088270366191864, 0.040410663932561874, 0.044395118951797485, 0.05077965930104256, 0.011959505267441273, 0.04653583839535713, 0.060520634055137634, -0.016049804165959358, -0.008387139067053795, -0.0592447891831398, 0.07791954278945923, 0.02746952697634697, -0.002099292818456888, 0.001231909031048417, -0.09863446652889252, -0.021587448194622993, 0.04452367499470711, 0.016830621287226677, -0.07181592285633087, -0.025823619216680527, 0.00017397412739228457, -0.000578852545004338, 0.08858699351549149, 0.020546212792396545, 0.015488844364881516, -0.0893995612859726, 0.006797321606427431, -0.06942480057477951, 0.1019371896982193, -0.08297469466924667, 0.0040012020617723465, -0.011696889065206051, 0.02932148426771164, 0.016279876232147217, 0.01712341047823429, -0.03578610718250275, -0.07194168865680695, -0.022428078576922417, -0.11230527609586716, 0.012972773052752018, -0.05755852535367012, -0.025067996233701706, -0.10078465938568115, -0.03148438408970833, -0.047679875046014786, 0.0653422400355339, -0.05931221321225166, -0.03113262914121151, 0.0464741550385952, -0.0012660910142585635, 0.023355619981884956, 0.07203570753335953, 0.039191510528326035, 0.03419697284698486, -0.03351516276597977, -0.028848126530647278, 0.05157923325896263, -0.030448243021965027, -0.04523027688264847, -0.012727710418403149]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
532
|
pressure Further complicating estimates of the habitability of the Martian surface is the fact that very little is known about the growth of microorganisms at pressures close to those on the surface of Mars .Some teams determined that some bacteria may be capable of cellular replication down to 25 mbar, but that is still above the atmospheric pressures found on Mars (range 1–14 mbar). In another study, twenty-six strains of bacteria were chosen based on their recovery from spacecraft assembly facilities, and only Serratia liquefaciens strain ATCC 27592 exhibited growth at 7 mbar, 0 °C, and CO2-enriched anoxic atmospheres. On 10 September 2025 NASA announced that the Perseverance Rover had discovered the best possible signs of life on Mars to date: rings of iron phosphate organic molecules à la ancient Terran microbial life. Liquid water
Liquid water is a necessary but not sufficient condition for life as humans know it, as habitability is a function of a multitude of environmental parameters. Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars except at the lowest elevations for minutes or hours. Liquid water does not appear at the surface itself, but it could form in minuscule amounts around dust particles in snow heated by the Sun. Also, the ancient equatorial ice sheets beneath the ground may slowly sublimate or melt, accessible from the surface via caves. Water on Mars exists almost exclusively as water ice, located in the Martian polar ice caps and under the shallow Martian surface even at more temperate latitudes. A small amount of water vapor is present in the atmosphere.
|
[-0.08908067643642426, -0.0632886216044426, -0.04160952568054199, 0.007353044580668211, 0.14120544493198395, -0.01007730234414339, 0.0077281733974814415, 0.02761971950531006, 0.007316844537854195, 0.028614476323127747, 0.01049203984439373, -0.07438047975301743, 0.026310503482818604, 0.06970077008008957, -0.08010201156139374, -0.0413685217499733, -0.0726052075624466, -0.06640853732824326, -0.014736749231815338, 0.09827450662851334, 0.014852482825517654, 0.0772763043642044, -0.026438580825924873, 0.0429781898856163, -0.05613179877400398, 0.09837454557418823, 0.017119456082582474, 0.0689002200961113, -0.005109704099595547, 0.0017967794556170702, -0.008315171115100384, 0.019605694338679314, 0.08314059674739838, -0.0846652239561081, 0.12066385895013809, 0.11022239178419113, 0.0009807517053559422, -0.031944986432790756, 0.01135380007326603, -0.03610840439796448, 0.010533095337450504, -0.1039811298251152, 0.04829482361674309, 0.003338505979627371, -0.04121105745434761, 0.031344830989837646, 0.10475322604179382, -0.05373060330748558, 0.008063575252890587, 0.013511709868907928, -0.05512784793972969, 0.006781700998544693, -0.02778838947415352, -0.03449401631951332, -0.07946348935365677, -0.09631779789924622, -0.09020384401082993, -0.05111665651202202, 0.006555519532412291, -0.06718180328607559, 0.0009128078236244619, -0.05194371938705444, -0.0015468817437067628, 0.0018287257989868522, -0.004481648560613394, 0.01956656388938427, 0.005464980844408274, -0.03763666749000549, 0.010148122906684875, -0.008082651533186436, -0.04404895007610321, 0.05905532091856003, -0.015215658582746983, 0.02596871368587017, -0.01859680935740471, 0.04255535453557968, 0.08064346015453339, -0.03336688503623009, -0.0033582388423383236, 0.004450619220733643, -0.017463821917772293, -0.015046628192067146, -0.06663327664136887, 0.05897253006696701, -0.14336511492729187, -0.0858314111828804, 0.006775102578103542, 0.02831711247563362, -0.007593794725835323, -0.0034352915827184916, -0.052547503262758255, 0.05449061468243599, -0.03426597639918327, -0.030699964612722397, -0.07131341844797134, 0.08844275772571564, 0.014332538470625877, -0.009654484689235687, 0.03924461081624031, -0.07928785681724548, -0.05595892667770386, 0.04651499167084694, -0.025189073756337166, 0.02884531393647194, 0.06373089551925659, -0.09671442210674286, 0.018313007429242134, 0.07114916294813156, 0.11172966659069061, 0.03916488587856293, -0.029127007350325584, 0.014809840358793736, -0.04931049793958664, -0.03189949691295624, 0.11019094288349152, -0.017123378813266754, 8.224387420341372e-05, 0.02215353585779667, -0.05456619709730148, 0.057274043560028076, -0.03211873024702072, 0.004437070339918137, -0.003510089358314872, -0.05216414853930473, 0.08718312531709671, 0.048509154468774796, -0.028105763718485832, 3.497163651963462e-33, 0.09388162940740585, -0.06926266849040985, 0.025777051225304604, 0.04749438911676407, -0.056287381798028946, 0.0014833117602393031, -0.07208248972892761, -0.020600713789463043, 0.036111533641815186, -0.0286268200725317, -0.036181289702653885, -0.0679994523525238, -0.0908510684967041, -0.02858779765665531, -0.05964387208223343, 0.0384267121553421, -0.0039607868529856205, -0.07324352860450745, -0.05208472162485123, 0.06887307018041611, 0.006955445744097233, -0.0022737716790288687, 0.012642388232052326, -0.03697235882282257, 0.1369544416666031, -0.007327092345803976, 0.06313632428646088, -0.06727534532546997, 0.019644219428300858, -0.047769978642463684, 0.04218088090419769, -0.0312853641808033, -0.08331307023763657, -0.0053549958392977715, 0.09001682698726654, 0.04305420070886612, -0.03658733144402504, 0.06991532444953918, -0.0024240866769105196, -0.04435081407427788, 0.020481931045651436, 0.051243316382169724, 0.06025051698088646, -0.09245579689741135, 0.05536052584648132, -0.05394686758518219, -0.006642911583185196, 0.04458250105381012, 0.04141901433467865, -0.039818789809942245, 0.09421800822019577, 0.04935009777545929, 0.026263445615768433, 0.0763256847858429, -0.038448262959718704, -0.05745093524456024, -0.031021706759929657, -0.002150831511244178, -0.04338701069355011, 0.03510574996471405, 0.03398236259818077, 0.026013556867837906, 0.015293062664568424, 0.058993302285671234, 0.04474177584052086, 0.02435738407075405, -0.022384321317076683, 0.024685917422175407, 0.09470074623823166, 0.058285146951675415, -0.03729412332177162, -0.03260081261396408, 0.023836571723222733, 0.008002722635865211, -0.09128447622060776, -0.06411006301641464, -0.015060237608850002, -0.10104440897703171, 0.11074575781822205, 0.07392644137144089, 0.02000611089169979, -0.03050859086215496, 0.0369531624019146, 0.002993569942191243, -0.09757860004901886, 0.022136952728033066, -0.025509638711810112, 0.02050011418759823, 0.0222963634878397, -0.03694751113653183, 0.02967187948524952, -0.05365627259016037, 0.01445850357413292, -0.10662355273962021, -0.1210402324795723, -6.337735097807966e-33, 0.045296940952539444, -0.0688878521323204, 0.00645736837759614, 0.029494015499949455, 0.006044123321771622, 0.059149764478206635, -0.058487702161073685, 0.10546009242534637, -0.03877585008740425, -0.0313577838242054, 0.04188679903745651, 0.03562862053513527, 0.054538942873477936, -0.08340102434158325, -0.01758665032684803, 0.05218120664358139, -0.03646933287382126, 0.01032405998557806, 0.08216205984354019, -0.026483817026019096, -0.058236926794052124, 0.056972868740558624, 0.011328271590173244, -0.015191557817161083, -0.03571317717432976, -0.007349338382482529, 0.020746540278196335, 0.0477999709546566, -0.03706788271665573, 0.03345923870801926, 0.034631285816431046, 0.09079234302043915, -0.01663821004331112, -0.05389437824487686, 0.03414015844464302, -0.013416631147265434, -0.00902717374265194, -0.05409608408808708, -0.05683272331953049, -0.0024827145971357822, 0.0924321711063385, -0.012687047012150288, -0.01630265824496746, -0.020812541246414185, 0.023139461874961853, 0.05442885309457779, 0.051119931042194366, -0.03944586217403412, 0.051153574138879776, 0.0753583163022995, 0.003240818390622735, -0.025728676468133926, -0.10209178924560547, 0.017573991790413857, 0.027066471055150032, -0.0301507655531168, -0.045774735510349274, 0.08095921576023102, -0.024671189486980438, -0.06769411265850067, -0.016992278397083282, -0.05535925552248955, 0.01324852742254734, -0.05622820556163788, -0.02865239605307579, 0.05177326127886772, 0.051739081740379333, 0.0950445681810379, -0.02349594235420227, -0.030513562262058258, 0.03579245135188103, -0.04547916352748871, 0.06394035369157791, -0.047346871346235275, 0.043365322053432465, 0.03161604702472687, -0.019420381635427475, -0.02934674732387066, -0.007765694055706263, 0.038237687200307846, -0.05143607780337334, 0.027483878657221794, -0.01945466175675392, 0.017440766096115112, 0.08670732378959656, -0.02075774222612381, -0.012395954690873623, -0.04417138919234276, -0.09916110336780548, 0.043786704540252686, -0.027840038761496544, -0.09089622646570206, -0.05332251265645027, 0.029353516176342964, -0.018782682716846466, -4.8379003914078567e-08, 0.057639576494693756, 0.029801232740283012, 0.03284640610218048, 0.01640099659562111, -0.03329627215862274, 0.03911738842725754, 0.05727192386984825, 0.08591032773256302, 0.028622636571526527, 0.06376864016056061, 0.034456346184015274, 0.025262312963604927, 0.017014341428875923, -0.01708315499126911, -0.023741398006677628, 0.05763382837176323, -0.00448827538639307, -0.03456559032201767, -0.029477598145604134, -0.010412869974970818, -0.02903733216226101, -0.037144675850868225, -0.06349082291126251, 0.024721786379814148, -0.006262072362005711, 0.013807135634124279, 0.02749732881784439, 0.01879286579787731, 0.006585543043911457, -0.07028096914291382, 0.0005853482289239764, -0.04131850227713585, 0.03428541496396065, -0.07781623303890228, -0.010761355981230736, -0.04550192505121231, -0.024304281920194626, 0.006345226429402828, 0.022459259256720543, 0.047637227922677994, -0.03988813981413841, 0.028643300756812096, -0.1122579351067543, -0.017876384779810905, -0.018302178010344505, 0.017180657014250755, -0.12811851501464844, 0.008888205513358116, -0.10547920316457748, -0.012908718548715115, 0.03755546361207962, 0.023195022717118263, 0.04808614030480385, 0.01836295798420906, 0.023595107719302177, 0.0547003410756588, -0.010767675004899502, 0.035657040774822235, -0.0358232706785202, 0.03131771460175514, 0.02641046606004238, -0.024649152532219887, -0.07735039293766022, -0.030262934044003487]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
533
|
as water ice , located in the Martian polar ice caps and under the shallow Martian surface even at more temperate latitudes . A small amount of water vapor is present in the atmosphere .There are no bodies of liquid water on the Martian surface because the water vapor pressure is less than 1 Pa, the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages 600 pascals (0.087 psi)—about 0.6% of Earth's mean sea level pressure—and because the temperature is far too low, (210 K (−63 °C)) leading to immediate freezing. Despite this, about 3.8 billion years ago, there was a denser atmosphere, higher temperature, and vast amounts of liquid water flowed on the surface, including large oceans. It has been estimated that the primordial oceans on Mars would have covered between 36% and 75% of the planet. On November 22, 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior. Analysis of Martian sandstones, using data obtained from orbital spectrometry, suggests that the waters that previously existed on the surface of Mars would have had too high a salinity to support most Earth-like life. Tosca et al. found that the Martian water in the locations they studied all had water activity, aw ≤ 0.78 to 0.86—a level fatal to most Terrestrial life. Haloarchaea, however, are able to live in hypersaline solutions, up to the saturation point. In June 2000, possible evidence for current liquid water flowing at the surface of Mars was discovered in the form of flood-like gullies. Additional similar images were published in 2006, taken by the Mars Global Surveyor, that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars.
|
[-0.028340913355350494, 0.04336763173341751, 0.027343174442648888, -0.02631288766860962, 0.0919547900557518, -0.08178246021270752, -0.01623174548149109, 0.03956574574112892, -0.006954019423574209, 0.08323520421981812, -0.049065038561820984, -0.07386785745620728, 0.04412258416414261, 0.021770328283309937, 0.054960671812295914, -0.07098294049501419, -0.043076347559690475, -0.05397605523467064, -0.02778729610145092, 0.04597515985369682, 0.0013116810005158186, 0.07478209584951401, -0.002378758043050766, 0.01692795939743519, -0.008827815763652325, 0.09755688905715942, 0.008437655866146088, 0.10943663865327835, -0.01016783993691206, 0.10402499884366989, -0.056369561702013016, -0.028652317821979523, 0.08901799470186234, -0.052492838352918625, 0.09038696438074112, 0.03153994306921959, -0.04000338166952133, 0.008165787905454636, -0.017910638824105263, -0.03454165160655975, 0.0341554619371891, -0.026690855622291565, 0.055816590785980225, 0.07268847525119781, -0.034554917365312576, 0.05880944803357124, 0.022832928225398064, -0.014627969823777676, -0.03547869622707367, -0.003089055186137557, -0.0029336020816117525, 0.07016636431217194, -0.08088266849517822, 0.022142276167869568, -0.17272654175758362, -0.04293697699904442, -0.043166715651750565, -0.0586865209043026, 0.01775096356868744, -0.022074487060308456, -0.06327183544635773, 0.00943088810890913, -0.03304538130760193, -0.04657815396785736, 0.049923840910196304, -0.003488600254058838, -0.04208392649888992, -0.02366597019135952, 0.005694321822375059, 0.004347360692918301, -0.006919541396200657, 0.10657238960266113, 0.0032441280782222748, -0.08557509630918503, -0.02708197757601738, -0.02428474649786949, 0.025895098224282265, 0.06614051014184952, -0.000500019290484488, -0.0026099029928445816, 0.0888512134552002, -0.01854308322072029, -0.032121069729328156, 0.05087568238377571, -0.13078801333904266, -0.031688183546066284, -0.01778241991996765, 0.0401337668299675, 0.009496672078967094, -0.07088550180196762, -0.02990567870438099, -0.02138257957994938, -0.060712866485118866, 0.0321958027780056, -0.03559532016515732, 0.10609724372625351, -0.0014937353553250432, -0.022609440609812737, 0.047065235674381256, -0.051826782524585724, 0.03583304211497307, 0.0081306928768754, -0.053143639117479324, 0.02431873418390751, 0.09029276669025421, 0.002706412924453616, 0.04807262495160103, 0.08362025022506714, 0.0730806216597557, -0.015487541444599628, -0.04481922835111618, -0.09315310418605804, -0.05448206141591072, 0.027333948761224747, 0.08914158493280411, -0.04808330535888672, -0.013065662235021591, 0.03886367753148079, -0.05445362254977226, 0.021329663693904877, -0.06910905241966248, 0.1000678539276123, 0.0697229877114296, -0.04824434965848923, 0.07148811221122742, 0.04404705390334129, -0.07029300183057785, 9.046710134748906e-34, 0.07625507563352585, -0.04868143051862717, 0.015985138714313507, 0.005478001199662685, -0.018354948610067368, 0.003201129613444209, 0.011349367909133434, 0.006038042716681957, 0.007279869168996811, 0.012312868610024452, -0.0774519145488739, -0.04607798904180527, -0.09197401255369186, 0.003930076025426388, -0.10317620635032654, 0.03840414434671402, -0.00868952926248312, -0.023784132674336433, -0.08249176293611526, 0.05380988121032715, -0.013024453073740005, -0.03014870546758175, 0.03286362439393997, -0.00755577627569437, 0.06029998138546944, -0.01688642054796219, 0.018712138757109642, -0.042430292814970016, 0.01088577788323164, -0.04286878928542137, -0.04699089005589485, -0.005249491892755032, -0.023956891149282455, 0.01101943664252758, 0.08094310760498047, 0.07390882074832916, 0.050283033400774, 0.07426737993955612, 0.03227464109659195, -0.026445653289556503, -0.0015347503358498216, -0.032846301794052124, 0.09271126240491867, -0.05560826137661934, 0.015083513222634792, -0.0068381670862436295, -0.05040941387414932, -0.010556792840361595, 0.04083657264709473, -0.021876616403460503, 0.048166677355766296, 0.0502326563000679, -0.016629820689558983, 0.07845213264226913, -0.06194213405251503, -0.06687866896390915, 0.00605420907959342, 0.03303338214755058, -0.004807600285857916, 0.006605118978768587, -0.017459534108638763, -0.028241300955414772, 0.013401145115494728, 0.010127229616045952, -0.0030445479787886143, 0.06970854848623276, -0.024333341047167778, -0.010265398770570755, 0.03562820330262184, 0.01160040870308876, -0.009925205260515213, 0.0036411266773939133, 0.0849502682685852, 0.014404600486159325, -0.07286269217729568, -0.015719963237643242, 0.008137485012412071, -0.0700509175658226, 0.022998632863163948, 0.10377661883831024, -0.027792910113930702, 0.0025238662492483854, 0.013383449986577034, 0.005910099949687719, -0.07871636003255844, -0.019877590239048004, 0.01030842587351799, 0.03138495981693268, 0.05264138802886009, -0.0038232675287872553, -0.016874389722943306, -0.06750330328941345, 0.020017433911561966, -0.15469194948673248, -0.07150160521268845, -3.291681729309957e-33, 0.0069267298094928265, 0.010154248215258121, -0.04319608956575394, 0.03638206422328949, 0.0021220147609710693, -0.009246434085071087, 0.04802609607577324, 0.08189141005277634, 0.0016612085746601224, -0.04761669784784317, 0.03478838503360748, 0.029910530894994736, 0.057080939412117004, -0.032237980514764786, 0.007218910846859217, 0.04507259652018547, -0.06156120449304581, 0.01960223913192749, 0.10131876170635223, 0.047714248299598694, -0.05710780248045921, -0.018391165882349014, 0.006924144923686981, 0.04211476072669029, -0.03186212107539177, -0.058300841599702835, 0.03459877148270607, -0.005146916024386883, -0.03936604782938957, -0.009905313141644001, -0.04996051639318466, 0.09345582127571106, -0.002107690554112196, -0.03915531188249588, -0.017600616440176964, 0.045796334743499756, 0.055507466197013855, -0.06719662994146347, -0.10708019882440567, 0.004974715411663055, 0.08489609509706497, -0.09850509464740753, 0.024976957589387894, -0.020889172330498695, -0.010566063225269318, 0.007716494612395763, 0.07484225183725357, -0.034030307084321976, 0.008163223043084145, 0.06636317819356918, -0.019216008484363556, -0.03585747256875038, -0.04263439401984215, 0.06312478333711624, 0.01994219608604908, -0.019892532378435135, -0.09082431346178055, 0.10529942065477371, -0.06854518502950668, -0.024244673550128937, 0.036055948585271835, -0.03244432806968689, -0.066129669547081, -0.04763580113649368, 0.025125209242105484, 0.007642506156116724, -0.00762270437553525, 0.04979747533798218, -0.03597811982035637, 0.013076956383883953, 0.012200706638395786, -0.0819592997431755, 0.06375806778669357, -0.022103071212768555, 0.12498261779546738, 0.031589407473802567, -0.0251565333455801, -0.013874778524041176, -0.02948816679418087, 0.05797593668103218, -0.02411244995892048, 0.036497220396995544, -0.0163617804646492, 0.05909622088074684, 0.07835852354764938, 0.015568459406495094, 0.027753815054893494, -0.021899640560150146, -0.14817874133586884, 0.0317244678735733, -0.042206041514873505, -0.09831681102514267, -0.09614159166812897, 0.04958280920982361, -0.016705721616744995, -4.559415955895929e-08, 0.047946251928806305, 0.03607191890478134, 0.05834323167800903, -0.0035750430542975664, -0.04596424475312233, 0.029783250764012337, 0.04813952371478081, 0.0974019393324852, 0.007564854808151722, 0.036594100296497345, -0.003595489077270031, -0.047493450343608856, -0.004211978986859322, -0.06946797668933868, -0.05559328570961952, 0.04169522225856781, 0.028377583250403404, 0.012057608924806118, -0.003445256967097521, -0.0506901852786541, 0.016462722793221474, 0.007187392562627792, -0.06252079457044601, -0.04374963790178299, 0.048092737793922424, 0.03418096899986267, 0.002494196640327573, 0.03771374747157097, -0.019050437957048416, -0.07774432748556137, 0.01161007210612297, -0.10466723889112473, 0.06972124427556992, -0.07425350695848465, 0.07777819782495499, -0.054734520614147186, 0.01393745094537735, 0.01721375249326229, -0.014261972159147263, -0.03291052579879761, -0.03335436061024666, 0.06133301556110382, -0.04340026155114174, -0.026017045602202415, 0.01870635151863098, 0.040250711143016815, -0.0827842727303505, 0.032622579485177994, -0.020303571596741676, 0.0008884162525646389, -0.06285940855741501, 0.07336629182100296, 0.051724664866924286, 0.018017273396253586, 0.09001315385103226, 0.02908623032271862, -0.05408656969666481, 0.030966347083449364, -0.11745519936084747, 0.0671423077583313, 0.04484786465764046, 0.02161446213722229, -0.10132312029600143, -0.023225409910082817]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
534
|
discovered in the form of flood-like gullies . Additional similar images were published in 2006 , taken by the Mars Global Surveyor , that suggested that water occasionally flows on the surface of Mars .The images showed changes in steep crater walls and sediment deposits, providing the strongest evidence yet that water coursed through them as recently as several years ago. There is disagreement in the scientific community as to whether or not the recent gully streaks were formed by liquid water. Some suggest the flows were merely dry sand flows. Others suggest it may be liquid brine near the surface, but the exact source of the water and the mechanism behind its motion are not understood. In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a subglacial lake on Mars, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) below the southern polar ice cap, and extending sideways about 20 km (12 mi), the first known stable body of water on the planet. The lake was discovered using the MARSIS radar on board the Mars Express orbiter, and the profiles were collected between May 2012 and December 2015. The lake is centered at 193°E, 81°S, a flat area that does not exhibit any peculiar topographic characteristics but is surrounded by higher ground, except on its eastern side, where there is a depression. However, subsequent studies disagree on whether any liquid can be present at this depth without anomalous heating from the interior of the planet. Instead, some studies propose that other factors may have led to radar signals resembling those containing liquid water, such as clays, or interference between layers of ice and dust. Silica
In May 2007, the Spirit rover disturbed a patch of ground with its inoperative wheel, uncovering an area 90% rich in silica. The feature is reminiscent of the effect of hot spring water or steam coming into contact with volcanic rocks.
|
[-0.04950835183262825, -0.014963671565055847, 0.05833687260746956, -0.024164164438843727, 0.046181388199329376, -0.0925004780292511, 0.012046457268297672, 0.05610956624150276, 0.019216224551200867, 0.06396690011024475, -0.05226984992623329, -0.01596267893910408, 0.0252494215965271, 0.013133887201547623, -0.07120447605848312, -0.016635652631521225, -0.05789274722337723, -0.06440670043230057, -0.0004852490092162043, -0.01562873087823391, 0.0011073697824031115, 0.0395728163421154, -0.026757868006825447, 0.0035315025597810745, -0.015626734122633934, 0.07290637493133545, -0.013230226933956146, 0.044226184487342834, -0.0034806665498763323, 0.03591819852590561, -0.033280786126852036, 0.0042402902618050575, -0.0201535876840353, -0.01568363793194294, 0.0851200520992279, 0.08527844399213791, 0.016355009749531746, 0.0032330004032701254, 0.03669734299182892, -0.018348220735788345, 0.06711342930793762, -0.0865587443113327, 0.08941754698753357, 0.033849965780973434, 0.012606460601091385, 0.07749056071043015, 0.028664372861385345, -0.010560703463852406, -0.046783678233623505, 0.0233929306268692, 0.010830186307430267, -0.07933757454156876, -0.028968017548322678, 0.00511883944272995, -0.11281168460845947, -0.005571938585489988, -0.0694504901766777, -0.0727289468050003, 0.06138519197702408, -0.0053139724768698215, -0.025222180411219597, -0.03673803061246872, -0.03656255081295967, -0.017401939257979393, 0.0116146020591259, -0.010933197103440762, -0.09743870794773102, -0.05649436637759209, 0.05423279479146004, 0.01652238517999649, 0.08725471049547195, 0.06607114523649216, -0.008654807694256306, -0.11892389506101608, -0.0609879270195961, -0.022576412186026573, 0.069757379591465, 0.07095105946063995, 0.006663669366389513, -0.008670467883348465, 0.06556136906147003, 0.01980789192020893, 0.040061719715595245, -0.0012061446905136108, -0.11382292956113815, -0.02143177017569542, 0.05254976451396942, 0.03822886571288109, -0.011328035034239292, -0.08325572311878204, 0.004300437401980162, 0.0005568937631323934, -0.06318272650241852, -0.0041577015072107315, -0.02891049161553383, 0.0826556533575058, 0.014584232121706009, -0.08829992264509201, 0.09043269604444504, -0.02175232395529747, -0.0020631516817957163, 0.011481601744890213, 0.019767913967370987, 0.07557451725006104, 0.07402091473340988, -0.026619184762239456, -0.041695088148117065, 0.09696727246046066, 0.06987663358449936, -0.01580488681793213, -0.10130903869867325, -0.03409230336546898, -0.018966948613524437, 0.07461732625961304, 0.036748502403497696, -0.011742198839783669, 0.030287398025393486, 0.06596489250659943, -0.10117290169000626, -0.03401932865381241, -0.01923242397606373, 0.04915213957428932, 0.009386279620230198, -0.05203027278184891, 0.09169584512710571, 0.10276646912097931, -0.05513256788253784, 8.737129003780472e-34, 0.09622309356927872, -0.06110641360282898, 0.021175071597099304, 0.014475966803729534, 0.006433419417589903, -0.005029409658163786, -0.0308476984500885, 0.0058834184892475605, -0.011048654094338417, 0.016653122380375862, -0.048057202249765396, -0.004284562077373266, -0.04234487563371658, 0.058143846690654755, -0.10108967125415802, 0.04563469812273979, 0.07229046523571014, -0.07756493240594864, -0.12457314878702164, -0.003651503473520279, -0.05127102509140968, -0.06196906790137291, 0.046430736780166626, -0.08922705054283142, 0.04129697382450104, 0.0031926515512168407, -0.01868097111582756, -0.054373785853385925, 0.030877038836479187, -0.020134564489126205, -0.030384322628378868, -0.012184037826955318, -0.03930658474564552, 0.010688710026443005, 0.06782490015029907, 0.08831243216991425, -0.0035745056811720133, 0.034381359815597534, 0.00523402402177453, 0.0028276650700718164, 0.045814115554094315, -0.019963249564170837, -0.0038117372896522284, -0.07935617864131927, 0.032618485391139984, -0.03229768946766853, -0.008620739914476871, -0.022667719051241875, 0.06021764874458313, -0.002710230415686965, 0.08225567638874054, 0.08242174237966537, -0.021326616406440735, 0.06925209611654282, 0.016496891155838966, 0.032165467739105225, -0.04024449735879898, -0.007652853149920702, 0.0057228743098676205, 0.03309095278382301, 0.005545190069824457, -0.01815299317240715, 0.016340265050530434, -0.03276647999882698, 0.024668248370289803, 0.04014142230153084, -0.025070879608392715, 0.02397194877266884, 0.0456894226372242, 0.0020265928469598293, -0.025316808372735977, -0.00029166790773160756, 0.033247776329517365, 0.03357193246483803, -0.032565824687480927, -0.044791363179683685, 0.020967459306120872, -0.04853309690952301, 0.048696741461753845, 0.10703516006469727, -0.0372614786028862, 0.02857270836830139, 0.08838054537773132, 0.014581472612917423, -0.11751201748847961, -0.041922662407159805, 0.008352604694664478, 0.005760910455137491, -0.012064616195857525, 0.008704879321157932, -0.09261932969093323, 0.02326512336730957, 0.027811165899038315, -0.07008834183216095, -0.018159087747335434, -3.092114379951011e-33, -0.0009980880422517657, -0.051472969353199005, -0.05591362714767456, 0.019373001530766487, 0.016194991767406464, -0.02227802760899067, 0.06294362992048264, 0.068565733730793, -0.030151812359690666, -0.008997758850455284, 0.0006356791709549725, 0.06418543308973312, -0.005042999051511288, -0.0019498972687870264, 0.054069146513938904, 0.00807674415409565, 0.009589307941496372, -0.010008525103330612, 0.03597591444849968, 0.00745557202026248, 0.0006691651069559157, 0.02368893101811409, 0.005442719906568527, -0.0365091934800148, 0.06542910635471344, 0.00533635076135397, 0.04691486805677414, -0.05094311386346817, -0.07916859537363052, 0.00186819804366678, -0.12519973516464233, 0.09564676880836487, 0.056399453431367874, -0.09465106576681137, -0.013934215530753136, 0.05022433400154114, 0.05038338527083397, -0.07574295252561569, -0.07034629583358765, -0.016042446717619896, 0.06171445921063423, 0.02649560011923313, 0.0550982691347599, 0.005616558715701103, 0.044555217027664185, 0.021370481699705124, 0.09462393820285797, 0.06000998616218567, -0.0577797032892704, 0.08619755506515503, -0.02273368462920189, -0.060135290026664734, -0.05510418862104416, 0.03797754645347595, 0.08665599673986435, -0.033830318599939346, -0.05211978778243065, 0.05514897033572197, -0.08760353922843933, -0.018673235550522804, -0.004578214138746262, 0.00045050570042803884, -0.11151745915412903, -0.04306744039058685, 0.061675988137722015, 0.012467896565794945, -0.007339837495237589, 0.02875625714659691, -0.03622939810156822, -0.0038622973952442408, -0.023204682394862175, -0.042921993881464005, 0.01354177389293909, -0.05977824702858925, 0.13396534323692322, 0.011826325207948685, -0.07287464290857315, -0.0045929779298603535, -0.03107769601047039, -0.02948991023004055, 0.0012747655855491757, 0.07375018298625946, -0.003951233346015215, 0.04812510311603546, 0.09812898933887482, -0.009783105924725533, -0.014091148972511292, -0.07496368139982224, -0.11826308071613312, 0.010000932030379772, -0.04461844265460968, -0.11003203690052032, -0.141843780875206, 0.06779094785451889, 0.0048432075418531895, -4.960634214512538e-08, 0.052944619208574295, 0.06439691036939621, -0.012766632251441479, -0.023831790313124657, 0.032941631972789764, 0.056709304451942444, 0.027768492698669434, 0.08185785263776779, 0.025309471413493156, -0.05048544704914093, -0.06833554059267044, -0.03742910921573639, 0.014427308924496174, -0.013537486083805561, -0.08003029227256775, 0.04302719607949257, 0.014231827110052109, -0.06055615097284317, -0.05884355306625366, 0.0026496602222323418, -0.00784957967698574, 0.04100321605801582, -0.07635234296321869, 0.007999356836080551, 0.0023551126942038536, 0.007496312726289034, 0.013605807907879353, 0.0047828019596636295, -0.06278639286756516, -0.10069029778242111, 0.018735555931925774, -0.021531926468014717, 0.06892015784978867, -0.01009924802929163, 0.1027173325419426, 0.001423720270395279, -0.001991304801777005, 0.02253381535410881, -0.013774566352367401, -0.022238167002797127, -0.007938354276120663, 0.11170193552970886, 0.021258099004626274, -0.04035449028015137, -0.039421163499355316, 0.06839872896671295, -0.04802119731903076, -0.04206353798508644, -0.0205095037817955, 0.0790860578417778, -0.03951779007911682, 0.026046276092529297, 0.08692224323749542, 0.040819015353918076, 0.0816797986626625, 0.01682485267519951, -0.0067600770853459835, -0.08611507713794708, -0.09168636798858643, 0.02055235765874386, -0.013370086438953876, -0.04235941544175148, -0.037981607019901276, -0.006332696881145239]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
535
|
ground with its inoperative wheel , uncovering an area 90 % rich in silica . The feature is reminiscent of the effect of hot spring water or steam coming into contact with volcanic rocks .Scientists consider this as evidence of a past environment that may have been favorable for microbial life and theorize that one possible origin for the silica may have been produced by the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water. Based on Earth analogs, hydrothermal systems on Mars would be highly attractive for their potential for preserving organic and inorganic biosignatures. For this reason, hydrothermal deposits are regarded as important targets in the exploration for fossil evidence of ancient Martian life. Possible biosignatures
In May 2017, evidence of the earliest known life on land on Earth may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite and other related mineral deposits (often found around hot springs and geysers) uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. These findings may be helpful in deciding where best to search for early signs of life on the planet Mars. Methane
Methane (CH4) is chemically unstable in the current oxidizing atmosphere of Mars. It would quickly break down due to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and chemical reactions with other gases. Therefore, a persistent presence of methane in the atmosphere may imply the existence of a source to continually replenish the gas. Trace amounts of methane, at the level of several parts per billion (ppb), were first reported in Mars's atmosphere by a team at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in 2003. Large differences in the abundances were measured between observations taken in 2003 and 2006, which suggested that the methane was locally concentrated and probably seasonal. On June 7, 2018, NASA announced it has detected a seasonal variation of methane levels on Mars.
|
[0.0197188388556242, -0.02621052972972393, -0.011235601268708706, -0.0011792965233325958, 0.1618102490901947, -0.022271521389484406, -0.01955912634730339, 0.01159252505749464, 0.0338023416697979, 0.06012507900595665, 0.0008053509518504143, -0.09168227016925812, -0.01734282821416855, 0.0490732379257679, 0.011104035191237926, -0.005264368839561939, -0.062256764620542526, -0.047852154821157455, 0.021905088797211647, 0.09276354312896729, 0.016831152141094208, 0.016557037830352783, -0.049884237349033356, 0.021564410999417305, -0.031025364995002747, 0.06461574882268906, -0.02490842528641224, 0.08806242048740387, -0.011171265505254269, 0.03443082794547081, -0.01677190326154232, 0.03993580490350723, 0.020110128447413445, -0.04940156266093254, 0.0722561851143837, 0.10705097019672394, -0.023535465821623802, -0.009698159992694855, -0.0071087125688791275, 0.04151231795549393, 0.029173992574214935, -0.09009107947349548, 0.1100374162197113, -0.014938742853701115, -0.06364165991544724, -0.003209998132660985, 0.08913275599479675, -0.06960216909646988, -0.01223817840218544, -0.02567252144217491, 0.012350698933005333, -0.043309371918439865, -0.009584548883140087, -0.02340567857027054, -0.10806968063116074, -0.04753153398633003, -0.05479593202471733, -0.052824441343545914, 0.004297206643968821, -0.08820468187332153, 0.055601127445697784, -0.018946435302495956, -0.01518194004893303, -0.07022573798894882, -0.01020339597016573, 0.006962629966437817, -0.002860547974705696, -0.05203196033835411, 0.07356274873018265, -0.045240942388772964, -0.04601472243666649, 0.023530609905719757, -0.05000247061252594, 0.007693045772612095, -0.04883526638150215, 0.07705662399530411, 0.12477275729179382, 0.011599009856581688, 0.0032793923746794462, -0.036200251430273056, 0.054313745349645615, 0.09443345665931702, -0.04536310210824013, -0.05113117769360542, -0.05173059180378914, 0.025575675070285797, -0.016330895945429802, 0.03876953199505806, 0.03153293952345848, -0.10927492380142212, -0.0032770533580332994, 0.02012111060321331, 0.005293713882565498, -0.017721453681588173, 0.02825777791440487, 0.06470293551683426, 0.03978073596954346, 0.00734492763876915, 0.08862587064504623, -0.07839575409889221, -0.010401887819170952, 0.005456846207380295, -0.16104575991630554, 0.06450922042131424, 0.04973689466714859, 0.012872237712144852, -0.036997564136981964, 0.13113099336624146, 0.09936287254095078, 0.021492550149559975, -0.08696617931127548, -0.012676017358899117, 0.004317932296544313, 0.00529163982719183, 0.05636954680085182, -0.0033251855056732893, 0.05662801116704941, 0.06620077043771744, -0.11232557892799377, 0.03982415795326233, -0.0014482532860711217, -0.011713717132806778, 0.047665584832429886, -0.0725819319486618, 0.045622650533914566, -0.004544711206108332, -0.06091177836060524, 3.8987037059967245e-33, 0.057497262954711914, -0.0036570345982909203, 0.014574190601706505, -0.03244730085134506, -0.010423179715871811, -0.04815678298473358, -0.05467623844742775, -0.029859619215130806, -0.02738388255238533, -0.05232591927051544, -0.00916888564825058, 0.018846562132239342, -0.06917833536863327, 0.024874430149793625, -0.09651032835245132, 0.09202884137630463, -0.016446346417069435, -0.10526426136493683, -0.020162245258688927, -0.00705308374017477, -0.11433649808168411, -0.04264090582728386, 0.04126463085412979, -0.011756553314626217, 0.040961019694805145, -0.012871567159891129, 0.04534247890114784, -0.09707576036453247, -0.04197224974632263, -0.05487430840730667, 0.01147023867815733, -0.028605202212929726, -0.1000545397400856, 0.017308024689555168, 0.04258553683757782, -0.00036903959698975086, -0.04143282771110535, 0.0589740090072155, -0.033758487552404404, 0.0012065868359059095, 0.006452903617173433, 0.016255799680948257, 0.07723288238048553, -0.034715089946985245, 0.07464687526226044, 0.0491996668279171, -0.022265886887907982, 0.10011238604784012, 0.024089939892292023, -0.031762655824422836, 0.013579021207988262, 0.05446634069085121, -0.06217144429683685, 0.07528171688318253, -0.10180410742759705, -0.043134357780218124, 0.005933465901762247, -0.03722495213150978, -0.03728500381112099, -0.0010534467874094844, 0.026009727269411087, 0.005789376329630613, 0.05789324641227722, 0.036409538239240646, -0.03539169579744339, -0.003288663923740387, 0.005779274273663759, -0.019741369411349297, 0.07477448135614395, 0.06884508579969406, -0.03485467657446861, 0.01592949405312538, 0.019731029868125916, 0.03225957602262497, -0.06549681723117828, -0.08237357437610626, 0.043526697903871536, -0.05790909007191658, 0.022459860891103745, 0.11537598818540573, 0.05127168819308281, -0.058886632323265076, 0.04386942833662033, -0.009366684593260288, -0.10450269281864166, -0.06569016724824905, -0.0009830730268731713, -0.004954589996486902, 0.02397182025015354, 0.022485187277197838, -0.04538590461015701, -0.02511686272919178, 0.03975473716855049, -0.059713296592235565, -0.1079375371336937, -4.8632684525334146e-33, 0.0276326984167099, -0.037806108593940735, 0.023982303217053413, 0.0029404684901237488, -0.03595853969454765, -0.012928296811878681, -0.03312479332089424, -0.0017813887679949403, -0.05545911565423012, -0.01888221502304077, 0.05686255916953087, 0.0434817336499691, 0.07018183916807175, -0.08179241418838501, 0.054708003997802734, 0.01653677225112915, -0.012251240201294422, -0.0028325733728706837, 0.08140842616558075, 0.014764941297471523, -0.008603480644524097, 0.04088214039802551, -0.12706905603408813, -0.030612699687480927, 0.006943236570805311, 0.0031135156750679016, 0.03678060322999954, -0.033150508999824524, -0.06961670517921448, 0.03700410947203636, -0.0870058685541153, 0.11900365352630615, -0.00952540896832943, -0.06908898800611496, 0.02435724250972271, 0.03357044979929924, 0.03602968156337738, -0.051789019256830215, -0.005954073276370764, 0.03681474179029465, 0.05907976254820824, 0.04431179165840149, 0.022870006039738655, 0.00030804824200458825, -0.04697978124022484, 0.025359030812978745, 0.0448509082198143, 0.06488149613142014, 0.05190946161746979, 0.1543518751859665, 0.09244980663061142, -0.050297677516937256, -0.09572943300008774, 0.004353687167167664, 0.03190308064222336, 0.003911313600838184, -0.08487679064273834, 0.0785011500120163, -0.0753280445933342, -0.0212303064763546, -0.008961019106209278, -0.012327449396252632, -0.046768177300691605, -0.02984772063791752, 0.0023598310071974993, 0.012821194715797901, -0.01109292171895504, 0.10638944059610367, -0.01041228324174881, 0.06215193122625351, -0.007443456444889307, 0.0013810796663165092, 0.08052279055118561, -0.025708969682455063, 0.052908554673194885, 0.032833341509103775, -0.032042957842350006, -0.07239408791065216, -0.005911569576710463, 0.03917955234646797, -0.0823184996843338, 0.019400743767619133, 0.0416630394756794, 0.033503107726573944, 0.08359627425670624, 0.011565987020730972, -0.04225963354110718, -0.008682839572429657, -0.05488752946257591, -0.008253159932792187, -0.021938106045126915, -0.08811327815055847, -0.05208567529916763, 0.06277910619974136, 0.013564780354499817, -4.8900115956485024e-08, 0.07190854847431183, -0.016575513407588005, 0.03775598108768463, 0.018319599330425262, -0.04783422872424126, 0.03984028100967407, 0.053049881011247635, 0.05567760765552521, 0.05985717102885246, 0.0009421839495189488, -0.03848836570978165, 0.012841668911278248, 0.05466991290450096, -0.08726566284894943, -0.006001559551805258, 0.02488853968679905, -0.02832719124853611, -0.011610590852797031, -0.06341686844825745, -0.0030919359996914864, 0.012502633035182953, -0.0034544705413281918, -0.028931276872754097, 0.0200413316488266, -0.02128661423921585, 0.00037277067895047367, 0.06803948432207108, 0.061650052666664124, -0.04737997427582741, -0.04168727993965149, 0.008754887618124485, -0.024337904527783394, 0.041667211800813675, -0.06323515623807907, 0.032004643231630325, -0.003939624410122633, -0.0058695110492408276, -0.023011337965726852, -0.05324218422174454, -0.03327617421746254, -0.007465551141649485, -0.00808000098913908, -0.08253166824579239, -0.03425397723913193, -0.03351004794239998, -0.04379522055387497, -0.10281307250261307, -0.047384608536958694, 0.005114433355629444, 0.01527322269976139, 0.037175677716732025, 0.004000723361968994, 0.08153177797794342, 0.002268583280965686, 0.06293299049139023, 0.012196904048323631, 0.006171639077365398, 0.00675726355984807, 0.023429464548826218, 0.04165395349264145, 0.016463426873087883, -0.002303033135831356, 0.03251325711607933, -0.05189620330929756]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
536
|
and 2006 , which suggested that the methane was locally concentrated and probably seasonal . On June 7 , 2018 , NASA announced it has detected a seasonal variation of methane levels on Mars .The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO), launched in March 2016, began on April 21, 2018, to map the concentration and sources of methane in the atmosphere, as well as its decomposition products such as formaldehyde and methanol. As of May 2019, the Trace Gas Orbiter showed that the concentration of methane is under detectable level (< 0.05 ppbv). The principal candidates for the origin of Mars's methane include non-biological processes such as water-rock reactions, radiolysis of water, and pyrite formation, all of which produce H2 that could then generate methane and other hydrocarbons via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with CO and CO2. It has also been shown that methane could be produced by a process involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars. Although geologic sources of methane such as serpentinization are possible, the lack of current volcanism, hydrothermal activity or hotspots are not favorable for geologic methane. Living microorganisms, such as methanogens, are another possible source, but no evidence for the presence of such organisms has been found on Mars, until June 2019 as methane was detected by the Curiosity rover. Methanogens do not require oxygen or organic nutrients, are non-photosynthetic, use hydrogen as their energy source and carbon dioxide (CO2) as their carbon source, so they could exist in subsurface environments on Mars. If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane, it probably resides far below the surface, where it is still warm enough for liquid water to exist.
|
[0.0030404464341700077, -0.02024512179195881, -0.03955193608999252, 0.001943430514074862, 0.15913185477256775, -0.057748544961214066, -0.012075694277882576, 0.0478983111679554, 0.015673603862524033, 0.08454946428537369, -0.021242240443825722, -0.0695127621293068, -0.06395765393972397, 0.03397638723254204, 0.02169659361243248, 0.045056797564029694, -0.02596777118742466, -0.0597209706902504, 0.04521586000919342, 0.021990815177559853, -0.00549327814951539, 0.07139891386032104, 0.027959352359175682, 0.02662377618253231, -0.06592457741498947, 0.00451066717505455, -0.028213458135724068, 0.021488960832357407, 0.000719162286259234, 0.038425371050834656, -0.008090650662779808, 0.005256902426481247, 0.07567474991083145, -0.04700741544365883, 0.040807440876960754, 0.10221462696790695, -0.011949604377150536, 0.032333631068468094, 0.017994727939367294, 0.002229885896667838, 0.001367966178804636, -0.13134974241256714, 0.08304440230131149, -0.02425059676170349, -0.04863137751817703, -0.029647452756762505, 0.07209347933530807, -0.014530466869473457, -0.09566978365182877, -0.017211880534887314, 0.019679225981235504, 0.004791290033608675, -0.04452464357018471, -0.022549057379364967, -0.05677922070026398, -0.017845090478658676, -0.04925604164600372, -0.04727262258529663, -0.01083055417984724, -0.1540459841489792, -0.004488311242312193, -0.04791228845715523, 0.008671331219375134, -0.03940257057547569, -0.009434962645173073, 0.010624377056956291, 0.04105931892991066, -0.06571575254201889, 0.10067184269428253, -0.007671373896300793, -0.0829325020313263, 0.02040897123515606, -0.026336554437875748, -0.0112115778028965, -0.06454291939735413, 0.13968606293201447, 0.14860722422599792, 0.03607555478811264, 0.07345425337553024, -0.0261679794639349, 0.011344579048454762, 0.007927159778773785, -0.03612326830625534, -0.03716118633747101, -0.04762168601155281, 0.042026087641716, -0.08558373153209686, 0.0599849633872509, 0.00386153906583786, -0.019258351996541023, -0.02406248077750206, 0.011738360859453678, 0.01966739632189274, 0.02829287014901638, -0.039034195244312286, -0.00988499354571104, 0.1116199865937233, 0.04389805719256401, 0.14121897518634796, -0.07971306890249252, -0.04448437690734863, 0.04743330925703049, -0.09586737304925919, 0.019682586193084717, -0.019558042287826538, 0.02489483542740345, 0.01738472655415535, 0.10217014700174332, 0.06784170120954514, 0.0042946781031787395, -0.05125446617603302, -0.009772665798664093, 0.03012283705174923, -0.011496021412312984, 0.06611207127571106, 0.011139830574393272, 0.00047386111691594124, 0.007887900806963444, -0.03885197639465332, 0.09442076086997986, -0.011911991983652115, 0.03795088455080986, 0.03920701891183853, -0.00785769522190094, 0.0761401578783989, -0.024962561205029488, -0.019789529964327812, -4.862026469283374e-34, 0.022037306800484657, -0.012132897973060608, 0.05957382172346115, -0.03484610840678215, 0.004075247794389725, 0.03674142435193062, -0.017984909936785698, -0.08139684051275253, -0.007358637172728777, 0.01003181841224432, -0.013613716699182987, -0.007897643372416496, -0.03261754289269447, 0.027880026027560234, -0.04672175273299217, 0.04547254741191864, -0.015231306664645672, -0.06854397058486938, -0.056518103927373886, 0.011160336434841156, -0.09526093304157257, -0.03626061975955963, -0.042122770100831985, -0.013582461513578892, 0.0553884357213974, 0.03601255640387535, 0.06623585522174835, -0.05848167836666107, -0.025087641552090645, -0.07776980847120285, -0.01314797718077898, 0.0249897800385952, -0.06684249639511108, 0.060121845453977585, 0.05419786646962166, 0.054439790546894073, -0.06741110235452652, 0.09715975821018219, -0.05535139888525009, -0.02940012514591217, 0.031023014336824417, 0.010309684090316296, 0.010383334010839462, -0.05753951892256737, 0.052217353135347366, -0.01813516579568386, 0.00833833497017622, 0.060074448585510254, 0.05353923514485359, -0.04232221469283104, 0.04326089844107628, 0.04684160649776459, -0.0445035845041275, 0.03425858914852142, 0.0007934962632134557, -0.05606603994965553, 0.009876112453639507, -0.08422669023275375, 0.006739688105881214, 0.01837034523487091, -0.016975149512290955, 0.02676163800060749, 0.03306354582309723, 0.0570913702249527, -0.08187822997570038, -0.02674238570034504, 0.019486986100673676, -0.04587412253022194, 0.04043632373213768, 0.08297788351774216, 0.028547272086143494, 0.04761010408401489, 0.08067259937524796, 0.0028112800791859627, -0.013510464690625668, -0.027027390897274017, -0.0028263304848223925, -0.10611896961927414, 0.013830511830747128, 0.06884182244539261, 0.038367390632629395, -0.05194356292486191, 0.094622403383255, -0.03383113071322441, -0.11877678334712982, -0.010877782478928566, -0.0918186828494072, 0.019605888053774834, 0.04649754613637924, 0.07770884037017822, -0.07260377705097198, -0.07920430600643158, -0.04369591176509857, 0.0019722578581422567, -0.022007906809449196, -1.4237436966945847e-33, 0.037078287452459335, 0.049515340477228165, 0.007036082912236452, -0.020581495016813278, -0.04337174445390701, 0.059767287224531174, -0.05087686702609062, -0.006768892984837294, 0.004111006855964661, -0.039439063519239426, 0.07675634324550629, 0.032512687146663666, 0.03606926649808884, -0.04102301225066185, 0.05823449417948723, -0.021685754880309105, -0.025028616189956665, 0.04043559357523918, 0.05651481822133064, -0.022842194885015488, -0.004127051215618849, -0.0058702463284134865, -0.1344892829656601, -0.0006885394686833024, 0.02824973128736019, -0.017587395384907722, 0.06747254729270935, 0.013295711949467659, -0.04924146831035614, 0.0021059501450508833, -0.06692049652338028, 0.04944109544157982, 0.019883546978235245, -0.055507514625787735, 0.06725627183914185, -0.0033156380522996187, -0.019638363271951675, -0.04488266631960869, -0.03453826531767845, 0.017220845445990562, 0.022799022495746613, 0.012274261564016342, -0.01068622712045908, 0.023853639140725136, -0.08495503664016724, 0.020691707730293274, 0.04860810562968254, 0.003951690625399351, 0.03731340914964676, 0.09893272817134857, 0.06530478596687317, -0.03834705799818039, -0.07055122405290604, 0.008229629136621952, 0.04160473868250847, 0.11029981076717377, -0.04724802449345589, 0.05121740698814392, 0.005311901681125164, -0.04512355104088783, 0.03426511213183403, -0.0028684178832918406, -0.03027879074215889, -0.07951720803976059, 0.019299745559692383, -0.05448222905397415, -0.0061228047125041485, 0.07379159331321716, -0.003118603490293026, 0.1194755807518959, 0.018950333818793297, -0.027249718084931374, 0.018068648874759674, 0.029053393751382828, 0.05411780998110771, -0.005064417142421007, -0.016080841422080994, -0.10833340138196945, -0.008086767047643661, -0.023195283487439156, -0.029633374884724617, -0.007321694400161505, 0.10471830517053604, -0.01407581940293312, 0.0721828043460846, -0.006020626984536648, -0.04941989481449127, -0.040341589599847794, -0.10590265691280365, 0.06725157052278519, -0.030544470995664597, -0.09240248799324036, -0.08088843524456024, 0.06229081004858017, -0.028615031391382217, -4.399207753635892e-08, 0.017347652465105057, -0.020852219313383102, -0.03261750563979149, 0.05542793869972229, -0.014726257883012295, 0.06911379843950272, 0.058934710919857025, 0.06176052987575531, 0.0027658226899802685, 0.0233725905418396, 0.06843774765729904, -0.02530548721551895, 0.05602778494358063, -0.07550878822803497, 0.04531407728791237, 0.018180927261710167, -0.0030138937290757895, 0.002845993498340249, -0.03366893157362938, -0.07573387026786804, -0.04613659903407097, -0.0051239002496004105, -0.08769742399454117, -0.030356435105204582, 0.008484002202749252, 0.0023094364441931248, -0.007233654148876667, 0.13249021768569946, 0.041693639010190964, -0.06595484912395477, 0.02131389081478119, -0.057095471769571304, 0.08040739595890045, -0.054164160043001175, 0.0008486268343403935, 0.009574759751558304, -0.049446068704128265, -0.05887967348098755, -0.04829554259777069, -0.004073386080563068, 0.03156134858727455, 0.043226972222328186, -0.01076954323798418, -0.004274354781955481, -0.06646794825792313, -0.05616632103919983, -0.13919761776924133, -0.06068608909845352, -0.006420826073735952, 0.01557884830981493, 0.002802029950544238, -0.01107849646359682, 0.04562027007341385, -0.026857556775212288, 0.07554294914007187, 0.02840728871524334, -0.008846793323755264, 0.04042183607816696, -0.032577965408563614, 0.005456918850541115, 0.013496827334165573, -0.005906973499804735, 0.017439933493733406, -0.05779912322759628]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
537
|
in subsurface environments on Mars . If microscopic Martian life is producing the methane , it probably resides far below the surface , where it is still warm enough for liquid water to exist .Since the 2003 discovery of methane in the atmosphere, some scientists have been designing models and in vitro experiments testing the growth of methanogenic bacteria on simulated Martian soil, where all four methanogen strains tested produced substantial levels of methane, even in the presence of 1.0wt% perchlorate salt. A team led by Levin suggested that both phenomena—methane production and degradation—could be accounted for by an ecology of methane-producing and methane-consuming microorganisms. Research at the University of Arkansas presented in June 2015 suggested that some methanogens could survive in Mars's low pressure. Rebecca Mickol found that in her laboratory, four species of methanogens survived low-pressure conditions that were similar to a subsurface liquid aquifer on Mars. The four species that she tested were Methanothermobacter wolfeii, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium formicicum, and Methanococcus maripaludis. In June 2012, scientists reported that measuring the ratio of hydrogen and methane levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of life on Mars. According to the scientists, "low H2/CH4 ratios (less than approximately 40)" would "indicate that life is likely present and active". The observed ratios in the lower Martian atmosphere were "approximately 10 times" higher "suggesting that biological processes may not be responsible for the observed CH4". The scientists suggested measuring the H2 and CH4 flux at the Martian surface for a more accurate assessment. Other scientists have recently reported methods of detecting hydrogen and methane in extraterrestrial atmospheres. Even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the seasonal source of the methane, the life forms probably reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.
|
[-0.035244300961494446, -0.04444628581404686, -0.0672280564904213, 0.016704970970749855, 0.09481069445610046, -0.06560473144054413, -0.08078618347644806, 0.03883858397603035, 0.013891490176320076, 0.04887831211090088, -0.049413032829761505, -0.15870581567287445, 0.00823213066905737, 0.03936078026890755, -0.04039270803332329, 0.015188036486506462, -0.0326586551964283, -0.05221923813223839, -0.020290017127990723, 0.06384546309709549, 0.04120425879955292, 0.10912320017814636, 0.011665517464280128, 0.005208355374634266, -0.052152857184410095, 0.024906868115067482, -0.02945270575582981, 0.04567423462867737, 0.00930648110806942, 0.03282826393842697, 0.019164064899086952, 0.032840847969055176, 0.07750628888607025, -0.027557851746678352, 0.10916857421398163, 0.08266039192676544, 0.054058004170656204, -0.00471931416541338, 0.09970171749591827, 0.08140920847654343, -0.018970472738146782, -0.04183162748813629, 0.09955381602048874, 0.01070188358426094, -0.05506106838583946, 0.002757841255515814, 0.03867996856570244, -0.030859224498271942, -0.006487230770289898, -0.09758056700229645, -0.04448596015572548, -0.019700797274708748, -0.04659394919872284, 0.03734709322452545, -0.00886552408337593, -0.052928995341062546, -0.06280498206615448, -0.04803819581866264, -0.004353315569460392, -0.10893288254737854, 0.028652047738432884, -0.009022096171975136, 0.040374401956796646, -0.06335717439651489, -0.00461786612868309, -0.006506701931357384, -0.030314605683088303, -0.0776183158159256, 0.14853541553020477, 0.014634385704994202, -0.05280357971787453, 0.03902987390756607, -0.02770545333623886, -0.004502203315496445, -0.06633836030960083, 0.0076889339834451675, 0.10506682842969894, 0.005405237898230553, 0.06173774600028992, -0.03421293944120407, 0.023988910019397736, 0.0285644568502903, -0.02689257077872753, -0.05966653674840927, -0.07250563055276871, -0.0639391764998436, -0.019930457696318626, 0.008225156925618649, 0.011518053710460663, -0.04601980373263359, -0.02039935067296028, -0.011793608777225018, -0.0019988026469945908, -0.019917123019695282, -0.0792357474565506, -0.030545674264431, 0.11592035740613937, 0.01772771216928959, 0.07314702868461609, -0.048956237733364105, 0.003955851774662733, 0.004593339748680592, -0.10570698976516724, -0.013536179438233376, 0.008134132251143456, -0.07588329166173935, 0.041103795170784, 0.07141494750976562, 0.06860636174678802, 0.07348942011594772, 0.024086233228445053, -0.013231840915977955, -0.03823666647076607, 0.0060263220220804214, 0.054250918328762054, -0.03978225216269493, 0.013477823697030544, -0.02547481842339039, -0.08080144971609116, 0.056370798498392105, 0.008256900124251842, -0.0007565870182588696, 0.06115328520536423, -0.08583066612482071, 0.10259644687175751, -0.007472045719623566, -0.04654032737016678, 3.106725774731732e-33, 0.09522870928049088, -0.06783909350633621, -0.022539233788847923, 0.031202472746372223, 0.028942426666617393, -0.01889781281352043, -0.03516556695103645, 0.03621929511427879, 0.02848329208791256, -0.028412533923983574, -0.04212785139679909, 0.004825961776077747, -0.044729262590408325, -0.03981825336813927, -0.11538948863744736, 0.08649304509162903, -0.07415609806776047, -0.08291836082935333, -0.07205479592084885, 0.04206639528274536, -0.08853913098573685, -0.014291638508439064, 0.038999710232019424, 0.003567635314539075, 0.03547944501042366, -0.021402250975370407, 0.03045147843658924, -0.06550057977437973, 0.039076484739780426, -0.011362445540726185, -0.015975873917341232, -0.030266758054494858, -0.15566590428352356, 0.004943924490362406, 0.012268336489796638, 0.09287449717521667, -0.0756031796336174, 0.031406667083501816, -0.027405107393860817, -0.017365306615829468, -0.013763189315795898, 0.033719904720783234, 0.10266506671905518, -0.07447902113199234, 0.048140060156583786, 0.07041953504085541, -0.041990187019109726, 0.0763712078332901, 0.03860705345869064, -0.03820699825882912, 0.005570872221142054, 0.013413751497864723, 0.055789556354284286, -0.0040834816172719, -0.040906649082899094, -0.029235050082206726, 0.023628925904631615, -0.022027797996997833, 0.004990969784557819, 0.08156856894493103, -0.05601636320352554, 0.059710267931222916, -0.03717874363064766, 0.08365055918693542, -0.08321601152420044, -0.006431054323911667, -0.002770388498902321, -0.021008672192692757, 0.0895993635058403, 0.07261356711387634, -0.02884366735816002, -0.01189317274838686, -0.02367454394698143, 0.053498268127441406, -0.07596434652805328, -0.07246273756027222, 0.05189637839794159, -0.030239103361964226, 0.0611935518682003, 0.04010870307683945, 0.0993906632065773, -0.019780077040195465, 0.08883350342512131, -0.04054999351501465, -0.11842560768127441, -0.004725601989775896, -0.05050242692232132, 0.002597822342067957, 0.0026827380061149597, 0.03405744954943657, -0.0415174663066864, -0.057103000581264496, 0.03016951121389866, -0.09366823732852936, -0.021531270816922188, -3.683073961017761e-33, -0.0013023273786529899, 0.017355019226670265, -0.055926613509655, -0.008995621465146542, -0.021712716668844223, 0.06519919633865356, -0.056942522525787354, -0.0073804366402328014, 0.006293336395174265, -0.09778286516666412, 0.1032775342464447, 0.026755593717098236, 0.0632677674293518, -0.005331170745193958, 0.003925640136003494, 0.01316660363227129, -0.02811420150101185, 0.024093035608530045, 0.031056281179189682, -0.023025332018733025, 0.002335208933800459, 0.014039859175682068, -0.11606201529502869, -0.07847198843955994, -0.026494022458791733, -0.012228928506374359, 0.04516129940748215, -0.004464956000447273, -0.012952114455401897, -0.010129203088581562, 0.04158693552017212, 0.04797917976975441, -0.05147086828947067, -0.04481152072548866, -0.04225866496562958, -0.002430757274851203, -0.01572415418922901, -0.07810606062412262, -0.05043567344546318, -0.010162192396819592, 0.09608868509531021, 0.03197263181209564, -0.007046141661703587, 0.0370737686753273, -0.012215002439916134, 0.016628550365567207, -0.010105629451572895, -0.08233906328678131, 0.054605789482593536, 0.07205608487129211, 0.022144801914691925, -0.08625157177448273, -0.09347329288721085, -0.022885886952280998, -0.010521919466555119, 0.045215070247650146, -0.03619838505983353, 0.0971502810716629, 0.01842821203172207, -0.0116497203707695, -5.515053271665238e-05, -0.012174244038760662, -0.007471907418221235, -0.021891769021749496, 0.0005841836100444198, 0.0075274500995874405, 0.03828970342874527, 0.05507304146885872, 0.04876605048775673, 0.04123561456799507, 0.030014589428901672, 0.023636184632778168, 0.09417843818664551, -0.01618039794266224, 0.028538469225168228, 0.026782894507050514, -0.07478922605514526, -0.02770695649087429, 0.0028263702988624573, 0.05102631449699402, -0.012657906860113144, -0.0006862938753329217, 0.07332596182823181, 0.08129337430000305, 0.05218308046460152, -0.00290393503382802, 0.05682065710425377, -0.03183645009994507, -0.09874449670314789, 0.08126038312911987, -0.027123751118779182, -0.08583682030439377, -0.03970733657479286, 0.029607143253087997, 0.06109695881605148, -4.108240503342131e-08, 0.06523917615413666, -0.030788691714406013, 0.009943006560206413, 0.01061421912163496, -0.027128711342811584, 0.09346286952495575, 0.011165417730808258, 0.05017837882041931, 0.035194579511880875, 0.04854221269488335, -0.010310318320989609, 0.03405337780714035, 0.04341660439968109, -0.007687385659664869, -0.03993622958660126, 0.03616951406002045, 0.008192374370992184, -0.06976225227117538, -0.04988742247223854, 0.009598135016858578, -0.03634828329086304, 0.019703513011336327, -0.026965733617544174, 0.02555680274963379, 0.05127490684390068, -0.00045172753743827343, 0.024381518363952637, 0.07595541328191757, -0.03036285936832428, -0.07468295842409134, -0.02567935921251774, 0.009948966093361378, 0.005636892281472683, -0.059121668338775635, -0.0071202428080141544, -0.045367639511823654, -0.05214320495724678, -0.0025733085349202156, -0.0014569694176316261, 0.026844434440135956, 0.006972968112677336, 0.04003138467669487, -0.062100622802972794, 0.009960567578673363, 0.04238969460129738, -0.02061890810728073, -0.15461747348308563, 0.028357477858662605, -0.030054980888962746, 0.00526230176910758, 0.05131009221076965, 0.03906864672899246, 0.060893379151821136, 0.04261072725057602, 3.9066935642040335e-06, 0.030660390853881836, -0.015439755283296108, 0.02085162326693535, -0.0548245906829834, 0.027064748108386993, 0.045811641961336136, 0.03162606805562973, 0.00017620781727600843, 0.0016625276766717434]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
538
|
. Even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the seasonal source of the methane , the life forms probably reside far below the surface , outside of the rover 's reach .Formaldehyde
In February 2005, it was announced that the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) on the European Space Agency's Mars Express Orbiter had detected traces of formaldehyde in the atmosphere of Mars. Vittorio Formisano, the director of the PFS, has speculated that the formaldehyde could be the byproduct of the oxidation of methane and, according to him, would provide evidence that Mars is either extremely geologically active or harboring colonies of microbial life. NASA scientists consider the preliminary findings well worth a follow-up but have also rejected the claims of life. Viking lander biological experiments
The 1970s Viking program placed two identical landers on the surface of Mars tasked to look for biosignatures of microbial life on the surface. The 'Labeled Release' (LR) experiment gave a positive result for metabolism, while the gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer did not detect organic compounds. The LR was a specific experiment designed to test only a narrowly defined critical aspect of the theory concerning the possibility of life on Mars; therefore, the overall results were declared inconclusive. No Mars lander mission has found meaningful traces of biomolecules or biosignatures. The claim of extant microbial life on Mars is based on old data collected by the Viking landers, currently reinterpreted as sufficient evidence of life, mainly by Gilbert Levin, Joseph D. Miller, Navarro, Giorgio Bianciardi and Patricia Ann Straat. Assessments published in December 2010 by Rafael Navarro-Gonzáles indicate that organic compounds "could have been present" in the soil analyzed by both Viking 1 and 2.
|
[-0.04883487522602081, -0.014382315799593925, -0.0451480969786644, 0.017204059287905693, 0.2241150587797165, -0.07416921108961105, -0.04359447956085205, 0.04494576156139374, 0.03922903165221214, 0.0795358419418335, 0.042368508875370026, -0.04441281408071518, -0.021978694945573807, 0.06928148865699768, -0.025595732033252716, 0.0038771070539951324, -0.09106484055519104, -0.07330730557441711, 0.006329669617116451, 0.09455227106809616, -0.01077236607670784, 0.07050108909606934, 0.0018677156185731292, 0.030246524140238762, 0.0034421291202306747, 0.026744764298200607, -0.035261668264865875, 0.04396078735589981, -0.014593367464840412, 0.04022982716560364, 0.0516820065677166, 0.06851964443922043, 0.015568122267723083, -0.03568686544895172, 0.07632247358560562, 0.11805813759565353, -0.02588530071079731, 0.0023743989877402782, 0.0007669769693166018, 0.030334051698446274, -0.017900127917528152, -0.15833435952663422, 0.0523771233856678, -0.053672030568122864, -0.06380893290042877, 0.016866156831383705, 0.029744891449809074, -0.05897882580757141, -0.07161896675825119, 0.02624286524951458, 0.0058541083708405495, 0.01929589733481407, 0.004231174010783434, -0.05156019702553749, -0.07041362673044205, -0.06290588527917862, -0.046628668904304504, -0.02758687362074852, -0.01850193552672863, -0.11601448059082031, -0.010979246348142624, -0.03631853684782982, -0.030311835929751396, -0.022113418206572533, 0.0262749046087265, 0.010435783304274082, 0.022477054968476295, -0.07861883193254471, 0.05964495986700058, -0.07193738222122192, -0.08918346464633942, -0.028483211994171143, -0.059761546552181244, 0.05170569568872452, -0.0009945019846782088, 0.04208917170763016, -0.010312248952686787, 0.016408085823059082, 0.03483032435178757, -0.05788777396082878, 0.08135315775871277, 0.002119541633874178, -0.0879756286740303, 0.033563148230314255, -0.07843191176652908, -0.013803630135953426, -0.03908767178654671, 0.05418539419770241, -0.009386551566421986, -0.01535526942461729, 0.017750633880496025, -0.026205848902463913, 0.021255046129226685, 0.037473611533641815, -0.08199130743741989, 0.005458336789160967, 0.07419107109308243, 0.08935244381427765, 0.09055729955434799, -0.034991174936294556, -0.04105384647846222, 0.014765913598239422, -0.13914915919303894, 0.005299921613186598, -0.06888813525438309, -0.05047064274549484, -0.01820799522101879, 0.07989636808633804, 0.12995178997516632, -0.0024397410452365875, 0.008202623575925827, 0.020522497594356537, -0.02954261563718319, 0.009961232542991638, 0.05574623495340347, -0.03101094253361225, 0.042032744735479355, 0.0049355593509972095, -0.031809139996767044, 0.031773582100868225, 0.003784486558288336, 0.017906496301293373, 0.07563909888267517, -0.06644891947507858, 0.13227224349975586, 0.013482503592967987, -0.0242927223443985, 1.2206097321713507e-33, 0.014566706493496895, -0.005376274231821299, 0.00964315328747034, -0.021553512662649155, -0.014200998470187187, -0.06613195687532425, -0.07561385631561279, -0.016958575695753098, 0.10170349478721619, 0.017258798703551292, -0.02431577444076538, -0.005528503563255072, -0.022746914997696877, -0.03746446222066879, -0.04178917035460472, 0.08900852501392365, -0.06873597949743271, -0.05094520375132561, -0.03483712673187256, 0.04746099188923836, -0.004948185756802559, -0.049536675214767456, 0.03787226229906082, 0.01940213143825531, 0.08485899120569229, -0.0032104395795613527, -0.006433050148189068, -0.03592549264431, -0.012066356837749481, -0.059170037508010864, 0.010471326299011707, -0.003056473331525922, -0.07401340454816818, 0.008706039749085903, 0.06519027054309845, 0.04504496976733208, -0.057749632745981216, 0.049036286771297455, -0.08408511430025101, -0.06706199795007706, 0.031493064016103745, 0.0028950709383934736, 0.06992102414369583, -0.035568028688430786, 0.03990462049841881, -0.006797417998313904, -0.09610965847969055, 0.0729745402932167, 0.0049179717898368835, -0.005421672482043505, 0.09232815355062485, 0.023525847122073174, 0.02398218959569931, 0.035186730325222015, -0.01840541511774063, 0.03474261239171028, -0.002034029457718134, -0.04154297709465027, -0.008656345307826996, 0.06129904463887215, -0.01193358562886715, 0.061237677931785583, 0.06381460279226303, 0.03753841668367386, -0.014873601496219635, -0.060096826404333115, 0.005049520637840033, -0.01978016085922718, 0.03038484789431095, 0.06170380115509033, -0.00889875739812851, 0.02399042621254921, 0.07644890993833542, -0.010845009237527847, -0.019072243943810463, -0.0609920397400856, -0.08171167969703674, -0.03772351145744324, -0.016675924882292747, 0.002170057501643896, 0.08138676732778549, -0.071196548640728, 0.06255491077899933, 0.020263871178030968, -0.1092091053724289, -0.022945208474993706, -0.04481619969010353, -0.026587383821606636, 0.020966002717614174, -0.00760594243183732, -0.02359384298324585, -0.074672169983387, -0.00314381648786366, -0.07650667428970337, -0.04053822532296181, -2.6379950146184446e-33, -0.019282551482319832, -0.017392918467521667, -0.009305668994784355, 0.0400632843375206, 0.009957404807209969, 0.03324373438954353, -0.03251216188073158, 0.0055677746422588825, 0.0179872028529644, 0.025660494342446327, 0.12069759517908096, 0.07597455382347107, 8.82461536093615e-05, -0.013056457042694092, 0.04758099094033241, 0.01582743600010872, -0.0335102453827858, 0.016373999416828156, 0.021598482504487038, 0.01807534508407116, -0.003648084122687578, 0.006199445575475693, -0.08775712549686432, -0.014316683635115623, 0.03116697631776333, 0.05007690191268921, 0.06527967751026154, -0.008517962880432606, 0.012347282841801643, -0.004179141018539667, -0.023709887638688087, 0.07347287237644196, 0.01927327737212181, -0.053596653044223785, 0.11088825017213821, -0.027153626084327698, 0.014138433150947094, -0.028665071353316307, -0.04245530068874359, -0.012060480192303658, 0.026606034487485886, 0.05223413184285164, -0.071990467607975, 0.004643318243324757, -0.050203703343868256, -0.020693160593509674, -0.00021403490973170847, -0.02848326787352562, 0.04892090708017349, 0.06617410480976105, 0.0502413734793663, 0.059774648398160934, -0.08437547087669373, 0.0007890048436820507, 0.01038087997585535, 0.06265179812908173, -0.036003228276968, 0.04738477244973183, 0.04263617843389511, -0.009268958121538162, -0.016667569056153297, -0.053129199892282486, -0.07217421382665634, -0.0014839296927675605, -0.01666712947189808, -0.005205236375331879, -0.007781073916703463, 0.042861342430114746, 0.028585165739059448, 0.0357164591550827, 0.04899846762418747, -0.037373244762420654, 0.07490625232458115, 0.0431513749063015, 0.034198835492134094, -0.019990069791674614, -0.010789675638079643, -0.10234621167182922, -0.022276194766163826, 0.06514628231525421, -0.05976700037717819, -0.10174610465765, 0.05406413599848747, 0.027197523042559624, 0.09210816770792007, -0.08603369444608688, -0.056792594492435455, -0.01374322734773159, -0.1037382036447525, -0.012636695057153702, 0.027675164863467216, -0.08417806774377823, 0.001953731058165431, 0.039989322423934937, -0.00043776145321317017, -4.686454602165213e-08, 0.04855760559439659, -0.02621801383793354, 0.020834162831306458, 0.005454618949443102, -0.00023619996500201523, 0.01868167333304882, 0.06012662872672081, 0.044951703399419785, -0.04791637137532234, 0.007549248170107603, 0.047780923545360565, 0.026625478640198708, -0.04157419875264168, -0.013374526984989643, 0.07641129195690155, -0.0026985015720129013, 0.03230559080839157, 0.03170674666762352, -0.10641460120677948, -0.03263930603861809, -0.054530370980501175, 0.008681027218699455, -0.11208148300647736, -0.02064015343785286, 0.012151968665421009, 0.0087589705362916, 0.037240169942379, 0.07140954583883286, 0.04139634966850281, -0.0475822277367115, 0.01768191158771515, 0.024850327521562576, 0.027988482266664505, -0.010541551746428013, -0.0024638392496854067, -0.005812331102788448, -0.037900425493717194, 0.012783312238752842, 0.020661847665905952, 0.059405259788036346, -0.11472586542367935, 0.06308437883853912, -0.16693785786628723, 0.024048246443271637, 0.025182554498314857, -0.0002919243706855923, -0.10842086374759674, -0.06265560537576675, -0.05963374674320221, 0.02918510138988495, 0.07379575073719025, 0.010390679351985455, 0.01099793054163456, 0.01239562314003706, 0.007191975601017475, 0.060165442526340485, 0.005682232324033976, 0.025949029251933098, -0.022070474922657013, -0.0354180671274662, 0.010789577849209309, 0.05418955907225609, 0.03567763417959213, -0.09014872461557388]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
539
|
Bianciardi and Patricia Ann Straat . Assessments published in December 2010 by Rafael Navarro-Gonzáles indicate that organic compounds `` could have been present '' in the soil analyzed by both Viking 1 and 2 .The study determined that perchlorate—discovered in 2008 by Phoenix lander—can destroy organic compounds when heated, and produce chloromethane and dichloromethane as a byproduct, the identical chlorine compounds discovered by both Viking landers when they performed the same tests on Mars. Because perchlorate would have broken down any Martian organics, the question of whether or not Viking found organic compounds is still wide open. The Labeled Release evidence was not generally accepted initially, and, to this day lacks the consensus of the scientific community. Meteorites
As of 2018, there are 224 known Martian meteorites (some of which were found in several fragments). These are valuable because they are the only physical samples of Mars available to Earth-bound laboratories. Some researchers have argued that microscopic morphological features found in ALH84001 are biomorphs, however this interpretation has been highly controversial and is not supported by the majority of researchers in the field. Seven criteria have been established for the recognition of past life within terrestrial geologic samples. Those criteria are:
Is the geologic context of the sample compatible with past life? Is the age of the sample and its stratigraphic location compatible with possible life? Does the sample contain evidence of cellular morphology and colonies? Is there any evidence of biominerals showing chemical or mineral disequilibria? Is there any evidence of stable isotope patterns unique to biology? Are there any organic biomarkers present? Are the features indigenous to the sample? For general acceptance of past life in a geologic sample, essentially most or all of these criteria must be met. All seven criteria have not yet been met for any of the Martian samples.
|
[-0.03638418763875961, 0.026114169508218765, 0.032801687717437744, -0.03158379718661308, 0.155784472823143, -0.06228706240653992, 0.019123734906315804, 0.01278902031481266, 0.04669642075896263, 0.036401573568582535, -0.02722327597439289, -0.07582339644432068, 0.016181666404008865, 0.006365491077303886, -0.0428750216960907, 0.04439517483115196, -0.052798908203840256, -0.048937682062387466, 0.02179926261305809, 0.14089831709861755, -0.03321810066699982, 0.10069303959608078, -0.056869469583034515, 0.06631593406200409, 0.021350177004933357, 0.12456736713647842, -0.0295867919921875, 0.024530043825507164, 0.02751895785331726, -0.011813260614871979, 0.05277780443429947, 0.08196596056222916, 0.0663592591881752, -0.028156206011772156, 0.06122137978672981, 0.09554948657751083, -0.02632850967347622, -0.029037412256002426, 0.01804005727171898, 0.030336841940879822, -0.0008181292796507478, -0.08191077411174774, 0.04493206739425659, -0.08233533054590225, -0.060772478580474854, 0.017364487051963806, -0.006193622015416622, -0.04109020531177521, -0.016121702268719673, 0.060971699655056, 0.0057160076685249805, -0.032743483781814575, -0.006302281282842159, 0.006508298683911562, -0.01079823262989521, -0.10908525437116623, -0.03890347108244896, -0.005035003647208214, 0.012772925198078156, -0.07902746647596359, 0.004048886243253946, -0.011483956128358841, -0.06229346990585327, -0.04281201586127281, -0.03531248867511749, -0.007510102819651365, -0.04224750027060509, -0.12309502810239792, 0.04823511838912964, -0.06501313298940659, 0.03744872286915779, 0.04652830958366394, 0.027425255626440048, 0.012106530368328094, -9.165939263766631e-05, 0.10500665754079819, 0.07743000239133835, -0.021883511915802956, -0.06050225719809532, -0.07385088503360748, 0.023503154516220093, 0.008241158910095692, 4.115113915759139e-05, -0.03236328810453415, -0.04079515486955643, 0.04092203825712204, -0.0557488314807415, 0.07107897847890854, -0.0007931974250823259, -0.01888829842209816, 0.03465208038687706, 0.03864861652255058, 0.06191043183207512, -0.03856644406914711, -0.036028217524290085, 0.09675999730825424, 0.05066366121172905, 0.023563778027892113, 0.06849133223295212, -0.012805264443159103, 0.000617699755821377, 0.03496166691184044, -0.11778777837753296, -0.014399404637515545, -0.04346562922000885, -0.07069268077611923, -0.004480957984924316, 0.028495822101831436, 0.06201991066336632, -0.041573815047740936, 0.01138823851943016, -0.04481199383735657, -0.0012850625207647681, -0.049609050154685974, 0.015265386551618576, -0.01084066554903984, 0.032678570598363876, -0.012833774089813232, -0.07453138381242752, -0.0035478463396430016, -0.05001404136419296, 0.06451977044343948, 0.08581580221652985, 0.00874099787324667, 0.11688477545976639, 0.08627911657094955, -0.07393816113471985, 4.1411402323042055e-33, 0.09830595552921295, 0.040100328624248505, -0.021370667964220047, 0.029167329892516136, -0.04023720696568489, -0.025686264038085938, -0.07857652753591537, -0.006106142420321703, 0.06376786530017853, -0.13249006867408752, 0.002105852821841836, -0.03612319380044937, -0.01976597309112549, -0.05385560542345047, -0.0281455609947443, 0.06926030665636063, 0.03786420449614525, -0.06813209503889084, 0.0026536963414400816, 0.013665108010172844, -0.049493830651044846, -0.009174772538244724, 0.0006039891741238534, 0.0856797993183136, 0.05511798337101936, -0.00030001901905052364, 0.010557332076132298, -0.08366037905216217, -0.005580523982644081, -0.031812962144613266, 0.035696081817150116, -0.007171830162405968, -0.09363634884357452, 0.06451831012964249, 0.015202931128442287, 0.046623438596725464, -0.07075813412666321, 0.012839634902775288, -0.031256407499313354, -0.0016795695992186666, 0.022931290790438652, -0.01734987273812294, 0.007343529723584652, -0.06124838814139366, 0.05781862884759903, -0.08366156369447708, -0.055349625647068024, 0.0660104751586914, -2.8103599106543697e-05, -0.0050829071551561356, 0.025176124647259712, 0.05978142097592354, 0.021475384011864662, -0.0030186548829078674, -0.10171189904212952, 0.03502746671438217, 0.022025754675269127, -0.07082037627696991, 0.04239557310938835, 0.05892292410135269, 0.0610005185008049, 0.1072205975651741, 0.02166115492582321, 0.002922456245869398, 0.012075136415660381, -0.020874084904789925, 0.012624051421880722, 0.02050098404288292, 0.02550477720797062, 0.03628161922097206, 0.011574353091418743, -0.015547100454568863, 0.04073122516274452, 0.05986489728093147, 0.00020306964870542288, -0.053288575261831284, -0.007299339864403009, -0.08503670990467072, 0.08408289402723312, 0.07182899862527847, 0.07257869839668274, 0.006352795287966728, 0.09460858255624771, -0.022040145471692085, -0.16296549141407013, -0.009120234288275242, 0.03285336121916771, -0.023109301924705505, 0.026374805718660355, 0.009105824865400791, -0.017818747088313103, -0.06125538796186447, -0.059391651302576065, -0.1529989093542099, -0.11832086741924286, -5.41105433014637e-33, -0.01935744099318981, -0.06811480224132538, -0.016747834160923958, 0.037763793021440506, -0.032935772091150284, -0.014827311970293522, -0.10782117396593094, -0.010040262714028358, -0.029116638004779816, -0.08333152532577515, 0.10474778711795807, 0.06923002749681473, -0.003649509511888027, -0.09333180636167526, 0.03070320188999176, 0.025551361963152885, 0.016689613461494446, 0.008166009560227394, 0.03151562809944153, -0.005099235102534294, -0.04779459908604622, -0.03325999528169632, -0.0315236896276474, -0.0015045702457427979, 0.0038504931144416332, -0.0017591530922800303, 0.056130580604076385, -0.07340705394744873, 0.06271267682313919, -0.021762248128652573, -0.035920508205890656, 0.11220426857471466, 7.33768247300759e-05, -0.001315137604251504, 0.03895086422562599, 0.014675322920084, -0.00330431223846972, -0.0795481726527214, -0.03288708254694939, -0.015404815785586834, -0.002313633682206273, 0.024585803970694542, -0.022958319634199142, 0.0012800259282812476, -0.025271931663155556, -0.05582927167415619, 0.02295287884771824, 0.07510431110858917, 0.03549528494477272, 0.03683841973543167, 0.02923651970922947, 0.017292696982622147, -0.07170990854501724, -0.022819697856903076, 0.019717149436473846, -0.011192712001502514, -0.008652410469949245, 0.06769684702157974, 0.041611794382333755, -0.03740198165178299, -0.012537704780697823, 0.025129349902272224, -0.0826302021741867, 0.03908170387148857, 0.02471115253865719, 0.017130160704255104, -0.014544944278895855, 0.0770798772573471, -0.01609252206981182, -0.011605911888182163, 0.023454563692212105, -0.03312014788389206, 0.09285802394151688, -0.05851924046874046, 0.01631269045174122, 0.015127401798963547, 0.005635592620819807, -0.03866054117679596, -0.018117740750312805, -0.0495210736989975, -0.029950009658932686, -0.015931056812405586, 0.05470792576670647, 0.01707533746957779, 0.06213619187474251, 0.03232807293534279, -0.02626454271376133, -0.012131172232329845, -0.14833779633045197, -0.017001383006572723, -0.03991637006402016, -0.08088439702987671, -0.009879039600491524, 0.09899094700813293, 0.07965351641178131, -5.134816305485401e-08, 0.07627715915441513, 0.014993558637797832, -0.022736553102731705, -0.03222305327653885, 0.006089266389608383, -0.012229121290147305, 0.053518977016210556, 0.06595461815595627, -0.004821693059056997, 0.012846876867115498, -0.019711798056960106, -0.013168521225452423, 0.0012964692432433367, -0.025515371933579445, 0.010481010191142559, 0.026497500017285347, 0.027774019166827202, -0.08030518144369125, -0.0866987407207489, 0.010349834337830544, -0.013294115662574768, -0.01111060194671154, -0.08504694700241089, -0.03898119553923607, 0.017487971112132072, 0.01663799211382866, 0.00989535916596651, -0.005669751204550266, 0.028416039422154427, -0.021213475614786148, 0.010662061162292957, -0.014506136998534203, 0.0004829768731724471, -0.11388996988534927, 0.13061058521270752, -0.03488421067595482, -0.01029947493225336, -0.014697020873427391, 0.010134276933968067, 0.03822416439652443, -0.0386432483792305, -0.0007999152294360101, -0.10562928766012192, 0.020297518000006676, -0.04175190627574921, -0.04727108031511307, -0.044168584048748016, -0.036366596817970276, -0.01662142388522625, -0.009221025742590427, 0.06089358031749725, 0.01163946557790041, 0.0936691090464592, -0.00675465352833271, -0.0009633167064748704, 0.0488320030272007, 0.05669809877872467, -0.021973978728055954, 0.03075573779642582, -0.06042969226837158, 0.030222207307815552, -0.06031658872961998, 0.03147196024656296, -0.015715235844254494]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
540
|
acceptance of past life in a geologic sample , essentially most or all of these criteria must be met . All seven criteria have not yet been met for any of the Martian samples .ALH84001
In 1996, the Martian meteorite ALH84001, a specimen that is much older than the majority of Martian meteorites that have been recovered so far, received considerable attention when a group of NASA scientists led by David S. McKay reported microscopic features and geochemical anomalies that they considered to be best explained by the rock having hosted Martian bacteria in the distant past. Some of these features resembled terrestrial bacteria, aside from their being much smaller than any known form of life. Much controversy arose over this claim, and ultimately all of the evidence McKay's team cited as evidence of life was found to be explainable by non-biological processes. Although the scientific community has largely rejected the claim ALH 84001 contains evidence of ancient Martian life, the controversy associated with it is now seen as a historically significant moment in the development of exobiology. Nakhla
The Nakhla meteorite fell on Earth on June 28, 1911, on the locality of Nakhla, Alexandria, Egypt. In 1998, a team from NASA's Johnson Space Center obtained a small sample for analysis. Researchers found preterrestrial aqueous alteration phases and objects of the size and shape consistent with Earthly fossilized nanobacteria. Analysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) studied its high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 2000, and NASA scientists concluded that as much as 75% of the organic compounds in Nakhla "may not be recent terrestrial contamination". This caused additional interest in this meteorite, so in 2006, NASA managed to obtain an additional and larger sample from the London Natural History Museum. On this second sample, a large dendritic carbon content was observed.
|
[-0.09620045870542526, 0.06994233280420303, 0.0461495965719223, 0.06684809178113937, 0.08763331919908524, -0.07299812138080597, -0.024241290986537933, 0.02991456910967827, -0.008982634171843529, 0.08352692425251007, 0.017027923837304115, -0.10299002379179001, -0.013551217503845692, 0.06359273940324783, -0.0035173743963241577, 8.438278746325523e-05, -0.04713323339819908, -0.04224630445241928, -0.05666614696383476, 0.10477861762046814, -0.05223114416003227, 0.06218615174293518, -0.01296118926256895, 0.042163461446762085, 0.0021153774578124285, 0.07941043376922607, -0.01378624141216278, 0.053053975105285645, -0.036442261189222336, 0.01632586121559143, 0.013547997921705246, 0.028916189447045326, 0.02024434693157673, -0.02810046449303627, 0.12389934062957764, 0.10321604460477829, -0.007597772404551506, 0.014430818147957325, -0.005602946039289236, -0.013064449653029442, 0.03645600751042366, -0.04135192185640335, 0.10494661331176758, -0.03952246904373169, -0.08629529923200607, -0.021396320313215256, 0.028604961931705475, -0.021548477932810783, 0.03706768900156021, 0.04832196235656738, -0.06739918142557144, -0.051445167511701584, 0.023102128878235817, -0.018312539905309677, 0.025405175983905792, -0.06549182534217834, -0.04562494158744812, -0.05298873782157898, 0.033422376960515976, -0.07988311350345612, 0.011692371219396591, -0.040052298456430435, -0.009473385289311409, -0.004030550364404917, 0.031981926411390305, -0.014567680656909943, 0.0109000438824296, -0.16779905557632446, 0.061987437307834625, -0.006361321080476046, 0.03194341063499451, 0.026518043130636215, -0.026572618633508682, 0.08543471246957779, -0.020373420789837837, 0.08457399159669876, 0.11469415575265884, -0.006439174525439739, -0.05875281244516373, -0.02449718676507473, 0.042454201728105545, 0.03918951377272606, -0.040617406368255615, -0.08424435555934906, -0.05091302841901779, 0.0007303888560272753, -0.06661715358495712, 0.08266406506299973, -0.029948338866233826, -0.03806980699300766, 0.036847446113824844, 0.0032746256329119205, 0.04694243147969246, -0.035064905881881714, 0.02075136825442314, 0.014112510718405247, 0.04174205660820007, 0.017327232286334038, 0.0908476859331131, 0.003939691931009293, -0.005167730152606964, -0.02294597029685974, -0.09589088708162308, 0.06979746371507645, 0.03833553567528725, -0.09211069345474243, -0.017727838829159737, -0.004913571290671825, -0.002134294481948018, 0.06821061670780182, 0.014464146457612514, -0.027426132932305336, -0.05235801637172699, 0.02641664631664753, 0.05357751250267029, -0.0759143978357315, -0.017596354708075523, 0.04491841793060303, -0.11404021084308624, -0.04234558343887329, -0.060656387358903885, 0.013169453479349613, 0.06126386672258377, -0.055759247392416, 0.06460904330015182, 0.03176238015294075, -0.045697782188653946, 2.5046370172275793e-33, 0.11689262837171555, -0.05281343311071396, -0.03167857602238655, -0.021783359348773956, 0.011611200869083405, -0.03727950528264046, -0.035043973475694656, 0.06067388132214546, 0.04562695324420929, -0.040599334985017776, -0.01816360279917717, -0.0038074676413089037, 0.02918158285319805, -0.06881429255008698, -0.09418626129627228, 0.09388560056686401, -0.029507210478186607, -0.08695613592863083, -0.029547780752182007, 0.04801783710718155, -0.0864948183298111, -0.041760269552469254, 0.022910112515091896, 0.01938873715698719, 0.04696182161569595, 0.03710193559527397, 0.026408391073346138, -0.0862312838435173, -0.04340151324868202, -0.031183838844299316, 0.019046781584620476, 0.0032318015582859516, -0.0990922749042511, -0.04289359971880913, 0.03770148754119873, 0.02463165484368801, -0.045400574803352356, 0.008083858527243137, -0.02534051053225994, -0.054250624030828476, 0.014385366812348366, -0.001237596501596272, -0.007779467850923538, -0.03241923078894615, 0.008032958023250103, -0.019872136414051056, -0.022016361355781555, 0.06698641180992126, 0.027747200801968575, -0.029167575761675835, 0.09553780406713486, 0.016277406364679337, 0.028962204232811928, 0.0256272591650486, -0.06601827591657639, 0.0011722887866199017, 0.003678663168102503, -0.07103923708200455, -0.00876539759337902, 0.05643143132328987, 0.09513871371746063, 0.02031199261546135, 0.039663225412368774, 0.0378313809633255, -0.022460851818323135, 0.008170572109520435, 0.003143379697576165, -0.005818464327603579, 0.036724772304296494, 0.021856624633073807, 0.030765190720558167, -0.0005828691646456718, -0.011797686107456684, 0.019387749955058098, -0.0764942616224289, -0.04373308643698692, 0.007841585204005241, -0.03642550855875015, 0.03355168551206589, 0.09752422571182251, 0.08426915854215622, -0.02863200567662716, 0.08609393984079361, -0.049066703766584396, -0.09285453706979752, 0.014267781749367714, 0.034328754991292953, 0.008689709939062595, 0.009433439932763577, -0.023691309615969658, 0.02499663084745407, -0.03363886475563049, -0.014544478617608547, -0.07931197434663773, -0.08036667853593826, -4.9019076865289125e-33, 0.0021604292560368776, -0.016208568587899208, -0.019962584599852562, -0.03754260018467903, -0.025420960038900375, -0.020677397027611732, -0.08362491428852081, 0.015702806413173676, -0.05862056091427803, -0.05252578854560852, 0.09395492076873779, 0.0380556657910347, 0.08382316678762436, -0.10784456133842468, 0.033203233033418655, -0.026244118809700012, -0.04132746905088425, 0.023913726210594177, 0.044604040682315826, -0.05014684796333313, -0.007872258313000202, -0.016768991947174072, -0.07764872908592224, -0.11167821288108826, 0.020825522020459175, -0.02863265946507454, 0.05788256227970123, -0.023618128150701523, -0.054919611662626266, -0.02433401718735695, -0.06378503888845444, 0.13901647925376892, -0.02750043198466301, -0.026786206290125847, 0.03223742917180061, -0.013295266777276993, 0.005622006952762604, -0.10218656808137894, -0.020004669204354286, -0.04550551995635033, 0.0453990139067173, 0.12253046035766602, -0.036632802337408066, 0.0683838278055191, -0.022466950118541718, 0.005812734365463257, 0.035212911665439606, 0.11407475173473358, 0.0439261794090271, 0.05536556616425514, 0.015616732649505138, -0.005454893223941326, -0.013077028095722198, -0.010032273828983307, 0.024762939661741257, 0.06415075808763504, -0.028995344415307045, 0.028968963772058487, 0.035237424075603485, -0.021555108949542046, 0.013608835637569427, -0.03927648440003395, -0.008167268708348274, 0.0419493205845356, -0.022446241229772568, 0.007408222183585167, 0.0032313631381839514, 0.047450050711631775, -0.09620273858308792, 0.05141640082001686, 0.06799980998039246, -0.008199609816074371, -0.013071766123175621, -0.012177144177258015, 0.037054393440485, 0.042875368148088455, -0.04728885367512703, 0.01664900779724121, 0.0022535088937729597, -0.022900326177477837, -0.03889621049165726, 0.027557099238038063, 0.06516959518194199, 0.07389381527900696, 0.07611559331417084, 0.033828627318143845, 0.030768370255827904, -0.03024492971599102, -0.12967301905155182, 0.010682312771677971, -0.052256811410188675, -0.11949539184570312, -0.04162245988845825, 0.10933507978916168, -0.012466715648770332, -4.991829172240614e-08, 0.11356958001852036, 0.032405439764261246, -0.015721645206212997, -0.05836470052599907, 0.031363848596811295, 0.03835649788379669, 0.020201509818434715, 0.07879166305065155, 0.05368127301335335, -0.02108878642320633, 0.0032324970234185457, 0.03322654590010643, -0.009746258147060871, 0.040937066078186035, -0.020417725667357445, 0.051142025738954544, -0.02331487461924553, -0.07596281170845032, -0.049519531428813934, 0.02370278723537922, 0.016969861462712288, -0.030185358598828316, -0.017314419150352478, -0.023283202201128006, -0.00810993555933237, 0.07568607479333878, -0.030056433752179146, 0.09805060178041458, -0.06796326488256454, -0.11346055567264557, -0.043028753250837326, -0.028643295168876648, -0.008362138643860817, -0.09330445528030396, 0.05331866815686226, -0.03239451348781586, 0.012361875735223293, -0.026171881705522537, -0.019394567236304283, -0.02309783548116684, -0.013685771264135838, -0.03666326031088829, -0.06732114404439926, 0.019599491730332375, -0.003281873418018222, -0.038665030151605606, -0.08097388595342636, -0.05430495738983154, -0.06904105842113495, 0.018847336992621422, 0.010832645930349827, 0.01954752579331398, 0.0373762771487236, -0.025344152003526688, 0.010381000116467476, -0.024898191913962364, 0.0119800278916955, -0.009341016411781311, -0.026080073788762093, 0.05905059352517128, 0.10778232663869858, -0.025439882650971413, -0.020556826144456863, -0.015363582409918308]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
541
|
meteorite , so in 2006 , NASA managed to obtain an additional and larger sample from the London Natural History Museum . On this second sample , a large dendritic carbon content was observed .When the results and evidence were published in 2006, some independent researchers claimed that the carbon deposits are of biologic origin. It was remarked that since carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the Universe, finding it in curious patterns is not indicative or suggestive of biological origin. Shergotty
The Shergotty meteorite, a Martian meteorite weighing 4 kilograms (8.8 lb), fell on Earth on Shergotty, India on August 25, 1865, and was retrieved by witnesses almost immediately. It is composed mostly of pyroxene and thought to have undergone preterrestrial aqueous alteration for several centuries. Certain features in its interior suggest remnants of a biofilm and its associated microbial communities. Yamato 000593
Yamato 000593 is the second largest meteorite from Mars found on Earth. Studies suggest the Martian meteorite was formed about 1.3 billion years ago from a lava flow on Mars. An impact occurred on Mars about 12 million years ago and ejected the meteorite from the Martian surface into space. The meteorite landed on Earth in Antarctica about 50,000 years ago. The mass of the meteorite is 13.7 kg (30 lb) and it has been found to contain evidence of past water movement. At a microscopic level, spheres are found in the meteorite that are rich in carbon compared to surrounding areas that lack such spheres. The carbon-rich spheres may have been formed by biotic activity according to NASA scientists. Ichnofossil-like structures
Organism–substrate interactions and their products are important biosignatures on Earth as they represent direct evidence of biological behaviour. It was the recovery of fossilized products of life-substrate interactions (ichnofossils) that has revealed biological activities in the early history of life on the Earth, e.g., Proterozoic burrows, Archean microborings and stromatolites.
|
[0.0016723420703783631, 0.01909765601158142, 0.05797438696026802, 0.02069753035902977, 0.09064846485853195, -0.0076838210225105286, 0.019958116114139557, 0.07666707038879395, 0.010543178766965866, 0.07388864457607269, -0.019390348345041275, -0.05109984427690506, -0.05902259051799774, 0.02019532211124897, 0.012566136196255684, 0.020385103300213814, 0.030628355219960213, -0.04426418989896774, 0.007155073806643486, 0.06284669786691666, -0.005082091316580772, 0.04959581047296524, -0.021301966160535812, 0.05213566869497299, 0.046881236135959625, 0.07732272148132324, -0.03521142154932022, 0.06265029311180115, 0.015518569387495518, 0.0019445579964667559, 0.018765386193990707, -0.04310642182826996, 0.012617603875696659, 0.029167544096708298, 0.07828337699174881, 0.07887792587280273, -0.0009307649452239275, -0.0015581129118800163, 0.05117996409535408, -0.03136676177382469, -0.015172753483057022, -0.07186843454837799, 0.07013923674821854, 0.00273227714933455, -0.035369377583265305, 0.028716647997498512, 0.005797469988465309, 0.07328566163778305, 0.023790232837200165, -0.052717845886945724, -0.026414545252919197, -0.031351834535598755, -0.023973455652594566, 0.022231651470065117, -0.010746142826974392, -0.08215954899787903, 0.020707417279481888, -0.0718364492058754, 0.06567427515983582, -0.1054968610405922, -0.03129733353853226, -0.010464022867381573, 0.012486828491091728, -0.025013834238052368, 0.07606182247400284, -0.009012112393975258, 0.03685993328690529, -0.10146383196115494, 0.06738381087779999, 0.0465693436563015, 0.1126822754740715, 0.04529571533203125, 0.024469656869769096, 0.07534734159708023, -0.006085371132940054, 0.028444068506360054, 0.08488477021455765, 0.03262747824192047, 0.006846359930932522, -0.0010277876863256097, 0.055838942527770996, 0.04685160890221596, 0.030852170661091805, -0.001222524675540626, -0.11396726220846176, -0.008189444430172443, -0.11558587849140167, 0.10426361113786697, -0.017117993906140327, -0.021606914699077606, 0.020962189882993698, 0.06037653237581253, 0.0017956587253138423, 0.006731364876031876, -0.030591165646910667, 0.021530672907829285, 0.03625684604048729, 0.04449186474084854, 0.16597476601600647, -0.06160612776875496, 0.036775171756744385, 0.029936637729406357, -0.13631050288677216, 0.06027008593082428, -0.007597760763019323, -0.03758186101913452, -0.023977436125278473, -0.014911800622940063, 0.09943027049303055, 0.04710960388183594, -0.006772968452423811, 0.011542964726686478, -0.10485255718231201, 0.010519593954086304, -0.01713280752301216, -0.007640809752047062, 0.014228473417460918, 0.04245753586292267, -0.1625054031610489, -0.07260029762983322, -0.02414797432720661, 0.07493133842945099, 0.061737433075904846, -0.03803502768278122, -0.0273360013961792, -0.028371401131153107, -0.06639566272497177, 1.3093019748023424e-33, 0.0794719010591507, 0.01631387509405613, 0.02532956562936306, -0.030032683163881302, -0.012750581838190556, -0.01593232899904251, -0.04392901435494423, 0.07337954640388489, -0.01839636266231537, -0.033950529992580414, -0.07637015730142593, -0.10097161680459976, 0.006377358455210924, -0.0016960401553660631, -0.04199859872460365, 0.03821238875389099, -0.019741186872124672, -0.08038394153118134, -0.004961689002811909, 0.011293756775557995, -0.08771748095750809, -0.06298995763063431, 0.005768782924860716, 0.044194456189870834, 0.03848529979586601, 0.06198122724890709, 0.05016271024942398, -0.0364367812871933, -0.0049587516114115715, -0.029904132708907127, 0.05511720851063728, -0.04834846034646034, -0.06262149661779404, -0.0075471107847988605, 0.06862207502126694, -0.043120529502630234, -0.06360422074794769, 0.04256896302103996, -0.029783200472593307, -0.0331663154065609, 0.058421481400728226, -0.024121619760990143, -0.019264692440629005, -0.05607757717370987, 0.013986404053866863, -0.08128109574317932, -0.005465563852339983, 0.012589167803525925, 0.03946235030889511, -0.08670596778392792, 0.025456782430410385, 0.06182672455906868, 0.048118624836206436, 0.035678181797266006, -0.042461611330509186, 0.022195979952812195, 0.05575910955667496, -0.08205438405275345, 0.0559428408741951, 0.03684258460998535, 0.08155473321676254, 0.035981908440589905, 0.08281543850898743, 0.0834411159157753, -0.00419046962633729, 0.02646426297724247, 0.026424862444400787, 0.04002860188484192, -0.0008713354473002255, 0.028652416542172432, 0.014975913800299168, 0.00019531116413418204, 0.04880310222506523, 0.004615165758877993, -0.07711726427078247, 0.021947449073195457, 0.015975605696439743, -0.04996892437338829, 0.02205616608262062, 0.04905274882912636, -0.020144721493124962, -0.025662405416369438, 0.04868012294173241, -0.10319588333368301, -0.08959303051233292, 0.06634897738695145, 0.035000815987586975, -0.05220276862382889, 0.02271980233490467, 0.06139608472585678, -0.039582960307598114, -0.0794883593916893, -0.018501967191696167, -0.126728355884552, -0.10572666674852371, -3.095613679696615e-33, -0.01119785476475954, 0.01806095987558365, -0.017115093767642975, -0.031223805621266365, 0.0070930588990449905, -0.052743665874004364, -0.056221283972263336, 0.031540222465991974, -0.02407195419073105, -0.03199667111039162, 0.06500989198684692, 0.018727896735072136, 0.09632942080497742, -0.1046714037656784, 0.07482149451971054, 0.06046026572585106, -0.04161497578024864, 0.0003937352739740163, 0.0022918011527508497, -0.03700928017497063, 0.0011374932946637273, -0.06038597226142883, -0.056657884269952774, -0.07360333204269409, -0.0020525120198726654, -0.022445164620876312, 0.04273700714111328, -0.04779915139079094, 0.026225052773952484, -0.01498995628207922, -0.02992848865687847, 0.06536133587360382, -0.005814976990222931, -0.05323313921689987, 0.0037782173603773117, 0.02179109677672386, 8.053694909904152e-05, -0.09863576292991638, 0.03612037003040314, 0.005000533536076546, 0.028905538842082024, 0.10137765854597092, -0.064804807305336, 0.0263848714530468, -0.015653755515813828, 0.005295975133776665, -0.022632014006376266, 0.12292340397834778, 0.10402954369783401, 0.06160855293273926, 0.07995106279850006, 0.00110776221845299, -0.03334958478808403, -0.017304599285125732, 0.05843821540474892, 0.024965085089206696, -0.016683774068951607, 0.06898460537195206, -0.0147712929174304, -0.05702468007802963, 0.019643468782305717, -0.05610255151987076, -0.07043720036745071, 0.017568595707416534, 0.042602621018886566, -0.06539379060268402, -0.0003830739588011056, 0.055849071592092514, -0.0700213611125946, 0.01999547705054283, 0.035558853298425674, 0.04571976512670517, -0.0015633441507816315, 0.01646082103252411, -0.009304034523665905, 0.04564762860536575, 0.013565482571721077, 0.012254070490598679, 0.016121363267302513, 0.026350198313593864, 0.03050854429602623, 0.052971336990594864, 0.08373305201530457, 0.0009695229236967862, 0.08163554966449738, 0.0031898082233965397, -0.01718665473163128, 0.06015170365571976, -0.11747226864099503, 0.009632608853280544, -0.08395657688379288, -0.04754513129591942, -0.04200385883450508, 0.045096296817064285, 0.02493220567703247, -4.586277668749972e-08, 0.03958467021584511, -0.05150886997580528, 0.02296556904911995, -0.04424431174993515, 0.036506231874227524, -0.012932942248880863, 0.04776766151189804, 0.06701752543449402, 0.015073012560606003, -0.04711886867880821, -0.04893482103943825, -0.01581929624080658, 0.008642771281301975, -0.06857341527938843, -0.07805273681879044, -0.06750087440013885, -0.041935332119464874, -0.0734163373708725, -0.04609372094273567, -0.070879727602005, 0.047436900436878204, -0.006787797901779413, -0.033920660614967346, -0.04978365823626518, -0.003935014363378286, 0.04414964094758034, -0.0047189840115606785, 0.03053968772292137, -0.10912811011075974, -0.07186451554298401, -0.050361327826976776, -0.026312779635190964, -0.017132973298430443, -0.15556487441062927, 0.0055659799836575985, -0.022256959229707718, -0.0015088650397956371, -0.023739270865917206, 0.029121359810233116, -0.062437549233436584, 0.045192066580057144, -0.028882702812552452, -0.031422968953847885, 0.025497205555438995, -0.09084231406450272, -0.02043324150145054, -0.07940831035375595, -0.030002346262335777, -0.010614186525344849, 0.04256414622068405, 0.008164278231561184, -0.0027932003140449524, 0.038349658250808716, -0.01905672997236252, -0.01812179945409298, 0.0008785253739915788, -0.024984825402498245, 0.008092345669865608, 0.00799584947526455, -0.03389054909348488, 0.07459083944559097, -0.06204446032643318, 0.03848179057240486, -0.03396261855959892]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
542
|
recovery of fossilized products of life-substrate interactions ( ichnofossils ) that has revealed biological activities in the early history of life on the Earth , e.g. , Proterozoic burrows , Archean microborings and stromatolites .Two major ichnofossil-like structures have been reported from Mars, i.e. the stick-like structures from Vera Rubin Ridge and the microtunnels from Martian Meteorites. Observations at Vera Rubin Ridge by the Mars Space Laboratory rover Curiosity show millimetric, elongate structures preserved in sedimentary rocks deposited in fluvio-lacustrine environments within Gale Crater. Morphometric and topologic data are unique to the stick-like structures among Martian geological features and show that ichnofossils are among the closest morphological analogues of these unique features. Nevertheless, available data cannot fully disprove two major abiotic hypotheses, that are sedimentary cracking and evaporitic crystal growth as genetic processes for the structures. Microtunnels have been described from Martian meteorites. They consist of straight to curved microtunnels that may contain areas of enhanced carbon abundance. The morphology of the curved microtunnels is consistent with biogenic traces on Earth, including microbioerosion traces observed in basaltic glasses. Further studies are needed to confirm biogenicity. Cheyava Falls
On 10 September 2025, NASA reported that the Perseverance rover had identified a "potential biosignature" in a Jezero Crater rock core ("Sapphire Canyon") from the Bright Angel formation, named the Cheyava Falls rock; features consistent with possible ancient microbial activity. Perseverance's survey of revealed organic-carbon-bearing mudstones with mineral signatures from low-temperature redox reactions; returned samples may be able to clarify the origins of these minerals, organics, and textures. If confirmed, this biosignature would mean that there was microbial life on Mars around 3.5 billion years ago.
|
[-0.020033979788422585, -0.0243088286370039, 0.019717160612344742, 0.05463002994656563, 0.10661957412958145, -0.04494599625468254, -0.015311308205127716, 0.03421177715063095, 0.019347166642546654, 0.08196257054805756, 0.03775225579738617, -0.10296976566314697, -0.04267166927456856, 0.019045285880565643, -0.009674055501818657, 0.060509003698825836, -0.08138185739517212, 0.00927397795021534, 0.03826761618256569, 0.14129260182380676, 0.05401768162846565, 0.06970520317554474, -0.015459832735359669, 0.03860807791352272, 0.02324160560965538, 0.08164012432098389, -0.08526286482810974, 0.10435651987791061, 0.05144823342561722, -0.025135576725006104, 0.005085069686174393, 0.03263986110687256, 0.09835398197174072, -0.07850886881351471, 0.1368614286184311, 0.09259004145860672, 0.0038514004554599524, 0.022422339767217636, -0.02412857487797737, -0.009000035934150219, 0.015445077791810036, -0.10117288678884506, 0.042234547436237335, -0.026851609349250793, 0.002675724448636174, 0.0046972292475402355, 0.046897195279598236, -0.008427131921052933, -0.01881391741335392, 0.01465141773223877, -0.032116927206516266, -0.035326384007930756, -0.05242171511054039, -0.016034293919801712, -0.035210322588682175, -0.06278975307941437, -0.0327577143907547, -0.006624437868595123, 0.0747818574309349, -0.0583629384636879, 0.0384322851896286, -0.04369617998600006, -0.0209945235401392, -0.041202932596206665, 0.012811404652893543, 0.04682132601737976, -0.03201025351881981, -0.06909427046775818, 0.051719117909669876, 0.0035375149454921484, 0.008569326251745224, 0.022685052827000618, -0.016867101192474365, 0.05368832126259804, -0.04060877487063408, 0.10898789018392563, 0.08510230481624603, 0.07172136753797531, -0.06530240923166275, 0.006857865955680609, -0.04405388981103897, 0.09304486215114594, -0.03129947558045387, -0.04023171216249466, -0.08746209740638733, 0.012529549188911915, -0.039373643696308136, 0.013231857679784298, -0.020464720204472542, 0.021879607811570168, -0.021035535261034966, 0.06169728562235832, -0.054722223430871964, -0.032893527299165726, -0.009576992131769657, 0.043360985815525055, 0.06939426064491272, 0.07780639827251434, 0.08904961496591568, -0.02368883043527603, 0.0058799306862056255, -0.031792815774679184, -0.11028929054737091, 0.050046633929014206, -0.014621615409851074, -0.06877059489488602, -0.007216958794742823, 0.043372586369514465, 0.11296844482421875, 0.029445331543684006, -0.016413932666182518, -0.051745928823947906, -0.1026649996638298, 0.032856620848178864, 0.042714983224868774, -0.0719124898314476, -0.009957544505596161, 0.025007499381899834, -0.06877748668193817, 0.008568399585783482, -0.021881232038140297, 0.058233629912137985, 0.013004410080611706, -0.08518094569444656, 0.008064107969403267, -0.022786350920796394, -0.024655746296048164, 5.434049938384331e-33, 0.09784937649965286, 0.024778572842478752, -0.056794360280036926, 0.01909118890762329, -0.02561262808740139, -0.07107478380203247, -0.05375763773918152, 0.0008062358247116208, -0.06176619976758957, -0.016279682517051697, -0.09617815911769867, -0.061083197593688965, -0.005642262287437916, 0.01628781482577324, -0.03186563774943352, 0.05308222025632858, -0.040389563888311386, -0.08985226601362228, 0.004453589674085379, 0.024909500032663345, -0.08583658933639526, 0.028217021375894547, -0.029345955699682236, -0.0017518511740490794, 0.052330490201711655, 0.015470831654965878, 0.02773200161755085, -0.1394076645374298, -0.05174018815159798, -0.02949514426290989, 0.014207538217306137, -0.04698692262172699, -0.05143311619758606, -0.012469395063817501, 0.07335428893566132, -0.008880451321601868, 0.0004992315080016851, 0.03863684833049774, -0.07444725185632706, -0.03232250735163689, 0.02851453237235546, -0.025531435385346413, -0.026550520211458206, -0.02450774796307087, 0.077274389564991, -0.05891311541199684, 0.03736918792128563, 0.036190230399370193, 0.04419317469000816, -0.06266593188047409, 0.05908733978867531, 0.027482500299811363, 0.01458752155303955, 0.016918260604143143, -0.03754444792866707, 0.03161913901567459, -0.032914090901613235, -0.04854676127433777, -0.0395214781165123, 0.028529558330774307, 0.009102506563067436, -0.06683188676834106, 0.08407118916511536, 0.022473197430372238, 0.026878515258431435, 0.07483331859111786, -0.0387328639626503, 0.019851017743349075, 0.06088428944349289, 0.00681884353980422, 0.04031125456094742, 0.014482932165265083, 0.030432799831032753, 0.08238161355257034, -0.09232061356306076, 0.00901845097541809, -0.0005061582196503878, -0.02825266681611538, -0.0010469674598425627, 0.09276728332042694, 0.015289935283362865, -0.00043737865053117275, -0.01862168125808239, -0.051980990916490555, -0.14218276739120483, 0.051983125507831573, 0.07428869605064392, -0.0473301075398922, 0.07370170950889587, -0.010892151854932308, -0.022550402209162712, -0.09383001178503036, 0.013876043260097504, -0.10968517512083054, -0.13354746997356415, -6.372909562204415e-33, 0.05540592223405838, -0.038055066019296646, 0.008433923125267029, -0.031679850071668625, -0.08406587690114975, 0.02149474248290062, -0.10360871255397797, 0.04987582564353943, -0.07999671995639801, -0.01712975651025772, 0.06660977751016617, 0.06540288776159286, 0.04101737216114998, -0.1180332601070404, -0.03648069128394127, 0.020039986819028854, -0.010519030503928661, 0.007111379876732826, 0.10056870430707932, -0.0025266294833272696, 0.026833226904273033, 0.007269397843629122, -0.04326043277978897, -0.06591338664293289, -0.012509487569332123, 0.022971658036112785, 0.030945582315325737, -0.019988197833299637, -0.022591639310121536, 0.044300295412540436, -0.056176524609327316, 0.08675011992454529, -0.002033533528447151, -0.07411382347345352, 0.06223691254854202, 0.04384882375597954, -0.023065323010087013, -0.0698629841208458, -0.06339233368635178, -0.05375494807958603, 0.04253064841032028, 0.05980256199836731, -0.04970265179872513, -0.027275756001472473, 0.03474324569106102, -0.030708402395248413, -0.03273896127939224, 0.07051646709442139, -0.0007127310382202268, 0.09531610459089279, 0.06407248973846436, 0.04542246460914612, -0.08589401841163635, -0.0289127379655838, -0.02823886275291443, 0.0026060163509100676, -0.04000357910990715, 0.10942073911428452, 0.020703114569187164, -0.039496831595897675, 0.012844540178775787, -0.06123911216855049, -0.06045694649219513, 0.005605414975434542, 0.10717260092496872, -0.00308705004863441, 0.023178013041615486, 0.04549259692430496, -0.1230415627360344, 0.041196949779987335, 0.017567457631230354, -0.02845180034637451, 0.09855097532272339, -0.01813683845102787, 0.047647230327129364, 0.011315691284835339, -0.018382711336016655, -0.03744840994477272, -0.04868396371603012, 0.05501359701156616, -0.057886820286512375, 0.04806860536336899, 0.05726534128189087, 0.028174275532364845, 0.02622237801551819, 0.05664527788758278, -0.03095591999590397, 0.041854869574308395, -0.07553000748157501, 0.032315537333488464, 0.012437267228960991, -0.07637692987918854, -0.0002830646699294448, 0.06158868595957756, -0.002521918388083577, -5.2114533133362784e-08, 0.12773503363132477, 0.07115951925516129, 0.007558239158242941, -0.0016344808973371983, -0.045096639543771744, 0.025072354823350906, -0.019591988995671272, 0.046582117676734924, 0.00846561323851347, -0.0009541412582620978, 0.0013380090240389109, 0.012831056490540504, 0.0008536168606951833, -0.032358329743146896, 0.009533594362437725, 0.0025276117958128452, -0.004695573356002569, -0.03502758964896202, -0.04197857156395912, -0.027887847274541855, 0.00198296457529068, 0.001540683675557375, -0.01554041262716055, 0.0026037513744086027, 0.008051557466387749, -0.008839696645736694, 0.03540882095694542, 0.07027193903923035, -0.010410408489406109, -0.03592498227953911, -0.013664447702467442, 0.01235424168407917, 0.0905614122748375, -0.05327284708619118, 0.02714141272008419, -0.007697509601712227, -0.05280771479010582, -0.027442388236522675, -0.0670396015048027, 0.03409344702959061, -0.009722485207021236, -0.046384211629629135, 0.005863656755536795, -0.017697017639875412, -0.07028400152921677, -0.02472013235092163, -0.04350773245096207, -0.0008137421682476997, 0.0020319195464253426, 0.018190711736679077, 0.001955787418410182, -0.007214129902422428, 0.03443724289536476, -0.03588362783193588, 0.0015717488713562489, 0.01718207262456417, 0.04380134493112564, 0.03310726210474968, 0.027088891714811325, 0.048844363540410995, -0.011175607331097126, -0.03934011980891228, 0.029604390263557434, -0.09224680066108704]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
543
|
be able to clarify the origins of these minerals , organics , and textures . If confirmed , this biosignature would mean that there was microbial life on Mars around 3.5 billion years ago .According to geologist Michael Tice:
If the Cheyava Falls results ultimately do lead to the proof of ancient life on Mars ... that means two different planets hosted microbes getting their energy through the same means at about the same time in the distant past. That could suggest that early life learns how to survive in this way regardless of where it originated. The same organic materials can be produced by non-biological processes which require "hot conditions" like volcanic activity; the rock location suggests that it was underwater, and there is no detected past volcanic activity in that region. NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return mission was designed to collect the samples collected by Perseverance and deliver them to Earth. The mission was deemed "financially unsustainable" and was proposed to be cancelled by the Trump administration. Geysers
The seasonal frosting and defrosting of the southern ice cap results in the formation of spider-like radial channels carved on 1-meter thick ice by sunlight. Then, sublimed CO2 – and probably water – increase pressure in their interior producing geyser-like eruptions of cold fluids often mixed with dark basaltic sand or mud. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars. A team of Hungarian scientists propose that the geysers' most visible features, dark dune spots and spider channels, may be colonies of photosynthetic Martian microorganisms, which over-winter beneath the ice cap, and as the sunlight returns to the pole during early spring, light penetrates the ice, the microorganisms photosynthesize and heat their immediate surroundings.
|
[-0.05497801676392555, 0.002990413224324584, 0.025926273316144943, 0.030447714030742645, 0.1279633641242981, -0.033520642668008804, -0.01658848486840725, 0.051107872277498245, 0.04594610631465912, 0.10301771014928818, 0.013251061551272869, -0.06462129950523376, 0.031308677047491074, 0.04188908264040947, -0.017545348033308983, -0.04033149406313896, -0.0655735656619072, -0.08223505318164825, -0.0005647535435855389, 0.08735289424657822, 0.05235275253653526, 0.025179963558912277, -0.038638241589069366, 0.014243966899812222, -0.06895971298217773, 0.06322252750396729, -0.011777173727750778, 0.06543134152889252, 0.006907392293214798, 0.025161582976579666, 0.0684683695435524, 0.031014123931527138, -0.017253471538424492, -0.0493776910007, 0.0555257685482502, 0.1546691209077835, -0.006459818687289953, -0.014053760096430779, -0.026546260342001915, 0.07542489469051361, -0.03690177574753761, -0.06965001672506332, 0.029733020812273026, -0.016134079545736313, -0.029980430379509926, -0.02872488647699356, 0.08875902742147446, -0.05833515524864197, -0.035697150975465775, -0.016421878710389137, -0.003298367140814662, 0.02718987874686718, -0.07386621087789536, -0.014910740777850151, -0.04772767797112465, -0.026797911152243614, -0.08304810523986816, -0.051494110375642776, 0.004328839015215635, -0.04874397814273834, 0.07786265760660172, -0.05809604004025459, -0.02764194831252098, -0.02921709232032299, 0.013316413387656212, 0.02141091786324978, 0.007867605425417423, -0.08768771588802338, 0.056113604456186295, -0.07276427000761032, -0.03442201018333435, 0.046667810529470444, -0.06445926427841187, 0.022037016227841377, -0.061932798475027084, 0.057184819132089615, 0.06475062668323517, -0.030536795035004616, -0.07424861192703247, 0.012231498956680298, 0.027270328253507614, 0.047423265874385834, -0.05801689252257347, -0.01790723204612732, -0.12953557074069977, 0.01102711632847786, -0.004433783236891031, 0.02850429341197014, 0.04977266490459442, -0.07067897170782089, 0.030632006004452705, 0.03452366217970848, 0.030008232221007347, 0.013074971735477448, -0.019820963963866234, 0.023508010432124138, 0.018796931952238083, -0.007256526034325361, 0.12864241003990173, -0.03993115574121475, 0.034684475511312485, -0.018496861681342125, -0.08517391234636307, 0.020023800432682037, 0.012095441110432148, -0.09193529188632965, -0.007374085485935211, 0.10331126302480698, 0.07761412113904953, 0.10260742902755737, -0.034875690937042236, 0.010966545902192593, 0.006508981343358755, 0.007136333268135786, 0.009068908169865608, 0.010582217015326023, 0.0012078379513695836, 0.023533357307314873, -0.07742507755756378, 0.04130154475569725, -0.04506898298859596, 0.043294213712215424, -0.021682485938072205, -0.07157690078020096, 0.09432779252529144, -0.007218915969133377, -0.04050102457404137, 3.011533140176189e-33, 0.10498226433992386, -0.05696861073374748, 0.03947547823190689, -0.01389404945075512, 0.008197219111025333, -0.05611712858080864, -0.05832920968532562, -0.06556904315948486, 0.0206418689340353, -0.01769215241074562, -0.03489569574594498, -0.00262292567640543, -0.05930182337760925, -0.014368483796715736, -0.10156164318323135, 0.08239444345235825, -0.06987334042787552, -0.12929806113243103, 0.001896002795547247, 0.04160815849900246, -0.10660882294178009, -0.04054983705282211, 0.06459232419729233, 0.045849937945604324, 0.10493538528680801, 0.0896599292755127, 0.011409410275518894, -0.017699450254440308, -0.0480378158390522, -0.05003531277179718, -0.025238217785954475, -0.07202213257551193, -0.08199778944253922, -0.0074151367880403996, 0.046594586223363876, 0.06216532737016678, 0.03883003443479538, 0.05505005270242691, -0.08007890731096268, -0.07187873125076294, 0.07735063135623932, 0.05526740476489067, 0.11062144488096237, -0.019666995853185654, 0.06649888306856155, -0.01433457899838686, -0.008271738886833191, 0.03411874920129776, 0.037948887795209885, -0.010124572552740574, 0.044622134417295456, 0.018357137218117714, -0.013950095511972904, 0.07627033442258835, -0.05485918000340462, 0.00108053139410913, -0.024577904492616653, -0.011413698084652424, -0.025269951671361923, 0.06603652983903885, 0.01632707566022873, -0.012651141732931137, 0.019848868250846863, 0.03240848705172539, 0.005429382435977459, 0.022927390411496162, 0.03010663017630577, 0.039442889392375946, 0.04455467686057091, 0.01124007347971201, -0.04147736355662346, -0.04168858751654625, -0.04221270978450775, -0.0010356300044804811, -0.015152672305703163, -0.030276760458946228, -0.0096425237134099, -0.08838747441768646, 0.09145163744688034, 0.07056597620248795, 0.02541344054043293, -0.07144396752119064, -0.019020400941371918, -0.026616228744387627, -0.11905958503484726, -0.004733425099402666, 0.022706368938088417, -0.05681673064827919, 0.0827278271317482, -0.03305782750248909, -0.03679895028471947, -0.07857981324195862, 0.02676457166671753, -0.05787075683474541, -0.09407149255275726, -5.248538930067327e-33, -0.03517039865255356, -0.05644639953970909, -0.0011544030858203769, 0.02556048519909382, 0.03063550777733326, 0.021227100864052773, -0.08460663259029388, -0.003091682679951191, -0.0721132904291153, -0.03407680243253708, 0.01020285114645958, 0.06466126441955566, 0.030121468007564545, -0.03288441151380539, -0.021795397624373436, -0.00983880553394556, 0.06810921430587769, 0.010517748072743416, 0.037633851170539856, 0.022617917507886887, 0.02173752523958683, 0.07019912451505661, -0.10983509570360184, -0.06072774901986122, 0.0573066882789135, 0.0865989550948143, 0.09091699123382568, -0.006735129747539759, 0.012373106554150581, 0.008977768011391163, 0.009880985133349895, 0.03210917115211487, -0.0426015630364418, -0.048572588711977005, 0.022332429885864258, 0.022792978212237358, -0.009484917856752872, -0.029215862974524498, -0.06316482275724411, -0.0063819740898907185, 0.0747612714767456, 0.0014645725023001432, -0.005595759954303503, 0.06435241550207138, -0.0598859079182148, -0.031417302787303925, 0.03720202296972275, 0.040317047387361526, 0.03622514754533768, 0.07499191164970398, 0.02642238698899746, -0.014646513387560844, -0.0802878588438034, -0.008419660851359367, 0.023196851834654808, -0.02824905700981617, 0.0065736896358430386, 0.07448175549507141, -0.02579922415316105, -0.017233042046427727, -0.008027232252061367, -0.07457854598760605, -0.06434375047683716, -0.02543027512729168, 0.010316035710275173, 0.06464352458715439, 0.05329816788434982, 0.0523054413497448, -0.056693483144044876, 0.022081712260842323, 0.05118852108716965, -0.013348381966352463, 0.017485741525888443, -0.0968397855758667, 0.033059075474739075, 0.03951200842857361, -0.13989584147930145, -0.038762416690588, -0.05113770812749863, 0.03883454203605652, -0.030574772506952286, -0.03994235023856163, 0.04159582033753395, 0.028482714667916298, 0.08487214148044586, -0.011844506487250328, -0.06096629425883293, -0.06390900909900665, -0.08266063034534454, 0.023202793672680855, -0.03798883780837059, -0.11222204566001892, -0.07042364776134491, 0.14530913531780243, -0.04808585345745087, -5.6900230305245714e-08, 0.04320850968360901, 0.05212537571787834, 0.018844466656446457, 0.00792812928557396, -0.009441792964935303, -0.004053723998367786, 0.047274354845285416, 0.028432033956050873, 0.03691535443067551, 0.006693520583212376, 0.005683821626007557, 0.028899937868118286, 0.06374157965183258, 0.07825512439012527, 0.05675012990832329, 0.06051648408174515, 0.034702472388744354, 0.023657413199543953, -0.033795103430747986, -0.02998903952538967, -0.04623628407716751, -0.0555063933134079, -0.022427452728152275, -0.04208635911345482, -0.024217654019594193, 0.01137187797576189, 0.029906706884503365, 0.08812646567821503, 0.005957994144409895, -0.004450734704732895, -0.02811921387910843, -0.023766856640577316, 0.04907285049557686, -0.04579557105898857, -0.018960032612085342, -0.06379055976867676, 0.03458248823881149, -0.020918065682053566, -0.011234105564653873, -0.030296603217720985, -0.017810409888625145, 0.07390955835580826, -0.11571262031793594, 0.022840827703475952, -0.04617423191666603, 0.02217484824359417, -0.05858629569411278, 0.050894323736429214, -0.007382448296993971, -0.0022140839137136936, -0.0073353806510567665, -0.010849621146917343, 0.012474492192268372, 0.00038475386099889874, 0.0005826933193020523, 0.008598022162914276, -0.018988128751516342, 0.024921106174588203, -0.009293689392507076, 0.06672433763742447, -0.01978507824242115, -0.0336444191634655, 0.015309656970202923, -0.07135746628046036]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
544
|
microorganisms , which over-winter beneath the ice cap , and as the sunlight returns to the pole during early spring , light penetrates the ice , the microorganisms photosynthesize and heat their immediate surroundings .A pocket of liquid water, which would normally evaporate instantly in the thin Martian atmosphere, is trapped around them by the overlying ice. As this ice layer thins, the microorganisms show through grey. When the layer has completely melted, the microorganisms rapidly desiccate and turn black, surrounded by a grey aureole. The Hungarian scientists believe that even a complex sublimation process is insufficient to explain the formation and evolution of the dark dune spots in space and time. Since their discovery, fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke promoted these formations as deserving of study from an astrobiological perspective. A multinational European team suggests that if liquid water is present in the spiders' channels during their annual defrost cycle, they might provide a niche where certain microscopic life forms could have retreated and adapted while sheltered from solar radiation. A British team also considers the possibility that organic matter, microbes, or even simple plants might co-exist with these inorganic formations, especially if the mechanism includes liquid water and a geothermal energy source. They also remark that the majority of geological structures may be accounted for without invoking any organic "life on Mars" hypothesis. It has been proposed to develop the Mars Geyser Hopper lander to study the geysers up close. Forward contamination
Planetary protection of Mars aims to prevent biological contamination of the planet. A major goal is to preserve the planetary record of natural processes by preventing human-caused microbial introductions, also called forward contamination. There is abundant evidence as to what can happen when organisms from regions on Earth that have been isolated from one another for significant periods of time are introduced into each other's environment.
|
[-0.08666550368070602, -0.05036923289299011, 0.017166877165436745, 0.03767157718539238, 0.14545659720897675, -0.061975739896297455, 0.01140076108276844, 0.0026372219435870647, 0.07502955943346024, 0.052836477756500244, 0.028696943074464798, -0.0968996062874794, -0.030743904411792755, 0.06028561294078827, -0.021753208711743355, 0.0100605683401227, -0.12389636039733887, -0.022894369438290596, -0.021946288645267487, 0.023239461705088615, 0.04280361533164978, 0.0324220284819603, -0.054380863904953, 0.017241165041923523, -0.07404017448425293, 0.08655177056789398, -0.018052559345960617, 0.04688161611557007, -0.026832690462470055, 0.041264086961746216, -0.014253348112106323, 0.04618475213646889, 0.010107935406267643, -0.06039885804057121, 0.1533380150794983, 0.07269401103258133, -0.030650664120912552, -0.06185852363705635, -0.006073438096791506, -0.014337603002786636, 0.045310311019420624, -0.08777867257595062, 0.05679488927125931, 0.03826114162802696, -0.07842890918254852, 0.05091744288802147, 0.08057902753353119, 0.019828159362077713, -0.049986548721790314, -0.09164533764123917, -0.04310915246605873, -0.016817621886730194, -0.08634249120950699, 0.011166470125317574, -0.05656256526708603, -0.029139498248696327, -0.0400887206196785, -0.05880942940711975, -0.016897935420274734, -0.10860959440469742, 0.05512508377432823, -0.0004288018972147256, -0.01636919565498829, -0.03217989206314087, 0.024803930893540382, 0.02932623028755188, -0.06892192363739014, -0.021128186956048012, 0.025377798825502396, 0.023489905521273613, -0.05538822337985039, 0.02521371655166149, -0.05121201276779175, 0.0337311327457428, -0.004584039561450481, 0.04865758866071701, -0.002933983691036701, -0.026812389492988586, 0.0008523254073224962, -0.01624550297856331, 0.04194024205207825, 0.07022957503795624, 0.04238836467266083, 0.03132187947630882, -0.04254373908042908, -0.061262425035238266, 0.04618411883711815, 0.04961373284459114, -0.02078530378639698, 0.0026430271100252867, -0.022440927103161812, 0.03060068003833294, -0.03457485884428024, -0.03829279914498329, 0.0034891951363533735, 0.07448460161685944, 0.05729600787162781, -0.0009780810214579105, 0.05369759723544121, -0.042590104043483734, -0.023985179141163826, -0.00766819529235363, -0.029105862602591515, 0.0029204990714788437, 0.010890942998230457, -0.11203610152006149, 0.010883952490985394, 0.041876986622810364, 0.05540887266397476, -0.01103034894913435, -0.06237809360027313, -0.01908913254737854, -0.060547471046447754, -0.01921195536851883, 0.04054535925388336, -0.014868346974253654, 0.06156574934720993, 0.032006677240133286, -0.07216862589120865, 0.0703888013958931, -0.06074373424053192, 0.11277682334184647, -0.02421976812183857, 0.0023470264859497547, 0.10356318950653076, 0.03400392457842827, -0.06472788751125336, 7.361556790076096e-34, 0.10911793261766434, -0.054830193519592285, -0.0005469686002470553, 0.01991155929863453, 0.015749527141451836, -0.042227182537317276, -0.07712390273809433, -0.021633140742778778, 0.05512082949280739, 0.002092258306220174, -0.03794897720217705, -0.021741677075624466, -0.04847698658704758, 0.0043109082616865635, -0.08971738815307617, 0.04821941629052162, 0.003517749020829797, -0.02983768656849861, -0.0279302466660738, 0.032775476574897766, -0.08586432039737701, 0.07390860468149185, -0.006869930773973465, -0.06479523330926895, 0.04152989387512207, 0.04987330734729767, 0.005318469367921352, -0.06179378181695938, 0.0409860759973526, -0.029666408896446228, 0.00652693584561348, -0.044430628418922424, -0.10690087080001831, 0.05421562120318413, 0.07166845351457596, 0.07080704718828201, -0.048151895403862, -0.0143462298437953, -0.02671859599649906, -0.04418136924505234, -0.008126815780997276, 0.009016010910272598, 0.024674201384186745, -0.04261448234319687, 0.01722419634461403, 0.04266609251499176, -0.04705789312720299, 0.019885199144482613, -0.018096087500452995, -0.028858443722128868, 0.10968856513500214, 0.030022574588656425, 0.036675404757261276, 0.006661703810095787, -0.005654199980199337, -0.012920971028506756, 0.05267263948917389, -0.02215806022286415, -0.0809415876865387, -0.02793169394135475, 0.015859754756093025, -0.0026981672272086143, -0.022276706993579865, 0.023049436509609222, 0.06608645617961884, 0.01886243186891079, -0.038576025515794754, 0.036140721291303635, 0.011945155449211597, -0.02002321556210518, -0.030029121786355972, -0.04835711792111397, 0.07106954604387283, 0.0005533262155950069, -0.0766698494553566, 0.0013194598723202944, 0.03782086819410324, -0.042528294026851654, -0.046459347009658813, 0.08192571997642517, 0.011493725702166557, -0.06686268001794815, 0.029958149418234825, -0.10108698159456253, -0.18957754969596863, 0.03392606973648071, 0.01624291203916073, 0.04566233232617378, 0.025301530957221985, -0.036929432302713394, 0.02422364056110382, -0.06873922795057297, 0.04900984466075897, -0.07104415446519852, -0.09443100541830063, -3.903190788339004e-33, 0.053090568631887436, -0.10187233239412308, -0.04225001856684685, 0.0008075974183157086, 0.02390471287071705, 0.06691476702690125, -0.11009256541728973, 0.03852134943008423, -0.023619549348950386, -0.026983123272657394, 0.03954111784696579, 0.04874620586633682, 0.006816522218286991, -0.05633910000324249, 0.01351909153163433, -0.03393402323126793, 0.01840920001268387, 0.09637731313705444, 0.09947283565998077, 0.06075539067387581, -0.04936207830905914, 0.0463852658867836, 0.029783451929688454, -0.023144545033574104, 0.02548355981707573, 0.03560143709182739, 0.1201256588101387, 0.0589573010802269, -0.028746463358402252, 0.03458018973469734, -0.05152188241481781, 0.01969119906425476, -0.02465463988482952, -0.08746234327554703, 0.014399107545614243, 0.067608542740345, -0.0530703105032444, -0.11156819760799408, -0.09569383412599564, -0.03442433103919029, 0.06936238706111908, -0.04836186394095421, 0.0066764215007424355, 0.04260594770312309, 0.004697271157056093, -0.007625218480825424, -0.004616957623511553, 0.06072622537612915, -0.03038662113249302, 0.038386519998311996, -0.0035636164247989655, -0.034741174429655075, -0.060172706842422485, -0.00917038694024086, 0.003953666891902685, 0.04078071936964989, 0.011109386570751667, 0.043127384036779404, 0.024420535191893578, 0.012054001912474632, -0.02790934219956398, -0.04049723595380783, -0.054669708013534546, -0.016156723722815514, -0.005866751540452242, -0.031020617112517357, -0.03842068091034889, 0.05269576981663704, -0.016086189076304436, 0.0031598263885825872, 0.10184496641159058, -0.031044121831655502, 0.04703843221068382, -0.028957583010196686, 0.05730218440294266, 0.06591539084911346, -0.003289456944912672, -0.04247492551803589, -0.06222217157483101, 0.03913268446922302, -0.06561242043972015, 0.03611120954155922, 0.008194868452847004, 0.05570667237043381, 0.07401694357395172, -0.08829637616872787, -0.046897973865270615, -0.022188251838088036, -0.1065213531255722, 0.0252513587474823, 0.00838841125369072, -0.061827197670936584, 0.01841847039759159, 0.14066670835018158, -0.011330311186611652, -4.644373419182557e-08, 0.10326463729143143, 0.02750404365360737, 0.07677868008613586, 0.015840305015444756, -0.003828339511528611, -0.008069302886724472, 0.009705835022032261, 0.06730975955724716, 0.026797311380505562, 0.0903785228729248, -0.004670011345297098, -0.0122392438352108, 0.047974493354558945, 0.007213182281702757, -0.018139205873012543, 0.09413653612136841, 0.00016293975932057947, -0.08499662578105927, -0.021578950807452202, 0.009860032238066196, -0.0712365135550499, -0.028333956375718117, -0.05254926159977913, -0.035802941769361496, 0.02567240223288536, 0.042867597192525864, 0.07396463304758072, 0.04396997392177582, 0.008275188505649567, -0.02843981236219406, -0.0005873744958080351, 0.046016592532396317, 0.07406248152256012, -0.009903457015752792, -0.04734645411372185, -0.045510947704315186, -0.020867809653282166, -0.015386510640382767, -0.035660967230796814, -0.02275729365646839, -0.03747504949569702, 0.06327082216739655, -0.08814731240272522, -0.01943601854145527, -0.0275411494076252, 0.010990985669195652, -0.08010751754045486, 0.032961826771497726, -0.05582451820373535, 0.06353309005498886, 0.012050521560013294, 0.07266408950090408, 0.034760087728500366, 0.027352849021553993, -0.0383373461663723, -0.004366399720311165, 0.03633284568786621, 0.03435910865664482, -0.024455782026052475, 0.05682637169957161, -0.04275650531053543, -0.05213719978928566, -0.0037530625704675913, 0.004885480273514986]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
545
|
There is abundant evidence as to what can happen when organisms from regions on Earth that have been isolated from one another for significant periods of time are introduced into each other 's environment .Species that are constrained in one environment can thrive – often out of control – in another environment much to the detriment of the original species that were present. In some ways, this problem could be compounded if life forms from one planet were introduced into the totally alien ecology of another world. The prime concern of hardware contaminating Mars derives from incomplete spacecraft sterilization of some hardy terrestrial bacteria (extremophiles) despite best efforts. Hardware includes landers, crashed probes, end-of-mission disposal of hardware, and the hard landing of entry, descent, and landing systems. This has prompted research on survival rates of radiation-resistant microorganisms including the species Deinococcus radiodurans and genera Brevundimonas, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas under simulated Martian conditions. Results from one of these experimental irradiation experiments, combined with previous radiation modeling, indicate that Brevundimonas sp. MV.7 emplaced only 30 cm deep in Martian dust could survive the cosmic radiation for up to 100,000 years before suffering 106 population reduction. The diurnal Mars-like cycles in temperature and relative humidity affected the viability of Deinococcus radiodurans cells quite severely. In other simulations, Deinococcus radiodurans also failed to grow under low atmospheric pressure, under 0 °C, or in the absence of oxygen. Survival under simulated Martian conditions
Since the 1950s, researchers have used containers that simulate environmental conditions on Mars to determine the viability of a variety of lifeforms on Mars. Such devices, called "Mars jars" or "Mars simulation chambers", were first described and used in U.S. Air Force research in the 1950s by Hubertus Strughold, and popularized in civilian research by Joshua Lederberg and Carl Sagan.
|
[0.010487809777259827, -0.03150326386094093, -0.033966466784477234, -0.015169000253081322, 0.10090118646621704, -0.1255195140838623, -0.0009536947472952306, 0.06909632682800293, -0.07924193888902664, 0.07474116235971451, 0.05480268597602844, -0.06380744278430939, 0.07687213271856308, 0.07825041562318802, -0.04087303206324577, -0.024628613144159317, 0.02064732275903225, -0.03205963969230652, -0.05491862818598747, 0.12248039990663528, -0.038497231900691986, 0.10959438979625702, -0.11618798226118088, 0.07484016567468643, -0.0791267678141594, 0.08951320499181747, 0.03404418006539345, 0.04099532961845398, -0.04750334843993187, -0.036957427859306335, -0.021483594551682472, -0.025666644796729088, 0.046101611107587814, -0.02607959695160389, 0.08941413462162018, 0.1097411960363388, -0.019796615466475487, -0.07688800245523453, 0.11792115122079849, -0.005493353120982647, -0.048229336738586426, -0.0697876438498497, 0.02721174620091915, 0.008924899622797966, -0.032173313200473785, -0.027740515768527985, 0.005144912749528885, -0.05372881144285202, 0.032135531306266785, -0.03787382319569588, 0.02834344655275345, 0.04034537822008133, 0.024814173579216003, 0.11953835934400558, -0.04653746634721756, -0.06311406195163727, -0.09338957816362381, -0.08795655518770218, -0.03692515939474106, -0.06884149461984634, -0.002439971547573805, -0.044987719506025314, 0.00787311140447855, -0.012626257725059986, -0.03712576627731323, -0.030112892389297485, -0.028492923825979233, -0.018542800098657608, 0.07440051436424255, 0.07858547568321228, -0.020129183307290077, 0.014789262786507607, -0.05668621137738228, 0.05217728018760681, -0.016149725764989853, 0.08181829005479813, 0.09693960845470428, -0.008771318942308426, 0.02001950331032276, -0.04571814090013504, 0.04581240937113762, -0.05874118581414223, -0.04654330387711525, -0.04905546084046364, -0.0346047468483448, -0.084163598716259, 0.02787490375339985, 0.12380191683769226, 0.0813753679394722, 0.004572536796331406, -0.0015010792994871736, 0.07167109102010727, 0.09332939237356186, -0.07854112237691879, -0.0349775031208992, 0.047942325472831726, 0.03136911243200302, -0.0022347343619912863, 0.048687707632780075, -0.04450784996151924, -0.03761908784508705, -0.06683377176523209, -0.08514375984668732, 0.049882397055625916, 0.029744863510131836, -0.10972200334072113, -0.011435143649578094, -0.006975249387323856, 0.05473482236266136, -0.029447145760059357, -0.016879763454198837, 0.048067688941955566, -0.035559143871068954, 0.01779174990952015, 0.03933839872479439, -0.023921934887766838, 0.06436972320079803, -0.010982679203152657, -0.08318208903074265, 0.002558603882789612, -0.003474447876214981, -0.04321138560771942, 0.076958566904068, -0.09640400856733322, 0.07924451678991318, -0.02111331932246685, -0.006608423311263323, 5.645777409460549e-33, 0.022183667868375778, -0.025008676573634148, -0.032318875193595886, -0.025464201346039772, 0.021065231412649155, -0.022362330928444862, -0.057460132986307144, 0.04567110165953636, 0.019217554479837418, -0.05015673488378525, -0.038800302892923355, 0.021833887323737144, 0.014759360812604427, -0.027085918933153152, 0.024536224082112312, 0.12680858373641968, -0.044577233493328094, -0.022120684385299683, -0.0488659106194973, 0.033189065754413605, -0.02688762918114662, -0.027348592877388, 0.0057307216338813305, 0.07850290089845657, 0.09685894846916199, 0.010582631453871727, 0.03161849454045296, -0.08724237978458405, 0.004045013803988695, -0.030077464878559113, -0.03645741567015648, 0.026077669113874435, -0.05168096348643303, 0.06402815133333206, 0.05286698043346405, 0.05403981730341911, -0.03395899757742882, 0.026465771719813347, -0.00370117393322289, 0.004061542917042971, 0.031596310436725616, 0.03610414266586304, 0.049515485763549805, -0.036721158772706985, 0.07107160985469818, -0.01727844774723053, -0.005812926217913628, -0.010378310456871986, -0.041283056139945984, -0.030952690169215202, 0.010103952139616013, -0.004558167885988951, 0.01573694497346878, 0.01233483012765646, 0.023238200694322586, -0.05978774279356003, 0.021905310451984406, 0.005434407852590084, 0.000482493604067713, 0.05920712649822235, -0.0436178594827652, 0.014310229569673538, 0.05895295739173889, 0.07504645735025406, 0.04157010465860367, -0.023224836215376854, 0.03993476554751396, -0.00544916233047843, -0.018797961995005608, 0.017016803845763206, -0.057119760662317276, -0.060303639620542526, -0.08027968555688858, -0.041076019406318665, -0.04102080315351486, -0.05378188565373421, 0.006118118762969971, -0.01943328231573105, -0.0031044497154653072, 0.007975783199071884, 0.0033503554295748472, -0.018752841278910637, 0.0015139385359361768, -0.03919527307152748, -0.049314722418785095, 0.0323457233607769, -0.007013178430497646, 0.02083590067923069, 0.005331628955900669, -0.008907412178814411, 0.07993511110544205, -0.028263438493013382, -0.007789646275341511, -0.09843317419290543, -0.05861188843846321, -6.0501000790273985e-33, 0.0001597869413672015, -0.04911332204937935, -0.016315758228302002, 0.0465368889272213, -0.03371257707476616, 0.04659818112850189, -0.059072475880384445, 0.05428292229771614, -0.05630737915635109, -0.07267452031373978, 0.013920435681939125, 0.11388988792896271, 0.0039077140390872955, -0.05918992683291435, -0.05130454897880554, -0.020877229049801826, 0.0388907752931118, 0.0008938308455981314, 0.013608750887215137, -0.07261944562196732, 0.06254949420690536, 0.04684893414378166, -0.02293163351714611, -0.07436538487672806, -0.021571364253759384, 0.0544271320104599, 0.008586362935602665, 0.04257424548268318, 0.018484577536582947, -0.004456782713532448, -0.015746798366308212, 0.07462935894727707, 0.01563224010169506, 0.02441403456032276, 0.10129769146442413, 0.02978162281215191, 0.06779082864522934, -0.012420617043972015, -0.030644090846180916, -0.027599921450018883, 0.07159063965082169, 0.0466533899307251, -0.07265447825193405, 0.04272305220365524, -0.042304541915655136, 0.0003428837808314711, -0.01064594928175211, 0.025675350800156593, 0.05353301391005516, 0.06576888263225555, 0.015339737758040428, -0.04627056419849396, -0.07357900589704514, 0.023046551272273064, -0.03123405948281288, -0.058367568999528885, 0.015347699634730816, 0.07951268553733826, -0.013724323362112045, -0.04390271380543709, -0.02473563887178898, -0.08575553447008133, -0.009310984052717686, -0.056879520416259766, -0.05698779225349426, 0.023124108090996742, 0.05457122623920441, 0.1601243019104004, -0.07253076136112213, -0.01054990105330944, 0.04987238347530365, -0.03099513053894043, 0.023343658074736595, -0.06859433650970459, -0.0034277120139449835, 0.08448120951652527, -0.02335163950920105, -0.06697053462266922, -0.00156490714289248, 0.04051538556814194, -0.08512485027313232, -0.029655154794454575, 0.024584224447607994, -0.010878602042794228, 0.09619822353124619, -0.012802845798432827, -0.03823203593492508, -0.03754632547497749, -0.10739564895629883, -0.06520489603281021, -0.0450248122215271, -0.09695938229560852, 0.031649552285671234, 0.06444882601499557, -0.007929910905659199, -5.23102698934963e-08, 0.07548921555280685, 0.02757292427122593, -0.023943373933434486, 0.01075628213584423, 0.04035103693604469, 0.028395062312483788, -0.02684035897254944, -0.00016659338143654168, 0.032011546194553375, 0.05171886458992958, -0.005864282604306936, 0.019033396616578102, 0.03202546760439873, 0.07172275334596634, -0.006513521075248718, 0.1051495224237442, -0.014732214622199535, -0.008012814447283745, -0.03650487959384918, -0.0023927101865410805, -0.04698752611875534, -0.031095236539840698, -0.03199727088212967, 0.04100590571761131, -0.019536005333065987, 0.07855574041604996, 0.09003644436597824, -0.022342339158058167, 0.08469197154045105, -0.03912631422281265, -0.011522925458848476, -0.04428012669086456, 0.06387437134981155, 0.0397760309278965, -0.011544084176421165, -0.057891398668289185, -0.024284236133098602, -0.006093984004110098, 0.04956427961587906, 0.032504595816135406, 0.014630204997956753, -0.010365129448473454, -0.1372421234846115, 0.03622310236096382, -0.08723887801170349, -0.031106287613511086, -0.08998370915651321, 0.002790494356304407, -0.06325525045394897, 0.02738049626350403, 0.04725269973278046, -0.01885368302464485, 0.051166653633117676, -0.03739326819777489, -0.021647997200489044, 0.024825436994433403, 0.05390670523047447, -0.02477896958589554, -0.006965446751564741, 0.08626318722963333, -0.0063792066648602486, -0.020131263881921768, -0.017082856968045235, 0.019438477233052254]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
546
|
`` Mars simulation chambers '' , were first described and used in U.S. Air Force research in the 1950s by Hubertus Strughold , and popularized in civilian research by Joshua Lederberg and Carl Sagan .On April 26, 2012, scientists reported that an extremophile lichen survived and showed remarkable results on the adaptation capacity of photosynthetic activity within the simulation time of 34 days under Martian conditions in the Mars Simulation Laboratory (MSL) maintained by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The ability to survive in an environment is not the same as the ability to thrive, reproduce, and evolve in that same environment, necessitating further study. Although numerous studies point to resistance to some of Mars conditions, they do so separately, and none has considered the full range of Martian surface conditions, including temperature, pressure, atmospheric composition, radiation, humidity, oxidizing regolith including perchlorates, and others, all at the same time and in combination. Laboratory simulations show that whenever multiple lethal factors are combined, the survival rates plummet quickly. Water salinity and temperature
Astrobiologists funded by NASA are researching the limits of microbial life in solutions with high salt concentrations at low temperature. Any body of liquid water under the polar ice caps or underground is likely to exist under high hydrostatic pressure and have a significant salt concentration. They know that the landing site of Phoenix lander was found to be regolith cemented with water ice and salts, and the soil samples likely contained magnesium sulfate, magnesium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium chloride and calcium carbonate. Earth bacteria capable of growth and reproduction in the presence of highly salted solutions, called halophile or "salt-lover", were tested for survival using salts commonly found on Mars and at decreasing temperatures. The species tested include Halomonas, Marinococcus, Nesterenkonia, and Virgibacillus.
|
[-0.05128102004528046, -0.03542972356081009, -0.03336068242788315, 0.010334894061088562, 0.11519218236207962, -0.07630676031112671, -0.06719806790351868, -0.017866559326648712, -0.01774393580853939, 0.07780513912439346, 0.013492058962583542, -0.09316325932741165, 0.05623006448149681, 0.07353885471820831, -0.03676105663180351, -0.0027616159059107304, -0.03522978723049164, 0.005149723496288061, -0.0974574163556099, 0.11691281199455261, -0.014141022227704525, 0.04528079554438591, -0.054012130945920944, 0.01601550541818142, -0.04689246043562889, 0.0423545278608799, -0.04252876341342926, 0.06089034304022789, -0.03539496660232544, 0.001516259741038084, 0.0035449459683150053, 0.0275514367967844, 0.028069134801626205, -0.064849354326725, 0.08366421610116959, 0.11741697043180466, -0.015418031252920628, -0.10726670175790787, -0.014924543909728527, 0.025571033358573914, -0.04212136194109917, -0.08187682181596756, 0.01685917377471924, 0.05777999013662338, -0.02563648298382759, -0.004389126785099506, 0.048340849578380585, -0.0657014325261116, -0.018958358094096184, -0.0008406324195675552, -0.06414737552404404, 0.02386155165731907, 0.01343330554664135, -0.02082057110965252, -0.062057968229055405, -0.063218854367733, -0.07693058252334595, -0.030316371470689774, -0.04506109654903412, -0.10835932940244675, -0.017588092014193535, 0.003518402576446533, -0.05695020779967308, -0.03984631225466728, 0.03133758157491684, -0.03769613429903984, -0.046984996646642685, -0.003908894490450621, 0.04034656658768654, -0.012910300865769386, -0.0848436951637268, 0.02506180852651596, -0.07564474642276764, 0.018925130367279053, -0.01608208380639553, 0.06232604756951332, 0.07618170976638794, -0.034710317850112915, 0.02551376074552536, -0.013554571196436882, 0.09664866328239441, 0.014597214758396149, -0.031605564057826996, 0.029391109943389893, -0.08501145243644714, -0.0861731693148613, -0.017551306635141373, 0.11469731479883194, 0.09126763045787811, 0.004016093909740448, 0.016153628006577492, 0.057609573006629944, 0.0023381682112812996, -0.026755021885037422, -0.02582455240190029, 0.1244039237499237, 0.04277542978525162, 0.005732688587158918, 0.003250472480431199, -0.05998857319355011, -0.017206553369760513, -0.051562339067459106, -0.04315868765115738, 0.019154997542500496, 0.09877967089414597, -0.12580572068691254, 0.047994259744882584, 0.04517050459980965, 0.039093222469091415, -0.022302579134702682, 0.01790468767285347, 0.020237121731042862, -0.0012729798909276724, -0.01676785573363304, 0.0813148021697998, -0.0441707968711853, 0.02521407976746559, -0.04722614958882332, -0.04734517261385918, 0.07015778124332428, -0.015762222930788994, 0.03240665793418884, 0.025489984080195427, -0.04214281216263771, 0.057289909571409225, 0.03465256467461586, -0.020002681761980057, 3.6167316312512436e-33, 0.06267251074314117, -0.0849604681134224, 0.039925072342157364, 0.03438659757375717, -0.005845680367201567, -0.057903219014406204, -0.02958711050450802, -0.014825544320046902, -0.00217512808740139, -0.061098065227270126, -0.040105242282152176, -0.012725929729640484, -0.06995036453008652, 0.011000501923263073, -0.04623446986079216, 0.11703716963529587, -0.010257462970912457, -0.04806581884622574, -0.04596591368317604, 0.0826379805803299, -0.041104111820459366, -0.05340715870261192, 0.03820575773715973, 0.027252400293946266, 0.10403718799352646, 0.03000478446483612, 0.07860226184129715, -0.07381302118301392, 0.02247515693306923, -0.03206312656402588, 0.028848988935351372, 0.00038556690560653806, -0.11928977072238922, 0.030248016119003296, 0.04340657964348793, 0.07922053337097168, -0.015505151823163033, 0.07450631260871887, -0.018693743273615837, -0.018976612016558647, -0.06699594110250473, 0.053395826369524, 0.07569916546344757, -0.006284605246037245, 0.08146654814481735, -0.003987526521086693, -0.035049065947532654, 0.04905152693390846, -0.029506493359804153, -0.02878040261566639, 0.09046217054128647, 0.03716910630464554, -0.018377771601080894, 0.06344147771596909, -0.008171566762030125, -0.011617964133620262, 0.006057962775230408, -0.016221817582845688, -0.08576788753271103, 0.03897349163889885, -0.04118874669075012, 0.03380756452679634, -0.01054513081908226, 0.09785197675228119, 0.0662420466542244, 0.0125825060531497, -0.029145102947950363, -0.02420084737241268, 0.04193180054426193, 0.055201973766088486, -0.02547038532793522, -0.046886324882507324, -0.006162656936794519, -0.03051202930510044, -0.08841263502836227, -0.052692268043756485, 0.05205104127526283, -0.04416860640048981, 0.00788148958235979, 0.05100907012820244, 0.0653323084115982, 0.024096162989735603, -0.011790388263761997, -0.01389720942825079, -0.13743752241134644, -0.0012590497499331832, 0.003319369163364172, 0.039904579520225525, 0.006629330106079578, -0.04344956576824188, 0.06083853542804718, -0.05029333382844925, 0.0486207939684391, -0.09446346759796143, -0.05864159017801285, -4.812332078260377e-33, 0.03266271576285362, -0.08672749996185303, -0.014912345446646214, 0.04149845615029335, 0.014003090560436249, 0.05165240913629532, -0.09054987132549286, 0.010289113968610764, 0.010157354176044464, -0.03708035498857498, 0.041764482855796814, 0.06706537306308746, 0.044650427997112274, -0.009696816094219685, 0.000327065063174814, -0.02420911006629467, -0.04599375277757645, 0.03481253981590271, 0.021804356947541237, 0.004688108805567026, 0.015142939053475857, 0.06216837465763092, -0.02092692442238331, 0.0016038856701925397, -0.04666677489876747, -0.021918078884482384, 0.03538397327065468, 0.0021325876004993916, 0.006767425686120987, -0.04208081215620041, 0.02495318278670311, 0.1030847504734993, -0.0198802649974823, -0.023724211379885674, 0.055476803332567215, 0.06090185046195984, -0.0059380121529102325, -0.05584518983960152, -0.04190583899617195, 0.016234196722507477, 0.05585829168558121, -0.030556445941329002, -0.006221399176865816, -0.04285748675465584, -0.000710241321939975, 0.04362325370311737, 0.012248987331986427, -0.0954161062836647, 0.04534260183572769, 0.010210989974439144, 0.023535231128335, -0.07264581322669983, -0.11257918179035187, 0.017084721475839615, 0.04234594479203224, -0.051906291395425797, -0.07509970664978027, 0.05185609310865402, 0.012761465273797512, -0.0371621698141098, 0.009189385920763016, -0.060751598328351974, -0.007758998777717352, -0.052951984107494354, -0.06306057423353195, 0.015104111284017563, 0.037510305643081665, 0.11441199481487274, 0.0016107209958136082, 0.02010413259267807, 0.10952144861221313, -0.019010968506336212, 0.08881691843271255, -0.043236907571554184, 0.03767470270395279, 0.017260205000638962, -0.03703564032912254, -0.015053209848701954, 0.0004292061785236001, 0.01782393828034401, -0.047370847314596176, 0.012437970377504826, 0.008377645164728165, 0.037933219224214554, 0.06938987225294113, -0.03383737802505493, -0.00626819534227252, -0.030767211690545082, -0.08155187964439392, 0.007136399857699871, -0.03391348570585251, -0.12418600171804428, -0.007690081838518381, 0.08327386528253555, -0.015138713642954826, -5.236611499981336e-08, 0.05257632955908775, 0.05559054762125015, 0.0005725526134483516, 0.0037866593338549137, -0.06735866516828537, 0.07596150785684586, 0.051931630820035934, 0.032628580927848816, 0.04283054545521736, 0.13670459389686584, 0.02156611904501915, 0.019282802939414978, 0.09383027255535126, 0.008901822380721569, -0.008639320731163025, 0.08517232537269592, 0.06757553666830063, -0.05549032241106033, -0.027239041402935982, 0.003184661502018571, -0.04436666890978813, 0.02187967114150524, -0.04811980947852135, 0.02012697421014309, -0.043058935552835464, 0.015842685475945473, 0.04646240919828415, 0.04428138956427574, 0.056055620312690735, -0.056752096861600876, 0.0024997186847031116, -0.028763074427843094, 0.029674120247364044, -0.014832697808742523, -0.0238899365067482, -0.04606005921959877, -0.015745272859930992, -0.013056148774921894, 0.04784606397151947, 0.04453273117542267, -0.07746655493974686, 0.006069257389754057, -0.1104847714304924, -0.009499616920948029, -0.042303599417209625, -0.018055113032460213, -0.09173443168401718, -0.008981507271528244, -0.046356167644262314, 0.0431075319647789, 0.05435194447636604, 0.02606291137635708, -0.00993844959884882, 0.03436078131198883, -0.020704610273241997, 0.07323624193668365, 0.04012465476989746, 0.02398661896586418, -0.02924203686416149, 0.05292143672704697, 0.035871636122465134, 0.011908834800124168, -0.1258048713207245, 0.010884413495659828]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
547
|
called halophile or `` salt-lover '' , were tested for survival using salts commonly found on Mars and at decreasing temperatures . The species tested include Halomonas , Marinococcus , Nesterenkonia , and Virgibacillus .Laboratory simulations show that whenever multiple Martian environmental factors are combined, the survival rates plummet quickly, however, halophile bacteria were grown in a lab in water solutions containing more than 25% of salts common on Mars, and starting in 2019, the experiments will incorporate exposure to low temperature, salts, and high pressure. Mars-like regions on Earth
On 21 February 2023, scientists reported the findings of a "dark microbiome" of unfamiliar microorganisms in the Atacama Desert in Chile, a Mars-like region of Earth. Missions
Mars-2
Mars-1 was the first spacecraft launched to Mars in 1962, but communication was lost while en route to Mars. With Mars-2 and Mars-3 in 1971–1972, information was obtained on the nature of the surface rocks and altitude profiles of the surface density of the soil, its thermal conductivity, and thermal anomalies detected on the surface of Mars. The program found that its northern polar cap has a temperature below −110 °C (−166 °F) and that the water vapor content in the atmosphere of Mars is five thousand times less than on Earth. No signs of life were found. Signs of life of the Mars space program AMS from orbit were not found. The descent vehicle Mars-2 crashed on landing, the descent vehicle Mars-3 launched 1.5 minutes after landing in the Ptolemaeus crater, but worked for only 14.5 seconds. Mariner 4
Mariner 4 probe performed the first successful flyby of the planet Mars, returning the first pictures of the Martian surface in 1965. The photographs showed an arid Mars without rivers, oceans, or any signs of life.
|
[0.015642520040273666, -0.08011916279792786, -0.044810984283685684, 0.011512299068272114, 0.11924708634614944, -0.034437332302331924, -0.05104018747806549, 0.050835855305194855, 0.016316916793584824, 0.05000273138284683, 0.03867035359144211, -0.08863162249326706, 0.05498524010181427, 0.10181162506341934, -0.04700737074017525, -0.026631072163581848, 0.0013750811340287328, -0.06746794283390045, 0.0031405906192958355, 0.06289606541395187, -0.036741796880960464, 0.08571449667215347, -0.06878799945116043, -0.008432467468082905, -0.08393565565347672, 0.09930469840765, 0.004972387570887804, 0.014956795610487461, -0.07512381672859192, 0.014796759933233261, -0.03440433368086815, 0.014189601875841618, 0.12753607332706451, -0.022164825350046158, 0.09147769957780838, 0.1026308685541153, 0.0011965865269303322, -0.05022543668746948, 0.028598912060260773, 0.012613417580723763, 0.00676152715459466, -0.05449027568101883, 0.09482063353061676, 0.005391618236899376, -0.02980293519794941, 0.011302652768790722, 0.05775044485926628, -0.051315002143383026, 0.0455048605799675, -0.05637861415743828, -0.009900488890707493, -0.0023537816014140844, 0.018532644957304, 0.029659409075975418, -0.07991558313369751, -0.0034489294048398733, -0.06657099723815918, -0.06306277960538864, -0.01601516455411911, -0.05076007544994354, -0.017246097326278687, -0.036629244685173035, -0.02002837508916855, -0.08990087360143661, 0.008944240398705006, -0.004886463284492493, -0.00011294176511000842, -0.036065421998500824, 0.0485212542116642, 0.017240986227989197, -0.08490929752588272, 0.017767680808901787, -0.02679319493472576, 0.035626668483018875, -0.012598204426467419, 0.08541050553321838, 0.09244988113641739, -0.001766696572303772, 0.00294440146535635, -0.06749086081981659, 0.05509638041257858, -0.03224257379770279, -0.008645294234156609, -0.00416865898296237, -0.07069273293018341, -0.02176036685705185, 0.019656121730804443, 0.05362498015165329, 0.024138178676366806, -0.03183303028345108, 0.0009317474323324859, 0.019329393282532692, 0.018923884257674217, -0.02744344249367714, -0.0710846558213234, 0.02507050335407257, -0.0022628712467849255, -0.0010258924448862672, 0.04735289886593819, -0.06958501785993576, -0.022312700748443604, -0.046728312969207764, -0.11055613309144974, 0.01601354405283928, 0.04245399311184883, -0.028908621519804, 0.025918932631611824, 0.011545173823833466, 0.07213075459003448, 0.00012014406820526347, -0.03941882401704788, 0.0198482908308506, -0.0525972843170166, -0.02075897343456745, 0.021856101229786873, 0.016487209126353264, 0.07872045785188675, 0.03089975379407406, -0.08950909227132797, 0.0793779045343399, 0.012389079667627811, -0.022155823186039925, 0.06613950431346893, -0.041376594454050064, 0.036358196288347244, 0.0073496210388839245, -0.050425514578819275, 1.8489515947976845e-33, 0.07115339487791061, -0.051039330661296844, 0.001992414705455303, 0.052096933126449585, -0.0239858441054821, -0.028161823749542236, 0.0055196392349898815, -0.030525675043463707, -0.02029118500649929, -0.1021113395690918, 0.013911743648350239, 0.012049461714923382, -0.0523902028799057, 0.004039861261844635, -0.03681813180446625, 0.11323411762714386, 0.007670885883271694, -0.08519232273101807, -0.018551776185631752, -0.003033682005479932, -0.07180186361074448, 0.0032976155634969473, 0.08075901120901108, 0.03359290957450867, 0.11041704565286636, -0.03076855279505253, 0.033911652863025665, -0.11176537722349167, 0.09819021075963974, -0.03194166719913483, -0.0208975188434124, -0.02291058376431465, -0.07889170944690704, 0.0498119555413723, 0.09657704085111618, 0.13813312351703644, -0.025408737361431122, 0.06692592054605484, -0.029661959037184715, -0.022168630734086037, 0.032025281339883804, 0.04237690940499306, 0.027020128443837166, -0.010434278286993504, 0.030764346942305565, -0.0302598737180233, -0.04665606468915939, -0.0011828946880996227, 0.007377724163234234, -0.012010032311081886, 0.015255012549459934, 0.016550293192267418, 0.021315449848771095, 0.007021628320217133, 0.014368923380970955, -0.04466916620731354, 0.0065771243534982204, 0.03410394489765167, -0.011552649550139904, 0.02817038632929325, 0.0045188176445662975, 0.035901300609111786, 0.008231251500546932, 0.042577050626277924, 0.012028180994093418, 0.004766205791383982, -0.012266161851584911, -0.0017436586786061525, 0.027072684839367867, 0.04601658880710602, -0.033031027764081955, -0.0061684660613536835, -0.01119052805006504, 0.02501588501036167, -0.07520554214715958, -0.05449053645133972, -0.01482242438942194, -0.05841582268476486, 0.07006228715181351, 0.013838470913469791, 0.03145228698849678, 0.006987129803746939, 0.08594883233308792, -0.0026879869401454926, -0.17597101628780365, 0.030097492039203644, 0.015072455629706383, 0.06894584745168686, -0.02356533892452717, -0.01902470365166664, 0.010250178165733814, 0.01819852739572525, 0.040593259036540985, -0.03816281631588936, -0.051281411200761795, -3.5169292221305544e-33, -0.0011601700680330396, -0.029678769409656525, -0.03212336450815201, 0.06090125814080238, -0.02571597322821617, 0.0414980985224247, -0.022602980956435204, 0.009524144232273102, -0.03475746884942055, -0.03854299336671829, 0.04337843880057335, 0.0224765595048666, 0.06975478678941727, -0.08141161501407623, 0.010468589141964912, 0.01612340472638607, 0.015148206613957882, 0.02110869064927101, -0.003625211538746953, -0.026624267920851707, -0.03034406714141369, 0.043688949197530746, -0.023779742419719696, -0.03580036386847496, -0.08850692957639694, 0.007369463797658682, 0.0676330029964447, 0.0182446651160717, -0.05003998801112175, -0.027652470394968987, -0.006824579555541277, 0.15374566614627838, 0.020972544327378273, -0.06894273310899734, -0.020083483308553696, 0.05182541534304619, -0.0007758742431178689, -0.12276436388492584, -0.037051308900117874, 0.014890053309500217, 0.05776865780353546, 0.020083561539649963, 0.01064224448055029, -0.010912901721894741, -0.05632789805531502, 0.017594492062926292, 0.07480650395154953, 0.024714790284633636, 0.06158708781003952, 0.04172031208872795, 0.014986022375524044, -0.10105602443218231, -0.11150507628917694, -0.004593668971210718, 0.01806323416531086, -0.04975210130214691, -0.046088412404060364, 0.11093457043170929, 0.010028993710875511, -0.05408031493425369, 0.018267642706632614, -0.04752400889992714, -0.06108199805021286, -0.07426315546035767, -0.026212871074676514, 0.018425025045871735, 0.06005411595106125, 0.049014780670404434, -0.0002717862371355295, 0.03542598336935043, 0.08180027455091476, -0.00955526065081358, 0.09600459784269333, -0.04124763235449791, 0.029025694355368614, 0.0018017556285485625, -0.05754004418849945, -0.0028010120149701834, -0.017586901783943176, 0.025804441422224045, -0.07972440868616104, 0.005725535564124584, -0.0040659187361598015, 0.07228507846593857, 0.09641851484775543, -0.04650263860821724, 0.029585817828774452, -0.0213041752576828, -0.11884868890047073, -0.0036111644003540277, -0.05600523203611374, -0.14195747673511505, -0.04882323741912842, 0.04556235671043396, -0.011240317486226559, -4.72464769529779e-08, 0.1340092569589615, -0.03678302466869354, -0.042312610894441605, 0.04474946856498718, -0.004156406968832016, 0.08772661536931992, -0.011525998823344707, 0.06900318711996078, 0.038393691182136536, 0.05068372189998627, 0.00655144639313221, 0.039019256830215454, 0.05418023094534874, -0.042084164917469025, 0.0038755557034164667, 0.09026297181844711, 0.03326592966914177, 0.0026251720264554024, -0.017458368092775345, -0.019375057891011238, -0.07192494720220566, 0.029605919495224953, -0.045149702578783035, -0.01089624222368002, 0.008985543623566628, 0.04082473739981651, 0.013596166856586933, 0.023827893659472466, -0.007128672208636999, -0.14403162896633148, -0.009598902426660061, -0.06200488656759262, 0.04272308573126793, -0.07574470341205597, -0.004932248033583164, -0.009928322397172451, -0.026874590665102005, 0.01952330395579338, 0.058139197528362274, 0.03303387388586998, 0.009454569779336452, 0.08812642097473145, -0.12467940151691437, 0.029297521337866783, -0.09688731282949448, 0.025769192725419998, -0.07890591025352478, 0.025175560265779495, -0.07232237607240677, 0.0016460366314277053, -0.0003424406168051064, -0.0032736731227487326, 0.031682807952165604, 0.02587197721004486, -0.023641886189579964, 0.04026125743985176, 0.038015663623809814, -0.03403271734714508, -0.027289317920804024, 0.04007890075445175, -0.011228875257074833, -0.009839660488069057, -0.12565360963344574, -0.0009577064774930477]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
548
|
successful flyby of the planet Mars , returning the first pictures of the Martian surface in 1965 . The photographs showed an arid Mars without rivers , oceans , or any signs of life .Further, it revealed that the surface (at least the parts that it photographed) was covered in craters, indicating a lack of plate tectonics and weathering of any kind for the last 4 billion years. The probe also found that Mars has no global magnetic field that would protect the planet from potentially life-threatening cosmic rays. The probe was able to calculate the atmospheric pressure on the planet to be about 0.6 kPa (compared to Earth's 101.3 kPa), meaning that liquid water could not exist on the planet's surface. After Mariner 4, the search for life on Mars changed to a search for bacteria-like living organisms rather than for multicellular organisms, as the environment was clearly too harsh for these. Viking orbiters
Liquid water is necessary for known life and metabolism, so if water was present on Mars, the chances of it having supported life may have been determinant. The Viking orbiters found evidence of possible river valleys in many areas, erosion and, in the southern hemisphere, branched streams. Viking biological experiments
The primary mission of the Viking probes of the mid-1970s was to carry out experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil because the favorable conditions for the evolution of multicellular organisms ceased some four billion years ago on Mars. The tests were formulated to look for microbial life similar to that found on Earth. Of the four experiments, only the Labeled Release (LR) experiment returned a positive result, showing increased 14CO2 production on first exposure of soil to water and nutrients. All scientists agree on two points from the Viking missions: that radiolabeled 14CO2 was evolved in the Labeled Release experiment, and that the GCMS detected no organic molecules.
|
[-0.060241326689720154, 0.025678418576717377, 0.02481093443930149, -0.029437553137540817, 0.13129344582557678, -0.10024956613779068, -0.026652909815311432, -0.0028103517834097147, -0.0031567199621349573, 0.04208648204803467, 0.0026452490128576756, -0.11052258312702179, 0.03422364592552185, 0.04401005804538727, -0.07051395624876022, -0.017312265932559967, -0.08832740783691406, -0.06908370554447174, 0.013643565587699413, 0.09119977802038193, -0.05521386116743088, 0.07107751071453094, -0.04883258789777756, -0.010064109228551388, 0.01434696651995182, 0.060241326689720154, 0.014460154809057713, 0.04785867780447006, 0.006023160647600889, 0.032256580889225006, 0.042967211455106735, 0.052106235176324844, -0.03336628898978233, -0.05076302960515022, 0.03625153377652168, 0.13118566572666168, -0.003088445868343115, -0.07899761945009232, -0.02866898849606514, 0.015917332842946053, 0.0290335975587368, -0.06715966016054153, 0.07668452709913254, -0.03693308308720589, -0.017186101526021957, 0.03163352236151695, 0.04132423177361488, -0.1090732142329216, 0.02220573090016842, 0.059670716524124146, -0.021468568593263626, -0.083039790391922, -0.005831521470099688, -0.015758760273456573, -0.02988680638372898, -0.08620290458202362, -0.09923091530799866, -0.05419964715838432, -0.004127699416130781, -0.11260747164487839, -0.04561939463019371, -0.035410717129707336, -0.015284806489944458, -0.0032695576082915068, 0.022387435659766197, -0.007706569507718086, -0.10208432376384735, -0.037532489746809006, 0.050204984843730927, -0.04291402921080589, -0.0269025769084692, 0.029263176023960114, -0.041364703327417374, 0.005604025442153215, -0.04595488682389259, 0.0034805608447641134, 0.050936948508024216, 0.025852270424365997, 0.029721450060606003, -0.018986579030752182, 0.04799453914165497, -0.010906186886131763, -0.10330558568239212, 0.03600767254829407, -0.10685248672962189, 0.031405042856931686, -0.02643345668911934, -0.04178692027926445, 0.011977104470133781, 0.02707778289914131, 0.04425682872533798, -0.009625415317714214, -0.008946537040174007, -0.08110111951828003, -0.04889889433979988, 0.07749441266059875, 0.038523685187101364, -0.0022583487443625927, 0.05369896441698074, -0.04454537108540535, 0.0034499175380915403, 0.03292040526866913, -0.017002634704113007, 0.008136133663356304, 0.029556095600128174, -0.042236633598804474, 0.06151009351015091, 0.08273892104625702, 0.05775291472673416, 0.00022315900423564017, -0.045841604471206665, -0.02116941660642624, -0.010528973303735256, -0.025526760146021843, 0.052179791033267975, -0.03196515887975693, 0.03187887743115425, 0.01019697543233633, -0.050768230110406876, 0.005030099768191576, -0.05617561936378479, 0.01769147627055645, 0.06597443670034409, -0.014968466013669968, 0.1648932248353958, 0.0891118198633194, 0.00037838827120140195, -2.2208515587749627e-33, 0.1231672540307045, -0.04952405393123627, 0.021669108420610428, 0.027562571689486504, -0.040707413107156754, -0.053321219980716705, -0.07701057195663452, 0.006486120633780956, 0.06633492559194565, -0.01917584054172039, -0.08291322737932205, -0.0427665114402771, -0.016011087223887444, -0.044204626232385635, -0.027850447222590446, 0.028068674728274345, -0.03265714272856712, -0.09793763607740402, -0.020285407081246376, 0.03944326937198639, -0.006924534682184458, -0.12057500332593918, 0.030601808801293373, -0.04869166389107704, 0.05421028286218643, -0.0558176264166832, 0.04245037958025932, -0.07709893584251404, -0.02564501017332077, -0.027735363692045212, -0.03326403722167015, 0.017564719542860985, -0.059682801365852356, 0.02822256088256836, 0.012539317831397057, 0.04324272647500038, -0.01839764602482319, 0.020112717524170876, -0.03254524990916252, -0.00543617969378829, 0.00971263088285923, 0.006839553359895945, 0.04243447631597519, -0.025064125657081604, 0.0703025609254837, -0.013722279109060764, -0.0062264371663331985, 0.007643247954547405, 0.03275090828537941, -0.006675948388874531, 0.07050951570272446, 0.01397652830928564, 0.03525650501251221, 0.0598837286233902, 0.011303449980914593, 0.008932780474424362, 0.02998284436762333, -0.012537157163023949, -0.06724252551794052, 0.08815319091081619, 0.002276154700666666, 0.006370495539158583, 0.06873419135808945, 0.020351840183138847, 0.0877193734049797, 0.043209757655858994, 0.037478238344192505, -0.020377740263938904, -0.03361028432846069, 0.010576126165688038, -0.061428431421518326, -0.05983475223183632, 0.03863483667373657, -0.013069985434412956, 0.008635067380964756, -0.04760313406586647, 0.004227090626955032, -0.09223996847867966, 0.03474527224898338, 0.07439155131578445, 0.036032382398843765, -0.03876052796840668, 0.05629546195268631, 0.04968563839793205, -0.07516523450613022, -0.02252989262342453, 0.06710222363471985, -0.04620176553726196, 0.056864283978939056, -0.06529667228460312, 0.03039342164993286, -0.018523143604397774, 0.009911387227475643, -0.12674376368522644, -0.02767283096909523, -5.528549214943881e-34, -0.051402099430561066, -0.038812074810266495, -0.0061708902940154076, 0.04954617843031883, 0.033698223531246185, 0.002301108557730913, 0.04183097556233406, 0.04763338714838028, 0.008333190344274044, -0.021248575299978256, 0.07590995728969574, 0.09443901479244232, -0.012716880068182945, -0.06039263680577278, 0.06442686915397644, 0.019915688782930374, -0.07749580591917038, 0.06241592392325401, 0.05664904788136482, -0.010674094781279564, 0.024210331961512566, 0.03135545924305916, -0.03023783676326275, -0.008755672723054886, 0.02111472375690937, 0.05889493599534035, 0.03353539854288101, 0.0079501336440444, -0.020809058099985123, 0.0197601318359375, 0.010488942265510559, 0.09962350130081177, 0.04999114200472832, 0.007545525208115578, 0.04602992534637451, 0.058869618922472, 0.05678306892514229, 0.021547595039010048, -0.02827869914472103, 0.019390089437365532, 0.04278399422764778, 0.013085491955280304, 0.015341071411967278, -0.015295327641069889, -0.059549685567617416, -0.03963533416390419, 0.03446440398693085, 0.036155734211206436, 0.020587043836712837, 0.07082174718379974, 0.010255545377731323, 0.03980257362127304, -0.10722453147172928, 0.08144814521074295, 0.0033594786655157804, 0.016377320513129234, -0.005194712895900011, 0.07691608369350433, 0.020737089216709137, -0.0430811271071434, -0.05174544081091881, -0.08720682561397552, -0.0545303113758564, -0.004836461041122675, -0.014187226071953773, 0.008513811975717545, 0.058426834642887115, 0.097286157310009, -0.03377021476626396, -0.025554997846484184, -0.00875942688435316, -0.07734318822622299, 0.13264404237270355, -0.04789005592465401, 0.10479842871427536, -0.007316438481211662, -0.0258486345410347, -0.07360957562923431, -0.05352088063955307, -0.00791572593152523, -0.04689529165625572, 0.036537181586027145, 0.010514486581087112, 0.040769170969724655, 0.0994386374950409, -0.006824211683124304, -0.053246643394231796, -0.05785614624619484, -0.11352045089006424, -0.06765314936637878, 0.030591633170843124, -0.10972324013710022, -0.08441440016031265, 0.10787906497716904, -0.006586109288036823, -5.003601089015319e-08, 0.02989589050412178, 0.015689002349972725, 0.0043731736950576305, 0.01776019111275673, 0.01977897621691227, 0.024543289095163345, 0.006075916811823845, 0.06944173574447632, -0.007776307407766581, -0.024150362238287926, 0.009785777889192104, 0.03834018111228943, -0.022201964631676674, -0.015870684757828712, 0.10850945860147476, -0.009161553345620632, -0.013250399380922318, 0.004815125837922096, -0.1015806719660759, 0.04430118203163147, -0.02195775881409645, 0.0071100336499512196, -0.12484777718782425, -0.0435112789273262, -0.010092925280332565, 0.05693303793668747, 0.0006642076768912375, 0.03357769176363945, 0.07133786380290985, -0.11963804811239243, 0.060486581176519394, -0.014096962288022041, 0.0316251739859581, -0.026803383603692055, -0.023923823609948158, -0.0073394328355789185, -0.07302188128232956, 0.019284432753920555, -0.01844913326203823, 0.06691744923591614, -0.1079394668340683, 0.02754988521337509, -0.07719635963439941, 0.006215143017470837, -0.04983491078019142, 0.06542029231786728, -0.06955987960100174, 0.004007240291684866, -0.04047310724854469, 0.031382299959659576, 0.008872422389686108, 0.032638661563396454, 0.08293178677558899, -0.006661838386207819, 0.02463936246931553, -0.017928091809153557, -0.04329526424407959, -0.009224946610629559, -0.0269689429551363, 0.018529744818806648, 0.02718813344836235, 0.030362803488969803, -0.08393151313066483, -0.023155611008405685]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
549
|
water and nutrients . All scientists agree on two points from the Viking missions : that radiolabeled 14CO2 was evolved in the Labeled Release experiment , and that the GCMS detected no organic molecules .There are vastly different interpretations of what those results imply: A 2011 astrobiology textbook notes that the GCMS was the decisive factor due to which "For most of the Viking scientists, the final conclusion was that the Viking missions failed to detect life in the Martian soil." Norman Horowitz was the head of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory bioscience section for the Mariner and Viking missions from 1965 to 1976. Horowitz considered that the great versatility of the carbon atom makes it the element most likely to provide solutions, even exotic solutions, to the problems of survival of life on other planets. However, he also considered that the conditions found on Mars were incompatible with carbon based life. One of the designers of the Labeled Release experiment, Gilbert Levin, believes his results are a definitive diagnostic for life on Mars. Levin's interpretation is disputed by many scientists. A 2006 astrobiology textbook noted that "With unsterilized Terrestrial samples, though, the addition of more nutrients after the initial incubation would then produce still more radioactive gas as the dormant bacteria sprang into action to consume the new dose of food. This was not true of the Martian soil; on Mars, the second and third nutrient injections did not produce any further release of labeled gas." Other scientists argue that superoxides in the soil could have produced this effect without life being present. An almost general consensus discarded the Labeled Release data as evidence of life, because the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer, designed to identify natural organic matter, did not detect organic molecules.
|
[-0.06333267688751221, 0.031622789800167084, -0.08720117807388306, 0.01056638453155756, 0.1681133210659027, -0.0357385016977787, -0.021985923871397972, 0.05634499341249466, -0.029628176242113113, 0.03918101638555527, 0.05097527429461479, 0.02243657596409321, 0.02104461006820202, 0.0024442526046186686, -0.03582637012004852, -0.011907263658940792, -0.04206227511167526, -0.06430703401565552, -0.0014849319122731686, 0.0758497416973114, -0.04281146824359894, 0.10166987776756287, -0.02326877973973751, 0.01339981984347105, 0.04308781400322914, 0.06583858281373978, -0.010384819470345974, 0.03372146189212799, 0.013287664391100407, 0.04833628609776497, 0.06946612894535065, 0.025470057502388954, -0.009088962338864803, -0.04145537689328194, 0.03980220481753349, 0.07175643742084503, -0.024606196209788322, -0.1009737029671669, -0.03547816351056099, 0.05150999128818512, -0.022769387811422348, -0.07742758095264435, 0.05436621606349945, 0.011454747058451176, -0.05021106079220772, -0.03708729147911072, -0.014187443070113659, -0.12638013064861298, -0.0672789067029953, 0.07239428162574768, -0.05493894964456558, -0.07192037254571915, 0.030135776847600937, -0.06445887684822083, 0.03398812189698219, -0.046939171850681305, -0.065181665122509, -0.06996139138936996, -0.05317714065313339, -0.10118607431650162, -0.02642856165766716, -0.08946726471185684, -0.10019093006849289, -0.04486384615302086, 0.06521541625261307, -0.002579863416031003, 0.02237638086080551, -0.09477903693914413, -0.03691531717777252, 0.006753029767423868, -0.012592903338372707, 0.03788744658231735, -0.030135393142700195, -0.005518623627722263, -0.021118976175785065, 0.026662006974220276, -0.014483391307294369, 0.026357438415288925, 0.0761895701289177, -0.003199979430064559, 0.07860250025987625, -0.006550848949700594, -0.15956735610961914, 0.030874716117978096, -0.11274329572916031, 0.024573395028710365, -0.02505667880177498, 0.04138385131955147, -0.006304862443357706, 0.026307977735996246, -0.002879527397453785, -0.048261839896440506, 0.06428127735853195, -0.0008685721550136805, -0.04613904654979706, 0.05835385620594025, 0.08348579704761505, 0.02464650385081768, 0.08038471639156342, -0.042136747390031815, -0.00676601892337203, 0.04576197266578674, -0.08928266912698746, 0.01668505184352398, -0.04365546256303787, -0.03870503604412079, 0.042775534093379974, 0.11384031176567078, 0.044557418674230576, 0.01164991781115532, 0.002489048056304455, 0.016512062400579453, -0.022329358384013176, -0.008837457746267319, 0.012484036386013031, 0.012903424911201, 0.09814935177564621, 0.0013535693287849426, -0.05222909897565842, -0.005508278496563435, -0.017513049766421318, 0.014308868907392025, 0.0834752768278122, 0.014858481474220753, 0.10812834650278091, -0.004465869627892971, -0.017155123874545097, -1.3141780723063471e-33, 0.04600556194782257, -0.05630405247211456, 0.01416769064962864, 0.07644043117761612, -0.008274589665234089, -0.006783831398934126, -0.13918434083461761, -0.04979870468378067, 0.08156882971525192, 0.012047111056745052, -0.055808186531066895, 0.02658839337527752, -0.06256632506847382, -0.010720663703978062, -0.08699347078800201, 0.041347552090883255, -0.06068892404437065, -0.02609604224562645, -0.019817247986793518, 0.05401202291250229, 0.0450957715511322, -0.04510331153869629, 0.01736265793442726, 0.022465132176876068, 0.08916733413934708, -0.029642924666404724, -0.0034999996423721313, -0.05917985737323761, -0.03183607757091522, -0.026312222704291344, 0.0166640505194664, 0.052459828555583954, -0.07252433896064758, 0.030705269426107407, 0.05213576555252075, 0.013322912156581879, -0.10093224048614502, 0.013350574299693108, -0.026236264035105705, -0.06608220189809799, 0.10687663406133652, 0.04666701704263687, 0.05438370257616043, -0.04123644903302193, 0.08705680072307587, 0.01661871187388897, -0.010578432120382786, 0.0289367213845253, 0.05038212239742279, -0.030292408540844917, 0.061240654438734055, 0.030055273324251175, -0.01138311717659235, -0.012832577340304852, -0.026363130658864975, -0.004071655683219433, 0.06561609357595444, 0.028965817764401436, -0.01376217883080244, 0.0655190497636795, -0.08737356960773468, 0.06619586050510406, 0.05245821550488472, 0.014584342949092388, 0.0392775684595108, 0.005564248189330101, -0.055163219571113586, -0.06603848934173584, -0.020099759101867676, 0.08291788399219513, -0.011448288336396217, -0.03896899148821831, 0.036794859915971756, -0.014639954082667828, -0.018132593482732773, -0.06041286140680313, -0.04223405569791794, -0.039134155958890915, 0.01198810338973999, -0.005460335873067379, 0.05590374022722244, -0.06697341799736023, 0.01333494484424591, -0.01781138963997364, -0.1178639605641365, -0.008730276487767696, -0.07515833526849747, -0.004532406106591225, 0.04626951366662979, -0.0036885214503854513, 0.030674945563077927, -0.04584594815969467, -0.0014143403386697173, -0.1128494068980217, -0.05008714273571968, -2.012552490441315e-33, -0.08513429015874863, -0.03774915635585785, -0.01463370118290186, 0.058035895228385925, 0.04953235015273094, 0.04537392407655716, -0.03646167367696762, -0.014026448130607605, 0.003504360793158412, -0.06058059632778168, 0.1300143301486969, 0.11253666877746582, -0.06040436774492264, -0.006726922933012247, 0.019034668803215027, -0.024173840880393982, -0.07371766865253448, -0.006776737980544567, 0.06474359333515167, 0.02182549610733986, 0.010475965216755867, -0.005090972874313593, -0.029711470007896423, -0.051713164895772934, 0.06915781646966934, 0.04876477271318436, 0.076613649725914, 0.010711303912103176, 0.025617221370339394, 0.047015924006700516, -0.03406444936990738, 0.0732685998082161, 0.01706801727414131, 0.00874388124793768, 0.06613072752952576, 0.049025651067495346, 0.04727333039045334, 0.02744968608021736, -0.06753875315189362, 0.008287768810987473, -0.041667044162750244, 0.012751719914376736, -0.06331734359264374, -0.02111184224486351, -0.05009830743074417, -0.023729471489787102, 0.0705939307808876, -0.05463327467441559, 0.014149883762001991, 0.0719386637210846, 0.06829480081796646, 0.0729944109916687, -0.061787813901901245, 0.010608953423798084, -0.008019120432436466, 0.02381018176674843, -0.05218541994690895, -0.0006115655414760113, 0.08288419991731644, -0.031411733478307724, 0.005504838656634092, 0.019133776426315308, -0.03800508752465248, -0.003613774199038744, -0.035544656217098236, -0.029502352699637413, -0.006104825530201197, 0.08549217134714127, -0.013294273056089878, 0.008701769635081291, -0.03393050655722618, -0.030564216896891594, 0.1169523224234581, -0.046784330159425735, 0.060233645141124725, -0.01552607025951147, -0.04590413719415665, -0.10902875661849976, -0.06414581090211868, 0.00764189288020134, -0.10489730536937714, -0.010660282336175442, -0.014910595491528511, 0.05675119161605835, 0.08442674577236176, -0.0233790073543787, -0.02192120999097824, -0.007822026498615742, -0.08408170938491821, -1.550041815789882e-05, -0.01181230042129755, -0.05989287421107292, -0.023163268342614174, 0.08327291160821915, -0.007354510482400656, -4.7445798401213324e-08, -0.0005510836490429938, 0.011050447821617126, -0.033083900809288025, 0.01321469247341156, 0.01274773571640253, -0.00498945964500308, -0.021919451653957367, 0.06540930271148682, -0.0022559778299182653, 0.07098598033189774, 0.0353383831679821, 0.09610560536384583, -0.028175830841064453, -0.0018926849588751793, 0.04958297684788704, 0.004360146354883909, -0.014867100864648819, -0.04422902315855026, -0.06515074521303177, 0.004086505621671677, 0.010107473470270634, 0.007364396471530199, -0.047479048371315, -0.01417066715657711, -0.01286811288446188, 0.002366219414398074, 0.05818979814648628, 0.0885934978723526, 0.04275646433234215, -0.05261073261499405, 0.0062963091768324375, -0.014263690449297428, -0.011389591731131077, -0.0024778733495622873, 0.0048520821146667, -0.01627965271472931, -0.0015103043988347054, -0.005734211299568415, 0.06106388941407204, 0.03793373331427574, -0.11060182005167007, 0.07848898321390152, -0.13668878376483917, 0.0529736764729023, -0.05674928054213524, 0.04906279966235161, -0.0777011290192604, -0.04637475311756134, -0.052162934094667435, 0.04351386800408363, 0.02670624479651451, 0.005978511180728674, 0.0029870085418224335, -0.030695516616106033, 0.03135012090206146, 0.04796615615487099, 0.007360993418842554, 0.0072796461172401905, -0.018325569108128548, -0.01965327374637127, -0.013041534461081028, 0.006110894959419966, 0.008553216233849525, -0.04903008043766022]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
550
|
An almost general consensus discarded the Labeled Release data as evidence of life , because the gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer , designed to identify natural organic matter , did not detect organic molecules .More recently, high levels of organic chemicals, particularly chlorobenzene, were detected in powder drilled from one of the rocks, named "Cumberland", analyzed by the Curiosity rover. The results of the Viking mission concerning life are considered by the general expert community as inconclusive. In 2007, during a Seminar of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution (Washington, D.C., US), Gilbert Levin's investigation was assessed once more. Levin still maintains that his original data were correct, as the positive and negative control experiments were in order. Moreover, Levin's team, on April 12, 2012, reported a statistical speculation, based on old data—reinterpreted mathematically through cluster analysis—of the Labeled Release experiments, that may suggest evidence of "extant microbial life on Mars". Critics counter that the method has not yet been proven effective for differentiating between biological and non-biological processes on Earth so it is premature to draw any conclusions. A research team from the National Autonomous University of Mexico headed by Rafael Navarro-González concluded that the GCMS equipment (TV-GC-MS) used by the Viking program to search for organic molecules, may not be sensitive enough to detect low levels of organics. Klaus Biemann, the principal investigator of the GCMS experiment on Viking wrote a rebuttal. Because of the simplicity of sample handling, TV–GC–MS is still considered the standard method for organic detection on future Mars missions, so Navarro-González suggests that the design of future organic instruments for Mars should include other methods of detection. After the discovery of perchlorates on Mars by the Phoenix lander, practically the same team of Navarro-González published a paper arguing that the Viking GCMS results were compromised by the presence of perchlorates.
|
[-0.04528165981173515, 0.01631973497569561, -0.058441709727048874, 0.0508853942155838, 0.17739708721637726, -0.03661280497908592, -0.02411603182554245, 0.039790425449609756, 0.010774199850857258, 0.10331200063228607, 0.02502121962606907, -0.03937876224517822, 0.046238355338573456, 0.05402509495615959, -0.07856012880802155, 0.010870307683944702, -0.025928383693099022, -0.08548343181610107, -0.006458410527557135, 0.08206720650196075, -0.04580751433968544, 0.0662669762969017, 0.038082756102085114, 0.017168162390589714, -0.0028075254522264004, 0.08603646606206894, -0.04766910895705223, 0.015421252697706223, 0.003383505856618285, 0.0368928499519825, 0.03228619322180748, 0.11363555490970612, 0.04854225367307663, -0.05349675193428993, 0.0911242738366127, 0.10943206399679184, -0.0009170212433673441, -0.06445389986038208, 0.0080241858959198, 0.06551475077867508, -0.02445000782608986, -0.06986527144908905, 0.020177708938717842, -0.01299208216369152, -0.03261229023337364, 0.014024905860424042, 0.026347842067480087, -0.08956055343151093, -0.06432640552520752, 0.04643579199910164, -0.06961102783679962, -0.018741119652986526, -0.006079935934394598, -0.03656506910920143, -0.01917916163802147, -0.06822747737169266, -0.04644947126507759, -0.06594791263341904, -0.022155387327075005, -0.07425786554813385, 0.06318020075559616, -0.0727965235710144, -0.038660623133182526, -0.03824353218078613, 0.08286130428314209, 0.06939596682786942, -0.020169518887996674, -0.08923525363206863, 0.07894647121429443, -0.08803770691156387, 0.00898740254342556, 0.022182021290063858, -0.07196494936943054, 0.030134432017803192, 0.001267380197532475, 0.05797595903277397, 0.042373016476631165, -0.023557104170322418, -0.020784592255949974, -0.07628046721220016, 0.029195193201303482, -0.00892794132232666, -0.07395318150520325, -0.006008869037032127, -0.0501553975045681, 0.03558484464883804, 0.004749496933072805, 0.06431540846824646, -0.02162257954478264, 0.04352673143148422, 0.003152709687128663, -0.00923174899071455, 0.03888293728232384, -0.00918981060385704, -0.03477436676621437, 0.07546181231737137, 0.04004805162549019, 0.01913568191230297, 0.05987105891108513, -0.0037583583034574986, -0.004649472422897816, 0.018254727125167847, -0.15885481238365173, -0.030517617240548134, -0.04759739711880684, -0.03430508077144623, 0.01781829074025154, 0.061789292842149734, 0.08264312893152237, 0.010901974514126778, -0.01565643958747387, 0.021916938945651054, -0.05208764970302582, -0.017078952863812447, 0.03662402182817459, -0.014384850859642029, 0.07174776494503021, 0.06062566861510277, -0.07787664234638214, 0.05961548909544945, 0.014373663812875748, 0.003498969366773963, 0.02082669921219349, -0.014857113361358643, 0.10944118350744247, 0.0758294016122818, -0.04218707233667374, 1.2526377287984348e-33, 0.04589729383587837, -0.03218180686235428, 0.004040596541017294, 0.040868423879146576, -0.035799965262413025, -0.0023341800551861525, -0.09093943983316422, -0.004646086134016514, 0.09328946471214294, 0.009133930318057537, -0.00957716815173626, 0.013459423556923866, -0.00324670085683465, -0.0801735445857048, -0.0817512795329094, 0.05154748260974884, -0.06689946353435516, -0.04602384567260742, -0.040291398763656616, 0.014479770325124264, -0.013201610185205936, -0.039477404206991196, 0.0028164426330477, 0.011567174457013607, 0.0869976207613945, 0.007028902415186167, -0.019539756700396538, -0.011534499004483223, 0.01088278740644455, -0.04632195457816124, -0.01510714553296566, 0.065619096159935, -0.10429774969816208, 0.005255429074168205, 0.061086010187864304, 0.03491446003317833, -0.061277151107788086, 0.022047465667128563, -0.043341342359781265, -0.027167469263076782, 0.05431155487895012, 0.03294665366411209, 0.07298195362091064, -0.026211224496364594, 0.03612179309129715, -0.029211124405264854, -0.039921052753925323, 0.0328652560710907, 0.02885008603334427, -0.0774957463145256, 0.023975467309355736, 0.02230951376259327, 0.05587385967373848, 0.021620772778987885, -0.05028070881962776, 0.036441363394260406, 0.019552476704120636, -0.010786758735775948, -0.012951545417308807, 0.08676472306251526, 0.03240838646888733, 0.07555090636014938, 0.0178817268460989, 0.04945909231901169, 0.022585002705454826, 0.04558834061026573, -0.046026505529880524, -0.0010845266515389085, 0.04606437310576439, 0.07504752278327942, -0.0006135093281045556, 0.003459660802036524, -0.005452526267617941, -0.00355048687197268, -0.014174121432006359, -0.0915280431509018, -0.03529985249042511, -0.03719846159219742, 0.04422944784164429, -0.008217948488891125, 0.057132333517074585, -0.09430980682373047, 0.05203048139810562, -0.013841629959642887, -0.15048633515834808, 0.00641695037484169, -0.016277100890874863, -0.020171567797660828, 0.04844482243061066, -0.011961244978010654, 0.0005336113972589374, -0.02737426944077015, -0.01563914120197296, -0.10896209627389908, -0.09501221030950546, -2.7986485418483804e-33, -0.09618080407381058, -0.02438787929713726, -0.04296286031603813, 0.017296012490987778, -0.022957053035497665, 0.02591424062848091, -0.07820136100053787, -0.08029388636350632, 0.006948534399271011, 0.0013017260935157537, 0.11201491951942444, 0.06886106729507446, -0.01314725074917078, -0.033647362142801285, 0.013929727487266064, 0.01596974767744541, 0.00044119253288954496, -0.03542870655655861, 0.04488823562860489, 0.01975882239639759, -0.08449693024158478, -0.014708586037158966, -0.09014306962490082, -0.055807627737522125, 0.050018783658742905, 0.07113909721374512, 0.07342543452978134, -0.011632151901721954, 0.028114084154367447, 0.015396622940897942, -0.040320709347724915, 0.05698173865675926, -0.01858092099428177, -0.005342468153685331, 0.0715254470705986, 0.04262220859527588, 0.0713038519024849, -0.06992579251527786, -0.03206035494804382, -0.05110679939389229, 0.013311927206814289, 0.0887392982840538, -0.11095036566257477, 0.014956544153392315, -0.041742097586393356, -0.003907542675733566, 0.0022134194150567055, 0.05523175373673439, -0.0013793791877105832, 0.06540323048830032, 0.04112253710627556, 0.05885658785700798, -0.08673597127199173, -0.038729533553123474, 0.003005252219736576, 0.010923100635409355, -0.06223917007446289, 0.0009831798961386085, 0.058741360902786255, -0.02450599893927574, 0.020865092054009438, 0.02004733867943287, -0.1138104796409607, 0.005759530235081911, -0.018522154539823532, 0.015128118917346, 0.010565195232629776, 0.06060515344142914, -0.003995347768068314, 0.02660631202161312, 0.0393669530749321, 0.006092269439250231, 0.08635623753070831, -0.08108893036842346, -0.014510955661535263, 0.0322977639734745, -0.02028764970600605, -0.0882863774895668, -0.046042315661907196, -0.0014215839328244328, -0.03042878583073616, -0.08849252015352249, 0.0451451800763607, 0.030217010527849197, 0.06794116646051407, -0.008867078460752964, -0.04693987965583801, -0.011554059572517872, -0.08044841885566711, 0.012022269889712334, -0.05212821438908577, -0.11492038518190384, -0.03570308908820152, 0.04474129155278206, 0.0021388845052570105, -5.0976147747405776e-08, 0.10765865445137024, -0.015370473265647888, 0.021177103742957115, 0.01853553205728531, 0.06146388500928879, 0.050267308950424194, 0.008983960375189781, 0.042544640600681305, -0.0322575606405735, 0.027354789897799492, 0.010491875931620598, -0.015199290588498116, -0.02373223751783371, -0.012821301817893982, 0.061171773821115494, 0.04892972484230995, 0.0028206135611981153, -0.009772109799087048, -0.06872886419296265, 0.03192733973264694, -0.013601737096905708, 0.023513413965702057, -0.07416927069425583, -0.027815354987978935, 0.00011273402924416587, 0.026826709508895874, 0.052291955798864365, 0.03782958909869194, -0.01295553706586361, -0.09774989634752274, -0.0062269242480397224, -0.029231267049908638, 0.011288132518529892, 0.008753125555813313, 0.03681731969118118, -0.02326272428035736, -0.00984448567032814, 0.027535513043403625, -0.00423221243545413, 0.03711172565817833, -0.09815819561481476, 0.07999570667743683, -0.16634297370910645, 0.04758814722299576, -0.0182571429759264, 0.009808938950300217, -0.1048821359872818, -0.04013819992542267, 0.014614971354603767, 0.02616293542087078, 0.05101516842842102, 0.0002491214545443654, 0.012962663546204567, 0.02559439279139042, 0.05559388920664787, 0.07918577641248703, 0.028183655813336372, -0.01652633585035801, -0.060470595955848694, -0.014538775198161602, 0.004104273393750191, -0.020640362054109573, 0.011280437000095844, -0.09353816509246826]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
551
|
After the discovery of perchlorates on Mars by the Phoenix lander , practically the same team of Navarro-González published a paper arguing that the Viking GCMS results were compromised by the presence of perchlorates .A 2011 astrobiology textbook notes that "while perchlorate is too poor an oxidizer to reproduce the LR results (under the conditions of that experiment perchlorate does not oxidize organics), it does oxidize, and thus destroy, organics at the higher temperatures used in the Viking GCMS experiment." Biemann has written a commentary critical of this Navarro-González paper as well, to which the latter have replied; the exchange was published in December 2011. Phoenix lander, 2008
The Phoenix mission landed a robotic spacecraft in the polar region of Mars on May 25, 2008, and it operated until November 10, 2008. One of the mission's two primary objectives was to search for a "habitable zone" in the Martian regolith where microbial life could exist, the other main goal being to study the geological history of water on Mars. The lander has a 2.5 meter robotic arm that was capable of digging shallow trenches in the regolith. There was an electrochemistry experiment which analysed the ions in the regolith and the amount and type of antioxidants on Mars. The Viking program data indicate that oxidants on Mars may vary with latitude, noting that Viking 2 saw fewer oxidants than Viking 1 in its more northerly position. Phoenix landed further north still. Phoenix's preliminary data revealed that Mars soil contains perchlorate, and thus may not be as life-friendly as thought earlier. The pH and salinity level were viewed as benign from the standpoint of biology. The analysers also indicated the presence of bound water and CO2. A recent analysis of Martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO4−, 1.4 ppm ClO3−, and 16 ppm NO3−, most likely of Martian origin.
|
[-0.0718999132514, -0.015025023370981216, -0.0489838570356369, 0.01602315716445446, 0.0730528011918068, -0.10218263417482376, 0.015007082372903824, 0.00473284674808383, 0.013387897983193398, 0.007674436084926128, -0.020799772813916206, 0.0018701086519286036, 0.08691424876451492, 0.07356199622154236, -0.03624808043241501, 4.115136562177213e-06, -0.014384432695806026, -0.029518280178308487, -0.01191507838666439, 0.021508071571588516, -0.04451999440789223, 0.09173991531133652, -0.0020213047973811626, 0.014605512842535973, -0.04367750510573387, 0.09457387775182724, -0.000655580370221287, 0.014560982584953308, 0.002830588025972247, -0.01608092710375786, 0.04981738701462746, 0.08564214408397675, 0.06627956032752991, -0.0429353341460228, 0.07565322518348694, 0.14192461967468262, -0.03511838614940643, -0.07219897210597992, 0.008981440216302872, 0.006036275532096624, 0.0572948157787323, -0.09858459234237671, 0.0875781774520874, -0.040626171976327896, -0.015245836228132248, 0.10384833067655563, 0.03481348976492882, -0.12955699861049652, -0.023380618542432785, 0.04136621952056885, 0.005248368252068758, -0.07029028981924057, -0.02461332082748413, -0.039582882076501846, -0.0361359640955925, 0.002535751787945628, -0.06173885613679886, -0.015797019004821777, -0.027578270062804222, -0.1041884496808052, -0.0048211924731731415, -0.03461423143744469, -0.08470042049884796, -0.0040389159694314, -0.039410751312971115, -0.03329097852110863, -0.008354810066521168, -0.09444094449281693, 0.048397697508335114, -0.06173235923051834, 0.05297162011265755, 0.05111418291926384, -0.055125098675489426, -0.06558629125356674, -0.03712819516658783, 0.04545065388083458, 0.08251483738422394, 0.036820538341999054, -0.004949808586388826, -0.03466162085533142, 0.10699695348739624, -0.04812038317322731, -0.0030216295272111893, 0.0487753227353096, -0.09070858359336853, -0.03435122221708298, 0.006159247364848852, 0.036708734929561615, 0.0601007379591465, -0.03368430212140083, 0.07493181526660919, 0.023118184879422188, -0.008633455261588097, -0.026323921978473663, -0.061907559633255005, 0.023201314732432365, 0.044888269156217575, -0.020096298307180405, 0.010017059743404388, -0.002941755810752511, 0.013307372108101845, 0.021032113581895828, -0.08160029351711273, 0.040627386420965195, -0.010305820032954216, -0.10113409161567688, -0.011744636110961437, 0.09216218441724777, 0.041357386857271194, -0.01454306859523058, 0.02187386527657509, -0.0380416177213192, 0.0016728416085243225, -0.007916334085166454, 0.015363802202045918, -0.01689964160323143, 0.03866295889019966, 0.002780662616714835, -0.02390020340681076, 0.043017566204071045, -0.04271821305155754, 0.0005674641579389572, 0.02251233160495758, 0.059836070984601974, 0.13058701157569885, 0.06000851094722748, -0.0820993185043335, 1.1214314830002993e-34, 0.06533999741077423, 0.005228086374700069, 0.026124777272343636, -0.021854419261217117, -0.04427783563733101, -0.0022460261825472116, -0.032528165727853775, -0.03840387240052223, 0.05544205382466316, -0.08641885221004486, 0.014523093588650227, 0.032608117908239365, 0.000491826853249222, -0.02170902118086815, 0.015208914875984192, 0.03817551210522652, -0.02010791189968586, -0.016051553189754486, -0.022205155342817307, -0.020536646246910095, 0.012405235320329666, -0.05986084043979645, -0.041759587824344635, 0.05026870593428612, 0.08200598508119583, 0.031949132680892944, 0.022289453074336052, -0.12057030946016312, 0.017737435176968575, -0.025330040603876114, -0.009661083109676838, 0.02349790930747986, -0.07505694776773453, 0.09605646133422852, -0.00047268797061406076, 0.11290465295314789, -0.06735791265964508, 0.03571880981326103, -0.049406372010707855, -0.01745690405368805, -0.003782843705266714, 0.0044839815236628056, 0.0742759108543396, -0.033334117382764816, 0.06715871393680573, -0.11174488812685013, -0.04910309240221977, 0.022237451747059822, 0.06677917391061783, 0.023088768124580383, 0.04644405469298363, 0.014837363734841347, 0.018183082342147827, 0.03291697055101395, -0.026616109535098076, 0.008620474487543106, -0.001424187794327736, -0.01718124747276306, -0.0401468500494957, 0.036251943558454514, 0.00410467991605401, 0.05395208299160004, 0.0025214855559170246, 0.010022719390690327, 0.07989991456270218, 0.014298990368843079, -0.0069543709978461266, -0.041310470551252365, -0.007002145983278751, 0.08507104218006134, -0.03053729049861431, -0.009977024048566818, 0.05340864881873131, -0.026872804388403893, -0.047480978071689606, -0.07851337641477585, 0.0041381302289664745, -0.032468341290950775, 0.05118332430720329, 0.03598904609680176, 0.02872411534190178, 0.012831669300794601, 0.10723944008350372, 0.0036181120667606592, -0.125666081905365, -0.11892707645893097, -0.0046876114793121815, 0.03269525244832039, 0.040491290390491486, 0.005641316995024681, -0.0037277466617524624, -0.053686097264289856, -0.04415695369243622, -0.06241845712065697, -0.03227740898728371, -1.4384727327458841e-33, -0.039530787616968155, -0.057996440678834915, -0.06068085506558418, 0.1220211386680603, 0.006918334402143955, -0.024573396891355515, -0.03227047249674797, 0.029548728838562965, -0.04717673733830452, -0.01757636107504368, 0.006314053665846586, 0.15336202085018158, 0.026105206459760666, -0.020793573930859566, -0.016390569508075714, -0.006870247423648834, -0.015722518786787987, -0.03752679377794266, 0.008966815657913685, 0.007237942889332771, -0.0007543595274910331, 0.05984262749552727, -0.009309413842856884, 0.009800459258258343, 0.02325368858873844, 0.004997545387595892, 0.06174066662788391, -0.037513911724090576, 0.011339225806295872, 0.010975200682878494, -0.04006825387477875, 0.08632345497608185, -0.002660510130226612, 0.042836349457502365, 0.02591727301478386, 0.04537846893072128, 0.045354582369327545, 0.007383107207715511, -0.0909072533249855, -0.009046085178852081, 0.031497709453105927, -0.01341935433447361, -0.011646025814116001, 0.0035134165082126856, 0.025508621707558632, -0.034830037504434586, 0.07840225100517273, 0.04230930283665657, 0.010034482926130295, 0.029681285843253136, -0.05249682813882828, -0.009644974023103714, -0.10210590064525604, 0.04964778944849968, 0.00287739560008049, -0.01708642765879631, -0.00801790039986372, 0.03462912514805794, 0.0058826785534620285, -0.0711880773305893, -0.0005240946775302291, -0.028209853917360306, -0.038784462958574295, -0.06615837663412094, -0.022828642278909683, 0.023798739537596703, 0.08685626089572906, 0.09298950433731079, 0.018032710999250412, 0.0016408227384090424, 0.04555199295282364, -0.023720256984233856, 0.08045957237482071, -0.06729918718338013, 0.07537688314914703, 0.0011552589712664485, -0.009410756640136242, -0.03837404400110245, -0.04309789091348648, -0.05928795784711838, -0.038125649094581604, 0.035533927381038666, 0.005756872706115246, 0.04244627058506012, 0.1137690469622612, 0.014739593490958214, -0.04409351572394371, 0.007084935437887907, -0.12508097290992737, -0.0615251325070858, -0.03853696212172508, -0.1346699446439743, 0.018806690350174904, 0.07609275728464127, -0.04979037120938301, -4.884110538228015e-08, 0.018397215753793716, 0.0864003598690033, -0.029591193422675133, 0.044237516820430756, 0.03485488519072533, 0.002212837804108858, 0.038584787398576736, 0.045565228909254074, -0.028442829847335815, 0.0323520228266716, -0.012847685255110264, -0.04020198434591293, 0.007934176363050938, 0.008417703211307526, 0.05367555469274521, 0.07669401168823242, 0.08672189712524414, -0.07505898922681808, -0.07964037358760834, -0.04808064177632332, -0.030097177252173424, -0.03449798375368118, -0.0499478243291378, -0.039367590099573135, 0.017398932948708534, 0.03960776701569557, -0.04218802601099014, 0.008334796875715256, 0.014554823748767376, -0.02876955084502697, -0.01676134765148163, -0.022753756493330002, -0.005217050667852163, 0.012795153073966503, 0.07659142464399338, -0.058244653046131134, 0.03782406076788902, 0.021645205095410347, 0.062376800924539566, 0.029351355507969856, -0.07507897168397903, 0.05884850025177002, -0.13385115563869476, 0.06030287966132164, -0.05909041315317154, 0.022154301404953003, -0.06709184497594833, -0.1586800515651703, -0.01537876483052969, 0.04160687327384949, 0.05409941449761391, -0.015454692766070366, 0.049910739064216614, 0.03999854624271393, 0.013172357343137264, 0.08185867220163345, 0.0706554651260376, -0.0931074395775795, -0.003493565833196044, 0.024572979658842087, -0.016926705837249756, 0.019716955721378326, -0.06728507578372955, -0.0051215291023254395]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
552
|
the presence of bound water and CO2 . A recent analysis of Martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO4− , 1.4 ppm ClO3− , and 16 ppm NO3− , most likely of Martian origin .The ClO3− suggests presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines such as ClO2− or ClO, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis of ClO4−. Thus only highly refractory and/or well-protected (sub-surface) organics are likely to survive. In addition, recent analysis of the Phoenix WCL showed that the Ca(ClO4)2 in the Phoenix soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form, perhaps for as long as 600 Myr. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO4)2 in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO4. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction. Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover)
The Mars Science Laboratory mission is a NASA project that launched on November 26, 2011, the Curiosity rover, a nuclear-powered robotic vehicle, bearing instruments designed to assess past and present habitability conditions on Mars. The Curiosity rover landed on Mars on Aeolis Palus in Gale Crater, near Aeolis Mons (a.k.a. Mount Sharp), on August 6, 2012. On December 16, 2014, NASA reported the Curiosity rover detected a "tenfold spike", likely localized, in the amount of methane in the Martian atmosphere. Sample measurements taken "a dozen times over 20 months" showed increases in late 2013 and early 2014, averaging "7 parts of methane per billion in the atmosphere". Before and after that, readings averaged around one-tenth that level. In addition, low levels of chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl), were detected in powder drilled from one of the rocks, named "Cumberland", analyzed by the Curiosity rover.
|
[0.006466524209827185, 0.009546829387545586, 0.016600143164396286, 0.019939597696065903, 0.15814687311649323, -0.10935664921998978, 0.020171616226434708, -0.03887489438056946, 0.005637813359498978, 0.08055119961500168, -0.02611216902732849, -0.08929683268070221, 0.0459970161318779, 0.06590130180120468, -0.005950989201664925, 0.018436867743730545, -0.009658602997660637, -0.041386187076568604, -0.0039547705091536045, 0.07265522330999374, -0.026164837181568146, 0.018873117864131927, -0.029212670400738716, 0.04402308166027069, -0.02829664759337902, 0.10871788114309311, 0.017945384606719017, 0.07883381098508835, 0.02111113630235195, 0.0022368920035660267, -0.06145859137177467, 0.059087932109832764, 0.03706945478916168, -0.03426989167928696, 0.0820186510682106, 0.09675914794206619, -0.007693023420870304, -0.06626592576503754, -0.035917602479457855, 0.0021948034409433603, 0.030200067907571793, -0.06091807037591934, 0.10451087355613708, -0.021422991529107094, -0.022896068170666695, -0.013019816018640995, 0.08118410408496857, -0.13759109377861023, -0.014160020276904106, 0.049884945154190063, 0.03441552817821503, -0.004818342626094818, -0.06742803752422333, -0.04331917688250542, -0.09816634654998779, -0.030522063374519348, -0.03533881902694702, -0.005365586373955011, 0.01675514504313469, -0.047597333788871765, -0.0013170287711545825, -0.03712061792612076, -0.02564113400876522, 0.027900222688913345, 0.05956394970417023, -0.010439529083669186, -0.023186570033431053, -0.051389917731285095, 0.008687863126397133, -0.09178508818149567, 0.011889779008924961, 0.036269593983888626, 0.02858188934624195, -0.001485534361563623, -0.012749038636684418, 0.10428585112094879, 0.10898891091346741, 0.020420527085661888, 0.018311254680156708, -0.03869974985718727, 0.02122805453836918, 0.008872837759554386, -0.023874247446656227, 0.012069953605532646, -0.07526138424873352, 0.05640196427702904, 0.008726443164050579, 0.023478999733924866, -0.0050886026583611965, -0.05735071003437042, 0.022923806682229042, 0.047974687069654465, -0.024061227217316628, 0.02040269784629345, -0.0046975454315543175, 0.13111437857151031, 0.07984386384487152, -0.032885920256376266, 0.03813193738460541, -0.03614052012562752, 0.01861857809126377, 0.08571227639913559, -0.07640373706817627, -0.012302720919251442, 0.03222999349236488, -0.06889309734106064, 0.03237702697515488, 0.043451663106679916, 0.015775693580508232, 0.030631540343165398, -0.009904206730425358, -0.04592006653547287, -0.0039410763420164585, 0.015322032384574413, 0.08662345260381699, 0.025743402540683746, -0.013067538850009441, 0.06786178797483444, -0.06592419743537903, 0.022652139887213707, -0.03268453851342201, 0.01988278143107891, -0.029728073626756668, -0.03898962214589119, 0.07926025241613388, 0.011148211546242237, 0.02058359794318676, 2.99994662296792e-33, 0.08662986755371094, -0.015675902366638184, 0.027981752529740334, 0.013196216896176338, -0.039942607283592224, -0.029483014717698097, -0.04145001992583275, 0.01671558804810047, -0.05991881713271141, -0.05837436020374298, 0.05120334401726723, 0.052448567003011703, -0.025600584223866463, -0.013210291974246502, -0.06861559301614761, 0.06150362640619278, -0.0030345222912728786, -0.10491358488798141, -0.01868908666074276, 0.04121481254696846, -0.0538126640021801, -0.06088527664542198, -0.03182850033044815, 0.054943427443504333, 0.11209508031606674, 0.06494321674108505, -0.010251187719404697, -0.06575892865657806, 0.03925342112779617, -0.04375646263360977, 0.00809555221349001, 0.05922127515077591, -0.04113740473985672, 0.04017729312181473, 6.897103594383225e-05, 0.0271777231246233, -0.06320499628782272, 0.06982335448265076, -0.011317899450659752, 0.034016627818346024, 0.008747708052396774, 0.0046142153441905975, 0.04624507576227188, -0.04519099369645119, 0.008873777464032173, -0.11905475705862045, -0.02287447080016136, 0.018580133095383644, 0.03177868574857712, -0.03570406511425972, 0.0022552956361323595, 0.027483558282256126, -0.030256282538175583, 0.07914332300424576, -0.03391701355576515, -0.06446827948093414, 0.03586730360984802, -0.060958921909332275, -0.04225913807749748, -0.010042103938758373, 0.04386972635984421, 0.0729287788271904, -0.029349612072110176, 0.03579557314515114, 0.02054467424750328, 0.004723757039755583, -0.04203878715634346, 0.0125139020383358, 0.0760924443602562, 0.015566843561828136, -0.00985447596758604, -0.0015157681191340089, 0.002944221021607518, 0.003191838040947914, -0.03620656207203865, -0.05210524797439575, 0.024052180349826813, -0.056342512369155884, 0.030027857050299644, 0.09426546096801758, 0.017794588580727577, -0.0252690389752388, 0.08065847307443619, -0.03423936292529106, -0.09906749427318573, -0.02983700856566429, -0.05733153969049454, 0.05937160924077034, 0.03969649225473404, -0.04747837781906128, -0.0053215958178043365, -0.05076825991272926, 0.04773765429854393, -0.11456508189439774, -0.10595033317804337, -4.1219624093125245e-33, 0.0673363134264946, -0.02449556067585945, 0.026282839477062225, 0.046056389808654785, 0.011009573005139828, -0.04387429356575012, -0.032894134521484375, -0.044815629720687866, 0.01026021409779787, -0.032576125115156174, 0.045708250254392624, 0.05248007923364639, 0.04980895668268204, -0.08014751225709915, 0.056467726826667786, 0.031379520893096924, -0.046243950724601746, 0.010298369452357292, 0.031743373721838, -0.011498672887682915, -0.006336495280265808, 0.0987173467874527, 0.0045438483357429504, -0.03851686790585518, 0.07934866100549698, -0.034714046865701675, 0.053311556577682495, -0.09800785034894943, 0.0328664556145668, 0.0123082734644413, -0.06783902645111084, 0.0452394001185894, 0.022754138335585594, 0.0457475371658802, 0.0077388896606862545, -0.05161742866039276, 0.013767912052571774, -0.054621096700429916, -0.07533668726682663, 0.055568624287843704, 0.025206688791513443, -0.009607567451894283, -0.001670132507570088, -0.0061170365661382675, -0.010083145461976528, 0.00612667016685009, 0.0500328466296196, 0.02795359492301941, 0.03028864599764347, 0.09960279613733292, 0.056448549032211304, -0.010961427353322506, -0.1557641476392746, 0.0015745230484753847, 0.06082119047641754, 0.027871785685420036, -0.06603247672319412, 0.05842475965619087, -0.04927488788962364, -0.08104288578033447, 0.03292499855160713, -0.013655364513397217, -0.06632979959249496, -0.016981080174446106, -0.03374432772397995, 0.09987275302410126, -0.0035078192595392466, 0.13133348524570465, -0.03567444160580635, -0.03701850771903992, 0.07676715403795242, -0.03264080360531807, 0.07732203602790833, -0.08407421410083771, 0.057183850556612015, 0.054905906319618225, -0.07330596446990967, -0.007148208096623421, -0.03425053507089615, 0.017213067039847374, -0.03774484992027283, 0.05964072793722153, -0.0005394608597271144, 0.03227953612804413, 0.058656711131334305, 0.03353623300790787, -0.04397382214665413, -0.05312920734286308, -0.09941478073596954, -0.010241133160889149, -0.015673549845814705, -0.1169251874089241, 0.01151816826313734, 0.10240807384252548, 0.01219015009701252, -5.04228623299241e-08, 0.01801014132797718, 0.029686206951737404, 0.004376339726150036, 0.0031891949474811554, -0.022219456732273102, 0.015674566850066185, 0.07843052595853806, 0.03175093233585358, 0.02828821912407875, 0.07669081538915634, -0.05230346694588661, -0.044050272554159164, -0.006086915265768766, -0.011555268429219723, 0.0001496312179369852, 0.0776543915271759, 0.0018890958745032549, -0.058305270969867706, -0.044543731957674026, -0.06563089787960052, -0.024520445615053177, -0.09050007909536362, -0.06848596781492233, 0.09879147261381149, -0.02227456122636795, 0.036419760435819626, -0.004462414421141148, -0.019707033410668373, -0.008259210735559464, -0.07593446224927902, -0.016911186277866364, -0.08622980862855911, 0.03668728843331337, -0.10610045492649078, 0.05022310093045235, -0.022100942209362984, 0.03589572012424469, -0.06421688944101334, 0.012359289452433586, 0.08569183945655823, -0.013976609334349632, 0.00022890896070748568, -0.055824585258960724, -0.009883583523333073, -0.05009543523192406, -0.020703477784991264, -0.07819818705320358, -0.08369097858667374, -0.02377202920615673, -0.006733619142323732, -0.006576822139322758, -0.015371982008218765, 0.023125553503632545, -0.032264478504657745, 0.06303735077381134, 0.07864433526992798, 0.04387407377362251, -0.007970371283590794, -0.03829618915915489, 0.02568492293357849, 0.02741350792348385, -0.025813603773713112, -0.010341485030949116, -0.09273206442594528]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
553
|
level . In addition , low levels of chlorobenzene ( C6H5Cl ) , were detected in powder drilled from one of the rocks , named `` Cumberland '' , analyzed by the Curiosity rover .Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover)
The NASA Mars 2020 mission includes the Perseverance rover. Launched on July 30, 2020 it is intended to investigate an astrobiologically relevant ancient environment on Mars. This includes its surface geological processes and history, and an assessment of its past habitability and the potential for preservation of biosignatures within accessible geological materials. Perseverance has been on Mars for 4 years, 268 days. The Cheyava Falls rock discovered on Mars in June 2024 has been designated by NASA as a "potential biosignature" and was core sampled by the Perseverance rover for possible return to Earth and further examination. Although highly intriguing, no definitive final determination on a biological or abiotic origin of this rock can be made with the data currently available. Future astrobiology missions
ExoMars is a European-led multi-spacecraft programme currently under development by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Roscosmos for launch in 2016 and 2020. Its primary scientific mission will be to search for possible biosignatures on Mars, past or present. A rover with a 2 m (6.6 ft) core drill will be used to sample various depths beneath the surface where liquid water may be found and where microorganisms or organic biosignatures might survive cosmic radiation. The program was suspended in 2022, and is unlikely to launch before 2028. Mars sample-return mission – The best life detection experiment proposed is the examination on Earth of a soil sample from Mars. However, the difficulty of providing and maintaining life support over the months of transit from Mars to Earth remains to be solved.
|
[-0.016623605042696, -0.010926720686256886, -0.01753729209303856, -0.027922701090574265, 0.047907136380672455, -0.04852558672428131, -0.03774406015872955, 0.045541469007730484, 0.03497600555419922, 0.04453146085143089, -0.012598385103046894, -0.0659545511007309, 0.024724304676055908, 0.040649738162755966, -0.06009487807750702, 0.028739139437675476, -0.05153171345591545, -0.018284611403942108, -0.0114519027993083, 0.036562975496053696, -0.07405200600624084, 0.000931047776248306, 0.01396180409938097, 0.03929639235138893, -0.09876233339309692, 0.0657365545630455, -0.03724290058016777, -0.006752870511263609, -0.031015869230031967, -0.016959769651293755, 0.08795509487390518, -0.0013237032108008862, -0.03271343186497688, -0.012091060169041157, 0.03539077565073967, 0.13950258493423462, -0.10673516988754272, -0.04655669257044792, -0.027408376336097717, 0.007022959180176258, -0.04945649206638336, -0.09878735989332199, -0.006607099901884794, 0.040162671357393265, 0.016677429899573326, 0.019825832918286324, 0.10000626742839813, -0.09516770392656326, -0.011705705896019936, 0.008202542550861835, 0.0543726421892643, -0.027335191145539284, -0.054115716367959976, -0.021717673167586327, -0.07443971186876297, -0.0014793849550187588, -0.10495336353778839, -0.015296349301934242, 0.03469138592481613, -0.05596866458654404, 0.0659751147031784, -0.025126751512289047, -0.05470485985279083, -0.030695313587784767, 0.023446952924132347, 0.027154944837093353, 0.04440690949559212, -0.11756357550621033, 0.09394630044698715, -0.08382095396518707, 0.015508611686527729, 0.024200819432735443, -0.01705503836274147, 0.05173615738749504, -0.030706821009516716, 0.1313488632440567, 0.1423623412847519, 0.013091725297272205, -0.037276461720466614, -0.05229606106877327, -0.011844875290989876, 0.00630831066519022, -0.07229598611593246, -0.02999740093946457, -0.11543393135070801, -0.0018558959709480405, -0.010374657809734344, 0.049107059836387634, -0.008746495470404625, -0.07343921810388565, 0.04660157486796379, -0.025113582611083984, -0.006863069720566273, -0.0018417688552290201, -0.12272465229034424, 0.046558573842048645, 0.005667239893227816, -0.04126465693116188, 0.0570235438644886, -0.04451804980635643, 0.02982967719435692, 0.027763253077864647, -0.0705537274479866, 0.02428567223250866, -0.05466499179601669, -0.030571473762392998, 0.04978233575820923, 0.014745433814823627, 0.0731666088104248, 0.022941216826438904, -0.029122160747647285, 0.026985542848706245, 0.03413129597902298, 0.011968922801315784, 0.027727710083127022, 0.07312265783548355, -0.02530803717672825, 0.06265347450971603, 0.05526590347290039, 0.0259708184748888, -0.03553741052746773, 0.01874678209424019, -0.0013758016284555197, -0.05717672407627106, 0.11256793141365051, 0.018301527947187424, -0.029319779947400093, 1.437681569946483e-33, 0.03259890154004097, 0.016008181497454643, 0.07309875637292862, 0.023868590593338013, 0.003251585876569152, -0.010049368254840374, -0.034354858100414276, -0.04076264053583145, -0.03608618304133415, -0.03579774126410484, -0.03904704749584198, -0.006600437685847282, -0.0636482760310173, -0.04884469509124756, -0.03761003538966179, 0.01653127372264862, 0.056247077882289886, -0.10441724210977554, -0.03622577339410782, 0.015267469920217991, -0.003859505522996187, -0.013212146237492561, -0.040541891008615494, 0.012750706635415554, 0.13962101936340332, 0.040965717285871506, 0.021821053698658943, -0.006701960694044828, -0.02351672574877739, -0.021699929609894753, -0.08128087967634201, 0.03977448493242264, -0.10140373557806015, -0.024330060929059982, -0.00474960170686245, -0.000556016166228801, -0.022306500002741814, 0.08113016188144684, 0.012260268442332745, -0.09337720274925232, 0.048517484217882156, 0.031963057816028595, 0.04253659024834633, -0.04154755547642708, 0.07582810521125793, -0.08916326612234116, 0.044844646006822586, 0.07113045454025269, 0.07656364887952805, 0.029239211231470108, 0.025621669366955757, -0.007448099087923765, 0.03695297986268997, 0.04687616229057312, -0.010535021312534809, 0.004084584303200245, -0.001984351547434926, -0.04829799756407738, -0.006618859246373177, 0.08255824446678162, 0.08877892792224884, 0.03689165785908699, -0.031303949654102325, 0.040402304381132126, 0.007834132760763168, 0.05505942180752754, -0.03655977174639702, 0.06503676623106003, 0.02641157992184162, 0.0651736631989479, -0.10841754078865051, 0.03844746574759483, 0.025053346529603004, -0.03657659515738487, 0.01771816611289978, -0.05227392539381981, 0.010623985901474953, -0.082275390625, 0.1332099586725235, 0.08351539075374603, -0.01885385997593403, -0.006853081751614809, 0.012551623396575451, -0.03439311310648918, -0.040834154933691025, 0.022931579500436783, 0.0008528479374945164, -0.05519182235002518, 0.04086657986044884, -0.056490618735551834, 0.0020478242076933384, -0.10032007843255997, -0.01078402902930975, 0.013788342475891113, -0.044648177921772, -2.991175782071855e-33, -0.006621764972805977, -0.049444686621427536, 0.05470148101449013, 0.06988806277513504, 0.09463488310575485, 0.026068558916449547, -0.022489476948976517, 0.02654314413666725, -0.12102816253900528, -0.016593635082244873, 0.0008308658143505454, 0.0521853081882, 0.037979453802108765, -0.044739194214344025, -0.02785918302834034, 0.030290309339761734, -0.00467948243021965, -0.021737610921263695, -0.008497956208884716, 0.03536101058125496, -0.08172179013490677, 0.1190354973077774, -0.1047157570719719, -0.03802449256181717, 0.06374450773000717, 0.0057374038733541965, 0.09778611361980438, -0.052413567900657654, -0.0029233291279524565, -0.026621775701642036, -0.009022108279168606, 0.022487660869956017, -0.04835072159767151, -0.04461946338415146, 0.009102638810873032, -0.04869154840707779, 0.019626149907708168, -0.055472053587436676, -0.0488814115524292, 0.03340284153819084, 0.043833374977111816, 0.008115271106362343, -0.06770899891853333, 0.051813092082738876, -0.04169859737157822, -0.008226277306675911, 0.007863108068704605, 0.07714292407035828, 0.07095570117235184, 0.09232288599014282, 0.022726235911250114, -0.03007541038095951, -0.03873512148857117, 0.03863833099603653, 0.12489098310470581, 0.008236781693994999, -0.017844172194600105, 0.06000759080052376, -0.03437584638595581, -0.027340365573763847, -0.029787449166178703, -0.06507188826799393, 0.008751348592340946, 0.008909277617931366, 0.01796332374215126, 0.026198171079158783, 0.03114064410328865, 0.18202073872089386, -0.03638852387666702, 0.035920627415180206, 0.05137716978788376, 0.025197749957442284, -0.0032317230943590403, -0.09140238910913467, 0.06264102458953857, 0.015185986645519733, 0.0017107125604525208, -0.09643589705228806, -0.020688973367214203, 0.027012987062335014, 0.007749598938971758, -0.0410483255982399, 0.03978610038757324, -0.0024345703423023224, 0.04544878005981445, 0.019012387841939926, -0.05423596501350403, 0.005251232534646988, -0.08996442705392838, -0.010281478054821491, -0.020289819687604904, -0.057708121836185455, -0.023250581696629524, 0.11382799595594406, -0.003844299353659153, -4.890545923785794e-08, 0.0035197047982364893, 0.051271453499794006, -0.0702456682920456, -0.011573209427297115, 0.02806924097239971, -0.019147252663969994, 0.015233747661113739, 0.0207564365118742, -0.013287208043038845, 0.004299219232052565, 0.00758858909830451, -0.04175625368952751, 0.020915500819683075, 0.07104247063398361, -0.0339123010635376, 0.08850926160812378, 0.04428619146347046, 0.06643113493919373, -0.0063683935441076756, 0.021611083298921585, -0.07834352552890778, -0.00974096916615963, -0.0004618559614755213, -0.032708317041397095, -0.027983520179986954, 0.019321423023939133, 0.031172731891274452, 0.056459691375494, -0.010334192775189877, -0.0519649013876915, -0.02330174669623375, -0.0882779136300087, 0.02108081802725792, -0.036030616611242294, 0.003911387640982866, 0.01642422378063202, 0.035981837660074234, 0.02838258631527424, 0.005101711954921484, 0.03164349123835564, 0.052097391337156296, 0.03664155304431915, -0.059608444571495056, 0.08408597111701965, -0.03770328313112259, -0.02617812342941761, -0.0654357299208641, -0.003768371185287833, -0.01986224390566349, -0.06121597811579704, -0.005121177062392235, -0.02506914921104908, -0.006140599027276039, -0.0013379283482208848, 0.00956427026540041, 0.12978971004486084, -0.03970978036522865, 0.011719140224158764, -0.042093731462955475, 0.039184071123600006, 0.019133349880576134, -0.0729406550526619, -0.0408073253929615, -0.09856367111206055]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
554
|
the examination on Earth of a soil sample from Mars . However , the difficulty of providing and maintaining life support over the months of transit from Mars to Earth remains to be solved .Providing for still unknown environmental and nutritional requirements is daunting, so it was concluded that "investigating carbon-based organic compounds would be one of the more fruitful approaches for seeking potential signs of life in returned samples as opposed to culture-based approaches." Habitability of Mars for humans
Mars, with its presence of water, has arguably the most hospitable, but still very inhospitable, surface conditions of the planets in the Solar System, other than Earth. Surface conditions on the Saturnian moon Titan and conditions at altitudes off the ground on Venus, and possibly some gas giants might provide better conditions, such as atmospheric pressure, temperature, radiation and gravity more similar to Earth's surface conditions. Human habitation on Mars would require in situ resource utilization (ISRU); A NASA report states that "applicable frontier technologies include robotics, machine intelligence, nanotechnology, synthetic biology, 3-D printing/additive manufacturing, and autonomy. These technologies combined with the vast natural resources should enable, pre- and post-human arrival ISRU to greatly increase reliability and safety and reduce cost for human colonization of Mars." See also
References
External links
Scientist says that life on Mars is likely today
Ancient salty sea on Mars wins as the most important scientific achievement of 2004 – Journal Science
Mars meteor found on Earth provides evidence that suggests microbial life once existed on Mars
Scientific American magazine (November 2005 Issue) "Did Life Come from Another World?" Audio interview about "Dark Dune Spots"
|
[-0.022481538355350494, -0.03926216810941696, -0.009535416960716248, -6.502553151221946e-05, 0.17190593481063843, -0.05330580472946167, 0.03720860555768013, 0.013897594064474106, -0.10949727147817612, 0.09138679504394531, -0.037797704339027405, -0.04125349223613739, -0.028763016685843468, 0.04307866096496582, 0.006107114255428314, -0.04910581558942795, 0.0510326623916626, -0.0429491251707077, 0.02464708313345909, 0.08325831592082977, -0.0038591017946600914, 0.10046284645795822, 0.009425140917301178, 0.017769716680049896, -0.07192918658256531, 0.08242536336183548, -0.048686668276786804, -0.006681788247078657, 0.02390466071665287, 0.04053129628300667, 0.0007054341840557754, 0.041942108422517776, 0.049708135426044464, -0.0616106241941452, 0.02111191861331463, 0.13666146993637085, 0.01014397107064724, -0.08811771869659424, -0.021952301263809204, -0.04058152064681053, 0.018824025988578796, -0.11252382397651672, 0.032162122428417206, -0.016419414430856705, 0.009061100892722607, 0.04141578450798988, 0.027099477127194405, -0.09916863590478897, 0.02820695750415325, -0.022151781246066093, 0.012037228792905807, 0.024484308436512947, 0.0023060601670295, -0.019744332879781723, -0.08163537085056305, -0.016644373536109924, -0.041837140917778015, -0.07406173646450043, -0.023859208449721336, -0.09636543691158295, 0.013470079749822617, -0.05178477615118027, 0.018496135249733925, -0.01654953695833683, 0.07179249078035355, 0.04916435852646828, -0.07893659919500351, -0.014587570913136005, 0.04146865755319595, -0.024540381506085396, -0.07137461751699448, 0.02060968242585659, -0.08743172138929367, 0.07851261645555496, -0.04386826977133751, 0.08244097232818604, 0.12051805853843689, -0.02697935327887535, 0.0593043714761734, -0.022732064127922058, 0.08091825991868973, 0.04259616881608963, -0.03198359161615372, 0.024229103699326515, -0.04062509909272194, 0.04984063282608986, -0.07142641395330429, 0.10160239785909653, -0.0064095016568899155, -0.03524349257349968, 0.021320359781384468, 0.00025536323664709926, 0.016088349744677544, 0.0033630509860813618, -0.054301876574754715, 0.025266066193580627, 0.050089288502931595, -0.032738007605075836, 0.027525678277015686, -0.036373406648635864, -0.0064431242644786835, 0.01658293418586254, -0.04668157547712326, 0.04399912804365158, -0.06185558810830116, -0.022117072716355324, 0.022919023409485817, 0.04063643515110016, 0.09222118556499481, 0.04426741600036621, -0.05019882321357727, -0.022075636312365532, -0.038130052387714386, 0.002284311456605792, 0.015500888228416443, -0.030850624665617943, 0.011732825078070164, -0.011771134100854397, -0.009438472799956799, 0.004099844954907894, -0.01290286984294653, -0.026346730068325996, 0.0608181357383728, -0.06801798939704895, 0.12805813550949097, -0.062070924788713455, -0.032939426600933075, 2.416921445098228e-33, -0.02929162047803402, 0.006035290192812681, 0.06873416900634766, 0.014950874261558056, -0.022133484482765198, -0.0034976943861693144, -0.020298194140195847, 0.0027284016832709312, 0.038551002740859985, -0.04195114225149155, -0.04360785707831383, 0.005902578588575125, -0.04423791915178299, 0.05690818279981613, 0.005056798458099365, 0.06058955192565918, 0.0528259351849556, -0.025638211518526077, 0.010725862346589565, 0.03610905632376671, -0.03604496642947197, -0.10008272528648376, 0.004339401610195637, 0.03228435665369034, 0.12827950716018677, -0.08212059736251831, 0.0030418438836932182, -0.060700755566358566, -0.011588795110583305, -0.05718916282057762, -0.05095623806118965, 0.01277212891727686, -0.06073655188083649, 0.0031143224332481623, 0.025063784793019295, 0.02646850049495697, -0.0704447478055954, 0.06022188812494278, -0.007727388758212328, -0.03161049261689186, 0.007291205693036318, 0.07651403546333313, 0.12992799282073975, -0.03546791523694992, -3.3016858651535586e-05, 0.022576401010155678, 0.07788528501987457, 0.06252612173557281, -0.043412551283836365, -0.01810525730252266, 0.005284910090267658, 0.0659269317984581, -0.015306849032640457, -0.012309636920690536, -0.023133184760808945, 0.012742584571242332, -0.004452735651284456, -0.012590127065777779, -0.014335026033222675, 0.06188618391752243, -0.0489337258040905, -0.034820616245269775, 0.0017612517112866044, 0.06321951746940613, 0.02205481007695198, 0.0243153627961874, -0.026450254023075104, -0.03073996864259243, 0.05188494548201561, 0.041443806141614914, -0.04956407472491264, -0.04316584765911102, 0.03394528850913048, 0.05113914608955383, -0.01923511177301407, -0.005024763289839029, 0.04101007804274559, -0.10826524347066879, 3.8787791709182784e-05, 0.040940020233392715, 0.018612228333950043, -0.0005677096196450293, -0.013318384997546673, -0.008038962259888649, -0.04476684704422951, -0.004873971920460463, 0.027856023982167244, -0.013905464671552181, 0.02610890194773674, -0.013056007213890553, 0.04242294654250145, -0.11883994936943054, 0.01621135137975216, -0.05466882139444351, -0.09807293862104416, -2.3785376974530415e-33, -0.024815546348690987, -0.04152807593345642, -0.010939711704850197, -0.003039234085008502, 0.07608267664909363, 0.011099780909717083, 0.023443063721060753, -0.029529059305787086, 0.0029649254865944386, -0.016509097069501877, -0.009957664646208286, 0.04301266372203827, 0.10742850601673126, -0.02654997445642948, -0.03391493856906891, 0.04985946789383888, -0.12432752549648285, -0.03344253823161125, 0.07863806188106537, 0.021553000435233116, 0.008077568374574184, 0.0689767599105835, -0.024251651018857956, -0.05432666838169098, -0.05217081680893898, 0.06354516744613647, -0.06343512237071991, -0.0231022872030735, -0.014228767715394497, 0.031380023807287216, -0.025378046557307243, 0.04289542883634567, -0.04331110045313835, -0.03999356925487518, 0.05055104196071625, 0.001347161247394979, 0.023832151666283607, -0.04145824909210205, -0.05528537929058075, 0.09048756211996078, 0.05932914465665817, 0.026673270389437675, -0.061506979167461395, -0.0418824665248394, -0.024368012323975563, 0.03155212849378586, -0.011719902977347374, -0.012238278985023499, -0.020032286643981934, 0.06618460267782211, 0.08084538578987122, -0.031208038330078125, -0.10532543063163757, 0.007283426821231842, 0.031177427619695663, -0.009856044314801693, -0.05652676150202751, 0.08466266840696335, -0.015124460682272911, -0.024061432108283043, 0.055052485316991806, -0.038541700690984726, -0.03405461460351944, -0.01896049454808235, -0.05905091390013695, -0.05045320838689804, 0.09051984548568726, 0.07064952701330185, -0.04151974245905876, 0.04015572369098663, -0.0429203100502491, -0.09949475526809692, 0.130010187625885, -0.004636457655578852, 0.038035206496715546, 0.00996008887887001, 0.047343432903289795, -0.08581119030714035, 0.0001273318921448663, 0.03215847909450531, -0.11238700896501541, -0.003929798025637865, 0.0048469905741512775, 0.08486317098140717, 0.07786617428064346, 0.05345061793923378, -0.04948711767792702, -0.011550113558769226, -0.11405067890882492, 0.049213703721761703, -0.05219273641705513, -0.07043533027172089, -0.035723671317100525, 0.12714099884033203, -0.045621320605278015, -5.2839880027022446e-08, 0.03121529147028923, -0.024572959169745445, 0.06680461019277573, -0.016472570598125458, -0.05049421638250351, 0.06257123500108719, 0.09477321058511734, 0.0012634791200980544, 0.0424015186727047, 0.065105140209198, -0.009170424193143845, -0.04677809029817581, 0.042328841984272, -0.026987629011273384, -0.03044411726295948, 0.08444003015756607, -0.010052211582660675, 0.042733334004879, -0.07846544682979584, -0.013067587278783321, 0.016282550990581512, 0.008239014074206352, -0.08144745230674744, 0.029602814465761185, 0.02585347183048725, -0.07257962226867676, 0.029231149703264236, 0.0377456434071064, 0.0031670453026890755, 0.00645686499774456, -0.015569121576845646, -0.04322205111384392, 0.07832492887973785, -0.031562089920043945, 0.044691093266010284, -0.07747969776391983, -0.019524799659848213, -0.022019540891051292, -0.007284390274435282, 0.031775351613759995, -0.016570832580327988, 0.09723621606826782, -0.10367505997419357, 0.04515693336725235, 0.035132236778736115, -0.07888437062501907, -0.07506047189235687, 0.007035725750029087, -0.034838393330574036, 0.004722010809928179, 0.010430706664919853, -0.034879449754953384, 0.02044546976685524, -0.0031134800519794226, 0.11768467724323273, 0.034718502312898636, -0.04165465384721756, 0.07184667140245438, 0.01964247040450573, 0.054537881165742874, 0.023150548338890076, -0.006090886425226927, -0.022834492847323418, -0.04673033207654953]
|
Life on Mars
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_Mars.
|
555
|
The Galilean moons (), or Galilean satellites, are the four largest moons of Jupiter. They are, in descending-size order, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. They are the most readily visible Solar System objects after Saturn, the dimmest of the classical planets; though their closeness to bright Jupiter makes naked-eye observation very difficult, they are readily seen with common binoculars, even under night sky conditions of high light pollution. The invention of the telescope allowed astronomers to discover the moons in 1610. Through this, they became the first Solar System objects discovered since humans have started tracking the classical planets, and the first objects to be found to orbit any planet beyond Earth. They are planetary-mass moons and among the largest objects in the Solar System. All four, along with Titan, Triton, and Earth's Moon, are larger than any of the Solar System's dwarf planets. The largest, Ganymede, is the largest moon in the Solar System and surpasses the planet Mercury in size (though not mass). Callisto is only slightly smaller than Mercury in size; the smaller ones, Io and Europa, are about the size of the Moon. The three inner moons — Io, Europa, and Ganymede — are in a 4:2:1 orbital resonance with each other. While the Galilean moons are spherical, all of Jupiter's remaining moons have irregular forms because they are too small for their self-gravitation to pull them into spheres. The Galilean moons are named after Galileo Galilei, who observed them in either December 1609 or January 1610, and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610; they remained the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter Amalthea in 1892.
|
[-0.0026950400788336992, -0.08803391456604004, 0.005135218612849712, -0.019489329308271408, 0.013676753267645836, -0.13421504199504852, 0.005755802150815725, 0.0777442678809166, 0.037066519260406494, 0.002072012983262539, 0.012326442636549473, -0.02283615805208683, -0.029436755925416946, -0.05903039500117302, -0.023037711158394814, -0.01593337394297123, 0.057784803211688995, -0.008946102112531662, 0.017518963664770126, 0.005761131644248962, -0.010186126455664635, -0.024671493098139763, -0.06381268799304962, -0.0012635505991056561, -0.013244928792119026, 0.07017725706100464, -0.04148975759744644, -0.030790507793426514, -0.011086884886026382, -0.02017071656882763, 0.009593878872692585, 0.021572142839431763, 0.0039534480310976505, 0.02891337126493454, -0.024286964908242226, 0.050643570721149445, 0.016954299062490463, -0.10362410545349121, -0.01262457761913538, -0.09979262948036194, -0.00046742401900701225, -0.01578209549188614, 0.08799339085817337, -0.07907072454690933, 0.056070588529109955, -0.005703393369913101, -0.05672156810760498, -0.03060813434422016, 0.03390592336654663, -0.13313527405261993, 0.016375748440623283, -0.04602824151515961, 0.007560410536825657, 0.11917071789503098, 0.014749091118574142, -0.07670208811759949, -0.07166450470685959, -0.04473423212766647, 0.034020692110061646, 0.013339988887310028, -0.010635261423885822, 0.07194018363952637, 0.042899053543806076, -0.046445589512586594, -0.0776960700750351, 0.11433295905590057, -0.0781954675912857, -0.0968814492225647, -0.02357228845357895, 0.015420983545482159, -0.018966715782880783, 0.04604921489953995, -0.03930698707699776, 0.001987897092476487, -0.0034415642730891705, 0.03243117406964302, 0.08884578943252563, 0.015027451328933239, -0.0017900168895721436, -0.04175928980112076, -0.04651627317070961, 0.039785973727703094, -0.023282574489712715, 0.06342820823192596, -0.03868158161640167, -0.014190051704645157, -0.05431139096617699, 0.051716532558202744, -0.04061700031161308, -0.036761172115802765, 0.03728683292865753, -0.018736330792307854, -0.08234719932079315, -0.010872938670217991, -0.034121204167604446, -0.04736116901040077, 0.03846173733472824, -0.07469908148050308, 0.03885435312986374, 0.01912255957722664, 0.041383661329746246, 0.04149339348077774, 0.033094339072704315, 0.04717862606048584, -0.05226893723011017, 0.036214858293533325, 0.060434047132730484, -0.015148620121181011, 0.06289558112621307, 0.01307994220405817, -0.04760131612420082, -0.0037954188883304596, -0.015007566660642624, -0.015434243716299534, -0.13794752955436707, -0.00027079597930423915, -0.03438616544008255, 0.07564764469861984, -0.000467987876618281, -0.04793184623122215, 0.020031269639730453, 0.03265538811683655, -0.023261580616235733, 0.01103208027780056, 0.07391847670078278, 0.012388513423502445, -0.08057992160320282, -1.648356422565738e-33, 0.06021377071738243, 0.05839952081441879, 0.1344364434480667, -0.035715069621801376, -0.048105303198099136, 0.03541334345936775, -0.015122728422284126, 0.043628353625535965, 0.021455055102705956, -0.05729200318455696, -0.05455068126320839, -0.06830153614282608, 0.036138154566287994, 0.01833551563322544, 0.11409851163625717, 0.02634112909436226, 0.04447935149073601, -0.017004292458295822, 0.005442260764539242, -0.0436072051525116, -0.10472038388252258, -0.007997183129191399, -0.007683947682380676, -0.024851689115166664, 0.06021120026707649, 0.04683583602309227, 0.01680772565305233, -0.07058977335691452, -0.06731919944286346, 0.0033180529717355967, -0.00044349420932121575, -0.035478174686431885, 0.016348399221897125, 0.10127880424261093, -0.01811406761407852, 0.03805866092443466, -0.015217696316540241, -0.012707988731563091, -0.03142895549535751, -0.05065467953681946, 0.07409237325191498, 0.0016565677942708135, -0.0037053097039461136, 0.06905946135520935, -0.003527070628479123, 0.008337163366377354, -0.03008999116718769, -0.022413957864046097, 0.018830860033631325, -0.0036612292751669884, -0.020901557058095932, 0.03816564381122589, -0.04448162764310837, -0.01427452266216278, 0.05570261925458908, 0.052663881331682205, -0.03138566389679909, -0.010409685783088207, -0.04574291780591011, 0.043785884976387024, 0.04423847049474716, -0.054237719625234604, 0.057655442506074905, 0.0786990076303482, 0.04078146442770958, 0.11884886771440506, -0.025635873898863792, 0.0029600062407553196, -0.0565917044878006, -0.009130771271884441, -0.07797103375196457, 0.005944067146629095, 0.08567740768194199, 0.010484096594154835, 0.10343890637159348, 0.013601095415651798, 0.09328474849462509, -0.11242081969976425, -0.0048936884850263596, 0.019398188218474388, -0.04001883417367935, -0.07196124643087387, 0.04744189605116844, -0.105213962495327, -0.08910536020994186, -0.005434035323560238, 0.006054214667528868, -0.0015877269906923175, 0.03894919902086258, -0.06678350269794464, 0.021214352920651436, -0.0191623754799366, -0.0001391864789184183, 0.030118342489004135, -0.15849614143371582, -1.050648513823825e-35, -0.0012479759752750397, -0.010220414958894253, 0.04849627614021301, -0.06690116226673126, 0.01583758182823658, -0.002265344141051173, -0.0841066986322403, -0.01768937148153782, -0.07512813806533813, 0.00931989960372448, 0.0279434435069561, -0.005587219260632992, 0.013963824138045311, -0.15241891145706177, 0.03493811935186386, 0.06853722035884857, 0.013387220911681652, -0.056684136390686035, -0.0018804591381922364, 0.01788545586168766, 0.012924496084451675, 0.09187737852334976, 0.018213026225566864, -0.0653555765748024, -0.06459146738052368, -0.01319685485213995, -0.0036595298442989588, -0.05095963925123215, -0.030168090015649796, 0.017395732924342155, 0.0010122803505510092, -0.027654558420181274, -0.029248757287859917, -0.016979727894067764, 0.04159950837492943, 0.02657289057970047, 0.021312914788722992, -0.1339692622423172, 0.018510371446609497, 0.12952256202697754, -0.04479214549064636, -0.03007427230477333, -0.04275514557957649, -0.0383254811167717, 0.0035624837037175894, 0.01347463857382536, 0.050585225224494934, 0.09659964591264725, 0.02552468329668045, -0.011415469460189342, -0.008415734395384789, -0.0264030359685421, -0.04031302407383919, 0.018457608297467232, 0.08065097779035568, 0.014419646002352238, 0.015320885926485062, 0.1316237896680832, -0.010310422629117966, -0.04262876883149147, 0.04651493951678276, -0.0783378928899765, 0.06570789963006973, 0.04047134518623352, -0.06318867951631546, -0.04004070162773132, -0.004461726173758507, 0.04777486249804497, 0.05683612450957298, 0.0073821283876895905, -0.03485885635018349, -0.04368652403354645, 0.015648283064365387, 0.05520201846957207, 0.011197328567504883, 0.017445925623178482, 0.03791933134198189, -0.07651570439338684, 0.05080555006861687, -0.031074078753590584, -0.023165510967373848, 0.03341956064105034, 0.052958570420742035, 0.030170274898409843, 0.03911411389708519, 0.024557260796427727, 0.006559417117387056, 4.19632597186137e-05, -0.055329110473394394, -0.026694506406784058, -0.028828969225287437, 0.047140054404735565, 0.02705276384949684, 0.06441749632358551, -0.04328380152583122, -4.422864208208921e-08, 0.08183720707893372, -0.01906377263367176, -0.07311307638883591, 0.02753782831132412, -0.04137595742940903, -0.008635181002318859, 0.0392579659819603, 0.13684992492198944, -0.0640406608581543, -0.03173038363456726, 0.014698213897645473, -0.04540245234966278, -0.030543116852641106, -0.11402362585067749, 0.06900335103273392, 0.03149859979748726, 0.04629170894622803, -0.04347345605492592, 0.010896840132772923, 0.0644783303141594, 0.03165440633893013, -0.0010680819395929575, 0.02375797927379608, -0.10692466795444489, 0.023125341162085533, -0.018280092626810074, 0.007791303563863039, 0.047623757272958755, -0.07208938896656036, 0.05061590299010277, 0.011869360692799091, 0.005493359174579382, 0.0055931443348526955, -0.03609180822968483, 0.05190149322152138, 0.00905226357281208, -0.09490298479795456, 0.05771412327885628, 0.11196316033601761, 0.014173263683915138, 0.01217590644955635, 0.07033463567495346, -0.03826625272631645, 0.0526915043592453, -0.005225747358053923, 0.1094234362244606, 0.04213997349143028, -0.022864826023578644, 0.007382732816040516, 0.05124949663877487, -0.021691707894206047, 0.0076138852164149284, 0.11207016557455063, -0.04890222102403641, -0.04318469017744064, 0.009467682801187038, -0.02652995102107525, 0.01152937300503254, -0.018458135426044464, 0.04236136004328728, 0.01408319640904665, 0.03712981566786766, -0.0339871346950531, 0.07402615249156952]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
556
|
1610 , and recognized them as satellites of Jupiter in March 1610 ; they remained the only known moons of Jupiter until the discovery of the fifth largest moon of Jupiter Amalthea in 1892 .Galileo initially named his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars") or Medicean Stars, but the names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius. Marius discovered the moons independently at nearly the same time as Galileo, 8 January 1610, and gave them their present individual names, after mythological characters that Zeus seduced or abducted, which were suggested by Johannes Kepler in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614. Their discovery showed the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by proving that there were objects in space that cannot be seen by the naked eye. The discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a serious blow to the then-accepted (among educated Europeans) Ptolemaic world system, a geocentric theory in which everything orbits around Earth. History
Pre-discovery
Chinese astronomical records report that in 365 BC, Gan De detected what might have been a moon of Jupiter, probably Ganymede, with the naked eye. However, Gan De reported the color of the companion as reddish, which is puzzling since moons are too faint for their color to be perceived with the naked eye. Shi Shen and Gan De together made fairly accurate observations of the five major planets. Discovery
As a result of improvements that Galileo Galilei made to the telescope, with a magnifying capability of 20×, he was able to see celestial bodies more distinctly than was previously possible. This allowed Galileo to observe in January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons. On 7 January 1610, Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter's moons.
|
[-0.08661709725856781, -0.005571699235588312, -0.02111387997865677, 0.04804355278611183, 0.00971994549036026, -0.13951076567173004, 0.025749634951353073, 0.05403975024819374, 0.011017825454473495, -0.001957782544195652, 0.0050245425663888454, -0.03570617362856865, 0.0007796079153195024, -0.05760178342461586, -0.0691228061914444, -0.03841281309723854, -0.013148276135325432, -0.02416248619556427, 0.04611840099096298, -0.026276983320713043, -0.046952202916145325, -0.010089082643389702, -0.04400524124503136, -0.002716364338994026, -0.008188019506633282, 0.0522296167910099, 0.02447596751153469, -0.09051528573036194, -0.019022870808839798, 0.029674282297492027, -0.02090555988252163, 0.027566179633140564, -0.0447678416967392, -0.01343408040702343, -0.05036131292581558, 0.014467917382717133, 0.0032428696285933256, -0.06553767621517181, -0.015520067885518074, -0.1419902741909027, 0.042343366891145706, -0.011136379092931747, 0.020786214619874954, -0.04321378469467163, -0.01731227897107601, -0.03864607959985733, -0.025671444833278656, -0.018940171226859093, 0.03465227037668228, -0.02899310737848282, -0.04692813381552696, -0.05941560119390488, -0.055894605815410614, -0.028527185320854187, -0.026838792487978935, -0.050471991300582886, -0.054586831480264664, -0.06463012099266052, 0.07844419777393341, 0.0028974341694265604, -0.0499165840446949, 0.06576646864414215, 0.0625578984618187, -0.0060953376814723015, -0.06552957743406296, 0.03438015282154083, -0.0076711359433829784, -0.12518426775932312, -0.018836019560694695, 0.033195335417985916, 0.009067527949810028, 0.017818879336118698, 0.06105247512459755, -0.01525411382317543, 0.023002974689006805, 0.09072000533342361, 0.08701392263174057, 0.03666503354907036, -0.018234360963106155, -0.07927241921424866, -0.029324622824788094, 0.04106670618057251, -0.002135069575160742, 0.06415615975856781, -0.022876009345054626, -0.020666318014264107, -0.08338387310504913, -0.038679201155900955, 0.012781691737473011, -0.10953763127326965, 0.06147301569581032, -0.10403550416231155, -0.07491961121559143, -0.0410301499068737, 0.004539073444902897, -0.02375417947769165, -0.018238529562950134, -0.0014644154580309987, 0.03320111334323883, 0.017229441553354263, -0.03357984125614166, 0.059555429965257645, 0.0182520542293787, 0.1064307764172554, -0.06875968724489212, 0.041224729269742966, 0.05495345965027809, -0.07057489454746246, 0.08556010574102402, 0.031677838414907455, -0.048719972372055054, 0.030402950942516327, 0.03577270731329918, -0.03787093237042427, -0.06275973469018936, 0.010019960813224316, -0.09873445332050323, 0.03221479430794716, 0.02482014335691929, -0.09411830455064774, 0.008501091971993446, -0.003066574689000845, -0.007591022178530693, -0.03246476501226425, 0.07483511418104172, 0.09240259975194931, -0.07644172012805939, 2.8409404867858143e-34, 0.0745198205113411, 0.05904943495988846, 0.1187586784362793, 0.043429818004369736, 0.006679489742964506, 0.035265352576971054, 0.01372994389384985, 0.07832411676645279, 0.053340718150138855, -0.07143613696098328, -0.06078638136386871, -0.007281980011612177, -0.0036602006293833256, 0.0016926880925893784, -0.022915586829185486, 0.10951654613018036, 0.12229554355144501, -0.04858824983239174, -0.008851933293044567, -0.019405366852879524, -0.0401652529835701, -0.046646375209093094, 0.039299510419368744, -0.047812312841415405, 0.05254457890987396, 0.07272110879421234, -0.022088367491960526, -0.06006002798676491, -0.010866686701774597, 0.02434813790023327, -0.017240891233086586, -0.017125755548477173, 0.04877331107854843, 0.07303555309772491, 0.026189496740698814, 0.03107006475329399, -0.008232422173023224, -0.011419764719903469, -0.02040388435125351, 0.011866902932524681, 0.12624207139015198, 0.020302819088101387, -0.033043429255485535, -0.0272768996655941, -0.00965841393917799, 0.009912470355629921, -0.02878384292125702, -0.029697099700570107, 0.03679853305220604, -0.018639137968420982, -0.06479571014642715, -0.003919796086847782, -0.011964998207986355, -0.06427565962076187, 0.016581885516643524, 0.04410471394658089, -0.024673424661159515, -0.0056510078720748425, -0.01880459487438202, 0.02850300259888172, 0.051695019006729126, 0.000753453525248915, 0.07047218829393387, 0.06268483400344849, -0.003985501825809479, 0.040384575724601746, -0.012173697352409363, 0.045539431273937225, -0.09098419547080994, -0.020199887454509735, -0.04436866566538811, 0.06113087758421898, -0.007914727553725243, -0.03468712419271469, 0.053060367703437805, -0.06395897269248962, 0.06535083800554276, -0.08144138008356094, 0.006531628780066967, -0.005057596135884523, 0.011940909549593925, -0.03677471727132797, 0.053726378828287125, -0.03793175518512726, -0.08069107681512833, -0.00948368664830923, -0.00983267743140459, 0.057040538638830185, 0.01237513404339552, -0.08072247356176376, -0.0007030271226540208, 0.054918207228183746, 0.0026605932507663965, -0.01663629338145256, -0.15642432868480682, -3.445479736751699e-33, -0.08022738248109818, -0.00936119258403778, 0.04986675828695297, -0.04327476769685745, 0.002811199054121971, -0.024064872413873672, -0.07971733808517456, -0.00048825496924109757, -0.009874069131910801, -0.015325432643294334, 0.019545910879969597, -0.032080430537462234, -0.014237982220947742, -0.18005765974521637, 0.019533291459083557, 0.07219721376895905, -0.04234661906957626, 0.0017652774695307016, -0.04692346975207329, 0.046839870512485504, -0.03453347459435463, 0.05079765245318413, -0.05521848797798157, -0.12006036937236786, 0.028638869524002075, -0.021056311205029488, 0.07113207131624222, -0.005900666117668152, -0.0885261744260788, 0.024365393444895744, -0.036659106612205505, 0.04844607412815094, -0.014944975264370441, -0.017671093344688416, 0.033615682274103165, 0.05011431872844696, 0.004921865649521351, -0.03546531870961189, 0.0547078512609005, 0.07182607054710388, -0.03829897567629814, 0.040066853165626526, -0.017324961721897125, -0.016352836042642593, 0.00633388152346015, 0.02065669372677803, 0.03131050243973732, 0.09986589103937149, 0.029226703569293022, 0.01717553660273552, 0.03125329315662384, -0.028362123295664787, -0.02685488574206829, -0.008762860670685768, 0.049145154654979706, 0.04156766086816788, 0.0020575339440256357, 0.0874481126666069, 0.04843546450138092, 0.0762343630194664, 0.03356311470270157, -0.03453982621431351, 0.016021069139242172, 0.0739317461848259, -0.04873904213309288, -0.021923067048192024, -0.015544726513326168, 0.05810823291540146, 0.03494872897863388, -0.022995268926024437, -0.0180556271225214, -0.02352702058851719, -0.05382293462753296, 0.060248248279094696, 0.010359040461480618, 0.04362804815173149, -0.02257600799202919, -0.09893307089805603, 0.013254248537123203, -0.01037386991083622, -0.03793463110923767, 0.017087025567889214, 0.060987312346696854, -0.014251593500375748, 0.017974071204662323, 0.027953622862696648, -0.010342556051909924, -0.012685366906225681, -0.04101530835032463, -0.04874149337410927, -0.016771068796515465, -0.030799420550465584, 0.018118180334568024, 0.013498285785317421, -0.028792282566428185, -4.838688028030447e-08, 0.07396090775728226, 0.0028682975098490715, -0.03239879012107849, 0.030836278572678566, 0.04713812097907066, -0.021412931382656097, -0.03272109478712082, 0.05116962641477585, -0.029607370495796204, 0.034130215644836426, -0.070832759141922, -0.04479007422924042, 0.02948591113090515, -0.03782222047448158, 0.060136862099170685, -0.0022367669735103846, 0.07621307671070099, 0.01458023488521576, -0.03601810336112976, 0.1485801786184311, 0.10018004477024078, 0.010959550738334656, 0.022572243586182594, -0.1369417905807495, 0.0638250783085823, -0.059347257018089294, -0.008420897647738457, 0.0033032302744686604, -0.07544047385454178, -0.03413990139961243, -0.05972180515527725, -0.014513002708554268, 0.0014060229295864701, -0.03163762763142586, 0.03725003823637962, 0.0112888403236866, 0.050104349851608276, 0.004953756462782621, 0.027742937207221985, 0.015752943232655525, 0.03405502066016197, 0.12300711870193481, -0.0006433872622437775, 0.015932787209749222, 0.016190053895115852, 0.13857325911521912, 0.04980367049574852, -0.06558925658464432, 0.01608388125896454, 0.09804484993219376, -0.03242621570825577, 0.014440534636378288, 0.15419089794158936, -0.08931507915258408, -0.04325946420431137, -0.09069457650184631, -0.01800568215548992, 0.03671653941273689, 0.008252909407019615, -0.02444002777338028, 0.05483143776655197, 0.0236537903547287, -0.054056864231824875, 0.04182219132781029]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
557
|
allowed Galileo to observe in January 1610 what came to be known as the Galilean moons . On 7 January 1610 , Galileo wrote a letter containing the first mention of Jupiter 's moons .At the time, he saw only three of them, and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter. It turned out to be Ganymede, Callisto, and the combined light from Io and Europa. The next night he noticed that they had moved. On January 13, he saw all four at once for the first time, but had seen each of the moons before this date at least once. By January 15, Galileo concluded that the stars were actually bodies orbiting Jupiter. He continued to observe these celestial orbs to 2 March 1610. Galileo's discovery proved the importance of the telescope as a tool for astronomers by showing that there were objects in space to be discovered that until then had remained unseen by the naked eye. More importantly, the discovery of celestial bodies orbiting something other than Earth dealt a blow to the then-accepted Ptolemaic world system, which held that Earth was at the center of the universe and all other celestial bodies revolved around it. Galileo's 13 March 1610, Sidereus Nuncius (Starry Messenger), which announced celestial observations through his telescope, does not explicitly mention Copernican heliocentrism, a theory that placed the Sun at the center of the universe. Nevertheless, Galileo accepted the Copernican theory. A Chinese historian of astronomy, Xi Zezong, has claimed that a "small reddish star" observed near Jupiter in 364 BCE by Chinese astronomer Gan De may have been Ganymede. If true, this might predate Galileo's discovery by around two millennia. Simon Marius claimed another observation, and he later reported observing the moons in November 1609, with a first written record for 29 December 1609.
|
[-0.03389766812324524, -0.08294117450714111, 0.03519248589873314, 0.04729008302092552, 0.014974573627114296, -0.11093904078006744, 0.00900145061314106, -0.009031708352267742, 0.011660905554890633, -0.047754619270563126, 0.0068181888200342655, -0.024159234017133713, -0.009203068912029266, -0.03597583249211311, -0.06472326070070267, -0.030927931889891624, -0.04535161703824997, -0.01521215494722128, 0.021591104567050934, 0.004476100206375122, -0.0514647550880909, -0.008839910849928856, -0.0550643689930439, 0.038239121437072754, 0.04081997275352478, 0.07807021588087082, 0.007773309014737606, -0.07933077961206436, -0.03344002738595009, 0.012686382979154587, -0.0024396181106567383, 0.0070710559375584126, -0.05347083881497383, 0.012240513227880001, -0.08293763548135757, 0.047036413103342056, 0.027442781254649162, -0.07125253230333328, -0.008931347168982029, -0.13997451961040497, 0.011518025770783424, -0.07537827640771866, 0.054606541991233826, -0.011410904116928577, 0.014799457974731922, 0.001868602354079485, -0.00585876265540719, 0.004992347676306963, 0.0451979786157608, -0.07268425822257996, -0.019793570041656494, -0.05074429139494896, -0.02218673750758171, -0.03157305717468262, 0.00254625640809536, 0.008501886390149593, -0.03772618621587753, -0.024305686354637146, 0.06570686399936676, 0.00870156567543745, 0.02237667888402939, 0.046925753355026245, 0.01781538687646389, -0.001810680259950459, -0.05974528566002846, 0.08183892071247101, -0.02716195583343506, -0.1284584105014801, 0.012433712370693684, 0.050032708793878555, -0.009036188013851643, 0.03314350172877312, 0.05837283656001091, -0.07384959608316422, 0.03982853516936302, 0.053994737565517426, 0.04656361788511276, 0.030217589810490608, 0.018599139526486397, -0.05504007637500763, -0.059441179037094116, 0.00661806995049119, -0.04063140228390694, 0.05416518449783325, -0.03792256861925125, -0.0615716390311718, -0.0651644617319107, 0.02333102375268936, -0.053140949457883835, -0.03434452414512634, 0.08453882485628128, -0.052840445190668106, -0.10006673634052277, -0.043147191405296326, -0.033304162323474884, -0.07143857330083847, -0.021223073825240135, -0.02936997078359127, 0.11905339360237122, 0.008726748637855053, -0.011879806406795979, 0.04384047910571098, 0.014137963764369488, 0.08673091977834702, -0.03674188256263733, 0.01436659600585699, 0.02117643877863884, -0.07775407284498215, 0.06906497478485107, 0.028847213834524155, -0.025713538751006126, -0.0025370970834046602, 0.024551933631300926, -0.015088369138538837, -0.12717074155807495, 0.03972811996936798, -0.043939925730228424, 0.03684188798069954, -0.027704687789082527, -0.056242987513542175, -0.01647188328206539, 0.030901974067091942, 0.03522888571023941, -0.01272149570286274, 0.0713825672864914, 0.03866710141301155, -0.040475863963365555, -1.4981518232942884e-34, 0.10402733087539673, -0.0135740851983428, 0.12491824477910995, -0.0015894826501607895, 0.008285626769065857, 0.054483212530612946, -0.014300098642706871, 0.06134987249970436, 0.06612633168697357, -0.09493531286716461, 0.040108129382133484, -0.049156758934259415, 0.009803839027881622, -0.015647411346435547, 0.016131669282913208, 0.02861197292804718, 0.12805424630641937, -0.06379671394824982, 0.017550114542245865, 0.0042624706402421, -0.07049212604761124, -0.06298692524433136, -0.0031164593528956175, -0.028114711865782738, 0.012195038609206676, 0.07827814668416977, -0.01974281668663025, -0.040935125201940536, -0.001292298431508243, 0.034955501556396484, -0.008269194513559341, 0.01265152171254158, 0.00981516856700182, 0.09558965265750885, -0.00082003278657794, -0.007950462400913239, 0.014099766500294209, -0.04847604036331177, -0.02565346658229828, -0.06261341273784637, 0.09327621757984161, 0.02329315058887005, -0.00997871346771717, -0.0677957534790039, 0.020176853984594345, 0.026108767837285995, -0.06683859974145889, 0.05076761916279793, 0.03928330913186073, 0.022221680730581284, -0.023496905341744423, 0.002007380360737443, -0.0005381009541451931, -0.09685903787612915, 0.06277307122945786, 0.043807122856378555, -0.07263448089361191, -0.00298685347661376, -0.01901547983288765, 0.04662042483687401, 0.06933020055294037, 0.029029211029410362, 0.08076491951942444, 0.024094782769680023, -0.02402295544743538, 0.06223146617412567, 0.04319397732615471, 0.08972156047821045, -0.09692787379026413, -0.006070273462682962, -0.06786613166332245, 0.06291276216506958, -0.017109820619225502, -0.04625355824828148, 0.010169505141675472, -0.0009624739177525043, 0.0583539754152298, -0.07358501851558685, -0.029320046305656433, 0.0035561101976782084, 0.04536295309662819, -0.05107555538415909, 0.08799465000629425, -0.06914856284856796, -0.030323626473546028, 0.017468510195612907, -0.006530062761157751, 0.027701711282134056, 0.02438630722463131, -0.07970495522022247, -0.02545573003590107, 0.0630265399813652, -0.015978585928678513, 0.0005235363496467471, -0.1413651704788208, -2.7166344846625018e-33, -0.01171996258199215, 0.009354221634566784, 0.05392254889011383, -0.004558691754937172, -0.01034166757017374, -0.058438751846551895, -0.10016924142837524, -0.0367252416908741, 0.0045723505318164825, -0.013429468497633934, 0.010652489960193634, -0.014088763855397701, 0.0013558637583628297, -0.18300287425518036, -0.038013163954019547, 0.0556342676281929, -0.02375599928200245, -0.029516177251935005, -0.05743992328643799, 0.04931039735674858, -0.036809373646974564, 0.031424351036548615, -0.06967464834451675, -0.10830709338188171, -0.03013860061764717, -0.009576213546097279, 0.06847047805786133, -0.026918699964880943, -0.06830303370952606, 0.020969057455658913, 0.0032804321963340044, 0.003272589296102524, -0.00044732019887305796, -0.02914215438067913, 0.056231219321489334, 0.01933703012764454, 0.052986811846494675, -0.021932775154709816, 0.0466204397380352, 0.09606771171092987, -0.020607782527804375, 0.03176508843898773, -0.044297609478235245, -0.027046259492635727, 0.007049116771668196, -0.008758842945098877, 0.016629895195364952, 0.11914946883916855, -0.001963276881724596, -0.005719448905438185, -0.015928180888295174, 0.027820317074656487, -0.021039849147200584, 0.0010779262520372868, 0.04250272735953331, 0.0616166889667511, 0.04576476290822029, 0.08887641131877899, 0.08660943806171417, 0.023412398993968964, -0.004375075455754995, -0.06561890244483948, 0.03353233262896538, 0.042133405804634094, -0.025977397337555885, -0.008186211809515953, -0.03457524999976158, 0.06343433260917664, 0.018638120964169502, -0.023322418332099915, -0.014710517600178719, -0.03047376126050949, -0.04784854128956795, 0.06133463233709335, 0.07017731666564941, 0.07677081227302551, -0.013861434534192085, -0.10931118577718735, -0.0015604527434334159, 0.020777354016900063, -0.01787172630429268, 0.011780084110796452, 0.03722431883215904, -0.0081441355869174, 0.029583808034658432, -0.03795754536986351, 0.014888321049511433, -0.03576919063925743, -0.06047647446393967, -0.067570261657238, -0.0490507073700428, 0.024769583716988564, 0.00389821152202785, 0.04656539112329483, -0.02223600633442402, -4.594372526867119e-08, 0.04856991022825241, 0.0034190677106380463, -0.01459720078855753, 0.060415029525756836, 0.08046777546405792, 0.01122991181910038, 0.038038406521081924, 0.11307507753372192, -0.05323715880513191, -0.027478013187646866, -0.07180886715650558, -0.02596784569323063, -0.020950712263584137, -0.06726694852113724, 0.07726548612117767, -0.02413840964436531, 0.033774301409721375, -0.07066833972930908, -0.04577583447098732, 0.10325455665588379, 0.10707727819681168, -0.016128933057188988, 0.012184933759272099, -0.12261778861284256, 0.03885914385318756, -0.027645710855722427, -0.013854878954589367, 0.09031422436237335, -0.09570399671792984, 0.0026055346243083477, 0.005673668812960386, -0.04890208691358566, -0.020770331844687462, -0.08804170042276382, -0.02240847609937191, 0.021638868376612663, 0.0029710503295063972, 0.024542415514588356, 0.10812708735466003, 0.03226139396429062, 0.0017914054915308952, 0.09819476306438446, -0.03309270739555359, 0.055098239332437515, -0.00029817322501912713, 0.1079830676317215, 0.02936479263007641, -0.06597168743610382, -0.009770398028194904, 0.0837687999010086, -0.028276462107896805, 0.051730141043663025, 0.14236967265605927, -0.03765978291630745, -0.016039233654737473, -0.014760395511984825, 0.023293841630220413, -0.00752290477976203, -0.035255856812000275, 0.011193995364010334, 0.01431606337428093, 0.009949143044650555, -0.04861438646912575, 0.04024723917245865]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
558
|
Galileo 's discovery by around two millennia . Simon Marius claimed another observation , and he later reported observing the moons in November 1609 , with a first written record for 29 December 1609 .However, because he did not publish these findings until after Galileo, there is a degree of uncertainty around his records. Later, it turned out that he had used the old style Julian calendar, while Galilei used the modern style Gregorian one. So, in fact, Marius observed the moons first on 8 January 1610, one day after Galilei. Names
In 1605, Galileo had been employed as a mathematics tutor for Cosimo de' Medici. In 1609, Cosimo became Grand Duke Cosimo II of Tuscany. Galileo, seeking patronage from his now-wealthy former student and his powerful family, used the discovery of Jupiter's moons to gain it. On 13 February 1610, Galileo wrote to the Grand Duke's secretary:
God graced me with being able, through such a singular sign, to reveal to my Lord my devotion and the desire I have that his glorious name live as equal among the stars, and since it is up to me, the first discoverer, to name these new planets, I wish, in imitation of the great sages who placed the most excellent heroes of that age among the stars, to inscribe these with the name of the Most Serene Grand Duke. Galileo initially called his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), in honour of Cosimo alone. Cosimo's secretary suggested to change the name to Medicea Sidera ("the Medician stars"), honouring all four Medici brothers (Cosimo, Francesco, Carlo, and Lorenzo). The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ("Starry Messenger"), published in Venice in March 1610, less than two months after the first observations.
|
[-0.03848481923341751, -0.02578599937260151, -0.006734269671142101, 0.028123680502176285, -0.08637084811925888, -0.1437729001045227, -0.016169164329767227, 0.02089092694222927, 0.0005152575322426856, -0.04809453338384628, 0.03361746668815613, -0.0016327106859534979, 0.007787385024130344, -0.05155404284596443, -0.08052168786525726, -0.07900671660900116, -0.05295433849096298, 0.028593474999070168, 0.03679639473557472, -0.027908818796277046, -0.029395094141364098, -0.03225419297814369, -0.031064605340361595, 0.035478901118040085, 0.023339688777923584, 0.048095352947711945, -0.011703160591423512, -0.028592370450496674, 0.04796478897333145, 0.057248253375291824, -0.0069361962378025055, 0.017862191423773766, -0.022866329178214073, 0.04315396398305893, -0.08746334165334702, 0.02852664329111576, -0.0029353988356888294, -0.04025063291192055, 0.042374663054943085, -0.09510687738656998, 0.045212261378765106, -0.023649459704756737, 0.05714154988527298, 0.06238722801208496, 0.00428130105137825, -0.013101859949529171, -0.0035302764736115932, 0.0025332553777843714, 0.012894305400550365, 0.01863362453877926, -0.07037697732448578, -0.023175466805696487, -0.025293217971920967, -0.07148013263940811, -0.021086519584059715, 0.022364860400557518, -0.03150074556469917, 0.04248747602105141, 0.07550310343503952, -0.021779362112283707, -0.020313020795583725, 0.00936318188905716, -0.004486735910177231, -0.00014865370758343488, -0.0606699176132679, 0.06591064482927322, 0.0007560368394479156, -0.10325045883655548, 0.013605899177491665, 0.03640516847372055, -0.0037894989363849163, 0.048250507563352585, 0.043594662100076675, -0.02554132044315338, -0.017501384019851685, 0.09138661623001099, -0.06837839633226395, 0.06287594884634018, -0.03202502802014351, -0.046534035354852676, 0.048626773059368134, 0.035750411450862885, -0.05355789139866829, 0.017748551443219185, -0.056927576661109924, -0.04637857526540756, -0.08636987954378128, 0.0001270481589017436, 0.02272632159292698, -0.10833486914634705, 0.09863995760679245, -0.07216254621744156, -0.04011884331703186, 0.0012620498891919851, -0.04286826029419899, -0.005618713796138763, 0.04227393493056297, 0.07525407522916794, 0.043807461857795715, 0.00957245472818613, 0.014672030694782734, 0.056158214807510376, -0.04905014857649803, 0.19842085242271423, -0.030859850347042084, 0.014250889420509338, 0.048259083181619644, -0.04649418964982033, 0.05233277007937431, 0.020659150555729866, -0.11081142723560333, 0.006155285052955151, 0.020178528502583504, -0.04775724560022354, -0.05228061601519585, 0.0730602890253067, -0.015721537172794342, 0.0970543697476387, 0.019925963133573532, -0.013564236462116241, 0.026762209832668304, 0.012534888461232185, -0.015182583592832088, -0.0882813110947609, 0.04877019301056862, 0.049335747957229614, -0.05356902256608009, -7.3936996729088735e-34, 0.07150191068649292, 0.09854184091091156, 0.11280858516693115, 0.07025598734617233, 0.0061232405714690685, 0.04001963883638382, -0.02976405993103981, 0.038482923060655594, 0.04881282523274422, -0.09702836722135544, 0.04452705383300781, -0.015192686580121517, -0.014123328030109406, -0.04440132528543472, -0.026115624234080315, 0.09596949815750122, 0.1067211776971817, -0.061846476048231125, 0.025663556531071663, -0.03940706327557564, -0.020443977788090706, -0.05301598459482193, 0.02533934824168682, -0.02956358902156353, 0.0412270687520504, 0.05231637880206108, 0.000690616259817034, -0.01014071423560381, 5.626992788165808e-05, 0.03545362502336502, -0.05624539777636528, -0.01581910438835621, 0.04361337795853615, 0.0432903915643692, 0.051542989909648895, -0.015407740138471127, -0.01264946535229683, -0.07864784449338913, 0.06876499950885773, -0.03948955610394478, 0.09239090979099274, 0.00980701670050621, 0.06535755097866058, -0.058226678520441055, -0.046588823199272156, -0.0050928620621562, -0.02641535922884941, 0.030813638120889664, 0.060989636927843094, -0.009999537840485573, -0.08314000815153122, -0.005090530030429363, -0.07855750620365143, -0.054977234452962875, 0.046931564807891846, 0.04255928471684456, -0.045867085456848145, 0.029535287991166115, -0.05117166042327881, 0.02165144681930542, 0.05566820129752159, 0.009981648996472359, 0.04953595623373985, 0.09185149520635605, -0.041327349841594696, 0.0116301029920578, -0.04452139139175415, 0.06052728742361069, -0.014035097323358059, 0.02331661619246006, -0.03872934356331825, 0.016611067578196526, -0.08888265490531921, -0.03745010867714882, 0.06504702568054199, 0.033373959362506866, 0.09962445497512817, -0.07502803951501846, -0.039372388273477554, -0.06155552715063095, 0.03298278525471687, 0.0025769874919205904, 0.06960394978523254, 0.0056970673613250256, -0.033136408776044846, 0.007297144737094641, -0.026687847450375557, 0.060218535363674164, 0.02170107141137123, -0.07811383157968521, -0.0068379356525838375, 0.009008863940834999, 0.008465946651995182, -0.024331865832209587, -0.1730107069015503, -1.7404679762251803e-33, -0.028079304844141006, 0.025416510179638863, 0.10367032140493393, -0.040294818580150604, -0.003693674923852086, -0.055711530148983, -0.0787079781293869, -0.09517024457454681, 0.06353986263275146, -0.05002262443304062, 0.0072904471307992935, -0.0033418736420571804, 0.026844989508390427, -0.12657485902309418, -0.038872309029102325, 0.09015300869941711, -0.058505188673734665, -0.04295392334461212, -0.033774588257074356, 0.012075555510818958, -0.0019558719359338284, 0.05072873458266258, -0.04124307259917259, -0.1333945095539093, 0.011027716100215912, -0.04081955924630165, 0.06805159896612167, 0.0034237985964864492, -0.03723543509840965, 0.07347515225410461, -0.06468186527490616, -0.004978756420314312, -0.013243842869997025, -0.05265822261571884, 0.0032559733372181654, 0.019237108528614044, 0.06883914768695831, -0.0221165232360363, 0.012553508393466473, 0.05540299788117409, -0.06299667805433273, 0.014373761601746082, 0.03148683160543442, -0.08981620520353317, 0.06487809866666794, 0.005547001026570797, 0.06457820534706116, 0.07358193397521973, 0.04111850634217262, 0.05907808989286423, 0.019835466518998146, -0.010703293606638908, -0.08265344798564911, 0.02533527836203575, 0.06809026002883911, 0.0151014169678092, 0.021391674876213074, 0.05048242583870888, -0.023807376623153687, -0.004586950410157442, 0.017649486660957336, 0.009111764840781689, -0.05287535488605499, 0.024636752903461456, -0.045909442007541656, -0.028899749740958214, -0.038717351853847504, 0.06306592375040054, 0.04067227244377136, -0.0016413407865911722, 0.0031136940233409405, -0.0348634198307991, -0.08022914826869965, -0.010207494720816612, -0.012131573632359505, 0.07461237162351608, -0.054981764405965805, -0.052650682628154755, -0.02903401292860508, -0.010201653465628624, -0.07213564217090607, 0.04716362804174423, 0.030705343931913376, 0.006945488974452019, -0.006695997901260853, -0.03698263689875603, 0.03998645022511482, 0.004498153459280729, -0.0677294135093689, -0.03392302617430687, -0.041135869920253754, -0.0213325172662735, 0.014533823356032372, 0.025378044694662094, -0.02753872610628605, -4.8122036133690926e-08, 0.006332281976938248, 0.06120253726840019, -0.013703139498829842, 0.039671704173088074, 0.07804994285106659, 0.01583040878176689, -0.04111287742853165, 0.01766890659928322, -0.018243705853819847, 0.015571054071187973, -0.09992580860853195, -0.04873747378587723, 0.05044606328010559, -0.07630051672458649, 0.02086939662694931, 0.0200533177703619, 0.04915521293878555, 0.0016550914151594043, -0.03323174640536308, 0.033137328922748566, 0.09604103863239288, 0.0026982303243130445, 0.043668948113918304, -0.07579569518566132, 0.028645487502217293, -0.06744534522294998, 0.03501679375767708, 0.07399382442235947, -0.07549775391817093, 0.023027000948786736, -0.047468576580286026, -0.019801020622253418, 0.031887199729681015, -0.08018870651721954, -0.012888893485069275, -0.034198224544525146, -0.010533928871154785, 0.041789621114730835, 0.09736576676368713, 0.019745007157325745, 0.027544822543859482, 0.11173666268587112, -0.0390726737678051, 0.08837094157934189, 0.028744030743837357, 0.10018207132816315, 0.043468281626701355, -0.041100550442934036, 0.01871640421450138, 0.060177285224199295, -0.013407598249614239, 0.06203483045101166, 0.09040156751871109, -0.045806486159563065, 0.03444472327828407, -0.018158409744501114, -0.011210604570806026, 0.03889644518494606, -0.01942119188606739, -0.03276032581925392, 0.005284980405122042, -0.004196467809379101, -0.08001913875341415, -0.032741229981184006]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
559
|
and Lorenzo ) . The discovery was announced in the Sidereus Nuncius ( `` Starry Messenger '' ) , published in Venice in March 1610 , less than two months after the first observations .On 12 March 1610, Galileo wrote his dedicatory letter to the Duke of Tuscany, and the next day sent a copy to the Grand Duke, hoping to obtain the Grand Duke's support as quickly as possible. On 19 March, he sent the telescope he had used to first view Jupiter's moons to the Grand Duke, along with an official copy of Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger) that, following the secretary's advice, named the four moons the Medician Stars. In his dedicatory introduction, Galileo wrote:
Scarcely have the immortal graces of your soul begun to shine forth on earth than bright stars offer themselves in the heavens which, like tongues, will speak of and celebrate your most excellent virtues for all time. Behold, therefore, four stars reserved for your illustrious name ... which ... make their journeys and orbits with a marvelous speed around the star of Jupiter ... like children of the same family ... Indeed, it appears the Maker of the Stars himself, by clear arguments, admonished me to call these new planets by the illustrious name of Your Highness before all others. Other names put forward include:
I. Principharus (for the "prince" of Tuscany), II. Victripharus (after Vittoria della Rovere), III. Cosmipharus (after Cosimo de' Medici) and IV. Fernipharus (after Duke Ferdinando de' Medici) – by Giovanni Battista Hodierna, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first ephemerides (Medicaeorum Ephemerides, 1656);
Circulatores Jovis, or Jovis Comites – by Johannes Hevelius;
Gardes, or Satellites (from the Latin satelles, satellitis, meaning "escorts") – by Jacques Ozanam.
|
[-0.08320564031600952, -0.028663309291005135, 0.030945030972361565, 0.07918180525302887, -0.05375869199633598, -0.09305592626333237, 0.017469288781285286, -0.03866517171263695, -0.03929808735847473, -0.07452142983675003, -0.01907450333237648, -0.011687126010656357, 0.059118449687957764, -0.06524530053138733, -0.07808905094861984, -0.017184672877192497, -0.020288093015551567, 0.001982115674763918, -0.0006854360108263791, 0.01722869649529457, -0.04885347560048103, -0.007982666604220867, -0.007598798722028732, 0.10464632511138916, 0.005025222897529602, 0.021749446168541908, -0.0011527880560606718, -0.09626905620098114, -0.02090739645063877, 0.021778445690870285, -0.003389639314264059, 0.06963348388671875, -0.00538192642852664, -0.008438446559011936, -0.05160801112651825, 0.039397530257701874, 0.02182730659842491, -0.020361648872494698, 0.01593620330095291, -0.06650161743164062, 0.06406619399785995, -0.03529210761189461, 0.014031050726771355, 0.11376458406448364, -0.04090983420610428, 0.02214573696255684, 0.0009857865516096354, -0.03896915912628174, 0.039774276316165924, -0.001076767104677856, -0.09469377249479294, 0.031160106882452965, -0.05089670792222023, -0.03892441466450691, -0.04123081639409065, 0.015672963112592697, -0.002509897109121084, 0.04659191891551018, 0.044016897678375244, 0.015555161982774734, -0.024100229144096375, 0.03737834841012955, -0.0041534011252224445, -0.020675186067819595, -0.023143740370869637, 0.06524524837732315, -0.07403624802827835, -0.06786523759365082, -0.045015476644039154, 0.023524392396211624, 0.017258930951356888, 0.01727062277495861, 0.05450562760233879, -0.04000408947467804, -0.0014376440085470676, 0.061276137828826904, 0.03157288581132889, 0.0001315406698267907, -0.05510672926902771, -0.06949280947446823, -0.021117957308888435, 0.005891089327633381, -0.034971851855516434, 0.05883293226361275, -0.03918911889195442, -0.0795920342206955, -0.027305584400892258, -0.0312461256980896, 0.021377352997660637, -0.035810235887765884, 0.05713517963886261, -0.04381770268082619, -0.03799624368548393, -0.07035983353853226, -0.023975159972906113, 0.012574143707752228, -0.04543155059218407, -0.018625764176249504, 0.06532561779022217, 0.011502054519951344, -0.004209134727716446, 0.051483068615198135, 0.004003728274255991, 0.1444217413663864, -0.022307932376861572, 0.02595735341310501, 0.008051727898418903, -0.09746436029672623, -0.005286071449518204, 0.024562779814004898, -0.014773626811802387, 0.04601965472102165, 0.01792403683066368, -0.03321616351604462, -0.0626639574766159, 0.054251011461019516, -0.04739498347043991, 0.05084501951932907, -0.057624492794275284, -0.056312333792448044, -0.005664473865181208, 0.0037832327652722597, 0.0071699065156280994, -0.042225662618875504, -0.026028776541352272, 0.021890785545110703, -0.04834010824561119, -1.6883008226326334e-33, 0.04109278321266174, 0.09945154935121536, 0.09557770192623138, 0.050852637737989426, -0.040352050215005875, 0.035858456045389175, -0.021061614155769348, 0.04159938171505928, 0.0004830735269933939, -0.10484609752893448, 0.008923356421291828, -0.02712581679224968, 0.05593804270029068, 0.024620292708277702, -0.022779880091547966, 0.051029037684202194, 0.04822807013988495, -0.06566481292247772, 0.011871579103171825, -0.025641607120633125, -0.04440003260970116, 0.01031383778899908, -0.06550406664609909, -0.06403304636478424, 0.021806836128234863, 0.08037686347961426, 0.03252202644944191, 0.014309262856841087, -0.015820743516087532, 0.04089420288801193, -0.048766110092401505, -0.015392589382827282, 0.04399367794394493, 0.0023182493168860674, -0.00047218281542882323, -0.011961674317717552, -0.05744978040456772, -0.06872823089361191, 0.03999316692352295, -0.016710402444005013, 0.038608159869909286, 0.03613933548331261, 0.017910994589328766, 0.004180456046015024, -0.08014298975467682, 0.06935076415538788, -0.045296989381313324, 0.009764470160007477, 0.08712828904390335, -0.023061469197273254, -0.03455132246017456, -0.04722214862704277, -0.04185042157769203, -0.037306901067495346, 0.02111615426838398, -0.006628735922276974, -0.04455440118908882, 0.02133825793862343, -0.0250384658575058, 1.5493804312427528e-05, 0.11416307836771011, -0.022499719634652138, 0.021367311477661133, 0.10457182675600052, -0.00014838176139164716, 0.08305578678846359, 0.0031491441186517477, 0.13615721464157104, -0.028988579288125038, -0.05509086325764656, -0.0507342666387558, 0.06490200757980347, -0.04028134420514107, -0.12492740154266357, 0.020633460953831673, 0.03277374431490898, 0.0720875933766365, -0.05752408877015114, -0.031052637845277786, -0.01926508918404579, -0.06668907403945923, -0.032877467572689056, 0.02259238436818123, -0.00624404801055789, -0.0021413506474345922, -0.007680367678403854, -0.014421087689697742, 0.05295632407069206, 0.039351776242256165, -0.048629358410835266, -0.020078465342521667, -0.013713656924664974, 0.07901836186647415, 0.029842184856534004, -0.1916356384754181, -1.8737342069965098e-34, -0.032729633152484894, -0.026833070442080498, 0.10828858613967896, -0.007518264465034008, 0.009401367977261543, -0.06379148364067078, -0.05497683584690094, -0.038658369332551956, -0.0028486154042184353, 0.04573420062661171, -0.0766344666481018, -0.010161487385630608, 0.000851697928737849, -0.17133013904094696, -0.04854828491806984, 0.05076317861676216, 0.003594995243474841, 0.004004594404250383, -0.05634228512644768, -0.00865116436034441, -0.026526091620326042, 0.06715087592601776, -0.0726347416639328, -0.08621691912412643, 0.001101436442695558, 0.002965162042528391, 0.09701744467020035, -0.028728822246193886, -0.05342734232544899, 0.07458850741386414, -0.025381820276379585, 0.010332044214010239, -0.06166787073016167, 0.0008466850849799812, 0.043981242924928665, 0.024927906692028046, 0.07199818640947342, -0.00303242658264935, -0.010066995397210121, 0.054514817893505096, -0.05236713960766792, 0.04788278043270111, 0.02674655057489872, 0.018559355288743973, 0.04806419461965561, 0.013634500093758106, 0.047605231404304504, 0.08464670181274414, -0.02361934259533882, 0.09219685196876526, 0.0515831895172596, 0.00897060614079237, -0.038135893642902374, 0.08119989186525345, -0.00507757905870676, -0.0041297683492302895, 0.03817753493785858, 0.0677146315574646, 0.07205380499362946, 0.008883270435035229, 0.0007825150969438255, -0.06612712144851685, 0.011210859753191471, -0.002213351195678115, -0.057557541877031326, -0.025779306888580322, 0.01383449137210846, 0.1160096675157547, 0.01710270717740059, 0.014386346563696861, 0.027335144579410553, -0.06954726576805115, -0.023106824606657028, 0.04097938537597656, 0.019679350778460503, 0.1320151686668396, -0.027591433376073837, -0.10214579850435257, -0.05370022729039192, 0.051692791283130646, -0.01913558691740036, 0.0012978255981579423, 0.01405267883092165, -0.0057804519310593605, 0.018543671816587448, -0.08638201653957367, -0.0019104412058368325, -0.031688839197158813, -0.03403938561677933, -0.04134877026081085, -0.01747754216194153, 0.01310841366648674, 0.03828701004385948, 0.031695656478405, 0.036268651485443115, -5.1099892317552076e-08, 0.06246227025985718, -0.0029734487179666758, -0.013150366954505444, 0.03562449291348457, 0.05259326100349426, -0.03419800475239754, 0.004770047031342983, 0.07213463634252548, -0.008281655609607697, 0.03510069102048874, -0.06851097196340561, -0.0551949068903923, -0.012693168595433235, -0.09864107519388199, 0.06385793536901474, -0.008902376517653465, 0.08224908262491226, -0.047959327697753906, -0.010041912086308002, 0.09910891950130463, 0.11160442233085632, 0.024408267810940742, 0.06105216592550278, -0.13475152850151062, -0.055940791964530945, -0.04333225265145302, 0.04165491834282875, -0.0022562709636986256, -0.10214070975780487, -0.035030923783779144, 0.008889683522284031, 0.005644709803164005, 0.004331020172685385, -0.06898245215415955, 0.0018771400209516287, 0.0011339324992150068, 0.02447124756872654, 0.006495696492493153, 0.15751279890537262, 0.09390424191951752, 0.004452649503946304, 0.07501561939716339, -0.021117396652698517, 0.05942721292376518, 0.03725121170282364, 0.0769968181848526, 0.006001037545502186, -0.05809730663895607, 0.04044670611619949, 0.08823706209659576, -0.03327926620841026, -0.002611771458759904, 0.09753413498401642, -0.06169690191745758, -0.017397355288267136, 0.006653829477727413, -0.05899498611688614, 0.049996957182884216, 0.028965827077627182, -0.01154507789760828, 0.069485142827034, 0.05361765995621681, 0.0009701682720333338, -0.014622182585299015]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
560
|
) ; Circulatores Jovis , or Jovis Comites – by Johannes Hevelius ; Gardes , or Satellites ( from the Latin satelles , satellitis , meaning `` escorts '' ) – by Jacques Ozanam .The names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius, who had discovered the moons independently at about the same time as Galileo. At the suggestion of Johannes Kepler, he named them after four lovers of the god Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter) in his Mundus Jovialis (published in 1614):
Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros, whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell ... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto ... This fancy, and the particular names given, were suggested to me by Kepler, Imperial Astronomer, when we met at Ratisbon fair in October 1613. So if, as a jest, and in memory of our friendship then begun, I hail him as joint father of these four stars, again I shall not be doing wrong. Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius's names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays, in parallel with proper moon names. The numbers run from Jupiter outward, thus I, II, III and IV for Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto respectively. Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it.
|
[-0.03671572357416153, 0.0013438091846182942, 0.014110780321061611, 0.046880122274160385, 0.016412388533353806, -0.12847520411014557, 0.03329260274767876, 0.02827327512204647, 0.04846574366092682, -0.029943780973553658, -0.04821844398975372, -0.0712643638253212, 0.003205482615157962, -0.10264572501182556, -0.04611954465508461, 0.0040206932462751865, -0.06403885781764984, 0.055705662816762924, -0.01682865619659424, 0.02276645228266716, 0.04086747020483017, -0.045555658638477325, 0.00720914825797081, -0.014273952692747116, -0.03378789871931076, 0.023693887516856194, -0.028225140646100044, -0.04972745478153229, 0.0170162171125412, 0.006603152025490999, -0.017370866611599922, 0.05924607068300247, -0.006807914935052395, -0.019110528752207756, -0.05331065133213997, 0.003883239347487688, -0.003004977712407708, -0.01797349564731121, -0.03327680006623268, -0.0733897015452385, 0.07254525274038315, -0.0004998120130039752, 0.02848118357360363, -0.04212862253189087, -0.13141465187072754, -0.0056860968470573425, -0.03952653706073761, -0.012652751058340073, -0.026735208928585052, 0.010704885236918926, -0.06090661883354187, -0.09820452332496643, -0.023718446493148804, 0.015614782460033894, -0.0789242535829544, -0.015495074912905693, -0.03960970416665077, -0.016597431153059006, 0.07069512456655502, 0.0021281642839312553, -0.009962424635887146, 0.07030470669269562, 0.056755322962999344, -0.026678811758756638, -0.08704999089241028, -0.004184348974376917, 0.017732996493577957, -0.041442401707172394, -0.06890380382537842, 0.06734515726566315, 0.07296737283468246, 0.018942393362522125, -0.0026228665374219418, 0.0014362122165039182, -0.02980221062898636, 0.08570367842912674, 0.03511190041899681, 0.018880434334278107, -0.05250454694032669, -0.07792319357395172, -0.05545046925544739, 0.05310659483075142, -0.006535854656249285, 0.0005777167971245944, -0.05908169969916344, 0.00422125356271863, -0.06654809415340424, -0.04853903502225876, 0.00887903943657875, -0.08238856494426727, 0.013198898173868656, -0.11970964819192886, -0.03487696871161461, -0.007090691011399031, 0.05566955730319023, -0.0014644496841356158, 0.013606643304228783, 0.048191137611866, -0.02484489418566227, 0.03572055697441101, -0.03697913512587547, 0.10481083393096924, 0.003954148851335049, 0.12584610283374786, -0.01910875365138054, 0.026241950690746307, -0.04215073212981224, -0.030319834128022194, -0.02641679160296917, 0.024030299857258797, -0.021925434470176697, -0.04654901847243309, 0.03987888991832733, -0.01659030094742775, -0.03838404640555382, 0.019742298871278763, -0.08164843171834946, -0.0023953060153871775, 0.0043923212215304375, 0.020673075690865517, 0.015031100250780582, 0.006187450140714645, 0.008164075203239918, 0.017727496102452278, 0.04397633671760559, 0.019412390887737274, -0.04383060708642006, 1.4409398015146724e-33, 0.04088332876563072, 0.05274709314107895, 0.07647299766540527, 0.04438932612538338, -0.0012762441765516996, -0.045280639082193375, -0.015677999705076218, 0.09820403903722763, 0.03955908119678497, -0.04203326255083084, -0.09922343492507935, -0.05216633528470993, 0.02054239809513092, -0.016655534505844116, -0.0074121979996562, 0.05776897072792053, 0.14003829658031464, -0.10040758550167084, 0.06004825234413147, 0.021743768826127052, 0.01116878166794777, 0.007012511603534222, -0.006772419437766075, -0.05780681595206261, 0.009217952378094196, 0.04472464695572853, 0.0015532996039837599, -0.0007895726012066007, 0.015387915074825287, 0.0414271242916584, -0.014244653284549713, -0.0763828381896019, 0.060143034905195236, 0.028720423579216003, 0.025082983076572418, 0.08864414691925049, -0.03144454583525658, -0.06354636698961258, -0.08540645241737366, 0.01566918194293976, 0.011063365265727043, 0.006921613123267889, 0.01119479164481163, 0.016442367807030678, -0.04849877208471298, -0.018657151609659195, 0.0068473415449261665, -0.030974971130490303, 0.0887100026011467, 0.009216852486133575, -0.08841948211193085, -0.0023463708348572254, 0.0275507140904665, -0.027549438178539276, 0.016007199883461, 0.00039388539153151214, -0.05577438324689865, 0.02743312157690525, -0.07163352519273758, 0.026237202808260918, 0.04081935063004494, -0.0436752624809742, 0.026617545634508133, 0.11078343540430069, 0.021630819886922836, 0.08452074229717255, -0.03053148090839386, 0.050423938781023026, -0.08107118308544159, -0.07830013334751129, -0.08268619328737259, 0.03473277390003204, 0.02570166625082493, 0.01696176454424858, 0.057137951254844666, -0.0043615419417619705, 0.08112479746341705, -0.12107636779546738, -0.014666619710624218, -0.02941136807203293, -0.021907443180680275, -0.014449156820774078, -0.04036518186330795, 0.010934466496109962, -0.005117622669786215, -0.053609177470207214, 0.004181106109172106, 0.04223477840423584, 0.014835347421467304, -0.008800980634987354, -0.027883201837539673, 0.031606532633304596, 0.04037121310830116, -0.017183415591716766, -0.1795748472213745, -3.258048999223008e-33, -0.0794069841504097, 0.007112598046660423, 0.04347078502178192, 0.02142133191227913, 0.005644035991281271, 0.03504464402794838, -0.07586202025413513, 0.05483967810869217, -0.025690067559480667, -0.0389736108481884, -0.03893476352095604, -0.029099155217409134, 0.025440068915486336, -0.15052290260791779, 0.04151599854230881, -0.0029836862813681364, -0.010584443807601929, -0.0318414680659771, 0.017183203250169754, 0.015376750379800797, -0.0280923992395401, 0.04675619676709175, -0.04129429906606674, -0.14359234273433685, 0.01826767437160015, 0.031793925911188126, 0.05647628381848335, -0.02143002301454544, -0.09125877916812897, 0.07927226275205612, 0.04442869499325752, -0.008356885053217411, -0.045646801590919495, 0.02069082483649254, 0.08318276703357697, 0.02779660001397133, 0.060441769659519196, 0.04238586127758026, 0.0626235157251358, 0.04803742468357086, -0.06719161570072174, -0.0023595199454575777, 0.08566729724407196, 0.01958061382174492, 0.0012015410466119647, 0.04282635077834129, 0.0034704275894910097, 0.1053578183054924, 0.03540845215320587, -0.03325287252664566, 0.008354983292520046, -0.02281123213469982, -0.041017916053533554, 0.04852966219186783, 0.09355983883142471, -0.025752592831850052, 0.022360680624842644, 0.08029755204916, -0.007919837720692158, 0.0324108824133873, 0.01862180046737194, -0.022827930748462677, 0.0028764784801751375, 0.06032509729266167, -0.013528662733733654, -0.005096049979329109, -0.08390158414840698, 0.05234251916408539, -0.0600920096039772, 0.03655683621764183, -0.03566562384366989, -0.07060856372117996, -0.08806353807449341, 0.027772950008511543, 0.0488739050924778, 0.007293597795069218, -0.0009566664812155068, -0.0862729474902153, -0.01624179072678089, -0.03719080239534378, -0.021010490134358406, -0.008606888353824615, 0.01791507750749588, -0.029057899489998817, 0.03963133320212364, -0.03778836131095886, 0.0021794529166072607, -0.023104481399059296, 0.01420739758759737, -0.03354952484369278, 0.011571328155696392, -0.011218426749110222, 0.027699343860149384, -0.025615038350224495, 0.0071914647705852985, -5.0938300688585514e-08, 0.07564345002174377, -0.007308195345103741, -0.02986130304634571, 0.020392458885908127, 0.003820122219622135, -0.05472327023744583, 0.008391697891056538, 0.0011031471658498049, -0.06389955431222916, 0.0648365393280983, -0.08681300282478333, 0.007722246926277876, 0.03211932256817818, -0.13156375288963318, 0.10395444184541702, -0.03241783007979393, 0.10116104781627655, -0.035843826830387115, -0.017527781426906586, 0.11426617950201035, 0.0910785049200058, 0.012133263051509857, 0.0420011468231678, -0.15990015864372253, 0.027209099382162094, -0.026154911145567894, 0.07870840281248093, -0.04328088462352753, -0.050986338406801224, -0.013099195435643196, -0.011380095034837723, 0.055943429470062256, -0.025226404890418053, -0.008990716189146042, 0.00236517027951777, 0.005862318444997072, -0.014566630125045776, 0.020451560616493225, 0.045105911791324615, 0.05356505140662193, 0.04084945097565651, 0.14386369287967682, -0.03675924986600876, 0.036037378013134, 0.1181897446513176, 0.07451867312192917, 0.0374053530395031, -0.0071032606065273285, 0.019745780155062675, 0.03818070888519287, -0.06846147030591965, 0.06631999462842941, 0.11666570603847504, 0.009049411863088608, -0.012495010159909725, -0.0986560732126236, -0.03141733631491661, 0.06263399124145508, 0.017862500622868538, 0.030180709436535835, 0.04074999317526817, 0.006799096707254648, 0.013387579470872879, -0.0307304747402668]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
561
|
Jupiter outward , thus I , II , III and IV for Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto respectively . Galileo used this system in his notebooks but never actually published it .The numbered names (Jupiter x) were used until the mid-20th century when other inner moons were discovered, and Marius's names became widely used. Determination of longitude
Galileo's discovery had practical applications. Safe navigation required accurately determining a ship's position at sea. While latitude could be measured well enough by local astronomical observations, determining longitude required knowledge of the time of each observation synchronized to the time at a reference longitude. The longitude problem was so important that large prizes were offered for its solution at various times by Spain, The Netherlands, and The United Kingdom. Galileo proposed determining longitude based on the timing of the orbits of the Galilean moons. The times of the eclipses of the moons could be precisely calculated in advance and compared with local observations on land or on ship to determine the local time and hence longitude. Galileo applied in 1616 for the Spanish prize of 6,000 gold ducats with a lifetime pension of 2,000 a year, and almost two decades later for the Dutch prize, but by then he was under house arrest for possible heresy. The main problem with the Jovian moon technique was that it was difficult to observe the Galilean moons through a telescope on a moving ship, a problem that Galileo tried to solve with the invention of the celatone. Others suggested improvements, but without success. Land mapping surveys had the same problem determining longitude, though with less severe observational conditions. The method proved practical and was used by Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Jean Picard to re-map France. Members
Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter's early history.
|
[-0.020827531814575195, 0.008235452696681023, -0.008350702002644539, -0.026832299306988716, 0.017341306433081627, -0.11233183741569519, -0.032975804060697556, 0.03749506548047066, -0.00628839572891593, -0.03029818832874298, -0.007265973370522261, 0.007907523773610592, 0.015953263267874718, -0.0004380315949674696, -0.05806618556380272, -0.06720680743455887, -0.027360709384083748, 0.05040065944194794, 0.008998440578579903, -0.03944573923945427, -0.026241697371006012, -0.02708621881902218, -0.016206979751586914, 0.045841243118047714, -0.008991501294076443, 0.020751120522618294, 0.020083541050553322, -0.09255725890398026, -0.019001467153429985, 0.013269773684442043, -0.03164844959974289, 0.06750218570232391, -0.03410143032670021, -0.04187934100627899, -0.13409395515918732, -0.02954319305717945, 0.0052832504734396935, -0.04957544803619385, -0.028162559494376183, -0.09401500970125198, 0.009054877795279026, -0.07839615643024445, 0.10303496569395065, 0.04023817554116249, 0.006177382078021765, 0.033501964062452316, 0.008057407103478909, 0.02332230843603611, -0.019269507378339767, 0.0025368223432451487, -0.0059644547291100025, -0.009045842103660107, -0.03672799468040466, -0.08021554350852966, -0.031819410622119904, 0.03635191544890404, 0.00030896751559339464, -0.005515528842806816, 0.06281612068414688, 0.033440280705690384, 0.01727890595793724, 0.0451037660241127, -0.028853503987193108, -0.028524605557322502, -0.04296846315264702, 0.03538499027490616, 0.01281819585710764, -0.09293195605278015, -0.031818751245737076, 0.02860884740948677, 0.049410540610551834, 0.025788964703679085, 0.047421686351299286, -0.024095704779028893, 0.006726899184286594, 0.07257615774869919, -0.011331940069794655, 0.03330463916063309, -0.027106108143925667, -0.04686443507671356, -0.008332948200404644, 0.020280463621020317, -0.013942418619990349, 0.08535578101873398, 0.05099903792142868, -0.052040718495845795, -0.021585017442703247, 0.011993113905191422, 0.04148021340370178, -0.11278540641069412, 0.128216952085495, -0.14104650914669037, -0.0744689553976059, -0.012225010432302952, -0.007864835672080517, -0.04335695132613182, 0.00837667752057314, 0.06479310989379883, 0.03366274759173393, 0.02472066693007946, -0.012971593998372555, 0.034581828862428665, -0.04820729047060013, 0.09807570278644562, 0.015307131223380566, 0.030729902908205986, 0.015480344183743, -0.0696977823972702, 0.07232189178466797, 0.00886880699545145, -0.09297982603311539, -0.017384951934218407, 0.05537436529994011, -0.012500465847551823, -0.06143702566623688, 0.007153554353863001, -0.06237529218196869, 0.036495886743068695, 0.06733325868844986, -0.016395365819334984, 0.0016085158567875624, -0.00857696682214737, 0.018124233931303024, -0.008547378703951836, -0.008457552641630173, 0.11254864186048508, 0.02760653756558895, -1.5779559511006212e-35, -0.018507234752178192, 0.0407680906355381, 0.0929793119430542, 0.0840063989162445, -0.04313867166638374, 0.030351493507623672, -0.05037897452712059, 0.0634392723441124, 0.09884769469499588, -0.05378548055887222, 0.011770322918891907, 0.0005696990992873907, 0.04138968512415886, -0.037510570138692856, 0.07069297879934311, 0.08854404836893082, 0.12154333293437958, -0.017078770324587822, 0.00867773499339819, 0.003984264563769102, 0.05326210334897041, -0.098056860268116, 0.05267275124788284, -0.06351538002490997, 0.09345272183418274, 0.06872531026601791, -0.04932621493935585, -0.041564591228961945, -0.021139463409781456, 0.0407276526093483, 0.020827213302254677, -0.08759593218564987, -0.041187722235918045, 0.08346964418888092, 0.02778061479330063, 0.011021450161933899, 0.029999274760484695, -0.05324817821383476, -0.01690611243247986, -0.016523998230695724, 0.058263156563043594, 0.030486343428492546, 0.041512731462717056, 0.015246542170643806, -0.027568433433771133, -0.0013629207387566566, -0.036767587065696716, 0.04111728444695473, 0.05981772765517235, 0.07516735792160034, -0.07990053296089172, 0.012430630624294281, -0.07525479793548584, -0.11642052233219147, 0.052640125155448914, 0.03960594907402992, -0.03534843400120735, 0.017833076417446136, -0.057707104831933975, 0.06127933785319328, 0.0462130643427372, 0.02453566901385784, 0.07677324116230011, 0.03282497823238373, 0.0076955463737249374, 0.09844768047332764, -0.021238956600427628, -0.012982775457203388, -0.008660214021801949, -0.060891084372997284, -0.06542613357305527, 0.003715538652613759, 0.07420401275157928, -0.029930170625448227, 0.005038926377892494, -0.02500058524310589, 0.09556417167186737, -0.06782247126102448, 0.02677559107542038, -0.06897586584091187, -0.03632408753037453, -0.04438958689570427, 0.03905768319964409, -0.021557677537202835, 0.0055832709185779095, -0.01061308104544878, -0.042588915675878525, 0.026117848232388496, 0.012052884325385094, -0.08303940296173096, -0.0047736987471580505, -0.008967772126197815, -0.020046070218086243, -0.030967140570282936, -0.1416880041360855, -1.4420457763949031e-33, -0.07122746855020523, -0.0257197767496109, 0.02481226623058319, -0.0037007026840001345, 0.02116970717906952, -0.0423802025616169, -0.09404541552066803, -0.06584753096103668, 0.01285981759428978, -0.03830801323056221, -0.08519526571035385, -0.01248274464160204, 0.047995664179325104, -0.0862678810954094, -0.007040699012577534, 0.08396293967962265, 0.004193280823528767, -0.07161670923233032, -0.0441545695066452, 0.06331735104322433, 0.01333370991051197, 0.010444624349474907, -0.06821776181459427, -0.06409141421318054, 0.02187696471810341, -0.0183815136551857, 0.02946598455309868, -0.05853156000375748, -0.060242414474487305, 0.018017133697867393, -0.03835703805088997, -0.007939410395920277, -0.001990973949432373, -0.02794519253075123, -0.011271720752120018, 0.026595041155815125, 0.10282917320728302, -0.00924749206751585, 0.03426651284098625, 0.0772106945514679, -0.07858322560787201, 0.08264559507369995, -0.004968386609107256, -0.06393756717443466, -0.02484614960849285, 0.07573769986629486, -0.010637937113642693, 0.09135287255048752, 0.051877301186323166, 0.029171213507652283, 0.03337773680686951, -0.03362066298723221, -0.03839747607707977, 0.032902806997299194, -0.01861937902867794, 0.04253159835934639, -0.059615861624479294, 0.06495004892349243, 0.03819913789629936, 0.08671186119318008, -0.03349512815475464, -0.0273437537252903, 0.033522069454193115, 0.06786824017763138, -0.04102719947695732, 0.005759748630225658, -0.04684315249323845, 0.07668430358171463, 0.01932917721569538, -0.029370399191975594, 0.0034016529098153114, 0.0008031852776184678, -0.039878733456134796, 0.034502264112234116, -0.02684560790657997, 0.0755436047911644, 0.04648700729012489, -0.034060560166835785, -0.048336248844861984, -0.04671924561262131, -0.027208972722291946, 0.0012493687681853771, -0.001655861153267324, 0.0008251830586232245, 0.012160335667431355, 0.0057365987449884415, 0.05715232342481613, -0.05155772715806961, -0.05664714425802231, -0.08907416462898254, -0.0010209912434220314, 0.006283116526901722, -0.005038566887378693, 0.015756312757730484, -0.02407483011484146, -4.345679016637405e-08, 0.025314150378108025, -0.0038154355715960264, -4.308488132664934e-05, 0.11697812378406525, 0.01586468331515789, 0.012746122665703297, 0.027658754959702492, 0.05872177332639694, -0.05855204164981842, -0.007954214699566364, -0.0348958745598793, 0.00464833527803421, -0.005793836433440447, -0.037891555577516556, 0.025736207142472267, -0.041888680309057236, 0.08316969871520996, 0.03125164657831192, -0.055121902376413345, 0.12696506083011627, 0.1460554599761963, 0.01872190088033676, 0.0008630385273136199, -0.128947451710701, 0.02759631909430027, -0.040538761764764786, 0.02816610224545002, 0.04784119129180908, -0.03301195055246353, -0.007980378344655037, -0.04321502149105072, -0.043068718165159225, -0.01707354001700878, 0.03664270415902138, 0.012671450152993202, 0.026285000145435333, -0.01953607238829136, 0.06234974414110184, 0.014800487086176872, 0.03708508983254433, -0.018194591626524925, 0.1113351583480835, -0.14332497119903564, 0.04711023345589638, 0.10157167166471481, 0.07300040125846863, -0.02690284699201584, -0.06520862877368927, -0.012475457042455673, 0.04110447317361832, -0.023715460672974586, 0.04879853129386902, 0.07543206214904785, -0.03663310408592224, 0.10387865453958511, 0.026616046205163002, 0.01115218922495842, -0.05965536832809448, -0.011655233800411224, 0.04966471716761589, -0.03861221671104431, 0.03535674512386322, -0.1037592664361, -0.01644892431795597]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
562
|
practical and was used by Giovanni Domenico Cassini and Jean Picard to re-map France . Members Some models predict that there may have been several generations of Galilean satellites in Jupiter 's early history .Each generation of moons to have formed would have spiraled into Jupiter and been destroyed, due to tidal interactions with Jupiter's proto-satellite disk, with new moons forming from the remaining debris. By the time the present generation formed, the gas in the proto-satellite disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. Other models suggest that Galilean satellites formed in a proto-satellite disk, in which formation timescales were comparable to or shorter than orbital migration timescales. Io is anhydrous and likely has an interior of rock and metal. Europa is thought to contain 8% ice and water by mass with the remainder rock. These moons are, in increasing order of distance from Jupiter:
Io
Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of Jupiter; with a diameter of 3642 kilometers, it is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System, and is only marginally larger than Earth's moon. It was named after Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of the lovers of Zeus. It was referred to as "Jupiter I", or "The first satellite of Jupiter" until the mid-20th century. With over 400 active volcanos, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. Its surface is dotted with more than 100 mountains, some of which are taller than Earth's Mount Everest. Unlike most satellites in the outer Solar System (which have a thick coating of ice), Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. Although not proven, data from the Galileo orbiter indicates that Io might have its own magnetic field.
|
[-0.05779982730746269, -0.06268052756786346, 0.004942083731293678, 0.031244035810232162, 0.055354565382003784, -0.15648968517780304, 0.011164804920554161, 0.08474299311637878, 0.08218160271644592, -0.022273650392889977, 0.008952443487942219, -0.030187562108039856, 0.014832728542387486, -0.06347024440765381, -0.028893107548356056, -0.07798738777637482, -0.01199231669306755, -0.04873022809624672, -0.060298070311546326, 0.030890507623553276, 0.020090341567993164, -0.030543413013219833, -0.029679611325263977, 0.003582209348678589, 0.0017515331273898482, 0.011067204177379608, 0.0012083806795999408, -0.004772575572133064, 0.025405999273061752, 0.0001751982927089557, 0.040468085557222366, 0.05151813477277756, 0.006574159488081932, -0.020960263907909393, -0.03988343104720116, 0.02502250112593174, 0.01705588772892952, -0.07059323042631149, -0.03932200372219086, -0.08446694165468216, 0.008931797929108143, -0.06023645028471947, 0.08520805090665817, -0.05077637359499931, 0.08554960787296295, 0.02570747211575508, -0.03384213149547577, -0.0180349238216877, -0.01817062869668007, -0.04520575702190399, -0.024548910558223724, 0.011949488893151283, -0.038523923605680466, 0.0741320326924324, -0.0532534122467041, -0.07338384538888931, -0.02087639831006527, -0.020257385447621346, 0.05912742018699646, -0.004366479814052582, 0.03196272626519203, 0.036216605454683304, 0.05561710521578789, -0.05753873288631439, -0.04063832759857178, 0.0939326211810112, -0.02351011149585247, -0.09291839599609375, -0.03883736953139305, 0.026882153004407883, 0.018233874812722206, 0.028311854228377342, -0.07314394414424896, -0.024569960311055183, 0.037077613174915314, 0.07846683263778687, 0.08090090751647949, 0.018054600805044174, -0.018106456845998764, -0.06656964868307114, -0.046068768948316574, 0.048293404281139374, -0.026113733649253845, -0.042187076061964035, -0.09064808487892151, -0.001604778110049665, 0.054056718945503235, 0.0028530375566333532, -0.026512106880545616, -0.04809116944670677, 0.020868193358182907, 0.011858387850224972, -0.06516871601343155, 0.0035170563496649265, 0.012875535525381565, 0.03402504697442055, 0.033334098756313324, -0.05221612751483917, 0.04591704532504082, 0.0074304817244410515, -0.04148293659090996, 0.01839347742497921, -0.029598787426948547, 0.04242461919784546, -0.033865414559841156, -0.010143865831196308, 0.06261336803436279, 0.017542269080877304, -0.02342371642589569, 0.0715046301484108, -0.017972774803638458, -0.0406191423535347, -0.03110562637448311, 0.0014479511883109808, -0.024752294644713402, 0.009568107314407825, -0.06905778497457504, 0.04440287500619888, -0.020698774605989456, 0.03382394462823868, -0.026849709451198578, 0.037843283265829086, -0.1190001368522644, 0.035472773015499115, 0.03694193437695503, 0.017364589497447014, -0.07793661952018738, 4.739081698801863e-34, 0.07526364177465439, 0.04909529536962509, 0.11629555374383926, 0.009189142845571041, -0.047835201025009155, -0.018031146377325058, -0.07214341312646866, -0.018627559766173363, 0.07353644073009491, -0.0924363061785698, -0.10709544271230698, -0.08459395170211792, -0.0031157745979726315, 0.016761017963290215, 0.044235922396183014, 0.010540611110627651, 0.04882548749446869, -0.01995442621409893, 0.050314247608184814, -0.019949564710259438, -0.057942744344472885, 0.024981727823615074, -0.025279488414525986, -0.06750348955392838, 0.06865566968917847, 0.06767116487026215, 0.04856344312429428, -0.06921496987342834, -0.075319804251194, 0.006401970982551575, -0.03088841773569584, -0.09239247441291809, -0.027448739856481552, 0.056092407554388046, 0.04902920871973038, 0.05319943279027939, -0.01185366790741682, 0.00039706166717223823, -0.04697474092245102, -0.024489648640155792, 0.015106488950550556, 0.00011701174662448466, -0.005877844523638487, 0.09703405201435089, 0.03426208719611168, -0.025739192962646484, 0.01659349724650383, -0.04535328224301338, 0.017684312537312508, -0.0663101077079773, -0.028035636991262436, 0.07903485745191574, 0.00816552247852087, -0.03522437438368797, 0.019131578505039215, 0.042087022215127945, 0.015094512142241001, -0.037969864904880524, -0.04199258238077164, 0.06722580641508102, 0.09400112926959991, -0.030568398535251617, 0.05923348665237427, 0.0913536548614502, 0.04385501891374588, 0.13171803951263428, -0.00399163831025362, 0.03259432315826416, -0.008609205484390259, -0.08323729038238525, -0.058362267911434174, -0.03847404941916466, 0.09562788903713226, 0.02832510508596897, 0.03907039761543274, 0.005330871324986219, 0.09943149983882904, -0.0975930243730545, -0.018829450011253357, -0.01174201350659132, -0.05406050756573677, -0.03937061131000519, -0.012316916137933731, -0.09068015217781067, -0.07050195336341858, -0.0055715045891702175, -0.015651747584342957, 0.006718822289258242, 0.08556690067052841, -0.05944512411952019, 0.03810208663344383, -0.08593243360519409, 0.03173729404807091, -0.022874433547258377, -0.1457577645778656, -2.4663012077113874e-33, 0.00532167125493288, 0.01869976706802845, 0.03476588428020477, 0.0017379001947119832, 0.019149446859955788, 0.03163744509220123, -0.06611185520887375, 0.03171488270163536, -0.018046202138066292, 0.0044968402944505215, -0.011613558977842331, -0.017595890909433365, 0.027133475989103317, -0.21095705032348633, 0.0032059934455901384, 0.06372322887182236, 0.06566719710826874, -0.04164512827992439, 0.03948795422911644, 0.03310587257146835, 0.017783407121896744, 0.03068438172340393, 0.04461166635155678, -0.07471579313278198, -0.0414491631090641, -0.016955165192484856, -0.015663189813494682, -0.013708816841244698, -0.0699668601155281, 0.030989330261945724, -0.008122452534735203, -0.0611107274889946, -0.0135264303535223, -0.06400426477193832, 0.020037449896335602, 0.03090686723589897, 0.007869502529501915, -0.08098635822534561, -0.015842655673623085, 0.0473836250603199, -0.07747447490692139, -0.060406845062971115, 0.017103286460042, 0.015737082809209824, -0.005318071693181992, -0.010528165847063065, 0.06478893011808395, 0.059546828269958496, 0.044515036046504974, -0.022193433716893196, 0.07177548855543137, -0.002429152838885784, -0.012352941557765007, 0.015271879732608795, 0.07930996268987656, 0.027615981176495552, 0.02544144168496132, 0.12931498885154724, -0.03146963566541672, -0.039124079048633575, 0.04462321102619171, -0.09024254977703094, 0.12900511920452118, 0.0003678071952890605, -0.0029868220444768667, -0.038176510483026505, -0.03251492232084274, -0.024407891556620598, -0.009901680983603, 0.02653888612985611, 0.02228572592139244, -0.01698712259531021, 0.017308467999100685, 0.04278220981359482, -0.0009878941345959902, 0.01384915690869093, 0.03949078172445297, -0.09278898686170578, -0.014042483642697334, -0.013725916855037212, -0.07300180941820145, 0.016405751928687096, 0.020361442118883133, -0.02095908857882023, 0.005114568397402763, -0.0401640459895134, 0.005577639676630497, -0.008455351926386356, -0.043966539204120636, -0.026829438284039497, 0.0011137889232486486, 0.008904526941478252, -0.02231026068329811, 0.06769738346338272, -0.04034264385700226, -4.652343577049578e-08, 0.1340010017156601, -0.007615432143211365, -0.022638559341430664, 0.07778368890285492, -0.03409600257873535, -0.07684040814638138, 0.0704924687743187, 0.09603587538003922, -0.03213876485824585, -0.01266366895288229, 0.025491176173090935, 0.010093766264617443, 0.01908036507666111, -0.14699037373065948, 0.04297015070915222, 0.01890181377530098, 0.08181289583444595, -0.009426270611584187, -0.002408504718914628, 0.04922447353601456, 0.06504649668931961, -0.02005635015666485, -0.02808515727519989, -0.14424410462379456, 0.060960449278354645, 0.02810908854007721, 0.053158506751060486, 0.014476475305855274, -0.05618276819586754, -0.007756638806313276, 0.02570388652384281, -0.031957726925611496, 0.012815293855965137, -0.008102421648800373, 0.011826824396848679, -0.0035386481322348118, -0.09088163822889328, 0.07018584758043289, 0.0764879658818245, 0.039592061191797256, 0.017807018011808395, 0.09438339620828629, -0.030880840495228767, 0.04972461238503456, 0.030210217460989952, 0.11017948389053345, -0.07292887568473816, -0.0021484107710421085, -0.013390984386205673, 0.05110178142786026, -0.05714660882949829, -0.00017071605543605983, 0.06903059035539627, -0.03453640267252922, 0.020391065627336502, 0.03393220528960228, -0.01252271980047226, 0.014040403068065643, 0.011839335784316063, 0.06463564932346344, 0.004647283814847469, 0.044643204659223557, -0.0069847735576331615, 0.034060731530189514]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
563
|
Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core . Although not proven , data from the Galileo orbiter indicates that Io might have its own magnetic field .Io has an extremely thin atmosphere made up mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). If a surface data or collection vessel were to land on Io in the future, it would have to be extremely tough (similar to the tank-like bodies of the Soviet Venera landers) to survive the radiation and magnetic fields that originate from Jupiter. Europa
Europa (Jupiter II), the second of the four Galilean moons, is the second closest to Jupiter and the smallest at 3121.6 kilometers in diameter, which is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon. The name comes from a mythical Phoenician noblewoman, Europa, who was courted by Zeus and became the queen of Crete, though the name did not become widely used until the mid-20th century. It has a smooth and bright surface, with a layer of water surrounding the mantle of the planet, thought to be 100 kilometers thick. The smooth surface includes a layer of ice, while the bottom of the ice is theorized to be liquid water. The apparent youth and smoothness of the surface have led to the hypothesis that a water ocean exists beneath it, which could conceivably serve as an abode for extraterrestrial life. Heat energy from tidal flexing ensures that the ocean remains liquid and drives geological activity. Life may exist in Europa's under-ice ocean. So far, there is no evidence that life exists on Europa, but the likely presence of liquid water has spurred calls to send a probe there. The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly albedo features, which emphasize low topography. There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young.
|
[-0.02069772034883499, -0.005405080039054155, 0.010432575829327106, 0.0600704587996006, 0.09699367731809616, -0.13715295493602753, 0.013932439498603344, 0.06372515857219696, 0.029288671910762787, -0.07436717301607132, -0.0637798011302948, -0.06917595863342285, 0.024933716282248497, -0.03713570162653923, -0.02607010118663311, -0.019642189145088196, 0.051834430545568466, -0.047550588846206665, -0.04478205740451813, 0.05182769522070885, 0.058312393724918365, -0.003280208446085453, -0.021705392748117447, -0.021887734532356262, -0.045993901789188385, 0.07014590501785278, 0.012877184897661209, -0.0169192086905241, -0.019672472029924393, -0.017602110281586647, 0.01974654570221901, -0.01197000127285719, 0.009300220757722855, -0.04175056517124176, 0.005334646441042423, -0.00983451958745718, 0.035437360405921936, -0.030449621379375458, -0.06814403086900711, -0.048443932086229324, -0.007610407192260027, -0.07679145783185959, 0.05671209469437599, -0.014179281890392303, 0.06207410991191864, 0.04043831676244736, 0.021595565602183342, -0.06556715071201324, -0.040247417986392975, -0.019023960456252098, -0.0559777095913887, -0.025403562933206558, -0.054990511387586594, 0.03411422669887543, -0.07890681177377701, -0.00015414143854286522, -0.04331817850470543, -0.009533779695630074, 0.03901416435837746, 0.01247404981404543, 0.0739678293466568, 0.0016971200238913298, 0.08808157593011856, 0.0029113455675542355, 0.00939963012933731, 0.0754869133234024, 0.008473673835396767, -0.1027071475982666, -0.03927567973732948, -0.07048095762729645, 0.047844160348176956, 0.01707649976015091, -0.07993247359991074, 0.0028278008103370667, 0.037108127027750015, 0.018160348758101463, 0.04155513644218445, 0.037145424634218216, 0.004239331465214491, -0.0038504095282405615, -0.07700812071561813, 0.02327428199350834, -0.014543458819389343, -0.01756281778216362, -0.06570717692375183, 0.02214670181274414, 0.054420337080955505, -0.019875507801771164, -0.07399040460586548, -0.038431692868471146, 0.010285450145602226, -0.045493900775909424, -0.04580915719270706, 0.02443995513021946, 0.08240776509046555, 0.02361145056784153, 0.012265970930457115, -0.02866043895483017, -0.0065091014839708805, -0.017614079639315605, -0.013185459189116955, 0.054112840443849564, -0.07851283997297287, 0.034682609140872955, 0.005769770592451096, 0.017172405496239662, 0.07916818559169769, -0.010326679795980453, 0.003810146590694785, 0.08610451221466064, 0.014843610115349293, -0.04864685982465744, -0.03729642555117607, -0.02287527173757553, 0.034273114055395126, 0.03390219062566757, 0.00376948737539351, 0.05823167413473129, -0.026107726618647575, 0.03910806402564049, -0.0044920421205461025, 0.020493682473897934, -0.10814885795116425, 0.04851703718304634, 0.0764358639717102, 0.03123071789741516, -0.07202890515327454, -7.03490895050166e-34, 0.055464137345552444, 0.06573078781366348, 0.08580350875854492, -0.01024326216429472, -0.039312757551670074, -0.06408713012933731, -0.011216321960091591, -0.036813847720623016, 0.04033515229821205, 0.02184228226542473, -0.11389053612947464, -0.028658976778388023, 0.015962107107043266, 0.004253567196428776, 0.0028546021785587072, -0.02930106595158577, 0.08653226494789124, -0.04316119849681854, 0.030295122414827347, 0.011114910244941711, 0.0008882378460839391, 0.01590288244187832, -0.0006494835834018886, -0.044079311192035675, 0.05395546182990074, 0.0636913999915123, 0.009332919493317604, -0.06583385169506073, 0.03125818446278572, 0.010165602900087833, -0.013372284360229969, -0.19962184131145477, -0.028256090357899666, -0.001300355768762529, 0.0008175383554771543, 0.024355407804250717, -0.022404836490750313, 0.005106339231133461, -0.04277794435620308, -0.028092676773667336, -0.014405705966055393, 0.027700185775756836, 0.049964647740125656, 0.03932565823197365, 0.02259732224047184, -0.05181508883833885, 0.03546624630689621, -0.06801988184452057, -0.009044031612575054, -0.12496894598007202, -0.04448707401752472, 0.02093886025249958, -0.01865585334599018, 0.060096945613622665, 0.06932436674833298, 0.01852552592754364, 0.04326119273900986, -0.01676642708480358, -0.031905435025691986, 0.0562131367623806, 0.028135867789387703, -0.02277453802525997, 0.05714351311326027, 0.09118184447288513, 0.024662479758262634, 0.11763675510883331, -0.0019273486686870456, 0.06414218991994858, -0.029567966237664223, -0.04097940772771835, -0.020368847995996475, -0.01958252489566803, 0.09570229053497314, -0.006920971907675266, 0.02375338412821293, -0.015840357169508934, 0.06293025612831116, -0.13644526898860931, -0.00635013822466135, 0.028276696801185608, -0.05773149058222771, -0.04842936247587204, 0.014651638455688953, -0.05641353502869606, -0.06317497044801712, -0.015778936445713043, -0.01841137558221817, -0.010422744788229465, 0.05975675582885742, -0.024197669699788094, 0.004609426949173212, -0.05287347733974457, 0.04628349840641022, -0.04784204065799713, -0.16054250299930573, -6.1778247952484365e-34, -0.010031014680862427, -0.04015731066465378, 0.045975979417562485, 0.005090122576802969, 0.023389963433146477, 0.06023360416293144, -0.0478070005774498, 0.06864359229803085, -0.0367899090051651, 0.046988919377326965, -0.014929004944860935, -0.03370086848735809, 0.04711104556918144, -0.17794476449489594, 0.012886960990726948, 0.06568212062120438, 0.041656769812107086, 0.014349745586514473, 0.11781136691570282, 0.016738614067435265, -0.019146692007780075, 0.001974917948246002, 0.042824648320674896, -0.024120941758155823, -0.024022145196795464, 0.00656490633264184, -0.026283321902155876, -0.07631286233663559, -0.05341785401105881, 0.04062085598707199, -0.013164050877094269, -0.07291941344738007, -0.007497954647988081, -0.07858268171548843, 0.01772243157029152, -0.016461437568068504, 0.02315381169319153, -0.1152590662240982, -0.028223639354109764, 0.03202734887599945, -0.07138504832983017, -0.05656768009066582, 0.03821434825658798, 0.04551328346133232, -0.03261028230190277, -0.00849882047623396, 0.044291574507951736, 0.05678735673427582, 0.03465442359447479, -0.045969460159540176, 0.04286137968301773, -0.04142788425087929, -0.0615168958902359, 0.07922188192605972, 0.06283383816480637, -0.005627417005598545, 0.021808015182614326, 0.1298592984676361, -0.049105968326330185, 0.00427838834002614, 0.10155719518661499, -0.10368028283119202, 0.023615606129169464, 0.008726688101887703, 0.0011600661091506481, 0.01869060844182968, -0.039002709090709686, 0.05333681032061577, -0.0773625299334526, 0.05206091329455376, 0.03346738964319229, -0.06326796859502792, 0.014409608207643032, 0.027718128636479378, 0.017787879332900047, -0.013731474988162518, 0.05462566018104553, -0.024860452860593796, 0.04358384385704994, 0.018481506034731865, -0.05204717442393303, -0.004029609262943268, 0.0011726792436093092, -0.01608050800859928, 0.09496395289897919, -0.04610888659954071, 0.01924055628478527, 0.014174946583807468, -0.059808120131492615, -0.025618620216846466, -0.03020249493420124, 0.011165065690875053, -0.00872128177434206, 0.01565023697912693, -0.04844093322753906, -4.296648725699015e-08, 0.11061643064022064, -0.05043070763349533, 0.03899321332573891, 0.05696285516023636, -0.06873537600040436, -0.02872423455119133, 0.056971192359924316, 0.045962680131196976, -0.08116786926984787, 0.004164884798228741, -0.04342792555689812, -0.005835658870637417, 0.011488700285553932, -0.1357523500919342, 0.12883874773979187, 0.05110139772295952, 0.09133321046829224, 0.0023009786382317543, 0.03578755259513855, 0.030967049300670624, 0.1151217594742775, -0.01893460936844349, -0.007205733563750982, -0.15461735427379608, 0.04921507462859154, 0.04699032008647919, 0.06260192394256592, -0.018244652077555656, -0.04752827063202858, -0.05715782567858696, 0.0036391401663422585, -0.06189136952161789, 0.016540758311748505, -0.0036066784523427486, -0.005996496882289648, 0.002606634283438325, -0.023594019934535027, 0.02017846517264843, 0.04254760593175888, 0.016110975295305252, -0.03600887209177017, 0.07758833467960358, -0.01746351458132267, 0.039463672786951065, 0.05264377221465111, 0.07952343672513962, -0.029230531305074692, -0.05887129157781601, -0.007681467570364475, 0.00816630944609642, -0.05135681852698326, -0.010344487614929676, 0.09151491522789001, 0.03533012792468071, 0.028869597241282463, 0.0638810470700264, -0.03689509257674217, 0.009416870772838593, 0.006367076188325882, 0.08033028244972229, 0.06306133419275284, 0.041732266545295715, -0.031861841678619385, 0.008430978283286095]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
564
|
. The prominent markings that criss-cross the moon seem to be mainly albedo features , which emphasize low topography . There are few craters on Europa because its surface is tectonically active and young .Some theories suggest that Jupiter's gravity is causing these markings, as one side of Europa is constantly facing Jupiter. Volcanic water eruptions splitting the surface of Europa and even geysers have also been considered as causes. The reddish-brown color of the markings is theorized to be caused by sulfur, but because no data collection devices have been sent to Europa, scientists cannot yet confirm this. Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and likely has an iron core. It has a tenuous atmosphere composed primarily of oxygen. Ganymede
Ganymede (Jupiter III), the third Galilean moon, is named after the mythological Ganymede, cupbearer of the Greek gods and Zeus's beloved. Ganymede is the largest natural satellite in the Solar System at 5262.4 kilometers in diameter, which makes it larger than the planet Mercury – although only at about half of its mass since Ganymede is an icy world. It is the only satellite in the Solar System known to possess a magnetosphere, likely created through convection within the liquid iron core. Ganymede is composed primarily of silicate rock and water ice, and a salt-water ocean is believed to exist nearly 200 km below Ganymede's surface, sandwiched between layers of ice. The metallic core of Ganymede suggests a greater heat at some time in its past than had previously been proposed. The surface is a mix of two types of terrain—highly cratered dark regions and younger, but still ancient, regions with a large array of grooves and ridges. Ganymede has a high number of craters, but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them.
|
[-0.005565194878727198, -0.0916043296456337, 0.04928208142518997, -0.0007309718057513237, 0.0728897824883461, -0.05653177201747894, 0.02032160386443138, 0.011129037477076054, 0.05589111149311066, -0.08482406288385391, -0.0923924520611763, -0.09953883290290833, -0.028418293222784996, -0.08594932407140732, -0.014017460867762566, -0.03506770730018616, -0.022377735003829002, -0.021529369056224823, 0.03755371645092964, -0.01399578433483839, -0.0180447269231081, -0.06020408496260643, -0.04495139792561531, -0.01903180405497551, -0.03253386914730072, 0.0585242323577404, 0.01859533227980137, -0.05472951754927635, -0.0428006686270237, -0.019644347950816154, 0.020514031872153282, -0.016712820157408714, -0.08217786997556686, 0.030650710687041283, -0.03311892971396446, 0.021644413471221924, -0.0036781474482268095, -0.05535482242703438, -0.0016295281238853931, -0.05453752726316452, 0.010214169509708881, -0.03447287902235985, 0.08093302696943283, -0.045805830508470535, -0.0034334699157625437, 0.05676402524113655, 0.012154160998761654, -0.014237082563340664, 0.0036687059327960014, -0.03811648115515709, 0.012067506089806557, -0.08752978593111038, -0.03410197049379349, 0.0824495330452919, -0.01374790444970131, -0.04582836851477623, -0.012967401184141636, -0.07553301006555557, 0.05682734027504921, -0.03881817311048508, -0.004751831293106079, 0.060857679694890976, 0.04515284299850464, -0.03622911497950554, -0.031462412327528, 0.0443183109164238, -0.03949503228068352, -0.09011594951152802, -0.04693024232983589, -0.01279278751462698, 0.025599081069231033, 0.05705323815345764, -0.09131636470556259, -0.04576557129621506, 0.03821011632680893, 0.10491165518760681, 0.05170508474111557, -0.002517279237508774, 0.01156352274119854, -0.06265122443437576, -0.04874149709939957, 0.10173586755990982, 0.04224254935979843, 0.1243511289358139, 0.04090011119842529, -0.027984514832496643, 0.01807461865246296, 0.03525535389780998, -0.062370218336582184, -0.028603369370102882, 0.02179529331624508, -0.03219752386212349, -0.11581455171108246, 0.037080295383930206, -0.009699583984911442, 0.023125002160668373, 0.002766875782981515, -0.00854952447116375, -0.00749951833859086, -0.0011711845872923732, -0.008807028643786907, 0.0900421068072319, -0.010955381207168102, 0.03314298018813133, -0.02545151300728321, 0.07100549340248108, 0.05440457537770271, 0.0650780126452446, 0.04736598953604698, 0.014818407595157623, -0.016058234497904778, -0.027138203382492065, -0.014241453260183334, -0.0636136382818222, -0.05063534528017044, -0.015173964202404022, -0.038476284593343735, 0.015318485908210278, -0.04127248004078865, 0.011329534463584423, 0.012597903609275818, 0.030673718079924583, -0.029326768592000008, 0.02375834994018078, 0.05668356642127037, 0.004835899453610182, -0.06947442889213562, -2.5171110785884673e-35, 0.0770423412322998, 0.03662931174039841, 0.12997852265834808, -0.033911071717739105, -0.03115856647491455, 0.021207837387919426, -0.07172992825508118, 0.06520780175924301, 0.004612840712070465, -0.0070229023694992065, -0.09567958861589432, -0.0545017383992672, 0.014255478978157043, 0.057394325733184814, 0.03265989199280739, 0.033537108451128006, 0.07987939566373825, -0.07848253101110458, -0.028746530413627625, -0.049430347979068756, -0.0896669551730156, -0.004693238530308008, -0.0184844471514225, -0.008493795990943909, 0.02965814620256424, 0.039232734590768814, -0.032645516097545624, -0.02191193588078022, -0.05555169656872749, -0.0013540307991206646, 0.042837634682655334, -0.11889227479696274, 0.01738896034657955, 0.0870778039097786, -0.06414145231246948, 0.07096447050571442, -0.05151449516415596, -0.0010282539296895266, -0.10167065262794495, 0.04371250420808792, 0.07169142365455627, -0.006525550968945026, 0.022801769897341728, 0.027902774512767792, 0.003950302954763174, -0.05965717136859894, 0.04003635048866272, -0.11779996752738953, 0.012716108933091164, 0.003616106929257512, -0.006032445468008518, 0.05122990533709526, 0.03487880527973175, -0.009050807915627956, 0.01707412675023079, 0.05366784334182739, 0.016206609085202217, -0.011331792920827866, -0.017128465697169304, 0.027778232470154762, 0.01731880195438862, -0.06665913015604019, 0.06921925395727158, 0.06781519204378128, 0.03498915955424309, 0.13084912300109863, -0.005557913798838854, 0.04570046812295914, -0.04959290102124214, 0.010677957907319069, -0.06953677535057068, 0.010337643325328827, 0.08048393577337265, -0.011116433888673782, 0.011698944494128227, -0.02568039856851101, 0.021912552416324615, -0.12849925458431244, 0.07962103188037872, 0.04527551680803299, -0.10008914768695831, -0.08567031472921371, 0.0493105873465538, -0.12032370269298553, -0.11280404031276703, -0.003334247739985585, 0.01039663515985012, 0.02017919532954693, 0.03803197667002678, -0.030590925365686417, 0.00329153542406857, -0.012500625103712082, 0.0015562103362753987, 0.026493631303310394, -0.14955465495586395, -2.256845195797141e-33, -0.08161654323339462, -0.03571562469005585, 0.048628780990839005, -0.07277672737836838, -0.06468411535024643, 0.07022668421268463, -0.05157032981514931, 0.09310239553451538, -0.10249195247888565, 0.006434522569179535, 0.026869826018810272, -0.00038301118183881044, -0.015303101390600204, -0.11485271155834198, 0.044654104858636856, 0.026072222739458084, 0.015337498858571053, 0.0489591583609581, 0.045422494411468506, 0.06213545799255371, -0.015262764878571033, 0.13905400037765503, -0.014761832542717457, -0.005649087950587273, -0.035238657146692276, 0.03513280674815178, -0.008201678283512592, -0.06812917441129684, -0.0010938694467768073, 0.03128743916749954, -0.012974156998097897, 0.0170493982732296, -0.01046974677592516, -0.04121529310941696, 0.003180356929078698, 0.03581148386001587, 0.019062230363488197, -0.12010719627141953, 0.01921834424138069, 0.13106508553028107, -0.012779077515006065, -0.019045701250433922, 0.02457457222044468, 0.0374610461294651, 0.03131219372153282, 0.04516252130270004, -0.00470353988930583, 0.10717829316854477, 0.051043055951595306, 0.05432320386171341, -0.0007247316534630954, -0.07799281924962997, -0.03390274941921234, 0.08333942294120789, 0.07110337913036346, 0.025893868878483772, -0.062365125864744186, 0.1390335112810135, -0.01615609973669052, 0.024533363059163094, 0.034285400062799454, -0.02124498225748539, 0.042588990181684494, 0.004091145936399698, 0.010378501377999783, -0.0003333112399559468, -0.05627193674445152, 0.0723743587732315, 0.01783258467912674, 0.03505811467766762, -0.04001014679670334, 0.020828289911150932, -0.02490023709833622, 0.0020513730123639107, 0.02336764708161354, -0.07624240964651108, 0.04688270762562752, -0.02429899573326111, -0.022794222459197044, -0.006204728968441486, -0.008623721078038216, -0.014172476716339588, 0.016004355624318123, 0.0076342253014445305, 0.058022793382406235, -0.05329550430178642, -0.025387084111571312, -0.030088337138295174, -0.04562521353363991, -0.07834527641534805, -0.02786688134074211, 0.07088373601436615, -0.03910064697265625, 0.0448400154709816, -0.056486085057258606, -4.467767666938016e-08, 0.09991494566202164, 0.0048213498666882515, 0.0005904793506488204, 0.008283711038529873, -0.038647204637527466, -0.03388598933815956, 0.032471414655447006, 0.038683947175741196, -0.06091955676674843, 0.005079223308712244, 0.0122695192694664, -0.038785312324762344, -0.023644309490919113, -0.10183359682559967, 0.031740691512823105, 0.03929548338055611, 0.004518564324826002, -0.019195977598428726, -0.0036950453650206327, 0.08347664773464203, -0.008387879468500614, 0.016427738592028618, 0.015533431433141232, -0.08786235749721527, 0.017686959356069565, 0.008277880027890205, 0.08329345285892487, -0.003029667306691408, -0.11236702650785446, 0.02220029942691326, -0.008374667726457119, -0.018675237894058228, 0.04995504394173622, -0.03371350094676018, 0.005220075137913227, 0.04145216569304466, -0.01319206040352583, 0.022687532007694244, 0.08540264517068863, 0.017997372895479202, 0.03069477155804634, 0.06420716643333435, -0.03930763900279999, -0.006541105452924967, 0.001814098795875907, 0.05557487905025482, 0.01410718634724617, -0.028391243889927864, -0.015103800222277641, 0.021044280380010605, -0.033698804676532745, -0.02583245187997818, 0.14165137708187103, -0.029440460726618767, -0.018184078857302666, 0.004370776005089283, -0.02515232563018799, 0.020488316193223, 0.07056380063295364, 0.009196792729198933, 0.06604232639074326, -0.04617712274193764, 0.0035249970387667418, 0.01603032276034355]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
565
|
, regions with a large array of grooves and ridges . Ganymede has a high number of craters , but many are gone or barely visible due to its icy crust forming over them .The satellite has a thin oxygen atmosphere that includes O, O2, and possibly O3 (ozone), and some atomic hydrogen. Callisto
Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the fourth and last Galilean moon, and is the second-largest of the four, and at 4820.6 kilometers in diameter, it is the third largest moon in the Solar System, and barely smaller than Mercury, though only a third of the latter's mass. It is named after the Greek mythological nymph Callisto, a lover of Zeus who was a daughter of the Arkadian King Lykaon and a hunting companion of the goddess Artemis. The moon does not form part of the orbital resonance that affects three inner Galilean satellites and thus does not experience appreciable tidal heating. Callisto is composed of approximately equal amounts of rock and ices, which makes it the least dense of the Galilean moons. It is one of the most heavily cratered satellites in the Solar System, and one major feature is a basin around 3000 km wide called Valhalla. Callisto is surrounded by an extremely thin atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and probably molecular oxygen. Investigation revealed that Callisto may possibly have a subsurface ocean of liquid water at depths less than 300 kilometres. The likely presence of an ocean within Callisto indicates that it can or could harbour life. However, this is less likely than on nearby Europa. Callisto has long been considered the most suitable place for a human base for future exploration of the Jupiter system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter's magnetic field. Comparative structure
Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter.
|
[-0.010881530120968819, -0.05032974109053612, 0.04429579898715019, -0.015206602402031422, -0.04745197296142578, -0.14587080478668213, 0.022410735487937927, 0.07178967446088791, 0.05196906626224518, -0.041717708110809326, -0.047931522130966187, -0.09338238090276718, -0.09370121359825134, -0.06391909718513489, -0.0381116084754467, 0.01644035615026951, -0.0008279139292426407, 0.023386994376778603, 0.02698591724038124, 0.037672258913517, 0.006727579049766064, -0.0047136577777564526, -0.018627552315592766, -0.017557278275489807, 0.0003408181364648044, 0.0765669122338295, 0.026482243090867996, 0.06648367643356323, -0.041813697665929794, -0.048603519797325134, 0.016337106004357338, 0.07162394374608994, -0.007631548214703798, 0.02462412230670452, -0.07272979617118835, 0.08198564499616623, 0.01924818381667137, -0.03630249574780464, 0.008746633306145668, -0.0632345974445343, 0.01976091042160988, -0.026485640555620193, 0.0522691048681736, -0.05113077163696289, -0.025996943935751915, 0.01788225769996643, -0.06383435428142548, -0.0520092211663723, 0.027701620012521744, -0.11853273957967758, -0.03490078076720238, -0.06793517619371414, -0.04870419204235077, 0.14162294566631317, 0.012573345564305782, -0.09886959940195084, -0.008746417239308357, -0.004065625369548798, 0.006226173602044582, 0.05865675210952759, -0.02446775883436203, 0.0814216136932373, 0.031699929386377335, -0.022773217409849167, 0.004304848611354828, 0.04369008168578148, -0.026656776666641235, -0.08564076572656631, -0.08263806253671646, 0.04714459553360939, 0.040121324360370636, 0.07428908348083496, -0.010960143059492111, -0.09635410457849503, -0.06576390564441681, 0.0785655826330185, 0.023868218064308167, 0.025001028552651405, 0.031707122921943665, -0.07522284239530563, 0.020848818123340607, 0.038928158581256866, -0.008494517765939236, 0.07020517438650131, -0.06182229891419411, -0.04818422347307205, -0.019304636865854263, -0.0019983260426670313, -0.008015668950974941, -0.01512018870562315, -0.010211117565631866, 0.008399111218750477, -0.10844682157039642, -0.007997752167284489, -0.029028747230768204, -0.024950606748461723, 0.06423968076705933, -0.03371763229370117, -0.019280321896076202, 0.025030959397554398, -0.003994022961705923, 0.026710031554102898, -0.013094834052026272, 0.01694057136774063, -0.02291732281446457, 0.04705653712153435, 0.04480353742837906, -0.0430859699845314, 0.04433281347155571, 0.07423972338438034, -0.07676899433135986, -0.040151841938495636, -0.0512591190636158, -0.01607784815132618, -0.08664121478796005, -0.03729080408811569, -0.04858572036027908, 0.030868835747241974, -0.030483776703476906, -0.0041109793819487095, -0.05290401354432106, 0.059113819152116776, -0.04541749879717827, 0.009484058246016502, 0.027673892676830292, 0.028808243572711945, -0.06643234938383102, -1.4305570639900422e-33, 0.09909848868846893, 0.06447823345661163, 0.10864454507827759, -0.02281508967280388, 0.014559744857251644, 0.03249959647655487, -0.03440045192837715, 0.030528616160154343, -0.040341250598430634, -0.047886043787002563, -0.034793272614479065, -0.12168014049530029, 0.02641323208808899, -0.013704637065529823, 0.10582282394170761, 0.028581086546182632, 0.01321258395910263, -0.053987495601177216, -0.015017001889646053, -0.016974812373518944, -0.05489374324679375, 0.025154268369078636, -0.10968784242868423, 0.008107836358249187, 0.03099779039621353, 0.009875396266579628, 0.037516869604587555, -0.044635143131017685, -0.07590154558420181, 0.01439717411994934, 0.008213683031499386, -0.0736994743347168, -0.012273699045181274, 0.04526138678193092, 0.016647057607769966, 0.07690788805484772, -0.0434466153383255, -0.05604122206568718, -0.0538487434387207, -0.06344284862279892, 0.07685437053442001, -0.05155918747186661, -0.012241359800100327, 0.08637810498476028, -0.028609080240130424, -0.010964802466332912, 0.007328695617616177, -0.0631725937128067, 0.07291475683450699, 0.001368638128042221, -0.014829279854893684, 0.013028828427195549, 0.006412092130631208, 0.03603212162852287, 0.01757074147462845, 0.05983119457960129, 0.0018258740892633796, -0.04240117967128754, -0.007637484464794397, 0.0642695277929306, 0.01934882253408432, -0.05329565703868866, 0.058221932500600815, 0.054239533841609955, 0.057071950286626816, 0.1111266165971756, -0.06476885080337524, 0.030392935499548912, -0.04797668755054474, -0.015312789008021355, -0.030877159908413887, -0.006103058345615864, 0.11952859163284302, -0.0012478077551349998, -0.01731928437948227, 0.021729974076151848, 0.09109371155500412, -0.09033697098493576, 0.0016136437188833952, 0.025331147015094757, -0.027887441217899323, -0.07748781144618988, 0.058574382215738297, -0.1037776991724968, -0.03435557708144188, 0.015005103312432766, 0.04430537670850754, -0.02958034910261631, -0.03833337873220444, 0.014292447827756405, 0.03019838035106659, -0.0705440491437912, -0.05080400034785271, -0.03320333734154701, -0.15514540672302246, -1.1331213381006202e-34, -0.009376781061291695, -0.028038792312145233, 0.06786248832941055, -0.04147721454501152, -0.025260478258132935, 0.003689361969009042, -0.04816092550754547, 0.12402482330799103, -0.11822718381881714, -0.03172082453966141, 0.001404243870638311, 0.009655116125941277, 0.08941183984279633, -0.12136157602071762, 0.07358229160308838, 0.058991871774196625, 0.006400590296834707, -0.018537597730755806, 0.0698055699467659, 0.03336573392152786, 0.08597591519355774, 0.08850815147161484, -0.018417004495859146, -0.026225490495562553, -0.07157374918460846, -0.0042486246675252914, -0.0003301928227301687, 0.015986867249011993, -0.013060669414699078, 0.026379233226180077, 0.039269980043172836, -0.03579717501997948, -0.06457455456256866, -0.03579133749008179, 0.07237428426742554, 0.013885380700230598, 0.02932664379477501, -0.08434221148490906, 0.05079229176044464, 0.048819076269865036, -0.04281548410654068, -0.06239593029022217, -0.012338828295469284, -0.0032702756579965353, 6.687142740702257e-05, 0.048550479114055634, 0.06760795414447784, 0.12369813024997711, 0.028071627020835876, -0.030209848657250404, 0.016636859625577927, -0.028586911037564278, -0.07229375839233398, 0.13685162365436554, 0.07907839119434357, 0.02381843887269497, -0.02915770746767521, 0.01750345155596733, -0.011919207870960236, -0.05567958578467369, 0.048718322068452835, -0.04793649539351463, 0.07230057567358017, 0.03578738495707512, -0.014178312383592129, 0.023203348740935326, -0.020727312192320824, 0.016208626329898834, 0.010200019925832748, 0.024466412141919136, -0.04880949854850769, -0.010749757289886475, -0.012054622173309326, 0.05322835594415665, 0.018376298248767853, 0.03875136375427246, -0.01825084537267685, -0.06341801583766937, 0.00536600686609745, -0.02191726677119732, 0.00266990321688354, 0.04517699405550957, 0.04033685848116875, 0.01530214212834835, 0.0713091492652893, -0.019645020365715027, 0.03408415988087654, 0.01638525351881981, -0.05877150222659111, -0.0071580661460757256, -0.004982133395969868, 0.07732107490301132, -0.03555428981781006, 0.031741030514240265, 0.015389720909297466, -4.554085464292257e-08, 0.0739843100309372, -0.004818217363208532, 0.043364379554986954, -0.002051606308668852, 0.03184766322374344, -0.06254201382398605, 0.06940541416406631, 0.04687302187085152, 0.0033097087871283293, 0.03872768208384514, -0.010959651321172714, -0.03969680517911911, -0.006041476037353277, -0.06669892370700836, 0.045020852237939835, -0.0023137438111007214, 0.09848660975694656, -0.0297483392059803, -0.008817333728075027, 0.02086249366402626, -0.03297793120145798, -0.025499852374196053, 0.04084743186831474, -0.13559488952159882, 0.04015851393342018, 0.038288939744234085, 0.034590866416692734, 0.024694984778761864, -0.060579076409339905, -0.00735490070655942, -0.012308983132243156, 0.04467322304844856, 0.0006405641906894743, -0.045374590903520584, -0.03077804297208786, -0.01496968325227499, -0.07057139277458191, 0.005506612826138735, 0.0431702695786953, -0.008887807838618755, 0.06117446348071098, 0.03347373753786087, 0.010531818494200706, 0.08836477994918823, 0.0447622649371624, 0.0438910610973835, 0.014547373168170452, -0.015826158225536346, 0.05890979990363121, 0.03411107882857323, -0.06361205875873566, 0.09245123714208603, 0.0897846519947052, -0.020902341231703758, -0.02387949824333191, -0.007879306562244892, -0.07203811407089233, 0.09201739728450775, -0.006951971910893917, 0.040758080780506134, 0.041516195982694626, -0.03817003220319748, -0.028517035767436028, 0.05160224437713623]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
566
|
system since it is furthest from the intense radiation of Jupiter 's magnetic field . Comparative structure Fluctuations in the orbits of the moons indicate that their mean density decreases with distance from Jupiter .Callisto, the outermost and least dense of the four, has a density intermediate between ice and rock whereas Io, the innermost and densest moon, has a density intermediate between rock and iron. Callisto has an ancient, heavily cratered and unaltered ice surface and the way it rotates indicates that its density is equally distributed, suggesting that it has no rocky or metallic core but consists of a homogeneous mix of rock and ice. This may well have been the original structure of all the moons. The rotation of the three inner moons, in contrast, indicates differentiation of their interiors with denser matter at the core and lighter matter above. They also reveal significant alteration of the surface. Ganymede reveals past tectonic movement of the ice surface which required partial melting of subsurface layers. Europa reveals more dynamic and recent movement of this nature, suggesting a thinner ice crust. Finally, Io, the innermost moon, has a sulfur surface, active volcanism and no sign of ice. All this evidence suggests that the nearer a moon is to Jupiter the hotter its interior. The current model is that the moons experience tidal heating as a result of the gravitational field of Jupiter in inverse proportion to the square of their distance from the giant planet. In all but Callisto this will have melted the interior ice, allowing rock and iron to sink to the interior and water to cover the surface. In Ganymede a thick and solid ice crust then formed. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed. In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space.
|
[-0.06234110891819, -0.09076327830553055, 0.055749885737895966, 0.04119327291846275, 0.045612022280693054, -0.10915349423885345, -0.038068052381277084, 0.06832896173000336, 0.056690413504838943, -0.04594123363494873, -0.038467999547719955, -0.11178147047758102, -0.016277974471449852, -0.09913792461156845, 0.00248741009272635, -0.05629470571875572, -0.0019786038901656866, -0.025086451321840286, -0.031066961586475372, 0.05227477848529816, 0.018521592020988464, -0.02738206647336483, -0.047064099460840225, -0.04733135551214218, -0.041500091552734375, 0.103711798787117, 0.013902374543249607, -0.0019265225855633616, -0.002836141036823392, -0.06026246026158333, -0.021541673690080643, 0.07572753727436066, 0.003990216180682182, -0.02050171047449112, -0.028544118627905846, -0.025347305461764336, 0.059736840426921844, -0.01636393368244171, -0.06172822043299675, -0.08179198205471039, -0.02403714880347252, -0.021005704998970032, 0.05133883282542229, -0.01700359210371971, -0.002723908983170986, 0.04742066189646721, 0.008912170305848122, -0.07845199853181839, -0.02403845824301243, -0.06641902774572372, -0.024032307788729668, -0.05859280750155449, -0.057548876851797104, 0.10672203451395035, -0.05847631022334099, -0.03900779411196709, -0.0062421816401183605, -0.007121753878891468, 0.04016361013054848, 0.011195805855095387, 0.06599416583776474, 0.05286134406924248, 0.046034764498472214, -0.0019133976893499494, 0.03339051455259323, 0.08114893734455109, 0.014931927435100079, -0.04172542691230774, -0.07625425606966019, -0.010506119579076767, 0.05450485274195671, 0.0599822923541069, -0.06005515530705452, -0.07033439725637436, 0.029497534036636353, 0.026031222194433212, 0.028819039463996887, -0.03705046325922012, 0.011406432837247849, -0.0848214402794838, -0.0379009023308754, 0.09077948331832886, 0.0012514999834820628, 0.02146267518401146, -0.04560455307364464, -0.026649704203009605, 0.027957510203123093, -0.024617979303002357, -0.10750022530555725, 0.022740337997674942, 0.018617505207657814, 0.01879189722239971, -0.12466540187597275, -0.028436612337827682, 0.014500278048217297, 0.022068172693252563, 0.016202500090003014, -0.03894014656543732, 0.03647493198513985, 0.002465372672304511, -0.013734680600464344, 0.0267464779317379, -0.042697250843048096, 0.019142135977745056, -0.010563918389379978, 0.0019043161300942302, 0.037669602781534195, 0.009299235418438911, -0.004301004111766815, 0.09728923439979553, -0.014050974510610104, -0.05292394384741783, -0.055066369473934174, -0.018581397831439972, -0.03776061534881592, -0.050350937992334366, -0.04863068833947182, 0.050981197506189346, 0.01885189674794674, 0.03837839141488075, -0.01571609079837799, 0.04127158969640732, -0.10560362040996552, 0.026733798906207085, 0.06503926217556, 0.010405296459794044, -0.05324118584394455, 6.586246634021794e-34, 0.10715530812740326, 0.029935762286186218, 0.0613863542675972, -0.0039019661489874125, -0.003590129781514406, -0.03627313673496246, -0.015529120340943336, 0.009706939570605755, 0.0035379219334572554, 0.03377668187022209, -0.07631728798151016, -0.0029502385295927525, -0.0008543605217710137, -0.016014114022254944, 0.021720584481954575, 0.018863270059227943, -0.005990916397422552, -0.011250517331063747, -0.028532646596431732, -0.0012503338512033224, -0.05980862304568291, 0.0032154617365449667, -0.05868666246533394, -0.05715883895754814, 0.04994571954011917, 0.04671790078282356, 0.01565152034163475, -0.06937296688556671, -0.06362982839345932, -0.009038814343512058, -0.04018783941864967, -0.09632465243339539, -0.06293293833732605, 0.053723230957984924, -0.003729192540049553, 0.0874890461564064, 0.0029947306029498577, 0.00839851051568985, -0.09104432165622711, -0.07647629082202911, 0.052094344049692154, -0.033229172229766846, -0.013748263008892536, 0.03164403885602951, 0.03462517634034157, -0.006326294969767332, 0.0008089787443168461, -0.07462932169437408, 0.021436430513858795, -0.020087873563170433, 0.009727603755891323, 0.025246456265449524, 0.009647603146731853, 0.06777098774909973, 0.019445106387138367, 0.0667615458369255, -0.0015836009988561273, -0.0063697341829538345, -0.06293751299381256, 0.08919376879930496, 0.0658731460571289, -0.058421265333890915, 0.03991415351629257, 0.051955994218587875, 0.032802972942590714, 0.15255911648273468, -0.07119899988174438, 0.028146516531705856, -0.0176685880869627, -0.02629271149635315, -0.07250571995973587, 0.01504621934145689, 0.14649327099323273, 0.052703287452459335, -0.008742950856685638, 0.03105895034968853, -0.011549858376383781, -0.11221334338188171, -0.021699434146285057, 0.02411939576268196, -0.038339585065841675, -0.061241745948791504, 0.030423235148191452, -0.08116146177053452, -0.10774700343608856, 0.042477648705244064, 0.03648045286536217, 0.03176352381706238, 0.05008987337350845, 0.013808884657919407, -0.016438454389572144, -0.07673954963684082, -0.008305469527840614, 0.028220124542713165, -0.1434880644083023, -2.9758758047409413e-33, -0.0267657283693552, -0.019501497969031334, 0.04631083458662033, -0.009185699746012688, -0.03848574683070183, 0.08981543034315109, -0.09318643063306808, 0.06781261414289474, -0.05408873036503792, -0.00408426858484745, 0.004821727983653545, 0.005373719148337841, 0.03116246871650219, -0.14951366186141968, 0.05699298158288002, 0.023646462708711624, 0.0012041222071275115, -0.023862311616539955, 0.09646326303482056, 0.03335334360599518, 0.013304254971444607, 0.07397781312465668, -0.03318532928824425, -0.02432369254529476, -0.07068824768066406, 0.0008700525504536927, -0.02580214850604534, 0.02226707898080349, 0.01750664785504341, 0.04003341495990753, 0.02388741634786129, -0.0508732870221138, -0.0035804796498268843, -0.022456521168351173, -0.019739001989364624, 0.03668150678277016, 0.033563032746315, -0.08842281997203827, 0.017403628677129745, 0.0942402258515358, -0.054350558668375015, -0.07750511914491653, 0.03275277838110924, 0.027043446898460388, 0.023090336471796036, 0.04431777819991112, 0.02778700366616249, 0.035667844116687775, 0.02424800582230091, -0.03284773975610733, 0.0572354719042778, -0.03260066360235214, -0.09221020340919495, 0.0749330148100853, 0.050418585538864136, 0.05044979229569435, -0.04401785135269165, 0.04218414053320885, -0.03930119052529335, -0.04488944634795189, 0.01815793476998806, -0.060208044946193695, 0.07298219949007034, -0.009185520000755787, 0.0007058335468173027, -0.0067009758204221725, -0.02835988998413086, -0.0515432208776474, -0.011925254948437214, 0.044906046241521835, -0.04419771209359169, -0.025101376697421074, -0.021555565297603607, 0.010431273840367794, 0.10521430522203445, -0.020937234163284302, 0.07433004677295685, -0.07692069560289383, 0.016396665945649147, 0.01708691380918026, -0.07020975649356842, 0.002350638387724757, -0.004874995443969965, 0.010327035561203957, 0.04345303028821945, 0.00782159436494112, -0.009620637632906437, -0.034932833164930344, -0.024415167048573494, -0.03589089214801788, -0.020740022882819176, 0.01673159748315811, -0.03321303799748421, -0.011335372924804688, -0.038329072296619415, -4.787132823480533e-08, 0.1362190693616867, -0.053347550332546234, 0.056871458888053894, 0.08385568857192993, -0.03464752435684204, -0.03579727187752724, 0.09653524309396744, 0.07852934300899506, -0.05278586596250534, 0.017146380618214607, 0.013252047821879387, -0.05026847496628761, 0.0043640886433422565, -0.12198464572429657, 0.05576140806078911, 0.08013315498828888, 0.04631265252828598, -0.025114577263593674, 0.019314659759402275, 0.04160047322511673, 0.034090619534254074, -0.036338772624731064, 0.03212343156337738, -0.109760582447052, 0.05633586272597313, 0.03953756392002106, 0.0682283416390419, 0.011398551054298878, -0.0601113922894001, 0.06298493593931198, -0.04909120872616768, 0.0004080389626324177, 0.03368454799056053, -0.04343629255890846, -0.014794209972023964, -0.015739629045128822, -0.0015945974737405777, 0.02387295290827751, 0.043860018253326416, 0.04090283066034317, 0.07317111641168594, 0.04947153851389885, -0.0929499939084053, 0.040927156805992126, 0.06576285511255264, 0.06616588681936264, -0.037142314016819, -0.02373766154050827, 0.050746943801641464, 0.008292756043374538, -0.04925490915775299, 0.03839540109038353, 0.09613487869501114, 0.010075582191348076, -0.02712647058069706, 0.0684446319937706, -0.02831311523914337, 0.045463357120752335, 0.038483940064907074, 0.1335218995809555, 0.06519419699907303, 0.02082684077322483, -0.04276316240429878, 0.02271099016070366]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
567
|
. In warmer Europa a thinner more easily broken crust formed . In Io the heating is so extreme that all the rock has melted and water has long ago boiled out into space .Size
Latest flyby
Origin and evolution
Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history. Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tenths of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the Solar nebula was processed through it. However, the disk mass of only 2% that of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites. Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons would have spiraled into Jupiter, due to drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the Solar nebula. By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned out to the point that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits. The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io. Tidal dissipation in the Jovian system is still ongoing and Callisto will likely be captured into the resonance in about 1.5 billion years, creating a 1:2:4:8 chain. Visibility
All four Galilean moons are bright enough to be viewed from Earth without a telescope, if only they could appear farther away from Jupiter.
|
[-0.04026186466217041, -0.05501842126250267, 0.05451750010251999, 0.05740521848201752, 0.08672996610403061, -0.10528324544429779, -0.007655162364244461, 0.044102881103754044, 0.06006191670894623, 0.013017965480685234, -0.0067827533930540085, -0.06244339421391487, 0.03208163008093834, -0.07629057765007019, 0.031267475336790085, -0.07277625054121017, -0.03343717381358147, -0.05352766439318657, -0.02508486807346344, 0.017255665734410286, 0.0371154248714447, -0.006483097095042467, -0.08974999934434891, 0.012551656924188137, -0.008185777813196182, 0.0004946988192386925, -0.023290107026696205, -0.0029944670386612415, 0.009858565405011177, 0.017342478036880493, 0.006348209921270609, 0.01445296686142683, -0.022952398285269737, 0.020179999992251396, -0.040370553731918335, 0.01880318857729435, -0.026712726801633835, -0.057661354541778564, -0.047427136451005936, -0.062329843640327454, 0.006816743407398462, -0.06327957659959793, 0.07630210369825363, -0.0488174706697464, 0.03222208097577095, 0.04379333183169365, -0.000819115957710892, -0.02841303125023842, -0.02926533855497837, -0.06285811960697174, -0.004759094212204218, 0.00545033672824502, -0.003347733523696661, 0.0564936026930809, -0.07872011512517929, -0.09370682388544083, -0.007008598651736975, 0.001482770312577486, 0.08702704310417175, -0.05702473595738411, 0.022236919030547142, -0.0025682852137833834, 0.03596661612391472, -0.0685931071639061, -0.0999843031167984, 0.029037997126579285, -0.005073097068816423, -0.06066310033202171, 0.007585782092064619, 0.057799506932497025, 0.020092399790883064, 0.05124758183956146, -0.028823047876358032, -0.03956406190991402, 0.04865236207842827, 0.04765109345316887, 0.04048169404268265, 0.03735806792974472, -0.00640880549326539, -0.027128135785460472, -0.029628604650497437, 0.08195292204618454, -0.01925218664109707, -0.008482684381306171, -0.09350544214248657, -0.008883694186806679, 0.0901026576757431, -0.007678896188735962, -0.05071178451180458, -0.020499655976891518, 0.015068323351442814, -0.012559408321976662, -0.040005169808864594, 0.0069210887886583805, -0.038550540804862976, 0.003833338851109147, -0.002681364305317402, -0.06383760273456573, 0.07088611274957657, -0.027678420767188072, -0.06496556103229523, 0.06920170038938522, 0.011408187448978424, 0.027878839522600174, -0.03380150720477104, -0.008014118298888206, 0.045697275549173355, 0.016366804018616676, 0.004714995622634888, 0.07122112810611725, -0.045439623296260834, -0.027397530153393745, -0.02510959841310978, -0.0119975870475173, 0.002162102609872818, 0.019922778010368347, -0.061243362724781036, 0.02499185875058174, -0.053992919623851776, 0.02510354481637478, -0.00047480055945925415, 0.031219469383358955, -0.09647734463214874, 0.07691310346126556, -0.0026389677077531815, 0.05500093847513199, -0.04791640862822533, 2.0562603091407646e-33, 0.06633114069700241, -0.006303111556917429, 0.08793029189109802, 0.05091344192624092, 0.004022384528070688, -0.07328983396291733, -0.030023613944649696, 0.04610826075077057, 0.11014776676893234, -0.05819874256849289, -0.09438646584749222, -0.06593213230371475, -0.008207518607378006, 0.04269495606422424, 0.009297886863350868, -0.016593467444181442, -0.0007785669877193868, -0.012442386709153652, 0.013017888180911541, -0.018840955570340157, -0.12396521121263504, 0.006872076075524092, 0.025824202224612236, -0.06894320249557495, 0.04485208913683891, 0.09597191214561462, 0.033938825130462646, -0.05339910835027695, -0.05240346118807793, -0.015418623574078083, -0.03750097379088402, -0.12034910172224045, -0.019847944378852844, 0.049849431961774826, 6.494972330983728e-05, 0.06885203719139099, -0.023133952170610428, 0.005021541379392147, -0.06510607153177261, -0.03280230239033699, 0.04142049327492714, -0.01765078864991665, 0.02172800712287426, 0.07129020243883133, 0.029019860550761223, -0.021937066689133644, -0.0009695065091364086, -0.07784907519817352, -0.02505255490541458, -0.03868972137570381, 0.033385660499334335, 0.05821306258440018, 0.004665663465857506, 0.015391221269965172, -0.004647224210202694, 0.009129730053246021, 0.04811088368296623, -0.04400674253702164, -0.06323368847370148, 0.05556110665202141, 0.09617321938276291, -0.009434969164431095, 0.0739123746752739, 0.05266231298446655, 0.007814106531441212, 0.13590924441814423, 0.05209754779934883, 0.047571416944265366, -0.060793813318014145, -0.10013511776924133, -0.04968724399805069, 0.001845089835114777, 0.07392140477895737, -0.01875274069607258, 0.01788288727402687, 0.019330481067299843, 0.0583389587700367, -0.09978198260068893, -0.004251397680491209, 0.025377029553055763, -0.04287020117044449, -0.08950011432170868, 0.009440801106393337, -0.1193726435303688, -0.05285990983247757, -0.006029436830431223, 0.016080623492598534, -0.011040872894227505, 0.11150902509689331, -0.00694570317864418, 0.02219378761947155, -0.09451653808355331, 0.037756793200969696, 0.04909488931298256, -0.13762937486171722, -3.9078233381071977e-33, -0.029890485107898712, 0.013931510969996452, 0.021862538531422615, -0.002948811976239085, -0.010855145752429962, 0.08581296354532242, -0.09899008274078369, 0.0210447795689106, -0.11916422843933105, -0.04062652215361595, -0.05851086229085922, -0.06421485543251038, -0.006594378966838121, -0.18085698783397675, -0.014299489557743073, 0.00999645795673132, 0.0459553487598896, -0.017971117049455643, 0.025694197043776512, 0.034474801272153854, 0.03219902515411377, 0.01383496355265379, 0.0576600655913353, -0.026411117985844612, -0.02974516525864601, -0.0019427764927968383, 0.012159202247858047, 0.030018534511327744, -0.02503451518714428, 0.028223495930433273, 0.01659688912332058, -0.05250144004821777, 0.039385318756103516, -0.023682639002799988, 0.03440627083182335, -0.0027514342218637466, 0.0257746372371912, -0.028963806107640266, 0.034031882882118225, 0.023082174360752106, -0.08077875524759293, -0.06623145192861557, 0.020247889682650566, 0.07878530770540237, 0.023284804075956345, -0.03777807578444481, 0.08157000690698624, 0.07908812910318375, 0.07474678009748459, 0.011854831129312515, 0.04929782822728157, -0.026115646585822105, -0.03570506349205971, 0.009918521158397198, 0.019827697426080704, 0.05650671198964119, 0.017134545370936394, 0.12941427528858185, -0.03171137720346451, -0.023027770221233368, -0.015505703166127205, -0.06547219306230545, 0.043328478932380676, -0.015209876000881195, 0.022119415923953056, -0.03099018521606922, -0.0034442287869751453, 0.0016778834396973252, -0.08176298439502716, 0.06266316026449203, 0.013212887570261955, -0.025575915351510048, 0.04276268929243088, 0.018360912799835205, 0.029364271089434624, -0.005625970661640167, 0.04023012891411781, -0.05632553622126579, -0.0013259403640404344, -0.01297316700220108, -0.0749363973736763, -0.004969345405697823, 0.04682750627398491, -0.03200916573405266, 0.02501765638589859, 0.006496908608824015, 0.01908578909933567, -0.08795086294412613, -0.07614564895629883, 0.0025586190167814493, 0.0018851105123758316, -0.0057715680450201035, -0.003332990687340498, 0.09132054448127747, -0.03160706162452698, -4.982318202451097e-08, 0.15518826246261597, 0.011408809572458267, -0.011771189980208874, 0.07946615666151047, 0.01672673225402832, -0.07720273733139038, -0.002169463550671935, 0.09989164769649506, -0.06776360422372818, -0.016524089500308037, -0.010448642075061798, -0.014596247114241123, 0.026217462494969368, -0.09546390175819397, 0.045763205736875534, 0.010037871077656746, 0.061341773718595505, -0.0039223721250891685, 0.0015054796822369099, 0.04759363830089569, 0.07425609230995178, -0.03713760897517204, -0.0009305142448283732, -0.11535854637622833, 0.06541499495506287, 0.03717502951622009, 0.04421331360936165, 0.04169825464487076, -0.06932758539915085, -0.04122167453169823, 0.010299607180058956, -0.029142489656805992, -0.027191568166017532, -0.012728125788271427, 0.05278608202934265, 0.05349050089716911, -0.03915400803089142, 0.01556986104696989, 0.07421314716339111, 0.009642239660024643, 0.03395591676235199, 0.10859175026416779, -0.04204528033733368, 0.0035170218907296658, -0.0068547483533620834, 0.12537212669849396, -0.10951150953769684, -0.015303344465792179, -0.01987498439848423, 0.03640645369887352, -0.027082769200205803, -0.023096010088920593, 0.1056012436747551, -0.041117556393146515, -0.03727838397026062, -0.00986168161034584, -0.025015633553266525, 0.03385835513472557, 0.037148136645555496, 0.12590046226978302, 0.00847086776047945, 0.03431331366300583, -0.007090992759913206, 0.07605701684951782]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
568
|
billion years , creating a 1:2:4:8 chain . Visibility All four Galilean moons are bright enough to be viewed from Earth without a telescope , if only they could appear farther away from Jupiter .(They are, however, easily distinguished with even low-powered binoculars.) They have apparent magnitudes between 4.6 and 5.6 when Jupiter is in opposition with the Sun, and are about one unit of magnitude dimmer when Jupiter is in conjunction. The main difficulty in observing the moons from Earth is their proximity to Jupiter, since they are obscured by its brightness. The maximum angular separations of the moons are between 2 and 10 arcminutes from Jupiter, which is close to the limit of human visual acuity. Ganymede and Callisto, at their maximum separation, are the likeliest targets for potential naked-eye observation. Orbit animations
GIF animations depicting the Galilean moon orbits and the resonance of Io, Europa, and Ganymede
See also
Jupiter's moons in fiction
Colonization of the Jovian System
Notes
References
External links
Sky & Telescope utility for identifying Galilean moons
Interactive 3D visualisation of Jupiter and the Galilean moons
NASA's Stunning Discoveries on Jupiter's Largest Moons | Our Solar System's Moons
A Beginner's Guide to Jupiter's Moons
Dominic Ford: The Moons of Jupiter. With a chart of the current position of the Galilean moons.
|
[0.014088591560721397, -0.1078038290143013, -0.0007490391726605594, -0.010683971457183361, 0.041337303817272186, -0.13362091779708862, -0.08050067722797394, 0.06629054248332977, 0.02836609072983265, -0.031063877046108246, -0.0060499259270727634, -0.08086695522069931, -0.021703841164708138, -0.08177079260349274, -0.020088179036974907, 0.0004770469095092267, 0.10266958177089691, -0.0018947345670312643, -0.03790852054953575, -0.018681569024920464, 0.04032030701637268, -0.035396426916122437, -0.02131301909685135, 0.0033648728858679533, -0.01033780723810196, 0.014728306792676449, 0.011634531430900097, -0.0696127787232399, -0.03134570270776749, -0.05908803269267082, 0.034579839557409286, 0.009302123449742794, -0.05783669278025627, -0.007587917614728212, -0.08740530908107758, 0.028550129383802414, 0.0008767442777752876, -0.049868352711200714, -0.01293241698294878, -0.1339835375547409, 0.032056208699941635, 0.008253938518464565, 0.05274932458996773, -0.10553862899541855, 0.05252952128648758, -0.015823574736714363, -0.060893505811691284, -0.029219582676887512, 0.017705203965306282, -0.11065692454576492, -0.05188356712460518, -0.06274741888046265, -0.012228152714669704, 0.07317519187927246, -0.037161536514759064, -0.05647669732570648, -0.0979621633887291, -0.07846305519342422, 0.05637504905462265, 0.019774211570620537, -0.0002935716765932739, 0.1203167662024498, 0.05945374444127083, -0.05705917999148369, -0.06678541004657745, 0.06717822700738907, -0.04431924596428871, -0.12341857701539993, 0.007947323843836784, 0.03764142841100693, -0.03092910535633564, 0.035857897251844406, -0.06233128905296326, -0.06093502417206764, -0.026680493727326393, 0.048974212259054184, 0.07775088399648666, -0.013842318207025528, 0.018429512158036232, -0.09323355555534363, 0.020850632339715958, -0.015394038520753384, 0.028056690469384193, 0.02767730876803398, -0.03422945737838745, -0.025645924732089043, -0.0424669049680233, 0.0949128270149231, -0.04245513677597046, 0.0031640923116356134, -0.005615678150206804, -0.024985501542687416, -0.09883648157119751, -0.029008373618125916, -0.03076971508562565, -0.06838255375623703, 0.033247657120227814, -0.07091700285673141, 0.017203422263264656, 0.034248970448970795, 0.017639348283410072, 0.026701798662543297, 0.004048722330480814, -0.0038333924021571875, -0.036665674299001694, 0.0428595133125782, 0.10109913349151611, -0.039488159120082855, 0.02991713397204876, 0.010446656495332718, -0.010944241657853127, -0.0326833575963974, -0.009989950805902481, -0.012757433578372002, -0.10229121148586273, -0.02975485846400261, -0.07741077244281769, 0.06396250426769257, 0.038492098450660706, 0.007863915525376797, 0.035562798380851746, 0.014463848434388638, -0.011550407856702805, 0.011979395523667336, 0.09174563735723495, -0.014602530747652054, -0.0963284969329834, 3.860464507422491e-33, 0.04881180077791214, 0.0639507919549942, 0.09658394008874893, -0.005069847218692303, 0.02176276408135891, 0.020207760855555534, -0.04673213139176369, 0.01580004021525383, 0.022369399666786194, 0.005025008227676153, -0.03253088518977165, -0.04860878735780716, 0.02763952873647213, 0.034820061177015305, 0.12038695812225342, 0.007594544906169176, 0.1037827581167221, 0.010450314730405807, 0.012189394794404507, -0.009958378039300442, -0.10687138140201569, -0.047816820442676544, -0.04252290725708008, -0.008914739824831486, 0.054285164922475815, 0.034469690173864365, 0.0042018466629087925, -0.0414968878030777, -0.042804837226867676, 0.036995697766542435, -0.03919537737965584, -0.010672160424292088, 0.008165244944393635, 0.08006570488214493, -0.037005290389060974, 0.03486398234963417, -0.0457657165825367, -0.020011194050312042, -0.04726172238588333, -0.010195341892540455, 0.02117142267525196, 0.042486343532800674, 0.02173606865108013, 0.030219843611121178, 0.0014012956526130438, 0.05239493027329445, -0.004184915218502283, 0.018781717866659164, -0.04082294553518295, 0.033358361572027206, -0.01971682719886303, 0.017277631908655167, -0.00016411917749792337, -0.050600238144397736, 0.07136474549770355, 0.06662458926439285, -0.026248693466186523, -0.03774802014231682, 0.011093683540821075, 0.07408399134874344, 0.05716226249933243, -0.04552944004535675, 0.031658999621868134, 0.043431833386421204, 0.021509937942028046, 0.12503091990947723, -0.07045159488916397, 0.03584272786974907, -0.11586789041757584, -0.0012060594744980335, -0.0798644945025444, -0.0005988232442177832, 0.11012227088212967, -0.03213416039943695, 0.06973011791706085, -0.010225912556052208, 0.12900139391422272, -0.061915624886751175, 0.07581792771816254, 0.004931858275085688, -0.053952302783727646, 0.0037742038257420063, 0.042317431420087814, -0.10077128559350967, -0.009670998901128769, -0.007440113928169012, -0.03585822507739067, 0.011928845196962357, -0.04207644611597061, -0.03862270712852478, 0.04703988507390022, -0.04687041789293289, -0.002483117626979947, 0.013117872178554535, -0.09903588145971298, -4.676313055532838e-33, 0.019118010997772217, 0.012198309414088726, 0.04314984753727913, -0.023691216483712196, 0.011441659182310104, 0.05006873607635498, -0.008099914528429508, 0.08094612509012222, -0.025551551952958107, -0.007817867211997509, -0.01964292861521244, 0.011154690757393837, 0.013273577205836773, -0.10699942708015442, -0.0069832568988204, 0.033678628504276276, 0.09493117779493332, -0.04948851093649864, -0.003330788342282176, 0.028918111696839333, 0.04056911543011665, 0.06665150821208954, 0.01799565739929676, -0.07227152585983276, -0.029316170141100883, 0.03533618152141571, -0.020490819588303566, -0.0633925199508667, -0.09901822358369827, 0.006852854508906603, -0.01723877526819706, -0.030065253376960754, -0.027735939249396324, -0.0824822261929512, 0.007769259158521891, 0.03981347009539604, 0.030291156843304634, -0.11355108767747879, 0.02490585669875145, 0.12160332500934601, -0.01723732426762581, 0.013019192032516003, -0.03528405353426933, -0.008269786834716797, 0.014467730186879635, 0.02930285967886448, 0.007674889639019966, 0.032195400446653366, 0.00691300630569458, -0.019380658864974976, -0.02493974007666111, 0.011520622298121452, -0.079816535115242, 0.0475170873105526, 0.015615161508321762, -0.01458952110260725, 0.006886938586831093, 0.11422274261713028, 0.010006478056311607, -0.03118279203772545, 0.026699529960751534, -0.025078097358345985, -0.006847405340522528, 0.0848529040813446, -0.049191467463970184, 0.025190630927681923, 0.023258021101355553, 0.09344282001256943, 0.05111699178814888, 0.019856909289956093, -0.042592279613018036, -0.09546694904565811, 0.0242142491042614, 0.06711649894714355, 0.03855659067630768, 0.021508364006876945, 0.03537358343601227, -0.10453372448682785, 0.06560367345809937, 0.005845189094543457, 0.0044271741062402725, -0.021309858188033104, 0.010340550914406776, 0.004196233581751585, 0.0583527497947216, 0.02755160816013813, -0.009127190336585045, -0.025857271626591682, -0.027333851903676987, -0.0751674547791481, 0.010863086208701134, 0.027695126831531525, -0.021489696577191353, 0.029491934925317764, 0.02823529951274395, -4.7561307781052165e-08, 0.07292743772268295, 0.0040245805867016315, -0.02168012596666813, -0.008883068338036537, -0.009509032592177391, -0.04310953989624977, -0.005034526810050011, 0.09522371739149094, -0.05286961421370506, -0.016621870920062065, 0.04604344815015793, -0.05948911979794502, -0.04744116961956024, -0.046380069106817245, 0.07283592969179153, 0.04182492196559906, 0.03968918323516846, -0.01886468008160591, 0.004636293742805719, 0.06763289123773575, -0.023006249219179153, 0.026678750291466713, 0.028763851150870323, -0.09903021156787872, 0.036852359771728516, 0.01088097132742405, -0.0229374747723341, 0.010505742393434048, -0.08071604371070862, 0.023301322013139725, 0.04328377544879913, 0.026102658361196518, -0.04448244720697403, -0.052101980894804, 0.015604006126523018, -0.03388470411300659, -0.10435304045677185, 0.07763556391000748, 0.06992629915475845, 0.06580821424722672, -0.004609866999089718, 0.057890065014362335, -0.039108820259571075, 0.08628375083208084, 0.03326955437660217, 0.062148287892341614, 0.08958104997873306, -0.042417872697114944, -0.033138539642095566, 0.014334131963551044, -0.04371647164225578, 0.02523370273411274, 0.10502377152442932, -0.06150471046566963, 0.012906153686344624, -0.007925799116492271, 0.044489286839962006, 0.019451433792710304, -0.0646694228053093, 0.04321933537721634, 0.09150146692991257, -0.01011484581977129, -0.09292411804199219, 0.056108370423316956]
|
Galilean moons
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons.
|
569
|
The rings of Jupiter are a system of faint planetary rings. The Jovian rings were the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. The main ring was discovered in 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe and the system was more thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the Galileo orbiter. The main ring has also been observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and from Earth for several years. Ground-based observation of the rings requires the largest available telescopes. The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust. It has four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named for the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe. The main and halo rings consist of dust ejected from the moons Metis, Adrastea and perhaps smaller, unobserved bodies as the result of high-velocity impacts. High-resolution images obtained in February and March 2007 by the New Horizons spacecraft revealed a rich fine structure in the main ring. In visible and near-infrared light, the rings have a reddish color, except the halo ring, which is neutral or blue in color. The size of the dust in the rings varies, but the cross-sectional area is greatest for nonspherical particles of radius about 15 μm in all rings except the halo. The halo ring is probably dominated by submicrometre dust. The total mass of the ring system (including unresolved parent bodies) is poorly constrained, but is probably in the range of 1011 to 1016 kg. The age of the ring system is also not known, but it is possible that it has existed since the formation of Jupiter.
|
[-0.001171492738649249, -0.08107300847768784, -0.04494359716773033, 0.002070609014481306, 0.10705111175775528, -0.11976085603237152, 0.001528837252408266, 0.08738171309232712, 0.10392729938030243, -0.05210704728960991, -0.04719441011548042, -0.008421160280704498, -0.007826047018170357, -0.0929027795791626, 0.00972195528447628, -0.020042628049850464, 0.03250982612371445, -0.01727113500237465, -0.008844287134706974, 0.008817564696073532, -0.0011525728041306138, 0.07049289345741272, -0.06646789610385895, -3.745527283172123e-05, -0.031979288905858994, 0.11603158712387085, -0.011228065937757492, -0.06297081708908081, -0.07530374825000763, -0.030050843954086304, -0.0003916408459190279, 0.00822371430695057, -0.0015765416901558638, -0.00804376695305109, -0.012830061838030815, -0.018157843500375748, -0.012643278576433659, -0.010812362655997276, -0.056349098682403564, -0.08169686049222946, -0.016946205869317055, 0.025731360539793968, 0.0983438491821289, -0.047218773514032364, -0.07672426104545593, 0.03378348797559738, -0.027816077694296837, -0.03548198565840721, 0.023347098380327225, -0.05819519981741905, 0.02810218371450901, -0.032984230667352676, -0.016008852049708366, 0.09632912278175354, 0.012931782752275467, 0.051035456359386444, -0.09447780251502991, -0.08615177869796753, 0.03835883364081383, -0.02361653745174408, 0.0058060442097485065, 0.008972346782684326, 0.04594545438885689, -0.05780404433608055, -0.01288972795009613, 0.03568365424871445, 0.01711602322757244, -0.06067555770277977, 0.020476318895816803, -0.039931297302246094, 0.01733138971030712, 0.06972026824951172, 0.007208214607089758, -0.011070660315454006, -0.0001563885889481753, 0.15315502882003784, 0.07289784401655197, 0.030589474365115166, 0.007536156103014946, -0.012175527401268482, -0.02538631111383438, 0.044804152101278305, 0.07981161028146744, 0.0713174045085907, -0.022695710882544518, 0.06110119819641113, -0.08613978326320648, -0.019472451880574226, -0.11753210425376892, -0.05381803587079048, 0.04047387093305588, -0.04652717337012291, -0.06061549857258797, -0.06442802399396896, -0.03647314012050629, -0.02349323406815529, 0.02499113418161869, -0.04807518422603607, 0.007122633047401905, 0.05731898546218872, -0.008433726616203785, -0.033330947160720825, 0.05051860585808754, -0.028971370309591293, -0.019440356642007828, 0.05225750058889389, 0.02442931942641735, 0.026573460549116135, 0.0065767643973231316, -0.0029639010317623615, -0.013945450074970722, -0.01848071627318859, -0.01807367242872715, -0.1010235920548439, -0.04798518493771553, 0.03941712528467178, 0.04268753156065941, 0.09641565382480621, -0.0736275166273117, 0.06885639578104019, 0.03848391771316528, -0.010864224284887314, -0.012876338325440884, -0.014884519390761852, 0.02219003066420555, 0.02423911914229393, -0.11702573299407959, 1.0653621243816291e-34, 0.0724785253405571, 0.03632950782775879, 0.1354665458202362, 0.0014994944212958217, -0.09956783801317215, -0.04856525734066963, 0.013831774704158306, -0.020710792392492294, 0.07324495911598206, -0.04487772285938263, -0.07705656439065933, 0.040532711893320084, 0.04261436313390732, 0.0018709171563386917, 0.019863571971654892, -0.04599441960453987, 0.08107882738113403, -0.057307809591293335, 0.002044320572167635, -0.005830626934766769, -0.08883123099803925, 0.04478136822581291, 0.041401803493499756, 0.05205171927809715, 0.06105811521410942, 0.02608071267604828, 0.06436777114868164, -0.09612616896629333, -0.03979920968413353, 0.025132324546575546, 0.0020243143662810326, 0.035164766013622284, 0.0030307068955153227, 0.11437378078699112, -0.017075954005122185, 0.09432666748762131, -0.03894481807947159, 0.05199533328413963, -0.06813569366931915, -0.08025898039340973, 0.04131520166993141, -0.030641840770840645, -0.02694212831556797, 0.04116009920835495, 0.035670097917318344, 0.005598916672170162, -0.0036355836782604456, -0.031097833067178726, 0.03145409747958183, 0.056470129638910294, 0.016462106257677078, -0.03038971498608589, 0.030114900320768356, 0.006134827621281147, 0.02283153496682644, 0.030792158097028732, -0.016834398731589317, -0.06859218329191208, -0.0074570439755916595, 0.014146009460091591, 0.007009321823716164, -0.023843800649046898, -0.009298783726990223, 0.05685652792453766, -0.016213688999414444, 0.12289610505104065, -0.049169570207595825, -0.006184739992022514, -0.05049526318907738, -0.041068580001592636, -0.029522530734539032, 0.06825220584869385, 0.039998266845941544, 0.08407146483659744, 0.008809447288513184, 0.004115619696676731, 0.011248143389821053, -0.09189106523990631, 0.02255241572856903, 0.03553023189306259, -0.008309923112392426, -0.038758471608161926, 0.016707222908735275, -0.07335610687732697, -0.06081414967775345, 0.008867084048688412, 0.0009438976412639022, 0.050717465579509735, 0.027140488848090172, -0.00924613792449236, 0.06411206722259521, 0.0201408751308918, 0.006495839450508356, 0.04357254505157471, -0.1038970947265625, -2.246076519599907e-34, -0.009505873546004295, -0.06670786440372467, -0.01467151753604412, 0.043704017996788025, 0.07547654211521149, 0.1016729548573494, -0.07605919241905212, 0.03235239535570145, -0.08200280368328094, -0.05917097628116608, 0.010174451395869255, 0.03923019766807556, -0.052657224237918854, -0.12003017216920853, 0.05889223515987396, -0.0424773208796978, 0.009210295975208282, -0.0032026986591517925, 0.05872415751218796, -0.012225720100104809, 0.02583077736198902, 0.04132936894893646, -0.03575211763381958, -0.10500777512788773, -0.06943041831254959, -0.010700116865336895, -0.03145287185907364, -0.06632301956415176, -0.019362352788448334, 0.012634738348424435, -0.02514350600540638, -0.013258101418614388, -0.00467053335160017, 0.05638394504785538, 0.01114371232688427, 0.0060438006184995174, 0.025067919865250587, -0.09781164675951004, 0.014154108241200447, 0.0009608478867448866, -0.11751726269721985, 0.011408829130232334, 0.007706130389124155, -0.0008977638790383935, 0.025411508977413177, -0.034102704375982285, 0.06825854629278183, 0.06903314590454102, 0.029736729338765144, -0.06099893897771835, -0.0124873798340559, -0.0665043517947197, -0.02422286570072174, 0.008115462027490139, 0.030758194625377655, 0.07612605392932892, 0.04558917507529259, 0.06878631561994553, 0.0033034421503543854, 0.05269415304064751, 0.0254792720079422, -0.04414280131459236, -8.80243387655355e-05, -0.010619956068694592, 0.026009880006313324, -0.05844251811504364, 0.07737834006547928, -0.003911580424755812, -0.026026494801044464, 0.04698674753308296, 0.0014276700094342232, -0.041141707450151443, 0.026404770091176033, 0.06486460566520691, 0.1144750565290451, -0.05810168385505676, 0.024365371093153954, -0.04877256602048874, 0.0019889483228325844, 0.010150712914764881, -0.04128419980406761, -0.012960483320057392, 0.084282286465168, 0.0029845871031284332, 0.09651848673820496, -0.012864244170486927, 0.010165112093091011, -0.058842938393354416, -0.050782617181539536, -0.0003810604102909565, -0.005569316912442446, 0.01981533132493496, -0.004181578755378723, 0.0916508361697197, 0.06618661433458328, -4.2232908725736706e-08, 0.1591527909040451, -0.009653598070144653, -0.06500130891799927, -0.005102809984236956, 0.005304316990077496, -0.006147954612970352, 0.042145371437072754, 0.10110656172037125, -0.036069341003894806, -0.0434870719909668, 0.035135023295879364, 0.0009573292336426675, -0.04614879935979843, -0.12898333370685577, 0.038915347307920456, 0.033915918320417404, 0.018373973667621613, 0.017582634463906288, -0.016173753887414932, 0.0476800836622715, 0.06219009682536125, 0.03658699616789818, 0.022160228341817856, -0.11346489936113358, 0.0025218839291483164, 0.00010666569869499654, 0.05663038790225983, 0.049965906888246536, -0.02321292832493782, 0.02302778884768486, -0.017656777054071426, -0.023602426052093506, -0.009475610218942165, -0.07272455096244812, -0.06886618584394455, -0.01004236750304699, -0.03245266526937485, 0.008524681441485882, 0.045889515429735184, 0.047948941588401794, 0.007992614060640335, 0.0548490546643734, -0.07113374024629593, 0.007591517176479101, 0.021788526326417923, 0.06311339139938354, 0.007603728212416172, -0.03435813635587692, -0.054669089615345, -0.00582300266250968, -0.0556245893239975, 0.021706482395529747, 0.046561140567064285, -0.002834396669641137, -0.12239519506692886, -0.011588647030293941, 0.0352804996073246, 0.015106690116226673, 0.001228370238095522, -0.018250850960612297, -0.06833206862211227, 0.03722744807600975, -0.07676869630813599, 0.09496649354696274]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
570
|
probably in the range of 1011 to 1016 kg . The age of the ring system is also not known , but it is possible that it has existed since the formation of Jupiter .A ring or ring arc appears to exist close to the moon Himalia's orbit. One explanation is that a small moon recently crashed into Himalia and the force of the impact ejected the material that forms the ring. Discovery and structure
Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of Saturn and Uranus. It was first observed on 4 March 1979 by the Voyager 1 space probe. It is composed of four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named after the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe. The principal attributes of the known Jovian Rings are listed in the table. In 2022, dynamical simulations suggested that the relative meagreness of Jupiter's ring system, compared to that of the smaller Saturn, is due to destabilising resonances created by the Galilean satellites. Main ring
Appearance and structure
The narrow and relatively thin main ring is the brightest part of Jupiter's ring system. Its outer edge is located at a radius of about 129,000 km (1.806 RJ;RJ = equatorial radius of Jupiter or 71,398 km) and coincides with the orbit of Jupiter's smallest inner satellite, Adrastea. Its inner edge is not marked by any satellite and is located at about 122,500 km (1.72 RJ). Thus the width of the main ring is around 6,500 km. The appearance of the main ring depends on the viewing geometry.
|
[-0.02098540961742401, -0.06818945705890656, -0.04869907721877098, 0.031364358961582184, 0.01260934304445982, -0.09129805117845535, -0.002195033710449934, 0.11301754415035248, 0.07890500128269196, -0.03891032189130783, -0.06264924257993698, -0.017243146896362305, 0.003413765924051404, -0.07556775957345963, -0.019019505009055138, -0.030513295903801918, 0.02018606849014759, -0.033155299723148346, 0.0016400283202528954, 0.018750470131635666, 0.0407625287771225, 0.07563325762748718, -0.07701855152845383, 0.011450645513832569, -0.04583254083991051, 0.07992210239171982, 0.006211413536220789, -0.05698436498641968, -0.055221278220415115, -0.04309992119669914, 0.04888039454817772, 0.02734801545739174, -0.03125905990600586, -0.013845590874552727, -0.03757541626691818, -0.034159012138843536, -0.010173674672842026, -0.00020700924505945295, -0.03009321354329586, -0.08517497777938843, -0.022893916815519333, 0.03989117592573166, 0.08109714835882187, -0.05640741065144539, -0.026323221623897552, 0.0053735473193228245, 0.0020331048872321844, -0.01689463108778, -0.008877070620656013, -0.07558450847864151, 0.04224340245127678, 0.018746813759207726, -0.003898023394867778, 0.08270065486431122, 0.01079634390771389, 0.016307324171066284, -0.08002599328756332, -0.04670259356498718, 0.028667503967881203, -0.024909358471632004, -0.024519182741642, 0.0001633232313906774, 0.07685046643018723, -0.04715561494231224, -0.04718291014432907, 0.06081539765000343, 0.01072699110955, -0.04434787854552269, 0.0382695309817791, -0.031383562833070755, 0.05173959210515022, 0.05787567421793938, -0.029499322175979614, -0.023814942687749863, 0.031962357461452484, 0.16605184972286224, 0.04496771842241287, 0.04919007793068886, 0.006823710165917873, -0.062209874391555786, -0.043208420276641846, 0.025032751262187958, 0.04207707569003105, 0.04710732027888298, -0.05444510281085968, 0.06374429911375046, -0.049745019525289536, 0.004304536618292332, -0.08189427107572556, -0.05546191707253456, 0.06711622327566147, -0.015139766968786716, -0.09007368981838226, -0.06133313104510307, -0.012613821774721146, -0.029578402638435364, 0.03233824670314789, -0.061661116778850555, 0.022103426977992058, 0.023402107879519463, 0.0030350566376000643, -0.03638726845383644, 0.0077170515432953835, 0.04477766901254654, 0.004822081420570612, 0.07794776558876038, 0.06006486341357231, 0.04479895532131195, 0.005766487680375576, 0.012679331004619598, -0.022968629375100136, -0.029360376298427582, -0.034285858273506165, -0.08503501117229462, -0.01817673072218895, 0.012312863022089005, -0.008970827795565128, 0.09514983743429184, -0.039501920342445374, 0.05866716057062149, 0.019623873755335808, -0.016590548679232597, -0.05725766345858574, -0.028935829177498817, -0.018336907029151917, 0.059862662106752396, -0.14181967079639435, -3.8364772135792678e-34, 0.05947251245379448, 0.04241444915533066, 0.1361103653907776, -0.010087388567626476, -0.08469720929861069, -0.06541528552770615, 0.0011433622566983104, -0.0065830666571855545, 0.08970309048891068, -0.07079268246889114, -0.07878800481557846, 0.0031870335806161165, 0.0613182969391346, -0.05270446091890335, -0.01667930744588375, -0.03238174319267273, 0.06941507756710052, -0.04900708422064781, 0.008233514614403248, -0.03716820105910301, -0.0977836549282074, 0.06413865834474564, 0.023236582055687904, -0.006370008457452059, 0.04246000200510025, 0.04110809415578842, 0.07946798950433731, -0.09518083930015564, -0.046662136912345886, 0.030775245279073715, -0.006697820965200663, 0.013334035873413086, -0.005732608959078789, 0.10811696946620941, -0.012340637855231762, 0.04285543039441109, -0.01234651543200016, 0.014804592356085777, -0.04809790104627609, -0.07636136561632156, 0.08483460545539856, -0.029805270954966545, -0.0005811552400700748, 0.044881172478199005, 0.04763583466410637, -0.02762923203408718, 0.04071998596191406, -0.004518584813922644, 0.016980426385998726, 0.0364004485309124, 0.008138750679790974, 0.019200356677174568, 0.04954148456454277, -0.018891414627432823, 0.043217938393354416, 0.018023595213890076, -0.012574450112879276, -0.08706576377153397, 0.02386506274342537, 0.04946580156683922, 0.024143466725945473, -0.029114093631505966, -0.021156398579478264, 0.03188874572515488, 0.016715604811906815, 0.1266130805015564, -0.062462110072374344, -0.04574362933635712, -0.06731800734996796, -0.02378387749195099, -0.01944924332201481, 0.058555785566568375, 0.006953286938369274, 0.07480083405971527, 0.021273935213685036, -0.0027800793759524822, 0.03918928653001785, -0.08057262003421783, 0.014887016266584396, 0.07126769423484802, -0.04228932783007622, -0.032704487442970276, -0.03158579766750336, -0.053444165736436844, -0.027718275785446167, 0.010678224265575409, 0.03806544840335846, 0.01372404396533966, 0.030878592282533646, 0.007008944638073444, 0.0898454561829567, -0.0430474728345871, 0.02547367289662361, 0.06439126282930374, -0.08266916871070862, -3.812442486702279e-34, -0.048019636422395706, -0.04846717044711113, 0.008604096248745918, 0.06569478660821915, 0.1134733334183693, 0.07167398929595947, -0.08527223765850067, 0.09235229343175888, -0.06917038559913635, -0.10394173860549927, 0.025568820536136627, 0.03474817052483559, -0.020852264016866684, -0.14287665486335754, 0.056438229978084564, -0.004253635182976723, 0.03591124713420868, -0.015656381845474243, 0.05324803665280342, 0.017419489100575447, 0.020419683307409286, 0.02111237868666649, -0.07066813111305237, -0.08996985852718353, -0.08289366960525513, -0.013493782840669155, 0.0016471055569127202, -0.08877037465572357, 0.002902551321312785, 0.055520255118608475, -0.02227095514535904, -0.002210344886407256, -0.03264779970049858, 0.053393732756376266, 0.00048157578567042947, 0.005013603717088699, 0.02361471764743328, -0.10379442572593689, 0.04199182987213135, -0.026524055749177933, -0.12403356283903122, 0.02405531331896782, 0.00652585132047534, 0.018088700249791145, 0.06800466775894165, -0.038178276270627975, 0.0564400814473629, 0.0886944830417633, 0.05503752455115318, -0.0474601574242115, -0.015304812230169773, -0.04958232492208481, 0.012168464250862598, -0.007635046262294054, 0.04877591133117676, 0.044285185635089874, 0.053270623087882996, 0.056611135601997375, 0.009770408272743225, 0.0316881500184536, 0.01261818502098322, -0.07726181298494339, 0.059329912066459656, -0.054499026387929916, 0.008551539853215218, -0.06759578734636307, 0.05954655259847641, -0.03101000003516674, -0.024581143632531166, 0.019788967445492744, 0.03261484578251839, -0.0524604432284832, 0.013619465753436089, 0.059776682406663895, 0.0810973197221756, -0.037883710116147995, 0.025784557685256004, -0.0819539725780487, -0.019786551594734192, -0.008097081445157528, -0.0370342880487442, 0.04451344162225723, 0.05495108664035797, -0.05611853301525116, 0.073123998939991, -0.0346468910574913, 0.001262033125385642, -0.01945965364575386, -0.040428124368190765, 0.009434914216399193, -0.015346639789640903, 0.006200688891112804, -0.033984553068876266, 0.07853816449642181, 0.06253102421760559, -4.879580473016176e-08, 0.14540331065654755, 0.029789773747324944, -0.03311091661453247, 0.018374348059296608, -0.0014534060610458255, 0.015391495078802109, 0.036570217460393906, 0.06711889803409576, -0.028136570006608963, -0.0447094589471817, 0.05792105570435524, 0.016313211992383003, 0.0010250016348436475, -0.13530978560447693, 0.008532166481018066, 0.043820399791002274, 0.036295291036367416, -0.0004933631862513721, -0.014633740298449993, 0.04415053501725197, 0.09690948575735092, 0.013125677593052387, 0.009538170881569386, -0.16203513741493225, -0.00324617768637836, -0.020487824454903603, 0.04296070337295532, 0.015101680532097816, -0.05359260365366936, -0.004491165280342102, -0.013928679749369621, -0.04173947125673294, -0.000532398116774857, -0.0797225758433342, -0.055499572306871414, -0.00836928654462099, -0.02983408421278, 0.027740029618144035, 0.05780765786767006, 0.011309528723359108, 0.05289729684591293, 0.0742095559835434, -0.041269417852163315, 0.008207956328988075, 0.05892965942621231, 0.06926734000444412, -0.0044759707525372505, -0.0008455247152596712, -0.0652444064617157, 0.014586134813725948, -0.04876868426799774, 0.027814172208309174, 0.03570713475346565, -0.04981214925646782, -0.08534186333417892, -0.0017695280257612467, 0.0021901619620621204, 0.021830063313245773, 0.000205205797101371, -0.03967522084712982, -0.0338338203728199, 0.042904727160930634, -0.0542418509721756, 0.07647588849067688]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
571
|
is located at about 122,500 km ( 1.72 RJ ) . Thus the width of the main ring is around 6,500 km . The appearance of the main ring depends on the viewing geometry .In forward-scattered light the brightness of the main ring begins to decrease steeply at 128,600 km (just inward of the Adrastean orbit) and reaches the background level at 129,300 km—just outward of the Adrastean orbit. Therefore, Adrastea at 129,000 km clearly shepherds the ring. The brightness continues to increase in the direction of Jupiter and has a maximum near the ring's center at 126,000 km, although there is a pronounced gap (notch) near the Metidian orbit at 128,000 km. The inner boundary of the main ring, in contrast, appears to fade off slowly from 124,000 to 120,000 km, merging into the halo ring. In forward-scattered light all Jovian rings are especially bright. In back-scattered light the situation is different. The outer boundary of the main ring, located at 129,100 km, or slightly beyond the orbit of Adrastea, is very steep. The orbit of the moon is marked by a gap in the ring so there is a thin ringlet just outside its orbit. There is another ringlet just inside Adrastean orbit followed by a gap of unknown origin located at about 128,500 km. The third ringlet is found inward of the central gap, outside the orbit of Metis. The ring's brightness drops sharply just outward of the Metidian orbit, forming the Metis notch. Inward of the orbit of Metis, the brightness of the ring rises much less than in forward-scattered light.
|
[0.03115410916507244, -0.03858714923262596, -0.0674295574426651, -0.003630357561632991, 0.03673718869686127, -0.13822738826274872, -0.05446053296327591, 0.1036263033747673, 0.027697373181581497, -0.0684276595711708, -0.021049385890364647, -0.008626662194728851, -0.05791829153895378, -0.11056052893400192, 0.03147886320948601, -0.008646498434245586, 0.036825936287641525, -0.026264259591698647, -0.039890944957733154, -0.002257741754874587, 0.06725893169641495, 0.009534895420074463, -0.017839686945080757, 0.00904533825814724, -0.03478725999593735, 0.03965182229876518, -0.008088262751698494, -0.01069001667201519, -0.05841844901442528, -0.04928494244813919, 0.005157169420272112, -0.01685202680528164, -0.0009804563596844673, 0.0023183166049420834, -0.02096112072467804, 0.004088411573320627, -0.07406912744045258, 0.054569751024246216, 0.028768587857484818, -0.06645260006189346, 0.049952469766139984, 0.08433518558740616, 0.06584004312753677, -0.0561121366918087, -0.02980010211467743, -0.0033080358989536762, 0.002427506959065795, 0.01788453571498394, -0.006725530605763197, -0.053409188985824585, 0.0025731800124049187, -0.03935379162430763, -0.03818242624402046, 0.06745479255914688, -0.0856909528374672, 0.07967616617679596, -0.07644790410995483, -0.06431782245635986, 0.041774556040763855, -0.013004258275032043, 0.03693664073944092, 0.015026881359517574, -0.039839357137680054, -0.05435110628604889, -0.05123649165034294, -0.060001276433467865, -0.005190745461732149, -0.08534561842679977, -0.011421367526054382, 0.0026351483538746834, 0.034396179020404816, 0.09968465566635132, -0.038100238889455795, -0.08585917204618454, -0.04470573738217354, 0.0931454747915268, 0.076197549700737, 0.01721198856830597, 0.022559892386198044, -0.04785304144024849, 0.029015522450208664, -0.001849486492574215, -0.004698904696851969, 0.07760350406169891, 0.027462607249617577, 0.02487134002149105, 0.018250130116939545, -0.013326810672879219, -0.023502158001065254, -0.016647353768348694, 0.02069351077079773, -0.0671355202794075, -0.12272334843873978, -0.040755800902843475, -0.04684649035334587, -0.027718957513570786, 0.01260459516197443, -0.025932228192687035, -0.021293245255947113, 0.05024927854537964, -0.006130869500339031, -0.02084270678460598, -0.016348110511898994, -0.015508130192756653, 0.013439800590276718, 0.07710058242082596, 0.03174785152077675, 0.08513534814119339, -0.02112242951989174, 0.035920023918151855, -0.012064547277987003, -0.045368071645498276, 0.06318936496973038, -0.0639309361577034, 0.011443748138844967, 0.05327695608139038, -0.020300373435020447, 0.08361376821994781, 0.0015453980304300785, 0.07039806991815567, 0.004588587209582329, 0.021738411858677864, -0.014207210391759872, 0.06705209612846375, 0.07400886714458466, 0.06582829356193542, -0.04628945142030716, 9.362449754089696e-34, 0.05276964232325554, 0.011480739340186119, 0.06401962786912918, -0.01791144162416458, -0.017495211213827133, -0.02098231017589569, -0.031287048012018204, 0.007274605333805084, 0.015036985278129578, 0.04302790388464928, -0.05657767504453659, 0.005429373122751713, 0.04690099135041237, 0.02287130057811737, 0.031387172639369965, -0.06350657343864441, 0.1703593134880066, -0.04022284597158432, -0.08210647106170654, 0.0828879103064537, -0.09974554926156998, 0.010707874782383442, -0.06168610602617264, 0.07497101277112961, -0.014169703237712383, 0.03952432796359062, 0.047337647527456284, -0.03214048221707344, -0.07090653479099274, 0.051609430462121964, -0.06084064021706581, -0.05652046203613281, 0.02055685967206955, 0.07745040953159332, -0.004370921291410923, 0.07252553850412369, -0.01211981475353241, 0.021081143990159035, -0.04080657288432121, -0.06186889857053757, 0.02362055890262127, -0.01014681812375784, 0.012531083077192307, 0.07677554339170456, 0.028489818796515465, 0.03508702293038368, 0.053345661610364914, 0.014355997554957867, 0.02081075869500637, 0.08733690530061722, 0.03894135728478432, 0.005205315537750721, 0.04166989028453827, -0.019124267622828484, 0.03068191558122635, 0.03207920491695404, -0.01756231114268303, -0.05486474558711052, 0.024933556094765663, 0.09286581724882126, 0.03734900429844856, -0.06152546405792236, -0.022648947313427925, 0.09299224615097046, -0.02408202365040779, 0.09256871789693832, -0.07898707687854767, -0.045456767082214355, -0.04631884768605232, -0.03366946056485176, -0.039294686168432236, 0.03421026095747948, 0.09822971373796463, 0.1054689884185791, -0.034207168966531754, 0.05568096786737442, 0.07326827943325043, -0.06448869407176971, 0.08537107706069946, 0.03621082007884979, -0.10199985653162003, 0.01999528706073761, -0.034329093992710114, -0.10197772830724716, -0.04462975636124611, 0.012815078720450401, -0.02866474911570549, 0.0029775563161820173, 0.001479729195125401, -0.007062107790261507, 0.06997577846050262, -0.01190874818712473, 0.020695127546787262, 0.050813619047403336, -0.05801979824900627, -7.963565558863095e-34, 0.019369417801499367, -0.043606873601675034, -0.02369578927755356, -0.016020460054278374, 0.01129017025232315, 0.14999935030937195, -0.017879296094179153, 0.17615574598312378, -0.1050616055727005, -0.03326001018285751, -0.0346984900534153, 0.03111887164413929, -0.04412384703755379, -0.05906247720122337, 0.05261737480759621, -0.03704747185111046, 0.11323916167020798, 0.046000346541404724, 0.018353326246142387, 0.0047172848135232925, 0.028532981872558594, 0.0663890689611435, -0.0055267042480409145, -0.055021971464157104, -0.04437589645385742, -0.025232821702957153, -0.06218009442090988, -0.005835847929120064, -0.07953216880559921, 0.004236780107021332, -0.07029267400503159, -0.06217348948121071, -0.04897189140319824, 0.016120659187436104, -0.051833294332027435, 0.06804943829774857, -8.766913197177928e-06, -0.12803398072719574, 0.030129991471767426, 0.04661458358168602, -0.05158412083983421, -0.009191451594233513, 0.010832902044057846, 0.011238192208111286, 0.03279273584485054, -0.023389551788568497, 0.028838396072387695, 0.021501844748854637, -0.07175203412771225, -0.04005235806107521, -0.028176596388220787, -0.0350840725004673, 0.0656714215874672, 0.04299943894147873, 0.02095000632107258, 0.06942193955183029, 0.02616797387599945, 0.06864102929830551, -0.079234778881073, 0.04919199272990227, 0.07322263717651367, -0.009382359683513641, 0.034758977591991425, 0.02793755941092968, -0.003977412357926369, -0.024747001007199287, 0.04808462783694267, 0.04571478068828583, -0.011345784179866314, 0.04997697472572327, -0.022784778848290443, -0.03032536804676056, -0.03672449663281441, 0.05431647598743439, 0.05874307081103325, -0.019942810758948326, 0.01310469675809145, -0.039262060075998306, 0.04160008952021599, -0.004915084224194288, -0.07233476638793945, -0.02291296422481537, 0.026976125314831734, -0.04067956283688545, 0.07037302106618881, 0.018306821584701538, -0.0026692375540733337, -0.07385723292827606, -0.0262872576713562, -0.003018745919689536, -0.01520354114472866, -0.030608568340539932, -0.0038753324188292027, -0.05445341020822525, 0.04646161571145058, -4.2737251959579226e-08, 0.10488221794366837, 0.02755911275744438, 0.01692502200603485, 0.023731254041194916, 0.018401015549898148, -0.003036193549633026, 0.06644090265035629, 0.04759945720434189, -0.06657258421182632, -0.03089045360684395, 0.03995706886053085, 0.043431732803583145, -0.027689803391695023, -0.05399157479405403, -0.07035068422555923, 0.06416172534227371, 0.005628268234431744, -0.03240865841507912, -0.0031907923985272646, 0.05856366455554962, 0.007596502546221018, 0.0599694661796093, -0.002450042637065053, -0.11679573357105255, -0.02693348564207554, -0.011612450703978539, 0.04825437813997269, 0.09137216210365295, -0.04753444716334343, -0.03116781637072563, 0.037360288202762604, -0.03772711753845215, -0.011248643510043621, -0.06984692066907883, -0.08825075626373291, -0.03902323544025421, -0.04693014919757843, 0.018284207209944725, -0.0003907025093212724, 0.05749994143843651, 0.029222168028354645, -0.008090953342616558, 0.031234484165906906, 0.02240806445479393, 0.023525644093751907, 0.05814920738339424, 0.07181854546070099, -0.0596526674926281, -0.04684112221002579, -0.030662741512060165, -0.042200278490781784, 0.0605836920440197, 0.0030431447084993124, -0.03086538426578045, -0.07931782305240631, -0.0844607800245285, -0.004395430441945791, 0.022148756310343742, -0.08747327327728271, 0.030514294281601906, -0.04127397760748863, 0.06400511413812637, -0.08851506561040878, 0.04550202563405037]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
572
|
brightness drops sharply just outward of the Metidian orbit , forming the Metis notch . Inward of the orbit of Metis , the brightness of the ring rises much less than in forward-scattered light .So in the back-scattered geometry the main ring appears to consist of two different parts: a narrow outer part extending from 128,000 to 129,000 km, which itself includes three narrow ringlets separated by notches, and a fainter inner part from 122,500 to 128,000 km, which lacks any visible structure like in the forward-scattering geometry. The Metis notch serves as their boundary. The fine structure of the main ring was discovered in data from the Galileo orbiter and is clearly visible in back-scattered images obtained from New Horizons in February–March 2007. The early observations by Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Keck and the Cassini spacecraft failed to detect it, probably due to insufficient spatial resolution. However the fine structure was observed by the Keck telescope using adaptive optics in 2002–2003. Observed in back-scattered light the main ring appears to be razor thin, extending in the vertical direction no more than 30 km. In the side scatter geometry the ring thickness is 80–160 km, increasing somewhat in the direction of Jupiter. The ring appears to be much thicker in the forward-scattered light—about 300 km. One of the discoveries of the Galileo orbiter was the bloom of the main ring—a faint, relatively thick (about 600 km) cloud of material which surrounds its inner part. The bloom grows in thickness towards the inner boundary of the main ring, where it transitions into the halo. Detailed analysis of the Galileo images revealed longitudinal variations of the main ring's brightness unconnected with the viewing geometry. The Galileo images also showed some patchiness in the ring on the scales 500–1000 km. In February–March 2007 New Horizons spacecraft conducted a deep search for new small moons inside the main ring.
|
[0.005655528511852026, -0.06765449047088623, -0.045070014894008636, -0.004684337414801121, 0.017819073051214218, -0.11793368309736252, -0.00891286414116621, 0.06940650194883347, 0.03462545573711395, 0.01831739768385887, -0.06464967131614685, 0.022487854585051537, -0.09743183106184006, -0.07838357239961624, -0.026588913053274155, -0.053115759044885635, 0.059908196330070496, -0.03459397330880165, 0.0036806969437748194, 0.0040714978240430355, -0.03494967147707939, 0.05118614807724953, -0.0606226921081543, 0.04825961962342262, 0.023476170375943184, 0.08813247084617615, 0.015052875503897667, -0.00955493375658989, 0.006552502512931824, -0.039212845265865326, 0.008687132969498634, 0.025585979223251343, -0.04262885823845863, 0.025888975709676743, -0.021339718252420425, 0.05574896186590195, 0.010811510495841503, 0.02214273065328598, -0.013522488996386528, -0.09304984658956528, 0.038263238966464996, 0.014294096268713474, 0.06704491376876831, -0.023685336112976074, -0.05179465562105179, 0.031145351007580757, -0.017490046098828316, 0.002617919584736228, -0.017611999064683914, -0.05570109188556671, 0.04576859623193741, -0.07388900965452194, -0.04393765330314636, 0.029546847566962242, 0.04993356764316559, 0.1280350387096405, -0.09769440442323685, -0.09142404049634933, 0.08475454151630402, 0.026698485016822815, -0.018864905461668968, -0.044337186962366104, -0.01489050593227148, -0.009243521839380264, -0.004634227603673935, 0.0119003402069211, -0.05412082001566887, -0.10882087051868439, 0.03395363315939903, 0.005098897032439709, 0.07907935976982117, 0.02789434976875782, -0.021280653774738312, -0.06241663917899132, -0.007174513768404722, 0.08313418179750443, 0.07935956865549088, 0.07199801504611969, 0.03606107831001282, 0.009574461728334427, 0.03924231231212616, 0.0626387894153595, 0.026375263929367065, 0.1010899469256401, -0.03404983878135681, 0.057207923382520676, -0.04884077608585358, -0.039669252932071686, -0.09482133388519287, -0.07319393754005432, 0.06412534415721893, -0.03101879544556141, -0.09268301725387573, -0.01142658106982708, -0.05107135325670242, -0.04970742389559746, 0.02105686627328396, -0.02277737855911255, 0.0012906828196719289, 0.0557340532541275, 0.011936735361814499, -0.049379367381334305, -0.018255623057484627, 0.049476899206638336, -0.02933735027909279, 0.011316346935927868, 0.055614084005355835, 0.020444264635443687, 0.006800356786698103, -0.0002039093233179301, -0.020082896575331688, -0.01890920288860798, -0.023753799498081207, -0.05811382457613945, -0.060877587646245956, -0.04758506640791893, -0.005302146542817354, 0.07085592299699783, 0.04566391184926033, 0.012279223650693893, -0.034427519887685776, 0.01719057932496071, -5.440494351205416e-05, -0.006078602746129036, 0.035964760929346085, 0.04801120236515999, -0.04373786970973015, 2.673056337683627e-33, 0.05430464446544647, 0.050324130803346634, 0.01592271402478218, -0.0006485803751274943, -0.014807208441197872, -0.02357395365834236, 0.025564339011907578, -0.028160978108644485, 0.010242716409265995, -0.00022265453299041837, 0.02357318066060543, 0.01706620119512081, 0.014814326539635658, 0.036161910742521286, 0.08728437125682831, -0.06121949106454849, 0.12006212770938873, 0.011414041742682457, -0.052634332329034805, 0.04119269922375679, -0.10564177483320236, -0.024889495223760605, -0.03854592144489288, 0.050097446888685226, -0.03232730180025101, 0.059481602162122726, 0.058825258165597916, -0.047047313302755356, -0.03558192029595375, 0.03775310888886452, 0.006549251731485128, 0.0830746591091156, 0.011362466961145401, 0.12250130623579025, -0.019993338733911514, 0.05665479227900505, 0.0054670763202011585, 0.04269647225737572, -0.08221544325351715, 0.0005731071578338742, 0.05363024026155472, 0.022454051300883293, -0.0011671368265524507, -0.011452691629529, -0.001382196438498795, -0.10051972419023514, -0.008915216661989689, -0.01082529779523611, 0.0022637606598436832, 0.09789153933525085, 0.08390244841575623, -0.0065283989533782005, 0.02303686924278736, -0.025507839396595955, 0.015061764046549797, 0.07884237170219421, -0.02664940059185028, -0.0687282606959343, 0.02977108210325241, 0.001696638180874288, -0.02249668538570404, -0.0766182467341423, -0.0023806884419173002, 0.06575217097997665, 0.018948683515191078, 0.08030186593532562, -0.03951605036854744, -0.04162992164492607, -0.0438714325428009, 0.009694846346974373, -0.01238902285695076, 0.0473155677318573, 0.019468845799565315, 0.06481166929006577, 0.00795636884868145, 0.03813797980546951, -0.011527461931109428, 0.003361162031069398, 0.07043608278036118, 0.033241745084524155, -0.03686143085360527, 0.026166046038269997, 0.027460213750600815, -0.060136828571558, -0.03846922889351845, -0.010252540931105614, -0.023769743740558624, -0.024107687175273895, 0.025977276265621185, 0.002546855015680194, 0.031274426728487015, -0.03653809055685997, -0.03253428637981415, 0.02621646784245968, -0.10451292246580124, -1.9649102554154645e-33, 0.026041081175208092, 0.002047884277999401, -0.024140072986483574, 0.022808466106653214, -0.012435569427907467, 0.07302676141262054, 0.030821289867162704, 0.11471272259950638, -0.010887511074543, 0.008300316520035267, 0.061520759016275406, 0.027887171134352684, -0.0715150311589241, -0.057424817234277725, 0.006923364009708166, -0.021188383921980858, -0.005277217365801334, -0.029595544561743736, 0.016751272603869438, -0.06408911198377609, 0.09125746786594391, -0.008764145895838737, -0.03797154501080513, -0.02592696249485016, -0.022333649918437004, 0.008749326691031456, 0.03548693284392357, -0.029103970155119896, -0.0890016183257103, -0.060756850987672806, -0.0602470301091671, -0.06251980364322662, 0.014561207965016365, 0.012164143845438957, -0.011984683573246002, 0.050522349774837494, 0.02386215329170227, -0.07130250334739685, -0.025616047903895378, -0.07019079476594925, -0.04681031405925751, 0.11972702294588089, 0.033629078418016434, -0.026028934866189957, 0.041133955121040344, -0.0775218978524208, 0.0608450211584568, 0.08974260091781616, -0.010338232852518559, -0.010364438407123089, -0.04408793896436691, 0.005633003078401089, 0.055317796766757965, 0.0847802683711052, -0.0817069336771965, 0.07353036105632782, 0.08511530607938766, 0.053032200783491135, 0.02734501101076603, 0.0010733271483331919, 0.06703520566225052, -0.020647035911679268, -0.028220079839229584, 0.050935856997966766, 0.0809859111905098, -0.03378218784928322, 0.024141961708664894, -0.0690469741821289, -0.04806458204984665, 0.07478709518909454, -0.014939790591597557, -0.08341341465711594, -0.0016512153670191765, 0.009814084507524967, 0.13118930160999298, -0.004973952192813158, 0.006361861247569323, -0.05082203820347786, 0.06192274019122124, 0.03917091339826584, -0.009233850054442883, -0.027110600844025612, 0.05018223449587822, -0.006289031822234392, 0.15169402956962585, -0.022630121558904648, 0.007191203068941832, -0.05141241475939751, -0.0686594620347023, -0.005993493366986513, -0.012236719951033592, -0.05783819779753685, -0.06803371012210846, 0.0019838057924062014, 0.06759013235569, -4.6459916802632506e-08, 0.10173856467008591, -0.00876560714095831, -0.1445077657699585, -0.034222062677145004, 0.034860994666814804, -0.061433833092451096, 0.017462674528360367, 0.05927594378590584, 0.016254251822829247, -0.10458078980445862, -0.04845022037625313, -0.033301372081041336, -0.14790254831314087, -0.02251826599240303, 0.006265576928853989, 0.04936918988823891, 0.006990508642047644, -0.07504736632108688, -0.05421646311879158, 0.01452552154660225, -0.012024619616568089, 0.03766758367419243, 0.05812231823801994, -0.06707843393087387, -0.05209380388259888, 0.03722584620118141, 0.007493102457374334, 0.11937008053064346, 0.004222310148179531, 0.02669745869934559, -0.027988851070404053, 0.008006426505744457, 0.005731914658099413, -0.031719356775283813, -0.03708485886454582, 0.0022674540523439646, -0.0706263929605484, 0.05220045521855354, 0.028438040986657143, 0.09126559644937515, 0.056456033140420914, -0.016816556453704834, 0.03699056804180145, 0.02271004393696785, 0.024593358859419823, 0.0997626930475235, 0.04323123022913933, -0.020317239686846733, -0.0747629851102829, -0.04433808475732803, -0.036467067897319794, 0.05010504648089409, -0.006657049059867859, -0.05159122496843338, -0.15728068351745605, -0.01127677783370018, 0.08019085973501205, -0.012472197413444519, -0.044906049966812134, -0.014722081832587719, -0.04907262697815895, -0.001437200466170907, -0.034226346760988235, 0.06521253287792206]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
573
|
The Galileo images also showed some patchiness in the ring on the scales 500–1000 km . In February–March 2007 New Horizons spacecraft conducted a deep search for new small moons inside the main ring .While no satellites larger than 0.5 km were found, the cameras of the spacecraft detected seven small clumps of ring particles. They orbit just inside the orbit of Adrastea inside a dense ringlet. The conclusion, that they are clumps and not small moons, is based on their azimuthally extended appearance. They subtend 0.1–0.3° along the ring, which correspond to 1,000–3,000 km. The clumps are divided into two groups of five and two members, respectively. The nature of the clumps is not clear, but their orbits are close to 115:116 and 114:115 resonances with Metis. They may be wavelike structures excited by this interaction. Spectra and particle size distribution
Spectra of the main ring obtained by the HST, Keck, Galileo and Cassini have shown that particles forming it are red, i.e. their albedo is higher at longer wavelengths. The existing spectra span the range 0.5–2.5 μm. No spectral features have been found so far which can be attributed to particular chemical compounds, although the Cassini observations yielded evidence for absorption bands near 0.8 μm and 2.2 μm. The spectra of the main ring are very similar to Adrastea and Amalthea. The properties of the main ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it contains significant amounts of dust with 0.1–10 μm particle sizes. This explains the stronger forward-scattering of light as compared to back-scattering. However, larger bodies are required to explain the strong back-scattering and fine structure in the bright outer part of the main ring.
|
[0.010458031669259071, -0.13250528275966644, -0.039945393800735474, -0.02184072695672512, 0.05288500711321831, -0.10455985367298126, 0.016942068934440613, 0.05069596320390701, 0.0633709505200386, -0.019743289798498154, -0.019696339964866638, -0.002703625475987792, -0.0751943588256836, -0.08202967792749405, 0.0017137402901425958, 0.00685125170275569, 0.06758987903594971, -0.03396503999829292, -0.04756346717476845, -0.0057715983130037785, -0.04525584727525711, 0.034594908356666565, -0.05224648118019104, 0.07165534049272537, 0.013075028546154499, 0.06767348200082779, -0.013247734867036343, -0.02928626537322998, -0.027663543820381165, -0.03975329548120499, 0.0714232549071312, 0.015033178962767124, -0.004172191955149174, -0.024754934012889862, 0.030111901462078094, 0.03474362939596176, -0.0037987588439136744, 0.024897025898098946, -0.030553799122571945, -0.08037573844194412, 0.05643199384212494, -0.010339903645217419, 0.09585093706846237, -0.03191344812512398, -0.0633799210190773, 0.005028506740927696, -0.040188420563936234, 0.010601876303553581, 0.04206863418221474, -0.0375320129096508, 0.03786524757742882, -0.016571830958127975, -0.07222563028335571, 0.10523900389671326, 0.00494906771928072, 0.012731785885989666, -0.11320053040981293, -0.14150479435920715, 0.026999032124876976, -0.024180978536605835, -0.002387840999290347, -0.0060301730409264565, 0.004314210265874863, 0.008334005251526833, -0.03926526755094528, 0.05606400966644287, -0.03609907999634743, -0.09454493969678879, 0.048930466175079346, -0.0577399916946888, 0.03681386262178421, 0.06947986781597137, -0.04989171400666237, 0.05530940368771553, 0.010078158229589462, 0.08183671534061432, 0.02865167148411274, 0.012495078146457672, 0.008955128490924835, -0.06172846257686615, -0.010837363079190254, 0.021328411996364594, 0.0467449352145195, 0.04734168201684952, -0.04179982841014862, 0.04006963595747948, -0.02269873023033142, 0.0033243836369365454, -0.07939539104700089, -0.07421281933784485, 0.03762465715408325, 0.06525418162345886, -0.08932897448539734, -0.008469801396131516, -0.07058175653219223, 0.0037125013768672943, 0.006157072260975838, 0.0173509381711483, -0.00037416722625494003, 0.055933307856321335, 0.0037037984002381563, -0.01642935909330845, -0.011446507647633553, 0.03038828633725643, -0.06761062145233154, 0.007677921559661627, 0.030390195548534393, 0.014904570765793324, 0.01023910753428936, 0.027974771335721016, -0.015353024005889893, -0.022388357669115067, -0.018607305362820625, -0.10385223478078842, -0.03278687596321106, 0.0007838737801648676, -0.0865110382437706, 0.08672687411308289, -0.09074339270591736, 0.03942596912384033, -0.0037617837078869343, 0.03288115933537483, -0.018289150670170784, -0.010082235559821129, 0.033227041363716125, 0.03042672760784626, -0.08351040631532669, 3.6419011693542566e-33, 0.08057963103055954, 0.06355796754360199, 0.07782372087240219, 0.06053417548537254, -0.08071846514940262, -0.016766874119639397, -0.015834622085094452, 0.0077926418744027615, 0.01966426894068718, -0.014396336860954762, -0.04612521454691887, 0.030179310590028763, 0.043056927621364594, -0.015011725015938282, 0.05933494493365288, -0.0223529115319252, 0.1273946464061737, -0.03629704937338829, -0.024031616747379303, 0.04476743936538696, -0.12544512748718262, 0.03200395032763481, -0.04716154560446739, 0.06465877592563629, 0.012893682345747948, 0.06356486678123474, 0.009776930324733257, -0.022254742681980133, -0.05435633659362793, 0.046831164509058, -0.000728063634596765, 0.0319671593606472, -0.03392113372683525, 0.12340736389160156, 0.008911490440368652, 0.013746043667197227, -0.04907325655221939, 0.04422154277563095, -0.018443286418914795, -0.015381813049316406, 0.0789390429854393, -0.04180178791284561, 0.014992490410804749, 0.006822309456765652, 0.050407975912094116, -0.03136465698480606, 0.019138654693961143, -0.047689519822597504, 0.05233902856707573, 0.09378119558095932, 0.06739732623100281, -0.016200777143239975, 0.027515912428498268, 0.06120917573571205, 0.0557868517935276, 0.05912042409181595, 0.016042983159422874, -0.05587714910507202, 0.012432620860636234, 0.02771807461977005, -0.028149936348199844, -0.001392901991494, -0.018533485010266304, 0.028459729626774788, 0.009502996690571308, 0.08979683369398117, -0.08870088309049606, -0.05147726833820343, -0.03494560718536377, 0.02967316284775734, -0.0004548788128886372, 0.09531231969594955, 0.03681360185146332, 0.07920221239328384, 0.021042583510279655, -0.003457522252574563, 0.02722785249352455, -0.03354471176862717, 0.011363634839653969, 0.060331035405397415, -0.071158267557621, -0.06611381471157074, 0.017810571938753128, -0.07573423534631729, -0.11581796407699585, 0.01562650315463543, -0.017802227288484573, 0.000404253980377689, 0.05071832239627838, -0.02927933633327484, 0.025513486936688423, -0.0007073196466080844, -0.034345630556344986, -0.018551351502537727, -0.1226920634508133, -3.7479491268976585e-33, 0.0271206796169281, -0.024375030770897865, -0.039559125900268555, 0.06596081703901291, -0.00758309755474329, 0.09209790825843811, -0.01485456246882677, 0.1641065925359726, -0.025380149483680725, -0.007690374739468098, 0.00989238079637289, 0.041338175535202026, -0.04021584242582321, -0.1073547750711441, 0.0285380557179451, 0.014462354592978954, 0.033120375126600266, -0.0037960594054311514, 0.07335051149129868, -0.0021083613391965628, 0.009663883596658707, 0.05576833337545395, 0.009609130211174488, -0.02823697030544281, -0.04698552191257477, -0.018592307344079018, 0.0983351469039917, -0.06198016181588173, 0.018811047077178955, -0.016332771629095078, -0.04663599282503128, -0.033212848007678986, 0.007089481223374605, 0.06481581926345825, -0.013595488853752613, 0.011765586212277412, 0.08182070404291153, -0.0954519659280777, -0.04500467702746391, -0.014048721641302109, -0.07378731667995453, 0.03276345506310463, -0.007206798065453768, -0.040412526577711105, 0.020666414871811867, -0.05394439771771431, 0.07537086308002472, 0.12481547147035599, -0.05254429951310158, -0.062198538333177567, 0.02889261022210121, -0.04552294686436653, 0.04634801670908928, 0.0640038400888443, -0.011942467652261257, 0.07853540033102036, 0.025585241615772247, 0.05462506785988808, 0.06338907033205032, -0.03085116110742092, 0.020607396960258484, -0.02307034283876419, 0.003769508795812726, -0.04465050995349884, -0.01040912326425314, -0.023563241586089134, -0.015533044934272766, 0.027212664484977722, -0.0666123703122139, 0.07015010714530945, -0.05632723867893219, -0.09368885308504105, -0.019818149507045746, -0.0071069286204874516, 0.057437192648649216, -0.037011295557022095, -0.010370814241468906, -0.12053601443767548, 0.05675237253308296, 0.017719881609082222, -0.08181962370872498, 0.028565799817442894, 0.04694877564907074, -0.006982254330068827, 0.14327667653560638, 0.00423456821590662, -0.0445217490196228, -0.08885998278856277, -0.06074683740735054, 0.02555215172469616, 0.011308734305202961, 0.040347225964069366, 0.034627288579940796, 0.05186045914888382, 0.0802716389298439, -5.6560537586847204e-08, 0.1173635721206665, 0.019928565248847008, -0.061850618571043015, 0.0020219834987074137, 0.03294454887509346, -0.01936018094420433, 0.003157723229378462, 0.009506666101515293, 0.016571292653679848, 0.024372639134526253, 0.04250160977244377, -0.0053841653279960155, -0.07668590545654297, -0.06192497909069061, 0.01043999195098877, 0.06454198807477951, -0.027619855478405952, -0.11306579411029816, -0.05359729751944542, 0.04235771670937538, 0.09726198762655258, 0.07905181497335434, 1.3820264030073304e-05, -0.08502929657697678, -0.023318547755479813, -0.005395018495619297, 0.051015980541706085, 0.02562040649354458, -0.08365020155906677, 0.01741027645766735, -0.054122839123010635, -0.015751700848340988, -0.024845438078045845, -0.08658447861671448, -0.006321724969893694, -0.0032396973110735416, -0.0605333186686039, 0.028142303228378296, 0.05513297766447067, 0.06265556812286377, 0.005563732236623764, 0.0013119213981553912, -0.018242688849568367, -0.003234253032132983, -0.04906488209962845, 0.01751743257045746, -0.011388158425688744, -0.0932062566280365, -0.021384889259934425, 0.001433940720744431, -0.038808420300483704, 0.033541567623615265, -0.00720462528988719, -0.03432368114590645, -0.11742915958166122, 0.012911844998598099, -0.02877078577876091, -0.0178927481174469, 0.0052921585738658905, 0.027692021802067757, -0.045142631977796555, 0.01356202457100153, -0.04697345942258835, 0.01609872281551361]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
574
|
explains the stronger forward-scattering of light as compared to back-scattering . However , larger bodies are required to explain the strong back-scattering and fine structure in the bright outer part of the main ring .Analysis of available phase and spectral data leads to a conclusion that the size distribution of small particles in the main ring obeys a power law
n
(
r
)
=
A
×
r
−
q
{\displaystyle n(r)=A\times r^{-q}}
where n(r) dr is a number of particles with radii between r and r + dr and
A
{\displaystyle A}
is a normalizing parameter chosen to match the known total light flux from the ring. The parameter q is 2.0 ± 0.2 for particles with r < 15 ± 0.3 μm and q = 5 ± 1 for those with r > 15 ± 0.3 μm. The distribution of large bodies in the mm–km size range is undetermined presently. The light scattering in this model is dominated by particles with r around 15 μm. The power law mentioned above allows estimation of the optical depth
τ
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau }
of the main ring:
τ
l
=
4.7
×
10
−
6
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau _{l}\,=\,4.7\times 10^{-6}}
for the large bodies and
τ
s
=
1.3
×
10
−
6
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau _{s}=1.3\times 10^{-6}}
for the dust. This optical depth means that the total cross section of all particles inside the ring is about 5000 km². The particles in the main ring are expected to have aspherical shapes. The total mass of the dust is estimated to be 107−109 kg. The mass of large bodies, excluding Metis and Adrastea, is 1011−1016 kg. It depends on their maximum size— the upper value corresponds to about 1 km maximum diameter.
|
[0.0678810104727745, 0.023707525804638863, 0.012078871950507164, 0.04482166841626167, 0.058239683508872986, -0.0947161391377449, -0.016236260533332825, 0.08311253041028976, 0.06426256895065308, 0.013826579786837101, -0.04665840417146683, -0.03790093958377838, 0.0021185430232435465, -0.05678378418087959, 0.07969046384096146, 0.01756385713815689, 0.11912128329277039, 0.06841153651475906, -0.11167260259389877, 0.06569516658782959, 0.02950797602534294, 0.04002286121249199, -0.0019380835583433509, -0.03538188338279724, -0.03323115408420563, -0.01983794756233692, -0.005881842225790024, -0.05622188001871109, -0.04730930179357529, -0.057722412049770355, 0.017857663333415985, 0.026733310893177986, -0.01640605367720127, 0.01986510120332241, 0.015056943520903587, -0.004331478849053383, -0.042647089809179306, -0.00018937715503852814, 0.018633196130394936, 0.04466156288981438, 0.006651127710938454, 0.0687396302819252, 0.07137259095907211, -0.02593165636062622, -0.007747146766632795, -0.004365886561572552, 0.016769466921687126, 0.0017434710171073675, -0.039451152086257935, -0.05414583906531334, 0.08676727861166, 0.001296052592806518, -0.045183535665273666, 0.13194406032562256, 0.0354226753115654, 0.07651805132627487, -0.08347882330417633, -0.13549986481666565, -0.0011866794666275382, -0.043771203607320786, -0.015019494108855724, -0.009172117337584496, -0.023547718301415443, -0.0918642207980156, 0.02954510785639286, -0.0309493038803339, -0.041790857911109924, -0.005726867355406284, -0.019306177273392677, -0.003536209464073181, -0.009170789271593094, 0.05583648011088371, -0.06585893034934998, 0.010993098840117455, 0.0015085090417414904, 0.03979989513754845, 0.01848146691918373, -0.004423646721988916, -0.0526389554142952, -0.05348299443721771, 0.02761235274374485, -0.026505013927817345, -0.015455632470548153, -0.0036338954232633114, 0.05927630513906479, 0.07548800855875015, -0.01566770114004612, 0.07524087280035019, -0.08185330033302307, -0.03078390657901764, 0.019483797252178192, -0.07666350156068802, -0.08487459272146225, -0.013391759246587753, 0.022004907950758934, -0.06940588355064392, 0.003731748089194298, -0.07066122442483902, 0.035659223794937134, 0.019601870328187943, 0.08183527737855911, -0.04950864240527153, 0.05393664538860321, 0.062390513718128204, -0.03429962694644928, -0.004023121204227209, 0.08191197365522385, 0.09162792563438416, 0.020947467535734177, 0.018884629011154175, 0.09531282633543015, -0.032111819833517075, -0.06035296246409416, -0.058849453926086426, 0.004454350098967552, 0.058374010026454926, 0.0006945282802917063, 0.1510927975177765, -0.05758395418524742, 0.001040161238051951, 0.02076691947877407, 0.1117287278175354, -0.007913758978247643, 0.014526130631566048, 0.058970704674720764, 0.024306070059537888, -0.016638576984405518, 6.841176553062104e-33, 0.06527843326330185, 0.039708755910396576, 0.04771709814667702, 0.025568615645170212, 0.027097297832369804, -0.06538397818803787, 0.0680360198020935, -0.030216343700885773, 0.04417078569531441, 0.023383574560284615, -0.017726706340909004, 0.047237738966941833, 0.05804874747991562, -0.0775999128818512, 0.0011954432120546699, -0.0017837283667176962, 0.06655314564704895, 0.026378177106380463, -0.03716610372066498, 0.03681602701544762, -0.02445913664996624, 0.04452858865261078, 0.001399570726789534, 0.03480147570371628, -0.020674169063568115, 0.05978786572813988, 0.023923508822917938, -0.04869121313095093, -0.029655493795871735, 0.03310519456863403, 0.0024458542466163635, 0.04210932180285454, 0.0327744334936142, 0.09697019308805466, -0.007335662376135588, 0.034915532916784286, -0.005708932410925627, 0.024381540715694427, 0.01681576855480671, -0.049636803567409515, 0.005137676373124123, -0.00024466324248351157, 0.030228450894355774, 0.008203288540244102, 0.003362667979672551, -0.0226236954331398, -0.01311778649687767, -0.041270412504673004, 0.018208010122179985, 0.10229963809251785, 0.0694345161318779, -0.0556441992521286, 0.0255251694470644, -0.010097404941916466, 0.07535828649997711, 0.038226790726184845, -0.03540283441543579, 0.0446716733276844, 0.02973511628806591, 0.011126197874546051, 0.01166295725852251, -0.04189165309071541, 0.0009899463038891554, 0.06325739622116089, 5.340991265256889e-05, 0.07404214888811111, -0.10039374232292175, -0.04220568388700485, -0.04114595800638199, -0.007794826757162809, 0.027020897716283798, 0.04039831459522247, -0.00739979138597846, 0.048612408339977264, 0.07009577751159668, 0.05402262881398201, 0.017477428540587425, -0.013454219326376915, -0.0140634560957551, 0.07863057404756546, -0.1289229542016983, 0.07811193913221359, -0.08179271221160889, -0.12383103370666504, -0.08970644325017929, 0.06090111657977104, 0.03481496125459671, -0.027253417298197746, -0.0441044382750988, -0.02879699133336544, 0.09946013987064362, -0.004007185809314251, -0.023913905024528503, -0.04864594340324402, -0.07498178631067276, -4.981965831317618e-33, 0.06407614052295685, -0.01088128425180912, -0.06102195754647255, 0.04989665746688843, 0.035818181931972504, -0.008130844682455063, -0.018831301480531693, 0.08042345196008682, -0.008042067289352417, -0.023856274783611298, 0.021718597039580345, 0.036807622760534286, -0.06811699271202087, -0.05901851877570152, 0.05700882524251938, 0.00388788478448987, 0.11150738596916199, 0.053277283906936646, 0.012493222020566463, -0.03791467100381851, -0.019048960879445076, -0.010592017322778702, 0.08137233555316925, -0.07466188818216324, -0.06730886548757553, -0.013675853610038757, -0.018097350373864174, -0.0875350758433342, -0.039577919989824295, -0.10728280991315842, -0.03417017310857773, -0.03586651757359505, -0.03436459228396416, 0.07045887410640717, -0.10570430010557175, 0.00046388834016397595, -0.032224979251623154, -0.0512676015496254, -0.009860485792160034, 0.004294457379728556, -0.060720112174749374, -0.006791520398110151, 0.016623424366116524, -0.002383135724812746, -0.07681728154420853, -0.04228335991501808, 0.029580026865005493, -0.0420994758605957, 0.041121065616607666, -0.11068590730428696, 0.0007071372237987816, -0.08030879497528076, 0.07441975921392441, 0.0008652294636704028, -0.040322355926036835, 0.03225512430071831, 0.08682097494602203, 0.07745276391506195, 0.010132303461432457, 0.013164824806153774, -0.015872716903686523, -0.0074084168300032616, 0.04544559493660927, 0.04341184347867966, -0.06201813369989395, 0.012130780145525932, 0.019459696486592293, -0.00885153841227293, 0.05480778589844704, 0.013360513374209404, -0.01860189065337181, -0.08396296203136444, 0.007797062862664461, 0.05796397849917412, 0.02328052744269371, 0.016232561320066452, 0.035992689430713654, -0.007260267157107592, 0.04219493269920349, 0.02786674164235592, -0.0628720298409462, 0.004318722523748875, -0.062031131237745285, -0.0411231704056263, 0.10644453763961792, -0.06292035430669785, 0.026481637731194496, -0.047419577836990356, -0.08752954751253128, -0.02153567411005497, 0.005552167072892189, -0.03332171589136124, 0.10484153777360916, -0.027198277413845062, 0.0819191113114357, -5.8074292041965236e-08, 0.07678475230932236, -0.06500041484832764, -0.08603359758853912, 0.022444548085331917, 0.03324698284268379, 0.018396267667412758, -0.006531658116728067, 0.03474241495132446, -0.02845044806599617, 0.0441240519285202, 0.05652035400271416, -0.048261288553476334, -0.003106833202764392, -0.003966235090047121, -0.012797440402209759, 0.006406630389392376, -0.04198193922638893, -0.1573377400636673, -0.026191167533397675, -0.025474948808550835, -0.02478911727666855, 0.03725044056773186, 0.024168293923139572, -0.044201381504535675, 0.028131702914834023, 0.1084706038236618, -0.025682125240564346, -0.024025600403547287, -0.040381092578172684, 0.011073091998696327, 0.07609410583972931, -0.0233748909085989, -0.04896660894155502, -0.020683933049440384, -0.08290282636880875, -0.030744021758437157, -0.024612145498394966, 0.038578059524297714, 0.028421880677342415, 0.11318616569042206, 0.00846959836781025, -0.045977335423231125, 0.04945453628897667, 0.013227635063230991, 0.007387891877442598, 0.04540848731994629, -0.030099395662546158, -0.05116647109389305, -0.08477170765399933, -0.03996775671839714, -0.020902009680867195, 0.024627437815070152, -0.004794466774910688, -0.0525774322450161, -0.094276063144207, 0.003429166506975889, 0.0010169589659199119, 0.010512707754969597, -0.08816931396722794, -0.04897473007440567, -0.005802075378596783, 0.05647415295243263, -0.08491654694080353, 0.06044669449329376]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
575
|
107−109 kg . The mass of large bodies , excluding Metis and Adrastea , is 1011−1016 kg . It depends on their maximum size— the upper value corresponds to about 1 km maximum diameter .These masses can be compared with masses of Adrastea, which is about 2 × 1015 kg, Amalthea, about 2 × 1018 kg, and Earth's Moon, 7.4 × 1022 kg. The presence of two populations of particles in the main ring explains why its appearance depends on the viewing geometry. The dust scatters light preferably in the forward direction and forms a relatively thick homogenous ring bounded by the orbit of Adrastea. In contrast, large particles, which scatter in the back direction, are confined in a number of ringlets between the Metidian and Adrastean orbits. Origin and age
The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of Poynting–Robertson drag and electromagnetic forces from the Jovian magnetosphere. Volatile materials such as ices, for example, evaporate quickly. The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1,000 years, so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0.5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system. This parent body population is confined to the narrow—about 1,000 km—and bright outer part of the main ring, and includes Metis and Adrastea. The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size. The upper limit on their size was obtained by New Horizons spacecraft. The previous upper limit, obtained from HST and Cassini observations, was near 4 km. The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of Jupiter forming the faint (in back-scattered light) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring.
|
[0.007935377769172192, -0.0648099035024643, 0.015127288177609444, 0.04708566516637802, 0.06658171117305756, -0.10507794469594955, 0.0660252794623375, 0.04262089729309082, 0.00857608113437891, 0.003109676530584693, -0.019310180097818375, -0.018047237768769264, -0.05711305886507034, -0.05899202823638916, -0.022255541756749153, 0.01318521611392498, 0.06300093233585358, -0.04326603561639786, -0.07392475008964539, 0.06702111661434174, 0.10907252877950668, 0.022319987416267395, -0.09151289612054825, 0.006041135173290968, 0.001904862467199564, 0.018543338403105736, -0.07977468520402908, -0.015556754544377327, -0.04170386493206024, -0.06317751109600067, 0.06365230679512024, -0.017633505165576935, -0.010591492056846619, 0.00621161051094532, 0.013318588025867939, -0.0006939388113096356, -0.07411316782236099, 0.03329118713736534, -0.022397398948669434, -0.0471925288438797, 0.018112797290086746, 0.0730452761054039, 0.0548592209815979, -0.10360278189182281, -0.049958229064941406, -0.08338169008493423, 0.03826591745018959, 0.03905237466096878, 0.03571328893303871, -0.02135229855775833, -0.0011611123336479068, -0.04414940997958183, -0.06737922132015228, 0.09276619553565979, -0.030144665390253067, -0.0037018025759607553, -0.052565425634384155, -0.09034164994955063, 0.0012706317938864231, -0.07292437553405762, -0.019411712884902954, 0.0022925238590687513, -0.01735515147447586, -0.05759115144610405, 0.025272687897086143, -0.025433670729398727, 0.015536547638475895, -0.06665314733982086, 0.03808005526661873, 0.08426719903945923, 0.06635172665119171, 0.11128892749547958, -0.11273514479398727, 0.047643788158893585, -0.010517559945583344, 0.08609247207641602, -0.04929199069738388, -0.04769076034426689, 0.04259779304265976, -0.018513893708586693, 0.021260594949126244, 0.005166289862245321, 0.02566704712808132, 0.05818923935294151, 0.016744019463658333, 0.027284543961286545, -0.010530490428209305, 0.04692633077502251, -0.01001568604260683, -0.06959313899278641, -0.004661977756768465, 0.06149164214730263, -0.047146763652563095, 0.021678317338228226, 0.023184845224022865, 0.022614918649196625, -0.00410127779468894, 0.05139310657978058, 0.002264958806335926, 0.06078880652785301, 0.006164242047816515, -0.0007069993880577385, -0.023733042180538177, 0.03804405778646469, -0.028865139931440353, -0.007570695597678423, 0.005187533795833588, 0.006144726183265448, -0.01313846930861473, 0.11240402609109879, 0.024155639111995697, -0.006066167261451483, -0.026305189356207848, 0.020949486643075943, 0.03129345923662186, -0.00932078156620264, -0.010577049106359482, 0.08029826730489731, -0.08035971969366074, 0.01454775221645832, 0.01636291667819023, 0.03329095244407654, -0.039822157472372055, 0.030925357714295387, 0.11052685230970383, 0.07991982996463776, -0.020075181499123573, 3.694172831741431e-33, 0.04663427546620369, -0.02348260208964348, 0.05867882817983627, 0.023202279582619667, -0.022535568103194237, -0.09680967777967453, 0.003172272816300392, 0.024136876687407494, 0.03676031902432442, 0.06636138260364532, -0.09716349095106125, 0.03693201392889023, 0.034587059170007706, 0.06036081537604332, 0.012943826615810394, -0.054377369582653046, 0.11562900245189667, -0.03349613770842552, 0.01810671202838421, 0.03695495426654816, -0.10075453668832779, 0.021444059908390045, -0.05307576060295105, 0.08932392299175262, 0.0008671905379742384, 0.05141379311680794, -0.0034904098138213158, -0.011883016675710678, -0.05775066837668419, 0.02798064611852169, 0.0459139421582222, -0.010147251188755035, -0.022423410788178444, 0.09148775041103363, -0.018089013174176216, 0.06069717928767204, -0.09764028340578079, 0.0444013737142086, -0.00853577721863985, -0.05408421531319618, 0.06415609270334244, -0.056369803845882416, 0.029656248167157173, -0.01219860464334488, 0.03511267155408859, 0.0146718118339777, 0.05500083044171333, -0.026473117992281914, -0.01586105301976204, 0.011741616763174534, 0.107728011906147, -0.015488872304558754, 0.027749229222536087, 0.06512600928544998, 0.05197915807366371, 0.03129895031452179, 0.042752206325531006, -0.06094832718372345, -0.006160128861665726, 0.05389027297496796, -0.002084263600409031, -0.042963553220033646, 0.0290878564119339, 0.09364840388298035, 0.007011018693447113, 0.07234528660774231, -0.022593481466174126, -0.0048885946162045, -0.05027133971452713, -0.05249597877264023, 0.022366339340806007, 0.005217134486883879, 0.02647710219025612, 0.07677348703145981, -0.02068105712532997, 0.03717200085520744, 0.04940133914351463, -0.08776732534170151, 0.004749114625155926, 0.08365197479724884, -0.08361779898405075, -0.03216158598661423, -0.03912463039159775, -0.10305730998516083, -0.13258792459964752, -0.058672718703746796, 0.033821046352386475, -0.0129140829667449, 0.01137586496770382, 0.00910972524434328, 0.08551396429538727, -0.024759193882346153, 0.00046012253733351827, 0.03181656822562218, -0.12465506047010422, -4.365433737990714e-33, -0.022726617753505707, -0.03127789869904518, -0.0359460823237896, 0.04779406264424324, -0.029908841475844383, 0.13733512163162231, -0.06448357552289963, 0.15262402594089508, -0.08224444836378098, -0.039558425545692444, -0.01311905775219202, 0.015611320734024048, -0.03476594015955925, -0.0674021914601326, 0.07343827188014984, 0.018403565511107445, 0.024875925853848457, 0.041296880692243576, 0.007716013118624687, -0.04431338608264923, -0.04912560060620308, 0.07950636744499207, 0.027145789936184883, -0.03497369959950447, -0.021527880802750587, -0.051838383078575134, 0.05873924121260643, -0.05935750901699066, -0.03067808412015438, 0.021347595378756523, -0.03870329260826111, -0.01277778297662735, 0.02426883392035961, 0.01755702681839466, -0.03832488879561424, 0.019949059933423996, 0.07434948533773422, -0.11894617229700089, 0.01238641794770956, -0.014580890536308289, -0.04918045923113823, 0.04200544208288193, 0.04599364101886749, -0.004102360922843218, 0.01597183756530285, -0.036301419138908386, 0.02776428684592247, 0.055401720106601715, -0.04936195909976959, -0.04305941238999367, 0.03653985634446144, -0.05657321214675903, 0.03281284123659134, -0.032096751034259796, 0.016600031405687332, 0.10254832357168198, 0.015775015577673912, 0.03316304460167885, -0.0018358222441747785, -0.020824413746595383, 0.04346994683146477, -0.03974224627017975, -0.022650647908449173, 0.03179130703210831, -0.03756163269281387, -0.02010703831911087, 0.004962204024195671, 0.02217051200568676, -0.10616951435804367, 0.07846646010875702, 0.056753724813461304, -0.06776361912488937, -0.010099302977323532, 0.01629066653549671, 0.019017204642295837, -0.03842346370220184, 0.01981382444500923, -0.0005582404555752873, 0.0213608555495739, -0.03801879659295082, -0.08485264331102371, 0.055583562701940536, 0.06021855026483536, -0.060660265386104584, 0.05450393632054329, -0.021453693509101868, -0.03264935687184334, -0.023432917892932892, -0.05965321883559227, 0.08749888837337494, -0.029011521488428116, -0.05854632332921028, 0.059648942202329636, -0.045236460864543915, 0.02163379266858101, -5.1938954470642784e-08, 0.1203824132680893, 0.05383098125457764, 0.052768904715776443, -0.015666071325540543, 0.004163068253546953, 0.007046183105558157, 0.08144800364971161, 0.10856598615646362, 0.013680264353752136, 0.051337551325559616, 0.010058240033686161, 0.020530780777335167, -0.009402818977832794, -0.039787523448467255, -0.029618488624691963, 0.036724209785461426, -0.045545682311058044, -0.12085901200771332, -0.05793815106153488, -0.04069819301366806, 0.056340523064136505, 0.028096387162804604, -0.044398050755262375, -0.04834630712866783, -0.012360610999166965, 0.025556324049830437, 0.07195675373077393, 0.06703807413578033, -0.05575826019048691, 0.013598249293863773, -0.05033857747912407, -0.020516669377684593, -0.03159787133336067, -0.09574610739946365, -0.11344831436872482, -0.06935164332389832, -0.024883341044187546, -0.0564098134636879, 0.058757346123456955, -0.03060637041926384, -0.010203460231423378, -0.02825196273624897, 0.009745258837938309, -0.040120985358953476, 0.04696774482727051, 0.04297468438744545, -0.059134479612112045, -0.052794355899095535, -0.05090496689081192, 0.024086222052574158, -0.0371355377137661, 0.022963915020227432, -0.008322303183376789, -0.0328219011425972, -0.08432616293430328, -0.04782508686184883, -0.07116533070802689, 0.06522438675165176, -0.0021369473543018103, 0.005369061604142189, -0.018902702257037163, 0.02017178200185299, -0.07597131282091141, -0.013480332680046558]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
576
|
approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of Jupiter forming the faint ( in back-scattered light ) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring .The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near Jupiter. Vertical corrugations
Images from the Galileo and New Horizons space probes show the presence of two sets of spiraling vertical corrugations in the main ring. These waves became more tightly wound over time at the rate expected for differential nodal regression in Jupiter's gravity field. Extrapolating backwards, the more prominent of the two sets of waves appears to have been excited in 1995, around the time of the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter, while the smaller set appears to date to the first half of 1990. Galileo's November 1996 observations are consistent with wavelengths of 1920 ± 150 and 630 ± 20 km, and vertical amplitudes of 2.4 ± 0.7 and 0.6 ± 0.2 km, for the larger and smaller sets of waves, respectively. The formation of the larger set of waves can be explained if the ring was impacted by a cloud of particles released by the comet with a total mass on the order of 2–5 trillion kg, which would have tilted the ring out of the equatorial plane by 2 km. A similar spiraling wave pattern that tightens over time has been observed by Cassini in Saturns's C and D rings. Halo ring
Appearance and structure
The halo ring is the innermost and the vertically thickest Jovian ring. Its outer edge coincides with the inner boundary of the main ring approximately at the radius 122500 km (1.72 RJ). From this radius the ring becomes rapidly thicker towards Jupiter.
|
[-0.06208520755171776, -0.10541915893554688, 0.0014964964939281344, 0.012462222017347813, 0.040581878274679184, -0.08469178527593613, -0.11597546935081482, 0.059218380600214005, 0.015188713558018208, -0.07692854106426239, -0.013842171058058739, 0.010969763621687889, -0.0372435636818409, -0.13010273873806, 0.06688466668128967, -0.028731904923915863, -0.018431877717375755, -0.07916057854890823, -0.018380573019385338, -0.023336973041296005, -0.08119170367717743, -0.012181421741843224, -0.09684531390666962, 0.006617337465286255, 0.013349546119570732, 0.036086298525333405, 0.028249669820070267, -0.06388507038354874, -0.016552433371543884, -0.03095192275941372, 0.032536666840314865, 0.07197863608598709, -0.039611153304576874, 0.013417426496744156, -0.028941432014107704, 0.0031048404052853584, 0.0021187507081776857, 0.006690293084830046, -0.0160733200609684, -0.0078270910307765, 0.033943187445402145, -0.054896749556064606, 0.05814530327916145, -0.027348507195711136, -0.016990849748253822, -0.005438349675387144, 0.001799170859158039, -0.019104331731796265, -0.07818661630153656, 0.020197590813040733, 0.018156813457608223, -0.02585339918732643, -0.034522395581007004, 0.02716926857829094, -0.013892148621380329, 0.0767577588558197, -0.013170945458114147, -0.0412619523704052, 0.11522451043128967, -0.08030678331851959, 0.021966226398944855, 0.013680252246558666, -0.004855254665017128, -0.02574644610285759, -0.051250576972961426, 0.00017338170437142253, 0.0045752860605716705, -0.06506004929542542, 0.055438801646232605, 0.05226459726691246, 0.05258548632264137, 0.05294535309076309, -0.00971634965389967, -0.061936818063259125, -0.018856540322303772, 0.10626579076051712, 0.056786127388477325, 0.03551895543932915, -0.024542605504393578, -0.03627911955118179, -0.009695435874164104, -0.021873757243156433, 0.005179854575544596, -0.059801135212183, -0.04155372083187103, 0.046348243951797485, 0.009011204354465008, -0.001697016297839582, -0.10515699535608292, -0.014239656738936901, -0.012293741106987, -0.07174143940210342, -0.06393878161907196, -0.005553864408284426, -0.08291836827993393, -0.002309050178155303, 0.030155152082443237, -0.08139971643686295, 0.0744178295135498, 0.05810463801026344, -0.023036932572722435, -0.043653447180986404, -0.0067428238689899445, 0.11911644786596298, -0.014244692400097847, 0.0010033344151452184, 0.011869413778185844, 0.06720859557390213, 0.020962482318282127, 0.07638610899448395, -0.03609777241945267, 0.0241440050303936, -0.04575079306960106, -0.0722816064953804, -0.022425588220357895, 0.008321919478476048, -0.0321541391313076, 0.09556222707033157, -0.049600422382354736, 0.06033392250537872, 0.045102108269929886, 0.025956539437174797, -0.018097538501024246, 0.002644154243171215, 0.016350988298654556, 0.059802841395139694, -0.09011191874742508, 1.929373408151176e-33, 0.12942783534526825, 0.017810063436627388, 0.0445597767829895, -0.04555381461977959, 0.01713591068983078, -0.005512563046067953, -0.05898536369204521, 0.02569696307182312, 0.07529417425394058, -0.03826860338449478, -0.09769004583358765, 0.04338979721069336, 0.022765224799513817, -0.024471333250403404, -0.010400400497019291, -0.016930656507611275, 0.07988092303276062, 0.010925980284810066, -0.02860041707754135, -0.013799216598272324, -0.12741392850875854, 0.0006353017524816096, -0.07502493262290955, -0.02760149911046028, 0.028334353119134903, 0.09151085466146469, 0.03698884695768356, -0.015402407385408878, -0.043602656573057175, 0.04055264964699745, 0.033045411109924316, 0.017039353027939796, -0.029062360525131226, 0.08960462361574173, 0.03846222534775734, 0.04707926884293556, 0.01313384622335434, -0.0004785011406056583, -0.055700354278087616, -0.034435756504535675, 0.027250342071056366, -0.005785870831459761, -0.008326125331223011, -0.05665643513202667, 0.06176818162202835, -0.06212975084781647, 0.06538865715265274, -0.024775516241788864, 0.022221853956580162, 0.005484295077621937, -0.01549846213310957, -0.013152793049812317, 0.005220072343945503, 0.03249405324459076, 0.0933448001742363, 0.03339753672480583, -0.03985391929745674, -0.08970050513744354, -0.018687600269913673, 0.017740562558174133, 0.09391769766807556, -0.0288478322327137, 0.06278489530086517, 0.009101090021431446, -0.0030554886907339096, 0.12128636986017227, -0.02876271866261959, -0.04305911436676979, -0.017830627039074898, 0.0015231664292514324, -0.030582373961806297, 0.06798356771469116, 0.0029866760596632957, -0.0016551597509533167, 0.030246157199144363, -0.0009066378697752953, 0.04769976809620857, -0.02061963640153408, 0.07378803938627243, 0.05766815319657326, -0.01201515644788742, -0.09278623014688492, 0.05319516733288765, -0.10369779169559479, -0.016455618664622307, 0.07980521768331528, -0.027005858719348907, -0.0282305758446455, 0.029890792444348335, -0.04044429212808609, -0.018083300441503525, 0.0126502001658082, 0.0202783290296793, 0.003783045569434762, -0.11422959715127945, -3.54705163221236e-33, -0.03652062639594078, 0.046673718839883804, -0.035958342254161835, 0.05192987993359566, 0.060065653175115585, 0.09852024167776108, -0.020571911707520485, 0.05807686224579811, -0.07541553676128387, -0.08102823048830032, -0.017743438482284546, 0.006874102633446455, -0.016879824921488762, -0.1238948404788971, 0.02936209738254547, -0.02495223470032215, 0.05500699207186699, 0.012274599634110928, 0.04465441033244133, -0.01981947012245655, 0.038938410580158234, -0.06546550989151001, -0.021717334166169167, -0.09339472651481628, -0.005233400501310825, -0.03674030676484108, 0.05716567486524582, -0.06330817192792892, -0.06177091971039772, 0.016876589506864548, -0.09115812927484512, 0.04027281701564789, 0.011454823426902294, 0.06060139462351799, 0.029984651133418083, 0.04154374450445175, 0.038052503019571304, -0.025868916884064674, -0.020978691056370735, -0.069978266954422, -0.10542596876621246, 0.08412747085094452, 0.10948938131332397, 0.0052587660029530525, -0.018924539908766747, -0.02493329718708992, 0.057483844459056854, 0.12205053865909576, 0.01543465256690979, -0.02307298220694065, -0.037593841552734375, 0.010325555689632893, 0.015699077397584915, 0.05953601747751236, -0.02975931391119957, 0.050254590809345245, 0.056754179298877716, 0.03366934135556221, 0.029860947281122208, 0.01856948807835579, -0.02624141052365303, -0.0388532392680645, -0.016309639438986778, -0.05389340594410896, 0.059341058135032654, -0.01727534644305706, -0.0017659564036875963, -0.012220432981848717, -0.05637998878955841, 0.04015907645225525, 0.017596758902072906, -0.09783976525068283, -0.024067018181085587, 0.0671425387263298, 0.028924010694026947, -0.05350150913000107, 0.03345270827412605, -0.07774931192398071, 0.003504214808344841, 0.022738460451364517, -0.044623613357543945, 0.008137389086186886, 0.050543561577796936, -0.03205643966794014, 0.028775453567504883, -0.007855282165110111, -0.014968501403927803, -0.09273399412631989, -0.036279093474149704, -0.001347708166576922, -0.03214200213551521, 0.02962702512741089, -0.062498435378074646, 0.013566488400101662, 0.0685976967215538, -5.69964768715181e-08, 0.14296750724315643, 0.01067313738167286, -0.06562250107526779, 0.07182779163122177, 0.09636595845222473, -0.008933227509260178, 0.024814799427986145, 0.05552196875214577, -0.026460466906428337, -0.101466603577137, 0.015161826275289059, 0.02805374749004841, 0.017564842477440834, -0.04345677047967911, 0.037387389689683914, 0.03039797581732273, -0.018603743985295296, -0.06448493152856827, -0.024001525714993477, 0.08857692778110504, 0.06422046571969986, 0.05864018201828003, 0.05820358544588089, -0.0920601412653923, 0.01111491397023201, 0.05833412706851959, 0.02578037977218628, 0.06222635880112648, -0.09349990636110306, 0.002021110849454999, -0.04018178954720497, 0.00604677852243185, 0.009135373868048191, -0.06623430550098419, -0.0908324122428894, 0.015697158873081207, -0.03944607824087143, 0.08000340312719345, 0.026763543486595154, 0.05922180786728859, -0.0003064161282964051, 0.05777259171009064, -0.028471387922763824, 0.03144705295562744, 0.04754304513335228, 0.06758080422878265, 0.038455307483673096, -0.09346520155668259, -0.06253811717033386, 0.026621468365192413, -0.04913513362407684, 0.042951032519340515, 0.09977299720048904, -0.07047752290964127, -0.020414577797055244, 0.03526720404624939, -0.03852687403559685, -0.04518724977970123, -0.05914128199219704, 0.03885022923350334, -0.008057300932705402, 0.004494607448577881, -0.010281619615852833, 0.02134854905307293]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
577
|
. Its outer edge coincides with the inner boundary of the main ring approximately at the radius 122500 km ( 1.72 RJ ) . From this radius the ring becomes rapidly thicker towards Jupiter .The true vertical extent of the halo is not known but the presence of its material was detected as high as 10000 km over the ring plane. The inner boundary of the halo is relatively sharp and located at the radius 100000 km (1.4 RJ), but some material is present further inward to approximately 92000 km. Thus the width of the halo ring is about 30000 km. Its shape resembles a thick torus without clear internal structure. In contrast to the main ring, the halo's appearance depends only slightly on the viewing geometry. The halo ring appears brightest in forward-scattered light, in which it was extensively imaged by Galileo. While its surface brightness is much less than that of the main ring, its vertically (perpendicular to the ring plane) integrated photon flux is comparable due to its much larger thickness. Despite a claimed vertical extent of more than 20000 km, the halo's brightness is strongly concentrated towards the ring plane and follows a power law of the form z−0.6 to z−1.5, where z is altitude over the ring plane. The halo's appearance in the back-scattered light, as observed by Keck and HST, is the same. However its total photon flux is several times lower than that of the main ring and is more strongly concentrated near the ring plane than in the forward-scattered light. The spectral properties of the halo ring are different from the main ring. The flux distribution in the range 0.5–2.5 μm is flatter than in the main ring; the halo is not red and may even be blue.
|
[0.0005579647840932012, 0.021360555663704872, -0.08214545994997025, 0.05655615031719208, 0.07493288815021515, -0.11743350327014923, -0.0004859433101955801, 0.0915563553571701, 0.0815407782793045, -0.05696307495236397, -0.043629977852106094, 0.015954002737998962, 0.02990558370947838, -0.04719127342104912, 0.015896936878561974, -0.038262419402599335, 0.07831963896751404, -0.03678404539823532, -0.05855891481041908, 0.01925748772919178, 0.030455686151981354, 0.02066497690975666, -0.025882022455334663, 0.040985919535160065, -0.040041349828243256, 0.045751649886369705, 0.04235512390732765, -0.03905416280031204, -0.02438744530081749, -0.038986507803201675, 0.002298965584486723, 0.03271077200770378, -0.001195801654830575, 0.06547567993402481, 0.01930478774011135, -0.06550371646881104, -0.01203353051096201, 0.00439830869436264, 0.012594939209520817, -0.043093375861644745, -0.028554361313581467, 0.043140217661857605, 0.08042159676551819, -0.027589064091444016, -0.007105113007128239, 0.04663128778338432, -0.028336582705378532, 0.009009569883346558, -0.05988696217536926, -0.04819868505001068, 0.04019395262002945, -0.051089633256196976, -0.0043454295955598354, 0.038554128259420395, -0.006275377236306667, 0.11529887467622757, -0.0661357045173645, -0.0735604465007782, 0.05671035125851631, -0.00395567063242197, 0.05266769975423813, -0.035607483237981796, 0.0038387710228562355, -0.012733595445752144, -0.05352118983864784, -0.023051021620631218, -0.011314150877296925, -0.09403685480356216, -0.007396221626549959, -0.08773183822631836, 0.048929363489151, 0.025647560134530067, -0.08067060261964798, -0.07711758464574814, 0.0005057588568888605, 0.05253363400697708, 0.05087713524699211, -0.01796501874923706, -0.03646210581064224, 0.00026825760141946375, 0.008854212239384651, 0.07395794242620468, 0.04449065774679184, 0.06115163490176201, 0.018641110509634018, 0.07867034524679184, 0.0328400582075119, -0.01830092817544937, -0.123629130423069, 0.05164534971117973, 0.03294046223163605, -0.01800311543047428, -0.14230337738990784, -0.05702623352408409, -0.02173938974738121, -0.042782820761203766, 0.01814771629869938, -0.07078760117292404, -0.02335050143301487, 0.03973912075161934, 0.03128894418478012, -0.06814300268888474, -0.031123410910367966, -0.020678048953413963, -0.012577926740050316, 0.03131025284528732, 0.0612265020608902, 0.07300450652837753, -0.006335801910609007, 0.015076033771038055, 0.034930940717458725, -0.04707455262541771, -0.05482077598571777, -0.0699145495891571, -0.008847544901072979, 0.003692866303026676, 0.0676213875412941, 0.15356355905532837, -0.07517624646425247, 0.13400296866893768, 0.02725193277001381, 0.06255501508712769, -0.06266627460718155, 0.030969642102718353, -0.01849600113928318, 0.06145359203219414, -0.10355709493160248, 3.492730201550939e-33, 0.03916574642062187, 0.054601699113845825, 0.05087410658597946, -0.0005949074402451515, -0.04739920049905777, -0.01412898488342762, 0.07027091085910797, -0.01693801023066044, 0.03694774955511093, -0.023476412519812584, -0.043070122599601746, 0.08673716336488724, 0.016174422577023506, -0.05467837676405907, 0.021560516208410263, -0.03774377703666687, 0.051947902888059616, 0.037962935864925385, -0.10076509416103363, 0.026611411944031715, -0.08248528093099594, 0.017707819119095802, 0.02521359547972679, 0.01103200949728489, 0.02882152609527111, -0.013104045763611794, 0.010537493973970413, -0.08145458251237869, 0.017946375533938408, 0.04943756014108658, -0.00950369518250227, -0.012824786826968193, 0.01601085066795349, 0.08951099216938019, -0.020516104996204376, 0.0820138230919838, 0.013425649143755436, 0.004639356397092342, -0.07935616374015808, -0.0406222864985466, -0.003493320196866989, -0.01718161627650261, -0.0050873844884335995, 0.08099464327096939, -0.031712956726551056, -0.009915641508996487, 0.004651047755032778, -0.07767712324857712, 0.03255593031644821, 0.021143155172467232, 0.03903157636523247, -0.02654784359037876, 0.033503253012895584, -0.08359071612358093, 0.0680011585354805, 0.05562388896942139, -0.038995012640953064, -0.06613152474164963, 0.058617133647203445, -0.042358383536338806, 0.005222175735980272, -0.053499504923820496, -0.014287086203694344, 0.03457280248403549, 0.014301354996860027, 0.0550602488219738, -0.07174720615148544, -0.01456068828701973, -0.030282555148005486, -0.03909829631447792, -0.02086687460541725, 0.02192571945488453, 0.03980698063969612, 0.05160991847515106, -0.024985408410429955, -0.002285536378622055, 0.007049556355923414, -0.06222427263855934, 0.10207514464855194, 0.06736013293266296, -0.0732761099934578, 0.036553073674440384, 0.04768656566739082, -0.15166951715946198, -0.04201808199286461, 0.03599806874990463, 0.005461334716528654, 0.011578462086617947, 0.022501276805996895, 0.020152723416686058, 0.08096321672201157, 0.0049927751533687115, 0.07069730758666992, -0.03549433499574661, -0.07270218431949615, -3.26413034577859e-33, 0.007201699074357748, -0.09441982209682465, -0.06690147519111633, 0.010823305696249008, 0.08153755962848663, 0.07252559810876846, -0.09001614153385162, 0.04309462010860443, -0.07834205031394958, -0.08799998462200165, 0.007958458736538887, 0.016941659152507782, -0.010318334214389324, -0.05745963752269745, 0.0323101244866848, -0.0643080472946167, 0.07720345258712769, 0.0045594507828354836, -0.023355405777692795, -0.0011177386622875929, 0.06679363548755646, -0.04401490464806557, 0.011295273900032043, -0.027576377615332603, -0.09177102148532867, -0.00046790618216618896, -0.07812148332595825, -0.05630021542310715, 0.04565506801009178, 0.047032468020915985, -0.05558226630091667, -0.03205880895256996, -0.01346934400498867, 0.03026149794459343, -0.03120099939405918, -0.016602814197540283, 0.005607340484857559, -0.07285582274198532, 0.012388036586344242, -0.02771940268576145, -0.13287745416164398, -0.00810935813933611, 0.015412954613566399, -0.0499056838452816, 0.02019064500927925, -0.043425340205430984, 0.11898041516542435, 0.009675057604908943, 0.034241825342178345, -0.06828009337186813, -0.0016579970251768827, -0.055971816182136536, 0.03955983743071556, 0.09343373030424118, -0.012301201932132244, 0.00716038141399622, 0.001663614995777607, 0.036094631999731064, 0.007227054797112942, 0.03364647179841995, 0.032273951917886734, -0.01953057199716568, 0.01709279976785183, -0.0069102151319384575, -0.013460313901305199, -0.010015434585511684, 0.06286800652742386, -0.00045770639553666115, -0.0014004333643242717, 0.005734587088227272, -0.009349080733954906, -0.054237332195043564, -0.011667551472783089, 0.025565708056092262, 0.061310186982154846, -0.023043299093842506, 0.06055065616965294, -0.03496276214718819, 0.006462007761001587, 0.042691025882959366, -0.05509454756975174, 0.004206925630569458, -0.005884277168661356, -0.037714019417762756, 0.07819836586713791, -0.08818668872117996, 0.05298013612627983, -0.026165159419178963, -0.07335620373487473, 0.004894916899502277, -0.041621413081884384, 0.012518093921244144, -0.01447728555649519, -0.0435660295188427, 0.07783215492963791, -4.6288782584724686e-08, 0.11086428910493851, -0.023163769394159317, 0.0008874050690792501, -0.006552697625011206, 0.02247447334229946, 0.0395907461643219, 0.09376402944326401, -0.005114186555147171, 0.020436063408851624, -0.07692404836416245, -0.011087111197412014, -0.008675425313413143, 0.0019855168648064137, -0.05353328213095665, -0.0002445526188239455, 0.06742022186517715, -0.0383894219994545, -0.029269590973854065, 0.06211574375629425, 0.09129049628973007, 0.012870757840573788, 0.04432866722345352, 0.05006413161754608, -0.14811518788337708, -0.01766175962984562, 0.06272383779287338, -0.029055241495370865, 0.06087840721011162, -0.00898626260459423, 0.0018882219446823, 0.02810683287680149, -0.0005471442127600312, 0.010319826193153858, -0.07495596259832382, -0.06286220997571945, -0.00726800924167037, 0.01419998798519373, 0.012059223838150501, -0.0022756820544600487, 0.08989471197128296, 0.05324297398328781, -0.007672194857150316, 0.02132745459675789, 0.02717812918126583, 0.01760745793581009, 0.04955890774726868, 0.12170476466417313, -0.020394088700413704, -0.10583178699016571, 0.005590841639786959, -0.03594168648123741, 0.019399819895625114, -0.013915210962295532, -0.009727684780955315, -0.05393762141466141, 0.013526775874197483, 0.08603229373693466, -0.03690286725759506, -0.07604371756315231, -0.04881265386939049, -0.04258114844560623, 0.031641773879528046, -0.03626150265336037, 0.12796470522880554]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
578
|
ring are different from the main ring . The flux distribution in the range 0.5–2.5 μm is flatter than in the main ring ; the halo is not red and may even be blue .Origin of the halo ring
The optical properties of the halo ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it comprises only dust with particle sizes less than 15 μm. Parts of the halo located far from the ring plane may consist of submicrometre dust. This dusty composition explains the much stronger forward-scattering, bluer colors and lack of visible structure in the halo. The dust probably originates in the main ring, a claim supported by the fact that the halo's optical depth
τ
s
∼
10
−
6
{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau _{s}\,\sim \,10^{-6}}
is comparable with that of the dust in the main ring. The large thickness of the halo can be attributed to the excitation of orbital inclinations and eccentricities of dust particles by the electromagnetic forces in the Jovian magnetosphere. The outer boundary of the halo ring coincides with location of a strong 3:2 Lorentz resonance. As Poynting–Robertson drag causes particles to slowly drift towards Jupiter, their orbital inclinations are excited while passing through it. The bloom of the main ring may be a beginning of the halo. The halo ring's inner boundary is not far from the strongest 2:1 Lorentz resonance. In this resonance the excitation is probably very significant, forcing particles to plunge into the Jovian atmosphere thus defining a sharp inner boundary. Being derived from the main ring, the halo has the same age. Gossamer rings
Amalthea gossamer ring
The Amalthea gossamer ring is a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section, stretching from the orbit of Amalthea at 182000 km (2.54 RJ) to about 129000 km (1.80 RJ).
|
[0.006954394746571779, -0.05187585577368736, -0.014931276440620422, 0.017912818118929863, 0.12478987127542496, -0.05389898642897606, 0.015917465090751648, 0.0691288560628891, 0.10466962307691574, -0.07825406640768051, -0.06369215250015259, -0.037229862064123154, 0.0384301133453846, -0.08301859349012375, 0.043058134615421295, 0.03732704371213913, 0.06392718851566315, -0.012636459432542324, -0.04797575995326042, 0.035166751593351364, -0.015434733591973782, 0.052420724183321, -0.07796747237443924, 0.05339851230382919, -0.038780078291893005, 0.0458853505551815, 0.0073148999363183975, -0.07750287652015686, -0.07209504395723343, -0.02991625852882862, 0.012284028343856335, 0.039630766957998276, -0.01674393191933632, 0.05868800729513168, 0.016654687002301216, -0.07613120973110199, -0.03152947872877121, 0.0020490549504756927, -0.04377086088061333, -0.026903653517365456, -0.05569935217499733, 0.030654551461338997, 0.07273243367671967, -0.09891919046640396, -0.03236870467662811, 0.02105538547039032, 0.009911839850246906, 0.00275685777887702, -0.0062309070490300655, -0.02569553628563881, 0.027126459404826164, 0.011496186256408691, -0.022295072674751282, 0.01999392732977867, 0.011727092787623405, 0.1520259976387024, -0.049020927399396896, -0.08882954716682434, 0.03881360962986946, -0.04406270012259483, -0.04453809931874275, -0.030430352315306664, -0.029221924021840096, -0.036440905183553696, -0.022473707795143127, -0.012837269343435764, 0.008653647266328335, -0.06499277055263519, -0.011172521859407425, -0.04757842421531677, 0.04524685814976692, 0.03197867423295975, -0.05881184712052345, 0.007669700775295496, 0.03946788236498833, 0.10574965178966522, 0.08100910484790802, -0.006131215486675501, -0.02157384529709816, -0.053321052342653275, 0.014249622821807861, 0.032125189900398254, 0.06941534578800201, 0.04027237370610237, 0.002148454776033759, 0.043251246213912964, -0.02773907594382763, -0.0017165251774713397, -0.1091790422797203, 0.020153602585196495, 0.026356631889939308, -0.02982736937701702, -0.11818244308233261, -0.06010129675269127, 0.00917789340019226, -0.03072655387222767, 0.037968359887599945, -0.028398634865880013, 0.03179927170276642, 0.050254128873348236, 0.018147844821214676, -0.06651542335748672, -0.03551201522350311, -0.0069795590825378895, -0.013525919988751411, 0.012916360050439835, 0.07685094326734543, 0.030544379726052284, -0.05645447224378586, 0.02163088507950306, 0.05658486485481262, -0.05742703378200531, -0.07582665234804153, -0.09931644052267075, 0.004883691668510437, 0.06511659920215607, 0.010393131524324417, 0.09212639182806015, -0.1003120169043541, 0.10420625656843185, 0.01837637647986412, 0.03660162538290024, -0.07156073302030563, 0.030868256464600563, -0.012229367159307003, 0.02010161615908146, -0.10185574740171432, 4.290794989501283e-33, 0.09447631239891052, 0.04572996869683266, 0.10297350585460663, -4.047966285725124e-05, -0.05737001821398735, -0.041666220873594284, 0.036016520112752914, -0.01797530986368656, 0.060702644288539886, -0.05596214532852173, -0.02326788567006588, 0.09694743156433105, 0.008760957047343254, -0.07544875890016556, 0.006225134711712599, -0.05092029646039009, 0.05986177921295166, -0.020787177607417107, -0.056844573467969894, 0.020771991461515427, -0.10416289418935776, 0.0536537729203701, -0.013826518319547176, 0.03412893787026405, 0.043398045003414154, 0.032643888145685196, 0.00695772934705019, -0.045194730162620544, 0.020426742732524872, 0.05720575153827667, -0.006408805027604103, 0.06205245479941368, 0.030648261308670044, 0.08561858534812927, -0.004242222756147385, 0.07672817260026932, -0.0400007925927639, 0.014106500893831253, -0.0689442902803421, -0.03849641606211662, 0.010509777814149857, -0.008751099929213524, -0.05967530980706215, 0.07659205049276352, -0.005636909510940313, -0.02513180300593376, 0.03282933309674263, -0.06256860494613647, 0.037296440452337265, 0.0649934783577919, 0.0054704975336790085, -0.03487640991806984, 0.04340037330985069, -0.0178946815431118, 0.08969709277153015, 0.02484953962266445, 0.01705285720527172, -0.0734543427824974, 0.02465306594967842, -0.022722698748111725, 0.029921190813183784, -0.03547967970371246, 0.017744647338986397, 0.024691583588719368, 0.04873799905180931, 0.05316637456417084, -0.03879757970571518, -0.014944656752049923, -0.02790502831339836, -0.06952552497386932, 0.0064587704837322235, 0.073108971118927, 0.041678644716739655, 0.06477086991071701, -2.0370054699014872e-05, -0.0026449013967067003, 0.005375830922275782, -0.041351016610860825, 0.05788036808371544, 0.037100017070770264, -0.04543426260352135, 0.023068023845553398, 0.020916057750582695, -0.10879085958003998, -0.07171862572431564, 0.05165879800915718, 0.013889274559915066, 0.04157855734229088, -0.002328183501958847, -0.017565904185175896, 0.10912828892469406, -0.017820389941334724, 0.05944164842367172, -0.02766468934714794, -0.08988789469003677, -4.1802584802476634e-33, 0.002897522645071149, -0.08622660487890244, -0.08100778609514236, 0.07747577130794525, 0.06859756261110306, 0.09024513512849808, -0.011785199865698814, 0.06342746317386627, -0.06498934328556061, -0.04932862147688866, -0.01847865618765354, 0.04474417865276337, -0.050107672810554504, -0.0712568461894989, 0.03610985726118088, -0.0695362538099289, 0.07367435097694397, 0.04713018611073494, -0.005556813906878233, -0.01405310444533825, 0.04681634530425072, -0.025601983070373535, 0.01046827994287014, -0.03652017563581467, -0.10573118925094604, 0.015594461001455784, -0.06333915889263153, -0.06290233135223389, 0.014869813807308674, 0.030984332785010338, -0.0615454725921154, 0.0365590900182724, 0.009262261912226677, 0.04623448848724365, 0.0445985421538353, -0.010115697048604488, -0.009342902339994907, -0.0480039082467556, -0.00212942180223763, -0.016182690858840942, -0.16137060523033142, -0.00485523696988821, 0.05774926021695137, -0.06763950735330582, 0.014979473315179348, -0.005020627751946449, 0.10476865619421005, 0.004771063104271889, 0.04630207642912865, -0.09809212386608124, 0.011856555938720703, -0.09120560437440872, 0.026549432426691055, 0.07391512393951416, -0.03082074038684368, 0.04305165261030197, 0.025684447959065437, 0.05205238237977028, 0.05073421075940132, 0.04855513572692871, 0.013165036216378212, 0.040510520339012146, -0.010547435842454433, -0.013799582608044147, -0.001521444064565003, -0.02337419055402279, 0.03363911062479019, 0.00337044894695282, -0.01137672457844019, -0.0022499687038362026, -0.040610648691654205, -0.08351700752973557, 0.02611440047621727, 0.06102868542075157, 0.03371099382638931, -0.019986877217888832, 0.059792179614305496, -0.02780362032353878, -0.010392830707132816, 0.04043393209576607, -0.0754661113023758, 0.01261474471539259, 0.001782282255589962, -0.021112192422151566, 0.05165886506438255, -0.08555448800325394, 0.030092058703303337, -0.09075610339641571, -0.09355806559324265, -0.04161481931805611, -0.007565776351839304, 0.012992307543754578, 0.05435219779610634, -0.018011750653386116, 0.042257580906152725, -5.014496196054097e-08, 0.14485129714012146, -0.02571059763431549, -0.028035208582878113, 0.048614077270030975, 0.051145538687705994, 0.025877272710204124, 0.05809863284230232, 0.015316675417125225, 0.014195556752383709, 0.006836116313934326, 0.00461512291803956, -0.023199938237667084, 0.003609101288020611, -0.0837956964969635, 0.020799212157726288, 0.02971002645790577, -0.030746806412935257, -0.08812078088521957, 0.016000766307115555, 0.04435325786471367, 0.00983460620045662, 0.07179487496614456, -0.006304618436843157, -0.1282360851764679, -0.033105943351984024, 0.08747733384370804, 0.022867415100336075, 0.03517855331301689, -0.005232513882219791, 0.007267785258591175, 0.019212529063224792, -0.006799671333283186, -0.055253878235816956, -0.1037294864654541, -0.10378053039312363, -0.003199921455234289, -0.001556574716232717, 0.006087365560233593, 0.012029952369630337, 0.015667714178562164, 0.015671534463763237, 0.020532730966806412, -0.04056555777788162, -0.0029525666031986475, 0.029020482674241066, 0.056238479912281036, 0.020740507170557976, -0.03296484425663948, -0.10308944433927536, -0.0005391575978137553, -0.05907684564590454, 0.015083512291312218, -0.007772691082209349, -0.02108885906636715, -0.07166983187198639, -0.022176992148160934, 0.055607277899980545, -0.02276872843503952, -0.008156927302479744, -0.02832990325987339, -0.051602814346551895, 0.03937516361474991, -0.028616024181246758, 0.11059512943029404]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
579
|
gossamer ring is a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section , stretching from the orbit of Amalthea at 182000 km ( 2.54 RJ ) to about 129000 km ( 1.80 RJ ) .Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately 2300 km near the orbit of Amalthea and slightly decreases in the direction of Jupiter. The Amalthea gossamer ring is actually the brightest near its top and bottom edges and becomes gradually brighter towards Jupiter; one of the edges is often brighter than another. The outer boundary of the ring is relatively steep; the ring's brightness drops abruptly just inward of the orbit of Amalthea, although it may have a small extension beyond the orbit of the satellite ending near 4:3 resonance with Thebe. In forward-scattered light the ring appears to be about 30 times fainter than the main ring. In back-scattered light it has been detected only by the Keck telescope and the ACS (Advanced Camera for Surveys) on HST. Back-scattering images show additional structure in the ring: a peak in the brightness just inside the Amalthean orbit and confined to the top or bottom edge of the ring. In 2002–2003 Galileo spacecraft had two passes through the gossamer rings. During them its dust counter detected dust particles in the size range 0.2–5 μm. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft's star scanner detected small, discrete bodies (< 1 km) near Amalthea. These may represent collisional debris generated from impacts with this satellite. The detection of the Amalthea gossamer ring from the ground, in Galileo images and the direct dust measurements have allowed the determination of the particle size distribution, which appears to follow the same power law as the dust in the main ring with q=2 ± 0.5.
|
[0.040628522634506226, 0.006259703543037176, -0.06397150456905365, 0.013871844857931137, 0.04267195612192154, -0.13113431632518768, -0.007467056158930063, 0.08062795549631119, 0.08672603219747543, -0.08494935184717178, -0.018730252981185913, -0.0405043326318264, -0.019677283242344856, -0.08102269470691681, 0.009075966663658619, -0.06332337856292725, 0.037604399025440216, -0.04188234359025955, -0.022908296436071396, -0.01132963690906763, 0.03563830628991127, 0.04301702231168747, -0.02307981066405773, -0.009557828307151794, -0.07428572326898575, 0.02732698805630207, -0.007083376869559288, -0.06080371513962746, -0.03466123342514038, -0.05166475474834442, -0.01478914637118578, -0.006754781119525433, -0.05246339365839958, 0.004988860338926315, -0.07782678306102753, 0.012752360664308071, -0.07332254201173782, 0.06171248108148575, 0.016938818618655205, -0.05204632505774498, 0.03377845510840416, 0.012658870778977871, 0.07551390677690506, -0.06698007136583328, -0.07438980787992477, 0.04263976588845253, -0.025582483038306236, -0.0012576174922287464, -0.07460802048444748, -0.03502194955945015, 0.03687373548746109, -0.03466391935944557, -0.05927956849336624, 0.0433664508163929, 0.02420482598245144, 0.11793448776006699, -0.09188893437385559, -0.1461305022239685, -0.0020124875009059906, -0.019728371873497963, 0.06991957873106003, 0.008299865759909153, -0.017920438200235367, -0.055736567825078964, -0.05242801085114479, 0.031837888062000275, 0.015512758865952492, -0.08644454926252365, -0.002380918711423874, -0.021501831710338593, 0.018560586497187614, 0.027049681171774864, -0.016277357935905457, -0.08863388746976852, -0.0023151261266320944, 0.12805448472499847, 0.04995651915669441, 0.045533258467912674, -0.03563343361020088, -0.013610628433525562, 0.040029726922512054, 0.018885111436247826, 0.024958403781056404, 0.1041627824306488, 0.002799894427880645, 0.025786442682147026, -0.026503438130021095, 0.0205654539167881, -0.07958785444498062, -0.01636662520468235, 0.11483847349882126, -0.06113436445593834, -0.1459714025259018, -0.021476611495018005, -0.02500278688967228, -0.037826716899871826, 0.013155239634215832, -0.06479133665561676, -0.011070212349295616, 0.030586550012230873, -0.009481674991548061, -0.09537173062562943, -0.00553481001406908, 3.628635386121459e-05, -0.050575416535139084, 0.04178008809685707, 0.050515852868556976, 0.0526096373796463, 0.0351431779563427, -0.01730247400701046, -0.05146271735429764, -0.03168928250670433, -0.0038104222621768713, -0.08131982386112213, -0.03202415257692337, 0.07041236013174057, 0.009083444252610207, 0.07980053126811981, -0.04784923419356346, 0.021446099504828453, 0.025706419721245766, 0.04302161559462547, -0.020883381366729736, 0.05973675847053528, 0.0845758393406868, -0.019630450755357742, -0.11546452343463898, 3.1770952746757696e-33, 0.059312935918569565, 0.031127439811825752, 0.09638933092355728, -0.02779802680015564, -0.02441362664103508, 0.0005890116444788873, 0.01803777739405632, -0.031909797340631485, 0.03704151511192322, 0.01844632439315319, 0.0032419448252767324, -0.0229326281696558, 0.001429739291779697, -0.005493336822837591, 0.037131208926439285, -0.024200506508350372, 0.06077789515256882, -0.006441133096814156, -0.0794127881526947, -0.016117462888360023, -0.06097128614783287, 0.019084002822637558, -0.04474102705717087, 0.041040293872356415, 0.04517963528633118, 0.06636402010917664, 0.05524381250143051, -0.1043596938252449, -0.005357983522117138, 0.038952361792325974, 0.014714779332280159, 0.014556074514985085, 0.005824950058013201, 0.071343332529068, -0.01812819205224514, 0.07835645228624344, -0.03090011514723301, 0.04875222221016884, -0.07175122201442719, -0.011305045336484909, 0.03009111061692238, -0.012881392613053322, -0.010701396502554417, 0.06588026136159897, 0.044746097177267075, -0.04381715878844261, 0.045705702155828476, 0.02769721858203411, 0.026531048119068146, 0.10300865769386292, -0.007186255417764187, -0.043341122567653656, 0.004045413341373205, 0.020197167992591858, -0.010073012672364712, 0.05613773316144943, -0.04812292009592056, 0.010302378796041012, -0.0033373076003044844, 0.01780041493475437, 0.07681585103273392, -0.007363795768469572, -0.023914644494652748, 0.0008255389984697104, -0.006841003429144621, 0.12617096304893494, -0.08161583542823792, -0.06876882910728455, -0.08996453136205673, 0.008955834433436394, 0.028819194063544273, 0.06521020829677582, 0.025427229702472687, 0.06480851024389267, 0.016417954117059708, 0.0189129039645195, -0.030295344069600105, -0.03220234811306, 0.0847068652510643, 0.012190248817205429, -0.07742617279291153, 0.023417824879288673, 0.024922886863350868, -0.0980902910232544, -0.058903396129608154, 0.008532368578016758, 0.04575394466519356, -0.012084742076694965, 0.011538874357938766, -0.028700916096568108, 0.09369863569736481, -0.010550819337368011, -0.03721550107002258, -0.0067702000960707664, -0.068496935069561, -2.572286717117402e-33, 0.08544399589300156, -0.043338339775800705, -0.00395346200093627, 0.05137500539422035, 0.053467974066734314, 0.07326996326446533, -0.002727273153141141, 0.13595302402973175, -0.0926399976015091, -0.04156303405761719, -0.0003046518540941179, 0.07629527896642685, -0.04609367996454239, -0.07691087573766708, 0.07182636111974716, -0.03128783032298088, 0.0842055007815361, 0.034185055643320084, 0.046925969421863556, 0.0007989585283212364, -0.011727334931492805, 0.014776409603655338, 0.0020439375657588243, -0.10103811323642731, -0.05180773511528969, 0.034907687455415726, 0.02175370417535305, 0.00988535862416029, -0.039645809680223465, -0.022427480667829514, -0.049600351601839066, -0.03585520759224892, -0.026184312999248505, 0.010769765824079514, -0.03994819521903992, 0.039470646530389786, 0.01101108267903328, -0.08115880191326141, -0.013183843344449997, -0.014929240569472313, -0.05385903641581535, 0.03007669188082218, 0.0792437270283699, 0.03070758655667305, 0.017474040389060974, 0.00926346518099308, -0.01951492577791214, 0.0764213278889656, 0.04504133388400078, -0.1111944392323494, -0.019850710406899452, -0.0005432273610495031, 0.05260682851076126, 0.0867069810628891, 0.031485673040151596, 0.08122705668210983, 0.04733577370643616, 0.010098554193973541, -0.06293933093547821, 0.02984212152659893, 0.005497966427356005, -0.007894439622759819, 0.0013107273261994123, -0.04040771350264549, 0.020144104957580566, -0.04206882417201996, 0.05562550574541092, 0.017094552516937256, -0.007021967321634293, 0.06942036747932434, 0.0034159603528678417, -0.07912789285182953, -0.07223869860172272, 0.01832885667681694, 0.10273335129022598, -0.004434764850884676, 0.014723059721291065, -0.06643348932266235, 0.007907302118837833, -0.008943770080804825, -0.0025657766964286566, -0.03434357792139053, 0.04533472657203674, -0.06865348666906357, 0.1196545660495758, -0.025637948885560036, 0.04083582013845444, -0.034963902086019516, -0.047492943704128265, 0.013342615216970444, -0.011334245093166828, 0.01686730794608593, -0.006631431169807911, -0.013098085299134254, 0.10873771458864212, -4.6061259695306944e-08, 0.10781975090503693, -0.035190071910619736, -0.03353951871395111, -0.020425163209438324, 0.00046634007594548166, -0.04398791864514351, 0.08506816625595093, 0.04671518877148628, -0.03137786686420441, -0.05637170746922493, -0.013676570728421211, -0.06717488169670105, -0.047875095158815384, -0.027564067393541336, 0.050823505967855453, 0.013101556338369846, -0.014781437814235687, -0.03641493245959282, -0.026440398767590523, -0.0023915302008390427, -0.07940596342086792, 0.0005992461228743196, 0.004591905511915684, -0.16394774615764618, 0.0022800720762461424, 0.0684208944439888, 0.08086254447698593, -0.007810690905898809, -0.012242685072124004, -0.0059512280859053135, 0.008609475567936897, 0.026205068454146385, 0.045666925609111786, -0.014116842299699783, -0.07822636514902115, -0.005865554325282574, -0.05958069860935211, 0.035489220172166824, 0.04509126767516136, 0.09837277233600616, 0.04715491458773613, 0.033633552491664886, 0.0016512736910954118, 0.032312069088220596, 0.06904016435146332, 0.04366295412182808, 0.05554068088531494, -0.07567624002695084, -0.04213970527052879, -0.03298911824822426, -0.016023078933358192, 0.04548066854476929, 0.0240638367831707, 0.0009322632686235011, -0.07958520948886871, -0.05010608583688736, 0.02598504163324833, 0.02981693297624588, -0.04557425528764725, 0.046064343303442, 0.01189954113215208, -0.003255668096244335, -0.049686770886182785, 0.08458767086267471]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
580
|
and the direct dust measurements have allowed the determination of the particle size distribution , which appears to follow the same power law as the dust in the main ring with q=2 ± 0.5 .The optical depth of this ring is about 10−7, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the main ring, but the total mass of the dust (107–109 kg) is comparable. Thebe gossamer ring
The Thebe gossamer ring is the faintest Jovian ring. It appears as a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section, stretching from the Thebean orbit at 226000 km (3.11 RJ) to about 129000 km (1.80 RJ;). Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately 8400 km near the orbit of Thebe and slightly decreases in the direction of the planet. The Thebe gossamer ring is brightest near its top and bottom edges and gradually becomes brighter towards Jupiter—much like the Amalthea ring. The outer boundary of the ring is not especially steep, stretching over 15000 km. There is a barely visible continuation of the ring beyond the orbit of Thebe, extending up to 280000 km (3.75 RJ) and called the Thebe Extension. In forward-scattered light the ring appears to be about 3 times fainter than the Amalthea gossamer ring. In back-scattered light it has been detected only by the Keck telescope. Back-scattering images show a peak of brightness just inside the orbit of Thebe. In 2002–2003 the dust counter of the Galileo spacecraft detected dust particles in the size range 0.2–5 μm—similar to those in the Amalthea ring—and confirmed the results obtained from imaging. The optical depth of the Thebe gossamer ring is about 3 × 10−8, which is three times lower than the Amalthea gossamer ring, but the total mass of the dust is the same—about 107–109 kg.
|
[0.013196200132369995, 0.01571507938206196, -0.04334710165858269, -0.003505989210680127, 0.06599351018667221, -0.13230469822883606, -0.008444215171039104, 0.06864820420742035, 0.09061311185359955, -0.07734766602516174, -0.023027995601296425, -0.05290155112743378, -0.016187768429517746, -0.08396363258361816, 0.05815618857741356, -0.06830243021249771, 0.040514424443244934, -0.006171857006847858, -0.029088472947478294, 0.030407341197133064, 0.07639745622873306, 0.09657357633113861, -0.027337174862623215, -0.006846557836979628, -0.07142296433448792, 0.0333138145506382, -0.0038040948566049337, -0.06403929740190506, -0.04938270524144173, -0.05585088953375816, 0.0362047404050827, 0.010272836312651634, -0.05793112888932228, -0.0026688026264309883, -0.03173234686255455, -0.046509645879268646, -0.056992772966623306, 0.07573816925287247, 0.026984164491295815, -0.05035104230046272, -0.03352191671729088, 0.044169701635837555, 0.06611761450767517, -0.042443644255399704, -0.09149803966283798, 0.013561160303652287, -0.0004883251385763288, -0.002632021438330412, -0.037019770592451096, -0.03860487416386604, 0.029918808490037918, -0.013548080809414387, -0.0561559721827507, 0.05841514468193054, 0.0036561861634254456, 0.08108749985694885, -0.06473607569932938, -0.1435178518295288, 0.023157786577939987, -0.028850886970758438, 0.02993677370250225, -0.011842392385005951, -0.010507948696613312, -0.049479011446237564, -0.03444479778409004, 0.011426333338022232, 0.008802516385912895, -0.08544208109378815, -0.042913768440485, -0.004481848794966936, 0.005194629076868296, 0.04672212526202202, -0.01275209803134203, -0.04638156294822693, -0.022467629984021187, 0.10243290662765503, 0.03073187917470932, 0.09087491035461426, 0.019253721460700035, -0.023646876215934753, -0.0001374331914121285, 0.0027171229012310505, 0.02812799997627735, 0.09800637513399124, -0.03874828666448593, 0.0262701828032732, -0.01799038238823414, 0.010811567306518555, -0.033624984323978424, -0.008381914347410202, 0.0826110988855362, -0.03343556076288223, -0.10105069726705551, -0.02899017557501793, 0.004245645832270384, -0.07546869665384293, -0.019752690568566322, -0.04282260313630104, 0.00014533399371430278, 0.044367820024490356, 0.024138087406754494, -0.05756036937236786, 0.006944900378584862, -0.028207341209053993, -0.024081364274024963, 0.08582452684640884, 0.047396205365657806, 0.026524962857365608, 0.05816861242055893, 0.03532694652676582, -0.013434411026537418, -0.007305673789232969, -0.02292170189321041, -0.08725044131278992, 0.017029957845807076, 0.0508890375494957, 0.02728801965713501, 0.08994537591934204, -0.08821263164281845, 0.03555537015199661, 0.03174138069152832, 0.033387333154678345, -0.054144710302352905, 0.04810182750225067, 0.036686453968286514, 0.0476057268679142, -0.06691746413707733, 1.8179949510687795e-33, 0.09048473089933395, 0.045511964708566666, 0.12835000455379486, -0.012331511825323105, -0.042491525411605835, 0.006735430099070072, 0.010215632617473602, -0.037683505564928055, 0.050903595983982086, 0.03080524131655693, -0.0758281722664833, -0.030464723706245422, -0.04071512818336487, 0.025878742337226868, 0.04761212691664696, -0.0158756822347641, 0.015295575372874737, -0.037750113755464554, -0.0434708409011364, 0.0027934277895838022, -0.056452587246894836, 0.02645600587129593, -0.025404704734683037, 0.060678109526634216, 0.06425438076257706, 0.04211728647351265, 0.056452032178640366, -0.08483834564685822, -0.055257126688957214, 0.04284215718507767, -0.0002613800170365721, -0.04652419686317444, 0.0016222716076299548, 0.09951725602149963, -0.023777548223733902, 0.06374411284923553, -0.032910190522670746, 0.05520378425717354, -0.06121987849473953, -0.07161525636911392, 0.028270399197936058, -0.04587371274828911, 0.0010127745335921645, 0.047046516090631485, 0.03437580540776253, -0.012468299828469753, 0.05709625780582428, 0.012577860616147518, 0.008954481221735477, 0.08870428800582886, 0.003172827186062932, -0.02859046310186386, 0.04635871574282646, 0.027593841776251793, 0.01196526549756527, 0.028154270723462105, 0.008952262811362743, -0.026612667366862297, -0.0029633797239512205, 0.035767730325460434, 0.056286584585905075, 0.02567758411169052, 0.0055158683098852634, 0.05172004550695419, 0.00790308602154255, 0.14220713078975677, -0.039874330163002014, -0.08156980574131012, -0.056525133550167084, -0.06306517869234085, -0.01706911250948906, 0.07125945389270782, 0.06646068394184113, 0.07187055796384811, -0.014105229638516903, 0.013321471400558949, 0.008843252435326576, -0.06765631586313248, 0.05210579186677933, 0.06303265690803528, -0.05600053444504738, -0.011980598792433739, 0.004769982770085335, -0.13936880230903625, -0.0496356263756752, -0.01029761042445898, 0.00913699995726347, 0.0019810907542705536, 0.012963591143488884, -0.005467448849231005, 0.09553303569555283, -0.022047780454158783, -0.023945659399032593, 0.04968861863017082, -0.07888378202915192, -1.1903288140231763e-33, 0.025921272113919258, -0.0773453563451767, 0.02680831030011177, 0.08717537671327591, 0.05180417001247406, 0.09765449911355972, -0.043759044259786606, 0.1261051595211029, -0.12184890359640121, -0.08375721424818039, -0.07375513762235641, 0.05583653226494789, -0.004039145540446043, -0.09879763424396515, 0.10746795684099197, -0.004471351392567158, 0.09536948055028915, 0.022180581465363503, 0.011242423206567764, -0.009762488305568695, 0.024290742352604866, 0.008750827983021736, 0.01451601181179285, -0.11931610852479935, -0.03590947389602661, 0.01758536882698536, 0.020503396168351173, -0.008627137169241905, -0.0459132045507431, -0.023776782676577568, 0.0027460360433906317, -0.06034266576170921, -0.026723695918917656, 0.009834762662649155, -0.012818110175430775, -0.036480072885751724, 0.01784435659646988, -0.043661944568157196, 0.04124481976032257, -0.05988919362425804, -0.1248232051730156, 0.016699546948075294, 0.04112333059310913, 0.04406341165304184, 0.0029731967952102423, -0.023262955248355865, 0.002186891622841358, 0.018476855009794235, 0.03694967180490494, -0.0868382379412651, -0.019330870360136032, -0.0099575100466609, 0.03289429843425751, 0.0916413888335228, 0.03269034996628761, 0.09591103345155716, 0.0244138203561306, 0.05777950957417488, -0.08769109845161438, 0.04080861434340477, 0.000862963730469346, -0.017924660816788673, -0.005285192281007767, -0.005215103272348642, 0.0335066094994545, -0.025658050552010536, 0.03714913874864578, 0.030917782336473465, -0.013204067014157772, 0.03911840543150902, -0.00904749520123005, -0.09254323691129684, -0.04832354187965393, 0.045546408742666245, 0.08774561434984207, 0.014078878797590733, 0.0785427913069725, -0.058028098195791245, 0.0012553561246022582, 0.025628848001360893, -0.03378650173544884, -0.02772727981209755, 0.04376079887151718, -0.062390897423028946, 0.10721035301685333, -0.004864359740167856, 0.03148668631911278, -0.050466571003198624, -0.03168981894850731, 0.0259577427059412, -0.02858811989426613, 0.0010015321895480156, -0.01117085013538599, -0.03918621316552162, 0.0671987384557724, -4.543442599924674e-08, 0.12282928079366684, -0.053721845149993896, 0.025375373661518097, 0.006137106101959944, 0.03675338998436928, -0.0051405467092990875, 0.08342184126377106, 0.06219673529267311, -0.05396469309926033, 0.01706659607589245, 0.04493791610002518, -0.018230944871902466, -0.06666567176580429, -0.06679549813270569, 0.019322186708450317, -0.001450711744837463, -0.034621767699718475, 0.002427368890494108, -0.019250808283686638, -0.003799836616963148, 0.021690858528017998, 0.02123253606259823, -0.02104286476969719, -0.125038281083107, 0.012217835523188114, 0.027545716613531113, 0.05009829252958298, 0.002195957815274596, 0.005663013085722923, -0.012166167609393597, -0.01883753389120102, 0.010856088250875473, -0.01943903975188732, -0.062418267130851746, -0.13589124381542206, -0.024494465440511703, -0.058696199208498, 0.047599390149116516, 0.07766647636890411, 0.0678105279803276, 0.02344352938234806, 0.022418593987822533, 0.012335258536040783, 0.018136223778128624, 0.00346437213011086, 0.04146573692560196, -0.0037823012098670006, -0.07185297459363937, -0.06135604530572891, -0.03929739072918892, -0.04313570261001587, 0.06431551277637482, 0.023743504658341408, 0.019665073603391647, -0.08660906553268433, -0.01446597557514906, -0.004775125999003649, 0.03174087405204773, -0.051918115466833115, 0.03620094433426857, -0.026282602921128273, -0.005950028542429209, -0.09727511554956436, 0.06849544495344162]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
581
|
of the Thebe gossamer ring is about 3 × 10−8 , which is three times lower than the Amalthea gossamer ring , but the total mass of the dust is the same—about 107–109 kg .However the particle size distribution of the dust is somewhat shallower than in the Amalthea ring. It follows a power law with q < 2. In the Thebe extension the parameter q may be even smaller. Origin of the gossamer rings
The dust in the gossamer rings originates in essentially the same way as that in the main ring and halo. Its sources are the inner Jovian moons Amalthea and Thebe respectively. High velocity impacts by projectiles coming from outside the Jovian system eject dust particles from their surfaces. These particles initially retain the same orbits as their moons but then gradually spiral inward by Poynting–Robertson drag. The thickness of the gossamer rings is determined by vertical excursions of the moons due to their nonzero orbital inclinations. This hypothesis naturally explains almost all observable properties of the rings: rectangular cross-section, decrease of thickness in the direction of Jupiter and brightening of the top and bottom edges of the rings. However some properties have so far gone unexplained, like the Thebe Extension, which may be due to unseen bodies outside Thebe's orbit, and structures visible in the back-scattered light. One possible explanation of the Thebe Extension is influence of the electromagnetic forces from the Jovian magnetosphere. When the dust enters the shadow behind Jupiter, it loses its electrical charge fairly quickly. Since the small dust particles partially corotate with the planet, they will move outward during the shadow pass creating an outward extension of the Thebe gossamer ring. The same forces can explain a dip in the particle distribution and ring's brightness, which occurs between the orbits of Amalthea and Thebe.
|
[0.01165484543889761, 0.004373831674456596, -0.024722076952457428, 0.025863956660032272, 0.08103188872337341, -0.08634596318006516, 0.021689467132091522, 0.07203333079814911, 0.11473254859447479, -0.04073496162891388, -0.011997505091130733, -0.04608229547739029, -0.017194753512740135, -0.0899142324924469, 0.03236611187458038, -0.04214402660727501, -0.019566750153899193, 0.02319980412721634, -0.04538766294717789, 0.02433948405086994, 0.04650450870394707, 0.07159159332513809, -0.0403963103890419, 0.013760000467300415, -0.06170690059661865, 0.07181674242019653, -0.03653855249285698, -0.026150662451982498, -0.016957789659500122, -0.07793015241622925, 0.029067106544971466, -0.041112590581178665, -0.0975581482052803, -0.021690640598535538, -0.05056823045015335, -0.053420498967170715, -0.053412627428770065, 0.08187796175479889, -0.011410897597670555, -0.02168295532464981, -0.02246789075434208, 0.009684757329523563, 0.06002132594585419, -0.05820873752236366, -0.10223065316677094, 0.019288036972284317, 0.03322075679898262, 0.010442442260682583, -0.035627786070108414, -0.013187931850552559, -0.0027655025478452444, -0.029422027990221977, -0.07809614390134811, 0.06658541411161423, 0.02580486424267292, -0.005245852749794722, -0.05985059216618538, -0.10253853350877762, 0.03934560716152191, -0.052106864750385284, 0.03285536542534828, -0.0027901120483875275, 0.004060848616063595, -0.04734106734395027, -0.051652003079652786, 0.0327695794403553, 0.02978314459323883, -0.04064919054508209, -0.04528588801622391, 0.004081104416400194, 0.02532796561717987, 0.03606022521853447, -0.06269721686840057, -0.029179159551858902, 0.0012693728785961866, 0.1530727595090866, -0.024114256724715233, 0.09097624570131302, -0.015253779478371143, 0.025771955028176308, -0.017940035089850426, -0.01641661673784256, 0.026928450912237167, 0.09342611581087112, -0.05330768600106239, 0.05152342468500137, -0.05287311226129532, 0.038065966218709946, -0.03228070214390755, -0.013206880539655685, 0.08771594613790512, -0.03644859418272972, -0.0741533413529396, -0.03203469514846802, 0.04835435375571251, -0.052686769515275955, -0.016529813408851624, -0.035779472440481186, 0.0355534702539444, 0.03332437947392464, -0.017353534698486328, -0.07754090428352356, 0.02693856880068779, 0.015960410237312317, -0.0297124944627285, 0.04533664509654045, 0.031217865645885468, -0.021222572773694992, 0.03017599508166313, 0.05740932375192642, -0.03461605682969093, 1.1631484085228294e-05, -0.018178019672632217, -0.08177163451910019, -0.06516885757446289, 0.043491579592227936, -0.03086753375828266, 0.10363302379846573, -0.08763214200735092, -0.029964657500386238, 0.05293653905391693, 0.023651521652936935, -0.061468277126550674, 0.054184529930353165, 0.06316974014043808, 0.007973427884280682, -0.13325536251068115, 2.3757642654690702e-33, 0.07385509461164474, 0.03488406166434288, 0.1408836990594864, 0.0052166590467095375, -0.05429994687438011, -0.08045102655887604, 0.003945465665310621, -0.011874128133058548, 0.1030016541481018, 0.024999286979436874, -0.07297048717737198, 0.006811776198446751, 0.0075600179843604565, 0.01892087794840336, 0.04789343476295471, -0.006821153685450554, 0.019704461097717285, -0.09231021255254745, -0.011955659836530685, -0.02333083376288414, -0.06966272741556168, -0.012798408977687359, -0.04442634433507919, 0.04979318752884865, 0.06951761245727539, 0.08447033166885376, 0.02011512778699398, -0.07244067639112473, -0.07966217398643494, 0.04272530600428581, 0.05446523427963257, -0.011116682551801205, -0.002573215402662754, 0.0643334612250328, -0.021013403311371803, 0.07485810667276382, -0.08037735521793365, 0.044026147574186325, -0.07943993806838989, -0.06150590628385544, 0.040022555738687515, -0.05255190655589104, -0.030530674383044243, 0.06731703877449036, 0.04531736299395561, -0.035671841353178024, 0.04040920361876488, 0.011720480397343636, 0.00635046511888504, 0.0502045601606369, -0.00024356892390642315, -0.024211984127759933, 0.012562773190438747, 0.08291297405958176, 0.054243311285972595, 0.04173361882567406, -0.010649857111275196, -0.018321620300412178, -0.042778294533491135, 0.027543604373931885, 0.05453093349933624, 0.028624610975384712, 0.037931233644485474, -0.003491259878501296, 0.019904812797904015, 0.11855977773666382, -0.015956057235598564, -0.011249607428908348, -0.05536970496177673, -0.02408469468355179, 0.020532570779323578, 0.0507228784263134, 0.021755391731858253, 0.061302509158849716, -0.01627518981695175, 0.01422038208693266, -0.005272934213280678, -0.0840374231338501, 0.0884687751531601, 0.01813332550227642, -0.03548622876405716, -0.01777028478682041, -0.012012257240712643, -0.1102580577135086, -0.09127074480056763, -0.008478372357785702, 0.060549113899469376, -0.007293569855391979, 0.012277645990252495, -0.011253601871430874, 0.08041272312402725, -0.03363731876015663, -0.007834737189114094, 0.04341200739145279, -0.09016112983226776, -3.431614413541765e-33, 0.031692925840616226, -0.0812566801905632, -0.025406932458281517, 0.07982778549194336, 0.06708108633756638, 0.10438114404678345, -0.07953650504350662, 0.06107481196522713, -0.08928484469652176, -0.08731309324502945, -0.0720866471529007, 0.04131922498345375, -0.040093276649713516, -0.05847058445215225, 0.14035186171531677, -0.03626749664545059, 0.08455175161361694, 0.00744300801306963, 0.039868488907814026, -0.06292575597763062, 0.0395406037569046, 0.044810306280851364, 0.022799840196967125, -0.14072811603546143, -0.003327340353280306, -0.024136902764439583, 0.03454195335507393, 0.0008696842123754323, -0.03866473585367203, 0.044047076255083084, -0.010846136137843132, -0.03149303421378136, -0.002384910825639963, 0.011933336034417152, -0.0235601756721735, -0.011880368925631046, 0.02225184068083763, -0.002159334719181061, 0.05738937109708786, -0.06089959666132927, -0.09961669147014618, 0.009273188188672066, 0.09106296300888062, 0.001686473493464291, 0.023189499974250793, -0.001099788467399776, 0.005938309244811535, 0.09546872228384018, 0.04540561884641647, -0.10001414269208908, 0.021336708217859268, -0.0278584323823452, -0.003923803102225065, 0.07509998977184296, 0.023107703775167465, 0.09762470424175262, 0.0384746715426445, -0.004918323829770088, -0.06748420000076294, 0.010728503577411175, -0.04431431367993355, -0.024629734456539154, -0.01775972917675972, 0.026965761557221413, -0.023499270901083946, -0.05983781814575195, 0.03899667412042618, -0.005499495659023523, -0.05588260293006897, 0.009628120809793472, -0.02067447453737259, -0.12300650030374527, -0.01717391610145569, 0.020265161991119385, 0.03784748166799545, -0.017825983464717865, 0.036226533353328705, -0.04103116691112518, -0.013576176948845387, -0.022579796612262726, -0.03602951020002365, 0.020224997773766518, 0.04797634109854698, -0.05002901330590248, 0.05781928077340126, -0.015123243443667889, -0.01541929878294468, -0.04753793030977249, 0.0010183454724028707, 0.07539630681276321, -0.00026640179567039013, 0.03335290029644966, 0.0280959140509367, 0.03370475023984909, 0.03876176103949547, -4.6248324281350506e-08, 0.12132993340492249, -0.03710886836051941, 0.007513426709920168, 0.026457561179995537, 0.00017077167285606265, 0.023351894691586494, 0.06947147101163864, 0.10245275497436523, -0.03663324937224388, -0.007415418513119221, 0.050632502883672714, -0.025163138285279274, -0.029314301908016205, -0.03984832391142845, 0.03569445013999939, 0.010960638523101807, -0.021568063646554947, -0.0004885875969193876, -0.024280017241835594, -0.024372611194849014, 0.015508711338043213, -0.022912688553333282, 0.03922329097986221, -0.12426132708787918, -0.007917117327451706, 0.035368237644433975, 0.06678379327058792, -0.04962348937988281, -0.023593494668602943, 0.054372064769268036, -0.05556134507060051, 0.03943018615245819, 0.013944817706942558, -0.07897854596376419, -0.10714603960514069, -0.011252484284341335, -0.03510601073503494, -0.010515248402953148, 0.06407357007265091, 0.05566980317234993, 0.046495869755744934, 0.013919944874942303, -0.026099855080246925, -0.004615440499037504, 0.03940965607762337, 0.07448522746562958, -0.03125786781311035, -0.03162220120429993, -0.05550924688577652, -0.007790824398398399, -0.062439560890197754, 0.06503401696681976, 0.04892558604478836, 0.017929725348949432, -0.08767811954021454, -0.006501289084553719, -0.01906966045498848, 0.022721607238054276, 0.0226594228297472, -0.003996077459305525, -0.008763160556554794, -0.015042508952319622, -0.04447057843208313, 0.06781817972660065]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
582
|
an outward extension of the Thebe gossamer ring . The same forces can explain a dip in the particle distribution and ring 's brightness , which occurs between the orbits of Amalthea and Thebe .The peak in the brightness just inside of the Amalthea's orbit and, therefore, the vertical asymmetry the Amalthea gossamer ring may be due to the dust particles trapped at the leading (L4) and trailing (L5) Lagrange points of this moon. The particles may also follow horseshoe orbits between the Lagrangian points. The dust may be present at the leading and trailing Lagrange points of Thebe as well. This discovery implies that there are two particle populations in the gossamer rings: one slowly drifts in the direction of Jupiter as described above, while another remains near a source moon trapped in 1:1 resonance with it. Himalia ring
In September 2006, as NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto approached Jupiter for a gravity assist, it photographed what appeared to be a faint, previously unknown planetary ring or ring arc, parallel with and slightly inside the orbit of the irregular satellite Himalia. The amount of material in the part of the ring or arc imaged by New Horizons was at least 0.04 km3, assuming it had the same albedo as Himalia. If the ring (arc) is debris from Himalia, it must have formed quite recently, given the century-scale precession of the Himalian orbit. It is possible that the ring could be debris from the impact of a very small undiscovered moon into Himalia, suggesting that Jupiter might continue to gain and lose small moons through collisions. Exploration
The existence of the Jovian rings was inferred from observations of the planetary radiation belts by Pioneer 11 spacecraft in 1975. In 1979 the Voyager 1 spacecraft obtained a single overexposed image of the ring system.
|
[0.013594374991953373, -0.06417834013700485, -0.0013633305206894875, 0.03499620035290718, 0.05539941042661667, -0.08629396557807922, -0.0027032364159822464, 0.04365266487002373, 0.08717071264982224, -0.04448608309030533, 0.01275072805583477, -0.043404798954725266, -0.03262041509151459, -0.144639790058136, -0.003565483493730426, -0.005866100545972586, -0.015896569937467575, -0.06806864589452744, -0.015091014094650745, 0.0029517519287765026, 0.009381130337715149, 0.07017915695905685, -0.04590227082371712, 0.029061807319521904, -0.07002975791692734, 0.03223321586847305, 0.013705969788134098, -0.08446194976568222, -0.01770375296473503, -0.12635768949985504, 0.016470715403556824, 0.06101113185286522, -0.06372983753681183, 0.002600610489025712, -0.03562901169061661, -0.002778242575004697, -0.008736809715628624, 0.05489597097039223, 0.011239616200327873, -0.06588277220726013, 0.005242564715445042, -0.017027124762535095, 0.06847783178091049, -0.034031566232442856, -0.09837964922189713, 0.02718062326312065, 0.000648025656118989, -0.015213053673505783, 0.029035784304142, -0.037929926067590714, 0.050100911408662796, -0.018903769552707672, -0.09453461319208145, 0.05864710360765457, -0.01781904511153698, 0.0634370744228363, -0.05814546346664429, -0.12375792115926743, 0.05163617804646492, -0.013419228605926037, 0.034344106912612915, 0.024402203038334846, 0.03085530921816826, -0.004997363779693842, -0.042708273977041245, 0.004580770153552294, 0.014434411190450191, -0.09380101412534714, -0.017044266685843468, 0.0019716103561222553, 0.05693189799785614, 0.036724530160427094, -0.057493697851896286, -0.04010268673300743, 0.027659645304083824, 0.13910451531410217, 0.0035600620321929455, 0.07255494594573975, 0.04505780711770058, -0.04211447760462761, -0.022909440100193024, 0.031466543674468994, 0.0656871348619461, 0.05907771736383438, -0.03195229545235634, 0.009874272160232067, -0.04238065332174301, -0.02416001260280609, 0.0015101867029443383, -0.013365284539759159, 0.08747497200965881, -0.039378657937049866, -0.13244982063770294, 0.01938861981034279, -0.004707916174083948, -0.05363139137625694, 0.04606173187494278, -0.012827596627175808, 0.02239651419222355, 0.05927683413028717, 0.0006483181496150792, -0.03407140076160431, 0.012221365235745907, 0.015329958871006966, 0.0001643434661673382, 0.030756117776036263, 0.03836458921432495, 0.0041098035871982574, 0.06859081238508224, 0.02161063440144062, -0.033432479947805405, -0.03506455197930336, -0.008206300437450409, -0.08202292770147324, -0.03817959502339363, 0.03728865087032318, -0.018317734822630882, 0.055172502994537354, -0.07654435187578201, -0.028572725132107735, 0.006155884824693203, 0.023861056193709373, -0.08581165969371796, 0.03213759884238243, 0.022698158398270607, -0.005179546307772398, -0.15615533292293549, 2.4098199898513227e-33, 0.10773725807666779, 0.017068736255168915, 0.11568739265203476, -0.022868119180202484, -0.04871229827404022, -0.006653017830103636, -0.02584679424762726, 0.02856893464922905, 0.05974529683589935, -0.023533552885055542, -0.06208069995045662, -0.036617957055568695, -0.006341133266687393, -0.016074547544121742, 0.01599506288766861, -0.03711257129907608, 0.007830969989299774, -0.019616948440670967, -0.03245957940816879, -0.045989733189344406, -0.08375240862369537, 0.010745628736913204, -0.10657480359077454, 0.0293979961425066, 0.010369500145316124, 0.12113398313522339, 0.06453201174736023, -0.10185148566961288, -0.07788988947868347, 0.06236352026462555, -0.029457340016961098, 0.031014973297715187, 0.0035803006030619144, 0.0964040458202362, -0.006741429679095745, 0.031135087832808495, -0.01006877701729536, 0.025041066110134125, -0.07055297493934631, -0.007406157441437244, 0.05484268441796303, -0.02144225500524044, -0.02810080721974373, -0.0016968244453892112, 0.020637162029743195, -0.02663388103246689, 0.08319491147994995, 0.009879715740680695, 0.0225351732224226, 0.0985831767320633, -0.002804285380989313, -0.014099091291427612, 0.058188363909721375, 0.06398534029722214, 0.001816485426388681, 0.0459081307053566, -0.044854383915662766, -0.036873843520879745, -0.007907554507255554, 0.017224662005901337, 0.068940669298172, 0.03494548052549362, -0.01797875203192234, 0.028188636526465416, 0.020424146205186844, 0.10031072795391083, -0.04293213039636612, -0.05918605625629425, -0.07062102854251862, 0.023758847266435623, -0.0172061026096344, 0.05325327441096306, -0.008239475078880787, 0.0885753333568573, -0.029779912903904915, -0.006845624651759863, -0.007627155166119337, -0.025370147079229355, 0.06126370653510094, 0.05463992431759834, -0.057899583131074905, -0.041731830686330795, 0.011642714031040668, -0.1039603054523468, -0.08708912134170532, -0.010047280229628086, 0.06719309836626053, -0.011271478608250618, -0.007427022326737642, -0.023431796580553055, 0.09839507937431335, -0.012696987949311733, -0.016546431928873062, 0.06623276323080063, -0.038957495242357254, -3.513158824000292e-33, 0.0059579345397651196, -0.08302155882120132, -0.012978357262909412, 0.07474870979785919, 0.05193455517292023, 0.11183387786149979, -0.004622234962880611, 0.10427367687225342, -0.0899408608675003, -0.07317685335874557, -0.074005626142025, 0.06346864998340607, -0.03309016302227974, -0.09005498886108398, 0.10912273824214935, -0.018362490460276604, 0.07214923948049545, 0.02517213299870491, 0.03773042559623718, 0.03717024251818657, 0.02939695306122303, 0.03356524556875229, -0.03732515498995781, -0.13266320526599884, 0.010105792433023453, 0.020759206265211105, 0.06685078144073486, 0.0017104240832850337, -0.05620759353041649, 0.013898095116019249, -0.003671196522191167, -0.01902802288532257, -0.0032154114451259375, -0.005633798893541098, -0.02830253355205059, -0.0023672664538025856, -0.02643241360783577, -0.05612846463918686, 0.03209669888019562, -0.013611668720841408, -0.06074582412838936, 0.023004425689578056, 0.08678698539733887, 0.02246226742863655, 0.04314051568508148, -0.007104102987796068, 0.01155193243175745, 0.10930145531892776, 0.06376202404499054, -0.04489196464419365, -0.011319311335682869, 0.002573614241555333, 0.007934847846627235, 0.07527967542409897, -0.025119049474596977, 0.10586388409137726, -0.010640555061399937, -0.005802726838737726, -0.043500181287527084, -0.0152486152946949, -0.039114318788051605, 0.007982492446899414, 0.028384530916810036, -0.05144551023840904, 0.006201351061463356, -0.021816859021782875, 0.05791158229112625, -0.018964583054184914, -0.058931615203619, 0.03209124878048897, 0.00832544919103384, -0.10249776393175125, -0.03591426834464073, 0.01142346765846014, 0.08174949139356613, -0.012204992584884167, 0.05642571300268173, -0.08521165698766708, -0.020947862416505814, -0.046318184584379196, -0.030249185860157013, 0.0025322912260890007, 0.09331964701414108, -0.05777435749769211, 0.05679095536470413, -0.0035380651243031025, -0.02168748900294304, -0.02783002145588398, -0.04405989125370979, 0.05965140834450722, -0.025090105831623077, 0.023894984275102615, -0.045649558305740356, 0.028332680463790894, 0.05279812589287758, -5.129437496975697e-08, 0.10860647261142731, 0.023242365568876266, -0.022887906059622765, -0.0005963635048829019, 0.04771141707897186, -0.023714354261755943, 0.02519654855132103, 0.08761472254991531, -0.01974375545978546, -0.014079712331295013, 0.03468683362007141, 0.008724205195903778, -0.03175797685980797, -0.057393550872802734, 0.05076628923416138, 0.022784974426031113, -0.04484455659985542, -0.0340735949575901, -0.06133246421813965, -0.011802013963460922, -0.02881770022213459, -0.008778521791100502, 0.05056127905845642, -0.17253857851028442, -0.03355705738067627, 0.039972223341464996, 0.10977107286453247, -0.005745865870267153, -0.0030112292151898146, -0.02429589442908764, -0.0606154166162014, 0.047025322914123535, -0.028775101527571678, -0.07778134196996689, -0.08493421971797943, 0.03357631713151932, -0.04917314276099205, 0.004850307013839483, 0.09268274903297424, 0.02775394544005394, 0.04198955371975899, 0.06763888895511627, 0.003779094433411956, 0.022974420338869095, 0.03504996746778488, 0.04232844337821007, 0.020982854068279266, -0.05103527382016182, -0.033237166702747345, -0.0107665890827775, -0.08451046794652939, 0.039462611079216, 0.020658789202570915, 0.013091620989143848, -0.04873926192522049, -0.0032451662700623274, -0.008396098390221596, 0.0016858307644724846, -0.0192918311804533, 0.03675041347742081, -0.03596724569797516, -0.04070667922496796, -0.038592882454395294, 0.04722830653190613]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
583
|
the Jovian rings was inferred from observations of the planetary radiation belts by Pioneer 11 spacecraft in 1975 . In 1979 the Voyager 1 spacecraft obtained a single overexposed image of the ring system .More extensive imaging was conducted by Voyager 2 in the same year, which allowed rough determination of the ring's structure. The superior quality of the images obtained by the Galileo orbiter between 1995 and 2003 greatly extended the existing knowledge about the Jovian rings. Ground-based observation of the rings by the Keck telescope in 1997 and 2002 and the HST in 1999 revealed the rich structure visible in back-scattered light. Images transmitted by the New Horizons spacecraft in February–March 2007 allowed observation of the fine structure in the main ring for the first time. In 2000, the Cassini spacecraft en route to Saturn conducted extensive observations of the Jovian ring system. Future missions to the Jovian system will provide additional information about the rings. Gallery
See also
Moons of Jupiter
Notes
References
External links
Jupiter Rings Fact Sheet
Jupiter's Rings by NASA's Solar System Exploration
NASA Pioneer project page
NASA Voyager project page
NASA Galileo project page
NASA Cassini project space
New Horizons project page
Planetary Ring Node: Jupiter's Ring System
Rings of Jupiter nomenclature from the USGS planetary nomenclature page
|
[-0.029584767296910286, -0.0608828105032444, -0.05459656938910484, -0.0008189898799173534, 0.08939818292856216, -0.13674624264240265, -0.02869122289121151, 0.09466098248958588, 0.05227939411997795, -0.0581977404654026, -0.04886308312416077, 0.005268897861242294, 0.01529059186577797, -0.0694199949502945, -0.021196871995925903, -0.06467414647340775, 0.00757755758240819, 0.032111093401908875, 0.02868783101439476, -0.0337815135717392, -0.04333844035863876, 0.06865842640399933, -0.013135582208633423, 0.020543884485960007, -0.03066679835319519, 0.09228023141622543, -0.015327073633670807, -0.06407848745584488, -0.06957706063985825, -0.019179122522473335, 0.0005106765893287957, 0.007319241296499968, -0.02841026522219181, -0.01824684627354145, -0.0434391163289547, -0.006366115529090166, 0.017956022173166275, 0.018887342885136604, -0.02589510753750801, -0.05422305315732956, -0.02216118946671486, 0.02832227572798729, 0.09712881594896317, -0.06272394210100174, -0.045821379870176315, 0.01783066615462303, 0.015069078654050827, -0.04850716516375542, -0.003927428741008043, -0.01750929094851017, 0.04288796707987785, 0.0015973328845575452, 0.005460298154503107, 0.038382839411497116, -0.007828481495380402, 0.052442509680986404, -0.10395728796720505, -0.0417199544608593, 0.032181598246097565, 0.012574474327266216, 0.0047943065874278545, 0.008322691544890404, 0.0020540161058306694, -0.015923961997032166, -0.04658793285489082, 0.06488481163978577, 0.014907190576195717, -0.023541580885648727, 0.0529707595705986, -0.0438544787466526, 0.0073841228149831295, 0.06274190545082092, 0.012198408134281635, -0.05876019597053528, -0.02312226966023445, 0.12249918282032013, 0.07972395420074463, 0.06662798672914505, 0.02961593307554722, -0.06249198690056801, -0.005228450521826744, 0.00931465346366167, 0.03022817336022854, 0.04083774983882904, -0.0601087361574173, 0.06860628724098206, -0.08472983539104462, -0.022747235372662544, -0.0303405299782753, -0.06925967335700989, 0.06394124776124954, -0.09377077221870422, -0.07379094511270523, -0.07821407914161682, -0.09307557344436646, -0.07155998796224594, -0.011891072615981102, -0.02553473971784115, 0.02691853977739811, 0.05820228159427643, 0.007024236023426056, -0.045242082327604294, 0.025351300835609436, -0.00037563280784524977, 0.003398743225261569, 0.04145269840955734, 0.03036091849207878, 0.02018873579800129, -0.005270716268569231, -0.005972552578896284, -0.023383980616927147, 2.191743624280207e-05, -0.038160551339387894, -0.10474313795566559, -0.048875946551561356, -0.017950011417269707, -0.04030298814177513, 0.10651984810829163, -0.03663114458322525, 0.03252748027443886, 0.021066423505544662, -0.05146172270178795, -0.0049376473762094975, -0.02450251765549183, -0.018636703491210938, 0.007413002662360668, -0.09557922184467316, 5.11921030690589e-33, 0.02011283114552498, 0.0366613045334816, 0.14764562249183655, -0.003940689377486706, -0.06429902464151382, -0.038424499332904816, 0.0061744339764118195, -0.01099865697324276, 0.0660005584359169, -0.04500221461057663, -0.038212649524211884, 0.032359376549720764, 0.04572992026805878, -0.04137285053730011, 0.01967371255159378, -0.013332151807844639, 0.0829814150929451, -0.04181850329041481, -0.039977431297302246, 0.030956480652093887, -0.04989894852042198, -0.0024711654987186193, 0.04402415454387665, 0.026308691129088402, 0.07029678672552109, 0.0313233844935894, 0.05482710525393486, -0.06831668317317963, -0.04514843598008156, 0.036569204181432724, -0.02447643131017685, 0.003832479240372777, 0.021142419427633286, 0.08326158672571182, 0.008812529034912586, 0.09717501699924469, -0.017552323639392853, 0.042542874813079834, -0.04534950479865074, -0.0832519605755806, 0.09019888937473297, -0.00592829380184412, -0.00034585638786666095, 0.05213906988501549, 0.03547463193535805, 0.005386949051171541, 0.00017249413940589875, -0.018500646576285362, 0.027024272829294205, 0.06295885890722275, -0.009474214166402817, -0.047496333718299866, -0.013278325088322163, -0.01655864343047142, 0.0425114668905735, -0.007772349286824465, -0.04689369723200798, -0.04357015714049339, -0.019083552062511444, 0.07216277718544006, 0.030923567712306976, -0.054911646991968155, -0.027554402127861977, 0.04579212889075279, -0.03639436885714531, 0.1296573281288147, -0.08890470862388611, -0.03448868170380592, -0.04925946146249771, -0.049484048038721085, -0.0707375630736351, 0.08641766756772995, -0.016517184674739838, 0.07798181474208832, 0.033887360244989395, 0.013640421442687511, 0.00022714027727488428, -0.053996335715055466, -0.003502492792904377, 0.06242479383945465, -0.024676578119397163, -0.08008436113595963, 0.005025337915867567, -0.04389847442507744, 0.0014739070320501924, 0.03501836955547333, -0.008730114437639713, 0.04655664786696434, 0.07839936017990112, 0.003356942208483815, 0.07893021404743195, -0.0014954379294067621, -0.0029307773802429438, 0.0572625957429409, -0.05765848606824875, -5.1977943083102675e-33, -0.024364201352000237, 0.010955019854009151, 0.0499592162668705, 0.027388736605644226, 0.03549736738204956, 0.0850314050912857, -0.07436218857765198, 0.04254309460520744, -0.0662272721529007, -0.07518071681261063, -0.01808665320277214, 0.038624752312898636, -0.05774533748626709, -0.11694502085447311, -0.020492104813456535, -0.033568982034921646, -0.0021107690408825874, -0.03711500018835068, 0.029292291030287743, 0.010590819641947746, 0.012045882642269135, 0.03736931458115578, -0.019956011325120926, -0.10989405959844589, -0.04662807285785675, -0.0013312909286469221, 0.03436093032360077, -0.0317547507584095, -0.02061859890818596, 0.003895993111655116, -0.060590509325265884, -0.04833154007792473, 0.007109241094440222, 0.060705650597810745, 0.037642236799001694, -0.002671128837391734, 0.09388373792171478, -0.07396853715181351, 0.007550109177827835, 0.023471001535654068, -0.10534641146659851, 0.04813644289970398, -0.008935454301536083, 0.05044854059815407, 0.02274714782834053, -0.02285783365368843, 0.03613909333944321, 0.07386734336614609, 0.02656705118715763, -0.039640240371227264, -0.037545982748270035, -0.047121915966272354, -0.03751332685351372, -0.002691291505470872, 0.0025620211381465197, 0.0586407370865345, 0.02826603315770626, 0.11085178703069687, -0.0016983953537419438, 0.05507930368185043, 0.031003713607788086, -0.05458078533411026, -0.020802132785320282, -0.015036647208034992, 0.024547601118683815, -0.08732203394174576, 0.05973213165998459, 0.018436692655086517, -0.05295810475945473, 0.027923619374632835, -0.051049597561359406, -0.061303623020648956, 0.016153069213032722, 0.09458397328853607, 0.10444428771734238, -0.04352707043290138, 0.0012055920669808984, -0.07168097794055939, 0.022153669968247414, 0.015456226654350758, -0.007925834506750107, -0.030603520572185516, 0.07669679075479507, 0.02048357017338276, 0.1239478662610054, 0.056393690407276154, 0.027052799239754677, -0.08828097581863403, -0.042664799839258194, -0.012594417668879032, 0.028302492573857307, -0.02492482215166092, -0.028465962037444115, 0.1064748540520668, 0.04659195616841316, -4.570605582898679e-08, 0.13682518899440765, -0.018905319273471832, -0.065338134765625, -0.0005864187842234969, 0.019863825291395187, -0.02108076587319374, 0.02661507949233055, 0.08027933537960052, -0.04166828468441963, -0.053310807794332504, 0.003681531408801675, 0.0624130517244339, -0.04231727495789528, -0.09668466448783875, 0.006751529406756163, 0.04158148169517517, 0.03233959153294563, 0.007314823567867279, -0.03309476748108864, 0.10300188511610031, 0.09730241447687149, 0.004567151889204979, 0.04054667055606842, -0.08260063827037811, 0.016404470428824425, -0.009175826795399189, 0.011990454979240894, 0.07050889730453491, 0.0053941174410283566, -0.03261564299464226, 0.03755257651209831, -0.057866133749485016, -0.005944761913269758, -0.07381454855203629, -0.02224697172641754, -0.03248760476708412, -0.07439316064119339, 0.04444730281829834, 0.049855656921863556, 0.05167992785573006, 0.024996072053909302, 0.07377172261476517, -0.06569506973028183, 0.05655216798186302, 0.04509355127811432, 0.11606527864933014, 0.02392571046948433, -0.04375695437192917, -0.08519481867551804, -0.04520193114876747, -0.04312305524945259, 0.006387835368514061, 0.08096715062856674, -0.026211492717266083, -0.12610246241092682, -0.020951425656676292, 0.009221759624779224, 0.026198523119091988, -0.005845505744218826, 0.012366719543933868, -0.06834633648395538, 0.052321165800094604, -0.11364097893238068, 0.046135254204273224]
|
Rings of Jupiter
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter.
|
584
|
Saturn has the most extensive and complex ring system of any planet in the Solar System. The rings consist of particles in orbit around the planet and are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of rocky material. Particles range from micrometers to meters in size. There is no consensus as to what mechanism facilitated their formation: while investigations using theoretical models suggested they formed early in the Solar System's existence, newer data from Cassini suggests a more recent date of formation. In September 2023, astronomers reported studies suggesting that the rings of Saturn may have resulted from the collision of two moons "a few hundred million years ago". Though light reflected from the rings increases Saturn's apparent brightness, they are not themselves visible from Earth with the naked eye. In 1610, the year after his first observations with a telescope, Galileo Galilei became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. In 1655, Christiaan Huygens was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn. The concept that Saturn's rings are made up of a series of tiny ringlets can be traced to Pierre-Simon Laplace, although true gaps are few – it is more correct to think of the rings as an annular disk with concentric local maxima and minima in density and brightness. The rings have numerous gaps where particle density drops sharply: two opened by known moons embedded within them, and many others at locations of known destabilizing orbital resonances with the moons of Saturn. Other gaps remain unexplained. Stabilizing resonances, on the other hand, are responsible for the longevity of several rings, such as the Titan Ringlet and the G Ring.
|
[-0.010043964721262455, -0.08933136612176895, -0.03853815793991089, 0.015681302174925804, 0.04621617868542671, -0.08102738112211227, 0.05675056204199791, 0.1067257896065712, 0.10684109479188919, -0.01540557760745287, -0.05945830047130585, 0.020404979586601257, 0.006167580373585224, -0.06446120887994766, -0.05384724959731102, -0.06924594193696976, -0.02462725155055523, -0.011265129782259464, -0.015429314225912094, -0.014423297718167305, 0.014325949363410473, 0.012697046622633934, -0.07754312455654144, 0.003254687413573265, 0.013583979569375515, 0.11711114645004272, 0.021418604999780655, 0.0011691207764670253, -0.030436154454946518, 0.06487461179494858, 0.04652104899287224, -0.010965014807879925, -0.03693263605237007, -0.012339905835688114, -0.04927592724561691, 0.022829163819551468, -0.010816844180226326, 0.006741820368915796, -0.024321800097823143, -0.10709873586893082, 0.008015606552362442, 0.0741066262125969, 0.07714439183473587, -0.04185178503394127, 0.0020523874554783106, -0.027874084189534187, 0.03191940858960152, -0.0016445753863081336, -0.014050385914742947, -0.08797552436590195, 0.03498990461230278, 0.024607500061392784, 0.02196238562464714, 0.002331957221031189, -0.03105855919420719, 0.03493335470557213, -0.094749316573143, -0.13172364234924316, 0.03282906860113144, -0.05745133012533188, -0.06136719137430191, 0.00574386864900589, 0.06710142642259598, -0.04498812556266785, -0.07449984550476074, 0.11372275650501251, 0.01116893906146288, -0.05736778676509857, 0.0598880834877491, 0.037137292325496674, 0.010555936023592949, 0.10810573399066925, -0.04629405587911606, 0.032423101365566254, -0.017994044348597527, 0.01733715645968914, 0.04402831569314003, 0.035186026245355606, -0.015250776894390583, -0.03973710164427757, -0.037064068019390106, 0.015070412307977676, 0.021565072238445282, 0.07085666060447693, -0.06604539602994919, 0.07928165793418884, -0.03406684100627899, 0.03686767444014549, -0.06716269999742508, -0.03410777822136879, 0.058354999870061874, 0.005962241441011429, -0.04107780382037163, -0.06651081889867783, 0.0017221544403582811, -0.04408759996294975, 0.03370090574026108, -0.0531902052462101, 0.05268299579620361, 0.021161865442991257, 0.035550277680158615, -0.026212481781840324, 0.00028002349426969886, 0.06335862725973129, 0.0030297546181827784, 0.04212753102183342, 0.03631218150258064, -0.0025531239807605743, 0.007093243766576052, -0.006919552572071552, -0.024431612342596054, -0.058834392577409744, -0.015669014304876328, -0.05682851001620293, -0.05342918634414673, -0.016960950568318367, -0.021928830072283745, 0.08709587901830673, -0.024706462398171425, 0.038913972675800323, 0.01110113225877285, 0.022239426150918007, -0.06118317320942879, 0.005449846852570772, 0.034519556909799576, 0.014613186940550804, -0.0886613205075264, 5.214091159951976e-34, 0.056780360639095306, 0.013747948221862316, 0.13554753363132477, 0.019441358745098114, -0.027233537286520004, -0.056537024676799774, 0.04534045234322548, -0.0035117364022880793, 0.10825051367282867, -0.054454412311315536, -0.05387444794178009, -0.01948915235698223, 0.04566824808716774, -0.08716078102588654, 0.02398505248129368, 0.035717904567718506, 0.06320144981145859, -0.04766004532575607, -0.011569052003324032, 0.0038458374328911304, -0.182526633143425, 0.026225844398140907, 0.030210791155695915, 0.009989002719521523, 0.009543069638311863, 0.03296952694654465, 0.04908975958824158, -0.06561250239610672, 0.027642959728837013, 0.005363392177969217, 0.011679534800350666, 0.07499679923057556, -0.013441587798297405, 0.13538841903209686, 0.06672713905572891, 0.05128387734293938, -0.02053867094218731, 0.03867434710264206, 0.04110131040215492, -0.013733523897826672, 0.0741809755563736, -0.05339863523840904, 0.018250269815325737, -0.00500579783692956, 0.047669801861047745, -0.0064757950603961945, 0.039038874208927155, 0.06645499914884567, 0.003980951849371195, 0.01693357713520527, 0.032730765640735626, 0.029854726046323776, 0.011567645706236362, -0.010738438926637173, 0.022165697067975998, 0.03510767221450806, -0.04077368974685669, -0.06335881352424622, -0.009167407639324665, 0.03553543612360954, -0.01622939482331276, -0.03320930898189545, -0.008539706468582153, 0.04980574920773506, -0.051733121275901794, 0.07340899854898453, -0.08212468028068542, -0.03853916376829147, -0.059317395091056824, -0.0021739297080785036, -0.0023813575971871614, 0.04819757118821144, -0.02849205583333969, 0.05733231082558632, 0.06087559089064598, 0.00488909101113677, 0.013037401251494884, -0.0693012997508049, -0.03372018784284592, 0.0833820104598999, -0.0184917189180851, -0.05453456938266754, -0.02319440059363842, -0.08754097670316696, -0.07795367389917374, 0.012572209350764751, 0.05816801264882088, -0.0038932899478822947, 0.06382939219474792, 0.01934165321290493, 0.04294087737798691, -0.04682689905166626, 0.005175619386136532, -0.006932805757969618, -0.07786253839731216, -2.128431070506445e-33, -0.04306362569332123, -0.07695182412862778, 0.0325419083237648, 0.015536436811089516, 0.03045865148305893, 0.026571696624159813, -0.1120922714471817, 0.006818699650466442, -0.023417197167873383, -0.05741629749536514, 0.02300064079463482, 0.042893532663583755, -0.11271584779024124, -0.17327575385570526, 0.00013376933929976076, -0.03383263945579529, 0.049728136509656906, 0.030683791264891624, 0.04056321829557419, -0.010658747516572475, 0.036860391497612, 0.0017378308111801744, -0.014078290201723576, -0.09925971925258636, -0.06087206304073334, -0.016908515244722366, 0.04343481361865997, -0.05909924581646919, 0.0030692487489432096, 0.023258650675415993, -0.055252451449632645, 0.0006539415917359293, 0.010294046252965927, -0.03358124569058418, -0.033488623797893524, 0.04571155086159706, 0.05953611806035042, -0.11831493675708771, 0.023720160126686096, -0.018002470955252647, -0.09040745347738266, -0.0036075152456760406, 0.002842230023816228, 0.007854245603084564, 0.06874092668294907, -0.04200339689850807, 0.06243498623371124, 0.08955344557762146, -0.005456163082271814, -0.04007358476519585, -0.012130795046687126, -0.028199760243296623, 0.017359400168061256, -0.06058396399021149, 0.059157900512218475, 0.021791907027363777, 0.050990547984838486, 0.047455914318561554, 0.026623481884598732, -0.0017544779693707824, 0.060794685035943985, -0.020887628197669983, 0.020215947180986404, -0.024251006543636322, 0.0047849868424236774, -0.08775284886360168, 0.050817783921957016, 0.029358677566051483, -0.011008856818079948, 0.03125184774398804, -0.045884836465120316, -0.04486442357301712, 0.04805859923362732, 0.07934015244245529, 0.07125971466302872, 0.016672343015670776, 0.0029319103341549635, -0.08400779217481613, -0.03204815089702606, -0.012694365344941616, -0.019975675269961357, 0.05505705997347832, 0.05898651108145714, -0.05281815677881241, 0.038418423384428024, -0.01582590490579605, -0.005914997775107622, -0.036420099437236786, -0.06871283054351807, 0.010204874910414219, -0.01258150115609169, -0.012999274767935276, 0.010909169912338257, 0.10762443393468857, -0.010940483771264553, -4.578469159355336e-08, 0.1345963329076767, 0.04005344957113266, -0.06735066324472427, -0.0002565754111856222, -0.049703601747751236, -0.0003099928726442158, 0.0654556080698967, 0.08171690255403519, -0.02516750618815422, -0.10639449954032898, -0.007900979369878769, 0.03870191052556038, -0.016865262761712074, -0.10491448640823364, 0.005395990330725908, 0.08482350409030914, -0.010971053503453732, -0.09459859132766724, -0.021167384460568428, 0.046546570956707, 0.09552112221717834, 0.018997875973582268, -0.023305853828787804, -0.07011207193136215, 0.0004659400146920234, -0.0030197740998119116, 0.02673952654004097, 0.05879827216267586, -0.05413813516497612, 0.00957321934401989, 0.008882622234523296, -0.08356433361768723, 0.02772090584039688, -0.059479281306266785, 0.04544367641210556, -0.01824910379946232, -0.07464686036109924, 0.008809383027255535, 0.04434049502015114, -0.04618096351623535, 0.01879962719976902, 0.10618805140256882, -0.0321163684129715, 0.022933131083846092, 0.06015072762966156, 0.033960774540901184, -0.009219398722052574, 0.0002427074359729886, -0.009631394408643246, -0.005424919072538614, -0.028743308037519455, 0.057544346898794174, 0.030553780496120453, -0.04202447831630707, -0.12095879018306732, -0.02283303439617157, 0.0251938384026289, -0.0287938229739666, -0.009128794074058533, -0.027049580588936806, -0.10227135568857193, 0.050960760563611984, -0.05379735305905342, 0.08717769384384155]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
585
|
of Saturn . Other gaps remain unexplained . Stabilizing resonances , on the other hand , are responsible for the longevity of several rings , such as the Titan Ringlet and the G Ring .Well beyond the main rings is the Phoebe ring, which is presumed to originate from Phoebe and thus share its retrograde orbital motion. It is aligned with the plane of Saturn's orbit. Saturn has an axial tilt of 27 degrees, so this ring is tilted at an angle of 27 degrees to the more visible rings orbiting above Saturn's equator. History
Early observations
Galileo Galilei was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in 1610 using his telescope, but was unable to identify them as such. He wrote to the Duke of Tuscany that "The planet Saturn is not alone, but is composed of three, which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another. They are arranged in a line parallel to the zodiac, and the middle one (Saturn itself) is about three times the size of the lateral ones." He also described the rings as Saturn's "ears". In 1612 the Earth passed through the plane of the rings and they became invisible. Mystified, Galileo remarked "I do not know what to say in a case so surprising, so unlooked for and so novel." He mused, "Has Saturn swallowed his children?" — referring to the myth of the Titan Saturn devouring his offspring to forestall the prophecy of them overthrowing him. He was further confused when the rings again became visible in 1613. Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication.
|
[-0.03837955370545387, -0.08176837861537933, -0.032374732196331024, -0.014470888301730156, -0.02472563274204731, -0.06794759631156921, 0.07041603326797485, 0.07577435672283173, 0.09032001346349716, -0.06570430845022202, -0.03520440682768822, 0.02119673602283001, -0.035754766315221786, -0.06173628941178322, -0.07773690670728683, -0.10378723591566086, -0.0010342322057113051, 0.015546342357993126, -0.03962256759405136, 0.0011997896945104003, -0.013666222803294659, 0.03349555283784866, -0.014553206972777843, 0.07977595180273056, -0.02064152993261814, 0.09584794193506241, -0.0018087655771523714, -0.026921577751636505, -0.043616101145744324, 0.00860975868999958, -0.010939410887658596, 0.00464464770630002, -0.05418373644351959, 0.03943517059087753, -0.09209639579057693, 0.007310733199119568, -0.03691835328936577, -0.030222415924072266, 0.027826597914099693, -0.07303833216428757, 0.03388671576976776, 0.09573130309581757, 0.05753359943628311, -0.029375405982136726, -0.023254651576280594, 0.03624838590621948, -0.01297695655375719, -0.017451569437980652, 0.0003009251377079636, -0.08182910829782486, 0.027332047000527382, -0.0020119512919336557, -0.009385954588651657, 0.017996162176132202, -0.01877788081765175, 0.10913669317960739, -0.02708403766155243, -0.10161220282316208, 0.06672659516334534, -0.03567642346024513, -0.014619525521993637, -0.0050436751917004585, 0.06861874461174011, -0.0035472079180181026, -0.1157757043838501, 0.08719652146100998, -0.0030394296627491713, -0.07513122260570526, 0.020721670240163803, 0.020227184519171715, 0.026779161766171455, 0.055853456258773804, -0.005827430635690689, -0.028939204290509224, -0.0008151893853209913, 0.0379183366894722, 0.0661771297454834, 0.0029870476573705673, -0.018579410389065742, -0.05642044544219971, -0.02065545879304409, -0.04289541020989418, -0.015920327976346016, 0.11125155538320541, -0.03893731161952019, 0.004182834643870592, -0.0691893994808197, 0.013698473572731018, -0.06635605543851852, -0.02690078876912594, 0.0636497214436531, 0.01452048122882843, -0.06677281111478806, -0.06308463215827942, 0.0025144240353256464, -0.02603570744395256, 0.05357547849416733, -0.06703586131334305, -0.029163124039769173, 0.01207813248038292, 0.06736626476049423, 0.0032667366322129965, 0.014367717318236828, 0.1089642271399498, -0.008901817724108696, 0.07629964500665665, 0.009272638708353043, -0.04939406365156174, -0.006746629718691111, -0.005405388306826353, -0.05103735625743866, -0.051038339734077454, 0.022587332874536514, -0.04977298527956009, -0.08875756710767746, 0.026822028681635857, -0.03377527371048927, 0.11026042699813843, -0.011135407723486423, 0.04381345212459564, 0.02585182711482048, -0.028263971209526062, -0.028300749137997627, 0.027522506192326546, -0.04008679836988449, 0.01883363164961338, -0.1242150142788887, 4.972474265447705e-34, 0.053154006600379944, 0.058963362127542496, 0.10516971349716187, 0.011732195504009724, -0.01998070999979973, 0.015928274020552635, -0.053460072726011276, -0.0007462339708581567, 0.09199690818786621, -0.06707560271024704, -0.013693263754248619, -0.029360782355070114, 0.024194778874516487, -0.0807357057929039, 0.018844425678253174, 0.07423216104507446, 0.0662127137184143, 0.032645177096128464, -0.02273077890276909, -0.030172035098075867, -0.08636020869016647, -0.0006977078737691045, -0.02141408994793892, -0.028709035366773605, -0.002057228470221162, 0.014049923978745937, 0.02133197896182537, -0.0028703929856419563, -0.015806101262569427, 0.009280269034206867, 0.007444110233336687, 0.05920479819178581, -0.00960049033164978, 0.087579645216465, 0.030875280499458313, -0.0013721927534788847, 0.02229294367134571, 0.005826385226100683, 0.047284599393606186, 0.03238735720515251, 0.04849914833903313, -0.002243964234367013, 0.04217371717095375, 0.0025245817378163338, 0.08034661412239075, 0.008642317727208138, 0.05303093418478966, 0.08072513341903687, -0.005942428018897772, 0.0476095974445343, 0.05610383674502373, -0.03055928461253643, 0.040246304124593735, -0.03099573217332363, 0.07178998738527298, 0.0657658502459526, -0.04215814173221588, -0.04588700830936432, -0.040892571210861206, 0.028019491583108902, 0.03921329975128174, -0.011187905445694923, 0.007060856558382511, 0.02154901809990406, -0.011295953765511513, 0.10439649224281311, -0.1334705799818039, -0.033331338316202164, -0.046375028789043427, 0.044096168130636215, -0.03186669573187828, 0.048989325761795044, -0.010459273122251034, 0.09660013765096664, 0.025266220793128014, -0.0006320539978332818, -0.05398391932249069, -0.07868871837854385, 0.006204231176525354, 0.03613029047846794, -0.03683067113161087, -0.01070578396320343, -0.0017248516669496894, -0.04372941330075264, -0.03730613365769386, 0.007666697725653648, 0.07565280050039291, -0.037709880620241165, 0.06803786009550095, 0.026481756940484047, 0.06143132969737053, -0.08394648134708405, -0.0237285103648901, 0.016589010134339333, -0.08108741044998169, -1.1441202229278483e-33, -0.07275586575269699, -0.0639706626534462, 0.00964725948870182, 0.05179911106824875, 0.01020886655896902, -0.031140675768256187, -0.06750386953353882, 0.04669688642024994, -0.012466519139707088, -0.08506185561418533, 0.026493290439248085, 0.02136441133916378, -0.0763426199555397, -0.12300975620746613, 0.03708789125084877, 0.01257830485701561, 0.04950926825404167, 0.033763337880373, -0.008737374097108841, -0.02486921101808548, 0.07519806176424026, -0.04861501604318619, -0.06441832333803177, -0.05818595737218857, -0.052769843488931656, 0.018613209947943687, 0.014120041392743587, -0.04341070353984833, 0.01898260973393917, -0.003538592951372266, -0.014864183031022549, 0.0384829007089138, -0.002748370636254549, -0.014967644587159157, -0.0035788887180387974, 0.06651072949171066, 0.01986660249531269, -0.11219868808984756, 0.07665221393108368, -0.003415573388338089, -0.0662609115242958, 0.0363059937953949, 0.05533885955810547, -0.008655390702188015, 0.04231363534927368, -0.016395328566432, 0.10179197043180466, 0.11054489761590958, -0.0285497959703207, -0.005642999894917011, -0.041306450963020325, -0.06785309314727783, 0.01906837709248066, -0.014037624932825565, 0.06362972408533096, 0.012859592214226723, 0.050464414060115814, 0.047906018793582916, 0.01564929075539112, -0.03284476324915886, 0.11487029492855072, -0.027302050963044167, 0.01853181980550289, -0.034183915704488754, -0.054705917835235596, -0.04497057944536209, 0.06662824004888535, 0.0037255599163472652, 0.03196844831109047, 0.06407608091831207, -0.008918343111872673, -0.02809419110417366, -0.003257745411247015, 0.028071820735931396, 0.08445533365011215, 0.06956186890602112, 0.018411967903375626, -0.0854906216263771, -0.03463369607925415, -0.05416048318147659, -0.048354461789131165, 0.03097275272011757, 0.04761291667819023, -0.03503003716468811, 0.0386526994407177, -0.06061900407075882, -0.01137250941246748, 0.020028023049235344, -0.033231232315301895, -0.006095017772167921, -0.04834676906466484, 0.003612883621826768, 0.007897129282355309, 0.03828854486346245, 0.04813094809651375, -5.189975027519722e-08, 0.10552066564559937, 0.07723976671695709, -0.044600870460271835, 0.030291223898530006, -0.027830692008137703, 0.01584208942949772, 0.08929421007633209, 0.01929537206888199, -0.04177737608551979, -0.1056537851691246, -0.06310243159532547, 0.040975362062454224, -0.010782639496028423, -0.10202149301767349, 0.010197389870882034, 0.0675492063164711, -0.020759111270308495, -0.05652739852666855, -0.01679976098239422, 0.060653410851955414, 0.0960162803530693, 0.06923121213912964, -0.036753494292497635, -0.11023781448602676, -0.023367803543806076, -0.01164983119815588, 0.03353489562869072, 0.08672699332237244, -0.06062503904104233, -0.02197246626019478, 0.04194582253694534, -0.11237382143735886, 0.03758077695965767, -0.08106835931539536, -0.024657972157001495, 0.018455062061548233, -0.0660405158996582, 0.04294968768954277, 0.07793022692203522, -0.04951944574713707, 0.04212319105863571, 0.01928376592695713, -0.09908165782690048, 0.059588246047496796, 0.029547683894634247, 0.006138925906270742, 0.06484394520521164, 0.00402188953012228, -0.029836952686309814, 0.016999363899230957, -0.03616628423333168, 0.03795434907078743, 0.06912150233983994, -0.036018211394548416, -0.10030478984117508, -0.03159715607762337, 0.02228238806128502, 0.03781195729970932, -0.017273282632231712, -0.014047699049115181, -0.10896041244268417, 0.03249723091721535, -0.09604109823703766, 0.054612550884485245]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
586
|
further confused when the rings again became visible in 1613 . Early astronomers used anagrams as a form of commitment scheme to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication .Galileo used the anagram "smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras" for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi ("I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form") for discovering the rings of Saturn. In 1657 Christopher Wren became Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London. He had been making observations of the planet Saturn from around 1652 with the aim of explaining its appearance. His hypothesis was written up in De corpore saturni, in which he came close to suggesting the planet had a ring. However, Wren was unsure whether the ring was independent of the planet, or physically attached to it. Before Wren's hypothesis was published Christiaan Huygens presented his hypothesis of the rings of Saturn. Immediately Wren recognised this as a better hypothesis than his own and De corpore saturni was never published. Robert Hooke was another early observer of the rings of Saturn, and noted the casting of shadows on the rings. Huygens' ring hypothesis and later developments
Christiaan Huygens began grinding lenses with his father Constantijn Huygens in 1655 and was able to observe Saturn with greater detail using a 43× power refracting telescope that he designed himself. He was the first to suggest that Saturn was surrounded by a ring detached from the planet, and famously published the letter string "aaaaaaacccccdeeeeeghiiiiiiillllmmnnnnnnnnnooooppqrrstttttuuuuu". Three years later, he revealed it to mean Annulo cingitur, tenui, plano, nusquam coherente, ad eclipticam inclinato ("[Saturn] is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching [the body of the planet], inclined to the ecliptic").
|
[-0.04798043519258499, -0.05805337801575661, -0.0664714053273201, 0.018884263932704926, -0.00783856026828289, -0.07906563580036163, 0.054483626037836075, 0.06818661838769913, 0.04708025977015495, 0.001984135014936328, -0.04868686944246292, 0.01297017652541399, 0.01119675487279892, -0.05652031674981117, -0.09928904473781586, -0.011275213211774826, -0.05423331633210182, 0.03810661658644676, 0.0045745233073830605, -0.021095938980579376, 0.020474471151828766, 0.030605647712945938, -0.012003021314740181, -0.00992595311254263, 0.0636363998055458, 0.08925352245569229, 0.01663835532963276, 0.00809383299201727, -0.012065467424690723, 0.0503784716129303, 0.0020632341038435698, 0.0010157786309719086, -0.019757576286792755, -0.056474655866622925, 0.009429717436432838, 0.005842100828886032, -0.042171694338321686, 0.04601289704442024, -0.0442325696349144, -0.04718485847115517, 0.016466174274683, 0.056898899376392365, 0.037615787237882614, -0.034650832414627075, -0.0557011179625988, -0.021959932520985603, 0.018018478527665138, -0.02833017148077488, -0.020181581377983093, -0.008713601157069206, 0.05969347432255745, 0.029502715915441513, 0.002033418510109186, -0.03914148733019829, -0.04180397093296051, 0.02620386891067028, -0.06770538538694382, -0.1344289779663086, 0.027583036571741104, -0.09932919591665268, -0.056301016360521317, 0.020006177946925163, -0.021479735150933266, 0.002772917738184333, -0.024401076138019562, 0.08485804498195648, 0.039023347198963165, -0.0917951762676239, 0.04658551141619682, 0.024555230513215065, 0.0139191634953022, 0.037492938339710236, -0.030582336708903313, 0.021260688081383705, 0.008598323911428452, 0.04306279122829437, 0.08163870126008987, 0.02490701712667942, -0.02846636064350605, -0.04173707589507103, -0.012475302442908287, 0.030832652002573013, 0.015997478738427162, 0.08362830430269241, -0.04309573397040367, 0.0487314909696579, -0.03581247851252556, -0.026217367500066757, -0.021207010373473167, -0.02244970202445984, 0.058959901332855225, -0.04309377074241638, -0.05496713146567345, -0.05112551152706146, -0.023928212001919746, -0.005647305864840746, 0.017984185367822647, 0.005119438748806715, 0.004264151677489281, 0.06265661865472794, 0.0312507227063179, 0.00725924875587225, -0.0008593042730353773, 0.0552201084792614, -0.0005750152631662786, 0.018659453839063644, 0.03194410726428032, -0.05005677416920662, 0.028223596513271332, 0.01692976988852024, -0.03199709206819534, 0.005142054054886103, 0.02059616521000862, -0.016564497724175453, 0.002353794639930129, 0.021971503272652626, -0.021875785663723946, 0.08101022988557816, -0.08454333245754242, 0.009453645907342434, -0.01510741375386715, 0.012670119293034077, -0.0255332812666893, 0.023106610402464867, 0.05377829819917679, 0.03853057697415352, -0.0724371075630188, 2.661808142443204e-33, 0.04256953299045563, 0.03698930889368057, 0.13851840794086456, 0.07598249614238739, -0.016372844576835632, 0.0022228278685361147, -0.015404805541038513, 0.06449810415506363, 0.05898277088999748, -0.023009316995739937, -0.026255376636981964, 0.03845739737153053, 0.017226099967956543, -0.04584457725286484, -0.01138537097722292, 0.07305204123258591, 0.09627214074134827, -0.062417447566986084, -0.009371728636324406, 0.02623857371509075, -0.1414261907339096, -0.09490776062011719, 0.05448761582374573, 0.013103654608130455, 0.01081007719039917, 0.05424150452017784, 0.06898827850818634, -0.013284385204315186, 0.07299082726240158, 0.01442334707826376, 0.007092169485986233, 0.058770839124917984, -0.008427305147051811, 0.0478527769446373, 0.011311483569443226, -0.04825650155544281, -0.019838234409689903, -0.055470097810029984, 0.01545341033488512, 0.028872359544038773, 0.11232128739356995, 0.028047902509570122, 0.03266335651278496, -0.0701824426651001, 0.057043347507715225, 0.01551384013146162, 0.029673993587493896, 0.10625216364860535, 0.06562790274620056, 0.0656956136226654, 0.0034802204463630915, 0.005984380841255188, 0.002664554864168167, -0.05196690559387207, 0.062431275844573975, 0.03832530230283737, -0.08420484513044357, -0.011661579832434654, 0.07692793011665344, 0.047653522342443466, -0.039657920598983765, 0.04037272557616234, 0.014589851722121239, 0.05670179799199104, -0.05502483621239662, 0.08974897861480713, -0.12686555087566376, -0.04093053564429283, -0.06606659293174744, -0.03246244415640831, -0.08328334987163544, 0.043477557599544525, -0.1104508563876152, 0.06716416031122208, 0.010267680510878563, -0.04612889140844345, 0.00652876915410161, -0.04657865688204765, 0.021744970232248306, 0.025125496089458466, 0.034909527748823166, -0.046280063688755035, -0.01888401433825493, -0.05820285156369209, -0.10192175954580307, -0.005108820740133524, 0.0025340558495372534, 0.01925220526754856, 0.07954131066799164, 0.035963159054517746, 0.043926604092121124, -0.03392830491065979, -0.06937844306230545, -0.01166932936757803, -0.0979001596570015, -2.8661834473680056e-33, -0.08318264037370682, -0.09160491824150085, -0.021506961435079575, 0.02879752591252327, 0.04714859649538994, 0.024620598182082176, -0.10269365459680557, -0.029970668256282806, -0.0250898115336895, -0.09169651567935944, 0.06449556350708008, 0.006970164831727743, -0.09524647146463394, -0.1164727434515953, 0.019514068961143494, -0.03571748733520508, 0.007320373319089413, -0.015944315120577812, -0.016236960887908936, 0.034693099558353424, 0.025168271735310555, -0.019206693395972252, -0.09513647854328156, -0.171296164393425, -0.06770800799131393, 0.003679861081764102, 0.06202825531363487, -0.027490999549627304, -0.056535642594099045, 0.045625265687704086, -0.06081235408782959, 0.050793763250112534, -0.014020628295838833, 0.04461238905787468, -0.07718028128147125, 0.04593248665332794, 0.13822777569293976, -0.05277199670672417, -0.00686671631410718, 0.027509180828928947, -0.09624060243368149, 0.051939595490694046, 0.008300337009131908, -0.030542965978384018, 0.0642639696598053, -0.011458209715783596, 0.018605539575219154, 0.06215358152985573, 0.032606203109025955, 0.01022124383598566, 0.04092128574848175, -0.04311516880989075, 0.045705124735832214, -0.047457657754421234, 0.03476503863930702, 0.025133462622761726, 0.010053407400846481, -0.05742909386754036, 0.058394212275743484, 0.03276456519961357, 0.08457740396261215, -0.006201937794685364, -0.002529424848034978, 0.005014659836888313, -0.008109528571367264, -0.04753761366009712, 0.06643424928188324, 0.09379088878631592, -0.006412493530660868, 0.014688423834741116, -0.030322860926389694, -0.07828451693058014, 0.05202015861868858, 0.023215457797050476, 0.10857995599508286, 0.06153128668665886, 0.02280346117913723, -0.09363190084695816, -0.03610875457525253, -0.043183695524930954, -0.041791826486587524, -0.008244020864367485, 0.055125053972005844, -0.020837105810642242, -0.001621803967282176, 0.01738668978214264, 0.0042383368127048016, -0.04346409812569618, -0.0537579245865345, 0.00882025994360447, -0.038321707397699356, -0.018087873235344887, 0.0075812689028680325, 0.07666398584842682, 0.03595557436347008, -4.297482902870797e-08, 0.04196428507566452, -0.0313897505402565, -0.0586390495300293, -0.0070512741804122925, 0.005373822525143623, 0.013990380801260471, 0.04387636110186577, 0.008180786855518818, -0.050189144909381866, -0.0807049497961998, -0.01610216684639454, 0.05002373456954956, -0.034213587641716, -0.028028953820466995, 0.04291500151157379, 0.058221831917762756, 0.03363852947950363, -0.07663179188966751, -0.05156288668513298, 0.05125446617603302, 0.10439590364694595, 0.08460453897714615, 0.0073994542472064495, -0.038523390889167786, 0.05960609391331673, -0.035180773586034775, 0.05540550872683525, 0.06584059447050095, -0.051822397857904434, 0.023457465693354607, -0.026616638526320457, -0.03716561943292618, -9.591676644049585e-05, -0.06810466945171356, 0.030342919752001762, -0.019303638488054276, -0.043849434703588486, -0.002693422604352236, 0.05872967466711998, -0.006602611858397722, 0.04825219139456749, 0.10243480652570724, -0.08465921133756638, 0.023535560816526413, 0.06276075541973114, 0.09770075976848602, 0.02811092510819435, -0.05399901047348976, -0.05757852643728256, 0.01984923891723156, -0.0393642857670784, 0.05823032185435295, 0.06884042173624039, -0.0333162285387516, -0.10497113317251205, -0.0021956884302198887, 0.04412335529923439, -0.06162090599536896, -0.06700637191534042, -0.06487427651882172, -0.07318709790706635, 0.007816369645297527, -0.0775313526391983, 0.022525062784552574]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
587
|
ad eclipticam inclinato ( `` [ Saturn ] is surrounded by a thin , flat , ring , nowhere touching [ the body of the planet ] , inclined to the ecliptic '' ) .He published his ring hypothesis in Systema Saturnium (1659) which also included his discovery of Saturn's moon, Titan, as well as the first clear outline of the dimensions of the Solar System. In 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the Cassini Division. This division is a 4,800-kilometre-wide (3,000 mi) region between the A ring and B Ring. In 1787, Pierre-Simon Laplace proved that a uniform solid ring would be unstable and suggested that the rings were composed of a large number of solid ringlets. In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated that a nonuniform solid ring, solid ringlets or a continuous fluid ring would also not be stable, indicating that the ring must be composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting Saturn. Later, Sofia Kovalevskaya also found that Saturn's rings cannot be liquid ring-shaped bodies. Spectroscopic studies of the rings which were carried out independently in 1895 by James Keeler of the Allegheny Observatory and by Aristarkh Belopolsky of the Pulkovo Observatory showed that Maxwell's analysis was correct. Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn's rings from the vicinity of the planet. Pioneer 11's closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km (13,000 mi). Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring. Voyager 1's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km (39,900 mi).
|
[-0.023583173751831055, -0.0448007769882679, -0.08585225045681, -0.01593800261616707, 0.034369952976703644, -0.0637609139084816, 0.06736727803945541, 0.10855485498905182, 0.03105311095714569, -0.05456120893359184, -0.06687556207180023, 0.0063076200895011425, -0.01935565657913685, -0.03161308914422989, -0.055260345339775085, -0.08425627648830414, -0.02310888282954693, 0.036328475922346115, -0.017022686079144478, 0.05890188366174698, -0.010142249055206776, 0.03135250136256218, 0.007638841867446899, 0.040835026651620865, 0.02549782395362854, 0.17415852844715118, -0.024169091135263443, -0.04536643251776695, -0.015832139179110527, 0.016271861270070076, 0.03341182321310043, 0.0611373670399189, -0.019662270322442055, -0.031751662492752075, 0.01132726389914751, -0.05057663843035698, 0.020571328699588776, 0.0259776059538126, -0.008486279286444187, -0.04906940460205078, -0.013325347565114498, 0.07483141124248505, 0.06711264699697495, 0.017894521355628967, -0.003079898189753294, -0.0033397097140550613, 0.026732414960861206, -0.03848588094115257, 0.015345948748290539, -0.07581449300050735, 0.03932197764515877, 0.0060766953974962234, -0.019366305321455002, 0.050925757735967636, -0.043373435735702515, 0.030652958899736404, -0.05762815847992897, -0.06854342669248581, 0.0011324038496240973, -0.05086257681250572, -0.03545441851019859, -0.011478856205940247, 0.07636537402868271, -0.019955702126026154, -0.032565195113420486, 0.1057378500699997, 0.011983552947640419, -0.044771913439035416, -0.010307458229362965, 0.08776696026325226, 0.04695715755224228, 0.05700524523854256, -0.06245332211256027, 0.07026968151330948, -0.018462087959051132, 0.04093407094478607, 0.051756057888269424, 0.01752903312444687, -0.04082197695970535, -0.010940657928586006, -0.06047693267464638, 0.0133702727034688, -0.04645814746618271, 0.06397578120231628, -0.06049732491374016, 0.03241827338933945, -0.04020417481660843, -0.04588431864976883, -0.03655455261468887, -0.05417633429169655, 0.08847390860319138, 0.03214751556515694, -0.037004224956035614, -0.0664752870798111, 0.010292976163327694, -0.03252679482102394, 0.003467644564807415, -0.0184330977499485, 0.023422518745064735, 0.013200472109019756, 0.037240542471408844, -0.024869825690984726, -0.05570288002490997, 0.11267481744289398, -0.01999765634536743, 0.039680399000644684, 0.02963290363550186, 0.01419082097709179, 0.03563619777560234, 0.017709536477923393, 0.0073684570379555225, -0.04714144393801689, -0.029386451467871666, -0.040536269545555115, -0.040231212973594666, -0.011039652861654758, -0.05079426243901253, 0.044829994440078735, 0.05581951513886452, 0.07044756412506104, 0.039139311760663986, -0.013171919621527195, -0.0742378905415535, 0.04171329736709595, 0.03506904095411301, 0.07714251428842545, -0.019305655732750893, -5.590443928672593e-35, 0.024718400090932846, 0.05162112042307854, 0.11073379218578339, 0.08440512418746948, -0.02022508718073368, -0.0051337662152945995, 0.010286751203238964, 0.016458071768283844, 0.08938649296760559, -0.047309510409832, -0.10135943442583084, 0.036293212324380875, 0.08369605243206024, -0.07756596803665161, 0.014933048747479916, 0.0307663194835186, 0.07113653421401978, -0.0385461300611496, 0.0042540403082966805, -0.04747752100229263, -0.06715778261423111, -0.02324141003191471, 0.003165328875184059, -0.01774648204445839, -0.03036677837371826, 0.0054577733390033245, 0.023784028366208076, -0.004404501523822546, 0.016105717048048973, 0.05296413227915764, -0.01959468051791191, 0.04714830219745636, 0.010337774641811848, 0.12322681397199631, 0.07000356167554855, 0.027290331199765205, -0.07475657761096954, 0.04443737119436264, 0.03145496919751167, 0.014740311540663242, 0.051766879856586456, -0.043782345950603485, 0.039023954421281815, 0.008195926435291767, 0.09284469485282898, -0.02424504980444908, 0.06427299231290817, 0.09530346840620041, 0.03774296119809151, -0.005613991059362888, 0.0516265444457531, 0.04230162873864174, 0.061198409646749496, -0.015421943739056587, 0.08701717853546143, 0.0797063484787941, -0.09643635153770447, -0.0385083332657814, -0.029311100021004677, 0.0527304969727993, -0.036473847925662994, -0.0008985469467006624, -0.04243064299225807, 0.01160705741494894, -0.07761578261852264, 0.07840882986783981, -0.11670760065317154, -0.0662277415394783, -0.058865200728178024, -0.04144398123025894, -0.010991997085511684, 0.043646082282066345, -0.0022988226264715195, 0.08987260609865189, 0.033187977969646454, -0.006158734671771526, 0.02353220246732235, -0.039624691009521484, -0.06396190822124481, 0.02547263540327549, -0.05911339446902275, -0.0534089133143425, -0.0033642651978880167, -0.07624466717243195, -0.09690947830677032, 0.012697317637503147, 0.039457179605960846, 0.0899357721209526, 0.04573714733123779, 0.0021341301035135984, 0.020291564986109734, -0.0905705988407135, -0.02627502754330635, 0.009374888613820076, -0.0484660342335701, -7.607577196621142e-34, -0.08173036575317383, -0.05652810260653496, -0.017318297177553177, 0.0405743271112442, -0.008252589963376522, 0.019342850893735886, -0.06836351752281189, 0.03187301754951477, -0.029078615829348564, -0.054280348122119904, 0.03609847649931908, 0.04178638756275177, -0.08234075456857681, -0.15433619916439056, -0.04751414805650711, 0.0024274245370179415, -0.07077112048864365, 0.0180288627743721, 0.05754563584923744, 0.018290570005774498, 0.02296244353055954, -0.024368347600102425, -0.05914393067359924, -0.03371238708496094, -0.060304731130599976, 0.0018574277637526393, -0.0002591881202533841, -0.0680183470249176, 0.0024891288485378027, 0.068214550614357, -0.04575054720044136, -0.01253105141222477, -0.031213168054819107, -0.008705132640898228, -0.024470878764986992, 0.01415534969419241, 0.030106477439403534, -0.05853124335408211, 0.001377840875647962, -0.0026365453377366066, -0.13505007326602936, 0.04744136705994606, 0.0035337931476533413, -0.026929710060358047, 0.10500574856996536, 0.002101533580571413, 0.08623845130205154, 0.0951557606458664, -0.01788845658302307, 0.0027168334927409887, -0.017856072634458542, -0.050010550767183304, 0.03803889825940132, -0.013094883412122726, 0.05201460048556328, 0.04958069697022438, -0.017902037128806114, 0.06332278996706009, 0.011373385787010193, -0.009429777041077614, 0.08731558173894882, -0.015303599648177624, 0.05425070971250534, -0.009799831546843052, 0.05693880841135979, -0.05275718867778778, 0.023751800879836082, 0.04389924928545952, 0.0025934940204024315, 0.08697310090065002, -0.06483834981918335, -0.04878123104572296, 0.046266499906778336, 0.047137729823589325, 0.052811428904533386, 0.05324137210845947, -0.0007579679368063807, -0.1304197460412979, -0.06410609930753708, -0.008316312916576862, -0.04541226103901863, 0.04843634366989136, 0.028840573504567146, -0.06902799010276794, 0.01296643353998661, -0.006233848165720701, 0.0011226958595216274, -0.018652169033885002, -0.07702440023422241, 0.02051694132387638, -0.012212930247187614, -0.0573996864259243, 0.023796899244189262, 0.0593462772667408, 0.046027831733226776, -4.7841499650758124e-08, 0.13748899102210999, 0.01797075942158699, -0.07682991772890091, 0.011659888550639153, -0.010694775730371475, -0.008216542191803455, 0.02861236035823822, 0.006697168108075857, 0.031008722260594368, -0.03480558097362518, -0.06589650362730026, 0.045914217829704285, -0.027134446427226067, -0.07283539324998856, -0.06801731884479523, 0.05042772740125656, -0.004206489771604538, -0.06799815595149994, -0.04375944286584854, 0.024624880403280258, 0.14350861310958862, 0.06396104395389557, 0.004050527699291706, -0.10195901989936829, 0.026456812396645546, -0.017177237197756767, 0.07873369753360748, 0.07320765405893326, -0.028084687888622284, -0.03491069748997688, -0.06223507970571518, -0.10047822445631027, 0.005827457644045353, -0.029906341806054115, -0.001956833992153406, -0.0030034442897886038, -0.04697926342487335, 0.033550526946783066, 0.03202643617987633, -0.04959383234381676, 0.0020456339698284864, 0.017592336982488632, -0.00044567324221134186, 0.00470398785546422, 0.08151822537183762, 0.04952680692076683, -0.017489975318312645, 0.011580033227801323, -0.009956452995538712, 0.006026118062436581, -0.016379883512854576, 0.027027001604437828, -0.00024824930005706847, 0.0009715532069094479, -0.11525700241327286, -0.012456021271646023, -0.041176579892635345, -0.020451486110687256, -0.0313146635890007, -0.052318040281534195, -0.11869248002767563, 0.05456551909446716, -0.07643455266952515, 0.010735687799751759]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
588
|
mi ) . Pioneer 11 was responsible for the discovery of the F ring . Voyager 1 's closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km ( 39,900 mi ) .A failed photopolarimeter prevented Voyager 1 from observing Saturn's rings at the planned resolution; nevertheless, images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the G ring. Voyager 2's closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km (25,000 mi). Voyager 2's working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than Voyager 1, and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets. Cassini spacecraft entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004. Cassini's images of the rings are the most detailed to-date, and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets. The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered: A and B in 1675 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, C in 1850 by William Cranch Bond and his son George Phillips Bond, D in 1933 by Nikolai Barabashov and Boris Semeykin, E in 1967 by Walter A. Feibelman, F in 1979 by Pioneer 11, and G in 1980 by Voyager 1. The main rings are, working outward from the planet, C, B and A, with the Cassini Division, the largest gap, separating Rings B and A. Several fainter rings were discovered more recently. The D Ring is exceedingly faint and closest to the planet. The narrow F Ring is just outside the A Ring. Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales, some related to perturbations by Saturn's moons, but much unexplained.
|
[-0.05559367313981056, -0.023029085248708725, -0.06171926110982895, -0.0491110198199749, -0.03788329288363457, -0.06712289154529572, -0.0008895195205695927, 0.1183791384100914, 0.030305705964565277, 0.004168445710092783, -0.010557594709098339, 0.054739367216825485, -0.03185809403657913, -0.021847758442163467, -0.11284062266349792, -0.07798594236373901, -0.01441656518727541, -0.00851693656295538, -0.018180755898356438, -0.032709334045648575, -0.036188285797834396, 0.03478427231311798, 0.07019416242837906, -0.04039572551846504, 0.0147390840575099, 0.06898268312215805, -0.024655811488628387, -0.0578225739300251, -0.013581553474068642, -0.005251443944871426, -0.003903969656676054, 0.07316148281097412, 0.018612995743751526, -0.02070569433271885, -0.04464563727378845, 0.00580989383161068, 0.014407064765691757, 0.04226421192288399, 0.002852224512025714, -0.04321284592151642, -0.037342727184295654, 0.05722644925117493, 0.07473331689834595, -0.02462344616651535, 0.002774706343188882, -0.00042390465387143195, 0.06176543980836868, -0.009460631757974625, 0.0024501632433384657, -0.016783084720373154, 0.04521229490637779, 0.06306861340999603, -0.0009149161633104086, 0.034249015152454376, 0.0008223706972785294, 0.08687645196914673, -0.07200441509485245, -0.08941326290369034, 0.02499312534928322, 0.04577013477683067, -0.04027474671602249, -0.06273246556520462, 5.119960769661702e-05, -0.03958146274089813, -0.0625954270362854, 0.099472776055336, 0.03920202702283859, -0.10446719825267792, 0.07358846068382263, 0.007069163024425507, 0.08624500036239624, 0.061107270419597626, -0.022666016593575478, -0.038924142718315125, 0.0203136894851923, 0.07721468061208725, 0.06992073357105255, 0.06802411377429962, -0.027812065556645393, -0.11531510949134827, -0.02152913808822632, -0.010579654946923256, 0.04437527060508728, 0.060251910239458084, -0.015346726402640343, 0.06840117275714874, -0.0710979700088501, 0.01584332063794136, -0.014846595004200935, -0.0431755930185318, 0.06163500249385834, -0.03485171124339104, -0.06789262592792511, -0.06476087123155594, -0.023784199729561806, -0.06491930782794952, 0.0483490489423275, 0.008907685056328773, 0.010100360959768295, 0.03674257919192314, 0.04757201299071312, -0.0319838747382164, -0.05893896520137787, 0.05796591937541962, 0.027394073083996773, 0.04754749685525894, 0.036722421646118164, -0.024134395644068718, 0.05066698044538498, -0.07036221772432327, -0.014775658957660198, 0.0006271424936130643, -0.017709912732243538, -0.05232008174061775, -0.03808450698852539, -0.06335422396659851, 0.01298693660646677, 0.10084675997495651, 0.06710899621248245, -0.024211052805185318, -0.003831705078482628, -0.039194412529468536, -0.062259528785943985, -0.012475848197937012, -0.0669030025601387, 0.021619249135255814, -0.0626455619931221, 3.094914995241845e-33, 0.014402361586689949, 0.04224066063761711, 0.094041608273983, 0.040337204933166504, -0.0551469586789608, -0.01678488776087761, -0.021889885887503624, -0.0013468605466187, -0.011409468948841095, -0.04463248699903488, -0.06251221150159836, -0.04432182386517525, 0.031866949051618576, -0.08926934748888016, 0.007879278622567654, -0.009374303743243217, 0.08408954739570618, -0.014572123065590858, -0.044814568012952805, -0.06595689803361893, -0.06872114539146423, -0.032596416771411896, 0.056529268622398376, 0.010042688809335232, 0.06979397684335709, 0.01620134711265564, 0.02673066034913063, -0.043642956763505936, 0.037692729383707047, -0.002652845811098814, -0.008692913688719273, 0.018066473305225372, 0.05266052857041359, 0.12642857432365417, 0.08824897557497025, 0.052709970623254776, -0.004064694046974182, 0.013154152780771255, -0.00604204973205924, -0.03183929994702339, 0.08026550710201263, 0.026164628565311432, -0.01538417860865593, -0.03282976523041725, 0.0830993503332138, -0.02462373673915863, 0.04493308812379837, 0.04049113392829895, 0.04887445643544197, 0.05674531310796738, 0.009278741665184498, 0.033833254128694534, -0.012183836661279202, 0.0044686999171972275, 0.07378000020980835, 0.03839922323822975, -0.03838402032852173, -0.05625135824084282, 0.015446959994733334, 0.07728307694196701, -0.028017356991767883, -0.035906776785850525, -0.02061251550912857, 0.05035673826932907, -0.08199401944875717, 0.08677827566862106, -0.10531934350728989, -0.051212847232818604, -0.050598014146089554, 0.05681256204843521, -0.020153459161520004, 0.08545565605163574, -0.0433511883020401, -0.035781290382146835, 0.12202981114387512, 0.036981251090765, 0.016980310901999474, -0.07235248386859894, -0.06232505664229393, 0.027234531939029694, -0.027399128302931786, -0.031025290489196777, -0.03625926375389099, -0.002792938146740198, -0.09093182533979416, 0.021752657368779182, 0.05818286910653114, 0.0026854800526052713, 0.08695823699235916, -0.013668928295373917, 0.03784025087952614, 0.029059596359729767, -0.0769471824169159, 0.017764892429113388, -0.020016448572278023, -2.1721769091013042e-33, -0.01702074147760868, -0.03584078699350357, 0.0890924260020256, 0.0018920338479802012, -0.0015189764089882374, -0.010196291841566563, -0.03113994002342224, -0.05758257582783699, -0.015015059150755405, -0.06774111092090607, 0.026534300297498703, 0.04833458364009857, -0.07667190581560135, -0.1236870139837265, -0.07750823348760605, 0.038448575884103775, 0.06312136352062225, -0.013522337190806866, 0.014781391248106956, 0.05011683329939842, 0.026126304641366005, 0.015436088666319847, -0.10078543424606323, -0.021989934146404266, -0.06142612546682358, 0.034133631736040115, 0.08961009234189987, -0.007279398385435343, -0.0053208512254059315, -0.0318794809281826, -0.060426633805036545, -0.0059380619786679745, -0.02191178686916828, -0.00486447848379612, 0.0029721821192651987, 0.08334285020828247, 0.09806812554597855, -0.02656271867454052, -0.04031290486454964, 0.008104225620627403, -0.09301315248012543, 0.13743634521961212, -0.02719828300178051, 0.014855071902275085, 0.04764780402183533, -0.044964972883462906, 0.018341485410928726, 0.11562011390924454, -0.0569043792784214, 0.027877232059836388, -0.026386620476841927, -0.004875805228948593, -0.01693025231361389, -0.03639398515224457, 0.04777614772319794, 0.006079798098653555, 0.04689836874604225, 0.03523128852248192, 0.07040508091449738, 0.03992098569869995, 0.06226883456110954, -0.054969124495983124, 0.03751601651310921, -0.01648772321641445, 0.033786553889513016, -0.04868404194712639, 0.04018636420369148, 0.0808720514178276, -0.04397587850689888, 0.07645422965288162, 0.001346156932413578, 0.00349977845326066, 0.04669278860092163, 0.04493293911218643, 0.035212669521570206, -0.015970101580023766, -0.024335620924830437, -0.09541742503643036, -0.028373608365654945, 0.011285880580544472, 0.02210092917084694, 0.027443690225481987, 0.054309967905282974, -0.0027865529991686344, 0.03592749685049057, 0.012410645373165607, 0.028993763029575348, -0.012902776710689068, -0.028103038668632507, -0.016729464754462242, -0.04545560106635094, -0.04274653270840645, 0.0013916537864133716, 0.08196564018726349, 0.03791015222668648, -4.544219578406228e-08, 0.06979284435510635, 0.06083483248949051, -0.08299565315246582, -0.0047142766416072845, 0.05290919169783592, -0.019113784655928612, 0.025475557893514633, 0.06761340796947479, -0.009756285697221756, -0.12668505311012268, -0.05576769635081291, 0.09095629304647446, -0.0202059093862772, -0.03214627504348755, 0.037385258823633194, 0.028858695179224014, 0.01002560369670391, -0.11649865657091141, -0.02625071443617344, 0.050783921033144, 0.04172704368829727, 0.06785784661769867, -0.014550533145666122, -0.08540686964988708, -0.016717713326215744, -0.03596898540854454, 0.02818112261593342, 0.08230365812778473, 0.020710300654172897, -0.038066085427999496, -0.017321525141596794, -0.06285768747329712, 0.055968277156353, -0.05211097002029419, 0.0022154429461807013, -0.006215670611709356, -0.08565950393676758, 0.05807984992861748, 0.02638605609536171, 0.007988100871443748, 0.02424394153058529, 0.09289687126874924, -0.0008502351702190936, 0.04662328213453293, 0.004806626122444868, 0.021091241389513016, 0.035838328301906586, -0.04956035315990448, -0.059123821556568146, -0.04641606658697128, 0.02874584123492241, 0.006805412471294403, 0.0008463317644782364, 0.010530292056500912, -0.09454424679279327, -0.022709621116518974, -0.006402780767530203, -0.03595370054244995, -0.0092751020565629, -0.026875503361225128, -0.19342729449272156, -0.0026435249019414186, -0.10167422890663147, 0.005039680749177933]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
589
|
that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales , some related to perturbations by Saturn 's moons , but much unexplained .In September 2023, astronomers reported studies suggesting that the rings of Saturn may have resulted from the collision of two moons "a few hundred million years ago". Saturn's axial inclination
Saturn's axial tilt is 26.7°, meaning that widely varying views of the rings, of which the visible ones occupy its equatorial plane, are obtained from Earth at different times. Earth makes passes through the ring plane every 13 to 15 years, about every half Saturn year, and there are about equal chances of either a single or three crossings occurring in each such occasion. The most recent ring plane crossings were on 22 May 1995, 10 August 1995, 11 February 1996, 4 September 2009 and 23 March 2025; upcoming events will occur on 15 October 2038, 1 April 2039 and 9 July 2039. Favorable ring plane crossing viewing opportunities (with Saturn not close to the Sun) only come during triple crossings. Saturn's equinoxes, when the Sun passes through the ring plane, are not evenly spaced. The sun passes south to north through the ring plane when Saturn's heliocentric longitude is 173.6 degrees (e.g. 11 August 2009), about the time Saturn crosses from Leo to Virgo. 15.7 years later Saturn's longitude reaches 353.6 degrees and the sun passes to the south side of the ring plane. On each orbit the Sun is north of the ring plane for 15.7 Earth years, then south of the plane for 13.7 years. Dates for north-to-south crossings include 19 November 1995 and 6 May 2025, with south-to-north crossings on 11 August 2009 and 23 January 2039.
|
[0.007046055980026722, -0.08388670533895493, 0.010848778299987316, -0.009513807483017445, 0.04092644527554512, -0.07547181099653244, -0.012043713591992855, 0.07177559286355972, 0.09891402721405029, -0.050895486027002335, -0.07006845623254776, 0.061191003769636154, -0.02088264562189579, -0.03641027584671974, 0.0086109209805727, -0.02365931309759617, -0.05580058693885803, -0.016128363087773323, -0.022757086902856827, -0.015026110224425793, 0.010191044770181179, -0.008390014991164207, -0.02772475592792034, 0.047000642865896225, -0.04736103489995003, 0.0260480847209692, 0.012903512455523014, -0.02228352427482605, -0.058076150715351105, 0.017229408025741577, -0.008462300524115562, 0.043195538222789764, -0.1440833956003189, 0.0521453395485878, -0.08010535687208176, -0.05965556204319, -0.06372544914484024, 0.015371558256447315, 0.01742182858288288, -0.04248154163360596, 0.01811932772397995, 0.02533033676445484, 0.09747814387083054, -0.03790631145238876, -0.01802993193268776, -0.002588503295555711, -0.015343680046498775, -0.03127383813261986, -0.005300352815538645, -0.04671986773610115, 0.04861205443739891, -0.024741780012845993, 0.04573141038417816, 0.013854225166141987, 0.014554725959897041, 0.05334000661969185, -0.11425778269767761, -0.09116297960281372, 0.022063136100769043, -0.0183583814650774, -0.04547577723860741, -0.00033004142460413277, -0.014458505436778069, -0.0596109963953495, -0.07312922924757004, 0.07620751112699509, -0.008771822787821293, -0.03571799769997597, 0.05567868798971176, -0.00013820649473927915, -0.008961428888142109, 0.09323998540639877, -0.04878366366028786, -0.050939664244651794, 0.021196216344833374, 0.05293748527765274, 0.07659273594617844, 0.011324009858071804, -0.061884526163339615, -0.08012597262859344, -0.037302348762750626, -0.009929811581969261, 0.011911979876458645, 0.04403279721736908, 0.006328932475298643, 0.05093139037489891, -0.08775244653224945, 0.09064346551895142, -0.028617439791560173, 0.0014162808656692505, 0.03183237463235855, -0.00039697415195405483, 0.01619361713528633, -0.03312833607196808, -0.016789739951491356, 0.0172224510461092, 0.038057006895542145, -0.08880961686372757, 0.04361762851476669, 0.00387835712172091, 0.030542904511094093, 0.03607281297445297, 0.04881023243069649, 0.07920622080564499, 0.04151817038655281, 0.07813874632120132, -0.011391124688088894, -0.011585439555346966, -0.06289294362068176, -0.07104269415140152, -0.02571621537208557, -0.00302201253362, 0.05585853010416031, -0.05902281403541565, -0.0621085986495018, 0.02342253364622593, -0.05577314272522926, 0.0771690309047699, 0.021248066797852516, 0.0579538457095623, -0.021381903439760208, 0.02823471464216709, 0.0022788105998188257, 0.051811300218105316, -0.02826967090368271, -0.02387402579188347, -0.031872641295194626, 3.723624475359299e-33, 0.011424162425100803, -0.002250249730423093, 0.05886756256222725, 0.0010494027519598603, -0.042480770498514175, -0.012532136403024197, -0.05495540425181389, 0.006007073447108269, 0.0972718670964241, -0.014657755382359028, -0.09504123777151108, -0.04269680008292198, 0.06189687177538872, -0.08831583708524704, 0.048167336732149124, 0.012662602588534355, 0.1061486154794693, -0.004414091352373362, -0.04916350543498993, 0.05552815645933151, -0.12056528776884079, -0.06672582775354385, -0.024105144664645195, 0.0007495982572436333, 0.038172200322151184, 0.035001929849386215, 0.037892550230026245, -0.03743540495634079, -0.0006059912848286331, 0.009566213935613632, 0.04655417799949646, 0.050215959548950195, -0.03891921415925026, 0.09818793088197708, 0.03389815613627434, 0.05356725677847862, 0.023505019024014473, 0.060911454260349274, 0.021982867270708084, 0.04354347661137581, 0.023979749530553818, -0.03862578794360161, -0.020083552226424217, 0.011108312755823135, 0.09761912375688553, -0.031189819797873497, 0.08142556995153427, 0.034546367824077606, -0.015447137877345085, 0.04751257970929146, 0.020168185234069824, -5.571827568928711e-05, 0.0005119703128002584, 0.02413882687687874, 0.04994658753275871, 0.01592320390045643, -0.044313717633485794, -0.0872601568698883, 0.012571871280670166, 0.11955991387367249, 0.04424796253442764, -0.05023615434765816, -0.08920274674892426, -0.0021532990504056215, -0.032341502606868744, 0.08711043000221252, -0.07656995207071304, -0.04397318884730339, -0.07643873244524002, 0.06382220983505249, 0.034801989793777466, 0.028264915570616722, -0.027507049962878227, 0.01827404648065567, 0.056604400277137756, -0.05977457016706467, 0.02667379006743431, -0.035265740007162094, 0.13858188688755035, 0.11734019219875336, -0.03067145310342312, 0.004072142299264669, 0.03291153535246849, -0.11089510470628738, 0.015195416286587715, 0.011049048975110054, 0.06204627826809883, -0.03486310690641403, 0.03827908635139465, 0.009077994152903557, 0.08126308768987656, -0.06159600988030434, 0.02064652554690838, 0.032191839069128036, -0.014023804105818272, -4.336248417311704e-33, 0.006274039391428232, -0.03060571290552616, -0.0006412913789972663, 0.028148166835308075, 0.03368016704916954, -0.01565646007657051, -0.05628591775894165, 0.09722280502319336, -0.05121592432260513, -0.07860980182886124, 0.026049654930830002, 0.06233884394168854, -0.03733276203274727, -0.07131000608205795, 0.056268222630023956, -0.08795959502458572, 0.0676112100481987, 0.04217078536748886, -0.011335347779095173, -0.008683040738105774, 0.07988676428794861, -0.03807957470417023, -0.028756991028785706, -0.09419139474630356, -0.05348578840494156, -0.0161894503980875, 0.01986527629196644, -0.033966485410928726, -0.018399478867650032, 0.006259067449718714, -0.06698892265558243, -0.007394022308290005, 0.022267166525125504, -0.0012627444230020046, 0.009143770672380924, 0.06863072514533997, 0.07790805399417877, -0.08933102339506149, 0.029205184429883957, -0.009457739070057869, -0.07014493644237518, 0.029273806139826775, 0.018079012632369995, 0.004526564385741949, 0.028673330321907997, 0.03613549470901489, -0.0049256025813519955, 0.12880398333072662, 0.04279179498553276, -0.03336629644036293, -0.04423249885439873, -0.02474813722074032, -0.0053102788515388966, -0.057633835822343826, 0.03399549424648285, 0.016729535534977913, 0.0574369914829731, 0.0019385225605219603, -0.0030176634900271893, 0.012578879483044147, 0.052313003689050674, 0.021485792472958565, 0.012158679775893688, -0.04252750426530838, -0.020283862948417664, -0.10751274973154068, 0.07302068918943405, -0.013742199167609215, 0.020162146538496017, 0.10795782506465912, -0.059615474194288254, -0.03967036306858063, -0.061810627579689026, -0.01466907188296318, 0.027492251247167587, 0.005054126493632793, 0.0680808499455452, -0.04615097865462303, 0.029242465272545815, -0.020439855754375458, -0.008614721707999706, 0.016607405617833138, 0.06500545889139175, -0.018623843789100647, 0.012953707948327065, 0.001170044532045722, -0.021692927926778793, -0.03735819831490517, -0.05640041455626488, -0.023088563233613968, -0.018834920600056648, -0.01237918995320797, -0.0027468132320791483, 0.0919254794716835, 0.021360941231250763, -4.794561192511537e-08, 0.13240307569503784, 0.0851655900478363, -0.057394839823246, 0.029228530824184418, 0.0033763167448341846, -0.017869794741272926, 0.04664629325270653, -0.010805556550621986, -0.05326206237077713, -0.12799111008644104, 0.02804630436003208, 0.05946848914027214, -0.02862515114247799, -0.05083221569657326, -0.007182698231190443, 0.05325844883918762, -0.035836007446050644, -0.048149727284908295, -0.0016601548995822668, 0.02961428090929985, 0.019931616261601448, 0.04994615912437439, 0.03274542838335037, -0.05113513022661209, -0.04249732568860054, 0.040304046124219894, 0.009282599203288555, 0.1316913664340973, -0.054360777139663696, -0.030684683471918106, 0.023643339052796364, -0.11194118857383728, 0.011130208149552345, -0.06295891106128693, -0.009335464797914028, -0.0346638560295105, -0.10481131076812744, 0.03798682987689972, 0.08969283103942871, -0.022266991436481476, 0.05667228624224663, 0.030914468690752983, -0.016036629676818848, 0.07559328526258469, 0.07750626653432846, -0.016794761642813683, 0.036070406436920166, -0.03164217993617058, -0.04300787299871445, -0.08551187068223953, -0.04846987873315811, 0.01457581389695406, 0.02785978466272354, -0.008834767155349255, -0.06088981777429581, 0.007974245585501194, 0.0014812835725024343, -0.0636814534664154, -0.01564771868288517, -0.057446010410785675, -0.07849269360303879, 0.002416016533970833, -0.1507558822631836, 0.05852459371089935]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
590
|
, then south of the plane for 13.7 years . Dates for north-to-south crossings include 19 November 1995 and 6 May 2025 , with south-to-north crossings on 11 August 2009 and 23 January 2039 .During the period around an equinox the illumination of most of the rings is greatly reduced, making possible unique observations highlighting features that depart from the ring plane. Physical characteristics
The dense main rings extend from 7,000 km (4,300 mi) to 80,000 km (50,000 mi) away from Saturn's equator, whose radius is 60,300 km (37,500 mi) (see Major subdivisions). With an estimated local thickness of as little as 10 meters (32' 10") and as much as 1 km (1093 yards), they are composed of 99.9% pure water ice with a smattering of impurities that may include tholins or silicates. The main rings are primarily composed of particles smaller than 10 m.
Cassini directly measured the mass of the ring system via their gravitational effect during its final set of orbits that passed between the rings and the cloud tops, yielding a value of 1.54 (± 0.49) × 1019 kg, or 0.41 ± 0.13 Mimas masses. This is around two-thirds the mass of the Earth's entire Antarctic ice sheet, spread across a surface area 80 times larger than that of Earth. The estimate is close to the value of 0.40 Mimas masses derived from Cassini observations of density waves in the A, B and C rings. It is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn (about 0.25 ppb). Earlier Voyager observations of density waves in the A and B rings and an optical depth profile had yielded a mass of about 0.75 Mimas masses, with later observations and computer modeling suggesting that was an underestimate.
|
[-0.005452215671539307, -0.06897890567779541, 0.011835773475468159, -0.014734013937413692, 0.08285130560398102, -0.035997532308101654, 0.06118285655975342, 0.1131591722369194, 0.03947716951370239, -0.03732670843601227, -0.14633774757385254, -0.038128964602947235, -0.034449830651283264, -0.016447514295578003, -0.08804161846637726, -0.04286378249526024, -0.019089536741375923, 0.01337836217135191, -0.03527005761861801, -0.006005202420055866, 0.02694481797516346, 0.0014576319372281432, -0.0056540281511843204, 0.08162493258714676, -0.00966679211705923, 0.05092296749353409, -0.028616953641176224, -0.0006070313393138349, -0.050991348922252655, 0.046983059495687485, -0.016537809744477272, 0.023058397695422173, -0.06420628726482391, -0.08023983240127563, -0.017957637086510658, -0.020989133045077324, -0.007149527780711651, 0.001686364528723061, 0.01353828888386488, -0.0522504486143589, 0.06388899683952332, 0.051457226276397705, 0.09920783340930939, 0.02001490630209446, 0.024645840749144554, 0.023792807012796402, 0.032728180289268494, 0.016209222376346588, -0.007628805004060268, -0.011087283492088318, 0.07518548518419266, 0.000630992348305881, -0.05402614548802376, 0.04132449999451637, -0.049926985055208206, 0.08267451822757721, -0.0834406241774559, -0.15429241955280304, 0.03230663388967514, 0.017374491319060326, -0.005619719158858061, -0.012582886032760143, -0.0036550515796989202, -0.0311307180672884, -0.027854764834046364, 0.05346428230404854, -0.0758591890335083, 0.0169850941747427, 0.04156454652547836, -0.01715070754289627, 0.053009022027254105, 0.10790074616670609, -0.0803767517209053, -0.0374123640358448, -0.054274797439575195, 0.043933458626270294, 0.02079954370856285, 0.010600976645946503, -0.057958025485277176, -0.0347355380654335, -0.03999795764684677, 0.03270561620593071, 0.04785698652267456, 0.04404595494270325, -0.012830863706767559, 0.06874524801969528, 0.018275050446391106, 0.025130586698651314, -0.013207918964326382, -0.026649247854948044, 0.08272716403007507, 0.022144408896565437, -0.06807681173086166, -0.060562945902347565, 0.0011497318046167493, 0.004689553286880255, 0.008571813814342022, -0.05347644165158272, 0.011211602948606014, -0.011764428578317165, 0.06883111596107483, -0.0028787078335881233, 0.01270300429314375, 0.012446553446352482, 0.007926095277071, 0.10050780326128006, 0.013899652287364006, 0.029381711035966873, -0.024228231981396675, 0.0030201561748981476, -0.07286368310451508, -0.04882078990340233, -0.024093138054013252, -0.053582679480314255, 0.02754349261522293, -0.000958670920226723, -0.034119900315999985, 0.07934334874153137, -0.016548046842217445, 0.07999499142169952, -0.04406191036105156, 0.06804883480072021, -0.013764969073235989, 0.06037481501698494, 0.04097625985741615, 0.056195423007011414, -0.0461103580892086, 2.456858314654438e-33, 0.028475157916545868, 0.010595973581075668, 0.10202417522668839, 0.03178028762340546, -0.03400230407714844, -0.06328227370977402, -0.0151009950786829, -0.0004991252790205181, 0.03495044261217117, 0.04396362602710724, -0.14010508358478546, 0.001805165084078908, 0.0037060086615383625, -0.06753583997488022, 0.04283984750509262, 0.0008870568708516657, 0.08062607049942017, -0.06437699496746063, -0.13823850452899933, 0.02538170851767063, -0.13573327660560608, 0.010532361455261707, -0.024683084338903427, 0.03590916842222214, 0.02631385438144207, -0.02231890894472599, 0.025459380820393562, -0.008931013755500317, -0.02644319459795952, 0.004395837429910898, 0.03669784963130951, -0.0028483830392360687, 0.004847968462854624, 0.10650144517421722, 0.050878994166851044, 0.07805179059505463, -0.01068735122680664, 0.09934297204017639, 0.025730760768055916, 0.05002855136990547, 0.07413002848625183, -0.027781039476394653, 0.025235606357455254, 0.029046248644590378, 0.07039905339479446, -0.03340084105730057, 0.1088051050901413, 0.01807345263659954, 0.05656738951802254, 0.0009676309418864548, 0.04088807478547096, 0.058471646159887314, -0.01860908977687359, 0.009066942147910595, 0.04297446459531784, 0.037970881909132004, 0.01877717860043049, -0.04223223775625229, -6.431003839679761e-06, 0.07707066833972931, -0.010660265572369099, -0.06801722198724747, -0.03164096176624298, -0.009500822983682156, 0.008793016895651817, 0.091515451669693, -0.117013119161129, -0.03226408734917641, -0.03522874042391777, -0.0341654010117054, -0.0039060444105416536, 0.027984220534563065, 0.040665194392204285, 0.04995672404766083, 0.040319833904504776, -0.0001144866255344823, -0.023276912048459053, -0.04947110265493393, 0.03950432687997818, 0.10253199934959412, -0.08376848697662354, 0.00509168766438961, -0.021430175751447678, -0.08804162591695786, -0.07163979113101959, -0.009803340770304203, 0.050832465291023254, 0.016167480498552322, 0.06301696598529816, 0.026362786069512367, 0.12543931603431702, -0.06639718264341354, 0.008380263112485409, -0.05379239842295647, -0.09435036033391953, -2.4367779324065164e-33, 0.0008459200616925955, -0.06096487492322922, -0.025844931602478027, 0.028190482407808304, -0.012628136202692986, 0.03035097010433674, -0.023465681821107864, 0.13551710546016693, -0.027211720123887062, -0.0703597441315651, -0.024812495335936546, 0.07408485561609268, -0.017340803518891335, -0.08454050123691559, 0.03668385371565819, -0.08052952587604523, 0.08704828470945358, 0.07378944009542465, 0.03700703755021095, -0.036132656037807465, 0.06622526049613953, -0.043822772800922394, -0.02868848852813244, -0.07887158542871475, -0.06898447126150131, 0.014912228100001812, 0.003875045571476221, -0.028258811682462692, 0.03572830930352211, -0.0018948402721434832, -0.046439286321401596, -0.0393403060734272, -0.00823376514017582, -0.022037386894226074, -0.0700245127081871, 0.03949834033846855, 0.060719653964042664, -0.04217570647597313, -0.039459142833948135, -0.0214085690677166, -0.01760217174887657, -0.020595284178853035, 0.03392550349235535, -0.006300734356045723, 0.050144825130701065, -0.02782026119530201, 0.0028776240069419146, 0.052601080387830734, -0.021380729973316193, -0.033034853637218475, 0.016515640541911125, -0.10877208411693573, 0.02650894969701767, 0.00728245172649622, 0.06693173199892044, 0.00777998473495245, 0.01130654476583004, 0.03572853282094002, -0.04621204361319542, -0.02196849137544632, 0.08724904805421829, -0.010282011702656746, 0.003573339432477951, -0.08799628913402557, 0.008829878643155098, -0.0632271021604538, 0.027211373671889305, 0.02187420427799225, -0.011548005044460297, 0.05631663277745247, -0.05659133940935135, -0.05118681862950325, 0.00938320066779852, -0.01921943388879299, 0.028179749846458435, -0.016374774277210236, 0.02342211827635765, -0.0864773541688919, 0.02264939434826374, -0.026927493512630463, -0.02393299899995327, 0.005282101687043905, 0.007987679913640022, -0.05702018737792969, 0.06874354183673859, -0.029742853716015816, -0.00016446615336462855, -0.05086291581392288, -0.049099650233983994, 0.05247585102915764, -0.010420179925858974, -0.03518415242433548, -0.03101782128214836, 0.051002804189920425, 0.005562034901231527, -5.056533680658504e-08, 0.12332431226968765, 0.059995751827955246, -0.0653119832277298, 0.04778977856040001, -0.018047668039798737, 0.04110657051205635, 0.06474366784095764, 0.01578408107161522, -0.0075125363655388355, -0.04126384109258652, 0.040645621716976166, 0.053944382816553116, 0.039697904139757156, -0.05636364221572876, -0.021054593846201897, 0.05377429723739624, -0.006519377697259188, -0.07786695659160614, -0.011384602636098862, -0.009083790704607964, 0.052344419062137604, 0.06596673280000687, -0.04229234531521797, -0.10088445991277695, -0.04757599160075188, 0.021143609657883644, 0.059348635375499725, 0.1263449341058731, -0.004835247993469238, 0.0037342803552746773, -0.013129270635545254, -0.08081656694412231, 0.050455641001462936, -0.056566301733255386, 0.013986342586576939, 0.004301860462874174, -0.1377606838941574, 0.0508737713098526, 0.041884034872055054, -0.012473381124436855, 0.0633837953209877, 0.032572031021118164, -0.043812692165374756, 0.03059670701622963, 0.03676954656839371, -0.03741452470421791, -0.06913813948631287, -0.01401192881166935, -0.03142501041293144, -0.005698888562619686, 0.0012051764642819762, 0.05090067535638809, 0.018765432760119438, 0.02893546037375927, -0.03784787654876709, 0.00723394937813282, 0.021489467471837997, -0.06279662251472473, -0.10007011145353317, 0.005335641093552113, -0.14049498736858368, -0.03214588388800621, -0.08342095464468002, 0.05170292407274246]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
591
|
density waves in the A and B rings and an optical depth profile had yielded a mass of about 0.75 Mimas masses , with later observations and computer modeling suggesting that was an underestimate .Although the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and Encke Gap, can be seen from Earth, the Voyager spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise, in several different ways, from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as Pan, many more of which may yet be discovered, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small shepherd satellites (similar to Prometheus and Pandora's maintenance of the F ring). Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out; Mimas maintains the Cassini Division in this manner. Still more structure in the rings consists of spiral waves raised by the inner moons' periodic gravitational perturbations at less disruptive resonances. Data from the Cassini space probe indicate that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere, independent of that of the planet itself. The atmosphere is composed of molecular oxygen gas (O2) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings. Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further ultraviolet stimulation create and eject, among other things, O2. According to models of this atmosphere, H2 is also present. The O2 and H2 atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings, it would be about one atom thick. The rings also have a similarly sparse OH (hydroxide) atmosphere.
|
[-0.052730459719896317, -0.07651561498641968, -0.01650567166507244, 0.0027337067294865847, -0.0015224975068122149, -0.08288583159446716, 0.03998195007443428, 0.060842547565698624, 0.10627549141645432, -0.0325014553964138, -0.05727002024650574, 0.010353319346904755, -0.054298605769872665, -0.08636151999235153, 0.008841943927109241, -0.01809576526284218, 0.017274420708417892, 0.0023287804797291756, -0.03611628711223602, -0.04994780570268631, -0.026863189414143562, 0.03458535298705101, -0.038294717669487, 0.01717681623995304, -0.006524752825498581, 0.09127142280340195, -0.02091079205274582, -0.004863643553107977, -0.009661738760769367, -0.008546888828277588, 0.03186677768826485, 0.0506298802793026, -0.008932380937039852, -0.04230745509266853, -0.02689419686794281, 0.04478614032268524, 0.024417275562882423, 0.0555800162255764, -0.02704799175262451, -0.09825330972671509, -0.0035585383884608746, 0.08006960898637772, 0.06833429634571075, 0.0035542557016015053, -0.022266386076807976, -0.016779940575361252, -0.005120096728205681, -0.0527324378490448, -0.053076695650815964, -0.0789903849363327, 0.057910047471523285, 0.002149041276425123, -0.05230478197336197, 0.11557449400424957, -0.012350792996585369, 0.002474037930369377, -0.10911451280117035, -0.09875984489917755, 0.0366157665848732, -0.034171752631664276, -0.011701734736561775, 0.03896960988640785, 0.02234118990600109, -0.010594087652862072, -0.046968184411525726, 0.0890997052192688, 0.020118478685617447, -0.017971878871321678, 0.042964864522218704, 0.021303469315171242, 0.07287631183862686, 0.07869569212198257, -0.08270719647407532, 0.0059121581725776196, 0.0076844701543450356, 0.055735982954502106, 0.04043281078338623, 0.010587728582322598, 0.024038752540946007, -0.022195959463715553, -0.06155376136302948, 0.026265829801559448, -0.03444323316216469, 0.0789152979850769, -0.03885474428534508, 0.025067731738090515, 0.01822403445839882, 0.018882693722844124, -0.1197473406791687, -0.025920594111084938, 0.05937938764691353, 0.03121127188205719, -0.07761227339506149, -0.011281197890639305, 0.002679854864254594, -0.051841430366039276, 0.019406046718358994, -0.02841927669942379, 0.011523863300681114, 0.038352612406015396, 0.046359043568372726, -0.0236295647919178, -0.04032040014863014, 0.06458327174186707, -0.03849142789840698, 0.0238716509193182, 0.04964575543999672, 0.07763397693634033, 0.028379233554005623, 0.03581145033240318, -0.029748687520623207, -0.020740879699587822, -0.004692465998232365, -0.03227653726935387, -0.07645125687122345, -0.002866098890081048, -0.036611877381801605, 0.1269945204257965, -0.016764400526881218, 0.06284768134355545, 0.004023323301225901, 0.01120658777654171, -0.0781589224934578, 0.011086634360253811, -0.025934655219316483, 0.0409795418381691, -0.06979189068078995, 2.1233465064261618e-33, 0.06490939110517502, 0.0025622418615967035, 0.0844896137714386, 0.05974508076906204, -0.036778345704078674, -0.030638454481959343, -0.010761682875454426, 0.01009510736912489, 0.035746634006500244, 0.023237943649291992, -0.14637917280197144, 0.03922001272439957, 0.042838770896196365, -0.05010126531124115, 0.0437128059566021, -0.003839382901787758, 0.0773269310593605, -0.018130648881196976, -0.0418945737183094, -0.01868850365281105, -0.13690929114818573, 0.025485564023256302, -0.006411251612007618, -0.00338004226796329, 0.028115175664424896, 0.0036189835518598557, 0.05788750946521759, -0.03587793558835983, -0.04696330428123474, 0.04190563037991524, 0.0027026135940104723, 0.0644223541021347, 0.028091013431549072, 0.14234060049057007, 0.01971486397087574, 0.07872024923563004, -0.017226003110408783, 0.05082172900438309, -0.02475409395992756, 0.005396190565079451, 0.028072772547602654, -0.04669107869267464, -0.0014360707718878984, 0.05151037499308586, 0.06576089560985565, -0.09086471796035767, 0.11091158539056778, 0.008857614360749722, -0.007982637733221054, 0.06520520895719528, 0.06656328588724136, 0.03844776004552841, -0.012979060411453247, 0.04089398682117462, 0.06616411358118057, 0.05854029580950737, 0.022753098979592323, -0.05728483572602272, -0.050656337291002274, 0.02397042140364647, 0.007976523600518703, -0.04027033969759941, 0.030470069497823715, 0.044661104679107666, 0.02300030179321766, 0.11189204454421997, -0.12123372405767441, -0.0789308026432991, -0.09846894443035126, 0.03258909657597542, -0.04637173190712929, 0.04967599734663963, 0.017293885350227356, 0.04677579551935196, 0.034616123884916306, 0.005856103729456663, -0.00679966202005744, -0.08908217400312424, -0.02439321018755436, 0.04443908855319023, 0.0029373797588050365, -0.06979303061962128, 0.010819426737725735, -0.075752392411232, -0.106316938996315, 0.03144829347729683, 0.07823022454977036, -0.006776407361030579, 0.06339452415704727, -0.011094673536717892, 0.046657416969537735, -0.04301862791180611, -0.004258555360138416, -0.00392877496778965, -0.04785211384296417, -1.876586548630555e-33, -0.01875089295208454, -0.05611032247543335, -0.01871843822300434, 0.01125988457351923, 0.033006977289915085, 0.048345897346735, -0.03508424758911133, 0.05030015856027603, -0.029559290036559105, -0.026928812265396118, 0.013317793607711792, 0.017740188166499138, -0.06344826519489288, -0.11293891072273254, -0.04938443377614021, -0.025175152346491814, 0.10352836549282074, -0.008442552760243416, 0.07022900134325027, -0.027248769998550415, 0.060592494904994965, -0.0011044848943129182, 0.010621882975101471, -0.017829347401857376, -0.09739570319652557, 0.009192223660647869, 0.015331055037677288, -0.03127342090010643, -0.002979577286168933, 0.03611914440989494, -0.029733583331108093, -0.03072577901184559, -0.009598292410373688, -0.041318412870168686, -0.02923586592078209, 0.07106180489063263, 0.0639941543340683, -0.06466525793075562, -0.042326293885707855, -0.02610703930258751, -0.11396761238574982, 0.08041608333587646, 0.03570413589477539, -0.018943678587675095, 0.04268379136919975, 0.012377510778605938, 0.08120711892843246, 0.12670248746871948, -0.07244258373975754, -0.024555958807468414, -0.019352735951542854, -0.036717489361763, 0.0021327927242964506, 7.971401646500453e-05, 0.01975839026272297, 0.06336434930562973, -0.001398239517584443, 0.020932136103510857, 0.006502911914139986, -0.010847054421901703, 0.07789239287376404, -0.038567785173654556, 0.03551453724503517, -0.08548818528652191, 0.03867200016975403, -0.047689832746982574, 0.05147719755768776, 0.04058403521776199, -0.024085156619548798, 0.07343094795942307, -0.03580962121486664, -0.0867067277431488, -0.010369285009801388, 0.02055213786661625, 0.07556810230016708, 0.03031866066157818, 0.008670602925121784, -0.16221486032009125, -0.005248812027275562, -0.010669458657503128, -0.016312329098582268, 0.0020388273987919092, 0.07131510227918625, -0.06365843862295151, 0.04164298623800278, -0.0008074637735262513, -0.053443171083927155, -0.028353992849588394, -0.036438606679439545, 0.05170053243637085, -0.01472559291869402, 0.00020626904733944684, 0.020300043746829033, 0.026423707604408264, 0.048949383199214935, -4.6379362572679383e-08, 0.12038041651248932, -0.004407959990203381, -0.08152329176664352, 0.023957811295986176, -0.024808356538414955, -0.027698401361703873, 0.0450005829334259, 0.07126114517450333, 0.05762922018766403, -0.08277347683906555, 0.0003240915830247104, 0.023406002670526505, -0.07219766080379486, -0.08317804336547852, -0.0161746796220541, 0.07753624022006989, -0.01694483682513237, -0.0730774849653244, -0.030067119747400284, -0.01735195703804493, 0.0571671687066555, 0.047737106680870056, -0.000385470746550709, -0.11738147586584091, -0.0030493063386529684, -0.002204329241067171, 0.03849279135465622, 0.06381253898143768, -0.042161814868450165, 0.02467241697013378, -0.026110565289855003, -0.047727592289447784, 0.04285407066345215, -0.05106533318758011, -0.032076552510261536, 0.057324282824993134, -0.06545868515968323, 0.02784689888358116, 0.014522772282361984, 0.007388897240161896, 0.06910485774278641, -0.007646547630429268, 0.0014475573552772403, 0.04636266082525253, 0.00311731337569654, 0.03165155649185181, 0.03306689113378525, 0.01825157180428505, -0.05519476532936096, -0.028662720695137978, 0.015068592503666878, 0.004090211819857359, 0.010197618044912815, -0.053902462124824524, -0.1142718717455864, -0.0017976491944864392, -0.010707609355449677, -0.0027411391492933035, 0.032427139580249786, -0.006095405202358961, -0.15928968787193298, -0.009789987467229366, -0.042695533484220505, 0.030942972749471664]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
592
|
so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings , it would be about one atom thick . The rings also have a similarly sparse OH ( hydroxide ) atmosphere .Like the O2, this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic ions that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn's moon Enceladus. This atmosphere, despite being extremely sparse, was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope. Saturn shows complex patterns in its brightness. Most of the variability is due to the changing aspect of the rings, and this goes through two cycles every orbit. However, superimposed on this is variability due to the eccentricity of the planet's orbit that causes the planet to display brighter oppositions in the northern hemisphere than it does in the southern. In 1980, Voyager 1 made a fly-by of Saturn that showed the F ring to be composed of three narrow rings that appeared to be braided in a complex structure; it is now known that the outer two rings consist of knobs, kinks and lumps that give the illusion of braiding, with the less bright third ring lying inside them. New images of the rings taken around the 11 August 2009 equinox of Saturn by NASA's Cassini spacecraft have shown that the rings extend significantly out of the nominal ring plane in a few places. This displacement reaches as much as 4 km (2.5 mi) at the border of the Keeler Gap, due to the out-of-plane orbit of Daphnis, the moon that creates the gap. Formation and evolution of main rings
Estimates of the age of Saturn's rings vary widely, depending on the approach used. They have been considered to possibly be very old, dating to the formation of Saturn itself.
|
[-0.016102883964776993, -0.008835939690470695, 0.009753899648785591, 0.03793048486113548, 0.06741750985383987, -0.10393193364143372, 0.037844736129045486, 0.07709962874650955, 0.09152556210756302, -0.056972283869981766, -0.07552038878202438, 0.011234823614358902, 0.010880720801651478, -0.07992232590913773, -0.03248573839664459, -0.007448888849467039, 0.027881041169166565, -0.019602682441473007, -0.04279264062643051, -0.040406763553619385, 0.0639122724533081, 0.05706002190709114, -0.036655426025390625, 0.014133653603494167, -0.005092686973512173, 0.0648343488574028, -0.011972006410360336, 0.025675013661384583, -0.019390925765037537, -0.05765139311552048, 0.030742410570383072, 0.07419641315937042, -0.012641084380447865, -0.03152807801961899, -0.02085675112903118, 0.005586299113929272, 0.014266829006373882, 0.044230230152606964, -0.034401193261146545, -0.031573642045259476, -0.00026359473122283816, 0.07193338125944138, 0.05869730934500694, -0.017803870141506195, -0.055743779987096786, -0.016495132818818092, 0.012163220904767513, -0.056353382766246796, -0.013336092233657837, -0.03872082754969597, 0.07812023162841797, 0.018700353801250458, -0.023931752890348434, 0.010372049175202847, 0.0239691324532032, 0.06143328920006752, -0.0828552097082138, -0.08216764032840729, -0.0383218415081501, -0.0704282894730568, -0.014940356835722923, 0.01373113039880991, 0.02274124138057232, -0.00020988998585380614, 0.015344478189945221, 0.07571796327829361, 0.016759753227233887, -0.03653426095843315, 0.05016700178384781, -0.06564194709062576, 0.020334582775831223, 0.08649350702762604, -0.0634833425283432, -0.0328732393682003, -0.01354158390313387, 0.06105804070830345, 0.031271278858184814, 0.022934310138225555, 0.06198783963918686, -0.05971502885222435, 0.012026139535009861, -0.017125822603702545, -0.00784674659371376, 0.07493153214454651, -0.02176395244896412, 0.03719756007194519, -0.015975721180438995, -0.05509346351027489, -0.09768789261579514, -0.01060546189546585, -0.019500840455293655, -0.005535729229450226, -0.028996950015425682, -0.046480655670166016, -0.033294036984443665, 0.009709196165204048, 0.09277065098285675, -0.04432361200451851, 0.019059298560023308, 0.05208723992109299, 0.01184989232569933, 0.003534657182171941, 0.016371916979551315, 0.03325268253684044, -0.013016529381275177, 0.006853424943983555, 0.06598466634750366, 0.07419271022081375, -0.015538876876235008, -0.018796540796756744, -0.05614935979247093, -0.057377710938453674, 0.01815570890903473, -0.08082346618175507, -0.03610628470778465, -0.02442404069006443, -0.012393886223435402, 0.10567101836204529, -0.02040953002870083, 0.07959013432264328, -0.01683199405670166, 0.0016120985383167863, -0.03467788174748421, 0.04508042335510254, 0.016133854165673256, -0.012295876629650593, -0.07982032746076584, 1.8593650053780314e-33, 0.09727905690670013, 0.0005037261871621013, 0.08378463983535767, 0.04418325424194336, -0.03564436361193657, -0.07723038643598557, -0.040489502251148224, -0.03473242372274399, 0.04271911084651947, 0.022237271070480347, -0.08978696167469025, 0.029201388359069824, 0.04361383244395256, -0.021760355681180954, 0.05170857533812523, -0.033560577780008316, 0.05206546559929848, 0.01441258005797863, -0.03936304524540901, 0.01673535630106926, -0.15142226219177246, 0.05082457512617111, 0.007828724570572376, -0.015694942325353622, 0.018165167421102524, -0.020499803125858307, 0.07119287550449371, -0.04649323970079422, -0.0018992926925420761, 0.0035630189813673496, 0.06361272931098938, 0.0581449531018734, -0.041909150779247284, 0.1168362945318222, 0.04066292941570282, 0.024930007755756378, -0.0023172786459326744, 0.07865037024021149, 0.019519710913300514, -0.010578331537544727, 0.031147632747888565, 0.001200946280732751, 0.025843892246484756, -0.034961845725774765, 0.07947228848934174, -0.01777283288538456, 0.08132754266262054, 0.04502296820282936, 0.02213207818567753, 0.05762079730629921, 0.05426279082894325, 0.018520791083574295, 0.05740959942340851, 0.04194336384534836, 0.0539759136736393, -0.017887623980641365, 0.027056118473410606, -0.09191267192363739, 0.00842100940644741, 0.07332541793584824, -0.0175183042883873, -0.012978482991456985, -0.03478773683309555, 0.041102323681116104, -0.012083057314157486, 0.08992218226194382, -0.11053702980279922, -0.04622729867696762, -0.061544597148895264, 0.04623374715447426, -0.052735377103090286, 0.05878828465938568, 0.014119691215455532, 0.02898823469877243, 0.02752886898815632, -0.026928234845399857, 0.02507816255092621, -0.1263655126094818, -0.008211933076381683, 0.06049902364611626, -0.04644070938229561, -0.056958988308906555, 0.03090113215148449, -0.07630844414234161, -0.09509497880935669, -0.01741023361682892, 0.05329275503754616, -0.007713793311268091, 0.05062653496861458, 0.0691196545958519, 0.09427329897880554, -0.07034795731306076, 0.031796302646398544, -0.058584198355674744, -0.03477061167359352, -1.7318422354130448e-33, -0.01681528054177761, -0.0638866201043129, -0.008897151798009872, 0.03149700537323952, 0.04247982054948807, 0.08138453960418701, -0.03917737305164337, 0.10099174827337265, -0.05525122955441475, -0.06012105196714401, 0.050332412123680115, 0.06559719145298004, -0.0544772706925869, -0.1357807070016861, 0.00011183127935510129, -0.07032212615013123, 0.046109214425086975, 0.03504301235079765, 0.07339953631162643, -0.0073679289780557156, 0.074622243642807, -0.05298434570431709, 0.004421600140631199, -0.09392301738262177, -0.07272512465715408, 0.05255187302827835, -0.02006952464580536, -0.011362891644239426, -0.012467083521187305, 0.045380327850580215, -0.051481664180755615, 0.04663170129060745, -0.02441270463168621, 0.023678559809923172, -0.0688934177160263, 0.05350881442427635, 0.047458160668611526, -0.051836807280778885, -0.03688768297433853, -0.04385233297944069, -0.16797257959842682, 0.04380451887845993, 0.024381231516599655, 0.01456509530544281, 0.07051174342632294, -0.01397246215492487, 0.017276795580983162, 0.029212182387709618, -0.015413204208016396, -0.03302488103508949, 0.019467974081635475, -0.028117788955569267, -0.04169878736138344, 0.02952503226697445, -0.012663465924561024, 0.02653859555721283, 0.015904078260064125, 0.038482967764139175, 0.03786560520529747, 0.05818494036793709, 0.07699408382177353, -0.0717189684510231, 0.005030018277466297, -0.07255072891712189, -0.029172105714678764, -0.08143419772386551, 0.0829363539814949, -0.0022266600281000137, -0.007830466143786907, 0.07696977257728577, -0.009110430255532265, -0.06399699300527573, 0.012765845283865929, 0.025554999709129333, 0.1085345521569252, 0.009845832362771034, 0.04568260535597801, -0.09621112793684006, -0.059208258986473083, 0.02203258126974106, -0.028043095022439957, 0.026974398642778397, 0.026451628655195236, -0.04530707746744156, 0.020344002172350883, -0.007763022091239691, -0.04452177882194519, -0.00508006289601326, -0.03537833318114281, 0.05624975636601448, -0.017544804140925407, -0.0051443809643387794, -0.019342411309480667, 0.0753055214881897, 0.05485996976494789, -5.108000777909183e-08, 0.06866805255413055, 0.004151550121605396, 0.0006329793250188231, 0.012046455405652523, -0.020969213917851448, -0.009030836634337902, 0.07640571892261505, 0.059919167309999466, 0.015188408084213734, -0.14480489492416382, 0.03965286165475845, 0.08740883320569992, -0.04598912596702576, -0.08999717235565186, 0.09829792380332947, 0.07637564092874527, 0.004726046230643988, 0.0035938683431595564, -0.045064184814691544, 0.004704013001173735, 0.03152932971715927, 0.03022928163409233, -0.06271647661924362, -0.08806566148996353, 0.011729803867638111, -0.01748875342309475, 0.0026442536618560553, 0.061071474105119705, 0.020731141790747643, -0.047424349933862686, 0.030027538537979126, -0.04527438059449196, 0.071310855448246, -0.12142562121152878, -0.07143359631299973, -0.009558294899761677, -0.09755107015371323, 0.023752693086862564, -0.04037380963563919, -0.0678350105881691, 0.022571910172700882, 0.04232509061694145, -0.04271567240357399, 0.02843286469578743, 0.04279963672161102, -0.013260838575661182, 0.0645974650979042, 0.0015842024004086852, -0.06413181871175766, -0.05869033932685852, -0.007937866263091564, 0.01985933445394039, 0.019536782056093216, -0.06609958410263062, -0.1149897500872612, -0.0025543319061398506, -0.0067181880585849285, -0.0012490343069657683, -0.0037198099307715893, -0.02950657717883587, -0.09387409687042236, -0.003364652395248413, -0.07588190585374832, 0.017907623201608658]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
593
|
Estimates of the age of Saturn 's rings vary widely , depending on the approach used . They have been considered to possibly be very old , dating to the formation of Saturn itself .However, data from Cassini suggest they are much younger, having most likely formed within the last 100 million years, and may thus be between 10 million and 100 million years old. This recent origin scenario is based on a new, low mass estimate modeling of the rings' dynamical evolution, and measurements of the flux of interplanetary dust, which feed into an estimate of the rate of ring darkening over time. Since the rings are continually losing material, they would have been more massive in the past than at present. The mass estimate alone is not very diagnostic, since high mass rings that formed early in the Solar System's history would have evolved by now to a mass close to that measured. Based on current depletion rates, they may disappear in 300 million years. There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of Saturn's inner rings. A hypothesis originally proposed by Édouard Roche in the 19th century is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn (named Veritas, after a Roman goddess who hid in a well). According to the hypothesis, the moon's orbit decayed until it was close enough to be ripped apart by tidal forces (see Roche limit). Numerical simulations carried out in 2022 support this hypothesis; the authors of that study proposed the name "Chrysalis" for the destroyed moon. A variation on this hypothesis is that this moon disintegrated after being struck by a large comet or asteroid. The second hypothesis is that the rings were never part of a moon, but are instead left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed.
|
[-0.011319434270262718, -0.021674837917089462, 0.00991747621446848, 0.012830293737351894, 0.04033360630273819, -0.06929311901330948, 0.01367064006626606, 0.10920659452676773, 0.054570723325014114, -0.006200829986482859, -0.0538799874484539, 0.012653264217078686, -6.303011468844488e-05, -0.027676329016685486, -0.055049553513526917, -0.055688850581645966, -0.0038332140538841486, -0.019536903128027916, 0.00463505182415247, 0.013887112960219383, -0.018249575048685074, 0.03569866716861725, -0.034868642687797546, 0.016419151797890663, 0.0277076568454504, 0.08960679173469543, -0.034666307270526886, -0.029446572065353394, -0.024427052587270737, 0.0545659065246582, 0.00512099452316761, 0.018017461523413658, 0.011897804215550423, 0.008326568640768528, -0.02619912475347519, -0.03229966387152672, -0.04532324895262718, 0.048762742429971695, -0.024334192276000977, -0.035933319479227066, -0.038821931928396225, 0.06394808739423752, 0.046646848320961, -0.05929957330226898, -0.04276939108967781, -0.0032673166133463383, 0.04410521313548088, -0.029694167897105217, -0.022213846445083618, 0.005203999113291502, 0.05065843462944031, 0.047989774495363235, 0.05653337389230728, 0.004156026523560286, -0.01460607536137104, 0.01786724291741848, -0.0703771710395813, -0.13916148245334625, 0.022686755284667015, 0.0011377937626093626, -0.04950840771198273, -0.026653528213500977, 0.060922298580408096, -0.06161409988999367, -0.1269017606973648, 0.11532317847013474, 0.0246993787586689, -0.009562794119119644, 0.06958723068237305, 0.02784811519086361, 0.022006342187523842, 0.11557398736476898, -0.07655530422925949, 0.008104615844786167, -0.04805241525173187, 0.03430095314979553, 0.09876428544521332, 0.00963229313492775, -0.04324745386838913, -0.12009573727846146, 0.0029252993408590555, 0.032954394817352295, 0.01369351614266634, 0.023444920778274536, -0.05332184582948685, 0.0931088849902153, -0.02251247875392437, 0.02864852361381054, -0.04951914772391319, -0.011157173663377762, 0.023239534348249435, 0.019058708101511, -0.08502987772226334, -0.024163462221622467, 0.08090034127235413, -0.025504903867840767, 0.01571134850382805, -0.010860001668334007, 0.04927876964211464, 0.00015141248877625912, -0.003417217405512929, -0.028259439393877983, -0.010479631833732128, 0.05721047893166542, 0.018838927149772644, 0.05488252267241478, -0.0046203830279409885, 0.03874235227704048, -0.009804235771298409, 0.04938330501317978, 0.025381818413734436, -0.012043113820254803, -0.02702253870666027, -0.05361243337392807, -0.015266922302544117, -0.01899235136806965, -0.015819068998098373, 0.0919589102268219, -0.04826296865940094, 0.03324606269598007, -0.004220704548060894, 0.031659942120313644, -0.06847608834505081, 0.016055330634117126, -0.002379199955612421, 0.04566660523414612, -0.06369458138942719, 3.796344596662997e-33, 0.02060256339609623, 0.0061043561436235905, 0.08589313924312592, 0.026283882558345795, -0.04668049514293671, -0.06065418943762779, 0.021681558340787888, 0.03911972790956497, 0.08107464760541916, -0.04894769936800003, -0.09312299638986588, -0.04673716798424721, -0.0024661787319928408, -0.14620231091976166, 0.01300526037812233, 0.060215115547180176, 0.04662666097283363, -0.015483892522752285, 0.009374993853271008, -0.04009868577122688, -0.15275120735168457, 0.009980672039091587, 0.01244910154491663, -0.020439090207219124, 0.05509041249752045, 0.014356110244989395, 0.06859728693962097, -0.03845461457967758, -0.03044746071100235, -0.03349176049232483, 0.04066913202404976, 0.019844280555844307, -0.06287544965744019, 0.0988604873418808, 0.061857420951128006, 0.025236688554286957, 0.005754042882472277, 0.08023808151483536, 0.015430825762450695, 0.010523166507482529, 0.061885833740234375, -0.0032126230653375387, -0.023918194696307182, -0.0026274914853274822, 0.059607286006212234, -0.049627695232629776, 0.06586191058158875, 0.05785182863473892, -0.012526828795671463, 0.009147741831839085, 0.043132565915584564, 0.04633021727204323, -0.025416554883122444, 0.0410725437104702, -0.011939024552702904, 0.002785650547593832, -0.019817542284727097, -0.07397133857011795, -0.031145958229899406, 0.053457558155059814, 0.09852562844753265, -0.05918581038713455, -0.011226298287510872, 0.05228106305003166, -0.04412049055099487, 0.08171863853931427, -0.0666561871767044, -0.03850281238555908, -0.04440050944685936, -0.02414153330028057, 0.01617942750453949, 0.005131961312144995, -0.053176287561655045, 0.048344459384679794, 0.04425690323114395, -0.03114057518541813, 0.014620293863117695, -0.10659056901931763, 0.01286366581916809, 0.07257900387048721, 0.056999169290065765, 0.0025487213861197233, -0.07113338261842728, -0.05644813925027847, 0.006142275407910347, 0.016675708815455437, 0.09446749091148376, -0.015974434092640877, 0.08816713094711304, 0.0572228878736496, 0.04836008697748184, -0.063454270362854, -0.02299848198890686, 0.03017311729490757, -0.06858257949352264, -4.0715454566057566e-33, -0.04455631971359253, -0.032524850219488144, -0.0049722581170499325, 0.05811169371008873, 0.017719008028507233, -0.008453499525785446, -0.14094595611095428, 0.07385111600160599, -0.06982580572366714, -0.11874991655349731, 0.04068952798843384, 0.0702822282910347, -0.04043321684002876, -0.12800487875938416, 0.033002324402332306, -0.06583812832832336, 0.02744906023144722, 0.019545262679457664, -0.016476361081004143, -0.021319814026355743, 0.085954949259758, -0.03973593935370445, -0.06880982965230942, -0.08645835518836975, -0.06770915538072586, -0.01604105345904827, 0.01155900675803423, -0.017767153680324554, -0.003953444771468639, 0.027083123102784157, -0.045291099697351456, 0.01232940424233675, 0.03791150450706482, 0.048062361776828766, -0.014675857499241829, 0.032430391758680344, 0.061391670256853104, -0.09859409183263779, 0.035795263946056366, -0.035001639276742935, -0.09421995282173157, 0.05418766289949417, -1.1658276889647823e-05, 0.0010820056777447462, 0.018536197021603584, -0.016519417986273766, 0.05904112383723259, 0.08637779951095581, 0.04715089499950409, -0.03599708154797554, 0.04756319150328636, -0.08500993996858597, 0.03885771334171295, -0.093857541680336, -0.00193627062253654, 0.011270793154835701, 0.009987522847950459, 0.013679293915629387, -0.003916339483112097, 0.012452404946088791, 0.07191911339759827, -0.030049925670027733, 0.03460529446601868, -0.027972115203738213, -0.008152950555086136, -0.0711996927857399, 0.08356648683547974, 0.016046006232500076, -0.06292539834976196, 0.03951241448521614, 0.009599382057785988, -0.06238233298063278, -0.024801600724458694, 0.09964537620544434, 0.06506786495447159, 0.019106639549136162, 0.03316367790102959, -0.04566839337348938, -0.026081519201397896, -0.011886656284332275, -0.02419079840183258, 0.02627112716436386, 0.05902530625462532, -0.0548580102622509, 0.026025069877505302, 0.024360645562410355, 0.011422868818044662, -0.02312389574944973, -0.06957126408815384, 0.03468768671154976, -0.046265628188848495, -0.051172178238630295, -0.007384587544947863, 0.057050950825214386, 0.0024972069077193737, -4.8979309497099166e-08, 0.14728234708309174, 0.05967298150062561, -0.05977877229452133, 0.03898901864886284, -0.00496131693944335, -0.01960126869380474, 0.0825529471039772, 0.06857682019472122, 0.012643320485949516, -0.06952255219221115, 0.023875638842582703, 0.047573454678058624, 0.01484887208789587, -0.10312213003635406, -0.014924274757504463, 0.07643228024244308, -0.014088465832173824, -0.09910032153129578, 0.015435414388775826, 0.055310431867837906, 0.11184519529342651, 0.059311963617801666, -0.016065936535596848, -0.07972013205289841, -0.02610909193754196, -0.04040952026844025, 0.03575313463807106, 0.07295537739992142, -0.04495788738131523, 0.014443366788327694, 0.015667440369725227, -0.06664583832025528, 0.03794308379292488, -0.07696671038866043, 0.008981973864138126, -0.007032104767858982, -0.0775970071554184, 0.010782181285321712, 0.025663532316684723, -0.08464803546667099, 0.06700365990400314, 0.05875268951058388, -0.05915287882089615, -0.02314823679625988, 0.04380622133612633, 0.012534725479781628, -0.02404765412211418, 0.017189621925354004, -0.0178485456854105, -0.03067021444439888, 0.029732197523117065, 0.07821348309516907, 0.012289957143366337, -0.05385960265994072, -0.09525903314352036, -0.023730440065264702, -0.015194484032690525, 0.008252001367509365, 0.01598808728158474, -0.023946786299347878, -0.11224581301212311, -0.00038243294693529606, -0.08028006553649902, 0.051688093692064285]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
594
|
a large comet or asteroid . The second hypothesis is that the rings were never part of a moon , but are instead left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn formed .A more traditional version of the disrupted-moon hypothesis is that the rings are composed of debris from a moon 400 to 600 km (200 to 400 miles) in diameter, slightly larger than Mimas. The last time there were collisions large enough to be likely to disrupt a moon that large was during the Late Heavy Bombardment some four billion years ago. A more recent variant of this type of hypothesis by R. M. Canup is that the rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger, Titan-sized, differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula. This would explain the scarcity of rocky material within the rings. The rings would initially have been much more massive (≈1,000 times) and broader than at present; material in the outer portions of the rings would have coalesced into the innermost moons of Saturn (those closest to Saturn), out to Tethys, also explaining the lack of rocky material in the composition of most of these moons. Subsequent collisional or cryovolcanic evolution of Enceladus, which is another of these moons, might then have caused selective loss of ice from this moon, raising its density to its current value of 1.61 g/cm3, compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys. The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn's moons out to Rhea.
|
[-0.03349848464131355, 0.005769074894487858, 0.07934648543596268, 0.003654471132904291, 0.07569277286529541, -0.0740203708410263, 0.0019340298604220152, 0.14460022747516632, 0.04347971826791763, -0.01560464408248663, -0.0798642709851265, 0.01727462001144886, 0.020505670458078384, -0.046676356345415115, -0.03254735469818115, -0.020148267969489098, 0.03160988539457321, -0.034805793315172195, -0.0423230342566967, 0.023375919088721275, 0.00048216863069683313, 0.061739396303892136, -0.04708487540483475, 0.04741527885198593, 0.025314394384622574, 0.11750052869319916, -0.027332700788974762, 0.008305791765451431, -0.00509220827370882, 0.03230298310518265, -0.02641027793288231, 0.016345912590622902, -0.020159855484962463, -0.018876763060688972, 0.008464101701974869, 0.011857735924422741, -0.05725110322237015, 0.017451148480176926, -0.002357152523472905, -0.08347859233617783, -0.0455625057220459, 0.061464473605155945, 0.040057647973299026, -0.07157775014638901, -0.033158302307128906, -0.029385624453425407, 0.029034342616796494, -0.04563039541244507, -0.06677716225385666, -0.013679438270628452, 0.056972503662109375, 0.024116091430187225, -0.018630200996994972, 0.05496232584118843, 0.016106439754366875, -0.04110655561089516, -0.07339203357696533, -0.1030372902750969, -0.008814421482384205, -0.020516563206911087, -0.06576475501060486, 0.02730632945895195, 0.08043909817934036, -0.05740866810083389, -0.021709077060222626, 0.0992714911699295, -0.009855667129158974, -0.029284991323947906, 0.03852927312254906, 0.01537223719060421, 0.06253723055124283, 0.09470249712467194, -0.10330697894096375, -0.0011357893235981464, -0.009498254396021366, 0.016396453604102135, 0.04514221101999283, 0.015441588126122952, -0.047673098742961884, -0.036257270723581314, -0.019958915188908577, 0.004918103571981192, -0.002721543423831463, 0.010522597469389439, -0.04726861044764519, 0.052595630288124084, -0.005204829853028059, 0.008818933740258217, -0.03920487314462662, -0.0063922107219696045, 0.056219834834337234, -0.007419282104820013, -0.060151875019073486, 0.011677601374685764, 0.008055586367845535, -0.035144466906785965, 0.009372344240546227, -0.04825739935040474, 0.06182032823562622, 0.010384418070316315, 0.011341153644025326, -0.012346350587904453, 0.0005604259204119444, -0.008102086372673512, -0.004068558104336262, 0.021865082904696465, 0.013450327329337597, 0.02022797241806984, 0.007541714236140251, 0.05719936266541481, 0.012987598776817322, -0.06702438741922379, -0.018063286319375038, -0.0219750814139843, -0.059118494391441345, -0.013765433803200722, -0.045733463019132614, 0.08749865740537643, -0.0735262855887413, 0.02314932458102703, 0.009439529851078987, 0.015357758849859238, -0.08048947155475616, 0.03750305995345116, 0.02722477912902832, 0.011324182152748108, -0.10981383174657822, 4.269560418737648e-33, 0.10787274688482285, -0.01306605339050293, 0.07457999885082245, 0.022661764174699783, 0.005684835370630026, -0.05038357526063919, 0.031936291605234146, 0.03458566591143608, 0.10103816539049149, -0.01332681905478239, -0.06276442110538483, -0.033962175250053406, 0.06072486191987991, -0.070477694272995, 0.023510517552495003, 0.05646249279379845, 0.019731909036636353, -0.02201661840081215, -0.03288838639855385, 0.009037341922521591, -0.1650589257478714, 0.024328697472810745, 0.003355365712195635, 0.024363232776522636, 0.01489223912358284, 0.06378370523452759, 0.04639207571744919, -0.04109683260321617, -0.05825241282582283, 0.003993201535195112, 0.01837928034365177, -0.003316671121865511, -0.046908900141716, 0.13167139887809753, 0.09453875571489334, 0.06436760723590851, -0.023016056045889854, 0.01792752742767334, -0.03830372542142868, 0.011684726923704147, 0.06442806869745255, -0.07422707974910736, -0.04942787438631058, 0.015397671610116959, 0.0896248146891594, -0.056384894996881485, 0.041115399450063705, 0.01176739577203989, -0.03831257298588753, 0.01336087565869093, 0.08773671835660934, 0.06177479401230812, 0.009489902295172215, 0.061101190745830536, 0.030214687809348106, 0.003893129527568817, -0.011805485934019089, -0.07552477717399597, 0.017103439196944237, 0.0816052034497261, 0.05063217505812645, -0.070078045129776, 0.016975142061710358, 0.06818754971027374, -0.04933846741914749, 0.09915973246097565, -0.08134462684392929, -0.033189114183187485, -0.06670001149177551, 0.016526781022548676, 0.019004391506314278, 0.024840718135237694, 0.017231794074177742, 0.08009861409664154, 0.003776310943067074, -0.020466841757297516, 0.020729796960949898, -0.0814831554889679, 0.02444596216082573, 0.048012252897024155, -0.0161067396402359, -0.036738984286785126, -0.008829820901155472, -0.1082763746380806, -0.09264051914215088, 0.02248593233525753, 0.13221938908100128, 0.0023668468929827213, 0.08779604732990265, 0.01619299314916134, 0.05282404646277428, -0.03679991513490677, -0.045038215816020966, 0.0017325575463473797, -0.04339229315519333, -4.1753008328230704e-33, -0.029747504740953445, -0.05201813206076622, 0.007598917931318283, -0.011557107791304588, -0.013474864885210991, 0.008492512628436089, -0.10158147662878036, 0.05330294370651245, -0.06968674808740616, -0.09505102783441544, 0.027174295857548714, 0.03386593237519264, -0.07755658775568008, -0.1327105313539505, -0.003951462917029858, -0.06013210490345955, 0.05143594369292259, 0.016418712213635445, 0.033551257103681564, 0.002672569826245308, 0.08250310271978378, -0.015572085045278072, -0.02494891546666622, -0.0649188756942749, -0.06962213665246964, -0.0028599093202501535, -0.05745253711938858, -0.03570839390158653, 0.04106369614601135, -0.004873334430158138, -0.056921280920505524, 0.0032583773136138916, 0.02283734455704689, -0.0143386609852314, -0.025552380830049515, 0.08739706873893738, 0.09317456185817719, -0.062010083347558975, 0.014397609047591686, -0.03973456099629402, -0.06743226945400238, -0.023992110043764114, -0.01416322123259306, 0.019705666229128838, 0.0630316212773323, -0.032936204224824905, 0.045120228081941605, 0.08589864522218704, 0.0634351372718811, -0.023045094683766365, 0.08251380175352097, -0.05505452677607536, 0.03751193359494209, -0.05021703615784645, -0.007353249005973339, 0.03677777573466301, -0.002914035227149725, 5.367855555959977e-05, 0.006198440678417683, -0.0012043733149766922, 0.05719045549631119, -0.012430637143552303, 0.030240043997764587, 0.02588830702006817, 0.010923274792730808, -0.07643056660890579, 0.07045838981866837, 0.010859906673431396, -0.05284300819039345, 0.0766935646533966, -0.05765771493315697, -0.01826697774231434, 0.028828706592321396, 0.07899587601423264, 0.08154256641864777, -0.011575534008443356, -0.040908318012952805, -0.0552322119474411, 0.015062854625284672, 0.005365677177906036, -0.0451095886528492, 0.03470868244767189, 0.047142136842012405, -0.05062618479132652, 0.0642850250005722, 0.0657738596200943, -0.049132898449897766, -0.01831410825252533, -0.07725284993648529, -0.013919607736170292, -0.02355033904314041, -0.023056693375110626, 0.0035286913625895977, 0.07037471979856491, 0.012818536721169949, -5.6456570973750786e-08, 0.17029890418052673, 0.033087946474552155, -0.10276849567890167, 0.029290108010172844, 0.019066428765654564, -0.024442637339234352, 0.06992346793413162, 0.07570663094520569, 0.024944990873336792, -0.040811698883771896, -0.02323838882148266, 0.04975906014442444, -0.050330646336078644, -0.08091200888156891, -0.03957796469330788, 0.05763538181781769, -0.04005981609225273, -0.1039484366774559, -0.012833928689360619, -0.013895003125071526, 0.08100710809230804, 0.03302421420812607, -0.0214532557874918, -0.10290080308914185, -0.023921331390738487, 0.012275651097297668, 0.07204806059598923, 0.125695139169693, -0.07370547950267792, -0.01161825843155384, -0.016043609008193016, -0.10045719891786575, 0.017735395580530167, -0.12486319988965988, 0.0207438375800848, 0.010021382942795753, 0.007637219037860632, -0.031623732298612595, 0.01493323128670454, -0.08403858542442322, 0.01235992182046175, 0.02090788260102272, -0.0028553588781505823, 0.00041230532224290073, 0.07331624627113342, 0.02146957442164421, -0.02572437934577465, 0.023547882214188576, -0.017838286235928535, -0.010268505662679672, -0.003433449659496546, 0.06209653988480568, 0.006667446345090866, -0.08670870959758759, -0.07187341153621674, 0.009512826800346375, 0.05361318215727806, -0.01501784473657608, -0.02709796093404293, -0.03206721320748329, -0.028701232746243477, 0.0039467946626245975, -0.0301868487149477, 0.04810716211795807]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
595
|
g/cm3 , compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys . The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn 's moons out to Rhea .If the initial massive rings contained chunks of rocky material (>100 km; 60 miles across) as well as ice, these silicate bodies would have accreted more ice and been expelled from the rings, due to gravitational interactions with the rings and tidal interaction with Saturn, into progressively wider orbits. Within the Roche limit, bodies of rocky material are dense enough to accrete additional material, whereas less-dense bodies of ice are not. Once outside the rings, the newly formed moons could have continued to evolve through random mergers. This process may explain the variation in silicate content of Saturn's moons out to Rhea, as well as the trend towards less silicate content closer to Saturn. Rhea would then be the oldest of the moons formed from the primordial rings, with moons closer to Saturn being progressively younger. The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn's rings have also been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn, as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to a darkening of the rings. However, new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System. Ring material may be recycled as clumps from within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts. This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings. Evidence suggesting a recent origin of the C ring has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper, which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates within this ring.
|
[-0.059897281229496, -0.057888757437467575, 0.06058100238442421, 0.0613405667245388, 0.07112521678209305, -0.04979895055294037, 0.03630577400326729, 0.12506091594696045, 0.048822853714227676, -0.002666299929842353, -0.06834252178668976, -0.02999880351126194, -0.002919719321653247, -0.02848394401371479, 0.01928648352622986, -0.05483154579997063, 0.010396584868431091, -0.019687436521053314, -0.03156820312142372, -0.010204972699284554, 0.044016703963279724, -0.016746973618865013, -0.03835390880703926, 0.01798962615430355, -0.023782864212989807, 0.0804995596408844, -0.0401916466653347, 0.00025952141731977463, 0.03850273787975311, 0.025652870535850525, -0.021357035264372826, -0.016438709571957588, 0.0866268202662468, -0.05914515256881714, -0.004521332681179047, -0.0008740779012441635, -0.013233237899839878, 0.008663859218358994, -0.06753931194543839, -0.045155834406614304, 0.007696885149925947, 0.07771804928779602, 0.05294816941022873, 0.007639938499778509, -0.013910125941038132, -0.04980998486280441, 0.010683721862733364, -0.02123233489692211, -0.11102388799190521, -0.03380904346704483, -0.010181230492889881, -0.035008251667022705, -0.07133663445711136, 0.04088256508111954, -0.07375187426805496, 0.04008381813764572, -0.09107870608568192, -0.06975679099559784, 0.029945148155093193, -0.039910491555929184, -0.07738959044218063, 0.041909631341695786, 0.038145892322063446, -0.05533812940120697, -0.02759048342704773, 0.07543820887804031, 0.00963184516876936, -0.020383518189191818, 0.02787560038268566, 0.016240324825048447, 0.07579434663057327, 0.09398044645786285, -0.06741653382778168, -0.04392194375395775, -0.03419479727745056, 0.05007239803671837, 0.04852408543229103, 0.020159365609288216, -0.06070404127240181, -0.059060048311948776, -0.040651045739650726, 0.01950765959918499, 0.0008005246054381132, -0.02517525479197502, -0.07104697078466415, 0.011078772135078907, -0.04432807117700577, 0.0035210640635341406, -0.09040084481239319, -0.05534498393535614, 0.07518497109413147, 0.033042337745428085, -0.07412900775671005, -0.020728593692183495, 0.07351043075323105, 0.02758258953690529, -0.021031087264418602, -0.07169727981090546, 0.06631077080965042, -0.01043065544217825, 0.014513391070067883, 0.010404457338154316, -0.037677451968193054, 0.0872187614440918, 0.07032120227813721, 0.07394412159919739, 0.034990567713975906, 0.039932090789079666, 0.006119092460721731, 0.08048941940069199, -0.011328746564686298, -0.038454361259937286, 0.0061762067489326, 0.005348970182240009, -0.04804893955588341, -0.006642740219831467, -0.09954784065485, 0.12277424335479736, -0.015727896243333817, 0.07854021340608597, -0.015762832015752792, 0.04074736312031746, -0.09218137711286545, 0.001456652651540935, 0.001991467084735632, 0.04602387174963951, -0.08326001465320587, 4.3992552818577634e-33, 0.08581240475177765, -0.033004648983478546, 0.07166758179664612, 0.023860733956098557, -0.018998418003320694, -0.03031572699546814, 0.00332897761836648, -0.014336701482534409, 0.0498264841735363, 0.0099116126075387, -0.11413992196321487, -0.03304451331496239, 0.004340154118835926, -0.09477822482585907, -0.011029355227947235, 0.0305454283952713, -0.012446415610611439, 0.00625524390488863, -0.0015287018613889813, 0.0062759616412222385, -0.1347634196281433, 0.016396109014749527, -0.017918046563863754, -0.030075818300247192, 0.040702275931835175, 0.08622591197490692, 0.00684056943282485, -0.043783023953437805, -0.04911482706665993, -0.012612692080438137, -0.020453378558158875, -0.033542949706315994, -0.044500164687633514, 0.09124168008565903, 0.06597118824720383, 0.055751632899045944, 0.031313665211200714, 0.026890533044934273, -0.007502872031182051, 0.0121364900842309, 0.034713394939899445, -0.037443988025188446, 0.007528051268309355, -0.016854625195264816, 0.055856335908174515, 0.02009371854364872, 0.041914794594049454, 0.0047955699265003204, 0.01852082833647728, -0.007979702204465866, 0.07383907586336136, 0.04422103241086006, -0.05679662153124809, 0.06972624361515045, -0.0020538801327347755, 0.031868208199739456, 0.010781531222164631, -0.014105994254350662, -0.011765782721340656, 0.045046888291835785, 0.03104746900498867, -0.08799360692501068, 0.01232615765184164, 0.023800285533070564, -0.012066320516169071, 0.06421642005443573, -0.10654805600643158, 0.008038227446377277, -0.034724291414022446, 0.02659994550049305, -0.005714894272387028, 0.016269389539957047, 0.009157846681773663, 0.08244810253381729, 0.006066350266337395, -0.02498495578765869, 0.02897736243903637, -0.09765304625034332, 0.03237733244895935, 0.03360142186284065, -0.04758647084236145, 0.00904399249702692, -0.06171673163771629, -0.0658077523112297, -0.10739034414291382, 0.0033058568369597197, 0.08751863241195679, 0.013741771690547466, 0.12881557643413544, 0.0693434625864029, 0.02983313985168934, -0.07395312935113907, -0.0034697267692536116, 0.02488585188984871, -0.10306833684444427, -4.156455086985497e-33, -0.0019373033428564668, -0.0665230080485344, 0.009323867037892342, 0.029835170134902, 0.02909395657479763, 0.02877541445195675, -0.10303259640932083, 0.041744593530893326, -0.046878837049007416, -0.1103910505771637, 0.03699275478720665, 0.041285522282123566, -0.025112783536314964, -0.17853158712387085, 0.011575277894735336, -0.0033301380462944508, 0.03597617521882057, 0.04708890616893768, 0.05892248451709747, 0.048913951963186264, 0.07489888370037079, -0.03706633672118187, -0.057025182992219925, -0.048432301729917526, -0.0803571566939354, 0.01653776504099369, -0.0221237950026989, 0.02785363607108593, 0.036300383508205414, 0.06198984012007713, -0.04787971079349518, 0.02233707718551159, 0.006107310764491558, -0.05671006813645363, -0.04430016502737999, 0.07979969680309296, 0.027118392288684845, -0.06895389407873154, 0.010716279968619347, 0.01743711531162262, -0.03017507493495941, -0.02958679012954235, 0.06693153828382492, 0.050768882036209106, 0.07669780403375626, 0.03917238861322403, 0.1131996437907219, 0.01907086744904518, 0.003922219388186932, -0.003478521481156349, 0.04553220421075821, -0.12919972836971283, -0.009031719528138638, -0.01098861824721098, -0.002555153565481305, -0.027263592928647995, 0.009714084677398205, 0.022303031757473946, -0.0681224912405014, -0.004384797997772694, 0.11085428297519684, -0.004572648089379072, 0.04683470353484154, -0.07449203729629517, 0.0046324413269758224, -0.04695679992437363, 0.050424348562955856, 0.037696775048971176, -0.04505998641252518, 0.09485646337270737, -0.062003426253795624, -0.0939726009964943, 0.04112166538834572, 0.04309958592057228, 0.08278322219848633, -0.004873211495578289, -0.0314282551407814, -0.06202326714992523, -0.009350878186523914, -0.04520014673471451, -0.0541374497115612, 0.1345759928226471, -0.010757657699286938, -0.0005033531342633069, 0.05077417567372322, -0.00043424777686595917, 0.024321723729372025, 0.012141061015427113, -0.006047341041266918, 0.050918012857437134, -0.07986310869455338, -0.03120308183133602, 0.03730456903576851, 0.07227293401956558, 0.005424528382718563, -4.6351075866368774e-08, 0.10613683611154556, 0.03755398839712143, -0.06350528448820114, 0.07487732917070389, -0.06853142380714417, 0.008625569753348827, 0.0155605748295784, 0.05016101524233818, -0.0072846794500947, -0.015468617901206017, -0.025413570925593376, 0.026328537613153458, -0.0013900977792218328, -0.07620121538639069, -0.004928699228912592, 0.07579288631677628, -0.015382427722215652, -0.09448482096195221, 0.018451809883117676, -0.016181057319045067, 0.040375351905822754, 0.06804227083921432, 0.028885245323181152, -0.12553107738494873, 0.00155726820230484, 0.008325008675456047, 0.017702724784612656, 0.09935586154460907, -0.025781208649277687, 0.04908746853470802, -0.012392872013151646, -0.05684330314397812, 0.01873021200299263, -0.038715705275535583, 0.04502889886498451, -0.0154376570135355, -0.005440108012408018, -0.008531000465154648, 0.04137786850333214, -0.09929501265287399, 0.036348432302474976, 0.06726878881454468, -0.07535991072654724, -0.011888253502547741, 0.03061281330883503, -0.00021336371719371527, -0.06944670528173447, -0.001858271542005241, -0.004998514428734779, 0.0297984778881073, -0.052023664116859436, -0.022159883752465248, -0.007351256906986237, -0.027810687199234962, -0.028405414894223213, -0.03437618538737297, -0.009958811104297638, 0.04705311730504036, 0.002496719127520919, -0.002966067520901561, -0.06722473353147507, -0.010036412626504898, -0.013067602179944515, -0.006413670722395182]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
596
|
suggesting a recent origin of the C ring has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper , which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates within this ring .If much of this material was contributed by a recently disrupted centaur or moon, the age of this ring could be on the order of 100 million years or less. On the other hand, if the material came primarily from micrometeoroid influx, the age would be closer to a billion years. The Cassini UVIS team, led by Larry Esposito, used stellar occultation to discover 13 objects, ranging from 27 meters (89') to 10 km (6 miles) across, within the F ring. They are translucent, suggesting they are temporary aggregates of ice boulders a few meters across. Esposito believes this to be the basic structure of the Saturnian rings, particles clumping together, then being blasted apart. Research based on rates of infall into Saturn favors a younger ring system age of hundreds of millions of years. Ring material is continually spiraling down into Saturn; the faster this infall, the shorter the lifetime of the ring system. One mechanism involves gravity pulling electrically charged water ice grains down from the rings along planetary magnetic field lines, a process termed 'ring rain'. This flow rate was inferred to be 432–2870 kg/s using ground-based Keck telescope observations; as a consequence of this process alone, the rings will be gone in ~292+818−124 million years. While traversing the gap between the rings and planet in September 2017, the Cassini spacecraft detected an equatorial flow of charge-neutral material from the rings to the planet of 4,800–44,000 kg/s. Assuming this influx rate is stable, adding it to the continuous 'ring rain' process implies the rings may be gone in under 100 million years.
|
[-0.04913859814405441, 0.0015722039388492703, 0.0014080038527026772, 0.011027260683476925, 0.07963837683200836, -0.11072754859924316, 0.024616122245788574, 0.10989557951688766, 0.05681328475475311, 0.003960138186812401, -0.07951366901397705, -0.04725997522473335, 0.0053791082464158535, -0.037549447268247604, -0.07650507986545563, -0.04385824501514435, -0.025704065337777138, -0.007283526472747326, -0.027195235714316368, 0.014585881493985653, 0.01612318679690361, -0.0007394939311780035, -0.06317335367202759, 0.00580641720443964, -0.004904201254248619, 0.07817179709672928, -0.0550185926258564, -0.06299518793821335, -0.028801308944821358, 0.004045396111905575, 0.028940895572304726, 0.08538520336151123, -0.024822326377034187, 0.021036552265286446, -0.01965026557445526, 0.04269032180309296, 0.01889936812222004, 0.0012349789030849934, -0.028756335377693176, -0.037491798400878906, -0.023974236100912094, 0.036192554980516434, 0.09731673449277878, -0.02688736654818058, -0.004792960826307535, 0.03547383472323418, 0.013058763928711414, -0.02560991421341896, -0.005118850152939558, -0.0375322550535202, 0.006506564095616341, -0.028702037408947945, -0.020616551861166954, 0.050671979784965515, -0.041809629648923874, 0.05871963873505592, -0.0733484998345375, -0.13879306614398956, 0.055257026106119156, -0.015450380742549896, 0.02367980033159256, -0.03670025244355202, 0.04508348926901817, -0.007016467861831188, -0.02696046233177185, 0.03469977527856827, 0.0025995869655162096, -0.026277976110577583, 0.0558500811457634, -0.02204839698970318, 0.08142504096031189, 0.12890014052391052, -0.06562547385692596, -0.0002315917517989874, -0.019703373312950134, 0.0751161053776741, 0.08233275264501572, -0.0024612233974039555, -0.0017183175077661872, -0.07006725668907166, 0.016348842531442642, 0.04573564976453781, 0.07135480642318726, -0.009328439831733704, -0.039592623710632324, 0.0436018742620945, -0.0022426366340368986, 0.007219535764306784, -0.020794181153178215, 0.013604683801531792, 0.05629468336701393, 0.024821020662784576, -0.09368431568145752, -0.057844579219818115, 0.030557485297322273, -0.04918051138520241, 0.0591275729238987, -0.05830531194806099, 0.009555397555232048, 0.04988492280244827, -0.02935577556490898, -0.06397087872028351, -0.04755711928009987, 0.04662824049592018, -0.05502486601471901, -0.0031783238518983126, 0.01493807416409254, 0.03566749021410942, -0.03468143939971924, 0.06521861255168915, -0.002249201061204076, -0.01380457915365696, -0.0398024320602417, -0.05832703039050102, -0.0025076281744986773, 0.04535433650016785, -0.0366804413497448, 0.12261439114809036, -0.023341527208685875, 0.05454650893807411, -0.008228165097534657, 0.03291308134794235, -0.04789015278220177, 0.014024891890585423, -0.00017755974840838462, 0.026637954637408257, -0.031682148575782776, 5.766958754744834e-33, 0.03942457213997841, 0.05171006917953491, 0.03780704736709595, 0.008854704909026623, -0.04240213707089424, -0.0402325838804245, -0.006352581549435854, 0.008082162588834763, 0.036770034581422806, -0.004375915043056011, -0.09902016818523407, 0.02509375661611557, 0.03700920566916466, -0.02423805184662342, 0.052627529948949814, -0.015722958371043205, 0.07054660469293594, 0.014099777676165104, -0.10762075334787369, -0.06696033477783203, -0.1080329418182373, -0.04026927053928375, 0.0010842151241376996, -0.005176672246307135, 0.06415160745382309, 0.04269066080451012, 0.014850604347884655, -0.010294308885931969, -0.009714093990623951, 0.006735493894666433, 0.03168889880180359, 0.04589664191007614, -0.019298357889056206, 0.12808305025100708, 0.08172876387834549, 0.08121076971292496, -0.004360399208962917, 0.06950745731592178, 0.024488575756549835, 0.014704027213156223, 0.06306776404380798, -0.02741624228656292, -0.030929243192076683, -0.011324086226522923, 0.05389143154025078, -0.07556544989347458, 0.07012896984815598, -0.018721744418144226, -0.019727477803826332, -0.02240721322596073, 0.06217918172478676, 0.060255564749240875, -0.07653483003377914, 0.01983821950852871, 0.09228257089853287, 0.0541236475110054, 0.013120550662279129, -0.1228417158126831, -0.035583000630140305, 0.056909143924713135, 0.042418595403432846, -0.09466007351875305, -0.012123203836381435, 0.022125795483589172, -0.02012167125940323, 0.11576224118471146, -0.11527376621961594, -0.01852600648999214, 0.006004523951560259, 0.01413324661552906, -0.003969396464526653, -0.00044793664710596204, 0.0327146016061306, 0.005658898502588272, 0.02544061280786991, 0.014644000679254532, 0.025043155997991562, -0.05260297656059265, 0.008202544413506985, 0.07056622207164764, -0.06446715444326401, -0.04486270993947983, -0.03563908860087395, -0.0836823508143425, -0.07042137533426285, 0.04906423017382622, 0.06328059732913971, -0.011827155016362667, 0.07265616953372955, 0.029530338943004608, 0.07471168041229248, -0.08060326427221298, -0.002636775840073824, -0.04376670718193054, -0.09149010479450226, -5.051767420553415e-33, 0.008740825578570366, -0.05670852214097977, -0.004885294009000063, 0.03736208751797676, 0.04835369437932968, 0.0029902970418334007, -0.07318189740180969, 0.06888037919998169, -0.043480001389980316, -0.08914228528738022, -0.013313219882547855, 0.02688858099281788, -0.044916316866874695, -0.08371768891811371, 0.019828420132398605, -0.026297587901353836, 0.08011707663536072, 0.028462739661335945, -0.011151690967381, -0.02586444467306137, 0.06880442798137665, -0.024575920775532722, -0.06671291589736938, -0.10254431515932083, -0.0564250722527504, 0.002940395614132285, -0.006046484224498272, -0.051139336079359055, 0.015358537435531616, 0.02819199487566948, -0.1403103768825531, -0.044270604848861694, 0.0044893366284668446, -0.023768743500113487, -0.017905501648783684, 0.08182210475206375, 0.04078460484743118, -0.0727483257651329, -0.031494140625, -0.05946749076247215, -0.05740003287792206, 0.05730627477169037, -0.022023910656571388, -0.019027145579457283, 0.021029947325587273, -0.00818693358451128, 0.07012084126472473, 0.10647064447402954, 0.016811929643154144, -0.01037193089723587, 0.045277055352926254, -0.08365415781736374, 0.022030837833881378, -0.04402663931250572, -0.001007382175885141, 0.029087111353874207, 0.026320794597268105, 0.009499783627688885, -0.04933784157037735, 0.0016031756531447172, 0.09493318945169449, -0.030145497992634773, 0.04836612194776535, -0.026693670079112053, 0.05588390678167343, -0.04973479360342026, 0.050807081162929535, 0.05647344887256622, -0.08223769068717957, 0.032249756157398224, 0.03529722988605499, -0.06354052573442459, 0.0014007347635924816, 0.032592423260211945, 0.04549591988325119, -0.018558908253908157, -0.032582011073827744, -0.05802717059850693, -0.01099095307290554, -0.055945757776498795, -0.022289570420980453, 0.0299383457750082, 0.023993363603949547, -0.04080146551132202, 0.09239502996206284, 0.021509457379579544, 0.015925269573926926, -0.09463483840227127, -0.03866495192050934, 0.05391231179237366, -0.041476424783468246, -0.05282597988843918, 0.004668505396693945, 0.05240967869758606, 0.06818599998950958, -5.34619459813257e-08, 0.11176980286836624, 0.06256061047315598, -0.06564560532569885, 0.008131420239806175, 0.03485051915049553, 0.034382957965135574, 0.07857196033000946, 0.0515747107565403, 0.032133784145116806, -0.1075003519654274, 0.003239670302718878, 0.07285609096288681, 0.05707206949591637, -0.076405368745327, 0.019579168409109116, 0.05915142595767975, -0.05130774900317192, -0.09238213300704956, -0.022100811824202538, 0.023247407749295235, 0.08380024880170822, 0.055856455117464066, 0.03161724656820297, -0.11295389384031296, -0.04723174124956131, 0.04559792950749397, 0.08848655223846436, 0.13277718424797058, -0.021365560591220856, -0.029716307297348976, -0.06319331377744675, -0.05866045132279396, 0.06328929960727692, -0.03253086656332016, 0.027231385931372643, 0.03138798102736473, -0.06666237860918045, 0.014459515921771526, -0.030391458421945572, -0.004838782828301191, 0.019256489351391792, 0.07663258910179138, -0.0490163117647171, 0.006650897208601236, -0.003093200270086527, 0.05907673388719559, -0.043391820043325424, -0.03199497610330582, -0.0437946543097496, 0.02388027496635914, -0.004523641895502806, 0.050605207681655884, -0.00876701157540083, 0.003881328273564577, -0.05019935965538025, -0.009221323765814304, -0.028900986537337303, -0.044137176126241684, -0.055987101048231125, 0.03854677081108093, -0.10300574451684952, -0.050913650542497635, -0.02003580704331398, 0.02958644926548004]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
597
|
to the planet of 4,800–44,000 kg/s . Assuming this influx rate is stable , adding it to the continuous 'ring rain ' process implies the rings may be gone in under 100 million years .Subdivisions and structures within the rings
The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings, which are separated by the Cassini Division (discovered in 1675 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini). Along with the C Ring, which was discovered in 1850 and is similar in character to the Cassini Division, these regions constitute the main rings. The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous dusty rings. The latter include the D Ring, extending inward to Saturn's cloud tops, the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system. These diffuse rings are characterised as "dusty" because of the small size of their particles (often about a μm); their chemical composition is, like the main rings, almost entirely water ice. The narrow F Ring, just off the outer edge of the A Ring, is more difficult to categorize; parts of it are very dense, but it also contains a great deal of dust-size particles. Physical parameters of the rings
Major subdivisions
C Ring structures
Cassini Division structures
Source:
A Ring structures
D Ring
The D Ring is the innermost ring, and is very faint. In 1980, Voyager 1 detected within this ring three ringlets designated D73, D72 and D68, with D68 being the discrete ringlet nearest to Saturn. Some 25 years later, Cassini images showed that D72 had become significantly broader and more diffuse, and had moved planetward by 200 km (100 miles). Present in the D Ring is a finescale structure with waves 30 km (20 miles) apart.
|
[-0.05310729518532753, -0.06225593388080597, 0.011766732670366764, -0.007035313174128532, 0.06289411336183548, -0.06300600618124008, 0.0689314529299736, 0.07320640236139297, 0.05382215976715088, -0.02503257617354393, -0.08565981686115265, -0.045609764754772186, 0.007697473280131817, -0.042442891746759415, -0.07136248052120209, -0.038383129984140396, -0.028827663511037827, 0.02027272805571556, -0.09026829153299332, 0.004646779503673315, -0.0069956532679498196, 0.06339646875858307, -0.042227890342473984, 0.04630453139543533, 0.00452630128711462, 0.07877551019191742, -0.046570684760808945, -0.029407188296318054, -0.048995789140462875, -0.013429515063762665, 0.005737836007028818, 0.0912487581372261, 0.054690416902303696, -0.008579147048294544, -0.007185028400272131, -0.021625887602567673, -0.05490897223353386, 0.001931100501678884, -0.005706202704459429, -0.07206027954816818, -0.047293588519096375, 0.08617176115512848, 0.10022743046283722, 0.022841179743409157, -0.02806699275970459, 0.03287841007113457, 0.003754876321181655, 0.0005648087826557457, -0.004773071501404047, -0.033573564141988754, 0.06105039641261101, 0.03874048590660095, -0.04264487326145172, 0.11587386578321457, -0.0034175608307123184, 0.08418598026037216, -0.06811333447694778, -0.10360170900821686, -0.0011116414098069072, -0.014401446096599102, -0.040400464087724686, -0.00012352049816399813, 0.017156798392534256, -0.05477751046419144, 0.007708348333835602, 0.0683320015668869, -0.009553772397339344, -0.007490277756005526, 0.022772135213017464, -0.014352277852594852, 0.02491329051554203, 0.10353199392557144, -0.06568091362714767, 0.004778522998094559, -0.024942031130194664, 0.08238401263952255, 0.03213226795196533, -0.03859886899590492, -0.05083104968070984, -0.03896476328372955, 0.006629099138081074, 0.04723692685365677, 0.08533933013677597, 0.03236652538180351, -0.05160181596875191, 0.04933919012546539, -0.0005146507173776627, -0.02286398410797119, -0.03091742843389511, -0.057667527347803116, 0.036467544734478, 0.027685796841979027, -0.061909742653369904, -0.05824068933725357, -0.0152070801705122, 0.008633558638393879, 0.07220287621021271, -0.01797010563313961, 0.009435915388166904, 0.02157547138631344, 0.015065984800457954, -0.05090086907148361, 0.001361433300189674, -0.011034121736884117, -0.014495398849248886, 0.06166970729827881, 0.024058397859334946, 0.034377846866846085, -0.007047183346003294, 0.0007650936604477465, -0.04175741598010063, -0.030251160264015198, -0.0784640908241272, -0.07923376560211182, 0.013168683275580406, -0.0014296338194981217, 0.022905806079506874, 0.08766747266054153, -0.002757519716396928, 0.0875667929649353, -0.011644451878964901, 0.023164190351963043, -0.04830142855644226, 0.022003430873155594, 0.043654680252075195, 0.04584579914808273, -0.07952284812927246, -2.3174759201950456e-35, 0.046850528568029404, -0.001961241476237774, 0.08903950452804565, 0.033594802021980286, -0.04323258996009827, -0.06626811623573303, 0.011727437376976013, -0.02664652280509472, 0.0625695288181305, -0.027032796293497086, -0.14198096096515656, 0.026196544989943504, 0.014833001419901848, -0.010686851106584072, 0.03593316301703453, -0.04746628925204277, 0.06148111820220947, -0.028329957276582718, -0.0758037343621254, -0.049095455557107925, -0.08981571346521378, 0.07567764818668365, -0.012629576027393341, 0.06262946128845215, 0.06967125087976456, -0.039203204214572906, 0.10245829075574875, -0.023308485746383667, -0.011346140876412392, 0.019936803728342056, 0.03629055246710777, 0.05949651077389717, 0.0016086747637018561, 0.11463110148906708, 0.07749961316585541, 0.09546352177858353, -0.05956882983446121, 0.10554712265729904, 0.043926093727350235, -0.024256480857729912, 0.03910432383418083, -0.05519818142056465, -0.016864191740751266, 0.01379341073334217, 0.044604916125535965, -0.040801793336868286, 0.0404907763004303, 0.03564922511577606, 0.03646206855773926, 0.0014278179733082652, 0.05577914044260979, 0.05966959521174431, 0.05822588875889778, 0.03700525686144829, 0.041492264717817307, 0.05550656095147133, 0.06130035221576691, -0.08254629373550415, -0.016762789338827133, 0.048245083540678024, -0.01219851989299059, -0.03713942691683769, -0.05938178673386574, 0.02986707165837288, -0.05354169383645058, 0.09252442419528961, -0.1285044103860855, -0.02422463893890381, 0.018147725611925125, -0.03147848695516586, -0.007634298410266638, 0.021077541634440422, 0.05786943435668945, 0.06265360116958618, -0.005002922378480434, 0.027485253289341927, -0.047539014369249344, -0.07593023777008057, -0.030298074707388878, 0.04938729107379913, -0.09758446365594864, 0.0009849938796833158, -0.045976851135492325, -0.07006971538066864, -0.07882914692163467, -0.0036402747500687838, 0.0667576864361763, 0.05536685511469841, 0.04077499359846115, 0.04120132699608803, 0.07600725442171097, -0.04393615946173668, 0.0464463047683239, -0.040149327367544174, -0.028356224298477173, -2.9749505161994014e-34, 0.02735612727701664, -0.01727813482284546, -0.023394733667373657, 0.07656837999820709, 0.02963279001414776, 0.02117980644106865, -0.04470059275627136, 0.05425744131207466, 0.0005084056756459177, -0.04936704412102699, 0.011646739207208157, 0.08948535472154617, -0.0725737065076828, -0.12224419414997101, 0.0370834544301033, -0.03574346750974655, 0.01842477358877659, 0.05376626178622246, 0.00936309713870287, 0.017510397359728813, 0.05556069314479828, -0.05350394919514656, -0.053653959184885025, -0.09586885571479797, -0.10921737551689148, -0.02163289673626423, -0.03924056142568588, -0.013088391162455082, 0.06624186784029007, 0.03166365250945091, -0.09223371744155884, 0.008155063726007938, -0.046262674033641815, 0.03290383145213127, -0.0361211895942688, 0.004620182793587446, 0.01707511395215988, -0.07679802179336548, -0.04556141793727875, -0.020675260573625565, -0.10305958241224289, -0.005990142468363047, 0.03572855517268181, -0.0036159574519842863, 0.08695890009403229, -0.0009042454767040908, 0.11011481285095215, 0.04332252964377403, -0.014246412552893162, -0.062325574457645416, 0.04042989760637283, -0.07522928714752197, 0.04072444140911102, 0.03663896769285202, 0.0628797635436058, 0.03411918878555298, 0.02870510332286358, 0.030619820579886436, -0.07262326031923294, -0.002411946887150407, 0.09183699637651443, -0.04052827134728432, 0.053749263286590576, -0.0384080596268177, -0.009956765919923782, -0.10807877033948898, 0.017834028229117393, -0.002145610749721527, -0.013803316280245781, 0.06156514585018158, -0.023033495992422104, -0.06376638263463974, 0.058041635900735855, 0.02900797314941883, 0.009697596542537212, -0.019409600645303726, 0.028119638562202454, -0.04330184683203697, 0.007698866538703442, -0.006754428613930941, -0.04981539398431778, 0.05705905333161354, 0.012150471098721027, -0.045212507247924805, 0.05345137044787407, -0.05159769952297211, 0.026454277336597443, -0.07618802040815353, -0.01337391696870327, 0.03099127486348152, -0.008592262864112854, -0.031619515269994736, 0.0345437191426754, 0.0374852791428566, 0.03105359897017479, -4.497564276562116e-08, 0.11260803043842316, -0.013653061352670193, -0.1014830470085144, 0.020373675972223282, 0.045589108020067215, 0.010750875808298588, 0.04369267448782921, 0.09041963517665863, 0.046082645654678345, -0.03489173948764801, 0.032868992537260056, 0.07629221677780151, -0.004954040050506592, -0.10919569432735443, -0.023228032514452934, 0.013351036235690117, -0.01334323175251484, -0.07273390889167786, -0.01654302515089512, -0.0005968396435491741, 0.05450313910841942, 0.05526451766490936, -0.03152933344244957, -0.06920184195041656, -0.021988656371831894, 0.010124503634870052, 0.06534184515476227, 0.03853398561477661, -0.02087501622736454, 0.04405822604894638, -0.018121208995580673, -0.07433599978685379, 0.022164182737469673, -0.0896238386631012, 0.027615275233983994, 0.03311517834663391, -0.0571589320898056, 0.036427196115255356, 0.013622976839542389, -0.018908217549324036, 0.06332163512706757, -0.023309415206313133, -0.044451624155044556, -0.000891336181666702, 0.035391420125961304, -0.005987565033137798, -0.11639416962862015, 0.010603857226669788, -0.019349480047822, 0.03935828432440758, 0.012453783303499222, 0.06141851097345352, -0.024864936247467995, 0.002417167881503701, -0.11315081268548965, 0.017395881935954094, 0.006677168887108564, -0.03750263899564743, -0.04877541586756706, -0.018616655841469765, -0.131294846534729, 0.02194964699447155, -0.08449540287256241, 0.04479287192225456]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
598
|
and more diffuse , and had moved planetward by 200 km ( 100 miles ) . Present in the D Ring is a finescale structure with waves 30 km ( 20 miles ) apart .First seen in the gap between the C Ring and D73, the structure was found during Saturn's 2009 equinox to extend a radial distance of 19,000 km (12,000 miles) from the D Ring to the inner edge of the B Ring. The waves are interpreted as a spiral pattern of vertical corrugations of 2 to 20 m amplitude; the fact that the period of the waves is decreasing over time (from 60 km; 40 miles in 1995 to 30 km; 20 miles by 2006) allows a deduction that the pattern may have originated in late 1983 with the impact of a cloud of debris (with a mass of ≈1012 kg) from a disrupted comet that tilted the rings out of the equatorial plane. A similar spiral pattern in Jupiter's main ring has been attributed to a perturbation caused by impact of material from Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in 1994. C Ring
The C Ring is a wide but faint ring located inward of the B Ring. It was discovered in 1850 by William and George Bond, though William R. Dawes and Johann Galle also saw it independently. William Lassell termed it the "Crepe Ring" because it seemed to be composed of darker material than the brighter A and B Rings. Its vertical thickness is estimated at 5 meters (16'), its mass at around 1.1 × 1018 kg, and its optical depth varies from 0.05 to 0.12. That is, between 5 and 12 percent of light shining perpendicularly through the ring is blocked, so that when seen from above, the ring is close to transparent.
|
[-0.10162907838821411, -0.02782394178211689, -0.03585830330848694, -0.053602054715156555, -0.020300088450312614, -0.060929108411073685, -0.04144146293401718, 0.12038354575634003, 0.03978431969881058, -0.046938639134168625, -0.02581699937582016, 0.030619872733950615, -0.06001289561390877, -0.08197981119155884, 0.005524201784282923, -0.020276429131627083, -0.03492989018559456, -0.027569813653826714, -0.05086677521467209, 0.00035692472010850906, -0.026028113439679146, 0.053651534020900726, -0.03752688691020012, 0.038630079478025436, -0.0011454563355073333, 0.07642917335033417, 0.06045190989971161, -0.02076166495680809, -0.027408378198742867, -0.02276025526225567, 0.011698927730321884, 0.04493330419063568, -0.0265099685639143, 0.028593357652425766, 0.01942390948534012, -0.019774984568357468, -0.04554272070527077, 0.04662401229143143, -0.000359242781996727, -0.04109063372015953, 0.02725137211382389, 0.05120084434747696, 0.11110371351242065, 0.006682380568236113, -0.04481739550828934, 0.05261753126978874, -0.04510468989610672, 0.05286211520433426, -0.03719377517700195, -0.04173271358013153, 0.05053998902440071, -0.010452527552843094, -0.02806374989449978, 0.0596238411962986, 0.0123419389128685, 0.08540285378694534, -0.006751133594661951, -0.07027286291122437, 0.08637793362140656, -0.053935687988996506, 0.04046712443232536, 0.014728979207575321, 0.03305460885167122, -0.04423206299543381, -0.062289658933877945, 0.0250852033495903, 0.00040748651372268796, -0.033450718969106674, 0.08731205016374588, -0.015377135016024113, 0.04504935070872307, 0.05853812396526337, -0.045124128460884094, -0.018768899142742157, 0.0318744033575058, 0.06259582191705704, 0.05130808800458908, -0.018223637714982033, -0.007699932903051376, -0.06177128106355667, -0.008830921724438667, 0.006057139951735735, 0.08345220983028412, 0.0218276996165514, -0.04564020037651062, 0.06545615941286087, -0.0018325974233448505, -0.04169948399066925, -0.017560897395014763, -0.04845703765749931, 0.04512414336204529, -0.04260718822479248, -0.10947627574205399, -0.059686191380023956, -0.09644779562950134, -0.020688200369477272, 0.061182424426078796, -0.03669259324669838, 0.03442268446087837, 0.05714430660009384, 0.027920885011553764, -0.02548736147582531, -0.05586762726306915, 0.0392521396279335, -0.0004897360340692103, 0.04026804864406586, -0.02887481078505516, 0.07653573155403137, 0.021407857537269592, -0.0023283236660063267, -0.02318553999066353, 0.017542745918035507, -0.00824001431465149, -0.06344050168991089, -0.03693341463804245, -0.019729524850845337, -0.008153502829372883, 0.10429267585277557, -0.012054260820150375, 0.02604573965072632, 0.022817324846982956, -0.00029737348086200655, -0.08464200794696808, -0.016274452209472656, -0.04146917164325714, 0.04319148510694504, -0.06006911024451256, 1.7087593834537337e-33, 0.09392748773097992, 0.003409778233617544, 0.06866149604320526, -0.025720268487930298, -0.027820242568850517, -0.05836892127990723, -0.05919848382472992, 0.022003326565027237, 0.08407340943813324, -0.04172366484999657, -0.08415639400482178, -0.05845150351524353, 0.04541139304637909, -0.06249082460999489, 0.02704579010605812, -0.03373254835605621, 0.10557390749454498, -0.04021484777331352, -0.07361423969268799, -0.007198616396635771, -0.08117645233869553, -0.016790198162198067, -0.029632126912474632, -0.02595839835703373, 0.01987561397254467, 0.04813679680228233, 0.03044769912958145, -0.004207776393741369, 0.05488550290465355, 0.030876213684678078, -0.00862694438546896, 0.038361478596925735, 0.021183570846915245, 0.11093297600746155, 0.07571163773536682, 0.07108283787965775, -0.030158892273902893, -0.002125330502167344, -0.02684430591762066, 0.020482100546360016, 0.06517013162374496, -0.0716322511434555, -0.038066230714321136, -0.019472504034638405, 0.04942739009857178, -0.014689360745251179, 0.10324632376432419, 0.026515601202845573, 0.05169151723384857, 0.006649751681834459, 0.06685008853673935, 0.044037897139787674, 0.04229234531521797, 0.004005929455161095, 0.06690582633018494, 0.05288765951991081, -0.021596910431981087, -0.1343064159154892, 0.014143931679427624, 0.0649757981300354, 0.07459209114313126, -0.033605385571718216, 0.022562513127923012, 0.07212570309638977, -0.014742000959813595, 0.028178276494145393, -0.12469570338726044, -0.028252294287085533, -0.013639637269079685, -0.02509297989308834, 0.007246744353324175, 0.03583826869726181, 0.03693143278360367, 0.01978534832596779, -0.0015451833605766296, 0.01068168692290783, -0.022505922242999077, -0.02226303517818451, 0.05296428129076958, 0.007474884390830994, -0.09852077811956406, -0.024919908493757248, 0.003765164641663432, -0.07950419187545776, -0.012419958598911762, 0.023812690749764442, 0.03128055855631828, -0.01613776385784149, 0.013372868299484253, -0.039042431861162186, 0.04532615467905998, -0.02732047438621521, -0.01167429331690073, 0.04265742748975754, -0.04248892888426781, -2.9531242952517682e-33, -0.056266333907842636, 0.006012409459799528, 0.013946031220257282, 0.011587623506784439, 0.0897437185049057, 0.06411782652139664, -0.016221415251493454, 0.09991414099931717, -0.0703967958688736, -0.09183844178915024, -0.031495388597249985, -0.0037996068131178617, -0.05058979243040085, -0.05569058656692505, 0.05215324088931084, -0.026361705735325813, 0.06638998538255692, 0.01543550007045269, -0.012151899747550488, 0.021466422826051712, 0.11728045344352722, -0.09205188602209091, -0.12421663105487823, -0.07647597789764404, -0.05554889142513275, -0.022434210404753685, -0.008256861940026283, -0.07963275909423828, 0.00267392722889781, 0.048810359090566635, -0.10765478760004044, 0.08176905661821365, -0.0053699808195233345, 0.051165807992219925, -0.009144529700279236, 0.07661331444978714, 0.017242196947336197, -0.07111554592847824, -0.001021818839944899, -0.07101945579051971, -0.14534775912761688, 0.06380720436573029, 0.018868951126933098, 0.054398585110902786, 0.04975173622369766, -0.011317375116050243, 0.0892694965004921, 0.06543290615081787, 0.03984012454748154, 0.0017842091619968414, -0.01148670632392168, -0.01283847726881504, 0.09292241185903549, 0.003976797219365835, -0.01187143474817276, 0.09577086567878723, 0.03181345388293266, 0.002297349274158478, 0.007192858960479498, 0.014324977062642574, -0.003535618307068944, -0.02240828610956669, 0.033986713737249374, -0.04358555004000664, 0.07697394490242004, -0.03591620922088623, 0.04210835322737694, 0.003310050116851926, -0.03820393234491348, -0.03199019283056259, 0.011437377892434597, 0.009896480478346348, -0.024522414430975914, 0.022806821390986443, -0.004833244252949953, -0.11021580547094345, 0.02979489415884018, -0.06410229951143265, -0.012573996558785439, 0.06375402957201004, -0.039295125752687454, 0.021819250658154488, 0.050612639635801315, -0.03645974397659302, 0.0080692945048213, -0.020402267575263977, 0.011655997484922409, -0.09079521894454956, -0.06623421609401703, 0.044930215924978256, -0.03523469716310501, 0.022137288004159927, -0.04471196234226227, 0.057497747242450714, 0.09713350981473923, -5.082387133370503e-08, 0.10069368779659271, 0.03213334083557129, -0.08316996693611145, 0.022480711340904236, 0.09950350224971771, -0.01270906813442707, 0.06745102256536484, 0.05990862101316452, -0.010416802950203419, -0.09676700085401535, -0.039083126932382584, 0.08737656474113464, -0.04941253364086151, -0.04359202831983566, -0.047571416944265366, 0.03487972542643547, -0.051943451166152954, -0.0783262550830841, -0.02764182910323143, 0.06125834211707115, 0.053655896335840225, 0.04349774494767189, 0.021575380116701126, -0.09769128262996674, -0.05495355650782585, 0.0232892706990242, 0.049974314868450165, 0.09329650551080704, -0.05388807877898216, -0.048723552376031876, -0.03802132606506348, -0.03707349672913551, 0.011768681928515434, -0.06795850396156311, -0.07060106843709946, 0.006561756134033203, -0.05557195469737053, 0.025934631004929543, 0.01846342906355858, 0.008314897306263447, 0.06677210330963135, 0.02847234159708023, 0.013742541894316673, 0.05905617028474808, 0.05122027546167374, 0.014167306944727898, -0.04215175658464432, -0.012843639589846134, -0.06997628509998322, -0.005641486961394548, -0.0447663813829422, 0.04007080942392349, 0.024653205648064613, -0.05979011580348015, -0.043198440223932266, 0.037726011127233505, -0.03071649558842182, -0.06541120260953903, -0.06925655156373978, -0.018134212121367455, -0.11405707895755768, 0.008906352333724499, -0.022441083565354347, 0.04914342984557152]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
599
|
to 0.12 . That is , between 5 and 12 percent of light shining perpendicularly through the ring is blocked , so that when seen from above , the ring is close to transparent .The 30-km wavelength spiral corrugations first seen in the D Ring were observed during Saturn's equinox of 2009 to extend throughout the C Ring (see above). Colombo Gap and Titan Ringlet
The Colombo Gap lies in the inner C Ring. Within the gap lies the bright but narrow Colombo Ringlet, centered at 77,883 km (48,394 miles) from Saturn's center, which is slightly elliptical rather than circular. This ringlet is also called the Titan Ringlet as it is governed by an orbital resonance with the moon Titan. At this location within the rings, the length of a ring particle's apsidal precession is equal to the length of Titan's orbital motion, so that the outer end of this eccentric ringlet always points towards Titan. Maxwell Gap and Ringlet
The Maxwell Gap lies within the outer part of the C Ring. It also contains a dense non-circular ringlet, the Maxwell Ringlet. In many respects this ringlet is similar to the ε ring of Uranus. There are wave-like structures in the middle of both rings. While the wave in the ε ring is thought to be caused by Uranian moon Cordelia, no moon has been discovered in the Maxwell gap as of July 2008. B Ring
The B Ring is the largest, brightest, and most massive of the rings. Its thickness is estimated as 5 to 15 m and its optical depth varies from 0.4 to greater than 5, meaning that >99% of the light passing through some parts of the B Ring is blocked. The B Ring contains a great deal of variation in its density and brightness, nearly all of it unexplained.
|
[-0.012360175140202045, -0.05505455657839775, -0.06848469376564026, -0.049339622259140015, 0.04146876186132431, -0.02553614042699337, 0.012411278672516346, 0.08045154809951782, 0.06248889118432999, -0.06602829694747925, 0.0034649723675101995, 0.01895158179104328, -0.08010006695985794, -0.06251567602157593, 0.04067406803369522, -0.019223826006054878, 1.123626407206757e-05, -0.0633862242102623, 0.009278595447540283, -0.051155269145965576, 0.056018196046352386, 0.031140560284256935, 0.012460832484066486, 0.00010741230653366074, -0.05946392938494682, 0.0784488245844841, 0.013500983826816082, -0.0003708347212523222, 0.0427263118326664, 0.012886702083051205, 0.013431921601295471, -0.0007280651479959488, -0.07786068320274353, 0.019621407613158226, -0.025304170325398445, -0.027279486879706383, -0.02318696677684784, 0.05122474953532219, 0.025591840967535973, -0.02684808522462845, 0.024971123784780502, 0.09678471088409424, 0.06385604292154312, -0.023331791162490845, -0.03211279958486557, 0.007321334443986416, 0.00791062694042921, -0.011023824103176594, -0.0588095486164093, -0.12546247243881226, 0.06102745234966278, -0.05436856672167778, -0.03475983068346977, 0.010197622701525688, -0.04511126130819321, 0.07419435679912567, -0.03942829370498657, -0.12496325373649597, 0.07366989552974701, -0.05103366822004318, 0.000608564936555922, 0.028218403458595276, -0.017958996817469597, 0.01964346505701542, -0.07830383628606796, 0.06182951107621193, 0.020375484600663185, -0.0382133424282074, 0.07783453166484833, -0.024651674553751945, 0.034776147454977036, 0.06554102152585983, -0.04845096170902252, -0.03162860870361328, -0.0404764823615551, 0.022221149876713753, 0.12023463845252991, 0.02149849198758602, -0.011798248626291752, -0.04325854405760765, -0.0019068162655457854, 0.020135367289185524, 0.05787422135472298, 0.07773197442293167, 0.0352812185883522, 0.06009816750884056, 0.005215662997215986, 0.025524267926812172, -0.05879298225045204, -0.06037745624780655, 0.05921734869480133, 0.006708751432597637, -0.08438778668642044, -0.026094505563378334, -0.01619572378695011, -0.03130821883678436, 0.05975940823554993, -0.046899471431970596, -0.09065017849206924, 0.02829314023256302, 0.047520071268081665, -0.024039659649133682, -0.09738267213106155, 0.031363654881715775, 0.020232580602169037, 0.09971597045660019, 0.034212738275527954, 0.06883084774017334, -0.02081361413002014, 0.05359089374542236, -0.03696074336767197, -0.0030597711447626352, -0.01954256370663643, 0.0005755973979830742, -0.03118165209889412, -0.0639345645904541, -0.007177078165113926, 0.11128921806812286, 0.05356258898973465, 0.09443071484565735, -0.0035971207544207573, 0.0002570718643255532, -0.07485131174325943, -0.005890296306461096, -0.050635114312171936, 0.013492454774677753, -0.04136158153414726, 2.464267051471488e-33, 0.0348372720181942, 0.08152596652507782, 0.03632860258221626, -0.019445545971393585, -0.03587618097662926, -0.03351857140660286, -0.038315482437610626, -0.04502096772193909, 0.031026870012283325, 0.02647608518600464, -0.09215664863586426, -0.013367370702326298, 0.0021888702176511288, -0.02455768547952175, 0.025154590606689453, -0.0315682627260685, 0.044056981801986694, 0.01119273342192173, -0.08814381808042526, 0.024653896689414978, -0.12128423899412155, 0.023005858063697815, 0.0431625135242939, 0.021009471267461777, -0.00906603503972292, -0.011442084796726704, -0.020458200946450233, -0.010998539626598358, -0.012262560427188873, 0.040194377303123474, -0.022696567699313164, 0.04294109717011452, 0.059219345450401306, 0.1709466427564621, 0.02784804254770279, 0.03945271670818329, -0.029515642672777176, -0.04460423067212105, 0.014556067064404488, 0.04870441555976868, 0.020200220867991447, -0.03418833762407303, -0.014999954029917717, 0.06895793974399567, 0.05296413600444794, -0.05583449453115463, 0.10000171512365341, 0.04553434997797012, 0.017112577334046364, 0.04604920744895935, -0.045454975217580795, 0.03714991360902786, -0.010779826901853085, -0.04878911375999451, 0.09114021807909012, 0.02873721905052662, -0.015452048741281033, -0.08977227658033371, 0.04447411373257637, 0.001179175334982574, 0.004860617686063051, -0.0777534767985344, 0.052865296602249146, -0.004845318850129843, 0.020856356248259544, 0.06084441393613815, -0.1216014176607132, -0.11029590666294098, -0.03633233904838562, -0.0086467070505023, 0.010394733399152756, 0.01572829857468605, 0.011463068425655365, 0.07242832332849503, 0.06748694181442261, 0.0218207910656929, 0.030626041814684868, -0.06039920076727867, 0.042426858097314835, 0.04088588058948517, -0.0842067077755928, -0.0683625265955925, 0.006121628452092409, -0.10914764553308487, -0.02165796048939228, 0.008701561018824577, 0.06447502225637436, 0.0003610104031395167, 0.03252700716257095, -0.03650873154401779, 0.05265270546078682, -0.06000693142414093, -0.004350641742348671, 0.046242669224739075, -0.04345247149467468, -6.046098714624299e-34, -0.039533864706754684, -0.027157479897141457, 0.008808148093521595, 0.03448265790939331, 0.04126106575131416, 0.03464480862021446, 0.007833472453057766, 0.10081694275140762, -0.0071949283592402935, 0.057509638369083405, 0.013793343678116798, 0.0322285033762455, -0.08550716191530228, -0.09739630669355392, -0.024208208546042442, 0.008931940421462059, 0.11923172324895859, -0.007035135757178068, 0.0027140036690980196, -0.04024183750152588, 0.05164063349366188, -0.06156603619456291, -0.06375788152217865, 0.006388917565345764, -0.0692288726568222, 0.05243758112192154, -0.03933053836226463, -0.09239073842763901, 0.0005212413379922509, -0.013156289234757423, -0.062472451478242874, 0.04898329824209213, 0.03242430463433266, 0.019574714824557304, -0.040181465446949005, 0.05043620243668556, 0.06509404629468918, -0.052565693855285645, 0.008700629696249962, 0.05145387351512909, -0.08197645843029022, 0.04927671328186989, -0.006071025505661964, -0.039288271218538284, 0.00042749819112941623, -0.011303429491817951, 0.060763318091630936, 0.02842504344880581, -0.045897942036390305, -0.06207876652479172, -0.041026413440704346, -0.03590136766433716, 0.06435099989175797, 0.07106422632932663, 0.0028944723308086395, 0.047340184450149536, 0.031202413141727448, 0.0542367659509182, -0.02178516425192356, -0.010123216547071934, 0.06158660724759102, -0.011942042969167233, 0.039794083684682846, -0.016401663422584534, 0.08622763305902481, -0.046160876750946045, 0.03644835203886032, 0.0461995005607605, 0.004664930514991283, 0.09097123891115189, -0.05430131405591965, -0.021886121481657028, -0.014305238611996174, -0.03553605079650879, 0.03654854744672775, -0.03197665512561798, 0.05223117396235466, -0.1546839475631714, 0.020659074187278748, -0.05723393335938454, -0.03238210082054138, 0.010293442755937576, 0.02780758962035179, -0.045990075916051865, 0.0030930000357329845, -0.04999794811010361, 0.039098110049963, -0.01425226777791977, -0.05326423421502113, 0.025118546560406685, 0.021455813199281693, 0.03953669220209122, -0.008356518112123013, -0.031132005155086517, 0.11833470314741135, -4.3297042395806784e-08, 0.13248984515666962, 0.04121579974889755, -0.038211166858673096, 0.02548212930560112, 0.038940027356147766, 0.004874984733760357, 0.08105354011058807, -0.006984364707022905, 0.01583925634622574, -0.015289975330233574, -0.003066649194806814, 0.003219123464077711, 0.005945420358330011, -0.110545314848423, -0.056360822170972824, 0.08461105078458786, -0.04333794116973877, -0.003722656983882189, 0.006086189299821854, -0.009563134051859379, 0.04770843684673309, 0.07871389389038086, 0.012328707613050938, -0.12200348824262619, -0.023255499079823494, 0.01742810755968094, 0.04368201270699501, 0.1051928848028183, -0.05684799328446388, -0.031826943159103394, -0.07208877801895142, -0.037924811244010925, 0.05459665134549141, -0.09422601759433746, -0.05490009859204292, 0.063504159450531, 0.0018672150326892734, -0.0017737240996211767, -0.05030568689107895, -0.00030484169838018715, 0.05858483538031578, -0.011586574837565422, 0.014583483338356018, 0.038641393184661865, 0.05064089968800545, 0.0248024333268404, 0.10083688050508499, 0.011104637756943703, -0.03613179549574852, -0.0391695536673069, 0.01841416023671627, 0.03753267601132393, 0.000613639538642019, -0.0727444589138031, -0.10245019942522049, -0.03693900629878044, -0.05200635641813278, -0.034480880945920944, -0.008782293647527695, -0.02015741728246212, -0.11667366325855255, 0.015542268753051758, 0.0010409835958853364, 0.014436017721891403]
|
Rings of Saturn
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.