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753637	1	what is happy camper	http://1-happycamper.com/about.php			For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Here are the instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser.	msmarco_doc_00_360415	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
635419	1	what does cut grass smell like	http://1000awesomethings.com/2009/02/03/838-the-smell-of-freshly-cut-grass/	#838 The smell of freshly cut grass – 1000 Awesome Things	#838 The smell of freshly cut grass #838 The smell of freshly cut grass 32 thoughts on “ #838 The smell of freshly cut grass ”	#838 The smell of freshly cut grass – 1000 Awesome Things #838 The smell of freshly cut grass February 3, 2009 February 2, 2009 Neil Pasricha Fresh cut grass smells like twilight in the countryside, a football game about to start at the park, or a sunny Saturday morning in the suburbs. So whether you’re driving down a dusty farm road while the sun sets, stretching before the whistle blows, or putting your lawnmower back in the shed after criss-crossing your lot, well … just stop for a second, flare your nostrils real big, tip your head back real far, and take a big whiff, baby. Because oh yeah. AWESOME! Photo from: here 32 thoughts on “ #838 The smell of freshly cut grass ” billynorton says: February 3, 2009 at 12:43 am I know the feeling. Twice a year I head down into the basement to harvest 50 some odd plants and reek of the finest BC bud for the next week. sara says: February 3, 2009 at 4:29 am except i’m allergic to cut grass : ( all those little pollens up in the air mike says: February 3, 2009 at 4:33 am If there is no pollen in the air it does smell good. San Carlos says: February 3, 2009 at 9:06 am One of the quintessential summertime memories. adventuresandmusings says: February 3, 2009 at 5:09 pm Makes me yearn for summer. Damn that groundhog. ummmmheyyyy says: February 3, 2009 at 5:37 pm NOT AWESOME: The 5 to 8 inches of snow currently piling up on my lawn. sumanlatik says: February 3, 2009 at 8:37 pm next to inhaling the sweet scent of freshly-cut grass, I always have the yearning to run through the area where it all lays there. Heavenly… and nothing quite like it. PMedGuy says: February 3, 2009 at 10:18 pm Pretty hard to do with 3 feet of snow on my lawn!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Duncan says: February 4, 2009 at 8:25 pm I grew up in an area where they grew alfalfa for feed. If you like the smell of fresh cut grass, you should try to catch the smell of fresh mowed alfalfa some time…. its fantastic! Mary Frances says: May 17, 2009 at 11:50 am one of my favourite smells ever!! Even if sometimes it makes me sneeze. Pingback: 1000 Awesome Things « Brave new world Stain says: June 14, 2009 at 10:40 pm did nobody catch billynortons reference? well I did and….. I AGREE!!! sarclark says: November 17, 2009 at 2:48 am Yesyesyes. I could NOT agree more with this one. I love the smell of grass!!! Michael AJ W. says: November 18, 2009 at 2:58 pm this smell is only second to the New Car Smell, but still Awesome. Musikegirl says: December 25, 2009 at 11:39 pm I have to admit, the smell of freshly cut grass is something that I can never get enough of. It is the epitome of what spring smells like. laura says: May 19, 2010 at 3:39 pm remind me of home (Australia) currently living in the UK kelly says: May 31, 2010 at 2:10 am The smell of freshly cut grass automatically brings out the feeling of hope, of a chance of a new beginning for me. Too bad there’s a drought where I am. All the grass here is dead. Pingback: \| Laughter Yoga Club America - Laughing Yoga Education, Training and Workshops The Alligatorman says: February 11, 2011 at 4:24 pm I have hay fever and I still love that smell. Sieg says: March 15, 2011 at 1:26 pm Makes me yearn for summer. It makes me desire to walk with my bare feet through the freshly cut grass. I also like self-cutting the grass, it makes the feeling more intense summers. Mowing the lawn with the warmth of the sun on your body. Sometimes you have to sneeze. When the grass clippings are too long, it begins to stink. Fortunately, the summer feeling is too strong to put it away from me. I am sorry that some people are allergic to pollen, they can not enjoy it. They do not know what they’re missing. wendywithaurora says: May 15, 2011 at 1:31 pm I have a very old turquoise blue “woman-powered” push mower with chrome that glistens in the sunshine. I love all the senses and memories of the 60’s, ignited by the GREEN experience, when I cut the grass. Grass, hay and alfalfa! My favorites. wendywithaurora says: June 25, 2011 at 12:25 pm it’s been raining so much lately the lawn is getting very long…I’ve got to get to that today…in a little while, that is unless it rains again;) Pingback: 1000 Awesome Things - Evan's Blog depilacja laserowa says: June 17, 2011 at 12:55 pm We would also like to mention that most people that find themselves with no health insurance can be students, self-employed and people who are jobless. More than half in the uninsured are under the age of Thirty-five. They do not come to feel they are in need of health insurance since they’re young and healthy. The income is often spent on housing, food, in addition to entertainment. Most people that do work either whole or part-time are not offered insurance by their work so they get along without as a result of rising expense of health insurance in the us. Thanks for the suggestions you talk about through this web site. rebel says: December 13, 2011 at 10:11 am this is and awsome smell :D and the wet mud also rockz nice work guys Pingback: 1000 Awesome Things.......... \| infoplanetarium.com Lily says: February 18, 2012 at 4:35 am Umm sorry this one is not awesome : ( Derp derp says: February 18, 2012 at 4:16 pm I smell it. And smells like grass :) Cody says: February 19, 2012 at 1:00 am I find this one wierd Pingback: Things I Love Thursdays \| Days Off/ RNC Finale \| Infinitely Optimistic Craig Morris says: November 27, 2012 at 3:46 am That wonderful smell is called Gramownessence http://thegrassisgreenerontheudderside.blogspot.com/2011/05/gramownesssence.html Corinna says: September 18, 2014 at 7:22 am In montrreal – the smell of freshly cut grass is the true sign of summer – now that’s what I call aroma therapy! Comments are closed.	msmarco_doc_00_1346767	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
486841	1	regulation a exemption	http://100fstreet.com/index.php/2012/05/the-jobs-act-in-a-nutshell-part-iv-regulation-a-redux/	The JOBS Act – The New Regulation A-Type Offering Exemption	The JOBS Act in a Nutshell – Part IV Regulation A Redux The JOBS Act in a Nutshell – Part IV Regulation A Redux A Regulation A Redux Cancel reply	The JOBS Act – The New Regulation A-Type Offering Exemption The JOBS Act in a Nutshell – Part IV Regulation A Redux by Vanessa Schoenthaler on May 9, 2012 Regulation A is a conditional securities exemption allowing for public offers and sales of up to $5 million dollars of securities in a 12-month period. To be eligible to use Regulation A a company must be organized under the laws of the United States or Canada, must not be an investment company or blank check company and must not be subject to the periodic reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act. Conducting a Regulation A offering is somewhat analogous to conducting a registered offering, though much simpler in form and substance, and is often referred to as a “mini-registration”. In a Regulation A offering a company must prepare and file an offering statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission. An offering statement requires disclosures similar to those made in a registration statement, including disclosures regarding a company’s business and financial condition, its officers, directors and principal stockholders, risk factors, a description of the use of offerings proceeds and so on. An offering statement also requires the filing of certain exhibits and the inclusion of financial statements, which can be unaudited but must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Once a company’s offering statement is on file it is reviewed and qualified by the Commission, similar to the process of a registration statement being reviewed and declared effective. After the offering statement is qualified an offering circular, which makes up part of the offering statement, must be delivered to prospective investors prior to any securities being sold. Thereafter the company must file reports with the Commission detailing the securities sold and the use of proceeds from those sales. The reports must be filed every six months until substantially all of the proceeds from the offering have been applied. Notwithstanding the sales and use of proceeds reports, and unlike in a registered offering, once a Regulation A offering is complete there are no ongoing reporting obligations; no current, quarterly or annual reports to file (unless of course Exchange Act registration is triggered by some other means, such as by crossing the shareholder threshold required for registration). What’s more, any securities sold in a Regulation A offering are unrestricted and may be freely transferred in a secondary market transaction. Another way in which Regulation A offerings differ from most other offerings is that Regulation A permits a company to gauge investor interest, or to “test the waters”, by means of general solicitation or general advertising prior to the filing of an offering statement. This ability to test the waters is not without limitation however, for example any written documents or scripts of oral presentations must be filed with the Commission prior to their first use. In addition, a company must also comply with the securities laws in each state in which an offer of securities is to be made, some of which do not permit general solicitation or general advertising. One other item of note, there are also certain instances in which Regulation A can be used for secondary offerings, allowing shareholders resell up to $1.5 million of securities in a 12-month period. Even though Regulation A does offer a simpler alternative to a full-scale registered offering it’s hardly ever used, in part because of its $5 million dollar offering limitation. In 2010 there were 25 initial Regulation A offerings filed with the Commission, but only 7 of these offerings were qualified. A Regulation A Redux The JOBS Act adds a new Section 3 (b) (2) to the Securities Act which calls for the Commission to implement an exemption for the public offer and sale of up to $50 million of securities in any 12-month period. There is no required time frame for implementation of this exemption. The requirements of the new exemption start out much like an enhanced version of Regulation A. The securities, which can be equity securities, debt securities or debt securities convertible into or exchangeable for equity securities, may be publicly offered and sold and will thereafter be freely transferable (they will not be restricted securities). Additionally, subject to any terms or conditions that the Commission may prescribe, companies that wish avail themselves of the new exemption will be permitted to “test the waters” prior to undertaking an offering. Similar to Regulation A, the new exemption contemplates the preparation and filing of an offering statement, the form and content of which the Commission will prescribed, but which may include a description of the company’s business and financial condition, its corporate governance principles, use of proceeds and audited financial statements. In addition, the exemption requires that companies file audited financial statements with the Commission on an annual basis and provides that the Commission may also require additional periodic disclosures regarding the company’s business and financial condition, its corporate governance principles and use of the offering proceeds. Unlike Regulation A, if the securities under the new exemption are offered and sold on a national securities exchange or to qualified purchasers then they will be “covered securities” and exempt from the state securities laws. The Commission also has the discretion to establish disqualification provisions under which the new exemption would not be available to certain companies or their affiliates for reasons substantially similar to the bad actor disqualification provisions to be established under the Dodd-Frank Act (which are themselves based on the disqualification provisions of Regulation A). Lastly, every two years the Commission will have to review and increase, if appropriate, the $50 million offering limitation, or, if not increased, report to Congress as to why. Cancel reply The JOBS Act in a Nutshell – Part I Emerging Growth Companies says: May 9, 2012 at 11:17 AM […] the new Regulation A-type offering exemption; and […] Reply SEC Announces a New Director of the Division of Corporation Finance; House Wants to Know Where the JOBS Act Rules Are says: May 16, 2013 at 10:13 AM […] the Commission to finalize rules implementing the provisions of the JOBS Act related to “Regulation A+” by October 31, […] Reply	msmarco_doc_00_1732597	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
26610	1	arkansas dept of revenue mailing address	http://1099-efile.realtaxtools.com/state/Arkansas/	Arkansas 1099 State Reporting Rules \| E-File AR 1099 Forms	Arkansas 1099 Rules \| E-File AR 1099's Arkansas 1099 Rules \| E-File AR 1099's	Arkansas 1099 State Reporting Rules \| E-File AR 1099 Forms Arkansas 1099 Rules \| E-File AR 1099's File the following forms with the state of Arkansas: 1098, 1099-DIV, 1099-INT, 1099-R, 1099-S and 1099-MISC / 1099-NEC. Filing due dates: File the state copy of form 1099 with the Arkansas taxation agency by February 28, 2021 (January 31 in some cases). Reporting threshold: If you file 250 or more 1099 forms with Arkansas you must file electronically. When filing federal copies of forms 1099 with the IRS from the state of Arkansas the mailing address is: Department of the Treasury , Internal Revenue Service Center Austin, TX 73303. When filing state copies of forms 1099 with Arkansas department of revenue, the agency contact information is: Department of Finance & Administration , Withholding Tax, PO Box 8055, Little Rock, AR 72203. Compliance rules: When filing on paper, you are required to send a photocopy of the Federal Form 1096 with your 1099 forms. The Arkansas department of revenue only accepts media by CD or DVD. The dollar threshold for filing 1099s is $2500.00. If Arkansas taxes are withheld, filing is required regardless of the threshold amount or current residence. Our W2 Mate software helps users of major accounting packages including some free and open source ones print and e-File Arkansas 1099 forms. Some examples include Intuit QuickBooks, Microsoft Dynamics, Peachtree, Sage 50 Accounting, Microsoft Dynamics SL, NOSA XP, NolaPro, Kerridge, Microsoft Money, SAP Business One, Microsoft Dynamics AX. 1099 Software Details FREE 1099 Software Trial	msmarco_doc_00_2715348	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
436116	1	largest cemetery in the us	http://10formation.blogspot.com/2013/01/10-biggest-graveyards-around-world_12.html	10 Biggest Graveyards around the World \| Top 10s	10 Biggest Graveyards around the World 10 Biggest Graveyards around the World 10: Brookwood Cemetery 9: Crown Hill Cemetery 8: Arlington National Cemetery 7: Spring Grove Cemetery 6: Rookwood Cemetery 5: Karacaahmet Cemetery 4: Ohlsdof Cemetery 3: Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery 2: Calverton National Cemetery 1: Wadi Al-Salam Cemetery Sponsors SPONSORS	10 Biggest Graveyards around the World \| Top 10s Saturday, January 12, 2013 10 Biggest Graveyards around the World Labels: cemetery » graveyard » largest cemeteries » memorials » monument » world biggest 10: Brookwood Cemetery Area: 500 Acres Buried: 235,000 Established: 1849 Country: United Kingdom Village: Brookwood Brookwood Cemetery was established by London Necropolis Company. It is the largest cemetery in the United Kingdom and the 2nd largest in the Europe. Brookwood Cemetery is situated about 30 miles south-west of London and between woking, Guildford and Aldershot. The Brookwood Railway Station is next to the Brookwood Cemetery, trains pass beside the cemetery directly from Brookwood to Waterloo Railway Station. 9: Crown Hill Cemetery Area: 555 Acres Buried: 200,000 Established: 1864 Country: United State City: Indianapolis Crown Hill Cemetery is one of the largest private cemeteries in the United State. It is situated on the highest geographical point of the Indianapolis city. This cemetery has 10 sections, and because of its beautiful location it becomes the most popular place for tourists. 8: Arlington National Cemetery Area: 624 Acres Buried: 400,000 Established: 1864 Country: United State City: Arlington County Arlington National Cemetery is the most famous military cemetery of the United State. Every year more than four million people visit Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington National Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries of united state, was established during world war. The cemetery is divided into 70 sections and has many monuments of famous personalities of the United State. 7: Spring Grove Cemetery Area: 733 Acres Established: 1845 Country: United State City: Cincinnati Spring Grove Cemetery is one of the largest cemeteries in the United State, located in Spring Grove Avenue, Cincinnati. This cemetery was founded by Stephen Page in 1845. The first burial took place on 1st September 1945. Numbers of visitors came to visit Spring Grove Cemetery every year. This cemetery has 12 ponds, numbers of beautiful tombstones and memorials, and various examples of Gothic Revival architecture. 6: Rookwood Cemetery Area: 741.3 Acres Buried: 1 Million Established: 1868 Country: Australia City: Sydney Rookwood Cemetery is the largest Victorian cemetery in the world. It is the multi cultural cemetery and divided into five religious and operational areas with separate offices, staff, and equipment to run different parts of the entire area. General Cemetery Trusts, the Catholic Cemeteries Board, the Independent Cemetery Trust, Jewish Cemetery Trust, Muslim Cemetery Trust. Each trust is responsible for the maintenance and care of a number of graves in their own section. 5: Karacaahmet Cemetery Area: 750 Acres Buried: 1 Million Established: 1436 Country: Turkey City: Istanbul Karacaahmet Cemetery is the largest cemetery in Turkey, located in Uskudar, on the Asian side of Istanbul. This cemetery consists in 12 sections, each section dedicated to different religious groups. Karacaahmet Cemetery named in the honor of warrior the Karaca Ahmet Sultan, whose highly adored tomb is here. This cemetery also has many other historical tombs with inscriptions in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. The burial ground is covered with high cypress trees and no space left for more burials. 4: Ohlsdof Cemetery Area: 966 Acres Buried: 1.5 Million Established: 1877 Country: Germany City: Hamburg Ohlsdof Cemetery is the largest cemetery of Germany and the 4th largest of the world. About 40% of all burial of Hamburg bury in Ohlsdof Cemetery. Ohlsdof Cemetery has a reconciliation area and the museum to raise public interest and for promote the historical funeral culture. About 2 million people visit this cemetery from around the world. 3: Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery Area: 982 Acres Established: 1862 Country: United State City: Ellwood Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery is named after the 16th president of United State and founder of the national cemetery system. In 1999, this cemetery was dedicated as the 117th national cemetery of United State. Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery has a memorial walkway, in the honor of soldiers who lost their lives in 20th century war. This cemetery also has a public information center. 2: Calverton National Cemetery Area: 1045 Acres Buried: 212,000 Established: 1978 Country: United State City: New York Calverton National Cemetery is the largest cemetery of United State and the 2nd largest of the world. Calverton National Cemetery is the busiest cemetery in the United State and receives near 10,000 burials each year. 1: Wadi Al-Salam Cemetery Area: 1500 Acres Buried: 10 Millions Established: 7th Centaury Country: Iraq City: Najaf Wadi Al-Salam is the largest cemetery of the world, also known as the valley of peace. It is more than 1400 years old. This cemetery covers almost 15% of the city. Wadi Al-Salam is the most sacred cemetery of Muslims. From thousands of years Muslims bury their dead here. Not only from Iraq but also from Iran, Pakistan, India and many other Muslims countries people came here to bury their death. Posted by Blog Guy at Saturday, January 12, 2013 Email This BlogThis! 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827052	1	what is the largest cemetery in new york	http://10formation.blogspot.com/2013/01/10-biggest-graveyards-around-world_12.html	10 Biggest Graveyards around the World \| Top 10s	10 Biggest Graveyards around the World 10 Biggest Graveyards around the World 10: Brookwood Cemetery 9: Crown Hill Cemetery 8: Arlington National Cemetery 7: Spring Grove Cemetery 6: Rookwood Cemetery 5: Karacaahmet Cemetery 4: Ohlsdof Cemetery 3: Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery 2: Calverton National Cemetery 1: Wadi Al-Salam Cemetery Sponsors SPONSORS	10 Biggest Graveyards around the World \| Top 10s Saturday, January 12, 2013 10 Biggest Graveyards around the World Labels: cemetery » graveyard » largest cemeteries » memorials » monument » world biggest 10: Brookwood Cemetery Area: 500 Acres Buried: 235,000 Established: 1849 Country: United Kingdom Village: Brookwood Brookwood Cemetery was established by London Necropolis Company. It is the largest cemetery in the United Kingdom and the 2nd largest in the Europe. Brookwood Cemetery is situated about 30 miles south-west of London and between woking, Guildford and Aldershot. The Brookwood Railway Station is next to the Brookwood Cemetery, trains pass beside the cemetery directly from Brookwood to Waterloo Railway Station. 9: Crown Hill Cemetery Area: 555 Acres Buried: 200,000 Established: 1864 Country: United State City: Indianapolis Crown Hill Cemetery is one of the largest private cemeteries in the United State. It is situated on the highest geographical point of the Indianapolis city. This cemetery has 10 sections, and because of its beautiful location it becomes the most popular place for tourists. 8: Arlington National Cemetery Area: 624 Acres Buried: 400,000 Established: 1864 Country: United State City: Arlington County Arlington National Cemetery is the most famous military cemetery of the United State. Every year more than four million people visit Arlington National Cemetery. Arlington National Cemetery is one of the oldest cemeteries of united state, was established during world war. The cemetery is divided into 70 sections and has many monuments of famous personalities of the United State. 7: Spring Grove Cemetery Area: 733 Acres Established: 1845 Country: United State City: Cincinnati Spring Grove Cemetery is one of the largest cemeteries in the United State, located in Spring Grove Avenue, Cincinnati. This cemetery was founded by Stephen Page in 1845. The first burial took place on 1st September 1945. Numbers of visitors came to visit Spring Grove Cemetery every year. This cemetery has 12 ponds, numbers of beautiful tombstones and memorials, and various examples of Gothic Revival architecture. 6: Rookwood Cemetery Area: 741.3 Acres Buried: 1 Million Established: 1868 Country: Australia City: Sydney Rookwood Cemetery is the largest Victorian cemetery in the world. It is the multi cultural cemetery and divided into five religious and operational areas with separate offices, staff, and equipment to run different parts of the entire area. General Cemetery Trusts, the Catholic Cemeteries Board, the Independent Cemetery Trust, Jewish Cemetery Trust, Muslim Cemetery Trust. Each trust is responsible for the maintenance and care of a number of graves in their own section. 5: Karacaahmet Cemetery Area: 750 Acres Buried: 1 Million Established: 1436 Country: Turkey City: Istanbul Karacaahmet Cemetery is the largest cemetery in Turkey, located in Uskudar, on the Asian side of Istanbul. This cemetery consists in 12 sections, each section dedicated to different religious groups. Karacaahmet Cemetery named in the honor of warrior the Karaca Ahmet Sultan, whose highly adored tomb is here. This cemetery also has many other historical tombs with inscriptions in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. The burial ground is covered with high cypress trees and no space left for more burials. 4: Ohlsdof Cemetery Area: 966 Acres Buried: 1.5 Million Established: 1877 Country: Germany City: Hamburg Ohlsdof Cemetery is the largest cemetery of Germany and the 4th largest of the world. About 40% of all burial of Hamburg bury in Ohlsdof Cemetery. Ohlsdof Cemetery has a reconciliation area and the museum to raise public interest and for promote the historical funeral culture. About 2 million people visit this cemetery from around the world. 3: Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery Area: 982 Acres Established: 1862 Country: United State City: Ellwood Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery is named after the 16th president of United State and founder of the national cemetery system. In 1999, this cemetery was dedicated as the 117th national cemetery of United State. Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery has a memorial walkway, in the honor of soldiers who lost their lives in 20th century war. This cemetery also has a public information center. 2: Calverton National Cemetery Area: 1045 Acres Buried: 212,000 Established: 1978 Country: United State City: New York Calverton National Cemetery is the largest cemetery of United State and the 2nd largest of the world. Calverton National Cemetery is the busiest cemetery in the United State and receives near 10,000 burials each year. 1: Wadi Al-Salam Cemetery Area: 1500 Acres Buried: 10 Millions Established: 7th Centaury Country: Iraq City: Najaf Wadi Al-Salam is the largest cemetery of the world, also known as the valley of peace. It is more than 1400 years old. This cemetery covers almost 15% of the city. Wadi Al-Salam is the most sacred cemetery of Muslims. From thousands of years Muslims bury their dead here. Not only from Iraq but also from Iran, Pakistan, India and many other Muslims countries people came here to bury their death. Posted by Blog Guy at Saturday, January 12, 2013 Email This BlogThis! 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808936	1	what is the biggest bed in the world?	http://10largest.com/largest-bed-size-in-the-world/	Largest Bed Size In The World	Largest Bed Size In The World Largest Bed Size In The World	Largest Bed Size In The World Uncategorized Largest Bed Size In The World By - It might not seem so at first glance, but beds can be interesting, you just have to hang out with the right ones. Like some of the designer beds out there: the magnetic floating bed, the one and only Startus Flying Bed from Francois Laine, the ultimate TV bed, and the multimedia bed with RUF cinema included. But have you ever thought about what kind of bed would be the world’s largest bed? According to Guinness Book of World Records, the largest bed measures 26.5 meter or 86 ft 11 inch long and 16.44 meter or 53 ft 11 inch wide. It was built by Commissie Zomerfeesten St Gregorius Hertme who is from Netherlands on 28 May 2011. Think of all the stuffed animals you could surround yourself with while lying in this bed. I mean you could have a whole army to protect you in there. Another amazing big bed is an Extreme Ultra-King bed from the designer, Debbie Rhodes. Now that’s the designer’s claim. The sumptuous bed sizes an unbelievable 12 foot wide by 10 foot long and is made with extra-dense coil construction, natural latex and lamb’s wool for top of the line support and comfort. This large bed is also designed to fit through any door, in spite of its immense size, yes that’s a guarantee. Why? Because it is put together inside of your bedroom and you get all this for a mere five figures!	msmarco_doc_00_2878362	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1003531	1	where was the arnold fit expo	http://10times.com/arnold-fitness-expo	Arnold Fitness Expo (Mar 2021), Columbus USA - Trade Show	Arnold Fitness Expo Arnold Fitness Expo 04 - 07 Mar 2021 Postponed Timings Entry Fees Participants Category & Type Editions Official Links Organizer Arnold Sports Festival Renowned User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ] jamie Brown julie neiger Rachel Maloney Rachel Slayton-Tucker Aaron Medders mohammed awol Beshir Jesse Suson Audience Profile Audience Spread 4.3 /5 User Reviews Exhibitors Profile Venue Map & Directions Greater Columbus Convention Center Featured Hotels in Columbus	Arnold Fitness Expo (Mar 2021), Columbus USA - Trade Show Trade Show Arnold Fitness Expo 04 - 07 Mar 2021 Postponed Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, USA Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save Follow About Followers 260 Reviews 5 Exhibitors 234 Photos Speakers Travel Deals Follow Arnold Fitness Expo "eXHIBITION showcasing the latest trends in the fitness industry." Arnold Fitness Expo is the nation's largest health and fitness exposition. It annually showcases leading businesses and organizations showcasing the latest trends in the industry. Organizer Venue Timings 09:00 AM - 05:30 PM (General) 10:00 AM - 04:00 AM (General) Entry Fees Check Official Website Participants 20,000 - 50,000 Visitors 500+ Exhibitors Based on previous editions Category & Type Trade Show Wellness, Health & Fitness Editions Mar 2021 +9 more editions Frequency Annual Next edition likely in Mar 2022 Official Links Website Contacts Report Error Claim this event Organizer Follow Company Arnold Sports Festival Renowned Australia 2 Total Events User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ] jamie Brown Master Personal Trainer at Beyond Average Fitness Howland Center, United States julie neiger Manager at sheru classic Miami Shores, United States Rachel Maloney Business Partner at Reborn Athletics Columbus, United States Rachel Slayton-Tucker Women's Health and Wellness at Power ON Your Body Online Fitness Program Troy, United States Aaron Medders Personal Trainer at Bryan Rock Hill, United States mohammed awol Beshir chemistry graduated from Addis ababa university at from addis ababa environmental authority Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Jesse Suson Emergency Medical Technician at N/A Milwaukee, United States Join Community More Users Audience Profile Owner Student Personal Trainer Managing Director CEO Audience Spread Global loading... 197 User Rating 4.3 /5 10 Ratings 5 Reviews 5 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 User Reviews 5 07 Mar 2019 Bonnie Visitor Student at Studio chic London, Canada Exhibitors Location Communication be prepared for alot of walking to be able to see everything. Report Helpful Reply 5 10 Mar 2019 Ankur Sood Visitor MD at Forme Fisique Pvt ltd Ludhiana, India Participants Amenities Execution 1 04 Mar 2019 Dan Hilner Visitor Electrician at Custom Electric Shreveport, USA 5 09 Mar 2018 Jose Cruz Visitor Individual Radcliff, USA Amazing!!!! Report Helpful Reply View All Reviews Exhibitors List Exhibitors Profile Exhibitors at Arnold Fitness Expo , would comprise of a wide category of exhibitors, exhibiting a number of products like fitness apparels, supplements, training equipments, sports merchandise, fitness products, fitness equipments of leading brands, regular weights, rowers, exercise bikes, weightlifting bars, Gym machines, storage racks and mats, protein supplements, fitness guide books, fitness audio instructions, fitness attires and shoes, jogging machines, rackets and sticks etc. 39.973726 -83.002363 Venue Map & Directions Greater Columbus Convention Center E Goodale St, Columbus, OH 43215, USA USA Get Directions Featured Hotels in Columbus Le Méridien Columbus, The Joseph from USD 215.1 Hampton Inn & Suites Columbus-D.. from USD 133.44 AC Hotel by Marriott Columbus D.. from USD 91 Hilton Columbus Downtown from USD 189 More Hotels All Events Trade Shows Wellness, Health & Fitness Trade Shows Wellness, Health & Fitness Trade Shows in USA Events in Columbus	msmarco_doc_00_3181975	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
952689	1	when is the denver car show	http://10times.com/denver-auto-show	Denver Auto Show (Sep 2021), Denver USA - Trade Show	Denver Auto Show Denver Auto Show 02 - 05 Sep 2021 Add To Calendar Timings Entry Fees Participants Category & Type Editions Official Links Organizer Paragon Group, Inc. Top Rated User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ] zakaria john allen Chris Jordan Todd Linda Galvan Ahmet Bicici Adedeji Kazeem Adekola Audience Profile Audience Spread 4.0 /5 User Reviews Visitor Ticket Price Exhibitors Profile Venue Map & Directions Venue to be announced Featured Hotels in Denver	Denver Auto Show (Sep 2021), Denver USA - Trade Show Trade Show Denver Auto Show 02 - 05 Sep 2021 Add To Calendar Denver, USA Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save Interested About Followers 270 Reviews 9 Exhibitors 28 Photos Speakers Travel Deals Interested Denver Auto Show "International Automobiles, Spare Parts and Accessories Industry Trade Fair" The Denver Auto Show is the premier showcase of the newest model year import and domestic vehicles - cars, vans, crossovers, hybrids, light trucks, sport utilities - cars to suit every budget and life style. This event showcases product from Automotive, Bicycles, Rickshaw & Spares to Electronics & Electrical Goods, Rubber & Rubber Products including Logistics & Transportation industries. Entry Fee Organizer Venue Timings 12:00 PM - 10:00 PM (Sep 02 - Sep 03) (General) 10:00 AM - 10:00 PM (Sep 04) (General) 10:00 AM - 6:00 PM ( Sep 05) (General) View More Entry Fees Free & Paid Ticket View Details Participants 7000 Visitors 150 Exhibitors Estimated Count Category & Type Trade Show Auto & Automotive Editions Sep 2021 Interested +7 more editions Frequency Annual Official Links Website Contacts Report Error Claim this event Organizer Send Stall Book Request Paragon Group, Inc. Top Rated USA 30 Total Events / 5 Upcoming Events + Add me as user User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ] Going zakaria Responsable relation public at zaki Setif, Algeria Going john allen Retired at Coche de juan Edgewater, United States Going Chris Bottom at Myself Denver, United States Jordan Todd Mechanic at Grease monkey Denver, United States Linda Galvan model at Modeling Dallas, United States Ahmet Bicici Sole Trader at Sole trader Antalya, Turkey Adedeji Kazeem Adekola MANAGING DIRECTOR at ILLIYAS NIGERIA GLOBAL ENTERPRISES Ibadan, Nigeria Interested More Users Audience Profile Owner Managing Director CEO Director Engineer Audience Spread Global loading... 177 User Rating 4.0 /5 13 Ratings 9 Reviews 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 1 1 User Reviews 2 05 Apr 2019 Monte Brook Visitor maintaience at BFA Highlands Ranch, USA Participants Execution I gave it to my auto enthusiast father in law. He said there were very few brands of auto's exhibited Report Helpful Reply 3 02 Apr 2019 Peter Farney Visitor Civil Servant at US Government Parker, USA Participants Location Staff Illegal to purchase automobiles on Sunday in Colorado. Report Helpful Reply 3 01 Apr 2019 Donald Hogan Visitor Green Saver Colorado's Golf Discount Book at Hogan's Alley Promotions Denver, USA Products 4 13 Apr 2018 TJ Visitor Individual Thornton, USA If all possible, Have the most popular Auto manufacturers there ( i.e. Mercedes ( for example. More importantly, make the show an experience people will never forget , similar to the World Auto show. Report Helpful Reply View All Reviews Visitor Ticket Price Children 8 USD From 6-12 yrs Free Under & 6 yrs Visitor/General 14 USD Adults 7 USD Onsite Registration (Thursday is Senior Day) Exhibitors List Want to Exhibit? Exhibitors Profile Denver International Auto Show is attended by more than 75 professional exhibitors, displaying a varied range of vehicles and related accessories. Some of the chiefly exhibited items at the show are hybrid vehicles, cars, vans, light trucks and sports utility vehicles. Crossovers, specialty vehicles, aftermarket products, vehicle insurance services and fuel efficient automotive technologies are showcased here as well. Exotic car brands, like Ferrari, Bentley, Maserati and Lamborghini, are exhibited during the event as well, along with the latest car models and vehicle concepts. 39.739000 -104.990000 Venue Map & Directions Venue to be announced Denver , USA Add Venue Featured Hotels in Denver Staybridge Suites Denver - Cher.. from USD 214.26 DoubleTree by Hilton Denver Che.. from USD 170.1 Element Denver Downtown East from USD 169 The Westin Denver Downtown from USD 191.2 More Hotels All Events Trade Shows Auto & Automotive Trade Shows Auto & Automotive Trade Shows in USA Events in Denver	msmarco_doc_00_3207155	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
953539	1	when is the tulsa home and garden show	http://10times.com/tulsa-home-garden	Tulsa Home & Garden Show (Mar 2022), Tulsa USA - Trade Show	Tulsa Home & Garden Show Tulsa Home & Garden Show Timings Entry Fees Participants Category & Type Editions Official Links 4.6 Organizer Premier HomeShows Inc Renowned User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ] Roberta Krietmeyer Window Company at Renewal by Andersen Jason Smith Wood Refinishing at Smith's Home Refinishing Kashif Saeed Owner at Kashif Marble Shabab Alam Business at H.S. Handicrafts Lisa Cox Medicare at Cox & Associates Ins. Mark Gibbs Contractor at Done Right Maintenance & Remodeling Jim and Lorie Maxson Food at Lorie's Fudge - J & L Creatives, LLC Audience Profile Audience Spread 4.6 /5 User Reviews Exhibit Space Cost Exhibitors Profile Featured Hotels in Tulsa	Tulsa Home & Garden Show (Mar 2022), Tulsa USA - Trade Show 4.6/5 14 ratings Trade Show Tulsa Home & Garden Show 10 - 13 Mar 2022 Add To Calendar Expo Square, Tulsa, USA Going Request a Booth Add a Review Share & Invite Save Interested About Followers 251 Reviews 4 Exhibitors 376 Photos 6 Speakers Travel Deals Interested Tulsa Home & Garden Show View All "International trade exhibition for your dream home." Tulsa Home & Garden Show features displays of kitchens, room additions, bathrooms, interior decorating, fireplaces, outdoor equipment, heating and air conditioning, remodeling contractors, security, siding, appliances, windows, doors, fencing, roofing, fitness equipment, spas and much more. Booth Price Organizer Venue Timings 05:00 PM - 09:00 PM (General) 10:00 AM - 09:00 PM (General) 11:00 AM - 05:00 PM (General) View More Entry Fees Paid Ticket Exhibit Booth Cost Starts from 790 USD View Details Participants 20,000 - 50,000 Visitors 500+ Exhibitors Based on previous editions Category & Type Trade Show Home & Office Editions Mar 2022 Interested +9 more editions Frequency Annual Official Links Website Contacts Report Error Claim this event 4.6 14 Ratings Certificate of Excellence Winner 5 Exhibitors & Vendors 4.8 Quality of Participants 4 Format of Event 4 Variety of Products View More Organizer Send Stall Book Request Premier HomeShows Inc Renowned USA 1 Upcoming Events + Add me as user User Community [ Users who have shown interest for this Event ] Roberta Krietmeyer Window Company at Renewal by Andersen Tulsa, United States Jason Smith Wood Refinishing at Smith's Home Refinishing Tulsa, United States Kashif Saeed Owner at Kashif Marble Lahore, Pakistan Shabab Alam Business at H.S. Handicrafts New Delhi, India Lisa Cox Medicare at Cox & Associates Ins. Tulsa, United States Mark Gibbs Contractor at Done Right Maintenance & Remodeling Broken Bow, United States Jim and Lorie Maxson Food at Lorie's Fudge - J & L Creatives, LLC Broken Arrow, United States Interested More Users Audience Profile Owner Retired Marketing Manager Sales Executive Manager Audience Spread Global loading... 240 User Rating 4.6 /5 14 Ratings 4 Reviews 5 8 4 6 3 2 1 User Reviews 5 13 Mar 2020 Roberta Krietmeyer Visitor Window Company at Renewal by Andersen Tulsa, USA Exhibitors Cleanliness Registration 4 16 Mar 2020 michael chancey Visitor AMT at A A Tulsa, USA 4 16 Mar 2020 Cade Lewis Visitor Roofing and construction at Precise Roofing and Contracting Bixby, USA 4 11 Mar 2019 Shirley Putman Visitor Working at Dont have one Claremore, USA Participants Cleanliness Staff Learned about painting cement concrete, spiders, trees and loved the swings and picnic table from one company but dont have that info with me. Report Helpful Reply View All Reviews Exhibit Space Cost Request a Booth Mar 2021 prices for reference Aisle Booth (HBA Member) (100 sq.ft.) USD 790 Request Space Corner Booth (HBA Member) (100 sq.ft.) USD 865 Request Space Booth (HBA Member) (150 sq.ft.) USD 1150 Request Space Booth (HBA Member) (200 sq.ft.) USD 1425 Request Space Corner Booth (HBA Member) (200 sq.ft.) USD 1525 Request Space Endcap Booth (HBA Member) (200 sq.ft.) USD 1625 Request Space Aisle Booth (Non-Member) (100 sq.ft.) USD 985 Request Space Corner Booth (Non-Member) (100 sq.ft.) USD 1060 Request Space Booth (Non-Member) (150 sq.ft.) USD 1440 Request Space Booth (Non-Member) (200 sq.ft.) USD 1777 Request Space Corner Booth (Non-Member) (200 sq.ft.) USD 1880 Request Space Endcap Booth (Non-Member) (200 sq.ft.) USD 1980 Request Space Exhibitors List Want to Exhibit? Exhibitors Profile Tulsa Home & Garden Show will be an important event that will invite more than 450 exhibitors in this event who are the expert professionals and they will hold exhibitions dealing with products related with kitchen and bath design, safe rooms, air and heater equipments, security services, roofing, roof tops, storage, AC suppliers, doors and refacing, filtration management, heater, pond design, lighting products, pools, banks, stone works, photography, lawns, landscaping, garden, floors, cleaning services and more. 36.134393 -95.930835 Featured Hotels in Tulsa Renaissance Tulsa Hotel & Conve.. from USD 123.2 Holiday Inn Express & Suites - .. from USD 119 Courtyard by Marriott Tulsa Cen.. from USD 109 Embassy Suites Tulsa - I-44 from USD 164 More Hotels All Events Trade Shows Architecture & Designing Trade Shows Architecture & Designing Trade Shows in USA Events in Tulsa	msmarco_doc_00_3259036	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
833864	1	what is the most popular gaming system	http://10topratedreviews.com/best-game-console-reviews/	Best Game console reviews \| Top rated Game console 2019 \|	Best Game Console Reviews Best Game Console Reviews Comparison Table Buying Guide Type Performance Accessories Top rated game consoles in 2019 Our recommendations PlayStation 3 Nintendo Wii Xbox One Sony Playstation 4 Xbox 360 Sony PlayStation Vita Nintendo 3DS Aqua Blue PlayStation 4 DualShock 4 Bundle PlayStation 2	Best Game console reviews \| Top rated Game console 2019 \| Best Game Console Reviews If you’re here just to find the best game console and really can’t afford to take the time to read the excellent reviews and buying advice prepared by our researchers, this short paragraph will highlight all the vital information. In our effort to find the best game console we have read expert reviews, feedback from consumers, followed activity on social media sites, and compared value, prices, and brand quality so we could gather all of the available information needed to help you make a smart purchasing decision. While we were researching the best gaming systems one model, the Sony Playstation 3 caught our attention with its wireless connectivity that includes two USB ports, powerful graphics processor that ensures a crisp, clear picture, and innovative dualshock 3 controller that comes with pressure sensors that are designed to provide you with a more realistic experience. While this is the best video game console we understand that this might not be priced to fit all budgets, immediately available or designed to support the specific games you love to play. The Wii from Nintendo is a similar product, even though it does not support as many game formats as the top rated console it is priced slightly lower and comes with a convenient remote control, along with an ATI graphics chip which helps to ensure every image is crisp and true to life so you can still enjoying your gaming experience. Comparison Table Product Storage Price Graphic Quality Backwards Compatibility Our Rating Where to buy PlayStation 3 160GB $$$ 1080p Offers compatibility with PS1 games A+ AMAZON Nintendo Wii No $$$ 480p Plays all GameCube game titles A AMAZON Xbox 360 4GB $$ 1080p Over 300 titles developed for the original Xbox B+ AMAZON PlayStation Vita 64MB $$$ 960 x 544 resolution (16:9 aspect ratio) Plays all PSP games available via download and PS1 games for PSP B AMAZON Nintendo 3DS TBD $$ Top adjustable 3D screen – 800 x 240; lower screen – 320 x 240 Plays most DS and DSi games C+ AMAZON Buying Guide Choosing a video console can be overwhelming. Not only do you have to consider your budget, but also the type of games that are compatible with the unit. Performance and memory are also important considerations, especially if you are playing RPGs and action games. Whether you are looking for your first game console or simply want to upgrade the following tips can help you make an informed decision. Type There are three main types of gaming consoles, and each has its own games and specifications. Understanding the differences between the different consoles will make it easier to choose the right one. Manufactured by Sony, the PlayStation 3 is priced slightly higher than some of the other consoles but it does come with impressive graphics. It also has advanced system specifications which are evident its high performance capabilities. The XBox 360 was released by Microsoft one year before the PlayStation 3, and it is also known for its powerful system capabilities. The XBox 360 also offers advanced play online, which allows users to take advantage of even more games. Manufactured by Nintendo, the Wii is in a class of its own. The controller allow players to use it as a pointing device so game play responds to your movements. Its ability to let users interact with the game is what makes this such a popular console. Nintendo also manufactures the best handheld game console so you can enjoy your games on the go. Performance Avid gamers will want to pay close attention to the performance capabilities of the console, but it is also important to remember that this can also affect the price. If you need plenty of power you might want to consider a game console from PlayStation or XBox. With processing speeds of 3.2 GHZ, these consoles are noticeably faster than the Wii. The XBox also larger memory capabilities which is important if you plan on playing a lot of RPGs. When it comes to the graphics processors the XBox has the other two consoles beat. This ensures that colors are crisp and clear, without any lag times. This is especially important when you are playing online, since a brief dark spot on the screen could hide a potentially deadly enemy. The PlayStation and XBox also come with HD capabilities, while this is not an option on the Wii. If you are a casual gamer this might not be so important, but being able to clearly see images in sharp detail could make the difference between beating or repeating a level. It is difficult to judge internal memory in game consoles since each company has released several “improved” versions of the same product. Typically XBox and PlayStation come with more internal memory than the Wii, but this will depend on the model. Accessories Each game console comes with controllers unique to it, along with a few fun accessories. One of the advantages associated with Sony game consoles is the fact that the controllers have remained basically the same while still keeping up with technological advances. This familiar design makes it easy to use the controller regardless of the model. The PlayStation 3 can support up to seven controllers so you can easily play multiple player games with friends or even family. Controllers for the XBox can be wired or wireless, and some come with “rumble” functionality. Most XBox game consoles can support up to 4 controllers, and users will appreciate being able to easily replace the batteries when needed. Wii controllers have very few buttons but are motion controlled so you can interact with the game. Some controllers also come with a “rumble” function, along with audio. If you want to enjoy the fun and convenience of motion control with a PlayStation you can purchase a small wand shaped device. It uses a tiny camera to detect the player’s movements and then transmits it to the screen. XBox offers its customers the Kinect, which is slightly more advanced than some other motion controlled pointers. It is also able to follow audible commands, and comes standard with the XBox 360. Wii already comes with motion enabled controllers, but consumers can also add the “Balance Board” for an additional fee. The Balance Board is designed to encourage exercise, which it combines with a few of the console’s games. Top rated game consoles in 2019 While we can’t choose the right model for you we can help you narrow down your choices, and you will find the best game consoles showcased below. Our recommendations PlayStation 3 Considered by millions of people as one of the best game console in 2019, the PlayStation 3 comes with a solid 160 GB memory that allows you to play your favorite games with no restrictions at all. The PlayStation 3 represents the highest evolution of Sony’s console gaming system embodying the latest technological findings. Using the PlayStation 3 you will be able to enter the realm of the Next-Generation entertainment in any given moment of the day. With the IBM “Cell” processor and the NVIDIA graphics processor you will be greeted by high definition images and clear videos as the game evolves. Click to see the price on Amazon! Nintendo Wii One of the most popular game consoles currently available on the market is the Nintendo Wii, as it has already captivated thousands of people around the world. Including some of the most modern digital technologies available on the market, the Nintendo Wii represents the best way to enjoy quality moments with our friends and even with family members. The Nintendo Wii integrates with ease into any existing home entertainment system, delivering hours of pleasure and excitement. The current top rated game console reviews underline the efficiency and fluid functionality of the Nintendo Wii. Buy from Amazon for ($749) Xbox One If you love playing XBox games but can’t afford a 360, this game console might be what you need. It is capable of playing all of the iconic games, along with some of the newer ones designed for the 360. It comes with the Gears of War game set, along with one controller, and you can also download Blind Forest and Ori for more options right out of the box. With the headset jack you can play for hours without disturbing others, and you will love how clear the images appear with the console’s HD capabilities. You can even switch instantly between your games and live TV, along with several video apps. Buy from Amazon for ($399) Sony Playstation 4 With 500GB of memory you can easily play and save your progress on all of your games, and the Sony Playstation also comes with everything you need to start playing without any additional expenses. It comes with one downloadable game, along with a controller and HD cable. You can also connect to an online community for even more gaming options. Compatible with Playstation headsets and capable of producing wireless surround sound this gaming console by Sony can help you stay entertained for hours. Buy from Amazon for ($459) Xbox 360 These days, millions of people have a Xbox 360 4 GB game console in their homes, known for its solid construction and advanced features. The Xbox 360 S console includes the Kinect Sensor and the Disneyland adventures game which is more than entertaining. Furthermore, this game console includes the Xbox 360 wireless controller and the highly anticipated Kinect adventures game. This is the reason why a growing of the current top rated game console reviews underline the awesomeness of the Xbox 360. Click to see the price on Amazon! Sony PlayStation Vita Considered by thousands of people as one of the best game consoles in 2019, the Sony PlayStation Vita represents a reliable method to obtain hours of excitement while playing your favorite games. You will experience a revolutionary gaming setup, due to the dual analog sticks, front and rear camera and the front multi-touch display. Furthermore, the model comes with a multi-touch rear pad and a new specific media flash-based storage that makes the whole gaming experience a lot more delightful irrespective of the hour of the day. Buy from Amazon for ($449) Nintendo 3DS Aqua Blue It can be pretty difficult to find the best game console capable of delivering hours and hours of excitement and joy. This is the reason more and more people are using with confidence the Nintendo 3DS Aqua Blue game console. The Nintendo 3DS delivers a variety of new ways of play, in the highly appreciated 3D option without using special glasses. You can play games in 3D while also taking photos in 3D with the Nintendo console. Furthermore, the model has one inner camera and also two outer cameras making it one of the best game consoles in 2019. Click to see the price on Amazon! PlayStation 4 DualShock 4 Bundle Game technology has slowly won more and more customers so there is no wonder why newer models appear so quickly. The PS4, one of the best game consoles in 2019, brings some new features: a touch pad that helps you improve your gaming, a more sensitive sensor and a share button so the other players see your winnings. You can use a smartphone or tablet as a second screen, download new applications and watch the skills of your friends a at specific game. The graphic is noticeably better and durability taken to a higher level. It is designed so as not to get overheated in case you will get carried away. Click to see the price on Amazon! PlayStation 2 Even though it is a bit outdated, the PlayStation 2 is still a legend in the game console world and if you are an enthusiast it can still be fun if you buy it, remembering the good old days. It has the DVD playback and Digital surround sound. The nice and sleek black design, just 2.8 cm, features two memory cards slots at the back. This makes it extremely easy to carry and move around. You even get the integrated Ethernet and modem ports for easy online play. The PlayStation 2 remains a heavyweight and can be bought to feel the thrills of years past once more. Click to see the price on Amazon! 10Top Reviews	msmarco_doc_00_3350519	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1164321	1	what color reduces sadness	http://11eleven-life.blogspot.com/2011/01/psychological-effects-of-colors.html	11 eleven: Psychological Effects of Colors	11 eleven 11 eleven Saturday, January 29, 2011 Psychological Effects of Colors The color psychology of Black. The color psychology of White. The color psychology of Red. The color psychology of Blue. The color psychology of Green. The color psychology of Yellow. The color psychology of Purple. The color psychology of Brown. The color psychology of Orange. The color psychology of Pink. 53 comments: About Me	11 eleven: Psychological Effects of Colors 11 eleven Saturday, January 29, 2011 Psychological Effects of Colors While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple and green. These colors are often described as calm, but can also call to mind feelings of sadness or indifference. The color psychology of Black. Black absorbs all light in the color spectrum. It is often used as a symbol of menace or evil, but it is also popular as an indicator of power. Black is associated with death and mourning in many cultures. It is also associated with unhappiness, sexuality, formality, and sophistication. In ancient Egypt, black represented life and rebirth. It is often used in fashion because of its slimming quality. Black is often associated with elegance. Used in home interiors, it can give a classy look to a wall. Black furniture or accent pieces in a predominantly white room can create a stark, dramatic contrast. For small-roomed houses or apartments however, painting the walls black is not recommended as this will make rooms more smaller and makes them restricting and depressing. The color psychology of White. White represents purity or innocence. It is bright and can create a sense of space or add highlights. White is also described as cold, bland and sterile. Rooms painted completely white can look spacious but empty and unfriendly. Wearing white means a fresh outlook and new beginnings. White helps reduce any nagging feelings of disappointment or drudge. A predominantly white home interior gives a feeling of space and cleanliness. A few splashes of colors from accents or decors will not make it look bland and too sterile. The color psychology of Red. Red is a warm, bright color that evokes strong emotions. It is associated with love, warmth and comfort. Red is also considered an intense or even angry color that creates feelings of excitement. Wearing red exudes charm, confidence and sexiness.. Red is typically associated with energy, danger, power and love. This color has been known to increase blood pressure and raise appetites. Since the color is so strong, it can be unnerving and is best used as an accent. The color psychology of Blue. Blue calls to mind feelings of calmness or serenity. It is often described as peaceful, tranquil, secure and orderly. It can also create feelings of sadness or aloofness. Blue is often used to decorate offices because research has shown that people are more productive in blue. It can also lower the pulse rate and body temperature. Blue has a soothing quality about it that makes people feel relaxed and comfortable. The color psychology of Green. Green is a cool color that symbolizes nature and the natural world. It also represents tranquility, good luck, health and jealousy. Green is thought to relieve stress and helps heal. Those who have a green work environment experiences fewer stomach aches. Green represents the Spring season and new growth. Choose this color to wear whenever you are embarking on something new or wish to turn over a new leaf. Green also has the same calming qualities as blue. Neutral shades of green such as olive or sage are more accepted in room colors and decor than shades of aqua or yellow-green. The color psychology of Yellow. Yellow is a bright color that is often described as cheery and warm. It is also the most fatiguing to the eye due to the high amount of light that is reflected on and by it. Yellow can also create feelings of frustration and anger. While it is considered a cheerful color, people are more likely to lose their tempers in yellow rooms. Since yellow is the most visible color, it is also the most attention-getting. It can also increase metabolism. While this color is known to make people feel happy and energetic, it is also known to cause people to become angry quicker. Used on home interiors, pale shades of yellow are best when painting walls. The color psychology of Purple. Purple is the symbol of royalty and wealth. It also represents wisdom and spirituality. Purple does not often occur in nature, it can sometimes appear exotic or artificial. The color purple, especially shades of violet, will definitely make a statement. Wearing purple shows others that you want to be noticed. Light purple is seen as a feminine color, it might be a good paint color for a young girl’s room. Darker purples or mauves are more mature looking for other portions of a house, known to evoke feelings of wisdom and royalty. The color psychology of Brown. Brown is a natural color that evokes a sense of strength and reliability. Brown brings to mind feelings of warmth, comfort and security. Brown is a safe, comforting and neutral color. It gives a feeling of warmth, security and belongingness. Browns can typically be combined with brighter colors like light blues, pinks, yellows and especially oranges. A medium brown color may be good for walls with accents of brighter colors placed throughout the room. The color psychology of Orange. Orange is a very energetic color and calls to mind feelings of excitement, enthusiasm and warmth. Orange is often used to draw attention, such as in traffic signs and advertising. Orange is a warm, inviting color. It’s easier on the eyes than yellow, yet it is not as bold as red. Neon orange is not something you want to see on the walls of your house, but its warmer shades are more appropriate for walls. It is also known to increase appetites and may be a good color for dining rooms and as an accent to other rooms. The color psychology of Pink. Pink is essentially a light red and is usually associated with love and romance. It is thought to have a calming effect. While pink's calming effect has been demonstrated, researchers of color psychology have found that this effect only occurs during the initial exposure to the color. More than feeling feminine, wearing pink conveys compassion and an open heart. When people are wearing pink, whether they are male or female, they appear approachable and capable of loving others. Lighter shades of pink generally evokes a feeling of calmness. Stronger shades used on a wall will create stronger intensities of excitement. Posted by 11eleven Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest 53 comments: scott davidson September 7, 2012 at 11:49 PM If you want to make your home really look really beautiful , paintings are the best way to do it believe home looks very well decorated . If you are looking to find Oil Paintings Reproductions at very economical price or cheap rates, you must visit wahooart.com Reply Delete Replies How doctor olu help me to increase my penis size January 20, 2019 at 5:51 PM Hello everyone, am very happy to share this little awesome testimony about Dr olu a great herbal doctor who help me enlarge my penis size.3.2 cm to 8.3 cm longer with his herbal cream mixture, my girlfriend is now so amazed with the autonomous size of my penis , if you you are also in need of help on how to enlarge your penis to become bigger and stronger I adverse you to contact Dr on his email (drolusolutionhome@gmail.com) ) you or contact on whatsapp number +2348140654426 because he is one of the best herbal doctor that i can only show you up to, if your penis is 4.2 cm and want to get it reach 9.2 cm within three weeks i Dr olu is also specialized on obeo m breast and boobs enlargement i advise you to contact him for help Delete Replies Reply JEAN UTUMBA February 17, 2020 at 4:55 PM DR HARRY HERBAL MIXTURE website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple WHATSAPP +2349036417079 Hello everyone i have been worried for so many years now because i was trying to figure out how to cure my (erectile dysfunction) and enlarge my SMALL penis but could not find a way out of it ,,my wife has told me if i do not get a cure on time that she will leave me and i love her and my marriage so much .i have used VACCINES,DRUGS,INJECTION AND even did Surgeries just to be happy but none really rendered me the help i needed and i almost gave up when i Used a herbal medicine from a fake bullshit doctor from Malawi. I almost lost my life during that period so i gave up and accepted my fate because my wife already requested for a divorce papers ,,but on one faithful morning i was reading through a comment on Facebook of one MR henry joseph from Germany of how DR HARRY HERBAL CREAM and LIQUID enlarge his penis and cure his younger Brother of STROKE DISEASE within the space of 3 weeks wow i was surprised to see it so i quickly Contacted him via website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple and behold i saw lots of solution to my problems there so i emailed him and he got back to me and gave me some comfortable words ,and the next day he told me what needed to be done and i did it so he sent me his MIRACULOUS HERBAL CREAM AND LIQUID through UPS delivery service and i got it 4 days after ..i then followed his prescriptions on how to use it and OH MY GOD it is just two weeks of using his herbal cream i now have 10 inches when erected and 8 inches when flaccid my wife love it so much now after i had sex with her with my MONSTER PENIS ..and also apologize for asking for a divorce .i am so happy i now feel like a real man ,,thank you so much for taken away this shame from me DR HARRY so if you need any kind of cure contact him on drharrysolution@gmail.com website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple or whatsapp him on +2349036417079 THANKS Delete Replies Reply Michael Freckleton April 3, 2020 at 2:13 AM hello everyone here i am Michael Freckleton a medical doctor from France but currently in Miami , i want to share a great testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis size was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing and discouraging, a 39 year old full grown man like me having 4 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame my wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor , she never enjoyed sex, i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until last two months when i saw a testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream have been helping people from the globe,i saw one MR PAUL KEWAH testifying of how Dr HARRY helped him enlarge his penis size so i decided to give him a try ,i visited his website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple we talked and he gave me steps to follow which i did and to my greatest surprise in less than two weeks of taking the herbal mixture cream my penis grow to 8 inches i couldn't believe my eyes and as i speak now my penis is now 10.5 inches long and i was amazed when my wife said i satisfy her so well now all thanks to Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream,i will forever be grateful To him i also learnt that Dr HARRY also have the herbal cure to problems like PENIS ENLARGEMENT ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION DIABETES type 1 and type 2 HERPES GENITAL WART LOW SPERM COUNT WEAK ERECTION BREAST ENLARGEMENT PROSTRATE CANCER HIV/AIDS SPELL OF ALL KINDS LIKE EX BACK,CANCEL DIVORCE,BREAK UP SPELL ,PREGNANCY SPELL,PROMOTION SPELL,JOB SPELL ALS HPV 123 PILE ASTHMA HEART FAILURE PREMATURE EJACULATION HEPATITIS A,B,C AND MANY MORE so if you you are suffering from any of this problems please do not hesitate to contact him now email drharrysolution@gmail.com website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple you can call him or Whatsapp Dr Harry via whatsapp +2349036417079 thanks Delete Replies Reply COURTNEY KOLSEN January 4, 2021 at 1:16 PM HOW I WON LOTTERY THROUGH DR HARRY HELP whatsapp +2349036417079 website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple Imagine becoming vastly wealthy overnight. 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I want to share a testimony of how Dr. OLU herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing,and i was also having weak erection problem. I can make love to my wife and my penis was just too small a full grown man like me having 4 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame to me. My wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor,she never enjoyed sex,i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until when i saw a testimony of how Dr. OLU. herbal mixture cream have been helping people regarding their sex life, so i decided to give him a try and to my greatest surprise in less than two weeks of taking the herbs my penis grow to 8 inches i couldn't believe my eyes and as i speak now my penis is now 8 inches and i do not have weak erection again. I can make love to my wife longer in bed. 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One day I was in the river thinking about where I can go to get a solution. so a lady walked towards me telling me why I'm so sad and I open everything by telling her my problem, she told me she could help me, she introduced me to a doctor who uses herbal medicines to cure the SIMPLEX HERPES VIRUS and gave me his website link , so I sent i visited his website link http://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple he got back to me and He told me everything I needed to do .he later send me the medicine through UPS and i got it within 3/5 days and also gave me instructions to take, which I followed correctly. 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COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 9.penis enlargement 10.premature ejaculation 11. erectile dysfunction 12. low sperm count Reply Delete Replies Reply How doctor olu help me to increase my penis size January 20, 2019 at 5:48 PM Hello everyone, am very happy to share this little awesome testimony about Dr olu a great herbal doctor who help me enlarge my penis size.3.2 cm to 8.3 cm longer with his herbal cream mixture, my girlfriend is now so amazed with the autonomous size of my penis , if you you are also in need of help on how to enlarge your penis to become bigger and stronger I adverse you to contact Dr on his email (drolusolutionhome@gmail.com) ) you or contact on whatsapp number +2348140654426 because he is one of the best herbal doctor that i can only show you up to, if your penis is 4.2 cm and want to get it reach 9.2 cm within three weeks i Dr olu is also specialized on obeo m breast and boobs enlargement i advise you to contact him for help Hello everyone, am very happy to share this little awesome testimony about Dr olu a great herbal doctor who help me enlarge my penis size.3.2 cm to 8.3 cm longer with his herbal cream mixture, my girlfriend is now so amazed with the autonomous size of my penis , if you you are also in need of help on how to enlarge your penis to become bigger and stronger I adverse you to contact Dr on his email (drolusolutionhome@gmail.com) ) you or contact on whatsapp number +2348140654426 because he is one of the best herbal doctor that i can only show you up to, if your penis is 4.2 cm and want to get it reach 9.2 cm within three weeks i Dr olu is also specialized on obeo m breast and boobs enlargement i advise you to contact him for help Reply Delete Replies Reply StevenHWicker February 15, 2019 at 1:39 AM Very informative and impressive post you have written, this is quite interesting and i have went through it completely, an upgraded information is shared, keep sharing such valuable information. House Painters in Manurewa Reply Delete Replies Reply Best Penis Enlargement cream from doctor OLU World Wide February 24, 2019 at 6:41 AM Hello everyone i am Mudaf Kyle from MALARIA , i am here to give my testimony about a great spell caster called Dr OLU, I was heartbroken and disappointed because i had very small penis, not big enough to satisfy or pregnant a woman, i have been in so many relationship, but cut off because of my small penis situation, i have used so many product,drugs,vaccines,herbs which doctors prescribe for me, but none could offer me the help i searched for. one faithful day i saw some few comments on the internet about how this great specialist called Dr OLU has been helping men enlarge their penis size ,pregnant woman and last longer in bed and i decided to email him on his email i saw on the internet, (drolusolution@gmail.com) i also visited his website http://droluherbs.clan.su/ and also his you-tube page https://youtu.be/VMTo3gqbO08 so I decided to give his herbal product a try. i emailed him and he got back to me, he gave me some comforting words and steps to follow which i did with his herbal pills for Penis Enlargement, Within 1 week of it, i began to feel the enlargement of my penis, " and now it just 1 weeks of using his products my penis is about 10.5 inches longer in erection , and i had to settle out with my Ex girlfriend Stephanie, i was surprised when she opened her mouth and said that i almost killed her and she is satisfied with my sex and i have got a very Big penis now. Am so happy, thanks to Dr OLU I also learn that Dr OLU also help with penis enlargement weak erection erectile dysfunction breast pills and enlargement bums, pregnancy herpes cure diabetes type 1 / 2 fat belly and swollen stomach Abortion malaria/lassar fever heart failure kidney problem human papiloma virus (HPV) tigthling and enlarging of vagina spell of all kinds (ex boyfriend/husband/girlfriend back,lottery spell,win a court case spell,job promotion or boom,marriage spell,breakup spells,cancel a divorce spell,Death spell and so many more so if you have any of this problem or other do not hesitate to contact Dr.OLU now for help on his email via (drolusolution@gmail.com or website http://droluherbs.clan.su/ [drolusolutionhome@gmail.com] or you can call him on his mobile number +2348140654426 .........for more information and advice contact my email mudafkyle@gmail.com THANKS Reply Delete Replies Reply Unknown March 7, 2019 at 10:36 AM drfredspirituraltemple@yahoo.com)) my dear readers around the globe, it is a great privilege to tell you about this great man who helped me over come the tragedy in my relationship, and how his herbal medicine help me too. My relationship became so complicated to a stage that I was scared of losing my wife to another, lasting long in bed was a problem and I knew deep down in my that my wife was not happy about it. Sometimes when I asked for sex the way she would act before the sex I noticed it was because I was not satisfying her, when she needed it more I hard already come and it was not the best. So I needed to find solution that was how I came in contact with DR FRED he really changed my sex life and ever since then life has been fun because my wife now love me more than she used to, all thanks to DR FRED for this great thing he did for me.. If you ever need help of any kind sickness like DIABETES.. 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So, Some months back I read about this doctor recommendation online and I decide to give it a try hence hospitals could not help, he administer his medication on me and after the treatment, behold for the first time in my life I started experiencing sperm. You too can be treated just like me and be cured. If interested you can reach him through: (+2347084878384) (uduehiherbalcare@gmail.com) Reply Delete Replies Reply Carlos Benita October 10, 2019 at 6:22 AM My mom ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) symptoms started out with a "foot drop" on her left foot. From there her left leg lost all muscle tone and all the entire left leg muscles was almost gone. Also her fingers and thumbs "contract" at times. Left arm is losing muscle tone too,she have been suffering from amyotrophic laterals sclerosis (ALS) disease for the last seven years and had constant pain which really get us worried, especially in her knees, the only treatment for this ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is natural organic treatments honestly ,totalcureherbsfoundation .c om has the perfect herbal remedy to all the Motor Neuron Disease including ALS. Reply Delete Replies Reply Relanes Ihab November 14, 2019 at 2:02 PM Hello viewers around the Globe, I was despondent because i had a very small penis, about 2.5 inches soft and 4 inches hard not nice enough to satisfy a woman, i have been in so many relationship, but cut off because of my situation, i have used so many product which doctors prescribe for me, but none could offer me the help i searched for. i saw some few comments on the internet about this specialist called Dr, OLHIA and i decided to contact him on his website i saw on the internethttp://olihawonderfulherbs.webs.com/ so I decided to give his herbal product a try. i emailed him and he got back to me, he gave me some comforting words with his herbal pills for Penis Enlargement, Within 3 week of it, i began to feel the enlargement of my penis, " and now it just 4 weeks of using his products my penis is about 9 inches longer, and i had to settle out with my Ex girlfriend Ella, i was surprised when she said that she is satisfied with my sex and i have got a large penis. Am so happy, thanks to Dr OLIHA I also learn that Dr OLIHA also help with Breast Enlargement Hips and Bums Enlargement etc.. If you are in any situation with a little Penis, weak ejaculation, small breast_hips_bums do get to Dr OLIHA now for help on his email {oliha.miraclemedicine@gmail.com} or whats app him number: +2349038382931 Reply Delete Replies Reply Anonymous December 31, 2019 at 9:54 AM What a wonderful and a straight forward spell caster that has brought back joy and happiness into my life! Am giving this testimony because am so happy, I want to thank Dr. Osasu for the great thing He has done in my life , He brought happiness back to my life, I never believed in spell casters until my life fell apart when my lover of 6 years decided to call it quit almost when we wanted to get married. I was so emotional breakdown to the extent i could not do anything reasonable again, after 2months in pain before an old friend of mine introduced me to a spell caster on line called Dr Osasu, this was after I have been scammed by various fake spell casters. I was introduced me to Dr Osasu a true Spell Caster. In less than 24 hours i saw wonders, my lover came back to me and my life got back just like a completed puzzle, and after 1month later we got married and it was just like a dream to me because i thought i had lost him forever. Thank you Dr. Osasu for helping me but most of all, Your Honesty and Fast Accurate Results. email: Drosasu25@gmail.com WhatsApp Number: +2347064365391 Reply Delete Replies Reply laura January 19, 2020 at 10:00 PM I WANT TO LET THE WORLD KNOW ABOUT THE MIGHTY SPELL CASTER DR OKEKE ODIN WHO HELPED ME BROUGHT BACK MY HUSBAND BACK HOME TO MY KIDS. I WAS MARRIED TO MY HUSBAND WILLIAM SCOTCH FOR SEVEN YEARS AND WE LIVED HAPPILY TOGETHER UNTIL A CERTAIN DAY HE JUST WOKE UP FROM SLEEP TO TELL ME THAT HE DOES NOT LOVE ME ANY MORE. AT FIRST I TAUGHT IT WAS A JOKE BUT WITH TIME I BECAME TO SEE THAT HE WAS SERIOUS.WE ALREADY HAVE TWO KIDS TOGETHER AND I WAS ALREADY PREGNANT FOR MY THIRD BABY. SO A DAY CAME WHEN HE JUST ARRANGED HIS BAGS AND SAID HE WAS LEAVING THE HOUSE FOR GOOD AND NOT LONGER INTERESTED IN THE RELATIONSHIP. I FOUND OUT THAT HE WAS IN LOVE WITH ANOTHER GIRL AND THEY BOTH TRAVELED OUT OF THE STATE. AS I WAS READING THROUGH THE INTERNET ABOUT DIVORCE, I READ ABOUT THIS GREAT SPELL CASTER DR OKEKE SO I CONTACTED HIM FOR HELP. HE TOLD ME NOT TO WORRY THAT IN JUST 48 HOURS, THAT MY HUSBAND WAS GOING TO COME BACK. I NEVER BELIEVED HIM UNTIL THE FOLLOWING DAY WHEN MY HUSBAND CAME TO THE HOUSE ASKING FOR MY FORGIVENESS. NOW WE ARE HAPPY TOGETHER WITH OUR KIDS AND THE EVIL WOMAN THAT CAUSE THE PROBLEM IN MY MARRIAGE WAS SENT AWAY BY MY HUSBAND. YOU CAN CONTACT DR OKEKE TODAY TO SAVE YOUR MARRIAGE OR RELATIONSHIP REACH HIM ON HIS (writelovespell@gmail.com) or reach him on whatsAp on +2348140443360 HE IS THE BEST SPELL CASTER AND SOLUTION TO ALL YOUR PROBLEMS AND PREDICAMENTS HE CAN ALSO HELP WITH THE FOLLOWING PROBLEM 1. DIVORCE SPELL 2. HERPES CURE 3. CANCER CURE 4. PREGNANCY SPELL 5. DIABETES CURE 6. MARRIGE SPELL AND MANY MORE Reply Delete Replies Reply Morreen Dolly January 27, 2020 at 5:52 AM Save Your Relationship and Get Your husband, I don`t know how to really thank Dr Ralph. My Name is Morreen Dolly i am from Norway, i was dating this man who i loved very much for over four years now without any problem in our relationship. so at a point he changed so suddenly after returning from the office and started behaving so strangely. it even got to the extent that he told me it was over and i should never call him again. This was a person that loved me with everything that he had. When i told my friend jenny what happened, she introduced me to a great spell caster Dr Ralph, the priest of all spell caster. At first sight this man told me all my problems that it was his secretary that used a charm on him. Dr Ralph told me not to worry that he will help me solve the problem. The following day, i was in the house in a sober mood when i first received a message from my husband that he was very sorry and before i dropped the phone, he called me again to say he is on his way home and that he was truly sorry for everything. To my greatest surprise, one week later he engaged me and we got married. He can also help you cast spell like Love spells, Pregnancy spell, Lottery winning spell, Business improvement spell, Cure for any kind of sickness like :Cancer, diabetes, HIV/Aids E.T.C, Financial spell , And many more. All Thanks to Dr Ralph. You can contact him through the following means. Email: Ralphspellsolution@gmail.com or Whatsapp on +2347037816417. Reply Delete Replies Reply FATEMA DAVIS January 28, 2020 at 1:33 PM my partner and I have been trying for a baby for over two years now, We were going to a fertility clinic for about 5 months before somebody at baby center told us to contact this spell caster who is so powerful, We contacted him at this email; babaka.wolf@gmail.com or Facebook at priest.babaka , for him to help us, then we told him our problem, he told us that we will conceive once we follow his instructions ,but after two years of trying we were at a point where we were willing to try anything. And I'm glad we came to Priest Babaka, Because his pregnancy spell cast and herbal remedy help us, and I honestly believe him, and his gods really helped us as well, I am thankful for all he has done. contact him via email: babaka.wolf@gmail.com or Facebook at priest.babaka if you are trying to have a baby or want your lover back. he has powers to do it, he has done mine Reply Delete Replies Reply JEAN UTUMBA February 17, 2020 at 4:55 PM DR HARRY HERBAL MIXTURE website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple WHATSAPP +2349036417079 Hello everyone i have been worried for so many years now because i was trying to figure out how to cure my (erectile dysfunction) and enlarge my SMALL penis but could not find a way out of it ,,my wife has told me if i do not get a cure on time that she will leave me and i love her and my marriage so much .i have used VACCINES,DRUGS,INJECTION AND even did Surgeries just to be happy but none really rendered me the help i needed and i almost gave up when i Used a herbal medicine from a fake bullshit doctor from Malawi. I almost lost my life during that period so i gave up and accepted my fate because my wife already requested for a divorce papers ,,but on one faithful morning i was reading through a comment on Facebook of one MR henry joseph from Germany of how DR HARRY HERBAL CREAM and LIQUID enlarge his penis and cure his younger Brother of STROKE DISEASE within the space of 3 weeks wow i was surprised to see it so i quickly Contacted him via website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple and behold i saw lots of solution to my problems there so i emailed him and he got back to me and gave me some comfortable words ,and the next day he told me what needed to be done and i did it so he sent me his MIRACULOUS HERBAL CREAM AND LIQUID through UPS delivery service and i got it 4 days after ..i then followed his prescriptions on how to use it and OH MY GOD it is just two weeks of using his herbal cream i now have 10 inches when erected and 8 inches when flaccid my wife love it so much now after i had sex with her with my MONSTER PENIS ..and also apologize for asking for a divorce .i am so happy i now feel like a real man ,,thank you so much for taken away this shame from me DR HARRY so if you need any kind of cure contact him on drharrysolution@gmail.com website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple or whatsapp him on +2349036417079 THANKS Reply Delete Replies Reply brendaharri77@gmail.com February 24, 2020 at 2:31 PM Hello I'm From Memphis Tennessee, USA I feel so joyful today because of the help Dr Sunny has rendered to me for getting my Husband back with his spell. I have been married for 4 years and it has been so terrible because my husband was cheating on me and was seeking for a divorce. But when i came across Dr Sunny Email, on the internet posted by a lady, i decided to get in touch with him and i explained my situation to him and then seek his help but to my greatest surprise he told me that he will help me with my case for there is no problem without a solution. Here i am celebrating because my Husband is back home and am really enjoying my marriage, what a great celebration. i will keep on testifying on the internet because Dr Sunny is truly a real spell caster. Why not contact Dr Sunny now if you are facing any challenges in your relationship life. Email { solutioncentre911@gmail.com } you can call Dr or whats app him via {+2349056393169} His Also specialize in 1) love Spell 2) Pregnancy Spell 3) Divorce Spell 4) Marriage Spell 5) Healing Spell 6) Penis enlargement 7) Money Spell 8.) You want to be promoted in your office 9) you want to satisfy your lover contact this great man if you have any problem for a lasting solution Through his email via { solutioncentre911@gmail.com } . Reply Delete Replies Reply Unknown March 3, 2020 at 11:02 AM Its been 8 months since my husband returned back to me all thanks to Dr. OKO for his help. My husband left me for his boss at the office, she tricked him with what I don't know that one day my husband came home to say he will be traveling for a seminal with his boss and that was the last day he came home. For one year I have been battling with my marriage, my husband don't want to see me or our child non send money. Until I read about Dr. Oko's great work online, so I contacted him for an advice and after my encounter with oko, behold my husband came home begging for forgiveness. I forgave him and we moved on but the most surprising thing was that my husband said his boss threatened to sack him if he stop seeing her but everything turn out to be promotion, just as Dr. OKO said it was going to be in the end. I came in here to share it just in case there's anyone who is going through such or heartbreaks OKO will help you out. Contacts: okotemple@live.com (+2347084878384) Reply Delete Replies Reply Dr Padman March 11, 2020 at 5:31 PM Are you having troubles in getting your Ex Lover back, having marital problems, infertility, financial instability. Why are you bordering yourself about your lover/husband/wife breaking up with you, its time you get all your problems solved with the help of my PERMANENT SPELL CAST powers. Am specialized in all types of spell casting such as Love Spell ( to get your ex lover, husband or wife back ) Lottery Spell Money Spell Pregnancy Spell Job/Contract Spell Health Spell Wealth Spell Good luck Spell Life Spell Spiritual Spell Beauty/Shape Spell Trick Spell Fantasy Spell Spell to win court cases Am always here to help you solve all your problems and grant you all your heart desires through my spell powers. My PERMANENT SPELL CAST is 100% guarantee sure. Do get to me to help solve your problems now on Email: padmanlovespell@yahoo.com. Whatsapp +19492293867 website: https://padmanspell.com/index-3.html Reply Delete Replies Reply Rebecca Eller March 16, 2020 at 2:19 AM Spell to fix your broken marriage or relationship problem or after a divorce or Breakup,I was recently scam by two of them, until one faithful day i meet a man called Dr Oselumen who help me to get back to the father of my kid after we have been separated for two years,I only pay for the items required for the spell and he cast the spell for me within 24hours my ex husband called me and beg me to forgive him for everything until the end of the world he will never leave me again we are back together.if you need a real and quick love spell or you are passing through pregnancy problem Dr Oselumen is the answer, Please if any body needs. LOVE SPELL,LOTTERY,PREGNANCY SPELL, DIVORCE SPELL,STOP COURT CASE AND WIN ANY COURT PROBLEM,DEATH SPELL,BUSINESS SPELL AND MANY MORE YOU MAY NEED. Email him now for your own help. via email droselumen@gmail.com add him on whatsapp line or call +2348054265852. Reply Delete Replies Reply Michael Freckleton April 3, 2020 at 2:13 AM hello everyone here i am Michael Freckleton a medical doctor from France but currently in Miami , i want to share a great testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream saves me from shame and disgrace, my penis size was a big problem to me as the size was really so embarrassing and discouraging, a 39 year old full grown man like me having 4 inches penis and to worsen it i don't last in sex i cant even last two minutes it was really a thing of shame my wife was really tired of me because my sex life was very poor , she never enjoyed sex, i was always thinking and searching for solutions everywhere until last two months when i saw a testimony of how Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream have been helping people from the globe,i saw one MR PAUL KEWAH testifying of how Dr HARRY helped him enlarge his penis size so i decided to give him a try ,i visited his website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple we talked and he gave me steps to follow which i did and to my greatest surprise in less than two weeks of taking the herbal mixture cream my penis grow to 8 inches i couldn't believe my eyes and as i speak now my penis is now 10.5 inches long and i was amazed when my wife said i satisfy her so well now all thanks to Dr HARRY herbal mixture cream,i will forever be grateful To him i also learnt that Dr HARRY also have the herbal cure to problems like PENIS ENLARGEMENT ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION DIABETES type 1 and type 2 HERPES GENITAL WART LOW SPERM COUNT WEAK ERECTION BREAST ENLARGEMENT PROSTRATE CANCER HIV/AIDS SPELL OF ALL KINDS LIKE EX BACK,CANCEL DIVORCE,BREAK UP SPELL ,PREGNANCY SPELL,PROMOTION SPELL,JOB SPELL ALS HPV 123 PILE ASTHMA HEART FAILURE PREMATURE EJACULATION HEPATITIS A,B,C AND MANY MORE so if you you are suffering from any of this problems please do not hesitate to contact him now email drharrysolution@gmail.com website https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple you can call him or Whatsapp Dr Harry via whatsapp +2349036417079 thanks Reply Delete Replies Reply Clara david April 4, 2020 at 1:46 PM WHAT A GREAT MIRACLE THAT I HAVE EVER SEE IN MY LIFE. My names are Clara David I’m a citizen of USA, My younger sister was sicking of breast cancer and her name is Sandra David I and my family have taking her to all kind of hospital in USA still yet no good result. I decided to go to the internet and search for cancer cure so that was how I find a lady called peter Lizzy she was testifies to the world about the goodness of a herbal man who has the roots and herbs to cure all kind of disease and the herbal man email was there. So I decided to contact the herbal man @herbalist_sakura for my younger sister help to cure her breast cancer. I contacted him and told him my problem he told me that I should not worry that my sister cancer will be cure, he told me that there is a medicine that he is going to give me that I will cook it and give it to my sister to drink for one week, so I ask how can I receive the cure that I am in USA, he told me That I will pay for the delivery service. The courier service can transport it to me so he told me the amount I will pay, so my dad paid for the delivery fee. two days later I receive the cure from the courier service so I used it as the herbal man instructed me to, before the week complete my sister cancer was healed and it was like a dream to me not knowing that it was physical I and my family were very happy about the miracle of Doctor so my dad wanted to pay him 5 million us dollars the herbal man did not accept the offer from my dad, but I don't know why he didn't accept the offer, he only say that I should tell the world about him and his miracle he perform so am now here to tell the world about him if you or your relative is having any kind of disease that you can't get from the hospital please contact dr.sakuraspellalter@gmail.com or whats app him +2348110114739 / via his website https://drsakuraspellalter.weebly.com/ you can follow him up on Instagram @herbalist_sakura for the cure, he will help you out with the problem. And if you need more information about the doctor you can mail me davidclara223@gmail.com Reply Delete Replies Reply Hanna Rosin April 9, 2020 at 9:56 AM Thank you sir for your genuine spells. This is really incredible, and I have never experienced anything like this in my life. Before i met you Sir, i have tried every possible means that i could to get my wife back, but i actually came to realize that nothing was working out for me, and that my wife had developed lot of hatred for me.. I thought there was no hope to reunite with my ex wife and kids. But when i read good reviews about your work sir, i decided to give it a try and i did everything that you instructed me and i Trusted in you and followed your instructions just as you have guaranteed me in 48 hours, and that was exactly when my wife called me.. We are more contented now than ever. Everything looks perfect and so natural! Thank you so much for your authentic and indisputable spells. Thanks Sir for your help. So I promise to tell the world about you great If you need help in your marriage of broken relationship,please contact Dr Osasu right now for urgent help WhatsApp +2347064365391 or Email drosasu25@gmail. com I want every one who is facing any problem should also give a testimony soon. Just like me today Reply Delete Replies Reply Paul Delphine April 13, 2020 at 11:52 PM My name is hoover, my 18 years old daughter, Tricia was diagnosed of herpes 3 years ago. ever since then,we have been going from one hospital to the other. We tried all sorts of pills but all efforts to get rid of the virus was futile. The blisters kept on reappearing after some months. My daughter was making use of Acyclovir tablets 200mg. 2 tablets every 6hours and fusitin cream 15grams. and H5 POT. Permanganate with water to be applied 2x a day but all still show no result. So I was on the internet some months back, to sought for any other means of saving my only child. just then, i came across a comment on dr imoloa herbal treatment and decided to give it a try. i contacted the him and he prepared some herbs and sent it to me together with guidelines on how to use the herbs through DHL courier service. my daughter used it as directed dr imoloa and in less than 14days, my daughter regained her health.. You should contact Dr imoloa today directly on his email address for any kind of health challenge; lupus disease, mouth ulcer, mouth cancer, body pain, fever, hepatitis A.B.C., syphilis, diarrhea, HIV/AIDS, Huntington's Disease, back acne, Chronic renal failure, addison disease, Chronic Pain, Crohn's Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Fibromyalgia, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, fungal nail disease, Lyme Disease, Celia disease, Lymphoma, Major Depression, Malignant Melanoma, Mania, Melorheostosis, Meniere's Disease, Mucopolysaccharidosis , Multiple Sclerosis, Muscular Dystrophy, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Alzheimer's Disease, parkison disease, vaginal cancer, epilepsy, Anxiety Disorders, Autoimmune Disease, Back Pain, Back Sprain, Bipolar Disorder, Brain Tumour, Malignant, Bruxism, Bulimia, Cervical Disk Disease, cardiovascular disease, Neoplasms, chronic respiratory disease, mental and behavioural disorder, Cystic Fibrosis, Hypertension, Diabetes, asthma, Inflammatory autoimmune-mediated arthritis. chronic kidney disease, inflammatory joint disease, impotence, feta alcohol spectrum, Dysthymic Disorder, Eczema, tuberculosis, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease. and many more; contact him on email- drimolaherbalmademedicine@gmail.com./ also on whatssap-+2347081986098. Reply Delete Replies Reply RICHARD WILLIAMS April 14, 2020 at 11:04 AM Hello Viewers. Life has been so miserable after my Husband broke up with me 2 year ago. I never thought he could hurt me just like that then i realized how much i loved him. When he ended our relationship and i had to look for options to make sure i get him back to myself because i wasn't living fine anymore. I was directed to a Babalawo known as Dr Ogbeifun by a family friend who claimed he helped her with Court case, and protection in her work to go higher than others. Then I contact with the Babalawo and i was surprised and amazed when my Husband came back to me with he knees on the floor pleading to me for forgiveness to take he back as my lover. I thought i was dreaming because all this happened just within 24 hours and it happened as the spell Doctor as said. For that wonderful encounter with this man, i took a decision on my path that i will let the world know about DR OGBEIFUN for he's able and capable to solve any problems. Get in touch with him email : ifababalawospelltemple@gmail.com Add him on WhatsApp: +2348050680253 Reply Delete Replies Reply DEVIN TIMZ April 25, 2020 at 4:02 PM THE 3 IN 1 PENIS ENLARGEMENT COMBO WhatsApp +2348100368288, 3 IN 1 PENIS COMBO, PENIS ENLARGEMENT, CONTROL EARLY EJACULATION, ELEVATE YOU SEX DRIVE, INTENSIFY YOUR ORGANISM, MAKE MORE ROUNDS, PENIS SIZE UP CREAM, STRONG ERECTION, PENIS OIL AND PILLS It is the leading male enhancement program providing you the safest, quickest and easiest program to increase your penis size by 3 to 15 full inches - GUARANTEED!!! You can do all that in only 5 minutes per day for 3 to 5 days... My clients are reporting MASSIVE IMPROVEMENTS in their size More length, width and lots of orgasm - GUARANTEED. And PENIS POWER HERBAL REMEDY ARE YOU A ONE MINUTE MAN, DOES YOUR LOVER ASK FOR MORE AND YOU CAN’T DO IT. CONTACT DR AZIBA VIA EMAIL :Priestazibasolutioncenter@gmail.com and WhatsApp Him on +2348100368288 website https://naturalherbsmedicine.webs.com/ FACEBOOK PAGE: @DOCTOR AZIBA Reply Delete Replies Reply Dady bethel June 11, 2020 at 11:16 AM GREAT LOVE SPELL CASTER PRIEST WISDOM THAT HELP ME SAVE MY RELATIONSHIP.call +2349056393547 My name is joy berry .i want to give thanks to PRIEST WISDOM for bringing back my ex husband.No one could have ever made me believe that the letter I’m about to write would actually one day be written. I was the world’s biggest skeptic. I never believed in magic spells or anything like this, but I was told by a reliable source (a very close co-worker) that Trust is a very dedicated, gifted, and talented person,It was one of the best things I have ever done. My love life was in shambles; I had been through two divorces and was on the brink of a third. I just couldn't face another divorce, and I wanted to try harder to make our relationship work, but my husband didn’t seem to care. and he brake up with me again.I was confuse and do not no what to do again,rather them to get in contact with PRIEST WISDOM . He did a love spell that make my husband come back to me. we are now very much happy with our self. PRIEST WISDOM make him to realize how much we love and need each other.This man is for REAL and for good.he can also help you to fix your broken relationship. I had my husband back! It was like a miracle! He suddenly wanted to go to marriage counseling, and we’re doing very, very well,in our love life.contact email drafridherbalhome11gmail.com or call him up at: +2349056393547 DRAFRIDHERBALHOME11@gmail.com Reply Delete Replies Reply GET THE BEST PENIS ENLARGEMENT PRODUCT July 2, 2020 at 10:33 PM HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH https://naturalherbsmedicine.webs.com/ I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem,he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today.i asked him about some purpular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, Get Ex back ,etc....... which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure , he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all... Email: [ PRIESTAZIBASOLUTIONCENTER@GMAIL COM ] WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ] Reply Delete Replies Reply GET THE BEST PENIS ENLARGEMENT PRODUCT July 2, 2020 at 10:33 PM HOW DR AZIBA HELPED ME ENLARGE MY PENIS SIZE FROM 3.5 INCHES TO 11INCHES LONG AND 8.0 GROWTH https://naturalherbsmedicine.webs.com/ I got married 2 years ago and it just seemed that there was no excitement in my sex life. My dysfunction to perform to the best of my abilities in bed made it harder for my wife and me to have a good time during sex. And i was having the feelings that she may decide to get a divorce one day. I knew something had to be done in order to improve my sex life and to save my marriage because my marriage was already falling apart, so when i was on my Facebook page i came across a story of how Dr Aziba helped him enlarged his penis to 8ins better.so i Immediately copied the Email address of the Dr and explained to him my problem,he gave me some simply instruction which i must follow and i did easily and my friends Today, i am the happiest man on Earth, All Thanks to Dr Aziba for saving my marriage and making me a real man today.i asked him about some purpular diseases like HERPES,HIV AIDS,HEPATITES,DIABETIS, CANCERS, WART, Get Ex back ,etc....... which are affecting most people he said there is no disease without a cure , he has it all...You can as well reach the Dr below for help on your problem, for he has the solution to all... Email: [ PRIESTAZIBASOLUTIONCENTER@GMAIL COM ] WhatsAPP DR [ +2348100368288 ] Reply Delete Replies Reply mariam August 16, 2020 at 6:39 PM I feel very happy to share my great and wonderful testimony with everyone on this site..: I was married for 4 years to my husband and all of a sudden another woman came into the picture he started hating me and he was abusive.but i still loved him with all my heart and wanted him at all cost.... He filed for divorce and my whole life was turning apart and i didn't know what to do, he moved out of the house and abandoned me and the kids... my very close friend told me about trying spiritual means to get my husband back and introduced me to a spell caster so i decided to try it. although i didn't believe in all those things then when he did the special prayers and spell, after 2 days, my husband came back and was pleading that he had realized his mistakes I just couldn't believe it, anyway we are back together now and we are happy in case anyone needs help here is his email address; Account doctorirekenagba@gmail.com His spells is for a better life OR call his number +2347059630655 or contact him on WHATSAPP Reply Delete Replies Reply Lizzy Benjamin December 10, 2020 at 4:32 PM I Never Used To Believe Herbal Medicine Not Until I Was Affected With #Cholera After Taking So Many Medication And Vaccine But All To Know Avail.If Not For My Co-worker Who Saw A Testimony On How A Herbalist Dr Cure Her Of #Herpes Disease With His herbal Medication.Not Withstanding I Decided to Give Him a Try After I Contacted Him Through His Email And Explained My Predicament to Him,After the Explanation He Ask Me to Give Him Some Days To Prepare The Medicine. A Week Interval I Received My Medicine And Ask Me To Follow The Instructions Below the Medicine just (1)Week and (3)Days After Using Behold I Totally Got Cure of CHOLERA. You Can Also Reach Him For Any Health Challenge I Recommend Him For You Email �� ogodoherbalhomesolution@gmail.com WhatsApp him +2349044680467 He also specialize in treating all kinds of virus diseases such as CANCER/DIABETES PENIS ENLARGEMENT LOW SPERM COUNT BARRENNESS/MENTAL DISORDER EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE/HEPATITIS SMALL POX YELLOW FEVER SCALET FEVER TYPHOID MEASLES DIPHTHERIA WHOOPING COUGH HIV/AIDS POLIO DISEASE E.T.C The Father of Our Time May God Continue To Strengthened you. Check his website on his Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/oogoherbalhomesolution/ Reply Delete Replies Reply COURTNEY KOLSEN January 4, 2021 at 1:16 PM HOW I WON LOTTERY THROUGH DR HARRY HELP whatsapp +2349036417079 website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple Imagine becoming vastly wealthy overnight. Being a winner of a multi-million dollar lottery certainly will be a life-changing event for almost every single lottery winner. My name is Courtney Kol from Chicopee, Massachusetts, the famous PowerBall lottery winner of $758 million (£591m) in 2018. I know many people would wonder how I had won the lottery. Would you believe me if i told you that i did it with spell casting? I met this famous spell caster known as Doctor Harry and he was the one who did it for me. As shocking as it was to me my famous comment to the press was “ I’m going to go and hide in my bed.” Never did I believed that Doctor Harry actually made me wealthy overnight. (1)If you want your ex back. {2}If you want to be very successful (3)If you are searching for a job (4)You want to be promoted in your office. (5)You want women/men to run after you. (6)If you want a child. (7)You want to be rich. (8)you want to get Marriage Spells (9)Remove Sickness from your body Spells (10)Business spell (11)Lottery winning numbers (12)Bring Back Lost Love (13) penis enlargement If you want to have your chance of winning and becoming very wealthy just like me, contact Doctor harry at drharrysolution@gmail.com website link https://drharryherbaltempl.wixsite.com/solutiontemple or whatsapp him at +2349036417079 and you will be lucky. 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We met when I was 18 and he was 21. We’ve been through a lot emotionally together. There were several HUGE fights and painful situations in our marriage, but we always seemed to come out stronger on the other side. Out of the blue my husband just sprung the divorce talk on me, I was totally depressed until I found Dr.Todd website online and I ordered for a Love spell. You won’t believe my husband called me at the exact time this spell caster finished his spell work in 48hrs. I was totally amazed! He is wonderful and his spells work so fast. His Email: manifestspellcast@ gmail. com manifestspellcast.wordpress.com Reply Delete Replies Reply LISA MOORE April 18, 2021 at 8:44 AM Thank you for what you have done for me! My husband stopped filling the divorce papers after I contacted you to help me stop the divorce with my husband and now things are going much better now. As you said, all the process concerning the divorce have been canceled and the evil woman that cause the problem in my marriage has be sent away by my husband and we are now happy together, if you are having relationship or marriage problems or any other problems, you can email him at: ( drkabakaspiritualtemple@gmail.com ) or WhatsApp him ( +2349015857861 ). Thanks https://drkabakaspiritualtemple.blogspot.com/ Reply Delete Replies Reply Michael Jacob May 14, 2021 at 8:20 AM Good New Everyone !! I'm here to testify about Dr AIre I was suffering from Herpes Simplex Virus for about 4 years and I was cured by Dr Aire He sent me the medicine through DHL, I got the medicine and He instructed me on how I'm going to take the medicine, He asked me to drink for 14days which was 2weeks and I did according to his instructions, that was how I got Rid of Herpes Simplex Virus permanently, You can also contact him to get HIV/AIDS medicine by calling him or texting him on WhatsApp through this number +2347036740271 or Kindly Email him directly on; drairehome@gmail.com https://mobile.facebook.com/drairehome48 Reply Delete Replies Reply Add comment Load more... Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) About Me 11eleven As the title description says, 11eleven is all about Design, Concepts and Ideas. With the vast information available on the net, this blog collated from the best sites and made things a lot easier, simpler and practical. View my complete profile	msmarco_doc_00_3478551	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
51851	1	best lights for growing cannabis indoors	http://11il.com/best-lighting-indoor-cannabis-growing/			pas cher moncler moncler outlet sale pas cher moncler outlet pas cher moncler moncler outlet sale pas cher moncler outlet cheap canada goose canada goose outlet cheap canada goose jacket pas cher canada goose pas cher canada goose outlet pas cher canada goose jacket cheap nhl jersey wholesale nhl jersey discount nhl jersey Best Lighting for Indoor Cannabis Growing The best lighting for indoor cannabis growing is changing, with new technologies and new insights into marijuana growth. We review a range of grow lights. Skip to content Cannabis Seed Eporium Cannabis Seeds On-line Emporium About Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy Disclaimer Contact Us Medicinal Marijuana Free Seeds Best lighting for indoor cannabis growing Leave a comment Grow lights for indoor marijuana growing have been changing lately due to technological developments in lighting and due to discoveries of how different light spectrums are used by cannabis plants. Simply sticking a bright light over your plants for the duration of their grow and flowering cycles is longer seen as adequate. These days smart indoor marijuana growers will use different types of lights at different stages of the plants’ growth. We’ll look at these newer grow lights for indoor marijuana in a minute. But to start, let’s take a look at the old standby lights that still many growers use – perhaps because its easier to use what you know than to contemplate change. Though if you already know you want LEDs, scroll down a bit for information about these. HIDs (High Intensity Discharge Lamps) Most indoor marijuana growing gardens used to use High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. The two types most commonly used were Metal Halide (MH) which produce an abundance of light in the blue spectrum promoting plant growth. The other kind are High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps which emit an orange-red glow triggering hormones in plants to increase flowering/budding. The problem with HID lights is that they consume a lot of electricity for output, produce high operating temperatures, and produce a wider spectrum of light – much of which is not needed or used by the plants. In other words, HID lights are expensive to run, inefficient and a potential fire hazard. That not to say that HID lights, if used properly won’t deliver great results. They most certainly will. But when you figure in the factors of cost and safety, the newly developed fluorescent grow lights as well as the most recent kid on the block, LED lights, have clear advantages. Fluorescent lights (CFLs, Compact Fluorescent Lamps) 125w cfl High powered fluorescent lights are now specifically produced for indoor gardening. They are available in 2 types – Blue 6400K that emit the wavelength of light needed for plant/vegetative growth, and Red 2700K that emits the right wavelength of light for flowering growth. To produce great crops of marijuana you’ll need both these minds of lights – more of the ‘blue’ wavelength for the first two months and then more ‘red’ when it comes to the flowering phase. Unlike HID lights, no light falls outside of the needed spectrums which results in less waste and better growth for less power consumption. With the development of CFL grow lights, HID lighting has been largely replaced. LED (Light Emitting Diode) lights LED lights The development of LED lights are increasingly being considered the best investment for indoor growing. This is partly because of their performance (in terms of versatility and efficiency) and also the huge saving in electricity running costs. They’re also cooler, so you’ll have no worries about overheating your precious plants. One of the main advantages of LED lights is the different colour spectra you can create with them. Since plants require different wavelengths (colours) of light at different stages of their growth, using good LED lights allows you to tailor the lighting to the growth stage of your plants in order to maximise your yield. Some LED lights allow very fine-grained adjustment of the colour spectrum. Others have a more standard ratio of red and blue wavelengths (e.g., about 3 to 1), one which is considered good for all round plant growth. Other advantages of LED grow lights Other advantages of LED grow lights are the fact you’ll almost never have to replace a bulb since most of them last for 50,000 hours or more. This is roughly equivalent to having them on for 12 hours a day every day for ten years. So there’s a cost-saving right there. The other advantage, as mentioned above, is that LED lights give out much less heat than any other lighting. With good quality LED lighting, you can even dispense with ventilation and fans (again, more cost-saving). In summary, good LED lighting will save you a lot on running costs. And if you get the kind with an adjustable colour spectrum, you can really max out your yield. Thus getting bigger plants and greater yields for the same seeds and grow space. If you’re thinking of using LEDs, do a bit more research to find the best ones for you, bearing in mind that good quality LEDs are pretty pricey. On the other hand, they can give you the best results. For example, Kind LED lightshave now won several awards for their excellent efficiency and performance – more information on them below. So what is the best lighting for indoor cannabis growing? If you have the money for the initial outlay, LED lights are generally the most efficient, the most effective, and the cheapest to run. However, LEDs are the most expensive to buy. So if you don’t have the grand or so it might cost you, CFL lights are the next best choice. They’re the next most efficient to run, in terms of performance, electricity costs and bulb replacements. You can also do a limited bit of colour/spectrum targeting by using red and blue spectrum CFLs. HID lights are the old standby for indoor growing gardens but due to the advancements in CFLs and LEDs, HIDs are now largely a thing of the past since the high power consumption, high heat generation and general inefficiency no longer makes them a viable option. Conclusion In short, if you’re the experimental type who likes to be on the cutting edge of technology, LED lights are the top choice – especially if you’ve got some extra coin to invest. Otherwise you can’t go wrong with specially designed CFL grow lights. Power consumption and start-up costs are reasonable. Good performance is well documented. Here are some links to top of the range award-winning LED lights, as well as a cheaper LED light, and some good quality CFL lights. Take your pick! Selection of CFL grow lights on amazon.co.uk (UK) click on the image to see specs, prices and availability 125-300W CFL grow lights, around £20 each Cheap LED grow light – amazon.com (worldwide delivery) Lighthouse Hydro BlackStar Flowering LED Grow Light, 135-watt, $179.95 (recommended by some growers as a good one to start with if you want to do a very small grow under LED lighting) Expensive but award-winning LED grow lights – Supercloset.com (worldwide delivery) Kind LED lights, from $660 – $1895 (about £540 – £1550) Fully adjustable 12-colour light spectrum, built-in timer, remote control (on some models) Winner of High Times “Gear of the Year” awards several years running! (Click on the picture for more information and/or to order. Or click here to read our review: Best LED grow lights) A few tips on using CFL grow lights During the vegetative phase, the plants should be given 16 to 20 hours of light per 24 hours. (This is usually the first two months, depending on the strain.) Some say you should grow your crop longer before inducing flowering as it results in a better more potent crop. But of course it depends to a degree on the strain. And opinions differ even among growers of the same strains. The length of the periods of light should be reduced to no more that 12 hours every 24 hours when shifting to flowering period (which will usually last between 8 and 11 weeks depending on strain). The plants will continue to grow in the flowering phase and can easily double, or even triple in size. Using UVA and UVB lights for indoor cannabis growing “The Dutchman” grower is experimenting with using UVA and UVB lights. He claims they are the best lighting for indoor cannabis growing if you want to increase the potency of your crop. For how to do this, watch the video here. And to get the grow lights he recommends – 4 ft Zoo MedReptiSun 10.0 UVB/UVA Bulbs – click here: UVA-UVB lights by Zoo Med on amazon.com UVA-UVB lights by Zoo Med on amazon.co.uk Good luck with your grow! Leave a Reply Cancel reply You must be logged into post a comment. Free Marijuana Seeds Growing Elite Marijuana (Advanced) Buy With Bitcoin & Get Up To 25% Off! Best Weed For Sex :) Ramblings :) Why I am offering free marijuana seeds already subscribed Seed Revolution CBD and Spa Services – what’s the connection First time smoking marijuana? 5 Strains to Treat Chronic Pain 9 Ways to Live a Healthier Lifestyle with Cannabis Is cannabis good for skin health? 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866254	1	what kind of animals are found in a desert	http://1214.virtualclassroom.org/desert_flora.html			Desert-Flora and Fauna Your description Diving Club home Biomes Marine Location Climate Flora and Fauna Lifestyle Interesting Facts Tundra Location Climate Flora and Fauna Lifestyle Interesting Facts Desert Location Climate Flora and Fauna Lifestyle Interesting Facts Grassland Location Climate Flora and Fauna Lifestyle Interesting Facts Forest Location Climate Flora and Fauna Lifestyle Interesting Facts Games Videos Reflections Helping Focus Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts Hailto the magnificient cosmos ofDeserts FLORA AND FAUNA Desert Biomes Location Climate Flora and Fauna Lifestyle Interesting Facts Credits Flora And Fauna Thar The Thar Flora - The fauna of this area is termed as Northern Desert Thorn Forest, consisting of various trees, shrubs and herbs. These plants are prone to wind erosion. Names of some plants found in this desert- Acacia Jacquemontii, Calligonum Polygonoides, Dactyloctenium Scindicum etc. Fauna- This region is rich in diversified flora and fauna. Several endemic snakes and lizards are found here. Animals such as the Blackbuck, the Indian Gazelle and the Indian Wild Ass, which are fast declining in other areas, are found in this desert. Camels are one of the most popular means of transport. Arabian Desert FLORA Flora of this desert is such that it can survive in a limited water supply and tolerate salt. Oasis are surrounded by the 'Tamarisk Tree' . It accommodates flowering plants such as convolvulus, mustard, pea, daisy, caper, iris, and milkweed families. FAUNA Fauna of this desert includes many different kind of species. It comprises of Insects such as Anopheles mosquito, Caterpillar, Scorpions, Spiders, Lice, Ants, Butterflies, Moths and Roaches. Snakes such as Vipers and Sand Cobra are commonly found. It constitutes of Mammals such as Ratel, Fox, Wild Goat. Karakum Desert Flora The vegetation in the desert is quite diverse, consisting mainly of grass, small shrubs, bushes, and trees. The humid early spring allows the extensive growth of ephemeral plants-the main animal fodder-while in the barchan dune areas the classic vegetation consists of grasses, the wormwood shrub, and trees of the species Ammodendron conollyi. The most widespread bushes are species of Astragalus,Calligonum, and saltwort . In places of deep underground water, white saxaul is the most typical plant, but, in regions where water is nearer to the surface, the black saxaul is found. The plant life of the Turkmen Karakum can be used as food in winter by camels, sheep, and goats. Fauna Animals are not abundant in the Karakum, but they are of many kinds. The insects include ants, termites, ticks, beetles, darkling beetles, dung beetles, and spiders. Various species of lizards, snakes, and turtles are also found. The most regular birds are skylarks, saxaul sparrows, wagtails, desert sparrows, and Pander's ground jays .The rodents found are gophers and jerboas. Such mammals as the tolai hare, hedgehog, barchan cat, corsac fox, and goitered gazelle usually exist on the plains. Sahara Desert Flora Due to sparsity of water there is no or small amount of flora present there. Before the Sahara became a desert it was full of Mediterranean vegetation and now only cypruss and laurel can be sighted there. Plants here are adopted such that there is minimum water loss and lot of water absorption takes place. To this they have spines called the modified leaves from which transpiration is very less they have very long and strong so that they can reach the most humid layers of the earth and suck water, their water accumulating tissue is covered with wax layer so that there is less water wastage and also they make their roots uneatable. Date palms trees are essential for the people to live in oasis because they are an energetic source of food, tress are used for making baskets, mats, ropes, covers for the huts and the most essential use that it protects the nomads from the sun's heat. Fauna Today, due to abridgement of water and vegetation the scope for the living of animals is infitesmial. There are some exceptions to this this statement: the Nile River valley, northern highland, and some oases where some Mediterranean plants such as olive have been sighted. Around in 200 AD the use of camel was started in region because they were more advantageous than horse they could easily move on sand and could for a rangy period without food and water. The desert is home to multifarious macabre scorpions, snakes and rodents. One of the renowned cadaverous creature found in the desert is the death stalker scorpions which is very venomous. There are 40 plus species of rodents. Screw horn antelope is one of largest indigenous mammal. It remains in herds and the most interesting thing about this animal is that it does not drink water but sucks the moisture from the desert grasses and bushes. The carnivores blotched there are jackals and several types of hyenas. Another carnivores spotted there is Mall Fennec fox who house themselves in the sand dunes during the day and at night they come out to encapture their prey. Kalahari Desert Flora Most common types of trees found in the Kalahari Desert are the camel thorn and shepherd's trees. The southwestern Kalahari, with very low precipitation, has few trees or large bushes. The central Kalahari, with more rain, has scattered trees and some shrubs and grasses. The northern Kalahari has open woodlands, palm trees growing among thorn brush, and forests. It has no apppearence of a desert. One of the largest and most unusual of the trees found here is the baobab. Kalahari desert melon is a valuable, edible resource for humans and other animals in the desert because of its hydrating properties. The seeds can be pressed to make oil, which is used to moisturize skin and hair. The Kalahari melon looks much like watermelon, and it can be eaten raw or cooked. Ghaap, or hoodia cactus, is a flowering cactus that is used by hunters and gatherers to suppress hunger and thirst during hunting trips through the desert. The plant in the Kalahari's harsh conditions are smaller plants such as grasses or the flowering Devil's Claw, which have tubers or corms that remain underground and enable the plant to flourish when water is available. In some areas, larger plants such as the camel thorn and the black thorn have adapted to the climate. Cacti thrive in the heat due to their ability to store moisture. Fauna Southern Kalahari is home to multifarious amphibious animals as it recieves satisfactory rain. Bushveldt rain frog and the tremolo sand frog are found in immense numbers. The giant bullfrog buries itself during the dry season, drops its metabolism to one-quarter of the normal rate and sustains itself using moisture stored in its digestive tract. Flamingos and vultures are found close to river areas. Black and white rhinos, elephants and wild dogs, meerkats and lions are also found in this desert. Antelope species gemsbok and springbok are hunted. The Kalahari lion hunts small species, maintains a large territory and lives in a small pride. Males have a black mane instead of a golden mane. The northern Kalahari has a large number of giraffes, zebras, elephants, buffalo, and antelopes, predators such as lions, cheetahs, leopards, wild hunting dogs, and foxes, mammals such as jackals, hyenas, warthogs, baboons, badgers, anteaters, ant bears, hare, and porcupines, small rodents, several types of snakes and lizards, and a wealth of birdlife. Taklimakan Desert Flaura n fauna • The Taklamakan Desert supports small populations of animals like wild Bactrian camels, Asian wild asses, wolves, foxes, gazelles and wild boars. • Camels, in particular, can tolerate the dryness of the desert area, and they are able to seal their slit-like nostrils closed, keeping out sand and dust. • The Taklamakan Desert is almost devoid of vegetation. Tamarisk, nitre bushes and reeds are the only types of greenery found in the depressions between the dunes; however, plant life is much richer along the edges of the desert area. • Because the fertility of the soil is so low to begin with, the fallow fields have tended to become desert rather than to revert to grassland. • In addition, the more recent market-oriented rural reforms have encouraged a rapid expansion of herd sizes, which in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. in turn have led to overgrazing and further intensified the desertification process. North American Desert Flora Soil of the North American desert is akin to that in humid region but the soil is not blessed with the organisms that enrich the soil. Most of the older surfaces belong to the dry-soil order called arid sols. In this Desert moisture presence in the soil is one of the most significant factor in deciding the texture of the plants communities. Many of the desert plants are xerophytes or phreatophytes. Sagebrush and saltbush are some of the trees found in that region. Sonoran desert has many trees that prevent the moisture from getting lost, one such example is cacti. Arizona desert is known for its massive saguaro and the barrel cacti. Chihuahuan desert is also one of the parts of North American desert which consist of massive scattering of large trees and shrubby undergrowth. Peculiar temperature and moisture conditions make the lichens, mosses and insects more complex. Fauna The desert has many of multifarious animals from all around the world. Due to harsh day time climate that occur from the month of May to the month of October, so many animals like the bats, scorpions, screech owls, mice and lizards all comes out to enjoy the coolness of the evening and hunt for their prey. As we go by the pathways in the North American desert we can notice plethora of birds of prey such as hawks, falcons, eagles and vulture. Mammals like badgers, wolves and mountains lions can also be encountered as we approach closer to the eagle canyon. The desert also has Bighorn Mountains that have one of the unusual species of desert big South American Desert The Atacama Desert FLORA People can observe the pinnacle of Atacama Desert in September and November on the occasions in which earlier it received precipitation. The desert is also home to multifarious cactus, succulents and other species of xerophilous flowers. The Monte Desert FLORA AND FAUNA The flora of the area is much more varied than the close by Patagonian Desert (which contains mainly shrubs and grasses) and the Atacama Desert (which is pretty much devoid of life). Shrubs and grasses are not only widespread, but tall cacti even appear in the more welcoming areas of the desert. The fauna of the area is also very similar to that of the Patagonian Desert, only in greater diversity and number due to the Monte's more open conditions. Small mammals like mice abound and larger animals like the guanaco and burrowing owl can be found as well. Patagonian Desert FLORA AND FAUNA In spite of the harsh desert environment, a number of animals endeavor into and live in the Patagonian. Some only live on the more livable and geographically-varied border of the desert, where food is more plentiful and the environment less hostile, but all are found within the region encompassing the Patagonian. The burrowing owl, lesser rhea , guanaco, pygmy armadillo, Patagonian weasel, puma, and various species of eagle and hawk are a few of the variety of animals living in the region. The flora of the region is quite common for its climate and includes several species of desert shrubs like tuft grasses like Stipa . Aquatic grasses and larger flora exist on the outskirts of the desert and around the short-lived lakes that form from the Andes' runoff. Australian Desert FLORA Not many species can survive in the harsh desert climate but still the Australian deserts have quite a few species of plants. In the Great Victoria Desert Eucalyptus gongylocarpa, Eucalyptus youngiana and mulga (Acacia aneura) shrubs are scattered over areas of resilient spinifex grasses particularly Triodia basedowii. The same is the case with the Great Sandy desert with vegetation being dominated by spinifex. FAUNA Only a few species of animals adapt to the severe climate including species of birds, mammals and lizards. In the Great Victoria Desert the great desert skink (Egernia kintorei) and Crest-tailed Mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda) are some of the lizard species found. Birds like the Chestnut-breasted Whiteface (Aphelocephala pectoralis) is also found. Animals occurring in the The Great Sandy Desert include feral camels, dingos, goannas (including the large Perentie) and numerous species of lizard and birds. Other animal inhabitants include Bilbies, Mulgara, Marsupial mole, Rufous Hare-wallaby, Thorny Devils, Bearded Dragons, and the Red Kangaroo. Back to Top… SMS,Janakpuri,New DElhi,India © Copyright Global Virtual Classroom 2012-2013 created by GVC1214 Team Last Updated on April 1, 2013 Website Template designed by TemplateMonster.com	msmarco_doc_00_3812914	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
867975	1	what kind of epic hero is odysseus	http://123helpme.com/odysseus-an-epic-hero-preview.asp?id=188075	odysseus: an epic hero - 1121 Words \| 123 Help Me	odysseus: an epic hero odysseus: an epic hero sdfgsadfg An Epic Odyssey Odysseus the Hero Odysseus Weaknesses Heroic Qualities of Odysseus by Homer Odysseus: The Altruistic Hero Achilles: An Inspiring Hero? Odysseus' Character as Genuine Hero Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey The Amazing Leadership of Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey	odysseus: an epic hero - 1121 Words \| 123 Help Me odysseus: an epic hero 1121 Words5 Pages Is Odysseus An Epic Hero? Is Odysseus, the main character of Homer’s The Odyssey, really an epic hero? An epic hero embodies several heroic traits such as; having superior or super-human strength; being intellectual and courageous; and being a strong and responsible leader. An epic hero struggles and is overwhelmed with difficulties. An epic hero is on a quest of self discovery, war or some sort of goal. In the Odyssey, Odysseus is on a quest to return home to Ithaca after ten years of war in Troy. Odysseus, during his quest, is forced to venture through a merciless Cyclops, angered Gods, deeply obstinate Goddesses, the underworld, and determined suitors that are after his wife Penelope. Odysseus surmounts over these obstacles and returns home safely with courage, intelligence, superior strength, brave leadership, and also performs brave deeds. In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior and super human strength to overcome the suitors. In The Odyssey, Penelope holds a contest for all the suitors. She declares that she will marry the one who can string and shoot Odysseus’s bow through all the twelve axes. None of the suitors were able to bend the bow and string it. Odysseus disguised as a beggar then asks if he can try the bow. “Meantime wise Odysseus, when he handled the great bow and scanned it closely, — even as one well-skilled to play the lyre and sing stretches with ease round its new peg a string, securing at each end the twisted sheep-gut; so without effort did Odysseus string the mighty bow. Holding it now with his right hand, he tried its cord; and clear to the touch it sang, voiced like the swallow…. Then laying the arrow on the arch, he drew the string and arrow notches, and forth from the bench on which he sat let fly the shaft, with careful aim, and did not miss an axe’s ring from first to last, but clean through all sped on the bronze-tipped arrow” (Homer 210-211). Odysseus used his superior strength to bend his bow for he was the only one who was able to bend it and string it. In his quest, Odysseus uses his superior intellect to outsmart Polyphemus, the Cyclops. Odysseus and his men arrive on the land of the Cyclops. Odysseus then chooses his twelve best men and travel through the mainland and come across a cave. Odysseus and his men make themselves at ... ... middle of paper ... ... here, could have left his men under the influence and sailed off but instead he dragged all by forced and brought them to order. Everything Odysseus did wasn’t a quality of an epic hero. For example, Odysseus raided the Ismarus, the city of the Cicones. Odysseus and his men took all the treasures and woman. Odysseus also was dissolute to Penelope. Odysseus was with Circe for one year and with Calypso for seven years. This makes Odysseus seem less of an epic hero, but if you consider the other facts about him you should think otherwise. Odysseus was superior in strength for being the only person to be able to bend and string his bow. Odysseus was intelligent and courageous by standing up to Polyphemus. Odysseus was a responsible and strong leader by forcing his men under the influence to get on the ship and continue their journey home. Therefore, I can conclude that Odysseus is truly an epic hero. Odysseus had many difficulties throughout his journey, but he strived to continue despite his many encounters with gods, goddesses, Cyclops, and suitors. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Minneola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1999. Show More sdfgsadfg 1220 Words \| 5 Pages In Homer’s The Odyssey, all of the side characters function as foils in some extent to Odysseus. Their differences to him serve to highlight Odysseus’ true greatness and his ability to overcome and outsmart every obstacle placed before him. Odysseus is one of the most heroic and recognizable characters in all of fiction. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus and his crew are placed into increasingly perilous situations, and throughout all the hardships faced, Odysseus always succeeded. Odysseus is a different kind of Greek hero, however. Read More An Epic Odyssey 1546 Words \| 7 Pages Odysseus does not strictly follow this typical structure because his return home is one of the biggest challenges of all. Odysseus meets the first trait of a hero, to begin with, by being highly born. Although Odysseus is not a descendent of the gods, like some epic heroes, he is the King of Ithaca. Odysseus is a strong leader and is loved by his servants, many of whom stay loyal to him while he is gone. Odysseus keeps Ithaca very close to his heart. Read More Odysseus the Hero 738 Words \| 3 Pages Instantly Penelope knew it was him and apologize for antagonizing him. Odysseus’ story has been re-told, passed on, and admired for generations on end. This story not only shows a story of doing what you think is right, but it also show the story of one of the worlds most known hero. Odysseus is a strong hero, showing strength, courage, and weakness, which are all traits of many other heroes. Not only does he have these traits, but he is able to understand what is right for the whole group. Read More Odysseus Weaknesses 1207 Words \| 5 Pages Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, “Character is higher than intellect. A great soul will be strong to live as well as think.” Odysseus never loses sight of home; he is a great leader and always encourages his men in times of fear and hopelessness. Odysseus’ character gives him strength to keep moving forward in his journey back to Ithaca but his intelligence is a major factor in his survival as well. In the beginning of Odysseus’ journey home, Poseidon changes the course of Odysseus’ ship and leads him to the island of the Cyclopes. While there, his men quickly steal as much food as they can and get back on the boat. Read More Heroic Qualities of Odysseus by Homer 1092 Words \| 5 Pages Odysseus' wit, wisdom and courage make him a true hero, yet Homer’s novel indicates that wit overrules all. Throughout his journey home, his wit contributed the greatest to his survival and escape. Whether it be from the Cyclops or killing the Suitors when he came back to Ithica, Orysseus used his wits and cunning to his greatest advantage. Through all the obstacles Odysseus faced on his journey, he used his wits to prove himself by coming up with solutions to reach his goal and reuniting himself with his family and kingdom. The Odyssey is wonderful story as it shows that a true hero isn’t just costumes, good looks and galore, but much more on the inside. Read More Odysseus: The Altruistic Hero 993 Words \| 4 Pages Similarly, the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer tells the story of Odysseus’s long journey back home while he deals with many adversities along the way. However, he is able to fight over those obstacles by using his intelligence, great leadership and faithfulness. As a result, he is able to return back to Ithaca. Those traits are evidence for his capability of being a true hero. In Homer’s The Odyssey, Odysseus is proven to be a hero with intelligence, leadership and faithfulness, and thus reveal the possible theme that says: what makes a man a hero is his selfless actions for the sake of others, to make the impossible become possible itself.” Odysseus’ heroism is shown through his intelligence. Read More Achilles: An Inspiring Hero? 666 Words \| 3 Pages Being born a demigod, he exemplifies the power and leadership of the gods before him (The History Channel, 2014). Of course, he also shows leadership in his moral decisions during the war against the Trojans. This is shown by his sense of grief and mercy when he is faced with the Trojan king, Priam (Fiero, 84). Achilles is also very moral in the way that he strictly follows the rules of the gods. While his story occurred so many years ago, his legacy has come to influence many people in today’s age. Read More Odysseus' Character as Genuine Hero 864 Words \| 4 Pages The Iliad & the Odyssey. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1999. Print. Homer, Robert Fagles, and Bernard Knox. The Iliad. Read More Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey 945 Words \| 4 Pages Honor is essential to the Homeric heroes, so much that life would be meaningless without it. Thus, honor is more important than life itself. Throughout the Iliad, heroic characters make decisions based on a specific set of principles, which are referred to as the “code of honor.” The heroic code that Homer presents to readers is easy to recognize because the heroic code is the cause for many of the events that take place, but many of the characters have different perceptions of how highly the code should be regarded. Hector, the greatest of the Trojan warriors, begins the poem as a model for a hero. His dedication and firm belief in the code of honor is described many times throughout the course of the Iliad. Read More The Amazing Leadership of Odysseus in Homer's The Odyssey 752 Words \| 4 Pages The epic poem The Odyssey by the ancient Greek writer Homer takes us deep into the life of a man called Odysseus. As the reader gets to know Odysseus many sides of his character are exposed through the challenges he faces. Though he and his crew face danger and obstacles every step of the way Odysseus’s character hardly changes. The entire book Odysseus longs to see his wife but he is a good man and a courageous leader. When the times get tough, the tough gets going and that’s exactly what Odysseus did when the Trojan War started. Read More	msmarco_doc_00_4095309	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
682777	1	what is a factor of 13	http://13.what-are-the-factors.com/	What Are the Factors of 13?	What Are the Factors of 13? What Are the Factors of 13?	What Are the Factors of 13? What Are the Factors of 13? The factors of 13 are 1, 13. This is how to find the factors of 13. The first two factors - and sometimes the only two - are the number itself, and 1. Try 1. 1 x 13 = 13, so put these into our factor list. 1 ... 13 Take 2... no good. 13/2 isn't a whole number. So we skip 2. Now take 3... no. 13/3 isn't a whole number. So we skip 3. Next try 4... no luck. 13/4 isn't a whole number. So we skip 4. Now, since we don't have any more numbers to try, we're done! 1 13 ... What Are the Factors of 1? What Are the Factors of 2? What Are the Factors of 3? What Are the Factors of 4? What Are the Factors of 5? What Are the Factors of 6? What Are the Factors of 7? What Are the Factors of 8? What Are the Factors of 9? What Are the Factors of 10? What Are the Factors of 11? What Are the Factors of 12? What Are the Factors of 13? What are the prime factors of 13? What is the prime factorization of 13 ? What Are the Factors of 14? What Are the Factors of 15? What Are the Factors of 16? What Are the Factors of 17? What Are the Factors of 18? What Are the Factors of 19? What Are the Factors of 20? What Are the Factors of 21? What Are the Factors of 22? What Are the Factors of 23? What Are the Factors of 24? What Are the Factors of 25? What Are the Factors of 26? What Are the Factors of 27? What Are the Factors of 28? What Are the Factors of 29? What Are the Factors of 30? What Are the Factors of 31? What Are the Factors of 32? What Are the Factors of 33? What Are the Factors of 34? What Are the Factors of 35? What Are the Factors of 36? What Are the Factors of 37? What Are the Factors of 38? What Are the Factors of 39? What Are the Factors of 40? What Are the Factors of 41? What Are the Factors of 42? What Are the Factors of 43? ...	msmarco_doc_00_4593158	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
574522	1	what are the threats to the tundra environment?	http://133742982329820735.weebly.com/environmental-issues.html	Environmental Issues - The Tundra and Polar Grasslands	Value & Importance Human Impacts What can we do?	Environmental Issues - The Tundra and Polar Grasslands Value & Importance Tundras are important because they have specific species and plants that can only grow in these regions. Without these regions we wouldn't have Arctic Fox- "Aloplex Lagopus" or Caribou- "Rangifer tarandus"- Reindeer. We also would have a hard time finding plants like Arctic Moss , Arctic Willow, Bearberry , or Caribou Moss. The areas Tundras are typically found in areas that contain a lot of methane. The methane lies under the permafrost of the soil. When the permafrost melts, large amounts of permafrost will be let into the atmosphere and heat up the earth. This biome is also good for a vacation site, because there are so few areas like this certain spots contain large amounts of tourism. This helps towns make some easy money and keep their economy going. Human Impacts Global warming caused by greenhouse gases is a major threat to the permafrost in parts of the tundra region. This process causes the emission of more carbon dioxide and methane to be released from the melting arctic surfaces into the atmosphere, accelerating the rate of global warming. Due to this, the polar ice caps are melting at an alarmingly fast rate. Polar bears have been found dead in the ocean because the ice is breaking from the melting permafrost. Because of the short growing season, the vegetation and soil recover very slowly from damages. This being said, human activities such as oil drilling sites, pipelines, and mines all cause habitat fragmentation and disrupt fragile ecosystems in the tundra biome. What can we do? We can switch to more alternative energy to decrease human impacts on global warming. We can also establish more protected areas and park reserves to limit human influence on habitats. Finally we can also limit tourism and road construction, specifically in already fragile ecosystems.	msmarco_doc_00_4615711	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
597195	1	what colony produced iron	http://13original-colonies.weebly.com/middle-colonies.html	Middle Colonies - The Thirteen Original Colonies	The Thirteen Original Colonies The Middle Colonies Region All about the Middle Colonies...	Middle Colonies - The Thirteen Original Colonies The Thirteen Original Colonies Home New England Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Miscellaneous The Middle Colonies Region Read all about it! Button Text All about the Middle Colonies... Geography in the Middle Colonies: The Middle Colonies included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Delaware. The farmers in the Middle Colonies were the most successful farmers in all the colonies. They were often called the "breadbasket" colonies because they grew so much food. The Hudson and Delaware rivers run through this region. These rivers encouraged shipping and commerce. Rich soil and mild winters made it great for farming. People of the Middle colonies and Motivations of Immigrants to this Region: The Middle Colonies attracted a lot of ethnic and religious diversity to this region. The Dutch built the colony of New Netherland in what is now New York State. Swedish people also settled here. The Middle Colonies also welcomed dissenters who had been banished from Puritan New England. Many other people like Quakers, German Lutherans, Jewish, and French Protestants all came to the Middle Colonies. The people who founded the Middle Colonies were looking to practice their own religion. Another reason was for money. Many didn't bring their families and were perfect workers for iron works and ship yards. Economy of this Region: The farmers of this region grew wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn. They produced flour from the wheat they grew and sold it in other colonies or to Europe. These colonies were part agriculture and part industrial. Factories in Maryland produced iron and paper, textiles were produced in Pennsylvania factories. Lumber and shipbuilding industries also had success her. Fur trapping was done by rivers in these colonies. Most of the labor in these colonies was done by indentured servants. Later a lot of slaves were used for labor. Culture in the Middle Colonies: In the Middle Colonies there were no tax supported churches. Any religion and ethnic group was welcomed there was religious freedom and equality to all. Quakers that lived in this region valued hard work and thrift. These values and Penn's policies helped poor immigrants become rich. Schools in the Middle Colonies were largely religious. They taught the teachings of one religion. Because of this most schools were private. School-aged children were taught subjects so they could get into college. Girls were not allowed to attend school unless they were Quakers.	msmarco_doc_00_4725533	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
760970	1	what is iso14001	http://14000store.com/what-is-iso-14001.aspx	What is ISO 14001? - ISO 14000 Store	What is ISO 14001? What is ISO 14001? Basics of ISO 14001 Other helpful topics:	What is ISO 14001? - ISO 14000 Store What is ISO 14001? ISO 14001:2015 is the international standard that states requirements for an effective environmental management system, otherwise referred to as EMS. ISO standards provide a framework for organizations to follow. All ISO standards are voluntary; organizations can decide whether or not to comply with these standards. So what is ISO? ISO is the International Organization of Standardization, a worldwide organization that develops different types of standards to be integrated into an organization’s system. According to ISO, an environmental management system is defined as a management system that manages environmental aspects, fulfills compliance obligations and addresses risks and opportunities as it regards to environmental issues. ISO updates their requirements every 7 years, with the newest version of the standard being ISO 14001:2015. The newest version uses a high-level structure, mandatory definitions, and incorporates common standard requirements and clauses used in all ISO standards. Read “ Who is ISO ” for more information… ISO 14000 is a series of documents relating to the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS). Read about the entire ISO 14000 Family of Standards ISO 14001:2015 – The requirements of an EMS ISO 14004:2016 – EMS Guidelines ISO 14005:2010 – Guidance on a phased approach Read What is an EMS? ISO 14001:2015 is the document which defines the requirements for the EMS and provides guidance for its use. Buy a Copy The standard requires your organization to: Determine your organization’s impact on the environment and relevant regulations to the operations of the business. Create a plan to control your processes to minimize the environmental impact. Monitor the effectiveness of the system at meeting objectives as well as legal and other. Continually analyze the results and improve your systems. Basics of ISO 14001 Other helpful topics: What is an EMS? What are the requirements? Benefits of ISO 14001 Comparing ISO 9001 & 14001 View Demo In the US, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) writes environmental laws that organizations must follow. Although this standard is strictly voluntary, it provides the framework to evaluate and manage an organizations’ environmental impact and is the easiest way to comply. Why do companies want to pursue an EMS? Fundamentally, it is everyone’s job to protect the environment by preventing pollution and continually improving the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the earth we inhabit. Organizations are becoming increasingly concerned in achieving sound environmental performance, often while delivering cost savings and demonstrating that you are a “Good Corporate Citizen”. In essence the standard will: Protect the environment by preventing pollution Improve air and water Prevent the earth from soil erosion or other environmental problems The standard is also beneficial for your business it helps: To reduce accidents in an organization To get client trust and satisfaction by substantiating to ISO 14000 standard To become good citizens by achieving best environmental performance To reduce legal responsibility and risk contact by making sure with safe and effective environmental management system To get competitive benefit by using environmental improvements to increase marketing efforts To reduce costs by avoiding too much environmental waste Market Pressure Many organizations decide to Implement ISO 14001 and obtain registration because it assures customers, shareholders, suppliers, regulators and the community at large that the company has a good Environmental Management System (EMS) in place. An organization with an effective EMS will typically meet customer expectations and comply with regulations better than an organization that does not have an effective EMS. Many organizations require their suppliers to have ISO 14001 Registration. ISO/IEC 17050 – Conformity assessment- suppliers declaration of conformity requirements Review article “ Benefits of ISO 14001 ” to learn more Read our example of ISO 14001 applied to baking cookies. Download ISO’s “ ISO 14001 for Small Business ” brochure Understand the Benefits & Costs and how the standard can help you evaluate the advantage to your organization. Intro to ISO 14001 gives more information help ISO 14001 Watch ISO’s Movie: ISO 14001: The World’s Environmental Standard: YouTube Subscribe Watch later Copy link Info Shopping Tap to unmute If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. You're signed out Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. 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1063402	1	why did the ferdinand and isabella started the inquisition	http://15minutehistory.org/2013/01/30/episode-10-the-spanish-inquisition/	Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition		Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition Skip to main content 15 Minute History 15 Minute History is a history podcast designed for historians, enthusiasts, and newbies alike. Menu Episodes Speakers Donate January 30, 2013 Episode 10: The Spanish Inquisition Audio Player https://podcasts.la.utexas.edu/15-minute-history/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2018/03/Episode-10_-The-Spanish-Inquisition.mp3 00:00 00:00 00:00 Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Download file \| Play in new window The Spanish Inquisition has cast a long shadow in the public imagination, with Inquisitors playing the role of villain on stage and screen. But what was the Inquisition-really? Established in 1480 to deal with heresies under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, the Spanish Inquisition was a highly regulated institution with enormous political and legal power whose influence reached all the way to the Americas for over three hundred years. Guest Miriam Bodian from UT’s Department of History separates truth from legend and reveals the intricacies of the Inquisition’s processes and inner workings. Guests Mariam Bodian Professor in the Department of History and Director of the Institute for Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Austin Hosts Joan Neuberger Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin Read Transcript... Can you tell us what the institution of the Spanish Inquisition was, when it was in operation, and in general what its purpose was? The Inquisition was established in Spain in 1480 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella who are better known for having supported Christopher Columbus’s voyages to America. They came to power with a problem on their hands. Almost a century earlier, there had been mass riots throughout Spain during the summer of 1391, and many thousands of Jews were forcibly baptized. After they were baptized, they were expected to live as Christians, but many of them continued to practice Judaism as well as they could in secret. The Inquisition was designed to expose cases of what they called “Judaizing”–that is, reverse conversion to Judaism among these forced converts and their descendants–in order to purify Spain of this ‘heresy.’ Auto de fé, Plaza Mayor, Madrid, 1683 How important was the Inquisition in early modern Spain? Was this something that everyone had contact with and knew about? Yes. There is nothing that has ever appeared on stage or screen that has adequately conveyed the power of this enormous institution. Until it was abolished in 1834, it enjoyed the full support of the Spanish crown, it had 23 tribunals, including 3 in the Americas. An Inquisitor General stood at the center of its vast bureaucracy over inquisitors, prosecutors, comisarios, notaries, and other functionaries. It could call on a veritable army of familiares, or lay officials, who supplied information and aided the Inquisition in various ways. I should add that its power was greatly enhanced by its secrecy. This made fair trials from our point of view almost impossible. Once prisoners were admitted to the secret cells, as they were called, they had no contact with the outside world, although smuggling of information was not unknown, and, until formal charges were brought, they weren’t told why they were being held. Even afterward, the identity of the persons who had denounced them was withheld, and the accusations against them were worded to protect their identity. At least two denunciations were require to proceed to trial, but heresy evidence was entirely acceptable. So, the secrecy was one of the keys to both its power and the terror that it invoked. And how did the Inquisition decide who to arrest? Did they randomly pick people up that they thought might be heretics, or were they careful about identifying who they thought might be enemies or heretics? This is an area with a lot of misunderstanding. The Inquisition did not round up and immediately punish people. There were very exacting regulations that governed its activities, and they were very detailed. There is a huge mass of records of individual cases which have only begun to be explored, and they generally attest to the scrupulousness of the Inquisitors, notaries, and other officials in following these regulations. No one could be arrested without some kind of evidence of guilt in hand, so whatever evidence had been supplied (usually by denunciations) was examined and a vote was taken before the inquisition proceeded to arrest. After that, the suspect was imprisoned for the duration of the trial, but before charges were formally brought against him or her–and this could take months–the suspect appeared before the tribunal and was questioned and admonished, or warned. The suspect could confess at any point – that would shorten the trial and lighten the punishment. If he or she didn’t confess, at least fully, at the first audience, two more attempts would be made and then a formal accusation was made. After the formal accusation, the inquisition gave the suspect an advocate. This was like a lawyer, but this lawyer was a paid functionary of the Inquisition, and it was really his job to try to get the prisoner to confess. Occasionally an advocate did act to defend the prisoner and try to ensure a fairer outcome, but for the most part they were there to secure a confession. Suspects could also name people who might testify on their behalf: a priest, a parish priest, or somebody with some social status that they knew. They could also name people that they felt might have denounced them unlawfully, for example: a neighbor with whom they quarreling or, very often, an angry servant. Sometimes they named an entire Rolodex of acquaintances, including family members, to exclude almost everyone from consideration as a sincere, honest denouncer. So, the Inquisition had very specific rules and structures for accusing people. My assumption was that they targeted Jews in particular as heretics. Is that true? Actually, the Inquisition didn’t prosecute Jews, at least not unbaptized Jews. It prosecuted religious crimes only if they were committed by what it termed heretics. By definition, a heretic had to be a baptized person–it was somebody who had deviated from orthodoxy after having been baptized into the Church. So, the Jews that the Inquisition targeted were what were called the conversos, often referred to in the Inquisition documents as “ judios ” or “ judeos ” in Portuguese, which is the word for Jew. They were descendants of Jews who had been forcibly baptized in Spain in and after 1391. Did they ever target people who were not related to, or in some way descended from, Jews? Did they arrest people for witchcraft or sorcery? They actually arrested people for all kinds of things once the Inquisition was in place. It tended to extend its authority rather than shrink it, as most institutions do. They prosecuted crypto-Muslims, bigamists, homosexuals. They prosecuted Old Christians for various crimes against the faith. The one thing they didn’t really prosecute against was witchcraft, and this is interesting because witches were tried in so many European lands as well as in New England. The Inquisitors tended to be very rationalistic and for the most part didn’t believe there was such a thing as witchcraft. So, there was really only one outstanding episode of witch hunting in the 350-odd years of the Inquisition’s existence. This took place in the north of Spain in the Kingdom of Navarre, from 1609-1611. In fact, most scholars agree that Spain was notably free of witch trials in comparison to the rest of Europe. Did the Inquisition use torture on prisoners? Well, yes. But not as much as most people think. It didn’t apply torture indiscriminately. Most prisoners were not tortured at all. Torture was highly regulated. It took a lot of manpower and it was time consuming. It was only applied for two reasons. A) to gain a confession from a prisoner who was reluctant to confess, or B), to gain information about other heretics, more names to prosecute. So, if the tribunal was satisfied that a prisoner, after being interrogated, had confessed and supplied the information that was wanted, and this happened frequently, then they wouldn’t call for torture. The elderly and the sick wouldn’t be tortured. Whenever torture was administered, a physician was expected to be present in order to suspend the proceedings if they felt that the prisoner’s life was in danger. So, it was not automatic, it was not indiscriminate, and it was actually much more regulated than torture in civil courts at this time. Composite Inquisition scene by the Dutch artist Adriaan Schoonebeek (1658-1705) The punishments that I associate with the Spanish Inquisition seem torturous. When I think of the Spanish Inquisition, I think of burning at the stake? Is that how most people were punished if they were found guilty? Another misconception. Burning at the stake was certainly one of the possible punishments, but not by a long shot was every victim of the Inquisition burned at the stake. There were many other punishments. Some of them were severe, for example: public lashes, which could be humiliating as well as painful; further imprisonment; one of the worst was service in the galleys, that is working rowing in the galleys of ships. Some of them were lighter: it could be a mere reprimand by an Inquisitor, or a scolding, or taking a pledge to be loyal to the church. It could be paying a severe penalty, it could be exile from a town or a region for a specified period. Most prisoners who were tried were not burned at the stake. There’s a study of 44,000 cases–a little less than half the cases after 1540–out of those 44,674 cases, 824 were burned at the state. That’s still a lot of people, but it’s less than 2% of those arrested and tried and a lot less than most people think. Were people ever found not guilty and released? Actually, the Inquisition did not adhere to the principle that you’re innocent until proven guilty. The Inquisition would have considered it beneath its dignity to acquit a prisoner. When there was clearly not enough evidence, or the evidence pointed to the prisoner’s evidence, the Inquisition might suspend the case and the prisoner would have to live with the stigma of having been tried. Having been released? Yes, but he would have spent time in prison and there would have been stigma, or the Inquisition might have sentenced the prisoner to a very light sentence for suspicion. Finally, how was all of this activity paid for? The finances were very complex. The Inquisition was supported by the crown, but the tribunals were actually expected to be independently financed. One of the most important sources of revenue was property confiscated from prisoners. This is one of the most shocking aspects of these trials. At the moment of arrest, the prisoner’s property would have come under the administration of the Inquisition, all of it, in great detail. Pots and pans, goats, whatever. This was used to pay for the prisoner’s upkeep, their food, if they needed bedding. If prisoners had to be taken long distance under guard to the town where they would be tried, the expenses of travel would be paid for out of their property. Even in cases where prisoners would be tortured, the fee paid to the public executioner–the person who administered the torture–would be paid out of their own property. And, if prisoners were found guilty of heresy, their property would be entirely confiscated, and this was one of the most important sources of income for the Inquisition. Would you say that, in the end, the Spanish Inquisition was successful at what it set out to do? Well, its goals changed. Let me put it this way: it was never entirely successful at suppressing non-conformist and heretical thinking of all sorts, but it was quite successful at suppressing the public expression of dissent. Spain really bypassed a whole era in the development of European thinking. It wasn’t hermetically sealed off, but through censorship, the Inquisition prevented the entry into Spain of publications that challenged the remaining orthodoxy as well. When did it come to an end? It came to an end slowly. It was sort of moribund by the Enlightenment, when some Spaniards were questioning the kind of “justice” that the Inquisition was dispensing. But it remained a fairly popular institution. It was abolished only with Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808, when Napoleon set up a liberal regime. But when the French were driven out five years later, the Inquisition was re-established. It was only finally abolished in 1834, shockingly late. Documents and Further Reading An Account of the Expulsion from Spain In the spring of 1492, shortly after the Moors were driven out of Granada, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain expelled all the Jews from their lands and thus, by a stroke of the pen, put an end to the largest and most distinguished Jewish settlement in Europe. The expulsion of this intelligent, cultured, and industrious class was prompted only in part by the greed of the king and the intensified nationalism of the people who had just brought the crusade against the Muslim Moors to a glorious close. The real motive was the religious zeal of the Church, the Queen, and the masses. The official reason given for driving out the Jews was that they encouraged the Marranos to persist in their Jewishness and thus would not allow them to become good Christians. The following account gives a detailed and accurate picture of the expulsion and its immediate consequences for Spanish Jewry. It was written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in April or May, 1495. The Inquisition in 17th Century Peru: Cases of Portuguese “Judaizers” From Henry C Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies (1909) Truth About the Spanish Inquisition CatholicCulture advertises this as an “accurate portrayal of the Spanish Inquisition by a contemporary American historian.” Political, cultural, religious and judicial aspects of the Inquisition are all addressed. The roles of both the Holy See and the Spanish Crown are described. Categories Atlantic Early Modern Europe Race, Ethnicity, and Nation Religion and Religious Experiences Tags catholic, catholicism, heresy, history, jewish, jews, judaism, sephardim, spain, spanish inquisition	msmarco_doc_00_5006579	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
731	1	172.16.1.1 is what type of network	http://172.16.1.1.ipaddress.com/	172.16.1.1 - Private IP Address \| IP Lookup	Private IP Address 172.16.1.1 Private IP Address 172.16.1.1 Tips Share What You Found	172.16.1.1 - Private IP Address \| IP Lookup Private IP Address 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 belongs to the private IP address space 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 ( 172.16.0.0/12 ). A private IP address is, in contrast to a public IP address, not allocated to a specific organization, but can be used by anyone without approval from a regional Internet registry. Private IP addresses can only be reached within a closed network and are not directly accessible from the outer Internet. On the one side this is considered a security enhancement because an external Internet host cannot directly communicate with an internal host. On the other side this works again IPv4 address depletion as many companies and individuals only need a single public IP address from their ISP, and still can access the Internet with more than one computer, smartphone, or other Internet connected devices simultaneously. To find out what external IP address your router is using please go to the My IP page. IANA has allocated the subnet 172.16.0.0/12 for private use in February 1996 as noted in RFC 1918. It's a series of 16 contiguous class B networks with a prefix length of 16 bits each and spans 1,048,576 ( 16 * 2 16 ) IP addresses ranging from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255. However it is not uncommon to use only a part of the available address space for a private network, for example the smaller subnet 172.16.0.0/24 with 256 hosts. If you want to learn more about IP subnetting we encourage you to take a look at our subnet calculator. The address 172.16.1.1 is sometimes misspelled, and you might see typical typing errors like these: 172.16.1.I, 172.16.1.l, 172.16.I.1, 172.16.I.I, 172.16.I.l, 172.16.l.1, 172.16.l.I, 172.16.l.l Network routers usually offer a configuration interface that is accessible via web browser on a URL like http://172.16.1.1 or https://172.16.1.1 or through a router specific host name alias. See also: IPv4 List - Page 132,433 Tips What is an IP Address? Show information about your own IP Address Who sent you an Email? You can download our IP location database or use our Geolocation API Share What You Found	msmarco_doc_00_5241855	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
569678	1	what are the factors of 18	http://18.what-are-the-factors.com/	What Are the Factors of 18?	What Are the Factors of 18? What Are the Factors of 18?	What Are the Factors of 18? What Are the Factors of 18? The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18. This is how to find the factors of 18. First, every number is divisible by itself and 1. Try 1. 1 x 18 = 18, so put these into our factor list. 1 ... 18 Take 2. 2 x 9 = 18, which means we add these to our factor list. 1 2 ... 9 18 Now take 3. 3 x 6 = 18, so now we put these in our list of factors. 1 2 3 ... 6 9 18 Next try 4... no luck. 18/4 isn't a whole number. So we skip 4. Now, since we don't have any more numbers to try, we're done! 1 2 3 6 9 18 ... What Are the Factors of 1? What Are the Factors of 2? What Are the Factors of 3? What Are the Factors of 4? What Are the Factors of 5? What Are the Factors of 6? What Are the Factors of 7? What Are the Factors of 8? What Are the Factors of 9? What Are the Factors of 10? What Are the Factors of 11? What Are the Factors of 12? What Are the Factors of 13? What Are the Factors of 14? What Are the Factors of 15? What Are the Factors of 16? What Are the Factors of 17? What Are the Factors of 18? What are the prime factors of 18? What is the prime factorization of 18 ? What Are the Factors of 19? What Are the Factors of 20? What Are the Factors of 21? What Are the Factors of 22? What Are the Factors of 23? What Are the Factors of 24? What Are the Factors of 25? What Are the Factors of 26? What Are the Factors of 27? What Are the Factors of 28? What Are the Factors of 29? What Are the Factors of 30? What Are the Factors of 31? What Are the Factors of 32? What Are the Factors of 33? What Are the Factors of 34? What Are the Factors of 35? What Are the Factors of 36? What Are the Factors of 37? What Are the Factors of 38? What Are the Factors of 39? What Are the Factors of 40? What Are the Factors of 41? What Are the Factors of 42? What Are the Factors of 43? What Are the Factors of 44? What Are the Factors of 45? What Are the Factors of 46? What Are the Factors of 47? What Are the Factors of 48? ... Try another number: Need help finding the factors of 18? It's easy! Here you go: the factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3... Randy Tayler \| randytayler@gmail.com	msmarco_doc_00_5354501	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1182097	1	hoveround phone number	http://1800-phone-numbers.com/category/hoveround-1800-phone-number/	Hoveround 1800 Phone Number \| 1800 Phone Numbers	Hoveround 1800 Phone Number Category Archives: Hoveround 1800 Phone Number Hoveround 1800 Phone Number A toll free 1800 phone number for Hoveround is 888-347-2563. Hoveround Free Information 1800 Phone Number (888-347-2563) Hours: Hoveround Corporate Headquarters, located at 6010 Cattleridge Drive Sarasota, FL 34232:	Hoveround 1800 Phone Number \| 1800 Phone Numbers Category Archives: Hoveround 1800 Phone Number A toll free 1800 number for information from the folks at Hoveround is 888-347-2563. Hoveround 1800 Phone Number Leave a reply A toll free 1800 phone number for Hoveround is 888-347-2563. Simply tap on the graphic above with your smartphone device to be connected to a representative who will be happy to give you free information about Hoveround power chairs and scooters. You can request receiving an informative DVD by mail or have the link delivered to your personal inbox via email. You can also manually enter the 1800 phone number (located above) for Hoveround customer service. Don’t let mobility be an issue in your life that holds you back. Find out about possible Medicare benefits that can afford yourself or your loved one a power chair at little or no cost to them. Call for details, to ask questions, or to simply speak to someone in the sales department. The professionals at Hoveround can walk you through the steps that are required to obtain a power chair or answer your technical questions on how to obtain one. Also note that Hoveround offers as well a fine selection of power scooters to fit any budget. Call a Hoveround power chair and scooter specialist today at the toll free 1800 number listed at the top of this page. For best service, call during the hours noted below: Hoveround Free Information 1800 Phone Number (888-347-2563) Hours: Mon-Fri: 8:00 am to 8:00 pm Sat: 9:00 am to 1:00 pm (all times Eastern) For added informational purposes note location of Hoveround Headquarters below. Hoveround Corporate Headquarters, located at 6010 Cattleridge Drive Sarasota, FL 34232: View Larger Map	msmarco_doc_00_5359093	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1080972	1	xfinity toll free number	http://1800-phone-numbers.com/xfinity-comcast-sales-toll-free-phone-number/	Xfinity (Comcast) Sales Toll Free Phone Number \| 1800 Phone Numbers	Xfinity (Comcast) Sales Toll Free Phone Number Xfinity (Comcast) Sales Toll Free Phone Number	Xfinity (Comcast) Sales Toll Free Phone Number \| 1800 Phone Numbers Xfinity (Comcast) Sales Toll Free Phone Number Leave a reply A toll free phone number for Xfinity (Comcast) Sales with Xfinity is 844-800-7146. Existing Xfinity and Comcast customers call 844-800-7146. Comcast internet and cable authorized dealer. Bonus! For a limited-time, shoppers may qualify for a $250 Amazon.com® Gift Card on select Double and Triple Play Bundles. Simply call the toll free phone number above to connect with the sales department to get new service with Comcast’s Xfinity Double and Triple Play service bundles. For best service call between the following hours: Xfinity (Comcast) Sales Toll Free Phone Number Hours (844-800-7146): Mon-Fri: 7:00 am to 1:00 am Sat, Sun: 7:00 am to 11:00 pm (all times Eastern) Comcast is a top provider of entertainment, information, television, and communications products and services in the United States. It is currently the largest cable company in the USA, one of the largest mass media providers, home ISP providers, and 3rd largest phone service provider in the United States. Thus providing cable television, broadband Internet, telephone service and even in some areas home protection security to both residential and business customers in 40 of the states of the USA and the District of Columbia. To call an authorized dealer of Xfinity & Comcast today for new service call the toll free phone number of 844-800-7146. Post navigation ← Life Insurance Quotes Toll Free 1800 Phone Number Phoenix Garage Door Repair →	msmarco_doc_00_5369101	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
547649	1	weight of oxygen concentrator	http://1800cpap.com/portable-oxygen-concentrators.aspx	Portable O2 Concentrators	Portable O2 Concentrators Concentrators Narrow By Brand Price Portable O2 Concentrators 3 Products	Portable O2 Concentrators Home Oxygen Products Concentrators Portable O2 Concentrators Back Concentrators O2 Concentrators Narrow By 3 Products Brand Philips Respironics Precision Medical Price $2,999.00$1,995.00 Portable O2 Concentrators Portable oxygen (O2) concentrators are a great option for people on the go but need supplemental o ... continue reading 3 Products Sort & Filter 12 per page 24 per page 48 per page Relevance Price, low to high Price, high to low Narrow By Quick View EasyPulse POC Portable Oxygen Concentrator with External Battery by Precision Medical $2,149.00 Quick View EasyPulse POC Portable Oxygen Concentrator by Precision Medical $1,995.00 Quick View SimplyGo Portable Oxygen Concentrator $2,999.00	msmarco_doc_00_5448634	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
358050	1	how to file small claims in cass county	http://18jc.alacourt.gov/smfaq.aspx	Welcome to the Shelby County Circuit Clerk's Office	Shelby County, Alabama Eighteenth Judicial Circuit Shelby County, Alabama Eighteenth Judicial Circuit Shelby County Mask Policy Announcement for April 9, 2021. COVID-19 4/7/2021 Governor Proclamation	Welcome to the Shelby County Circuit Clerk's Office Shelby County, Alabama Eighteenth Judicial Circuit Shelby County Courthouse First Floor, Room 1F 112 North Main Street P.O. Box 1810 Columbiana, AL 35051 Office Hours Monday Through Friday 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. (Open during lunch) Shelby County Mask Policy Announcement for April 9, 2021. COVID-19 4/7/2021 Governor Proclamation State Holiday Schedule - 2021 Pay traffic tickets or criminal fines online. Need Directions? Click Here for a map from Mapquest.com. Welcome to the Circuit Clerk of Shelby County's website. Our mission is to provide our visitors with helpful online information about our office and its services. Please select a department or category from the menu to the left to find the information you need. Should you have any comments or perhaps you were unable to find information you feel should be included on our site, please feel free to contact our web master. Additional legal and court related information, forms, support, and services are available at www.alacourt.gov. To register for E-notices as a Pro Se go to https://alafile.alacourt.gov and click on Register. Once you have completed the registration process as a pro se, please print the form and bring to the Clerks Office during normal business hours along with a state issued photo identification card. Your information will be processed and then you will recieve a copy of any electronic orders entered in your case via e-mail. This website is being provided merely for the purpose of providing instructions as to the procedures of this office and in no way should be construed as advice as to laws. The law prohibits the Circuit Clerk from giving legal advice. If you need legal assistance, you should see an attorney. Services court staff can and cannot provide	msmarco_doc_00_5626674	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
215275	1	how did the lives of women change in the 20's	http://1920lbs.weebly.com/women.html	Women - The 1920's: A Time Of Change	The 1920's: A Time Of Change The 1920's: A Time Of Change Women	Women - The 1920's: A Time Of Change The 1920's: A Time Of Change Women After the womens' movement successfully gained womens sufferage during the progressive era, they were able to enjoy their new rights in the 1920's. Women now could own property, were considered to be people, and started working their way into the work force as well as getting involved in politics. The "flapper" represents the modern, more outspoken and bold, woman, compared to the quiet, traditional woman of the Progressive era. The Flapper represented the new attitude toward everyday life that women had, and how it affected women in general. Women were in a mind frame of rebellious behavior, and started to break away from traditional behaviors and moral upbringings from the Victorian era. They rebelled through cutting their hair short, wearing revealing clothing, drinking, smoking in public, etc. The women's movement made quite a few gains during the 20's. Women now could own property in their own name, whether they were married or not. On October 18th of 1929, the Canadian "Privy Court" ruled that women were indeed people, when in the beginning of the 19th century women were not actually considered to be people. Life was different for women in the 1920's compared to the Progressive era. In the 20's, women started getting more opportunities in the work force, and started working jobs for minimum pay. This helped women's lifestyles to change from the traditional ways of watching the kids and being a stay at home mother, as well as household chores. New opportunities like these helped out single mothers in particular, as the divorce rate went up significantly in the 20's as well.	msmarco_doc_00_5693029	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
866816	1	what kind of car is the batmobile	http://1966batmobile.com/	The Classic 1966 TV Batmobile	SPECIFICATIONS HISTORY GALLERY DID YOU KNOW… BATMOBILE FACTS 2F-3567 License Plate #1 Batmobile Sold in 2013 Front Steel Blade Lincoln Futura Original Steering Wheel Rader Wheels 2F-3567 License Plate #1 Batmobile Sold in 2013 SPONSORED BY:	The Classic 1966 TV Batmobile Toggle navigation Home Site History Specifications The Futura The #1 Batmobile Batmobile Comparisons History The Futura The #1 Batmobile Building of the Copies Copy #2 Copy #3 Copy #4 Facts Interviews Did You Know Contracts Gallery The Futura The #1 Batmobile Building of the Replicas Replica #2 Replica #3 Replica #4 News The ULTIMATE 1966 BATMOBILE RESOURCE SPECIFICATIONS Features, details and comparisons of the four Batmobile’s built by Barris Kustom City & the Lincoln Futura concept car READ MORE HISTORY Learn about the 1955 Lincoln Futura concept car that was customized into the Batmobile, as well as the three copies that were built in 1966 READ MORE GALLERY An extensive photo gallery of the #1 Batmobile, the three Batmobile copies & the 1955 Lincoln Futura concept car VIEW MORE DID YOU KNOW… Before it was the Batmobile it was a 1955 Lincoln Futura concept car. READ MORE BATMOBILE FACTS 2F-3567 License Plate There were 4 license plates used during the Batman TV show: 2F-3567, TP-6597, BAT-1 & ZEF 451. #1 Batmobile Sold in 2013 George Barris sold the Batmobile at auction in Arizona for $4,200,000 on January 13, 2013. Front Steel Blade The front steel "slasher" blade was not seen or utilized during the TV show. The blade was later removed from the car because the producers of the TV show thought it was too dangerous. Lincoln Futura In 1955, the Lincoln division of Ford Motor Company designed and built a futuristic concept car called the Lincoln Futura. It was built entirely by hand in Turin, Italy at a cost of $250,000, and like many concept cars, was never put in to production. In the mid 1960's, George Barris of Barris Kustom City acquired the car for $1 directly from Ford. Original Steering Wheel The original steering wheel was from the Lincoln Futura and modified to resemble the yoke from an airplane. Adam (Batman) West complained it was too difficult to drive with the "U" shaped wheel, so Barris replaced it in '67 with a stock 1958 Ford Edsel steering wheel. Rader Wheels In the 1960's, the Batmobile wore 15" single-ribbed Rader Wheels. 2F-3567 License Plate There were 4 license plates used during the Batman TV show: 2F-3567, TP-6597, BAT-1 & ZEF 451. #1 Batmobile Sold in 2013 George Barris sold the Batmobile at auction in Arizona for $4,200,000 on January 13, 2013. × Close Login to access different features Remember Me SPONSORED BY: Email to a Friend Name: Email: Friends Email: Message: Trade-In Contact Information First Name Work Phone Email Last Name Phone Preferred Contact Email Phone Comments Options Adaptive Cruise Control Air Conditioning Airbags Alarm System Anti-theft Protection Audio Interface Auto Start/Stop Automatic Climate Control Automatic Headlights Bi-Xenon Headlights Bluetooth® Handset BOSE® Surround Sound Burmester® Surround Sound CD/DVD Autochanger CDR Audio Cruise Control Direct Fuel Injection Electric Parking Brake Floor Mats Garage Door Opener Leather Package Locking Rear Differential Luggage Compartments Manual Transmission Navigation Module Online Services ParkAssist Porsche Communication Power Steering Reversing Camera Roll-over Protection Seat Heating Seat Ventilation Sound Package Plus Sport Chrono Package Steering Wheel Heating Tire Pressure Monitoring Universal Audio Interface Voice Control System Wind Deflector Vehicle Information Year Model VIN Engine Transmission Automatic Manual Automatic Automatic Manual Make Exterior Colour Kilometres Doors 2 3 4 5 2 2 3 4 5 Drivetrain 2WD 4WD AWD 2WD 2WD 4WD AWD Vehicle Rating Body (dents, dings, rust, rot, damage) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Engine (running condition, burns oil, knocking) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Glass (chips, scratches, cracks, pitted) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Exhaust (rusted, leaking, noisy) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Tires (tread wear, mismatched) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Transmission / Clutch (slipping, hard shift, grinds) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Interior (rips, tears, burns, faded/worn, stains) 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst 10 - best 10 - best 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - worst Vehicle History Was it ever a lease or rental return? Yes No Yes Yes No Is the odometer operational and accurate? Yes No Yes Yes No Detailed service records available? Yes No Yes Yes No Title History Is there a lienholder? Who holds this title? Vehicle Assessment Does all equipment and accessories work correctly? Did you buy the vehicle new? Has the vehicle ever been in any accidents? Cost of repairs? Is there existing damage on the vehicle? Where? Has the vehicle ever had paint work performed? Is the title designated 'Salvage' or 'Reconstructed'? Any other? Make an Offer Name: Preferred Contact: Email Phone Email: Phone: Offered Price: Financing Required: Yes No Yes Yes No Other Comments/Conditions: Schedule Test Drive Name: Preferred Contact: Email Phone Email: Phone: Best Day: Best Time: Request More Info Name: Preferred Contact: Email Phone Email: Phone: Questions/Comments:	msmarco_doc_00_5812953	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
284169	1	how many gallons of water does a dishwasher use	http://1greengeneration.elementsintime.com/?p=314	Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? « One Green Generation	Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? -------------------- Join Us Here, Too Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? And How Much Electricity Does It Use?! The Waterwise Study The University of Bonn Study The study recommended these tips for maximum efficiency: The Environmental Protection Agency The EPA recommends these tips to maximize your dishwasher’s energy efficiency: My Analysis: Water Efficiency Energy Efficiency Rules Of Thumb For Machine Washing 1. Run the dishwasher only when it’s full (but not over-full), 2. Scrape dishes clean but don’t pre-rinse under the tap, 3. Always air dry, 4. Follow the manufacturer’s advice for getting the most efficiency out of the machine. Rules Of Thumb For Hand Washing 1. Wash right away, before the food sticks, 2. Scrape dishes clean but don’t pre-rinse under the tap, 3. Fill 2 sinks with water: one for soapy warm, one for cold rinse, 4. Capture the water and use as grey water for watering plants or toilet flushing. What Do You Think? Similar Posts: 134 comments to Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? DON’T MISS A THING! Recommended Reading The Growing Challenge Peruse Our Archives	Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? « One Green Generation Green, frugal, sustainable, simple, healthy, happy... No matter what we each call it, we come together here to support and learn from each other. We are preserving our planet with our lifestyles. We are creating sustainable communities for our children. We are living the lives we want to live. Please join us! -------------------- All articles here are written by Melinda Briana Epler (that's me!) unless otherwise noted. I'm a documentary filmmaker, writer, and brand experience designer - I've dedicated my life to living a sustainable lifestyle and helping others do the same. Please feel free to contact me if you have questions or thoughts for articles. Welcome! Join Us Here, Too One Green Generation on Facebook Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? And How Much Electricity Does It Use?! I have been asking myself these questions for far too long. Have you? We’re constantly being told that dishwashers save water – it is often among the top ten ways to go green on various internet lists. But is it true? Finally, I did some research. Here’s what I found… The Waterwise Study In 2006, Waterwise studied the amount of water used in hand washing versus machine washing. According to their website, “Waterwise is a UK NGO focused on decreasing water consumption in the UK by 2010 and building the evidence base for large scale water efficiency. We are the leading authority on water efficiency in the UK.” I could not find the study online, but according to several places it was quoted, the study found the average dishwasher uses between 12 and 16 litres (3-4.25 gallons) of water, while washing dishes by hand uses as much as 63 litres (16.5 gallons). But the study failed to address the energy efficiency between the two methods… The University of Bonn Study The University of Bonn also conducted a study of 113 people from 7 European countries (PDF), comparing their water usage with a dishwasher and without. Interestingly, they categorized the different hand washers as “super dishwashers” (people who preclean, soap clean, and rinse), “dishwashing economizers” (people who squirt detergent on the sponge and try to use as little water as possible), and “care-free dishwashers” (people who used as much water and detergent as they wanted to without thinking about it). But noted that economizers didn’t always end up using less than the other two groups. Each person washed 12 place settings. On average, hand washing used 27 gallons (103 liters) of water, and 2.5 kWh of water-heating energy. The human time it took to wash, rinse, dry, and put away was approximately 80 minutes. The dishwasher used approximately 4 gallons (15 liters) of water, consumed 1-2 kWh of total energy, and required 15 minutes of human time (loading and unloading the dishwasher). All in all, the dishwashers got the dishes cleaner, in less human time, using less water and energy. The study recommended these tips for maximum efficiency: Remove large food scraps from the dishes with a spoon or fork. If hand washing, wash right away before the food sticks. If washing by machine, the machines can clean dishes that have been stored without cleaning or rinsing for several days, so no need to pre-rinse. Do not pre-rinse the dishes under running tap water, whether washing them by hand or in a machine. Manual dishwashing is best in two sinks: one with hot water and detergent, the other with cold water for rinse. (The study noted that those who were “economizers” tended to use a LOT more detergent, which counteracted their low water usage.) Use the amount of detergent recommended by the manufacturer. If you can afford a machine, use one – preferably a new one that is the most energy-efficient. The Environmental Protection Agency The information provided by the EPA is in line with the previous study’s findings. It is unclear where the EPA received their information, but I do hope they’ve done their own research! Here’s what they say: Washing dishes by hand uses much more water than using a dishwasher. Using an ENERGY STAR qualified dishwasher instead of hand washing will save you annually 5,000 gallons of water, $40 in utility costs, and 230 hours of your time. Note also that the average Energy Star dishwasher uses 4 gallons of water, where the average non-Energy Star dishwasher uses 6 gallons. The EPA recommends these tips to maximize your dishwasher’s energy efficiency: Run your dishwasher with a full load. Most of the energy used by a dishwasher goes to heat water. Since you can’t decrease the amount of water used per cycle, fill your dishwasher to get the most from the energy used to run it. Avoid using the heat-dry, rinse-hold and pre-rinse features. Instead use your dishwasher’s air-dry option. Scrape don’t rinse: just scrape food off the dishes and load. ENERGY STAR qualified dishwashers and today’s detergents are designed to do the cleaning so you don’t have to pre-rinse. If your dirty dishes are going to sit overnight, use your dishwasher’s rinse feature. Pre-rinsing dishes before loading the dishwasher can use up to 20 gallons of water, where the pre-rinse cycle on a machine uses just 1-2 gallons. Using a dishwasher that is made in the past few years (or at least after 1994), and one that uses a booster heater (ie, it heats the water on demand vs using your water heater), you can save even more water and energy. My Analysis: Water Efficiency This is great, and certainly caters to my want to be told that it’s more energy efficient to be lazy. I’m convinced that using a dishwasher is more water efficient than hand washing, unless you are hand washing and then trapping your water for use in watering plants or flushing the toilet (which a few people I know do). Of course, best of all would be to trap the water from the dishwasher and use the grey water on plants or to flush the toilet. But… I’m not convinced about energy yet. Energy Efficiency Problem #1: Have you ever bought an Energy Star compliant appliance and looked at one of those yellow cards that tells you its efficiency? If you haven’t yet done so, turn over the card to see the European standards for the same appliance. European standards are much higher. Many of our Energy Star appliances wouldn’t pass their energy inspections. In other words, the two studies were done in Europe, where appliances are smaller and more efficient than in the U.S. This article tackles this problem more in depth. Make sure to buy the most energy efficient appliance you can afford. Problem #2: These studies haven’t taken into account the energy and water used to manufacture a dishwasher. And once they are no longer wanted, how much energy is used to get rid of them? Turns out I’m not the only one asking these questions. According to Smart Planet, up to 80% of the dishwasher can be recycled, if done properly. But the question about manufacturing energy still remains. No studies have been done about this, at least no studies I could find on the internet. So until there is a study, we’ll have to do our best with the information we have: Rules Of Thumb For Machine Washing 1. Run the dishwasher only when it’s full (but not over-full), 2. Scrape dishes clean but don’t pre-rinse under the tap, 3. Always air dry, 4. Follow the manufacturer’s advice for getting the most efficiency out of the machine. — Rules Of Thumb For Hand Washing 1. Wash right away, before the food sticks, 2. Scrape dishes clean but don’t pre-rinse under the tap, 3. Fill 2 sinks with water: one for soapy warm, one for cold rinse, 4. Capture the water and use as grey water for watering plants or toilet flushing. What Do You Think? Are you convinced? How do you wash your dishes? Has this changed your mind at all? Have you read any other studies that can help us all decide what to do? Similar Posts: Our Steps Toward Sustainability: Ways to Reduce Electricity What Eco / Green Household and Personal Cleaning Products Do I Use? GREEN YOUR INSIDES: The #1 Cheapest & Most Versatile Product For Your Home A Non-Toxic, Frugal Way To Wash Your Hair Without Buying Shampoo No ‘Poo: New & Improved! By Melinda, on September 5th, 2008 \| Category: Energy & Climate, Frugality, Simple Living \| Subscribe to Comments \| 134 comments to Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use? ← Older Comments 1 2 Claire December 9th, 2010 at 11:02 pm · Reply We have had a dishwasher in each of our homes over the past 10 years and only used it twice in all that time. Apart from the energy usage difference (electricity for the dishwasher vs gas for the instant hot water), we find they are just too noisy in an open-plan house and I note from my parents’ household that they degrade the surface of glasses & dishes over time (which handwashing doesn’t). For handwashing I only half fill our sink, using 3.5 litres of water – my husband does it with less. We only post-rinse the cups and glasses, as part of half-filling the sink at the beginning of the wash. We do do a bit of pre-rinsing, but I doubt it would even double the total. All up, say 7 litres per day. All the research I have found says that even efficient dishwashers use 9 litres per wash. BTW, I doubt most people in small households would wait until a dishwasher was full before running. For us it would take 2 days to fill and then we’d have to handwash the dishes that are needed every day….which would mean we were handwashing AND dishwashing. When I visit my parents, with 4-6 adults in the house, it takes 3 meals to fill the dishwasher, and they still handwash some stuff that doesn’t fare well in the dishwasher. Which is an interesting point…..do people who use their dishwashers REALLY not handwash or rinse ANYTHING? Even benches (which we wipe as part of the handwashing process)? Anyway, I guess maybe it depends on what size household you have as to what is more efficient! And there is no way we spend 80 mins a day washing dishes. Definitely no more than 30 mins if one person is doing it, for a 3-person household. Jo March 21st, 2012 at 5:56 pm · Reply I agree with Claire. Not only do dishwasher’s damage some surfaces they don’t always clean very well. Many times I have placed items in the dishwasher at work only to find them not much cleaner when finished. As for water use, I have never heard of a dishwasher using 9 litres per wash. The minimum I could find is 13 litres per wash. I’m not sure where the 63 litres for hand washing comes from. I can only assume the tap must be running constantly. I have seen YouTube video’s on how to wash dishes (yes they exist!) which show well intentioned people washing dishes under a running tap! I half fill the sink when I hand wash and rinse as I go. The sink is never full so I assume I am using around 8 litres to wash, rinse and wipe down benches etc. Of course it would depend on the size of your household. But for two people, I can’t justify a dishwasher Bruce August 24th, 2012 at 7:22 pm · Reply So you say you use 7 litres per day, but then you mention that to fill up the dishwasher would take you at least 2 days, and the most efficient dishwasher you’ve seen consumes 9 litres. That’s 4.5 litres per day used by the dishwasher. A lot of people seem to argue with the numbers using intuition, but the numbers show otherwise. As for how it can damage some plates, I agree. If you also wouldn’t be able to wait long enough for the dishwasher to be full, then it make sense you hand wash. Finally, there is the manufacturing wastage that aren’t taken into account that probably offshoot those numbers. Lastly, I think it’d be sweet if taps could show you water consumption with a small indicator. Melinda August 25th, 2012 at 12:32 pm · Reply Bruce, I love that idea of having a tap monitor!! Mark January 2nd, 2011 at 2:30 am · Reply 63 liters of water to wash the dishes by hand! They must use a sink the size of a bath, my sink dosnt hold 10 liters. I only have a family of three but can wash the dishes quite comfortably and no rinse just drip dry. So for our family handwashing wins hands down, I think we have just all become a little lazy in life with all our gagets and over induldgence with everything, including water. Gino July 13th, 2013 at 10:48 am · Reply I think Mark that you are mistaken with your sink size…10 litres is not 10 gallons and anyway most people when washing by hand don’t rinse in the other side of the full double sink..You have to rinse independently with running water,otherwise you’re rinsing with soapy water.. So hand wash includes rinsing off the soap also… By the way for Bruce…We are a family of 4 and use the dishwasher about 5 or 6 times a week and use the 30 minute cycle with 1/2 of a tablet of finish every time…Works for us MadleyK February 21st, 2011 at 10:59 am · Reply Double sink double drainer, plastic bowl in each sink. Depending on quantity of dishes and assuming you have an efficient quick electric kettle, boil half to whole kettle of water for first bowl add cold water as needed and detergent. Start with cleanest items first and dirtiest last, scraping off excess food into compost pot. Pile washed items into second bowl. When all dishes done, drizzle cold water over items to rinse off suds. Minimal water used. 27 gallons of water for 12 places? I could do it for two gallons. As for bugs, the more our kids get when they are young the more immunised they become and less resistant to antibiotics later in life. Rita February 14th, 2013 at 10:38 am · Reply I totally agree with you, especially about kids getting normally immunized by a little dirt and germs!! Amen to that!! Anne March 3rd, 2011 at 3:23 pm · Reply I lived off the grid without running water for eight years and found that we used less than three gallons a day for dish washing. It’s easy to save water when you have to pump it yourself. Julie S March 18th, 2011 at 8:27 am · Reply I was interested in saving on the cost of heating oil, which is used to heat my hot water. it costs me more $$ for hot water for a year, than it does to heat my home for the year and I live in Massachusetts= New England, United States. I cook alot, so I create alot of dishes everyday. I am beginning to think that the dishwasher is the way to go for me…and maybe paper plates. It can be ran every other day or a light wash every day. Seems to me that its not easy to find the amount of water a dishwasher uses when you are trying to get an exact amount from a manufacturer. Shouldn’t this be part of the energy savings info or part of the info websites likes Lowe’s display on their dishwashers? I currently pre-rinse all dishes with hot water, then some go in dishwasher but pots and pans and stuff like that do not- they are washed by hand and my son does themn and runs the water. I just hate the smell of the dishwashing detergent. UGGH. Bennet March 19th, 2011 at 8:34 am · Reply We pick handwashing. Less noise. Less time, especially with practice. More conducive to quiet conversation. It can save a lot of water – just imagine you have to carry the water (I’m with you, Anne) and consider it an act of solidarity with all the people on this planet for whom food and water are cherished commodities and this debate is ludicrous. Bennet March 19th, 2011 at 8:39 am · Reply We pick hand washing. Less noise. Less time, especially with practice. More conducive to quiet conversation. It can save a lot of water – just imagine you have to carry the water (I’m with you, Anne) and consider it an act of solidarity with all the people on this planet for whom food and water are cherished commodities and this debate is ludicrous. Nick March 19th, 2011 at 8:23 pm · Reply I am 24, single, and have lived in a variety of housing situations. In large houses or cooperatives a dishwasher is the best option. In small houses or apartments, it can’t possibly be. Unless you want a bunch of grimy congealing dishes sitting in your washer you are going to be rinsing them anyway. At that point, you’re about 90% done washing a dish, why not just finish it? Not to mention the ridiculous idea of putting your pots and pans into a dishwasher… God, the horrors I’ve endured as the roommate of some people… Lis March 27th, 2011 at 1:36 pm · Reply We are having this discussion right now in our house – with only two of us, even with cooking most nights, we don’t fill the dishwasher (which is 18 years old, but runs fine). This means that we hand wash pots we may need to use again the next morning or night, and we have to run the rinse and hold (2 gallons plus energy, according to the manual), or rinse the dishes, or they don’t come clean. I find the 27 gallons of water in that study hard to believe, except when I consider that it would take us almost a week to use that many dishes. I am experimenting with putting everything in it that I may need to run water on, including rinsing jars for recycling, (as fill ins) – but that is a lot of energy. In CT, we pay amond the highest electricity rates in the country, and just had another tax added on……. Heather April 2nd, 2011 at 1:57 pm · Reply We found that doing dishes by hand raised out water bill over $25/every 2 months (using the double sink method) where using our dishwasher raised our electric bill by $5.00/month and the water bill by a dollar or so. We do however have a dishwasher that is 2 years old, it heats its own water and we run it once a day with a family of 5. We still wash our pots & pans by hand because i only use cast iron and the water bill increase is barely noticeable. We do not pre-rinse on a regular basis but i do scrape (my dishwasher has a built in disposal but it’s not meant for chunky stuff). our dishwasher is also fairly quiet, meaning you don’t have to turn up the tv to hear over it or speak loudly over it. However when we used to live in apartments we ended up hand washing just about everything because they are fitted with some of the worst dishwashers I have ever seen, and noisy to boot. Personally i love my dishwasher. It is a huge time saver for me. We have a small homestead and 3 young children to look after. Between cleaning, washing clothes (daily chore with a baby in diapers),cooking & feeding, teaching (homeschooling 2 out of 3), gardening & caring for animals the last thing I have time for is to wash dishes, even if it’s only 20-30 minutes, those are minutes that could be spent elsewhere. Could i live with out it? Sure I can, but why would I if it costs us more money that we don’t have? dalkulla April 9th, 2011 at 1:40 pm · Reply OK, I took the challenge – I scraped scraps into my little compost bucket, put about 16 oz. warm water in a pan that fits the sink, a few DROPS detergent – washing little things first, then glass – rinsing under a trickle directly into the same pan so to add to the volume for bigger items, by the time I’m done w/ 4 people’s dishes, I have 1/2 to 1 gallon of water in the pan, all in the time it would take most to load a dedicated machine – AND wiped down the counter & stove with the same water, AND mopped the floor as needed… Even if I did find it ‘necessary’ to use a dishwasher, I’d never put my good knives, pots, cast iron, glass (it etches them with the chemicals and abrasives)or crystal, or china or silver… what does that leave… plastics – (don’t have any) and maybe stainless flatware? Then there’s the cost and space for the appliance, some pretty harsh chemicals, and what happens to said appliance once it has reached its end? How many of you have had to actually pay somebody to come repair said appliance? How long do you feel ok with dirty stuff waiting in the dishwasher to be washed? How many extra dishes are in your cabinet because you are waiting for a full load before you have clean stuff? I am 55 years old, have never owned a dishwasher, never will! There’s something seriously wrong with the notion a dishwasher is superior to hand washing (don’t even get me started on clothes dryers, trash compactors, blow dryers…) Anybody want to try to figure out how much water it takes for a good clean bath? I’m up to that challenge too… so far, I can wash my hair and body – and get CLEAN – with 1/2 gallon. Without trying too hard. Our conditioning to the use of such exorbitant amounts of (potable) water is an outrage and a disgrace.Maybe most people are comfortable with their excess, but I’d bet most of you could easily manage on – say – double what I use, and still make an incredible dent in our dependence on limited resources! Jessica July 21st, 2011 at 1:26 am · Reply I am a HORRENDOUS marathon shower-taker. I won’t even tell you how long some of my showers have been in the past. It’s embarrassing and shameful. I love the feel of the warm water washing over me – but the truth is the truth: water is NOT unlimited, especially where I live now. So I’ve been trying to minimize my water usage when I bathe. I just turn the water off now between rinses – I use enough to get wet, then turn it off and lather up; back on to rinse, and off again when I’m done. Sometimes, I don’t even both with the shower – I just sponge-bathe (using baking soda instead of soap makes this REALLY easy). My husband HATES when I do this, though – he thinks I’m not really clean. His showers aren’t long, but he does run the water for a minute or more before getting in to let the water heat up (he apparently hasn’t caught on to the fact that the summer heat give us hot water immediately). I’m impressed and envious that you live so sustainably – I’m trying, but it’s really hard when I live with two others who treat our resources as though they’re absolutely limitless. Torstan April 18th, 2012 at 11:16 am · Reply I have to dispute your results, they are a stretch. To give some perspective here a 1/2 full standard sink, one basin really basic sink is 7 Gallons of water right there. Yes SEVEN. Its very easy to get to 16 gallons in a day even with a trickle. At full tilt my low pressure faucet goes at 2cups every 5seconds or about 1 Gallon in 40seconds [3oz per sec], a very conservative turn on of the faucet is about 1/3 of that. [1oz/sec] So you say 16oz of water – 2 cups soapy water – to wash 4 peoples dinner set? Trickle rinse? How Trickle? 1 Gallon is 16cups of liquid=128oz 0.5oz per second is a trickle, an almost un-useable trickle. So, if you had 1/2 gallon in your pan after rinse – that took you about two minutes to rinse 4 peoples plates/glasses/cutlery and other stuff. Thats record time, was anything stuck to your dishes? Did all the soap rinse off? Did you wash all the preparation dishes too? Maybe you could get it down to 3 gallons, but 1/2 gallon, those can’t possibly be cleaned of residual soap. I’m sure if dinner was Lasagne they would definitely not be grease free. As for marketing spin for dishwashers, maybe theres some of that, but the studies use conservative numbers. Your average joe does not trickle rinse. Jim Molesworth May 7th, 2011 at 2:11 am · Reply I concur with Dalkulla… Sorry but anyone who falls for the claim that dishwashers use less water than hand washing really is gullible. It is marketing spin from the manufacturers. They intentionally compare to someone running the tap constantly, rather than using normal sinks. We have a double sink and put about 5-6cm of water in each sink for a 4-person washup… one sink with detergent and the other clean water to rinse…about 3 gallons all up. We scrape the plates well first and work from the cleanest items and glasses to the pots and pans. And we wash really well… two of our children are “organ transplant recipients” and so we need to be really careful with cleanliness. We have also been using the same crockery set and glasses for 10 years…no etching at all. All our friends with dishwashers change their crockery every two years because it looks dreadful. Rob June 8th, 2011 at 7:05 pm · Reply This is an ongoing argument in our home. I believe that a dishwasher uses more water than I would if I were to wash the dishes. The kids don’t want to do their share like we did as kids, therefore side for the technology. I personally prefer handwashing over the alternative. I don’t use electricity, excessive water, or the 90 minutes to complete a cycle. I believe in saving resources and would love for someone to disprove the energy savings from using the dishwasher! Susan R June 29th, 2011 at 8:13 pm · Reply I agree that handwashing is vastly more efficient than depicted in the studies. I grew up spending summers in a log cabin in the Pennsylvania woods – we carried water upfrom the spring in “granite” buckets (enameled metal), and it took only 2-3 talons to wash up breakfast from 5-6 people. It is an art form to use water carefully rather than wastefully, as if it were unlimited. Dishwasher for Church Kitchen \| Blackwood June 30th, 2011 at 9:55 pm · Reply [...] you may find interesting: “Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use?” This entry was posted in Teaching and tagged News. Bookmark the permalink. ← Carpet [...] Jessica July 21st, 2011 at 1:15 am · Reply I’ve been more of an advocate for hand-washing, primarily because I’m an economizer – I use as little water as I can get away with, and I try to minimize the amount of detergent I use. I rinse the dishes under the tap at low flow, then turn the tap off, suds up my scrubbie and scrub away. Periodically, I’ll have to turn the tap back on to wet down another item, but it’s only for a brief moment, and always at low flow. When everything’s scrubbed sufficiently, I turn the tap back on (low flow, of course) and rinse, then place the dishes, etc., in the dish rack to air dry. I’ve never attempted to see just how much water I use, but as miserly as I am with the water, I can’t imagine that I use more than the dishwasher does. Plus I don’t use hot water – where I live (in a desert), the merciless summer sun heats our water pipes such that sometimes it comes out hotter than the hot water from the heater. (It’s great for showers, too. Don’t have to turn on the hot water at all.) As to the amount of detergent used, I’m miserly with that, too. I want my dishes clean, to be sure, but a drop or two every so many dish or glass or fork is all I really need. Compared to the amount typically used when running the dishwasher, I’d say I still win. My husband, on the other hand, prefers the dishwasher because he doesn’t like to do the dishes by hand – it’s time-consuming, and he’d rather be doing other things. (Can’t blame him on that point.) The problem is, we have super-hard water, and every time he runs the dishwasher, the dishes come out only marginally clean, plus coated in a hard water film. The dishwasher just can’t compete with elbow grease. I’d prefer, though, that he not do the dishes by hand – he runs the water at full-bore continuously, and uses an indiscriminate about of dish soap. Same for our roommate. I’m not a fan of doing the dishes, to be sure. But it would seem that I’m the only one in our home who has any mind to conserve water. (Or soap.) It’s VERY frustrating. (Don’t get me started on how they do laundry…) To Kenmore or Kenless \| GreenUp! Solutions August 22nd, 2011 at 11:44 am · Reply [...] to dish wash? That is the real question I would like to answer with this exercise. Here is one opinion floating around the “Internets” along with some tips below on hand washing and using [...] The Blue Resource \| For the Whole Woman August 23rd, 2011 at 3:43 am · Reply [...] University of Bonn study showed that, on average, 27 litres of water are used while handwashing dishes (by different [...] Melanie September 6th, 2011 at 10:55 pm · Reply I’m a culinary arts student, and after taking a sanitation class I use the same commercial kitchen standards for dish washing at home. FYI for you crazy people with your “cold trickle rinse”: The wash temp should be 110F The rinse temp should be 170F I’m all for conserving water, but my sink takes about 5 mins to heat up to the proper wash temp, 3 minutes to fill, and an extra 2 minutes for further heating for the rinse before another few minutes to fill. I don’t fill all the way in either scenario, and recycle the rinse water. I guess you could say I can heat the water on the stovetop, but I usually wait until I actually have a few things to wash (and at that point most of my pots are waiting to be cleaned. Or I can use my dishwasher, which maintains a proper temperature and only uses about 4 gallons. We’re taught to trust the dish machines at school (ours (the one at school) averages at 180F and uses about 1/4 a gallon of water per load with each load containing about 10 dishes per load (it takes about 45 seconds per load). Tim September 12th, 2011 at 9:21 am · Reply Hi, Does anyone know if it’s possible to get a European model here in the states? If they are so much more efficient why not use a European model? If US standards aren’t as high I’m fine with using a better standard. Would they just be crazy expensive after factoring in whatever taxes and shipping costs apply? Maybe there is some voltage conversion that needs to happen as well? Pierre September 24th, 2011 at 4:15 pm · Reply Also, keep in mind that “…A comparison was made between dinner plates washed by hand and dried by tea towel, and plates washed in a dishwasher. The results indicate that during hand washing and drying the total number of bacteria found on the plates increased seven-fold .” Blackmore, M. A., Howard, K., Prisk, E. M., & Staddon, M. (1983). A Comparison of the Efficiency of Manual and Automatic Dishwashing for the Removal of Bacteria from Domestic Crockery. Journal of Consumer Studies & Home Economics, 7 (1), 25-29. doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1983.tb00085.x Millie October 1st, 2011 at 5:10 am · Reply I love my dishwasher. We load it during the day as we go along. Scrape but don’t pre rinse. I only need to run it every second day. It uses 17 litres of water to do two days worth of dishes. It washes far hotter than I could tolerate even with gloves on. None of my glasses or plates are etched and we’ve had the same dishes and dishwasher for at least 8 years. Every month I clean the filter and every month or so I run a cleaning cycle with a commercial cleaner. But, environmentally speaking, one niggling question has been bothering me. The powder or tablets used to clean dishes are caustic, unlike dishwashing liquids used during handwashing. I assume the dishwasher wastewater ends up in the stormwater like everything else, and if so, just how nasty are these caustic chemicals to our environment and rivers? I really would like to know. suriaflow October 26th, 2011 at 6:01 pm · Reply Most people uses a lot of water in handwashing because they leave the water flowing all the time. I just use a bit of water to rinse, and reuse it in other dishes, glasses of pots. Then i separate the plates, the cups, etc and scrub them as groups with natural soap. Then i rinse them with low flow water, and reuse it on stuff that is waiting to be cleaned. This way all the water used is maximized. Allison Dey November 9th, 2011 at 9:30 pm · Reply Very hesitant to believe that anyone could possibly use 16 gallons of water or more to wash dishes by hand. I put a bucket under the sink to see how much water I use to wash dishes by hand. I rinsed the dishes to make them easier to wash, turned the water off, washed the dishes and stacked them for rinsing, turned the water back on and rinsed and stacked to dry. I did this experiment several times. At most for regular meals for 2 adults and 2 teens? 3 gallons. I felt I was running the water very liberally and freely. I didn’t keep turning it on and off constantly. 3 gallons for a day’s worth of dishes for 4. Oh, yeah, I do all the family’s dishes once a day. 3 gallons. We had a dishwasher that came with the place. It was rated at 9-16 gallons of water per use and it was only a year old. DISHWASHERS WASTE WATER. DISHWASHERS WASTE ENERGY. DISHWASHERS USE TOXIC DETERGENTS. It’s a fact. JSB November 28th, 2011 at 12:26 pm · Reply I’ve been researching this issue for quite a while and it’s really tricky. What I’ve discovered is that there’s no cookie cutter answer. Each individual has to figure out the best solution given his or her own particular situation. Here’s how I got mine: 1. Cleanliness of dishes: Dishes washed in a dishwasher do have lower bacterial counts. However, it’s not due to anything the dishwasher does. The detergent you use in the dishwasher has bleach in it. If you were to use bleach in your hand washing water, the dishes would be equally as bacteria free. I don’t want to put my hands in bleach water, I don’t want bleach to end up in storm drains, and I really don’t want to eat off it. And if the data says hand washed dishes have 7x’s the bacterial counts, then I’ll go with that. But the next question has to be- 7x the bacteria is more, but is it dangerous? If so, how much. The answer is not much. Your phone has more bacteria than your hand washed plate. Dishwashers also cause etching, which creates hundreds of hideouts for bacteria. 2. Water Usage: I don’t feel as if I get a straight answer from anyone here. According to the most commonly cited studies, the electric dishwasher uses less water. Both were performed in Europe with European dishwashers. I’ll be darned if I can find how much water my dishwasher uses, but I don’t think it’s four gallons. American dishwashers are larger than their European counterparts. I do know I don’t use 16 gallons to hand wash 12 place settings like the studies say. It’s about four to six- and that’s an over estimate. And the dishwasher studies did not take into account pre-rinsing or rewashing, which most people (including me) do. 3. Energy usage: The dishwasher runs on electricity. I don’t. To wash 12 place settings (what a dishwasher holds) I would use about 6 gallons of hot water. I rinse in cold water. In a forty gallon tank, it takes .1395 Kwh to heat 1 gallon of water in 50 degree weather. So heating 6 gallons is about .8 kwh. (This is a hard question, because you don’t heat as you use it, you heat a forty gallon tank where it sits until you use it.) The dishwasher uses 1.36 Kwh per load- nearly double the electricity. Of course, even this is not simple. I get my electricity from wind, but hot water heater is gas. So in my particular case, energy usage is lower for hand washing, but carbon footprint is higher. 4. The technology paradox: When you have to hand wash dishes, you don’t use as many of them. 5. Time: As another poster noted, once you’ve rinsed the dish before you put it in the dishwasher, you’re 90% done with the washing process. The time it takes to completely wash all the dishes are only a few minutes more, so time is a non issue for me. 6. Materials cost: Dishwasher, $600. Dish rack: $5. Palmolive: $.04 per load. Cascade: $.21 per load. The only thing going for the dishwasher is energy usage and time, and I just don’t think those outweigh less water consumption, fewer dishes, more environmentally friendly products, and cheaper material costs. The final decision- Hand washing is better! However, I retain the right to change my mind at any time with the introduction of new information. Melinda November 28th, 2011 at 12:45 pm · Reply JSB, thanks for taking the time to share your findings! I agree, each person has to find their own solution that works best for them. Right now we’re using the dishwasher, in part because time is an important component to our equation – we don’t rinse dishes before putting them in the washer (saves water and gets just as clean) . However, in the future I will likely go back to hand washing. Dabu December 16th, 2011 at 11:04 am · Reply Most of us if not all on this website are more energy/water efficient than most, right? But I would guess that most in any of the studies aren’t. Also, if you are only using yourself or friends/family to compare to a formal study, than your “statistics” are only anecdotal and not scientific if you know what I mean. The studies conducted probably used 500+ or more and within that population there were would have been those who were just as careful with water usage as anyone here, those who just run the tap at full mindlessly, and those in between. So while I’m a conservationist for the most part myself (see I’m actually reading about good stuff on this website), I believe that a modern dishwasher uses less energy than handwashing for 95% of the population (including building it and disposing of it). If those 95% could be trained to used 1-2 gallons of water for a family of 4 to clean their dishes, than great. But it’s not going to happen, right? So for that 95%, promoting using a dishwasher is probably the best situation for us 5% that can. Does that make sense? And most of you would be surprised how much water you actually use in your sink if you haven’t actually measured every drop. I would guess that whatever small amount you think you use, you should “at least” double your estimate. Water Water Water February 16th, 2012 at 4:44 pm · Reply [...] Another tip is to use your dishwasher. It uses less water and less energy than washing by hand. However, if you’re just a couple or don’t have a dishwasher then hand washing is best. If you’re washing by hand it’s advised to fill one sink with warm soapy water and the other with cold water for rinsing. I found a good article on the subject if you’re interested. Click Here. [...] DM February 18th, 2012 at 4:03 am · Reply i do all my dishwashing in cold water and use probably about the same as you state for the dishwasher. The rinse water that remains from one wash is used to put dishes in for the next (use it to wet dityu dishes and brush off any debris). The dishes soak or can be rotated in the water just before washing, and anything comes off very easily. As we don’t eat meat, done the right way cold water is fine for washing with, and gets everything squeaky clean – but it takes a little practice. A few odd things need a little thought eg butter comes off instantly with a scrap of paper/tissue. It all takes very little time and is very effective when practised and takes very little energy or water. d Kelly February 19th, 2012 at 2:25 pm · Reply The new energy and water conserving dishwashers are much more efficient than I am at hand washing, and they are quiet. The old dishwasher was very loud and used 12 gallons of water. We took it to a local appliance recycling center. Although we are a 2 person household, we cook a lot from scratch so we use the dishwasher daily. The Eco-Chef: Dishwashing Strategies \| Whisked Foodie \| Mar 2, 2012 March 2nd, 2012 at 1:02 am · Reply [...] Sources: Epler, M. (2008, September 5). Does using a dishwasher actually decrease water use? Retrieved from: http://1greengeneration.elementsintime.com/?p=314 [...] ELowe April 6th, 2012 at 5:09 pm · Reply I personally can’t stand smelling dish soap on the dish I’m about to use. if my drinking water glass had dawn residue on it because somebody didn’t rinse it well it made me sick when i was a kid. So now, even though I’m pretty sure I could tolerate it, the smell drives me batty. So if handwashing, I rinse hot with copious amounts of water. I know at the restaurant that I work at, one of the only issues with the dishwasher is if the rinse doesn’t work quite right (because the dishwashing staff is lazy and never changes the water) the soap makes people sick. The natural dishsoap just doesn’t work, smells lovely, I still don’t want to drink it. So, the solution for me, put the dishes in the washer. Save me time, water, and electricity. 100 ways to live (and die) green « April 15th, 2012 at 5:47 pm · Reply [...] a rain barrel in the [...] Greg April 15th, 2012 at 6:49 pm · Reply We have a solar hot water heater (thermosiphon) and run the dishwasher in the afternoon or right after we get home from work so it draws the hottest water into the backup heater. Due to the size of our kitchen, we got a small dishwasher (18 vs. 24 inches) and we’ve never had the problem of having to wait too long to run the dishwasher. That’s made me think that most dishwashers are just too darn big. On days when the sun heats the water really well, our dishwasher probably doesn’t have much to do to heat the water. I do wish our dishwasher cleaned a bit better. It doesn’t have a macerator so we have to clean a screen once in a while. Since our hot water usually doesn’t cost anything, it’s hard to tell how much we pay for a load, however: that would depend only on how much energy the washer itself actually uses. Ted April 28th, 2012 at 3:50 pm · Reply This is an old post but I can’t help but correct some misconceptions: Bare cast iron should NEVER be washed by hand or in a dishwasher. After cooking it should be wiped off with a paper towel with cooking oil on it and hung back up. Stainless steel pans in general are the best pans to use in a dishwasher. The best have thicker bottoms or copper bottoms. Stainless is used in most commercial areas for this reason. They can also survive accidentally cooking the food too hot and burning it onto the pan. Most other pans are NOT good either for cooking or in a dishwasher. “non-stick” teflon coated pans always end up with the coating flaking off after age, and cannot survive overheating. Wood-handled pans are a haven for bacterial. Glass pans will shatter if accidentally put on a hot stove with nothing in them. They can also shatter if taken off a hot stove and put in a sink of water. Washing dishes in the evening after dinner or when you leave for work is usually how you deal with noisy dishwashers. Better ones are insulated and very quiet. Glass only etches in a dishwasher when you use too much soap. Generally a half to a 1/3d of the dishwashers cup is all the soap that is needed. We have 15 year old glasses and dishes that have NOT etched and always been washed in the dishwasher. Don Parker May 28th, 2012 at 4:54 am · Reply I’m retired and live alone. I now wash my dishes by hand, daily, just like my parents did. I use a mere two gallons of water that I heat on the stove, and that heating takes just minutes. I wash the dishes in one dishpan, let them drain of their soap, then rinse them in another dishpan of hot water. I then dry them by hand with cotton dishtowels. Neat Sinks for a Small Kitchen (and a Dishwasher Sink Too) « Passion For Property June 5th, 2012 at 7:26 am · Reply [...] the surprising practicality of this sink really impresses me. Added to which are the studies that a dishwasher uses less water than hand washing, and this little model apparently uses half the amount of water of a regular [...] Claudia June 19th, 2012 at 4:23 am · Reply I am wondering how much water does a dishwasher use per minute, approximately :) does anyone know?! :) Mike July 9th, 2012 at 3:28 pm · Reply Why has no one mentioned that a dishwasher subjects the dirty dishes to a longer time in hotter water to kill germs. A lot of our meals are chicken and pork based. I feel much better letting the machine kill the germs than a few seconds under luke warm water and a cold rinse. liam September 12th, 2012 at 11:22 pm · Reply Thankx for the imformation, it is useful Il dilemma della massaia @Medici_Manager @noisefromUSA « Carlo Favaretti September 17th, 2012 at 10:53 pm · Reply [...] di lavare i piatti a mano utilizziamo la stessa quantità di acqua calda (in realtà le lavastoviglie sono un po’ più efficientinel risparmiare acqua). Il costo opportunita’ di lavare i piatti a mano dipende da quanto [...] meee October 1st, 2012 at 11:49 pm · Reply WOuldnt it be easy to measure the amount of water used just bycollecting it in a bucket when you wash? Im gonna try it and maybe ill find this site again to post results but im pretty sure everyone can find a way to do that themselves katyflutterby December 17th, 2012 at 9:33 am · Reply I have always lived in the country and never had a dishwasher. I just recently rented a home in the city and it has a dishwasher. I’ve never been concerned with water usage because I’ve always had a well, but now I have to pay for water in the city and I am concerned what is the best way to wash. I have an Energy Star dishwasher and their website has me convinced it’s the best way to go, but after reading the different opinions, I’m back where I started. I absolutely refuse to use cold water, I want the water as hot as I can get it for washing and rinsing. I also hate the idea of having a rinse sink, the rinse sink always gets suds and I don’t feel they are getting rinse properly. I know that cold water will reduce the suds, but I don’t like the cold water because I don’t feel it is as sanitary and it takes the dishes longer to dry. Yes I could towel dry them but how many towels will I need to use, then we are just looking at more water and energy for laundry. My husband has agreed to allowing me to use the dishwasher once a month, I’m thinking at least once a week because I don’t normally do dishes on the weekend. We are a family of 4 and our dogs do all the pre-washing, lol, another reason I like to use scoulding hot water to wash. Perhaps if I can find a way to make the rinse sink work for me, handwashing may be more effecient. If anything, the dishwasher will make a great dish drainer when I do handwash, more counter space with out a dish rack, lol. michael January 4th, 2013 at 8:09 pm · Reply I live in Peru. Here is my thought about hand washing: don’t leave the tap running while you scrub a dish and you’ll save a lot. wet it, close the tap, clean the dish then rinse it. since al the dishes are clean, use gravity to rinse for you: put the biggest dishes at the bottom. rinse a fork, for example, let the water run down to a bowl below and start rinsing that, then give the final quick rinse on that bowl (i hope you get the idea). my thought on the article: i’m sorry but this report is absolutely false. dishwashers use so much more water than estimated here, and the comparison didn’t take into account that people need to thoroughly rinse a dish in the sink before putting it in the dishwasher for it to be actually clean at the end of a cycle. many times, i watch friends do this and it would only take a little more effort (and water) to wash the dish completely and skip the dishwasher. instead, many people run it through the washer after rinsing the dish off well. my family used a dishwasher for years and we all know you need to get that dish pretty clean before you can even put it in the dishwasher for it to be clean at the end. many people run the dishwasher another time, wasting more water. i’m sorry but i have to question whether dishwasher corporations aren’t behind this post. Melinda January 21st, 2013 at 10:59 am · Reply Hi Michael, I’m afraid it doesn’t look like you read my post. I did address rinsing of dishes – multiple times, in fact. “Scrape dishes clean but don’t pre-rinse under the tap” – this is #2 on my “Rules of Thumb”. Your last line is just silly. I’m not sure what your motivation is for writing it, but you might want to check out the rest of my blog. :) With all my best to you and your family, Melinda swimbo January 10th, 2013 at 1:20 pm · Reply Growing up with a cistern meant that every raindrop was conserved. I now have piped in water, but still have the same habits. Dishes are scraped, rinsed in old dishwater, washed in a tub in the previous load’s rinse water re-heated, using BranchBasics (a product that uses enzymes rather than caustics or foaming detergents, very antibacterial/antifungal), and rinsed over another tub. Total water usage is consistantly less than 8 liters… And the used dishwater is then used to water the garden or flush the loo. It takes less time overall than loading and unloading the dishwasher did when a roomy had one! mk March 14th, 2013 at 10:47 pm · Reply Ok I am single. I pile everthing up in a sink of really hot water with a bit of detergent. let it sit. it comes out clean with virtually no scrubbing :-). I use 2 sinks per day, about 15L max. Surely this is better than a dishwasher? ESPECIALLY HAS ANYONE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF MANUFACTURING THE DISHWASHER IN CHINA AND SHIPPING IT TO YOUR HOUSE??? = MASSIVE (I’m an industrial designer!) keith March 15th, 2013 at 5:10 pm · Reply In terms of energy to heat the water it is not as easy to calculate. The temperature of the water when you hand wash is much lower so there should be an additional factor applied to this. Jim March 30th, 2013 at 8:24 pm · Reply Very nice article and informative discussion. In my opinion it really depends. It depends on how dirty the dishes are and how efficient the washing is. This applies to both hand washing and dish washing. If you keep the water running while you are scrubbing the dishes then water consumption is much higher. Gerry Lavell April 24th, 2013 at 12:12 am · Reply I wash my dishes under a trickle of cold water at about 0.2oz/sec. I only use detergent on dishes as individually necessary and try to make sure the run-off goes to another item needing detergent. If anything needs soaking I will wash enough items, before the actual washing-up, to provide soaking water. The dishes are possibly slightly less clean but I individually inspect when wiping. I’ve done it this way for years and my water use is 23% of the average and my gas usage is about 0.5. Chickens, Dish Washing, and Keynesian Economics \| This Woman Writes (formerly Middle Aged Plague) by Carolyn Henderson May 10th, 2013 at 12:42 pm · Reply [...] versus hand washing — if you think that the health care situation is contentious, check out Does Using a Dishwasher Actually Decrease Water Use by One Green Generation, and make sure to read the comments. This would be lively action on C-Span, [...] Hala July 17th, 2013 at 2:27 am · Reply I live in Jordan since I was young, the method of washing dishes is as follows: 1- scrap all food particles off dishes, and pre-rinse glasses 2- fill the sink with hot water and drop all dishes in it 3- fill a bucket with clorex and detergent and dip the sponge 4- scrub everything with the sponge and put in in the other empty sink 5- wash under running water and place them to air-dry 6- pans and cooking pots is a nother story, you have to keep scrubbing them with a very hard sponge til they get clean 6- two or three hours later when everything is dry, everything is put in place this process in my house is done like 5-6 times per day. I am an engineer, and I have a full time job, and my energy drains out after washing the dishes a couple of times. plus, we always have guests. after I brought a dish washer, I don’t have to stand by the sink to wash everything,, and we only wash the dishes 1-2 times a day, we wait until it’s fully loaded and we turn it on.. my hands are getting dry no more.. and now, after a hard day at work, I through everything in the dishwasher and spend some time with my family :) ← Older Comments 1 2 ← Important Reasons Not To Use Pesticides and Herbicides! Our No-Waste, Low-Impact, Local Picnic → DON’T MISS A THING! Subscribe in a Reader Have a Question? Just Ask! Send Melinda an email. Recommended Reading The Growing Challenge Join our growing community of food growers from around the world! Peruse Our Archives ► 2013 ► June Did I fall off the sustainability wagon? 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Our Family Allotment "What Would My Grandfather Do?" Local Summer: Local Meals Don't Have To Be Gourmet Our Fire Escape Garden Is Your Neighborhood Bikeable? What Is Your Walk Score? Local Summer Recipe: Homemade Pesto, Beans, & Potatoes (Trenette Genovese) Who We Are & Where We're Coming From	msmarco_doc_00_6079016	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
274591	1	how many amendments does the us have	http://1howmany.com/how-many-amendments-are-to-the-constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution Dec 26, 2019 The original Constitution 1 of the United States of America was approved on September 17, 1787. It happened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the Federal Convention. Since then 27 changes, which are usually called “amendments” 2 have been made to the U.S. Constitution. James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, proposed the first ten amendments. They constituted the Bill of Rights 3. These amendments were ratified in 1791. The other seventeen amendments were put into function subsequently. The last one was endorsed on May 7, 1992. Though there are 27 amendments to the Constitution of the USA, only 26 of them are in function. The point is that the 21 st amendment annulled the 18th one. The procedure of amending is described in Article V of the U.S. Constitution. The procedure consists of two different parts. First, an amendment proposal must be supported by 2/3 majority of both Houses of the Congress. Second, 3/4 of the states must approve it. An amendment proposal should be ratified in a seven years period. If it fails to be approved within this time, it is called “expired”. The table below explains all the amendments to the Constitution. # Year Amendment 1 st 1791 Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and peaceful assembly. 2 nd 1791 The right to bear arms. 3 rd 1791 No forced quartering of soldiers. 4 th 1791 No unreasonable searching or seizures. 5 th 1791 In criminal cases trial only by jury, no self-incrimination or double jeopardy. 6 th 1791 The right to fair and speedy trial, legal representation, and knowledge of accusation. 7 th 1791 In civil cases trial by jury according to law. 8 th 1791 No unusual or cruel punishment, excessive fines and bails. 9 th 1791 Not specified rights are retained by people. 10 th 1791 Limitation of the federal government’s powers to the specified in the U.S. Constitution. 11 th 1795 Sovereign immunity foundation. 12 th 1804 New procedure of presidential election 13 th 1865 Abolition of slavery. 14 th 1868 Definition of citizenship. 15 th 1870 No denial of suffrage based on color, race, or former condition of servitude. 16 th 1913 The federal government has the right to collect income taxes. 17 th 1913 Senators are elected by popular vote. 18 th 1919 Prohibition of alcohol (annulled by the 21 st amendment). 19 th 1920 No denial of suffrage based on sex. 20 th 1933 Details regarding presidential and congressional terms. 21 st 1933 Repeals the 18th amendment. 22 nd 1951 The President is limited to two terms in office. 23 rd 1961 The District of Columbia gets representation in the Electoral College. 24 th 1964 No tax payments for the right to vote. 25 th 1967 Definition of the presidential succession process. 26 th 1971 The voting age is 18 years old. 27 th 1992 Laws which affect Congressional salary, take effect with the beginning of the next Congress. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the USA. It was adopted on the 17th of September, 1787, and ratified the same year. An amendment is a change to the Constitution text. The Bill of Rights is the name for the very first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It serves to protect the rights of the people including freedoms of speech, religion, free press, etc. The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison.	msmarco_doc_00_6184547	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
274597	1	how many amendments there are to the constitution	http://1howmany.com/how-many-amendments-are-to-the-constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution Dec 26, 2019 The original Constitution 1 of the United States of America was approved on September 17, 1787. It happened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the Federal Convention. Since then 27 changes, which are usually called “amendments” 2 have been made to the U.S. Constitution. James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, proposed the first ten amendments. They constituted the Bill of Rights 3. These amendments were ratified in 1791. The other seventeen amendments were put into function subsequently. The last one was endorsed on May 7, 1992. Though there are 27 amendments to the Constitution of the USA, only 26 of them are in function. The point is that the 21 st amendment annulled the 18th one. The procedure of amending is described in Article V of the U.S. Constitution. The procedure consists of two different parts. First, an amendment proposal must be supported by 2/3 majority of both Houses of the Congress. Second, 3/4 of the states must approve it. An amendment proposal should be ratified in a seven years period. If it fails to be approved within this time, it is called “expired”. The table below explains all the amendments to the Constitution. # Year Amendment 1 st 1791 Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and peaceful assembly. 2 nd 1791 The right to bear arms. 3 rd 1791 No forced quartering of soldiers. 4 th 1791 No unreasonable searching or seizures. 5 th 1791 In criminal cases trial only by jury, no self-incrimination or double jeopardy. 6 th 1791 The right to fair and speedy trial, legal representation, and knowledge of accusation. 7 th 1791 In civil cases trial by jury according to law. 8 th 1791 No unusual or cruel punishment, excessive fines and bails. 9 th 1791 Not specified rights are retained by people. 10 th 1791 Limitation of the federal government’s powers to the specified in the U.S. Constitution. 11 th 1795 Sovereign immunity foundation. 12 th 1804 New procedure of presidential election 13 th 1865 Abolition of slavery. 14 th 1868 Definition of citizenship. 15 th 1870 No denial of suffrage based on color, race, or former condition of servitude. 16 th 1913 The federal government has the right to collect income taxes. 17 th 1913 Senators are elected by popular vote. 18 th 1919 Prohibition of alcohol (annulled by the 21 st amendment). 19 th 1920 No denial of suffrage based on sex. 20 th 1933 Details regarding presidential and congressional terms. 21 st 1933 Repeals the 18th amendment. 22 nd 1951 The President is limited to two terms in office. 23 rd 1961 The District of Columbia gets representation in the Electoral College. 24 th 1964 No tax payments for the right to vote. 25 th 1967 Definition of the presidential succession process. 26 th 1971 The voting age is 18 years old. 27 th 1992 Laws which affect Congressional salary, take effect with the beginning of the next Congress. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the USA. It was adopted on the 17th of September, 1787, and ratified the same year. An amendment is a change to the Constitution text. The Bill of Rights is the name for the very first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It serves to protect the rights of the people including freedoms of speech, religion, free press, etc. The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison.	msmarco_doc_00_6184547	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
298041	1	how many the amendments do we have in the constitution now	http://1howmany.com/how-many-amendments-are-to-the-constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution	How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution How Many Amendments Are to the Constitution Dec 26, 2019 The original Constitution 1 of the United States of America was approved on September 17, 1787. It happened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the Federal Convention. Since then 27 changes, which are usually called “amendments” 2 have been made to the U.S. Constitution. James Madison, the fourth President of the United States, proposed the first ten amendments. They constituted the Bill of Rights 3. These amendments were ratified in 1791. The other seventeen amendments were put into function subsequently. The last one was endorsed on May 7, 1992. Though there are 27 amendments to the Constitution of the USA, only 26 of them are in function. The point is that the 21 st amendment annulled the 18th one. The procedure of amending is described in Article V of the U.S. Constitution. The procedure consists of two different parts. First, an amendment proposal must be supported by 2/3 majority of both Houses of the Congress. Second, 3/4 of the states must approve it. An amendment proposal should be ratified in a seven years period. If it fails to be approved within this time, it is called “expired”. The table below explains all the amendments to the Constitution. # Year Amendment 1 st 1791 Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and peaceful assembly. 2 nd 1791 The right to bear arms. 3 rd 1791 No forced quartering of soldiers. 4 th 1791 No unreasonable searching or seizures. 5 th 1791 In criminal cases trial only by jury, no self-incrimination or double jeopardy. 6 th 1791 The right to fair and speedy trial, legal representation, and knowledge of accusation. 7 th 1791 In civil cases trial by jury according to law. 8 th 1791 No unusual or cruel punishment, excessive fines and bails. 9 th 1791 Not specified rights are retained by people. 10 th 1791 Limitation of the federal government’s powers to the specified in the U.S. Constitution. 11 th 1795 Sovereign immunity foundation. 12 th 1804 New procedure of presidential election 13 th 1865 Abolition of slavery. 14 th 1868 Definition of citizenship. 15 th 1870 No denial of suffrage based on color, race, or former condition of servitude. 16 th 1913 The federal government has the right to collect income taxes. 17 th 1913 Senators are elected by popular vote. 18 th 1919 Prohibition of alcohol (annulled by the 21 st amendment). 19 th 1920 No denial of suffrage based on sex. 20 th 1933 Details regarding presidential and congressional terms. 21 st 1933 Repeals the 18th amendment. 22 nd 1951 The President is limited to two terms in office. 23 rd 1961 The District of Columbia gets representation in the Electoral College. 24 th 1964 No tax payments for the right to vote. 25 th 1967 Definition of the presidential succession process. 26 th 1971 The voting age is 18 years old. 27 th 1992 Laws which affect Congressional salary, take effect with the beginning of the next Congress. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme law of the USA. It was adopted on the 17th of September, 1787, and ratified the same year. An amendment is a change to the Constitution text. The Bill of Rights is the name for the very first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. It serves to protect the rights of the people including freedoms of speech, religion, free press, etc. The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison.	msmarco_doc_00_6184547	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
283994	1	how many gallons are in a half barrel keg	http://1howmany.com/how-many-beers-are-in-a-keg	How Many Beers Are In a Keg	How Many Beers Are In a Keg How Many Beers Are In a Keg	How Many Beers Are In a Keg How Many Beers Are In a Keg Dec 27, 2019 The cost of beer in kegs 1 is much lower than in cans or bottles. This is why you can save a lot of money if you buy a keg of beer for your party or picnic. Everybody can guess that it contains a great deal of beer, but do you know how much exactly? The answer to this question can vary, depending of the place you live in. First, let’s talk about kegs a bit in order to be sure that everyone has the idea how they look like. As a rule, kegs are made of aluminum, stainless steel or wood. They are commonly used to store, transport and even serve different types of beverages and alcoholic drinks, carbonated or non-carbonated, like beer. Kegs are usually pressurized in order to preserve the taste and quality of the products. Kegs may come in various sizes, and there are no any standards. The table below will help you to find out how many beers can be in different types of kegs. Name Volume, US gallons Volume, liters Half Barrel (Full Keg) 15.5 58.66 Half Barrel (European) 6.6 25 Mini Keg (Bubba) 1.32 5 Corny Keg (Soda syrup) 5 18.9 Sixth Barrel (Torpedo) 5.23 19.8 Quarter Barrel (Pony Keg) 7.75 29.3 Wall (99 Beer Bottles) 9.2 35.15 Import Keg (European Barrel) 13.2 50 The US beer barrel is officially defined as a volume unit which is equal to 31 gallons. This is why a full keg is named a half barrel, though it has 15.5 gallons. Most brewers use this kind of kegs, so we can make some calculations and answer how many beers are in a keg. One full keg contains: Almost seven 24-racks of 12 oz cans About five and a half 30-racks of 12 oz cans About ninety 22 oz battles (so-called “bombers”) 165 servings (12 oz) 124 US pints But do not forget that we are talking about the American half barrel keg. Standard European kegs are somewhat smaller. For instance, an import keg contains fifty liters, which equals to 13.2 US gallons. The tiniest keg is called “Bubba”, or mini keg. It is manufactured for retail sales and contains only 5 liters. Some kegs are recyclable. A full half barrel keg weighs almost 73 kilograms (more than 160 pounds); though an empty one has only 13.5 kilograms (less than 30 pounds). The keg’s typical height is 23.3 inches. A keg is a barrel of a small size, used to store liquids, like beer or some other drinks. They are made of aluminum or stainless steel. Wooden kegs are used to keep gunpowder, nails and other stuff. A typical American half barrel keg contains 15.5 US gallons.	msmarco_doc_00_6188357	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1179243	1	how many cm is in a meter	http://1howmany.com/how-many-centimeters-in-a-meter	How Many Centimeters in a Meter	How Many Centimeters in a Meter How Many Centimeters in a Meter	How Many Centimeters in a Meter How Many Centimeters in a Meter Dec 25, 2019 Meters 1 and centimeters 2 are both units of length from the metric system. The meter is one of the basic units in the SI (International System of Units). No wonder, that converting meters to centimeters or vice versa is very simple. You just have to remember the fact: One meter equals to one hundred centimeters. So, if you need to find out how many centimeters are in some number of meters, you must multiply the meters by one hundred. On the contrary, to convert centimeters to meters, divide centimeters by one hundred. There are no any other definitions of the meter and the centimeter, so you will never be confused while dealing with these units of length. But you should take into account the fact that the official spelling, accepted in the metric system, is “metre”. The Unites States is the only English speaking country in the world using the spelling “meter”. At the same time, many complex words, including the root “meter”, have the American variant (speedometer, etc) used in all countries. This video will teach you how to measure segments of different size using a common metric ruler: YouTube Sharon Sylvester 19 subscribers Subscribe Chatterton Helping Hands: Measurement using a metric ruler Watch later Copy link Info Shopping Tap to unmute If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. More videos More videos You're signed out Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer. Cancel Confirm Switch camera Share Include playlist An error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later. Watch on 0:00 0:00 0:00 / 5:23 Live • The meter (British spelling: metre; abbr. m) is the basic length unit according to the International System of Units. It consists of one hundred centimeters (cm). In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of one second. The centimeter (British spelling: centimetre; abbr. cm) is a metric length unit, which is equivalent to 1/100 meter. One centimeter consists of ten millimeters (mm).	msmarco_doc_00_6203140	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
16166	1	amateurs how many kilometers in a mile	http://1howmany.com/how-many-kilometers-in-a-mile	How Many Kilometers in a Mile	How Many Kilometers in a Mile How Many Kilometers in a Mile	How Many Kilometers in a Mile How Many Kilometers in a Mile Dec 26, 2019 People, living in countries where the imperial measurement system is adopted, use miles 1, yards, feet and some other units to reckon distances. These countries are few in number, but one of them has hundreds of millions of citizens. Yes, we mean the United States. For Americans, the mile is a common unit of length, but almost the whole world uses the metric system with meters 2 and kilometers 3. Thus, sometimes they have to convert meters to kilometers and vice versa. It is not a very difficult task, but you may need a calculator to perform it. First of all, you have to remember how many kilometers there are in one mile. The answer is following: One kilometer is equal to about 0.6214 land miles One land mile is equal to about 1.6093 kilometers If you want to find out how many kilometers there are in some miles, you should multiply the number of miles by 1.6093. In order to convert kilometers to miles, multiply the number of kilometers by 0.6214. Do you still think that you are able to do in without a calculator? But you have to know some more facts about miles in order not to get confused, so go on reading. Different Types of the Mile When we say that one mile has approximately 1.6093 kilometers, we mean statue (or land) miles. The nautical mile, which is used by air and sea navigators, is equal to 1852 meters (about 6076 feet). Some countries also have their own definitions of the mile. Sometimes they are not even miles but units of length, interpreted as miles. Some of them are not used nowadays. Here are several examples: The Roman mile is equal to about 1479 meters. It consists of 5000 Roman feet or 1000 paces. The metric mile has 1500 meters (in the USA this term may denote 1600 meters). The Scots mile has 5920 feet (about 1804 meters). The Russian milya (in Russian, “milya” and “mile” are translated by the same word) is a distance of 7468 meters. But you should realize that we mean the land mile, which is equal to 1760 yards, or about 1609 meters. You can use the table below to convert land miles, nautical miles and kilometers to other units of length. Feet Yards Meters Kilometers Land Miles One kilometer 3281 1094 1000 1 0.62 One land mile 5280 1760 1609.3 1.6 1 One nautical mile 6076.1 2025.4 1852 1.852 1.15 The mile is a widely spread length unit with a number of different definitions. The statue (land) mile is equal to 1760 yards (1609.344 meters). The nautical mile equals to about 2025.4 yards (1852 meters). The meter (British spelling: metre; abbr. m) is the basic length unit from the ISU (International System of Units). It consists of one hundred centimeters. In 1983, the meter was defined as the distance that light travels in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of one second. The kilometer (British spelling: kilometre; abbr. km) is a length unit from the International System of Units. It equals to 1000 meters and is used to express distances between geographical objects.	msmarco_doc_00_6247788	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
287835	1	how many liters make up a gallon	http://1howmany.com/how-many-liters-in-a-gallon	How Many Liters in a Gallon	How Many Liters in a Gallon How Many Liters in a Gallon	How Many Liters in a Gallon How Many Liters in a Gallon Dec 26, 2019 The gallon 1 is a common unit of liquid measure though it can also be used to determine volume of some dry substances. The liter 2 is a unit of volume from the metric system. This difference may cause problems in converting gallons to liters and vice versa. There are several definitions of the gallon. But if we mean US liquid gallons, the answer to the question, “How many liters are there in one gallon?” is following: One US gallon consists of 3.785 liters. US liquid gallons are mostly spread in the USA, though they are also used for measuring fuel in many other countries, like Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Panama, Nicaragua, Peru, etc. The US dry gallon is rarely used and has about 4.404 liters. Differences between US Gallons and Imperial Gallons But don’t forget that there is also the imperial (European, UK) gallon, which differs from the US variant. It is a part of the Standard system of measures, which is used in several countries for a long time. The imperial gallon is defined as 4.546 liters, which is more than the US gallon has. This definition comes from the volume of ten pounds of water measures at the temperature of 62°farehnheit. From 2000, it is not a legal measurement unit anymore in the UK. Converting Gallons and Liters As stated above, one US gallon consists of about 3.785 liters. It means that to convert metric liters to US liquid gallons, you should multiply liters by 0,264. If you want to know how many liters are in some number of gallons, you need to multiply gallons by 3.785. The table below will help you to convert gallons and liters to other units of volume. Remember that we are discussing liquid measures accepted in the USA. One US Gallon One Liter Tea-spoons 768 202.88 Table-spoons 256 67.62 Fluid Ounces 128 33.81 Cups 16 4.22 Pints 8 2.11 Quarts 4 1.05 The Gallon is a volume measurement unit accepted in many countries. The US liquid gallon equals approximately 3.785 liters, the imperial gallon has about 4.546 liters, and the US dry gallon consists of 4.404 liters. Gallons (imperial and US) are common for many English speaking countries and can also be found in Latin America. The Liter (British English: litre; abbr. L or l) is the basic volume measurement unit in the metric system. It equals to one cubic decimeter (dm3), or one thousand cubic centimeters (cm3). One liter of pure cold water weighs approximately one kilogram. It comes from the year of 1795, when 1 gram was defined as 1 cm3 of water.	msmarco_doc_00_6254543	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
286669	1	how many is mm	http://1howmany.com/how-many-millimeters-in-an-inch	How Many Millimeters in an Inch	How Many Millimeters in an Inch How Many Millimeters in an Inch	How Many Millimeters in an Inch How Many Millimeters in an Inch Dec 26, 2019 Many people have problems with converting units from one measurement system to units from another one. But if you live in the USA, you may need to do in pretty often. The point is that most of the world uses the metric system, but in the United States it has not been adopted. It causes a great deal of confusion, and not everyone is able to give the right answer to the question, “How many millimeters 1 are there in an inch 2 ?” In 1959, the British Commonwealth and the USA gave the definition to the international yard, which is equal to 0.9144 meters. One yard has 36 inches, so the length of the international inch is 25.4 millimeters. If you convert inches to millimeters, you have to multiply the number of inches by 25.4. For converting to inches, divide the millimeters by 25.4. Use a calculator, if necessary. This table helps you to convert millimeters and inches into other units of length. Millimeters Inches One centimeter 10 0.3937 One inch 25.4 1 One foot 304.8 12 One yard 914.4 36 One meter 1000 39.37 Inches and Millimeters Here are some facts about millimeters and inches that may be useful to you. The inch is mostly used in the USA, where it is one of the official units of length. Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom and some other countries have accepted the metric system, but their citizens still measure length in inches informally. It is well-known that inches are widely used for measuring diagonals of 2-dimentional displays. Millimeters are the smallest units of length that are in everyday use. The millimeter is one thousandth of the meter, which is one of the basic SI 3 units. It consists of 1000 micrometers (1 000 000 nanometers). The following video will show you how to measure length with a regular metric ruler: YouTube Sharon Sylvester 19 subscribers Subscribe Chatterton Helping Hands: Measurement using a metric ruler Watch later Copy link Info Shopping Tap to unmute If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. You're signed out Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer. Cancel Confirm More videos More videos Switch camera Share Include playlist An error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later. Watch on 0:00 0:00 0:00 / 5:23 Live • The millimeter (British English: millimetre; abbr. mm) is a metric length unit, which is equal to 1/10 centimeter and 1000 micrometers. One international inch has 25.4 millimeters. The inch (abbr. in, symbol ”) is a non-metric length unit in various systems. There are 25.4 millimeters in one international inch. The International System of Units (abbr. ISU, SI) is a modern system of measurement units, which is most widely used in the world. In consists of seven basic units: meters, kilograms, ampere, second, kelvin, mole, and candela).	msmarco_doc_00_6268114	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
287800	1	how many liters does a gallon has	http://1howmany.com/how-many-oz-in-a-gallon	How Many OZ in a Gallon	How Many OZ in a Gallon How Many OZ in a Gallon	How Many OZ in a Gallon How Many OZ in a Gallon Dec 26, 2019 Gallons 1 and ounces 2 are non-metric units of measuring liquid substances. Nowadays they are in use mostly in the USA and Australia. It is rather easy to convert gallons to ounces and vice versa. The question to the answer, “How many OZ are in a gallon?” is that one gallon has 128 ounces. But this answer is correct only if you mean US liquid gallons and US fluid ounces. And there are some other definitions of these units, so you should know the most important of them in order not to get confused. Gallons and Ounces First of all, you should understand that now we are talking about fluid ounces which are units of volume. The US fluid ounce equals to about 29.6 milliliters, and the imperial fluid ounce equals to about 28.4 milliliters. Currently, there are two main definitions of the gallon: the imperial gallon (approximately 4.54 liters) and the US liquid gallon (approximately 3.78 liters). There is also the US dry gallon (approximately 4.4 liters), but it is a rare unit. And the number of ounces in a gallon is different in the imperial and the US systems: One US gallon has 128 US fluid ounces One imperial gallon has 160 imperial fluid ounces It is not difficult to remember. But what should you do, if you need to know how many imperial ounces there are in some number of US gallons? Such calculations will be too complex for most people. You can consult our table that we have composed to help you. If necessary, use a calculator. But converting units from different systems is not so easy. We have composed the special table that will help you to do it, though you may need a calculator to perform this task. One US liquid gallon One imperial gallon US fluid ounces 128 153.72 Imperial fluid ounces 133.23 160 Liters 3.78 4.54 So, if you want to calculate how many US fluid ounces are in five imperial gallons, you must multiply 153.72 (154 for rough estimation) by 5. The gallon is a non-metric liquid measurement unit accepted in many countries. The US liquid gallon (about 3.785 liters) and the imperial gallon (about 4.54 liters) are the most common definitions of this unit. The US gallon consists of 128 US fluid ounces, and the imperial gallon consists of 160 imperial fluid ounces. The Ounce (abbr. oz) is a widely-spread non-metric unit of mass or volume (fluid ounce), which is used in various systems and has several definitions. The US fluid ounce equals to about 29.6 milliliters, and the imperial fluid ounce equals to about 28.4 milliliters.	msmarco_doc_00_6284460	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
294529	1	how many ribs do human beings have	http://1howmany.com/how-many-ribs-do-humans-have	How Many Ribs Do Humans Have	How Many Ribs Do Humans Have How Many Ribs Do Humans Have	How Many Ribs Do Humans Have How Many Ribs Do Humans Have Dec 27, 2019 It is widely known that all vertebral species have ribs 1. Humans have a complex rib cage 2 which comprises of the sternum 3, ribs and some other parts. Every doctor knows how many ribs people have, but an ordinary man can have some difficulties with such a question. In fact, it is no difficult to memorize the answer: Every human (both men and women) has 24 coupled ribs (that is, 12 pairs) The first fourteen ribs (seven pairs) are directly connected to the breastbone (sternum). They are called "true ribs". The very first pair is difficult to distinguish from the rest of human ribs. These ribs are flat, short, and C-shaped. They are attached below the neck. The other six pairs of ribs look more usual. The next five pairs of ribs are called "false ribs". Three of them have a cartilaginous attachment to the sternum, and the last two (pairs eleven and twelve) are known as "floating ribs". Once in a while they are also termed vertebral ribs because they are connected solely to the vertebrae. Some humans miss one pair of floating ribs, and some have three pairs of them due to genetic mutations. As a rule, the length of ribs increases starting from pair one and decreases from the eighth pair. The diaphragm 4 controlling breathing separates the rib cage from the abdomen. The diaphragm’s contraction makes the rib cage along with the thoracic cavity expand which reduces intrathoracic pressure and fills the lungs with air. The main purpose of the rib cage is to protect the internals (the heart, lungs, and kidneys) in the thoracic cavity. The ribs make a cage-like formation around them, playing an important role in the skeleton. That is why this structure is called the rib cage though it consists of some other bones too. Many people do believe than men and women have different number of ribs. The origin of this belief lies in the Bible, and we all know the story of Adam and created from his rib Eve. In point of fact, the quantity of ribs does not depend on sex. Both men and women have twelve pairs of ribs. If this statement cannot convince you, take X-ray pictures of several men and women. This will be the strongest visual proof. We hope that this piece of information is enough to give you the exhaustive answer to the question, " How many ribs do humans have ?". A rib is one of the 24 slender curved bones forming the rib cage. They serve to protect internal organs in the thoracic cavity. The rib cage (also called the thoracic cage) is the structure formed by ribs and other bones. As a rule, a human rib cage has twenty four ribs, the sternum, the twelve thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages. The sternum is the long bone in the shape of the capital letter The diaphragm is a muscular partition extending across the rib cage’s bottom and separating the thoracic cavity from the abdomen in humans and mammals. It plays an important role in respiration because its contraction spreads the thorax and inflates the lungs.	msmarco_doc_00_6309707	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
296245	1	how many sq ft in an acre	http://1howmany.com/how-many-square-feet-in-an-acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre How Many Square Feet in an Acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre How Many Square Feet in an Acre Dec 25, 2019 It is easy to imagine an area of one square foot 1. In fact, it is a square which has sides of one foot. But many people have problems with visualizing an acre 2, to say nothing of converting square feet to acres. There is a good analogy that helps to envision an acre. It is known that a football field is a bit bigger than one acre. But to clear up the picture, you have to know more facts about square feet and acres. Square Feet and Acres These measurements are parts of the US customary system. It has aroused from the English system, but with some differences. Initially, the acre was approximately a parcel of land that an ox was able to plow in one day. Historically, areas of British farms and estates were measured in acres. Even if the area was very large, they did not want to use square miles. The US customary acre has approximately 4046.87 square meters. In the year of 1959, the length of the international yard was officially defined to be 0.9144 meters. It means that the international acre equals to about 4046.85 square meters. As you see, the difference between the US customary acre and its international variant is so slight, that it all the same what acre to use in everyday life. How Many Square Feet in an Acre Now that we know a bit about acres and square feet, we can move to conversion of these units and find out how many square feet there are in an acre. One US customary acre is equivalent to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or about 4047 square meters. There are also some other types of acres, used in various countries: Irish acre (7843 yd 2 ), Roman acre (1260 m 2 ), Cheshire acre (10240 yd 2 ), etc. The table below will help you to convert acres and square feet into some other measurement units. One square foot One acre Square Centimeters 929 404 687 Square Meters 0.0929 4046.87 Square Feet 1 43 560 Square Yards 1/9 4840 Acre is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is also used in many other systems. The international acre is the most common variant, and it is equal to approximately 4,046.85 square meters, or 0.404 hectare. Square Foot (abbr. sq ft or ft2) is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is used in the USA, Unites Kingdom, Canada, India and other countries. It is a square area with sides of one foot (12 inches, or about 0,304 meters).	msmarco_doc_00_6321737	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
296274	1	how many sq. ft. in an acre	http://1howmany.com/how-many-square-feet-in-an-acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre How Many Square Feet in an Acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre How Many Square Feet in an Acre Dec 25, 2019 It is easy to imagine an area of one square foot 1. In fact, it is a square which has sides of one foot. But many people have problems with visualizing an acre 2, to say nothing of converting square feet to acres. There is a good analogy that helps to envision an acre. It is known that a football field is a bit bigger than one acre. But to clear up the picture, you have to know more facts about square feet and acres. Square Feet and Acres These measurements are parts of the US customary system. It has aroused from the English system, but with some differences. Initially, the acre was approximately a parcel of land that an ox was able to plow in one day. Historically, areas of British farms and estates were measured in acres. Even if the area was very large, they did not want to use square miles. The US customary acre has approximately 4046.87 square meters. In the year of 1959, the length of the international yard was officially defined to be 0.9144 meters. It means that the international acre equals to about 4046.85 square meters. As you see, the difference between the US customary acre and its international variant is so slight, that it all the same what acre to use in everyday life. How Many Square Feet in an Acre Now that we know a bit about acres and square feet, we can move to conversion of these units and find out how many square feet there are in an acre. One US customary acre is equivalent to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or about 4047 square meters. There are also some other types of acres, used in various countries: Irish acre (7843 yd 2 ), Roman acre (1260 m 2 ), Cheshire acre (10240 yd 2 ), etc. The table below will help you to convert acres and square feet into some other measurement units. One square foot One acre Square Centimeters 929 404 687 Square Meters 0.0929 4046.87 Square Feet 1 43 560 Square Yards 1/9 4840 Acre is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is also used in many other systems. The international acre is the most common variant, and it is equal to approximately 4,046.85 square meters, or 0.404 hectare. Square Foot (abbr. sq ft or ft2) is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is used in the USA, Unites Kingdom, Canada, India and other countries. It is a square area with sides of one foot (12 inches, or about 0,304 meters).	msmarco_doc_00_6321737	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
495354	1	sf in an acre	http://1howmany.com/how-many-square-feet-in-an-acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre How Many Square Feet in an Acre	How Many Square Feet in an Acre How Many Square Feet in an Acre Dec 25, 2019 It is easy to imagine an area of one square foot 1. In fact, it is a square which has sides of one foot. But many people have problems with visualizing an acre 2, to say nothing of converting square feet to acres. There is a good analogy that helps to envision an acre. It is known that a football field is a bit bigger than one acre. But to clear up the picture, you have to know more facts about square feet and acres. Square Feet and Acres These measurements are parts of the US customary system. It has aroused from the English system, but with some differences. Initially, the acre was approximately a parcel of land that an ox was able to plow in one day. Historically, areas of British farms and estates were measured in acres. Even if the area was very large, they did not want to use square miles. The US customary acre has approximately 4046.87 square meters. In the year of 1959, the length of the international yard was officially defined to be 0.9144 meters. It means that the international acre equals to about 4046.85 square meters. As you see, the difference between the US customary acre and its international variant is so slight, that it all the same what acre to use in everyday life. How Many Square Feet in an Acre Now that we know a bit about acres and square feet, we can move to conversion of these units and find out how many square feet there are in an acre. One US customary acre is equivalent to 43 560 square feet, 4840 square yards, or about 4047 square meters. There are also some other types of acres, used in various countries: Irish acre (7843 yd 2 ), Roman acre (1260 m 2 ), Cheshire acre (10240 yd 2 ), etc. The table below will help you to convert acres and square feet into some other measurement units. One square foot One acre Square Centimeters 929 404 687 Square Meters 0.0929 4046.87 Square Feet 1 43 560 Square Yards 1/9 4840 Acre is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is also used in many other systems. The international acre is the most common variant, and it is equal to approximately 4,046.85 square meters, or 0.404 hectare. Square Foot (abbr. sq ft or ft2) is a US customary and imperial unit of area, which is used in the USA, Unites Kingdom, Canada, India and other countries. It is a square area with sides of one foot (12 inches, or about 0,304 meters).	msmarco_doc_00_6321737	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
297604	1	how many tablespoons are there in a cup?	http://1howmany.com/how-many-tablespoons-in-a-cup	How Many Tablespoons in a Cup	How Many Tablespoons in a Cup How Many Tablespoons in a Cup	How Many Tablespoons in a Cup How Many Tablespoons in a Cup Dec 25, 2019 Before we start discussing how many tablespoons 1 are in a cup 2 we should mention that converting tablespoons to cups is necessary mostly for people living in the USA and some other countries where the standard (or English) measurement system is in use. In fact, this system is rather confusing because of different conversions. That is why almost countries in the world have chosen the metric system. It counts everything by tens which makes it more convenient and understandable. But if you live in the United States, you have to use tablespoons, cups, ounces, quarts and other units from this measurement system. Moreover these units are common for many old cookbooks even if they were published in Europe. How Many Tablespoons in a Cup There are various definitions of the cup and the tablespoon accepted in different countries. In this article we will talk about US customary cups and US tablespoons which are the most widely-spread units. So you can remember that 1 US customary cup equals to 16 US tablespoons. If you want to find out how many cups or tablespoons are in some other measurement units, the table below will help you to find the answers. One US tablespoon One US cup Tea-spoons 3 48 Table-spoons 1 16 Fluid Ounces 1/2 8 Cups 1/16 1 Pints 1/32 1/2 The following table will help you to convert US teaspoons, tablespoons, ounces and cups into metric milliliters. One US teaspoon About 5 ml One US tablespoon About 15 ml One US fluid ounce About 30 ml One US cup About 240 ml Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) – is a common unit of volume measurement used in the USA, Australia and some other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian variant has about 20 milliliters. Cup is a widely-spread unit of volume measurement which is used mostly in cooking recipes for measuring liquids and dry substances (sugar, flour, etc). It is common in many countries and there different types of this unit (US, imperial, metric, Japanese, etc). The US cup is equal to approximately 240 metric milliliters.	msmarco_doc_00_6329012	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
297689	1	how many tbsp per cup	http://1howmany.com/how-many-tablespoons-in-a-cup	How Many Tablespoons in a Cup	How Many Tablespoons in a Cup How Many Tablespoons in a Cup	How Many Tablespoons in a Cup How Many Tablespoons in a Cup Dec 25, 2019 Before we start discussing how many tablespoons 1 are in a cup 2 we should mention that converting tablespoons to cups is necessary mostly for people living in the USA and some other countries where the standard (or English) measurement system is in use. In fact, this system is rather confusing because of different conversions. That is why almost countries in the world have chosen the metric system. It counts everything by tens which makes it more convenient and understandable. But if you live in the United States, you have to use tablespoons, cups, ounces, quarts and other units from this measurement system. Moreover these units are common for many old cookbooks even if they were published in Europe. How Many Tablespoons in a Cup There are various definitions of the cup and the tablespoon accepted in different countries. In this article we will talk about US customary cups and US tablespoons which are the most widely-spread units. So you can remember that 1 US customary cup equals to 16 US tablespoons. If you want to find out how many cups or tablespoons are in some other measurement units, the table below will help you to find the answers. One US tablespoon One US cup Tea-spoons 3 48 Table-spoons 1 16 Fluid Ounces 1/2 8 Cups 1/16 1 Pints 1/32 1/2 The following table will help you to convert US teaspoons, tablespoons, ounces and cups into metric milliliters. One US teaspoon About 5 ml One US tablespoon About 15 ml One US fluid ounce About 30 ml One US cup About 240 ml Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) – is a common unit of volume measurement used in the USA, Australia and some other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian variant has about 20 milliliters. Cup is a widely-spread unit of volume measurement which is used mostly in cooking recipes for measuring liquids and dry substances (sugar, flour, etc). It is common in many countries and there different types of this unit (US, imperial, metric, Japanese, etc). The US cup is equal to approximately 240 metric milliliters.	msmarco_doc_00_6329012	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
297775	1	how many teaspoons are in a teaspoon?	http://1howmany.com/how-many-teaspoons-in-a-tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon Dec 25, 2019 In this article we will find out how many teaspoons 1 in a tablespoon 2. Some people confuse between teaspoons and tablespoons, though their differences seem to be obvious. First of all, teaspoons, as units of volume, are much smaller than tablespoons. It is like comparing the items of cutlery bearing the same names. You will never mix up a teaspoon and a tablespoon in a restaurant of a café, won’t you? Teaspoons and tablespoons are mostly used in cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. Different Tablespoons Now we will discuss different definitions of these measurement units accepted in various countries. In most regions, where they are used for measuring solids, the tablespoon equals to half a fluid ounce, which is about 15 metric milliliters. This variant of the tablespoon is accepted in the USA, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. Their teaspoon has 1/6 fluid ounce and about 5 metric milliliters. The same teaspoon is used in Australia, but the Australian variant of the tablespoon is larger. It contains 2/3 fluid ounce and 20 metric milliliters. How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon Now that we know how many fluid ounces and milliliters there are in a teaspoon and a tablespoon, we can count easily how many teaspoons in a tablespoon: 1 US tablespoon has 3 teaspoons 1 Australian tablespoon has 4 teaspoons It is not difficult to remember, is it? Teaspoons, Tablespoons, and Other Units of Volume Sometimes you may want to find out how many teaspoons or tablespoons there are in other units of volume. The following table will be a great help to you. Teaspoons US Tablespoons Australian Tablespoons One US tablespoon 3 1 ≈0.75 One Australian tablespoon 4 ≈1.33 1 One US fluid ounce 6 2 ≈1.50 One US cup 48 16 ≈12 One pint 96 32 ≈24 Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) is a widely-spread unit of measuring volume used in the USA, Australia and other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian tablespoon has about 20 milliliters. Teaspoon (abbr. tspn, tsp, ts, t) is a unit which is used to measure volume. It is common for cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. One teaspoon equals to approximately 5 metric milliliters.	msmarco_doc_00_6337337	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
298838	1	how many tsp in = tbsp	http://1howmany.com/how-many-teaspoons-in-a-tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon Dec 25, 2019 In this article we will find out how many teaspoons 1 in a tablespoon 2. Some people confuse between teaspoons and tablespoons, though their differences seem to be obvious. First of all, teaspoons, as units of volume, are much smaller than tablespoons. It is like comparing the items of cutlery bearing the same names. You will never mix up a teaspoon and a tablespoon in a restaurant of a café, won’t you? Teaspoons and tablespoons are mostly used in cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. Different Tablespoons Now we will discuss different definitions of these measurement units accepted in various countries. In most regions, where they are used for measuring solids, the tablespoon equals to half a fluid ounce, which is about 15 metric milliliters. This variant of the tablespoon is accepted in the USA, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. Their teaspoon has 1/6 fluid ounce and about 5 metric milliliters. The same teaspoon is used in Australia, but the Australian variant of the tablespoon is larger. It contains 2/3 fluid ounce and 20 metric milliliters. How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon Now that we know how many fluid ounces and milliliters there are in a teaspoon and a tablespoon, we can count easily how many teaspoons in a tablespoon: 1 US tablespoon has 3 teaspoons 1 Australian tablespoon has 4 teaspoons It is not difficult to remember, is it? Teaspoons, Tablespoons, and Other Units of Volume Sometimes you may want to find out how many teaspoons or tablespoons there are in other units of volume. The following table will be a great help to you. Teaspoons US Tablespoons Australian Tablespoons One US tablespoon 3 1 ≈0.75 One Australian tablespoon 4 ≈1.33 1 One US fluid ounce 6 2 ≈1.50 One US cup 48 16 ≈12 One pint 96 32 ≈24 Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) is a widely-spread unit of measuring volume used in the USA, Australia and other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian tablespoon has about 20 milliliters. Teaspoon (abbr. tspn, tsp, ts, t) is a unit which is used to measure volume. It is common for cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. One teaspoon equals to approximately 5 metric milliliters.	msmarco_doc_00_6337337	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
298851	1	how many tsp in a tbs?	http://1howmany.com/how-many-teaspoons-in-a-tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon	How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon Dec 25, 2019 In this article we will find out how many teaspoons 1 in a tablespoon 2. Some people confuse between teaspoons and tablespoons, though their differences seem to be obvious. First of all, teaspoons, as units of volume, are much smaller than tablespoons. It is like comparing the items of cutlery bearing the same names. You will never mix up a teaspoon and a tablespoon in a restaurant of a café, won’t you? Teaspoons and tablespoons are mostly used in cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. Different Tablespoons Now we will discuss different definitions of these measurement units accepted in various countries. In most regions, where they are used for measuring solids, the tablespoon equals to half a fluid ounce, which is about 15 metric milliliters. This variant of the tablespoon is accepted in the USA, South Africa, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan. Their teaspoon has 1/6 fluid ounce and about 5 metric milliliters. The same teaspoon is used in Australia, but the Australian variant of the tablespoon is larger. It contains 2/3 fluid ounce and 20 metric milliliters. How Many Teaspoons in a Tablespoon Now that we know how many fluid ounces and milliliters there are in a teaspoon and a tablespoon, we can count easily how many teaspoons in a tablespoon: 1 US tablespoon has 3 teaspoons 1 Australian tablespoon has 4 teaspoons It is not difficult to remember, is it? Teaspoons, Tablespoons, and Other Units of Volume Sometimes you may want to find out how many teaspoons or tablespoons there are in other units of volume. The following table will be a great help to you. Teaspoons US Tablespoons Australian Tablespoons One US tablespoon 3 1 ≈0.75 One Australian tablespoon 4 ≈1.33 1 One US fluid ounce 6 2 ≈1.50 One US cup 48 16 ≈12 One pint 96 32 ≈24 Tablespoon (abbr. tblspn, tblsp, tbsp, tbs, tb) is a widely-spread unit of measuring volume used in the USA, Australia and other countries. The US tablespoon equals to approximately 15 metric milliliters. The Australian tablespoon has about 20 milliliters. Teaspoon (abbr. tspn, tsp, ts, t) is a unit which is used to measure volume. It is common for cookbooks and pharmaceutical prescriptions. One teaspoon equals to approximately 5 metric milliliters.	msmarco_doc_00_6337337	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
280778	1	how many days are in a year	http://1howmany.com/how-many-weeks-in-a-year	How Many Weeks in a Year	How Many Weeks in a Year How Many Weeks in a Year	How Many Weeks in a Year How Many Weeks in a Year Dec 25, 2019 One day almost everyone wonders how many weeks there are in a year. The answer seems to be obvious because it is elementary mathematics. You can count them by dividing 365 days per year by seven days per week. This way we’ll get 52 weeks plus one day. If it is one of the leap years 1 with 366 days, it has 52 weeks plus two extra days. In other words, one can say that a regular year contains 52 1/7 weeks and a leap year consists of 52 2/7 weeks. Or Are There 53 Weeks in a Year? These extra days (one or two) make one more week though it is incomplete. It means that on the calendar all the days in a year are arranged in 53 weeks, and one or two of them have less than seven days. What is more, in rare cases the calendar can get even 54 weeks. This situation happens in every 28 years when the 1st of January and the 31st of December form separate weeks. Of course, it must be a leap year. For example, the year of 2000 had 54 weeks. Its first week consisted of only one day which was Saturday, the 1st of January. And the last week of 2000 included just one day too. It was Sunday, the 31st of December. Conclusion From the point of view of mathematics, there are 52 1/7 (or 2/7) weeks in a year. It means 52 full weeks. But on the calendar there will be 53 or 54 separate weeks though one or two of them will be incomplete. So the answer to the question about the number of weeks in a year depends on what you prefer to call a week. If you mean seven days from Sunday till Saturday, then no year will have more than 52 weeks. But if a week for you is a separate line or column in the calendar, then there may be up to 54 weeks in a year. Leap year – is a year that occurs once every 4 years. It consists of 366 days, and the intercalary day is always the 29th of February.	msmarco_doc_00_6339957	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1177879	1	how many zeros for a billion	http://1howmany.com/how-many-zeroes-are-in-a-billion	How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion	How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion	How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion How Many Zeroes Are in a Billion Dec 27, 2019 The question, “How many zeroes are in a billion?” may seem ridiculous. But are you sure that you know the exact answer to it? If you ask Americans or Europeans about it, most probably, they will tell you the following: There are nine zeroes in one billion But citizens of many non-English speaking countries may give you another answer: There are twelve zeroes in one billion What answer is right? If fact, both variants are, and now you will know why it is so. The Long Scale and the Short Scale In the modern world, there are two different scales, which use the term “billion”. They are called the long one and the short one. These terms were first used by Genevieve Guitel, the French mathematician. In the short scale 1, a billion consists of a thousand millions. It means that it has nine zeroes. But in the long scale 2, a billion means a million millions. Thus, it has twelve zeroes. The table below will help you to understand it better. Short Scale Long Scale A million 1 000 000 1 000 000 A billion 1 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 A trillion 1 000 000 000 000 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 In some countries the word “milliard” is used to denote the nine zero number. As a rule, in English speaking countries the short scale is in use, while most of other countries prefer the long scale. Facts about a Billion It is not easy for an ordinary man to comprehend the practical meaning of a billion. Read these facts, and you may be amazed. One billion minutes ago Jesus Christ was alive. One billion hours ago it was the Stone Age. One billion days ago there were no men on the Earth. Do you understand now how rich Bill Gates is? He’s got tens of billions dollars. The short scale (from French échelle courte) is a system of large number naming. According to the short scale, starting from million, every number is one thousand times the previous number. E.g. billion is a thousand millions. The long scale (from French échelle longue) is a system of large number naming. According to the long scale, starting from million, every number is one million times the previous number. E.g. billion is a million millions.	msmarco_doc_00_6342026	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
582119	1	what can i use very very dry skin	http://1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_dry.htm	Dry skin, what is dry skin, skincare for dry skin, herbs for dry skin, natural remedies for dry skin, common sense remedies for dry skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies	Dry Skin Dry Skin Causes How To Care for Dry Skin Herbs for Dry Skin Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Essential Oils For Dry Skin Common Sense Recommendations	Dry skin, what is dry skin, skincare for dry skin, herbs for dry skin, natural remedies for dry skin, common sense remedies for dry skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies Beauty Skin Care Dry Skin Causes How To Care for Dry Skin Herbs for Dry Skin Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Essential Oils For Dry Skin Common Sense Recommendations Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by its inability to retain moisture. It usually feels "tight" and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry, dehydrated skin. Dryness is exacerbated by wind, extremes of temperature and air-conditioning, all of which cause the skin to flake, chap and feel tight. This type of skin is tightly drawn over bones. It looks dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. There may be tiny expression lines on these spots and at the comers of the mouth. Causes The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to the skin. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated. Skin gets exposed to the elements especially in winter. Dry skin could be due to a genetic condition. Poor diet. Nutritional deficiencies, especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the B vitamins, can also contribute to dry skin. Environmental factors such as exposure to sun, wind, cold, chemicals, or cosmetics, or excessive bathing with harsh soaps. Conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, or seborrhea. Dry Skin Could Also Be From: Dry skin can be a sign of an underactive thyroid. Serious skin complications can arise for people with diabetes. Certain drugs, including diuretics, antispasmodics, and antihistamines, can contribute to dry skin. How To Care for Dry Skin Avoid the use of tap water when cleansing dry skin. The deposits are too drying on the skin. And never, ever use hot water. Use mineral water to freshen your face. Don't use a washcloth-a rough texture can irritate. In the morning, apply a spray of mineral water on your skin misted on with a plant sprayer. (Do not use a sprayer that had been used for spraying insecticides.) Lightly pat dry. Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage and generous quantities of oil and moisture. It also needs extra careful protection. Washing dry skin with soap and water not only removes grime but also the natural oils protecting the skin. A moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look. Use nondetergent, neutral-pH products to cleanse your skin. Avoid using any commercial soap. And always touch your face gently. Double-cleanse with a cream, leaving a light, thin trace of it on the skin after the second cleansing. Follow a bath or a shower with a mild application of baby oil. Massage your face with home-made nourishing cream every night before retiring. Be generous with the cream in the areas surrounding the eyes where tiny lines and crows feet are born. Avoid coming in contact with highly alkaline soaps and detergents like washing sodas and powders which contain highly alkaline and drying ingredients. Moistening with water, then applying a thin film of air-excluding moisturizer, restores the suppleness of the dry skin. Morning Skin Cleanser/Rejuvenator Every morning 15 minutes before taking your bath 1 egg yolk 1 teaspoon orange juice 1 teaspoon olive oil and few drops of rose water few drops of lime juice Mix the above ingredients together and apply on your skin. Beauty Mask for Dry Skin 1 egg 1 teaspoon of honey, 1/2 teaspoon of olive oil and few drops of rose water Mix the ingredients thoroughly and use as a mask. Night Moisturizing After you clean and tone your skin, apply a splash of water or a water-misting. Pat almost dry with a soft towel, then smooth moisturizer from bosom to hairline. Allow five minutes for immediate absorption (cover your face and throat with warm washcloths to hasten penetration), then blot off any excess moisturizer with a tissue. Men can skip the toner but should moisturize the delicate skin around the eye area. Day Moisturizing Apply a touch of your natural moisturizer over the freshly cleansed, toned, and dampened skin on your throat, cheeks, and around your eyes. Men should follow a two-step process. Apply moisturizer immediately after shaving. Wait ten minutes. Then moisturize again. Milk Bath Once a week take a milk bath. It will nourish and smoothen your skin. Warm your bath water and put in 250 gram of powdered milk, half tablespoon of almond oil and a few drops of your favorite perfume. Then just lie in it and let your mind wander while the wholesome foam works wonders on your dry skin. If your lips chap, peel or crack then the best remedy is to massage them with a little cream of milk to which a few drops each of rose water and lime juice has been added every night before going to bed. Before applying lipstick, use a soft piece of towel for removing rough bits of chapped skin and rub a piece of raw beetroot gently on them. After applying lipstick add a little vaseline to keep your lips soft and pretty. Moisturize your skin after cleansing to keep it from drying out. Use a liquid moisturizer or facial oil that contains nutrients and other natural ingredients. Avoid solid, waxy moisturizing creams. Use a humidifier (or even a pan of water placed near a radiator) to humidify your environment, especially in winter. This helps to reduce the amount of moisture lost from the skin through evaporation. Stay out of overheated rooms; avoid sudden changes in temperature; protect yourself from wind and sun. Remember, your face is fragile. If you don't have a good, strong moisturizer on your face on a cold, windy winter day, don't go out! Cold will cause any moisture on your skin to evaporate. The wind will just accelerate the process. At night, use a very creamy cleanser or oil (baby oil is perfectly all right). Remove residue with a spray of mineral water. Follow up with a night cream applied at least a half-hour before retiring. If you lie down immediately after applying cream, it will "puff-up" delicate tissues around the eyes. Once a week, use a facial mask to clarify the skin and remove dull, dry surface skin cells. Blend together well 1 teaspoon green clay powder and 1 teaspoon raw honey. Apply the mixture to your face, avoiding the eye area. Leave it on for fifteen minutes, then rinse well with lukewarm water. While your skin is still slightly damp, apply a natural skin oil or liquid moisturizer. If your skin is chapped or cracked, increase your consumption of water and essential fatty acids. Keep any chapped areas well lubricated and protected from the elements. For cracked, dry skin on the fingers, use calendula cream or oil with comfrey, vitamin E oil, and aloe vera. Apply the mixture to hands at bedtime, then wear plastic gloves overnight. Do not smoke. Smoking has a harmful effect on the skin for several reasons. Nicotine constricts the blood vessels, including the tiny capillaries that serve the skin. This deprives the skin of the oxygen and nutrients it needs for good health. Smoking also can make the skin dry and leathery. Do not use harsh soaps, cold cream, or cleansing creams on your skin. Cleansing creams are made from hydrogenated oils, which can cause free radical damage to the skin, resulting in dryness and wrinkles. Instead, use pure olive, avocado, or almond oil to cleanse the skin. Pat the oil on, then wash it off with warm water and a soft cloth. Do not use very hot water when bathing or showering. As much as possible, stay out of the sun. The sun is responsible for most of the damage done to the skin. It causes dryness, wrinkles, and even rashes and blisters. Always apply a good sunscreen to all exposed areas of skin if you must be in the sun. Herbs for Dry Skin Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is soothing, healing, and moisturizing. It also helps to remove dead skin cells. Apply aloe vera gel topically on affected areas. Calendula and comfrey have skin-softening properties. They can be used in a facial sauna or to make herbal or floral waters. Comfrey also reduces redness and soothes irritated skin. Add 5 drops of lavender oil or oat extract to bath water. After the bath, apply diluted evening primrose oil or aloe vera cream. Drink teas of camomile, dandelion or peppermint. Borage, fennel, coltsfoot or calendula tea also helps improve the skin. Add 1 tsp. of herbs to 1 cup of boiling water and drink daily. Tea tree oil has been known to penetrate into the skin's cellular level. Add 1 drop of oil to your favorite day or night cream to help moisturize and smooth skin. Herbal Facial Sauna A weekly facial sauna using the herbs chamomile, lavender, and peppermint is good for dry skin. Using a glass or enameled pot, simmer a total of 2 to 4 tablespoons of dried or fresh herbs in 2 quarts of water. When the pot is steaming, place it on top of a trivet or thick potholder on a table, and sit with your face at a comfortable distance over the steam for fifteen minutes. You can use a towel to trap the steam if you wish. After fifteen minutes, splash your face with cold water and allow your skin to air dry or pat it dry with a towel. Then either apply a good natural moisturizer or facial oil, or apply a clay mask. After the sauna, you can allow the herbal water to cool and save it for use as a toning lotion to be dabbed on your face with a cotton ball after cleansing. Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, grains, seeds, and nuts. Eat quality protein from vegetable sources. Increase your intake of raw foods. Eat foods such as garlic, onions, eggs, and asparagus that are high in sulfur, which helps to keep the skin smooth and youthful. Consume plenty of yellow and orange vegetables. These are high in beta-carotene, an antioxidant. Carrots are especially good. Unrefined, cold-pressed flax seed oil used daily on salads and baked potatoes, or mixed into any dishes which do not require heating to high temperatures will make dry skin moist and supple. Flax seed oil contains the essential fatty acids omega-3 alpha linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid. These are converted in the body into hormone, like substances called Prostaglandins, which support skin health. Cantaloupes, carrots and apricots are heating foods for dry skin because they are rich in the vitamins A and C, both important for a supple, smooth skin. Eat them whole or take as fresh juices. Eat foods rich in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), such as quark, raw. milk cheese, natural plain yogurt, kefir, leafy green vegetables, nutritional yeast and wheat germ. Pantothenic acid is need for the synthesis of fats and oils used by the skin. Drink at least 2 quarts of quality water every day to keep the skin well hydrated. Avoid fried foods, animal fats, and heat-processed vegetable oils. Use cold- pressed oils only. Heating oils leads to the production of free radicals, which have a destructive effect on the skin. Do not drink soft drinks or eat sugar, chocolate, potato chips, or other junk foods. Avoid alcohol and caffeine. These substances have a diuretic effect, causing the body and skin cells to lose fluids and essential minerals. Essential Oils For Dry Skin Chamomile Geranium Hyssop Lavender Patchouli Rose Sandalwood Ylang-Ylang Common Sense Recommendations Evening primrose oil supplements are beneficial for skin. They contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid reputed to strengthen skin cells and boost their moisture content. Get sufficient sleep as the skin's cellular repair activity is at its optimum during this resting phase. Exercise benefits skin as it boosts circulation and encourages blood flow. Regular exercise will nourish and cleanse your skin from within. To nourish and smooth the skin, mash half an avocado and mix with a few drops of fresh lemon juice and spread over the cleansed skin. Leave on for fifteen to twenty minutes, then dab off the excess with a soft tissue. Splash the skin alternately with cold and warm water. For a quick and easy skin pack, mash a ripe banana with a fork and spread it thickly onto the face and throat. Leave on for ten to fifteen minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water. See Also: Basic Skin Care Diet For Natural Beauty The Natural Way To Healthy Skin Next Topic: [ Skin Care Home ] [ Beauty Home ] [ Remedies Home ] [ Holisticonline.com Home ] [ Therapies Home] 1stholistic.com and Holisticonline.com are developed and maintained by ICBS Send mail to: info@holisticonline.com with comments about this web site. Copyright ï¿½ 1998-2013 ICBS Terms of Use All Rights Reserved.	msmarco_doc_00_6762069	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
751916	1	what is good for extremely dry skin	http://1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_dry.htm	Dry skin, what is dry skin, skincare for dry skin, herbs for dry skin, natural remedies for dry skin, common sense remedies for dry skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies	Dry Skin Dry Skin Causes How To Care for Dry Skin Herbs for Dry Skin Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Essential Oils For Dry Skin Common Sense Recommendations	Dry skin, what is dry skin, skincare for dry skin, herbs for dry skin, natural remedies for dry skin, common sense remedies for dry skin, Skin Care, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies Beauty Skin Care Dry Skin Causes How To Care for Dry Skin Herbs for Dry Skin Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Essential Oils For Dry Skin Common Sense Recommendations Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by its inability to retain moisture. It usually feels "tight" and uncomfortable after washing unless some type of moisturizer or skin cream is applied. Chapping and cracking are signs of extremely dry, dehydrated skin. Dryness is exacerbated by wind, extremes of temperature and air-conditioning, all of which cause the skin to flake, chap and feel tight. This type of skin is tightly drawn over bones. It looks dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. There may be tiny expression lines on these spots and at the comers of the mouth. Causes The oil glands do not supply enough lubrication to the skin. As a result, the skin becomes dehydrated. Skin gets exposed to the elements especially in winter. Dry skin could be due to a genetic condition. Poor diet. Nutritional deficiencies, especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the B vitamins, can also contribute to dry skin. Environmental factors such as exposure to sun, wind, cold, chemicals, or cosmetics, or excessive bathing with harsh soaps. Conditions such as dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, or seborrhea. Dry Skin Could Also Be From: Dry skin can be a sign of an underactive thyroid. Serious skin complications can arise for people with diabetes. Certain drugs, including diuretics, antispasmodics, and antihistamines, can contribute to dry skin. How To Care for Dry Skin Avoid the use of tap water when cleansing dry skin. The deposits are too drying on the skin. And never, ever use hot water. Use mineral water to freshen your face. Don't use a washcloth-a rough texture can irritate. In the morning, apply a spray of mineral water on your skin misted on with a plant sprayer. (Do not use a sprayer that had been used for spraying insecticides.) Lightly pat dry. Dry skin needs plenty of thorough but gentle cleansing, regular stimulation with massage and generous quantities of oil and moisture. It also needs extra careful protection. Washing dry skin with soap and water not only removes grime but also the natural oils protecting the skin. A moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of the skin and gives it a soft, moist look. Use nondetergent, neutral-pH products to cleanse your skin. Avoid using any commercial soap. And always touch your face gently. Double-cleanse with a cream, leaving a light, thin trace of it on the skin after the second cleansing. Follow a bath or a shower with a mild application of baby oil. Massage your face with home-made nourishing cream every night before retiring. Be generous with the cream in the areas surrounding the eyes where tiny lines and crows feet are born. Avoid coming in contact with highly alkaline soaps and detergents like washing sodas and powders which contain highly alkaline and drying ingredients. Moistening with water, then applying a thin film of air-excluding moisturizer, restores the suppleness of the dry skin. Morning Skin Cleanser/Rejuvenator Every morning 15 minutes before taking your bath 1 egg yolk 1 teaspoon orange juice 1 teaspoon olive oil and few drops of rose water few drops of lime juice Mix the above ingredients together and apply on your skin. Beauty Mask for Dry Skin 1 egg 1 teaspoon of honey, 1/2 teaspoon of olive oil and few drops of rose water Mix the ingredients thoroughly and use as a mask. Night Moisturizing After you clean and tone your skin, apply a splash of water or a water-misting. Pat almost dry with a soft towel, then smooth moisturizer from bosom to hairline. Allow five minutes for immediate absorption (cover your face and throat with warm washcloths to hasten penetration), then blot off any excess moisturizer with a tissue. Men can skip the toner but should moisturize the delicate skin around the eye area. Day Moisturizing Apply a touch of your natural moisturizer over the freshly cleansed, toned, and dampened skin on your throat, cheeks, and around your eyes. Men should follow a two-step process. Apply moisturizer immediately after shaving. Wait ten minutes. Then moisturize again. Milk Bath Once a week take a milk bath. It will nourish and smoothen your skin. Warm your bath water and put in 250 gram of powdered milk, half tablespoon of almond oil and a few drops of your favorite perfume. Then just lie in it and let your mind wander while the wholesome foam works wonders on your dry skin. If your lips chap, peel or crack then the best remedy is to massage them with a little cream of milk to which a few drops each of rose water and lime juice has been added every night before going to bed. Before applying lipstick, use a soft piece of towel for removing rough bits of chapped skin and rub a piece of raw beetroot gently on them. After applying lipstick add a little vaseline to keep your lips soft and pretty. Moisturize your skin after cleansing to keep it from drying out. Use a liquid moisturizer or facial oil that contains nutrients and other natural ingredients. Avoid solid, waxy moisturizing creams. Use a humidifier (or even a pan of water placed near a radiator) to humidify your environment, especially in winter. This helps to reduce the amount of moisture lost from the skin through evaporation. Stay out of overheated rooms; avoid sudden changes in temperature; protect yourself from wind and sun. Remember, your face is fragile. If you don't have a good, strong moisturizer on your face on a cold, windy winter day, don't go out! Cold will cause any moisture on your skin to evaporate. The wind will just accelerate the process. At night, use a very creamy cleanser or oil (baby oil is perfectly all right). Remove residue with a spray of mineral water. Follow up with a night cream applied at least a half-hour before retiring. If you lie down immediately after applying cream, it will "puff-up" delicate tissues around the eyes. Once a week, use a facial mask to clarify the skin and remove dull, dry surface skin cells. Blend together well 1 teaspoon green clay powder and 1 teaspoon raw honey. Apply the mixture to your face, avoiding the eye area. Leave it on for fifteen minutes, then rinse well with lukewarm water. While your skin is still slightly damp, apply a natural skin oil or liquid moisturizer. If your skin is chapped or cracked, increase your consumption of water and essential fatty acids. Keep any chapped areas well lubricated and protected from the elements. For cracked, dry skin on the fingers, use calendula cream or oil with comfrey, vitamin E oil, and aloe vera. Apply the mixture to hands at bedtime, then wear plastic gloves overnight. Do not smoke. Smoking has a harmful effect on the skin for several reasons. Nicotine constricts the blood vessels, including the tiny capillaries that serve the skin. This deprives the skin of the oxygen and nutrients it needs for good health. Smoking also can make the skin dry and leathery. Do not use harsh soaps, cold cream, or cleansing creams on your skin. Cleansing creams are made from hydrogenated oils, which can cause free radical damage to the skin, resulting in dryness and wrinkles. Instead, use pure olive, avocado, or almond oil to cleanse the skin. Pat the oil on, then wash it off with warm water and a soft cloth. Do not use very hot water when bathing or showering. As much as possible, stay out of the sun. The sun is responsible for most of the damage done to the skin. It causes dryness, wrinkles, and even rashes and blisters. Always apply a good sunscreen to all exposed areas of skin if you must be in the sun. Herbs for Dry Skin Aloe Vera: Aloe vera is soothing, healing, and moisturizing. It also helps to remove dead skin cells. Apply aloe vera gel topically on affected areas. Calendula and comfrey have skin-softening properties. They can be used in a facial sauna or to make herbal or floral waters. Comfrey also reduces redness and soothes irritated skin. Add 5 drops of lavender oil or oat extract to bath water. After the bath, apply diluted evening primrose oil or aloe vera cream. Drink teas of camomile, dandelion or peppermint. Borage, fennel, coltsfoot or calendula tea also helps improve the skin. Add 1 tsp. of herbs to 1 cup of boiling water and drink daily. Tea tree oil has been known to penetrate into the skin's cellular level. Add 1 drop of oil to your favorite day or night cream to help moisturize and smooth skin. Herbal Facial Sauna A weekly facial sauna using the herbs chamomile, lavender, and peppermint is good for dry skin. Using a glass or enameled pot, simmer a total of 2 to 4 tablespoons of dried or fresh herbs in 2 quarts of water. When the pot is steaming, place it on top of a trivet or thick potholder on a table, and sit with your face at a comfortable distance over the steam for fifteen minutes. You can use a towel to trap the steam if you wish. After fifteen minutes, splash your face with cold water and allow your skin to air dry or pat it dry with a towel. Then either apply a good natural moisturizer or facial oil, or apply a clay mask. After the sauna, you can allow the herbal water to cool and save it for use as a toning lotion to be dabbed on your face with a cotton ball after cleansing. Diet Recommendations for Dry Skin Eat a balanced diet that includes vegetables, fruits, grains, seeds, and nuts. Eat quality protein from vegetable sources. Increase your intake of raw foods. Eat foods such as garlic, onions, eggs, and asparagus that are high in sulfur, which helps to keep the skin smooth and youthful. Consume plenty of yellow and orange vegetables. These are high in beta-carotene, an antioxidant. Carrots are especially good. Unrefined, cold-pressed flax seed oil used daily on salads and baked potatoes, or mixed into any dishes which do not require heating to high temperatures will make dry skin moist and supple. Flax seed oil contains the essential fatty acids omega-3 alpha linolenic acid and omega-6 linoleic acid. These are converted in the body into hormone, like substances called Prostaglandins, which support skin health. Cantaloupes, carrots and apricots are heating foods for dry skin because they are rich in the vitamins A and C, both important for a supple, smooth skin. Eat them whole or take as fresh juices. Eat foods rich in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), such as quark, raw. milk cheese, natural plain yogurt, kefir, leafy green vegetables, nutritional yeast and wheat germ. Pantothenic acid is need for the synthesis of fats and oils used by the skin. Drink at least 2 quarts of quality water every day to keep the skin well hydrated. Avoid fried foods, animal fats, and heat-processed vegetable oils. Use cold- pressed oils only. Heating oils leads to the production of free radicals, which have a destructive effect on the skin. Do not drink soft drinks or eat sugar, chocolate, potato chips, or other junk foods. Avoid alcohol and caffeine. These substances have a diuretic effect, causing the body and skin cells to lose fluids and essential minerals. Essential Oils For Dry Skin Chamomile Geranium Hyssop Lavender Patchouli Rose Sandalwood Ylang-Ylang Common Sense Recommendations Evening primrose oil supplements are beneficial for skin. They contain gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), an essential fatty acid reputed to strengthen skin cells and boost their moisture content. Get sufficient sleep as the skin's cellular repair activity is at its optimum during this resting phase. Exercise benefits skin as it boosts circulation and encourages blood flow. Regular exercise will nourish and cleanse your skin from within. To nourish and smooth the skin, mash half an avocado and mix with a few drops of fresh lemon juice and spread over the cleansed skin. Leave on for fifteen to twenty minutes, then dab off the excess with a soft tissue. Splash the skin alternately with cold and warm water. For a quick and easy skin pack, mash a ripe banana with a fork and spread it thickly onto the face and throat. Leave on for ten to fifteen minutes and then rinse with lukewarm water. See Also: Basic Skin Care Diet For Natural Beauty The Natural Way To Healthy Skin Next Topic: [ Skin Care Home ] [ Beauty Home ] [ Remedies Home ] [ Holisticonline.com Home ] [ Therapies Home] 1stholistic.com and Holisticonline.com are developed and maintained by ICBS Send mail to: info@holisticonline.com with comments about this web site. Copyright ï¿½ 1998-2013 ICBS Terms of Use All Rights Reserved.	msmarco_doc_00_6762069	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1017132	1	which part of the skin composed of living cells	http://1stholistic.com/Beauty/skin/skin_parts-of-the-skin.htm			Parts of the skin, lower dermis, dermis, epidermis, sebaceous glands, hair, Beauty, natural cosmetics, herbal formulas for skincare, integrative therapies, mind-body therapies Skincare. Parts of the skin are described. Theses are: lower dermis, dermis, epidermis,sebaceous glands, and hair. These are described. SpecialGifts.com Exceptional Values. Save Big! GrandmasRemedies.com Quality Vitamins and Supplements EntrepreneurismBible.com Your bible for entrepreneurism and personal development. Home Search Holisticonline Home Inspirational Reading Healthy Recipes Nutrition & Diet Meditation Prayer/ Spirituality Selected Prayers Preferred Providers Conditions/ Treatments Alternative Therapies Feedback Alternative Medicine Stress Management Yoga Register Media Herbal Medicine Beauty Skin Care Parts of the Skin Our skin is a complex engineered covering. The skin has a slightly acidic coating of oil at the surface. This coating protects the skin against some bacteria. Below the surface is a complex of sweat and oil glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, nerves, and muscle tissue. These are held together by a tough connective tissue called collagen. Collagen is very important in determining the health of the skin. The relative health of the collagen determines the contour of the skin, how wrinkled and lined it is. Healthy collagen is often called soluble collagen, because it can absorb and hold moisture. Below the collagen is a layer of fat and muscle, which provides some contour and acts as a cushion and as insulation. The skin has three layers. The inner most layer is known as the lower dermis, the middle layer is called the dermis, and the outer layer is known as the epidermis. Lower Dermis The various glands such as the oil and sweat glands originate in the lower dermis. From here, they rise to the surface of the skin to eliminate waste matter. Lower dermis also acts as a cushion for the rest of the skin. It contains the finely distributed muscles of the skin which regulate body temperature. Dermis The dermis is the layer that lies underneath the epidermis, and it is composed entirely of living cells. It consists of bundles of tough fibers which give your skin its elasticity, firmness and strength. There are also blood vessels, which feed vital nutrients to these areas. The most important function of dermis is respiration. The countless tiny blood vessels, or capillaries end here in finely-drawn networks, from where they feed the outer skin layer. Dermis also determines the tone of the skin. Epidermis This is the top layer of skin and the one you can actually see. It protects your body from invasion and infection and helps to seal in moisture. It's built up of several layers of living cells which are then topped by sheets of dead cells. It's constantly growing, with new cells being produced at its base. They quickly die, and are pushed up to the surface by the arrival of new ones, These dead cells eventually flake away, which means that every new layer of skin is another chance to have a soft, glowing complexion. The lower levels of living cells are fed by the blood supply from underneath, whereas the upper dead cells only need water to ensure they're kept plump and smooth. The epidermis is responsible for your coloring, as it holds the skin's pigment. It ranges in thickness from l/20-th of an inch on the palms and soles, to 1/200-th of an inch on the face. The skin contains the following specialized organs: Sebaceous glandsare tiny organs which usually open into hair follicles on the surface of your skin. They produce an oily secretion, called sebum, which is your skin's natural lubricant. The sebaceous glands are most concentrated on the scalp and face - particularly around the nose, cheeks, chin and forehead, which is why these are usually the most oily areas of your skin. Sweat glands are all over your body. There are millions of them and their main function is to regulate your body temperature. When sweat evaporates on the skin's surface, the temperature of your skin drops. Hairs grow from the hair follicles. They can help keep your body warm by trapping air underneath them. There are no hairs on the soles of your feet and palms of your hands. Next Topic: [Skin Care Home][Beauty Home][Remedies Home][Holisticonline.com Home][Therapies Home] 1stholistic.com and Holisticonline.com are developed and maintained by ICBS Send mail to:info@holisticonline.comwith comments about this web site. Copyright© 1998-2013 ICBSTerms of Use All Rights Reserved.	msmarco_doc_00_6775627	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
572116	1	what are the nutritional functions of water	http://1stholistic.com/Nutrition/hol_nutr_water.htm	Nutrition, water, Four Basic Nutrients, Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats	Nutrition Infocenter Nutrition Infocenter The Four Basic Nutrients Water	Nutrition, water, Four Basic Nutrients, Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats Nutrition Infocenter The Four Basic Nutrients Water, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the basic building blocks of a good diet. By choosing the healthiest forms of each of these nutrients, and eating them in the proper balance, you enable your body to function at its optimal level. Water The human body is two-thirds water. Water is an essential nutrient that is involved in every function of the body. Water helps transport nutrients and waste products in and out of cells. Water is necessary for all digestive, absorption, circulatory, and excretory functions Water is needed for the utilization of the water-soluble vitamins. It is needed for the maintenance of proper body temperature. It is recommended that you drink at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day. Next Topic: Carbohydrates [ Nutrition Home ] [ Vitamins Home ] [ Holisticonline.com Home]	msmarco_doc_00_6780424	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1165857	1	what are the main industries of morocco	http://1stmaroc.com/economy/industry.html		Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (29)	Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (29)	msmarco_doc_00_6799891	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
24576	1	are radar detectors illegal in us	http://1stradardetectors.com/articles/support/radardetectorlaw/	Radar Detector Laws \| 1st Radar Detectors	Radar Detector Laws Radar Detector Laws Radar Detector Laws, Radar Jammer Laws, Laser Jammer Laws Canada	Radar Detector Laws \| 1st Radar Detectors Radar Detector Laws Radar Detector Laws phoenixadmin 2020-07-06T19:51:38-06:00 Radar Detector Laws, Radar Jammer Laws, Laser Jammer Laws Radar detectors and laser jammers are legal in most U.S. states, but laws vary by state. DOT (Federal department) in the USA bans radar detectors in commercial vehicles. Call 1st Radar Detectors in the USA at +1 309-681-5235 to discuss your requirements and we will figure out what you need for your business or your vehicle, and find a US/Canada installer for you. Regards, John Turner Law information is provided by State and Country as follows: United States: U.S. Federal law prohibits the use of radar detectors and laser jammers in commercial vehicles crossing state lines and weighing over 10,000 pounds. Radar detectors and laser jammers are also illegal to use on any U.S. military base. Alabama: Radar Detectors in Alabama: Radar detectors are legal to use in Alabama, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Alabama: Laser jammers are legal to use in Alabama. Alaska: Radar Detectors in Alaska: Radar detectors are legal to use in Alaska. Laser Jammers in Alaska: Laser jammers are legal to use in Alaska. Arizona: Radar Detectors in Arizona: Radar detectors are legal to use in Arizona. Laser Jammers in Arizona: Laser jammers are legal to use in Arizona. Arkansas: Radar Detectors in Arkansas: Radar detectors are legal to use in Arkansas. Laser Jammers in Arkansas: Laser jammers are legal to use in Arkansas. California: Radar Detectors in California: Radar detectors are legal to use in California. It is illegal to hang anything from the windshield with suction cups in California. Drivers in California might be interested in our Radar Detector Visor Holder to keep your radar detector off the windshield. Laser Jammers in California: Laser jammers are illegal to use in California. Source: California Vehicle Code, Section 28150 and https://www.leginfo.ca.gov/) Jamming: Electronic Speed-Measuring Devices 28150. (a) No vehicle shall be equipped with any device that is designed for or is capable of, jamming, scrambling, neutralizing, disabling, or otherwise interfering with radar, laser, or any other electronic device used by a law enforcement agency to measure the speed of moving objects. (b) No person shall use, buy, possess, manufacture, sell, or otherwise distribute any device that is designed for jamming, scrambling, neutralizing, disabling, or otherwise interfering with radar, laser, or any other electronic device used by a law enforcement agency to measure the speed of moving objects. (c) Except as provided in subdivision (d), a violation of subdivision (a) or (b) is an infraction. (d) When a person possesses four or more devices in violation of subdivision (b), the person is guilty of a misdemeanor. (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a person who has a valid federal license for operating the devices described in this section may transport one or more of those devices if the license is carried in the vehicle transporting the device at all times when the device is being transported. Added Sec. 1, Ch. 493, Stats. 1998. Effective January 1, 1999. Colorado: Radar Detectors in Colorado: Radar detectors are legal to use in Colorado, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Colorado: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Colorado. Source: Colorado Statutes : TITLE 4, ARTICLE 4, PART 14, 42-4-1415 42-4-1415. Radar jamming devices prohibited – penalty. (1) (a) No person shall use, possess, or sell a radar jamming device. (b) No person shall operate a motor vehicle with a radar jamming device in the motor vehicle. (2) (a) For purposes of this section, “radar jamming device” means any active or passive device, instrument, mechanism, or equipment that is designed or intended to interfere with, disrupt, or scramble the radar or laser that is used by law enforcement agencies and peace officers to measure the speed of motor vehicles. “Radar jamming device” includes but is not limited to devices commonly referred to as “jammers” or “scramblers”. (b) For purposes of this section, “radar jamming device” shall not include equipment that is legal under FCC regulations, such as a citizens’ band radio, ham radio, or any other similar electronic equipment. (3) Radar jamming devices are subject to seizure by any peace officer and may be confiscated and destroyed by order of the court in which a violation of this section is charged. (4) A violation of subsection (1) of this section is a class 2 misdemeanor traffic offense, punishable as provided in section 42-4-1701 (3) (a) (II) (A). (5) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to peace officers acting in their official capacity. History Source: L. 2005: Entire section added, p. 340, § 1, effective July 1. Connecticut: Radar Detectors in Connecticut: Radar detectors are legal to use in Connecticut. Laser Jammers in Connecticut: Laser jammers are legal to use in Connecticut. Delaware: Radar Detectors in Delaware: Radar detectors are legal to use in Delaware. Laser Jammers in Delaware: Laser jammers are legal to use in Delaware. Florida: Radar Detectors in Florida: Radar detectors are legal to use in Florida. Laser Jammers in Florida: Laser jammers are legal to use in Florida. Georgia: Radar Detectors in Georgia: Radar detectors are legal to use in Georgia. Laser Jammers in Georgia: Laser jammers are legal to use in Georgia. Hawaii: Radar Detectors in Hawaii: Radar detectors are legal to use in Hawaii. Laser Jammers in Hawaii: Laser jammers are legal to use in Hawaii. Idaho: Radar Detectors in Idaho: Radar detectors are legal to use in Idaho, however they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Idaho: Laser jammers are legal to use in Idaho. Illinois: Radar Detectors in Illinois: Radar detectors are legal to use in Illinois, however they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Illinois: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Illinois. Source: Illinois Vehicle Code 625 ILCS 5/12-613 Sec. 12-613. Possession and use of radar or laser jamming devices prohibited. (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), a person may not operate or be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while the motor vehicle is equipped with any instrument designed to interfere with microwaves or lasers at frequencies used by police radar for the purpose of monitoring vehicular speed. (b) A person operating a motor vehicle who possesses within the vehicle a radar or laser jamming device that is contained in a locked opaque box or similar container, or that is not in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, and that is not in operation, is not in violation of this Section. (c) Any person found guilty of violating this Section is guilty of a petty offense. A minimum fine of $50 shall be imposed for a first offense and a minimum fine of $100 for a second or subsequent offense. (d) The radar or laser jamming device or mechanism shall be seized by the law enforcement officer at the time of the violation. This Section does not authorize the permanent forfeiture to the State of any radar or laser jamming device or mechanism. The device or mechanism shall be taken and held for the period when needed as evidence. When no longer needed for evidence, the defendant may petition the court for the return of the device or mechanism. The defendant, however, must prove to the court by a preponderance of the evidence that the device or mechanism will be used only for a legitimate and lawful purpose. (d) A law enforcement officer may not stop or search any motor vehicle or the driver of any motor vehicle solely on the basis of a violation or suspected violation of this Section. (Source: P.A. 94-594, eff. 1-1-06.) Indiana: Radar Detectors in Indiana: Radar detectors are legal to use in Indiana. Laser Jammers in Indiana: Laser jammers are legal to use in Indiana. Iowa: Radar Detectors in Iowa: Radar detectors are legal to use in Iowa. Laser Jammers in Iowa: Laser jammers are legal to use in Iowa. Kansas: Radar Detectors in Kansas: Radar detectors are legal to use in Kansas, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Kansas: Laser jammers are legal to use in Kansas. Kentucky: Radar Detectors in Kentucky: Radar detectors are legal to use in Kentucky. Laser Jammers in Kentucky: Laser jammers are legal to use in Kentucky. Louisiana: Radar Detectors in Louisiana: Radar detectors are legal to use in Louisiana. Laser Jammers in Louisiana: Laser jammers are legal to use in Louisiana. Maine: Radar Detectors in Maine: Radar detectors are legal to use in Maine. Laser Jammers in Maine: Laser jammers are legal to use in Maine. Maryland: Radar Detectors in Maryland: Radar detectors are legal to use in Maryland, however they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Maryland: Laser jammers are legal to use in Maryland. Massachusetts: Radar Detectors in Massachusetts: Radar detectors are legal to use in Massachusetts. Laser Jammers in Massachusetts: Laser jammers are legal to use in Massachusetts. Michigan: Radar Detectors in Michigan: Radar detectors are legal to use in Michigan. Laser Jammers in Michigan: Laser jammers are legal to use in Michigan. Minnesota: Radar Detectors in Minnesota: Radar detectors are legal to use in Minnesota. It is illegal to use to hang anything from the windshield with suction cups. Drivers in Minnesota might be interested in our Radar Detector Visor Holder. Laser Jammers in Minnesota: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Minnesota. Source: Minnesota Statute 169.14 Subd. 12. Radar jammer. For purposes of this section, “radar jammer” means any instrument, device, or equipment designed or intended for use with a vehicle or otherwise to jam or interfere in any manner with a speed-measuring device operated by a peace officer. No person shall sell, offer for sale, use, or possess any radar jammer in this state. Mississippi: Radar Detectors in Mississippi: Radar detectors are legal to use in Mississippi. Laser Jammers in Mississippi: Laser jammers are legal to use in Mississippi. Missouri: Radar Detectors in Missouri: Radar detectors are legal to use in Missouri, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Missouri: Laser jammers are legal to use in Missouri. Montana: Radar Detectors in Montana: Radar detectors are legal to use in Montana, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Montana: Laser jammers are legal to use in Montana. Nebraska: Radar Detectors in Nebraska: Radar detectors are legal to use in Nebraska. Laser Jammers in Nebraska: Laser jammers are legal to use in Nebraska, as there is no specific mention in the above radar law. Source: Nebraska Revised Statutes, sections 60-6,274, 60-6,275, 60-6,276, and 60-6,277 Section 60-6,274 Terms, defined. For purposes of sections 60-6,274 to 60-6,277: (1) Radar transmission device shall mean any mechanism designed to interfere with the reception of radio microwaves in the electromagnetic spectrum, which microwaves, commonly referred to as radar, are employed by law enforcement officials to measure the speed of motor vehicles; (2) Possession shall mean to have a radar transmission device in a motor vehicle if such device is not (a) disconnected from all power sources and (b) in the rear trunk, which shall include the spare tire compartment or any other compartment which is not accessible to the driver or any other person in the vehicle while such vehicle is in operation. If no such compartment exists in a vehicle, then such device must be disconnected from all power sources and be placed in a position not readily accessible to the driver or any other person in the vehicle; and (3) The transceiver shall mean an apparatus contained in a single housing, functioning alternately as a radio transmitter and receiver. Section 60-6,275 Radar transmission device; operation; possession; unlawful; violation; penalty. It shall be unlawful for any person to operate or possess any radar transmission device while operating a motor vehicle on any highway in this state. Any person who violates this section shall be guilty of a Class IIIA misdemeanor. Section 60-6,276 Authorized devices. Section 60-6,275 shall not apply to (1) any transmitter, transceiver, or receiver of radio waves which has been lawfully licensed by the Federal Communications Commission or (2) any device being used by law enforcement officials in their official duties Section 60-6,277 Prohibited device; seizure; disposal. Any device prohibited by sections 60-6,275 and 60-6,276 found as the result of an arrest made under such sections shall be seized, and when no longer needed as evidence, such device shall, if the owner was convicted of an offense under such sections, be considered as contraband and disposed of pursuant to section 29-820. Nevada: Radar Detectors in Nevada: Radar detectors are legal to use in Nevada. Laser Jammers in Nevada: Laser jammers are legal to use in Nevada. New Hampshire: Radar Detectors in New Hampshire: Radar detectors are legal to use in New Hampshire. Laser Jammers in New Hampshire: Laser jammers are legal to use in New Hampshire. New Jersey: Radar Detectors in New Jersey: Radar detectors are legal to use in New Jersey. Laser Jammers in New Jersey: Laser jammers are legal to use in New Jersey. New Mexico: Radar Detectors in New Mexico: Radar detectors are legal to use in New Mexico. Laser Jammers in New Mexico: Laser jammers are legal to use in New Mexico. New York: Radar Detectors in New York: Radar detectors are legal to use in New York, however they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in New York: Laser jammers are legal to use in New York. North Carolina: Radar Detectors in North Carolina: Radar detectors are legal to use in North Carolina. Laser Jammers in North Carolina: Laser jammers are legal to use in North Carolina. North Dakota: Radar Detectors in North Dakota: Radar detectors are legal to use in North Dakota. Laser Jammers in North Dakota: Laser jammers are legal to use in North Dakota. Ohio: Radar Detectors in Ohio: Radar detectors are legal to use in Ohio, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Ohio: Laser jammers are legal to use in Ohio. Oklahoma: Radar Detectors in Oklahoma: Radar detectors are legal to use in Oklahoma. Laser Jammers in Oklahoma: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Oklahoma. Source: Oklahoma Statutes: Title 47, Chapter 11, 11-808 Section 11-808 – Radar Interference Devices – Advertising, Sale, Manufacture Or Distribution Prohibited – Exemption – Penalties A. As used in this section: 1. “Jammer” means any instrument, device, or equipment designed or intended for use with a vehicle or otherwise to jam or interfere with in any manner a speed measuring device operated by a law enforcement officer in the vicinity; and 2. “Speed measuring device” shall include, but is not limited to, devices commonly known as radar speed meters or laser speed meters. B. It shall be unlawful for any person to use or possess a jammer. C. It shall be unlawful to manufacture, advertise or offer for sale, sell or otherwise distribute any jammer in this state. D. This section shall not apply to any person who lawfully possesses a license issued by the Federal Communications Commission for the use of a jammer. Oregon: Radar Detectors in Oregon: Radar detectors are legal to use in Oregon, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Oregon: Laser jammers are legal to use in Oregon. Pennsylvania: Radar Detectors in Pennsylvania: Radar detectors are legal to use in Pennsylvania. Laser Jammers in Pennsylvania: Laser jammers are legal to use in Pennsylvania. Rhode Island: Radar Detectors in Rhode Island: Radar detectors are legal to use in Rhode Island. Laser Jammers in Rhode Island: Laser jammers are legal to use in Rhode Island. South Carolina: Radar Detectors in South Carolina: Radar detectors are legal to use in South Carolina. Laser Jammers in South Carolina: Laser jammers are illegal to use in South Carolina. South Dakota: Radar Detectors in South Dakota: Radar detectors are legal to use in South Dakota. Laser Jammers in South Dakota: Laser jammers are legal to use in South Dakota. Tennessee: Radar Detectors in Tennessee: Radar detectors are legal to use in Tennessee, however they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Tennessee: Laser jammers are legal to use in Tennessee. Source: Tennessee Code 39-16-610 39-16-610. Radar jamming devices. – (a) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires: (1) “Radar jamming device” means any active or passive device, instrument, mechanism, or equipment that is designed or intended to interfere with, disrupt, or scramble the radar or laser that is used by law enforcement agencies and officers to measure the speed of motor vehicles; (2) “Radar jamming device” includes, but is not limited to, devices commonly referred to as “jammers” or “scramblers”; and (3) “Radar jamming device” does not include equipment that is legal under FCC regulations, such as a citizens’ band radio, ham radio, or any other similar electronic equipment. (b) It is an offense for any person to knowingly possess or sell a radar jamming device. (c) It is an offense for any person to knowingly operate a motor vehicle with a radar jamming device in the motor vehicle. (d) It is an offense for a person to knowingly use a radar jamming device for the purpose of interfering with the radar signals or lasers used by law enforcement personnel to measure the speed of a motor vehicle on a highway. (e) Any radar jamming device that is used in violation of this section is subject to seizure by any law enforcement officer and may be confiscated and destroyed by order of the court in which a violation of this section is charged. (f) The provisions of this section shall not apply to law enforcement officers acting in their official capacity. (g) (1) A violation of subsection (b) or (c) is a Class C misdemeanor. (2) A violation of subsection (d) is a Class B misdemeanor. [Acts 2006, ch. 853, § 1.] Texas: Radar Detector in Texas: Radar detectors are legal to use in Texas, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Texas: Laser jammers are banned for use in Texas. Utah: Radar Detectors in Utah: Radar detectors are legal to use in Utah, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Utah: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Utah. Source: Utah Code, Title 41, Chapter 06a 41-6a-609. Radar jamming devices and jamming radar prohibited — Defense — Exceptions — Penalties. (1) As used in this section, “radar jamming device” means any instrument or mechanism designed or intended to interfere with the radar or any laser that is used by law enforcement personnel to measure the speed of a motor vehicle on a highway. (2) (a) A person may not operate a motor vehicle on a highway with a radar jamming device in the motor vehicle. (b) A person may not knowingly use a radar jamming device to interfere with the radar signals or lasers used by law enforcement personnel to measure the speed of a motor vehicle on a highway. (3) It is an affirmative defense to a charge under Subsection (2) (a) that the radar jamming device was in an inoperative condition or could not be readily used at the time of the arrest or citation. (4) This section does not apply to law enforcement personnel acting in their official capacity. (5) A person who violates this section is guilty of a class C misdemeanor. Renumbered and Amended by Chapter 2, 2005 General Session Vermont: Radar Detectors in Vermont: Radar detectors are legal to use in Vermont. Laser Jammers in Vermont: Laser jammers are legal to use in Vermont. Virginia: Radar Detector in windshield in Virginia: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Virginia, but there is an installed radar detector with superb radar detection, hidden installation and with electronic invisibility to police RDD. Laser Detector Jammer in Virginia: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Virginia. . The ProDB Photo Blocker from 1st Radar blocks Speed Camera pictures of your license plate and operates as a license plate light, when you need discretion. Source: Code of Virginia, Title 46, Chapter 10, 46.2-1079 § 46.2-1079. Radar detectors; demerit points not to be awarded. A. It shall be unlawful for any person to operate a motor vehicle on the highways of the Commonwealth when such vehicle is equipped with any device or mechanism, passive or active, to detect or purposefully interfere with or diminish the measurement capabilities of any radar, laser, or other device or mechanism employed by law-enforcement personnel to measure the speed of motor vehicles on the highways of the Commonwealth for law-enforcement purposes. It shall be unlawful to use any such device or mechanism on any such motor vehicle on the highways. It shall be unlawful to sell any such device or mechanism in the Commonwealth. However, provisions of this section shall not apply to any receiver of radio waves utilized for lawful purposes to receive any signal from a frequency lawfully licensed by any state or federal agency. This section shall not be construed to authorize the forfeiture to the Commonwealth of any such device or mechanism. Any such device or mechanism may be taken by the arresting officer if needed as evidence, and, when no longer needed, shall be returned to the person charged with a violation of this section, or at that person’s request, and his expense, mailed to an address specified by him. Any unclaimed devices may be destroyed on court order after six months have elapsed from the final date for filing an appeal. Except as provided in subsection B of this section, the presence of any such prohibited device or mechanism in or on a motor vehicle on the highways of the Commonwealth shall constitute prima facie evidence of the violation of this section. The Commonwealth need not prove that the device or mechanism in question was in an operative condition or being operated. B. A person shall not be guilty of a violation of this section when the device or mechanism in question, at the time of the alleged offense, had no power source and was not readily accessible for use by the driver or any passenger in the vehicle. C. This section shall not apply to motor vehicles owned by the Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof and used by law-enforcement officers in their official duties, nor to the sale of any such device or mechanism to law-enforcement agencies for use in their official duties. D. No demerit points shall be awarded by the Commissioner for violations of this section. Any demerit points awarded by the Commissioner prior to July 1, 1992, for any violation of this section shall be rescinded and the driving record of any person awarded demerit points for a violation of this section shall be amended to reflect such rescission. (1962, c. 125, § 46.1-198.1; 1975, c. 108; 1976, c. 90; 1978, cc. 87, 91; 1981, c. 303; 1989, c. 727; 1992, c. 825; 1998, c. 300.) Washington: Radar Detectors in Washington: Radar detectors are legal to use in Washington, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Washington: Laser jammers are legal to use in Washington. Washington, DC: Radar Detectors in Washington, DC: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Washington, DC. Laser Jammers in Washington, DC: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Washington, DC. West Virginia: Radar Detectors in West Virginia: Radar detectors are legal to use in West Virginia. Laser Jammers in West Virginia: Laser jammers are legal to use in West Virginia. Wisconsin: Radar Detectors in Wisconsin: Radar detectors are legal to use in Wisconsin, however, they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Wisconsin: Laser jammers are legal to use in Wisconsin. Wyoming: Radar Detectors in Wyoming: Radar detectors are legal to use in Wyoming, however they may not be used in commercial vehicles. Laser Jammers in Wyoming: Laser jammers are legal to use in Wyoming. Canada Alberta: Radar Detectors in Alberta: Radar detectors are legal to use in Alberta. Laser Jammers in Alberta: Laser jammers are legal to use in Alberta. British Columbia: Radar Detector in British Columbia: Radar detectors are legal to use in British Columbia. Laser Detector Jammer in British Columbia: Laser jammers are legal to use in British Columbia. Labrador: Radar Detectors in Labrador: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Labrador. Laser Jammers in Labrador: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Labrador. Manitoba: Radar Detectors in Manitoba: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Manitoba. Laser Jammers in Manitoba: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Manitoba. New Brunswick: Radar Detectors in New Brunswick: Radar detectors are illegal to use in New Brunswick. Laser Jammers in New Brunswick: Laser jammers are illegal to use in New Brunswick. Newfoundland: Radar Detectors in Newfoundland: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Newfoundland. Laser Jammers in Newfoundland: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Newfoundland. Northwest Territories: Radar Detectors in Northwest Territories: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Northwest Territories. Laser Jammers in Northwest Territories: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Northwest Territories. Nova Scotia: Radar Detectors in Nova Scotia: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Nova Scotia. Laser Jammers in Nova Scotia: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Nova Scotia. Ontario: Radar Detectors in Ontario: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Ontario. Laser Jammers in Ontario: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Ontario. Prince Edward Island: Radar Detectors in Prince Edward Island: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Prince Edward Island. Laser Jammers in Prince Edward Island: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Prince Edward Island. Saskatchewan: Radar Detectors in Saskatchewan: Radar detectors are legal to use in Saskatchewan. Laser Jammers in Saskatchewan: Laser jammers are legal to use in Saskatchewan. Quebec: Radar Detectors in Quebec: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Quebec. Laser Jammers in Quebec: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Quebec Yukon Territory: Radar Detectors in Yukon Territory: Radar detectors are illegal to use in Yukon Territory. Laser Jammers in Yukon Territory: Laser jammers are illegal to use in Yukon Territory Did you know? The STiR Plus is used in USA, Canada, Mexico, Central America, South America, New Zealand and Hong Kong. You can also order the STiR Plus and HP905 Quad Laser Jammer from 1st Radar with Narrowband Ka Photo Radar, Euro K, Dual Band K/Ka and POP3. Narrowband Ka is used throughout Europe and Australia as the primary radar for photo radar, speed traps. The ProDB Photo Blocker prevents Photo Radar, Speed Cameras from acquiring an image of your license plate and operates as a license plate light, when you need discretion. Australia: User of radar detectors is illegal in all states except Western Australia, where it is legal to buy and use a radar detector. In other parts of AU, radar detectors are banned from use in South Australia, New South Wales, ACT, and Victoria. Radar Detectors are illegal to use in Northern Territory, Queensland and Tasmania. HOWEVER, the STiR Plus is totally invisible to police radar detector detectors, Stalcar RDD in AU and NZ. The STi Magnum is 100% identical to the STi XR and detects all radar in AU. The ProDB Photo Blocker prevents Photo Radar, Speed Cameras from acquiring an image of your license plate and operates as a license plate light when you need discretion. Laser Jammers are illegal for use in all provinces but WA in Australia. Canada: User of radar detectors and laser jammers in western provinces are legal, but eastern provinces (Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan Quebec, and Yukon) of Canada are banned. The Bel STiR Plus is totally invisible to police radar detector detectors. The ProDB Photo Blocker prevents Photo Radar, Speed Cameras from acquiring an image of your license plate and operates as a license plate light, when you need discretion. Egypt: User of radar detectors is illegal in Egypt. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Estonia: User of radar detectors is illegal in Estonia. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Finland: User of radar detectors is illegal in Finland. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable France: User of radar detectors is illegal in France. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable, Use the ProDB-4 for Photo blocker. Germany: User of radar detectors is illegal in Germany. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Greece: User of radar detectors is illegal in Greece. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Ireland (Republic of): User of radar detectors is illegal in Ireland. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Netherlands: User of radar detectors is illegal in the Netherlands. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable New Zealand: User of radar detectors is legal in NZ. The STi Driver is identical to the STi XR and detects all radar in NZ. The STi Magnum is totally invisible to police radar detector detectors. The ProDB Photo Blocker prevents Photo Radar, Speed Cameras from acquiring an image of your license plate and operates as a license plate light when you need discretion. Norway: User of radar detectors is illegal in Norway. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Poland: User of radar detectors is illegal in Poland. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Portugal: User of radar detectors is illegal in Portugal. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable Romania: User of radar detectors is legal in Romania. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable South Africa: User of radar detectors is illegal in South Africa. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable and the HP905 Laser Jammer. Spain: User of radar detectors is illegal in Spain. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable, and the HP905 Laser Jammer. Sweden: User of radar detectors is illegal in Sweden. Use the STiR Plus which is undetectable, and the HP905 Laser Jammer. Switzerland: User of radar detectors is illegal in Switzerland. The STi Magnum is totally invisible to police radar detector detectors. The ProDB Photo Blocker prevents Photo Radar, Speed Cameras from acquiring an image of your license plate and operates as a license plate light when you need discretion. Taiwan: User of radar detectors is illegal in Taiwan Turkey: User of radar detectors is illegal in Turkey United Kingdom: User of radar detectors is legal in the United Kingdom. The STi Magnum is totally invisible to police radar detector detectors. The new Speed Camera Blocker, ProDB-4 blocks Photo Radar, speed camera pictures of your license plate and operates as a license plate light, when you need discretion. Call 1st Radar Detectors in Canada at 250-324-8004 or in the USA at 1 309-681-5235 to discuss your requirements and we will figure out what you need for your business or your vehicle, and find a US/Canada installer for you. Regards, John Turner Published on August 11th, 2015 STiR Plus, HP905 Quad Laser Jammer, APC Power Control STiR Plus, HP905 Quad, HP905 Dual and ProDB-2 Dual PhotoBlocker Contact 1st radar Detectors at sales@1stRadarDetectors.com to purchase a radar detectors , laser jammer , radar laser jammer; and a photo blocker on passenger cars, pick up trucks, SUVs, and motorcycles in the UK, USA, Australia, Canada, Europe, South America and New Zealand. Close product quick view ×	msmarco_doc_00_6878724	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
782756	1	what is performance coaching	http://1to1coachingschool.com/Performance_Coaching_and_Management.htm	Performance Coaching and Performance Management at Work	Some Definitions:	Performance Coaching and Performance Management at Work Content: Performance Coaching, performance coach, performance management, performance feedback, performance coaching and business, manager as coach, performance feedback coaching and coaching skills, performance management and executive coaching, workplace performance coaching, coaching, manager as coach, performance coach, performance coaching and business coaching, performance coaching skills, performance management, performance coaching, executive coaching performance management, business coaching and performance coaching skills, business coaching and performance coaching skills and executive performance coaching, workplace performance coaching, coaching, manager as coach, performance coaching, performance feedback, performance management, performance coach and performance feedback HOME Diploma & Master Coach Course Content COURSE S: Format & Registration Form Executive Coaching Course Fee s CLIENTS - Graduates, Corporate High Performance Behavioral Coaching Sports Psychology Coaching Course LICENSING USE of Brand name, Courses Corporate Coaching Course FACULTY - Institute's 25 year History, Staff E motion Coaching Course Fee s NeuroCoaching Course Fees ARTICLES Private Mentoring with Dr Perry Zeus Anti-Aging & Health Coaching Course Contact Faculty Coach Trainer & Course Accreditation Coach Referral Service Group Coach Training PERFORMANCE COACHING UPDATE - PANDEMIC and RECESSION Latest on how people’s financial and mental health is suffering >. Read See also: Mental Skills Coaching for Sports and other professions > Certified Master Coach - Some Introductory Notes: Performance Coaching and Performance Management -The need for training in the use of Modern Performance Coaching Practices in the workplace © (includes extracts from new text book 'Behavioral Coaching' by Zeus and Skiffington -published and copyrighted by McGraw-Hill, New York) The Pioneer of Performance Coaching Workplace Coaching, Leadership Development and Transformation What is High Performance Coaching? High Performance coaching and Performance Management for individuals, teams and organizations is all about continually raising the bar to produce, consistent, personal-best results and sustainable improvement and growth for the organization. The Behavioral Coaching Institute pioneered behavioral coaching and performance coaching at work over 30 years ago and today is still the world’s leading developer and supplier of cutting edge performance coaching methodology for business / leadership / executive coaching and professional / personal development. In line with today’s new challenges and opportunities, we provide unique, world-best-class, coach training courses with a high performance coaching focus for individual, team and organizational development. Our specialist, global, self-study, performance coaching coach training courses unleash competitive advantage through human potential in organizations to drive performance, productivity, transformation and a happy and healthy environment to work and relate in. Our Global High Performance Research and Development Team are passionate about providing, scientifically proven, next generation transformational, performance coaching models, tools and techniques. We lead the field in what do -and have done so now for over 25 years. SEE: High Performance Coaching Reports Read More > Performance Coaching Tools and Techniques Managers are now expected to coach workers every day: Nearly nine out 10 firms expect their managers and supervisors to deliver performance coaching as part of their day-to-day work, according to a new survey by the Institute of Personnel and Development. The vast majority of employers believe coaching can deliver tangible benefits to both individuals and organizations, said the Institute. The majority of employers planned to increase the use of coaching over the next few years but not necessarily update the training of their 'Managers/Leaders as Coach', it added. The research also found that performance coaching provided by a manager or supervisor is becoming increasingly popular as the value of sustainable on the job learning is recognized in the workplace. However, research also suggests that if coaching is to deliver these significant benefits, employers need to ensure that their line managers are provided with updated, cutting-edge training as the 'Manager as Coach' to be able to deliver the results. Because organizations are not investing enough in helping their managers/leaders develop cutting-edge performance coaching skills, there are some significant bottom-line consequences. In a recent large industry-wide study it was found that most managers reported that they were confident in their ability to coach. However, the study showed that the managers’/leaders’ skills levels as coaches were typically poor and that as a consequence they were not nearly as effective in their coaching as they believe themselves to be. Often times, they believed that coaching consisted of just providing 1-to-1 instructional feedback to their staff members on what to do in a given situation to perform better. However, a well-trained Manager/Leader as Coach also supports their staff by using advanced developmental and learning tools and providing them with personalized self-coaching strategies to achieve sustainable levels of performance. Most Managers/Leaders/Supervisors/Team Leaders believe they are providing performance oriented coaching by simply providing positional technical skills training and feedback . Many recent studies have shown that “Technical Skills” (our natural skills and learnt skills through training and experience) only represent at best 20% of the input into our performance. The remaining 80% which affects our performance comes from our "Personal Skills" (those crucial other elements such as our thinking and our behavioral aspects -such as: Ability to choose or make a decision, Assertiveness, Authenticity, Commitment to grow, Concentration, Emotional stability, Enthusiasm, Judgment, Energy level, Resourcefulness, Honesty, Integrity, Open-mindedness, Optimism, Persistence, Performing well under stress, Reliability, Self-confidence, Self-control, Self-reliance, Self-respect, Initiative or drive etc). Managers / Leaders don't understand just how deep rooted their own behavior patterns are, let alone how to positively change them in other people. Peak performance coaching tools and techniques. To create lasting performance change it is necessary to first understand the positive and negative influence that a person's Personal Skills has on the execution of their Technical Skills. Only when we fully understand a person's behavioral patterns and create positive self-managing coaching strategies can we assist a person to create lasting performance change. Performance Coaching is frequently confused with other types of coaching, such as Executive Coaching or Leadership Coaching. Performance Coaching is a form of Directive Coaching versus Executive Coaching or Leadership Coaching which is a form of Non-Directive Coaching. Broadly speaking, coaching methodologies are either directive or non-directive in approach. Directive Coaching involves the busy Manager who sometimes acts as a Coach: telling, instructing, giving advice, offering guidance, giving feedback, making suggestions etc. Non-Directive Coaching involves helping someone to solve their own problems. The key to the success of non-directive coaching is that the responsibility for deciding and taking action on the outcome remains with the coachee throughout. The non-directive approach places greater emphasis on the learning process with a specialist full-time (executive/leadership) coach acting more as a catalyst for new awareness. The directive style of coaching has been adopted as the model for coaching for performance, such as; helping provide people with direction, guiding them in how to master new skills, procedures, tasks and meet performance goals etc. Performance Coaching methods have changed little in 10 years, perhaps even 20 years. The traditional performance coaching formula has many limitations. For example the traditional approach focuses on a single-issue problem and assumes all individuals can work through it for themselves in a short time. The traditional approach is also passive. The traditional "coach" doesn't have time nor the techniques to help a person understand why they may be stuck with an unhelpful mental framework or 'unproductive behavior'. Many poor performing individuals and teams who seem stuck never really change until the "coach" can assist them to think differently. When managers are trained using outdated, traditional coach-education manuals, the results are greater myths and confusion rather than improved clarity of knowledge. If something " works " at least once in an important setting, it is likely to be repeated as a " valuable " coaching procedure, despite completely ignoring all the times it may not work. It also follows that when an employee achieves some level of performance success, the manager feels justified in his/her style of coaching. However, if an individual does not reach their set goals, there can be a blame-game around what they and the manager did and did not do to cause the unsatisfactory result. Coaches need to understand the value in staying ahead of the rapidly evolving process of performance coaching. The only way to improve coaching knowledge is to change the many unfounded beliefs into valid ordered knowledge, that is, coaching best-practice processes and standards. The introduction of orderliness, if it is accepted, also reduces error. Organizational, team and individual performance results will remain disordered and inconsistent unless a standardized coaching approach and the same coaching methodologies are adopted by all managers with their employees. It is imperative that coaching best-practices and evidence-based principles are introduced to the coach's knowledge base. A failure to keep abreast of an ever expanding knowledge base of performance coaching best-practices will halt any progress in personal achievements and performance outcomes. Some Definitions: Performance can be seen as the Actual Results vs Desired Results. Any discrepancy, where Actual is less than Desired, could constitute the performance improvement zone. Performance planning occurs when goals and objectives are established. Performance Evaluations provide a comparison of actual on-the-job performance to established performance measurement standards. As a best practice, the supervisor and the employee regularly discuss expectations, performance standards and objectives, set expectations, gather data, and provide on going feedback to employees to assist them in utilizing their skills, expertise and ideas to produce results. To provide this direction, Performance Records and a Coaching Log are guides that can be used by supervisors, in addition to their own best practices, to gather data to provide ongoing feedback to employees regarding their performance. Performance measurement standards are communicated to employees with expectations for each position. Performance measurement is the process of assessing progress toward achieving predetermined goals, while performance management is building on that process adding the relevant communication and action on the progress achieved against these predetermined goals. To provide this direction, managers/supervisors communicate to employees what is expected of them, define satisfactory performance for those expectations, and then monitor and evaluate the performance on an on going basis. Performance appraisal occurs when individual performance is formally documented and feedback is delivered Performance coaching occurs when a manager/supervisor (using the Indirect Coaching Model) intervenes and provides feedback for the purpose of improving performance (see below for further details) Performance improvement is any effort targeted at closing the gap between Actual Results and Desired Results. Performance Management is an ongoing dialogue between the manager/supervisor and employee that links expectations, ongoing feedback and coaching, performance evaluations, development planning, and follow-up. Performance management should be both Strategic (about broader issues and longer-term goals) and Integrated (linking various aspects of the business, people management and individuals and teams). It should provide the means to link individual and team performance with organisational effectiveness and the organisation's mission. Performance Coaching Feedback is a process by which the coach provides effective and constructive feedback on the coachee's performance of learned skills. Effective performance is reinforced and less-than-desirable performance is worked on to improve. Feedback should be information that highlights strengths, positive behavior and a means for skills critiquing, encouragement of new learning and the explanation of the relationship between what is expected and what has been accomplished after the work is performed or an action is taken. Feedback can take many forms; it can be informal or formal. The Need to better train Managers/Supervisors as Coaches and Professional Coaches (External and Internal) how to employ validated, proven informal coaching strategies and techniques: The Manager as Coach. The manager is expected to get the very best performance from their people by providing coaching on an 'in-time' basis during the course of their normal day-to-day management/leadership duties. A successful outcome is very much dependent on their ability to help their employees develop personal skills and technical skills needed to improve performance levels. While coaching may occur spontaneously with positive results, its benefits are too important to be left to chance. A well-defined process, support structure, and validated behavioral-change techniques and tools (versus old forms of traditional coaching still taught to most managers) are required to ensure a standardized approach, reliability, sustainability, and broad-based bottom-line impact. Today's Manager and the full-time professional coach (external or internal) must be taught how to use 21st century, cutting-edge, valid and reliable directive coaching practices and not last century's outdated, unaccountable coaching practices. Performance coaching practices have evolved dramatically over the last few years and now provide leading-edge, industry-proven processes, tools and skills practice for both part-time and full-time coaches to become far more effective in helping people change themselves and their performance. The Certified Master Coach Course and the 'Manager as Coach' Course (licensed to Master Coach graduates by the Behavioral Coaching Institute) provide the latest training in the use of evidence-based psychological methodologies to effect lasting individual change and learning: The Behavioral Coaching Institute's invitational, fast-tracked, Certified Master Coach Course (Self-Study, Campus or Distance Learning format) meets the critical needs for business and executive coaches to be trained and mentored in the use of validated, reliable performance focused, psychology-based tools and techniques. Note: the Institute's 'Manager as Coach' Training Program can be licensed for use by Master Coach Course graduates. Read More >. Note: Our Global Management Team, based in North America, Singapore and Australia, spans all continents and has supplied our specialist Master Coach and Diploma courses to both individual practitioners and the world’s leading organizations in over 60 countries. See: High Performance Behavioral Coaching > Content: Performance Coaching, performance management, performance coach, business coaching and performance coaching skills, business coaching and performance coaching skills and executive performance coaching, workplace performance coaching, coaching, manager as coach, performance coaching, performance feedback, performance management, performance coach and performance feedback performance feedback, performance coaching and business, manager as coach, performance feedback coaching and coaching skills, performance management and executive coaching, workplace performance coaching, coaching, manager as coach, performance coach, performance coaching and business coaching, performance coaching skills, performance management, performance coaching, executive coaching performance management,	msmarco_doc_00_6951835	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
835606	1	what is the name of the serpent?	http://20000-names.com/dragon_names.htm	20000-NAMES.COM: Dragon Names	Dragon Names, Serpent & Snake Names	20000-NAMES.COM: Dragon Names * Dragon Names, Serpent & Snake Names Names that mean dragon, serpent, snake. Names of famous dragons. Winged dragons, wingless dragons, fire-breathing dragons, serpents, snakes. [ Suggest Names for this page ] UNISEX: XIUHCOATL : Nahuatl unisex name meaning "fire serpent" or "weapon of destruction." MALE: APALALA : Hindi myth name of a water dragon. Meaning unknown. APEP : Egyptian name, possibly connected to the root pp, meaning "to slither." In mythology, Apep is the personification of evil, seen as a giant snake, serpent or dragon. Known as the Serpent of the Nile or Evil Lizard, he was an enemy of the sun god. APOPHIS ( Άποφις ): Greek form of Egyptian Apep, possibly meaning "to slither." In mythology, Apep is the personification of evil, seen as a giant snake, serpent or dragon. Known as the Serpent of the Nile or Evil Lizard, he was an enemy of the sun god. ASKOOK : Native American Algonquin name meaning "snake." ASTAROT : In demonology, this is the name of a Prince of Hell, meaning "leading one" or "the chief." He is depicted in the Dictionnaire Infernal as a nude man with dragon-like wings, hands and feet, a second pair of feathered wings, and a crown. He is holding a serpent in one hand while riding a wolf-like beast. Compare with feminine Astaroth. ATTOR : Old English word meaning "gall; poison; venom." Variant: Ator. CHUA : Native American Hopi name meaning "snake." COATL : Nahuatl name meaning "snake." DRACO : Latin form of Greek Drakon , meaning "dragon." Draco was the name of a 7th century scribe of Athens, Greece. It is also the name of a constellation. In Greek mythology, there are many dragons mentioned. For example, Drakon Ismenios was a gigantic serpent which guarded the sacred spring of Ismenos near Thebes; the Drakon Kholkikos was the guardian of the golden fleece; Drakon Maionios was a huge Dragon that ravaged the land of Lydia. DRACUL : Romanian name meaning "devil" or "dragon." DRAGO : Italian form of Latin Draco, meaning "dragon." Compare with another form of Drago. DRAKE: English surname transferred to forename use, having several possible origins: 1) from the byname Draca , meaning "snake" or "dragon." 2) from Middle English drake, meaning "male duck." 3) from Old Norse Draki, meaning "snake" or "monster." DRAKON ( Δράκων ): Greek name meaning "dragon." In Greek mythology, there are many dragons mentioned. For example, Drakon Ismenios was a gigantic serpent which guarded the sacred spring of Ismenos near Thebes; the Drakon Kholkikos was the guardian of the golden fleece; Drakon Maionios was a huge Dragon that ravaged the land of Lydia. EHECATL: Nahuatl name meaning "wind serpent." FÁFNIR : Old Norse myth name of a dwarf who transformed into a dragon, the symbol of greed. Also called Fraener. FRAENER : Old Norse myth name of a dwarf who transformed into a dragon, the symbol of greed. Also called Fáfnir . GLAURUNG : In Tolkien's Middle-Earth , this is the name of the wingless, fire-breathing, trickster dragon known as "The Deceiver" and "Father of Dragons." He was slain by Túrin. HERENSUGE : In the Basque language, this is the word for "dragon." IORMUNGAND: Variant form of Old Norse Jörmungandr, possibly meaning "giant pole." JORMUNGAND : Norwegian form of Old Norse Jörmungandr, possibly meaning "giant pole." In mythology, this is the name of the Midgard Serpent--also called the World Serpent--that encircles the earth beneath the ocean. JÖRMUNGANDR : Old Norse name, possibly meaning "giant pole." In mythology, this is the name of the Midgard Serpent--also called the World Serpent--that encircles the earth beneath the ocean. KNUCKER : Old English legend name of a kind of serpentine, winged water dragon that attack with venom or constriction, derived from the Anglo-Saxon word nicor, meaning "water monster." LADON ( Λαδων ): Greek name of unknown meaning. In mythology, this is the name of a river god, and the name of a hundred-headed dragon who guarded the garden of the Hesperides. The Ladon was supposed to be a cleansing river. LEVIATHAN : Anglicized form of Hebrew Livyathan, meaning "coiled, twisted in folds, wreathed." In the bible, this is the name of a demonic water dragon. LIVYATHAN ( לִוִיָתָן ): Hebrew name meaning "coiled, twisted in folds, wreathed." In the bible, this is the name of a demonic water dragon. LONGWEI ( 龙威 ): Chinese name meaning "dragon greatness." This was the name of the first Chinese-built ironclad battleship later renamed Pingyuan. NAGENDRA : Hindi name composed of Sanskrit naga "snake" and the name of the god Indra, hence "snake- Indra ." NIDHOGG : Anglicized form of Old Norse Níðhöggr, meaning "dreaded striker." In mythology, this is the name of a dragon or serpent who gnaws at the roots of the world tree Yggdrasill. NÍÐHÖGGR : Norse name meaning "dreaded striker." In mythology, this is the name of a dragon or serpent who gnaws at the roots of the world tree Yggdrasill. NIDHUG : Danish form of Old Norse Níðhöggr, meaning "dreaded striker." NILAKANTA : Hindi name meaning "blue-throated." In mythology, this is a title belonging to the naga king Vasuki. OPHIUCHUS ( Ὀφιοῦχος ): Greek name meaning "serpent bearer." This is the name of one of the constellations listed by Ptolemy, depicted as a man supporting a serpent. The man depicted in the constellation is thought by some to actually be the demigod Asclepius. ORMARR : Old Norse name composed of the elements orm "serpent" and herr "army," hence "serpent army." ORMR : Old Norse byname derived from the word ormr, meaning "dragon, serpent, snake." OROCHI ( 大蛇 ): Japanese name meaning "big snake." In mythology, this is the name of an eight-forked serpent who demanded virgin sacrifices. He was killed by the god-hero Susanoo. PACHUA : Native American Hopi name meaning "feathered water snake." PENDRAGON : Celtic name meaning "chief dragon." In Arthurian legend, this is a title/name of several kings of the Britons, and King Arthur 's father Uther Pendragon . PYTHAGORAS ( Πυθαγόρας ): Greek name composed of the name Pythios "python" and the word agora "market," hence "python market." PYTHIOS ( Πύθιος ): Greek name, possibly derived from the word pythein , meaning "to rot." In mythology, this is the name of a serpent killed by Apollo near Delphi. The name then became one of his epithets. PYTHIUS : Latin form of Greek Pythios, possibly meaning "to rot." In mythology, this is the name of a serpent killed by Apollo near Delphi. The name then became one of his epithets. QUETZALCOATL : Aztec Nahuatl name meaning "feathered serpent." In mythology, this is the name of a god of the sky. RYUU ( 竜 ): Japanese name meaning "dragon spirit." SAMAEL ( סמאל ): In Jewish mythology, this is the name of an archangel, a fallen angel, the Angel of Death or Poison, the accuser, seducer, and destroyer famously known as The Grim Reaper. He is said to be both good and evil, having been one of the heavenly host. He rules over seven habitations called Sheba Ha-yechaloth , infernal realms of the Earth. The Talmud states: "the evil Spirit, Satan, and Sama'el the Angel of Death, are the same"; and Samael is also therein equated with the biblical serpent who tempted Eve in the Garden of Eden. He is called the Prince of Darkness and chief of the Dragons of Evil and is held responsible for the scorching wind of the desert called the simoom. It is probably the Hebrew form of Syrian Shemal ("left"), but composed of 'el "god" and suwm "to create" or "to place, to set," hence "whom God makes." It is also sometimes rendered "venom of God." Also spelled Samil and Sammael. SHESHA ( शेष ): Hindi myth name of a naga king of serpents, one of the primal beings of creation. The name was derived from the Sanskrit root shiş, meaning "that which remains." TATSUO (1- 竜夫, 2- 達夫, 3- 龍雄 ): Japanese name meaning 1) "dragon man," 2) "far-reaching man," or 3) "imperial man." TATSUYA ( 竜也 ): Japanese name meaning "dragon-assertive." TEZCACOATL: Nahuatl name meaning "reflecting serpent; king." URULÓKI : This is the name of a sub-species of wingless fire-breathing dragon, also known as the fire-drake. They appear in Tolkien's Middle-Earth and were probably sired by Glaurung. A single Urulóki is called an Urulokë. UTHER : In Arthurian legend, Uther Pendragon ("Uther, chief dragon") was the youngest son of King Constantine and father of King Arthur. The name may be a variant form of Arthur, possibly meaning "bear-man." VASUKI : Hindi myth name of a naga (serpent) of Hindu mythology. He is a king who has a gem on his head. VELES ( Велесъ ): Variant form of Slavic Volos, meaning "ox." In mythology, this is the name of a god of the earth, underworld, dragons, cattle, magic and trickery. He is an enemy of Perun and is described as being horned and serpentine. VIPER: From the vocabulary word, meaning "serpent, snake," itself composed of the Latin elements vivus "alive, living" and parere "to bear, to bring forth." VOLOS ( Волосъ ): Slavic name derived from the word volu , meaning "ox." In mythology, this is the name of a god of the earth, underworld, dragons, cattle, magic and trickery. He is an enemy of Perun and is described as being horned and serpentine. Also known as Veles. VRITRA: Hindi myth name of a dragon or serpent, the personification of drought and enemy of Indra, meaning "the enveloper." FEMALE: ADALINDA : Old High German name composed of the elements adal "noble" and lind "serpent, snake," hence "noble serpent." ADELIND : Abbreviated form of Old High German Adelinda, meaning "noble serpent." ADELINDA : Variant spelling of Old High German Adalinda, meaning "noble serpent." ADELINDE : Variant spelling of Old High German Adelinda, meaning "noble serpent." ADELONDA : Variant spelling of Old High German Adelinda, meaning "noble serpent." ÆTHELINDA : Anglo-Saxon name composed of the Old English elements æðel "noble" and lind "serpent, dragon," hence "noble serpent." AMELINDA : Old German name composed of the elements amal "work" and lint "serpent, snake," or lind "soft, weak," hence either "work serpent" or "weak worker." ANNABELINDA : English compound name composed of Latin Anna "favor; grace," and German Belinda , "beautiful serpent," hence "gracious beautiful serpent." BELINDA : Possibly a contracted form of Old High German Betlinde , meaning "bright serpent" or "bright linden tree." BELLINDA : English variant spelling of German Belinda, meaning "bright serpent" or "bright linden tree." BELYNDA : English variant spelling of German Belinda, meaning "bright serpent" or "bright linden tree." BINDY : English pet form of German Belinda , possibly meaning "bright serpent" or "bright linden tree." CHUMANA: Native American Hopi name meaning "snake maiden." CHUSI: Native American Hopi name meaning "snake flower." COAXOCH : Nahuatl name meaning "serpent flower." DALINDA : Variant spelling of English Delinda, meaning "noble serpent." DELINDA : English name derived from German Adelinda, meaning "noble serpent." ETHELINDA : Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Æthelinda , meaning "noble serpent." HYDRA ( Ὕδρα ): Greek name derived from the word hydor, meaning "water." In mythology, this is the name of a many-headed water dragon killed by Hercules. LINDA : English name probably derived from Germanic lindi, meaning "serpent." In some cases, it may have been derived from the Spanish word for "pretty." LINDY : Pet form of English Linda, meaning "serpent." LINNIE : Pet form of English Linda, meaning "serpent." LYNDA : Variant spelling of English Linda , meaning "serpent." LYNDI : Pet form of English Lynda, meaning "serpent." MALINDA : Variant spelling of English Melinda , meaning either "black/dark serpent" or "sweet serpent." MEDOUSA ( Μέδουσα ): Greek name meaning "guardian." In mythology, this is the name of one of the three Gorgons who had snakes for hair, and whose glance turned anyone who looked at them to stone. She was the only Gorgon who was mortal. MEDUSA : Latin form of Greek Medousa, meaning "guardian." In mythology, this is the name of one of the three Gorgons who had snakes for hair, and whose glance turned anyone who looked at them to stone. She was the only Gorgon who was mortal. MELINDA : Modern English compound name composed of Mel- (from Melissa ("sweet") or Melanie ("black, dark") and Linda "serpent," hence "black/dark serpent" or "sweet serpent." MELUSINE : German legend name of a fresh-water spirit believed to reside in sacred springs and rivers, meaning either "wonder" or "sea-fog." Melusine is depicted as being like a fish or serpent from the waist down. MINDY : Pet form of English Melinda , meaning "black/dark serpent" or "sweet serpent." SHUMAN : Native American Hopi name meaning "rattlesnake handler." TANIS ( Τάνις ): Greek form of Phoenician Tanith , possibly meaning "serpent lady. In Egyptian her name means "land of Neith ." TANIT : Phoenician myth name of a goddess of love, the moon and the stars, possibly meaning "serpent lady. In Egyptian her name means "land of Neith ." TANITH : Variant spelling of Phoenician Tanit, possibly meaning "serpent lady. In Egyptian her name means "land of Neith ." TIAMAT : Babylonian name composed of the Sumerian elements ti "life," and ama "mother," hence "mother of life." In mythology, this is the name of a primeval sea dragon goddess, the embodiment of Chaos, and mother of the first gods. * * A-Z Baby Names Girl Names A , B, C , D, E , F, G , H, I , J, K , L, M , N, O , P, Q , R, S , T, U , V, W , X, Y , Z Boy Names A , B, C , D, E , F, G , H, I , J, K , L, M , N, O , P, Q , R, S , T, U , V, W , X, Y , Z * Pet Names Names for your pets. Grouped by species. Naming Tips & Quips Miscellany a2z Menu Books consulted Privacy & Contact Info Site Map *** Special Categories Butterfly Names, Dragon Names, Dream Names , Evil Names, Flower Names, Funny Names , Rainbow Names, Secret Names, Shadow Names, Warrior Names, Weapon/Armor Names, Weekday Names, Wolf Names & much more. 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692070	1	what is a native american name	http://20000-names.com/female_native_american_names.htm	20000-NAMES.COM: Female Native American Names, Page 1 of 2--meaning, origin, etymology		20000-NAMES.COM: Female Native American Names, Page 1 of 2--meaning, origin, etymology * Female Native American Names [ Suggest Names for this page ] [ Go to Male Native American Names ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ABEDABUN : Native American Chippewa name meaning "dawn; sight of day." ABEQUA : Native American Chippewa name meaning "stays at home." ABEQUE : Variant spelling of Native American Chippewa Abequa, meaning "stays at home." ADSILA : Native American Cherokee name meaning "blossom." AILEN : Variant spelling of Native American Mapuche Aylen , meaning "clear" or "happiness." AIYANA : This name was coined by professor Bryan Sykes, author of The Seven Daughters of Eve , for a particular Native American genetic line, one of four reconstructed mtDNA lines believed to have colonised America. The name was adopted into English usage, mostly by Americans. It may mean "ever-blooming." AIYANNA : Variant spelling of Native American Aiyana, possibly meaning "ever-blooming." ALAMEDA : Native American Indian name meaning "grove of cottonwood." ALAQUA: Native American name meaning "sweet gum tree." ALSOOMSE : Native American Algonquin name meaning "independent." AMADAHY : Native American Cherokee name meaning "forest water." ANGWUSNASOMTAQA : Native American Hopi name meaning "crow mother spirit." ANPAYTOO : Native American Sioux name meaning "radiant." APONI: Native American name meaning "butterfly." AWANATA : Native American Miwok name meaning "turtle." AWENTIA : Variant spelling of Native American Cherokee Awinita, meaning "fawn." AWINITA : Native American Cherokee name meaning "fawn." AYASHA : Variant spelling of Cheyenne Ayashe, meaning "little one." AYASHE : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "little one." AYELEN : Variant spelling of Native American Mapuche Aylen, meaning "clear" or "happiness." AYLEN : Native American Mapuche name, meaning "clear" or "happiness." CALFURAY : Native American Mapuche flower name meaning "violet." CHA'RISA: Native American Hopi name meaning "elk." CHEPI : Native American Algonquin name meaning "fairy." CHOCHMINGWU : Native American Hopi name meaning "corn mother." CHOSOVI : Native American Hopi name meaning "bluebird." CHOSPOSI : Native American Hopi name meaning "bluebird eye." CHUMANA: Native American Hopi name meaning "snake maiden." CHUMANI : Native American Sioux name meaning "dewdrops." CHU'SI: Native American Hopi name meaning "snake flower." DOLI : Native American Navajo name meaning "bluebird." DONOMA : Native American Omaha name meaning "sight of the sun." EHAWEE : Native American Sioux name meaning "laughing maiden." GALILAHI : Native American Cherokee name meaning "attractive." HAKIDONMUYA : Native American Hopi name meaning "time of the waiting moon." HANTAYWEE : Native American Sioux name meaning "faithful." HEHEWUTI : Native American Hopi name meaning "warrior mother spirit." HONOVI : Native American Hopi name meaning "strong deer." HURIT : Native American Algonquin name meaning "beautiful." HUYANA : Native American Miwok name meaning "falling rain." ISI: Native American Choctaw unisex name meaning "deer." JACI : Native American Tupi name meaning "moon." KACHINA : Native American Hopi name meaning "sacred dancer; spirit." KAI : Native American Navajo name meaning "willow tree." Compare with other forms of Kai. KALISKA : Native American Miwok name meaning "coyote chasing deer." KANTI : Native American Algonquin name meaning "sings." Compare with another form of Kanti. KASA : Native American Hopi name meaning "dressed in furs." KATERI : Native American Mohawk form of Greek Aikaterine , meaning "pure." KAYA : Native American Hopi name meaning "elder sister." KEEGSQUAW : Native American Algonquin name meaning "virgin." KEEZHEEKONI : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "burning fire." KIMAMA : Native American Shoshone name meaning "butterfly." KIMI : Native American Algonquin name meaning "secret." Compare with another form of Kimi. KIMIMELA : Native American Sioux name meaning "butterfly." KIWIDINOK : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "of the wind." KOKO : Native American Blackfoot name meaning "night." KOKYANGWUTI : Native American Hopi name meaning "spider woman at middle-age." KUWANLELENTA : Native American Hopi name meaning "makes beautiful surroundings." KUWANYAMTIWA : Native American Hopi name meaning "beautiful badger going over the hill." KUWANYAUMA : Native American Hopi name meaning "butterfly showing beautiful wings." LENMANA : Native American Hopi name meaning "flute girl." LILUYE : Native American Miwok name meaning "singing chicken hawk that soars." LITONYA : Native American Miwok name meaning "darting hummingbird." LOMAHONGVA : Native American Hopi name meaning "beautiful clouds arising." MACAWI : Native American Sioux name meaning "generous." MAGASKAWEE : Native American Sioux name meaning "graceful." MAIARA : Native American Tupi name meaning "wise." MAKA : Native American Sioux name meaning "earth." MAKAWEE : Native American Sioux name meaning "mothering." MAKKITOTOSIMEW : Native American Algonquin name meaning "she has large breasts." MALILA : Native American Miwok name meaning "fast salmon swimming up a rippling stream." MANSI : Native American Hopi name meaning "plucked flower." MAPIYA : Native American Sioux name meaning "sky." MEOQUANEE : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "wears red." METHOATASKE : Native American Shawnee name meaning "turtle laying its eggs." MIGINA : Native American Omaha name meaning "returning moon." MIGISI : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "eagle." MIMITEH : Native American Omaha name meaning "new moon." MISAE : Native American Osage name meaning "white sun." MOEMA : Native American Tupi name meaning "sweet." MUNA : Native American Hopi name meaning "overflowing spring." Compare with another form of Muna. NADIE : Native American Algonquin name meaning "wise." NAHIMANA : Native American Sioux name meaning "mystic." NAIRA : Native American Quechua name meaning "big eyes." NAMID : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "star dancer." NASCHA : Native American Navajo name meaning "owl." NAYELI : Native American Zapotec name meaning "I love you." NIABI : Native American Osage name meaning "fawn." NIDAWI : Native American Omaha name meaning "fairy." NINA : Native American Quechua name meaning "fire." Compare with other forms of Nina. NITA : Native American Choctaw name meaning "bear." Compare with other forms of Nita. NITTAWOSEW : Native American Algonquin name meaning "she is not sterile." NIZHONI : Native American Navajo name meaning "beautiful." NJLON : Native American Algonquin name meaning "mistress." NOVA : Modern English name derived from Latin novus, meaning "new." Native American Hopi name meaning "chases butterflies." NUKPANA : Native American Hopi unisex name meaning "evil." NUMEES : Native American Algonquin name meaning "sister." NUTTAH : Native American Algonquin name meaning "my heart." ODAHINGUM : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "rippling water." OMINOTAGO : Native American Cheyenne name meaning "beautiful voice." [ 1 ] [ 2 ] * * A-Z Baby Names Girl Names A , B, C , D, E , F, G , H, I , J, K , L, M , N, O , P, Q , R, S , T, U , V, W , X, Y , Z Boy Names A , B, C , D, E , F, G , H, I , J, K , L, M , N, O , P, Q , R, S , T, U , V, W , X, Y , Z * Pet Names Names for your pets. Grouped by species. 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56290	1	brictius name meaning	http://20000-names.com/male_latin_names_02.htm	20000-NAMES.COM: Male Latin Names, Roman Names, Page 2 of 6--meaning, origin, etymology	Male Latin Names, Roman Names	20000-NAMES.COM: Male Latin Names, Roman Names, Page 2 of 6--meaning, origin, etymology *** Male Latin Names, Roman Names [ Suggest Names for this page ] [ Go to Female Latin Names ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] BERTRAMUS : Latin form of German Bertram, meaning "bright raven." BLASIUS : Roman name derived from Latin blaesus, "lisping," hence "talks with a lisp." BONIFACE : Short form of Latin Bonifatius , meaning "good destiny/fate." In use by the French and occasionally the English. BONIFATIUS : Latin name composed of the elements bonum "good" and fatum "destiny, fate," hence "good destiny/fate." BRENDANUS : Latin form of Irish Gaelic Breándan, meaning "prince." BRENNIUS : Latin form of Celtic Brennus, meaning "king." BRIANUS : Latinized form of Irish Brian, meaning "high hill." BRICIUS : Latin form of Welsh Brychan, meaning "pied, spotted, speckled." BRICTIUS : Variant spelling of Latin Bricius , meaning "pied, spotted, speckled." BRUTUS : Roman Latin name meaning "heavy" or "the dullard." In use by the English. CADMUS : Latin form of Greek Kadmos , meaning "the east." In mythology, this is the name of the brother of Europa . He is said to have founded the city of Thebes and introduced the alphabet to the Phoenicians. CÆCILIUS : Old Roman Latin family name derived from the byname Cæcus, meaning "blind." CÆCUS : Latin byname derived from the word cæcus, meaning "blind." CÆLESTINUS : Roman name derived from Latin Cælestis, meaning "heavenly." CÆLESTIS: Latin unisex name meaning "heavenly." In Roman mythology, this is an epithet belonging to the god Jupiter ( Jupiter Cælestis) and the goddess Diana ( Diana Cælestis ). CÆLINUS : A derivative of Roman Latin Cælius , meaning "heaven." CÆLIUS : Old Roman family name, probably derived from Latin c ï¿½ lum , meaning "heaven." CÆSAR : Ancient Roman Latin name meaning "severed." In the bible, this is the surname of Julius Caesar, which adopted by Octavius Augustus and his successors afterwards became a title, and was appointed by the Roman emperors as part of their title. CAIAPHAS : Latin form of Greek Kaiaphas , meaning "as comely." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a high priest of the Jews. CAIETANUS : Roman Latin name meaning "from Caieta (Gaeta, Italy)." According to Strabo, the place name Caieta was derived from the Greek word kaiétas, meaning "cave," and Virgil tells us that Caieta was the name of Aeneas ' wet-nurse who was buried there. CAIUS : Variant spelling of Roman Latin Gaius , meaning "lord." CALIGULA : This is a pet name for the despotic Gaius Julius Cæsar Augustus Germanicus, third Roman Emperor, meaning "little boots." Roman historian Suetonius referred to him as a "monster." He was a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (gens Julia and gens Claudia ), all of whom were linked through marriage and adoption. It is interesting to note that the founder of the clan of Claudia, Appius Claudius Sabinus Inregillensis, was also "harsh by nature," according to Livy. CALIX : Short form of Latin Callixtus, meaning "most beautiful." CALLIAS : Latin form of Greek Kallias , meaning "beauty." CALLICRATES : Latin form of Greek Kallikrates , meaning "beauty-power." CALLISTRATE : Latin form of Greek Kallistrates, meaning "beauty-army." CALLISTRATUS : Latin form of Greek Kallistratos, meaning "beauty-army." CALLISTUS : Latin form of Greek Kallistos , meaning "most beautiful." CALLIXTUS : Variant spelling of Latin Callistus, meaning "most beautiful." CALOGERUS : Latin form of Greek Kalogeros , meaning "beautiful elder." CALVINUS : Latin form of the French surname Chauvin, from a diminutive of Norman calve ("bald"), hence "little bald one." CAMBYSES : Latin form of Greek Kambyses , probably meaning "handsome king." CAMILLUS : Roman family name, possibly meaning "attendant (for a temple)." CANICUS : Latinized form of Scottish Gaelic Cináed (English Kenneth ), meaning "born of fire." CANUTUS : Latin form of Old Norse Knútr , meaning "knot." In use by the Norwegians and Swedish. CAPANEUS : Latin form of Greek Kapaneus , meaning "arrogant." In mythology, this is the name of one of the Seven Against Thebes. He is said to have had a body of immense size and strength, but he was notoriously arrogant and was eventually struck and killed by a thunderbolt sent by Zeus. His wife Evadne committed suicide by throwing herself on his funeral pyre. CARATACUS : Latin form of Welsh Caradog , meaning "dearly loved." CARMINE : Latin name meaning "song." CAROL : Short form of Latin Carolus, meaning "man." Compare with feminine Carol . In use by the Romanians. CAROLUS : Latin form of German Karl , meaning "man." CARPUS : Latin form of Greek Karpos , meaning "fruit." In mythology, this is the name of a son of the nymph Chloris and the god Zephyrus . In the bible, this is the name of a Christian at Troas mentioned in the second epistle of Timothy (2 Ti. 4:13). CASIMIRIA : Latin form of Polish Kazimierz , meaning "commands peace." CASSIAN : A derivative of Roman Latin Cassius, possibly meaning "empty, hollow." CASSIEL : Latinized form of Hebrew Kafziel , meaning "speedy one of God." In Jewish lore, Kafziel is the name of an archangel. Unlike most of the other angels, Kafziel is a watcher, rather than a doer. He is called the angel of solitude and tears, and presides over the deaths of kings. He is associated with the Seventh Heaven, the planet Saturn, and has even been worshiped by Satanists. CASSIUS : Roman family name, possibly derived from Latin cassus , meaning "empty, hollow." CASTOR : Latin form of Greek Kastor , meaning "beaver." In mythology, Castor and Pollux ("very sweet") are the twin sons of Jupiter and Leda and are known as the Dioskouroi ("boys of Zeus ") and the Gemini twins. CATIGERNUS : Latinized form of Welsh Cattegirn , meaning "battle lord." CATO : Roman Latin name meaning "all-knowing, wise." CATOTIGERNOS : Latinized form of Welsh Cattegirn , meaning "battle lord." CATUTIGERNOS : Latinized form of Welsh Cattegirn , meaning "battle lord." CELER : Roman name meaning "swift." This is the name of the horse of the Roman Emperor Verus. It was fed on almonds and raisins, covered with royal purple, and stalled in the imperial palace. CELSUS : Roman Latin family name meaning "upright, stately." CEPHALUS : Latin form of Greek Kephalos , meaning "head." In mythology, this is the name of the faithful husband of Procris. CEPHAS : Latin form of Greek Kephas , meaning "rock, stone." In the New Testament bible, this is the surname given by Jesus to Simon son of Jona, to distinguish him from Simon Zelotes. CEPHEUS : Latin form of the Greek Kepheus , meaning "gardener." In mythology, this is the name of a king of Ethiopia, the husband of Cassiopeia. CERBERUS : Latin form of Greek Kerberos , meaning "demon of the pit." In mythology, this is the name of the three-headed dog that guards the entrance to Hades. CEYX : Latin form of Greek Keyx , possibly meaning "kingfisher." In mythology, this is the name of a king of Thessaly, the son of Eosphoros. CHARON : Latin form of Greek Kharon, meaning "fierce brightness." In mythology, this is the name of the ferryman of Hades who ferries the dead across the river Acheron. CHIRON : Latin form of Greek Kheiron , meaning "surgeon." In mythology, this is the name of a wise centaur, the son of Cronus and the nymph Philyra. He fathered Ocyrhoe with the nymph Chariclo. He was said to be a great healer, oracle and astrologer. CHLOTHARIUS : Latin form of German Chlothar , meaning "loud warrior." CHRISTIANUS : Latin form of Greek Christianos , meaning "believer" or "follower of Christ ." In the bible, this is the name first given to the worshippers of Jesus by the Gentiles, but from the second century onward accepted by them as a title of honor. CHRISTOPHORUS : Latin form of Greek Christophoros , meaning " Christ -bearer." CHRYSANTHUS : Latin form of Greek Chrysanthos , meaning "golden flower." CHRYSAOR : Latin form of Greek Khrysaor , meaning "golden sword." In mythology, this is the name of a son of Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa . He is usually described as a giant, but sometimes as a winged boar, just as his twin brother Pegasus is described as a winged horse. CHRYSES : Latin form of Greek Khryses , meaning "golden." In mythology, this is the name of a priest of Apollo. CICERO : Roman Latin name derived from the word cicer, meaning "chickpea." CIMON : Latin form of Greek Kimon , possibly meaning "sleepy." CLARUS : Ancient Roman Latin cognomen, meaning "bright, clear." CLAUDIUS : Roman family name derived from Latin claudus, meaning "lame." CLEDAUCUS : Latin name of a legendary king of the Britons who was preceded by Eliud and succeeded by Clotenus . Meaning unknown. CLEISTHENES : Latin form of Greek Kleisthenes , meaning "glorious strength." CLEMENS : Late Latin name meaning "gentle and merciful." CLEMENT : Short form of Latin Clementius , meaning "gentle and merciful." meaning "gentle and merciful." In the bible, this is the name of a companion of Paul. CLEMENTINUS : Latin name meaning "of Clementius ." CLEMENTIUS : Latin name meaning "gentle and merciful." CLEOPAS : Latin form of Greek Kleopas , meaning "glory of the father." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a disciple. CLEOPATROS : Latin form of Greek Kleopatros , meaning "glory of the father." CLEOPHAS : Latin form of Greek Kleophas , meaning "glory of the father." In the bible, this is the name of two disciples to whom the risen Jesus appeared at Emmaus. CLETES : Pet form of Latin Anacletus , meaning "called back; invoked." CLETIS : Variant spelling of Latin Cletus , meaning famous, renowned." CLETUS : Latin form of Greek Kleitos , meaning famous, renowned." CLIMACUS : Latin name derived from the Greek word klimax, meaning "ladder." CLITUS : Latin form of Greek Kleitos , meaning famous, renowned." CLOPAS : Latin form of Greek Klopas , probably meaning "my exchanges." In the bible, this is the name of the father of the apostle James the less. CLOPHAS : Contracted form of Latin Cleophas, meaning "glory of the father." CLOTENUS : Latin name of a legendary king of the Britons who was preceded by Cledaucus and succeeded by Gurgintius . Meaning unknown. COLUMBA : Latin name meaning "dove." COLUMBAN : Short form of Latin Columbanus , meaning "dove." COLUMBANUS : Elaborated form of Latin Columba, meaning "dove." COLUMBUS : Latin name meaning "dove." CONSTANS : Latin name meaning "steadfast." CONSTANT : From Latin Constans , meaning "steadfast." CONSTANTINE : Medieval form of Roman Latin Constantinus , meaning "steadfast." Compare with another form of Constantine. CONSTANTINUS : Roman name derived from the Latin word constans , meaning "steadfast." CONSTANTIUS : A derivative of Latin Constans , meaning "steadfast." CONSUS : Roman name, probably of Etruscan or Sabine origin, meaning "to sow." In mythology, this is the name of a god of grains and subterranean silos. CORNELIUS : Latin name derived from the word cornu ("horn"), hence "of a horn." In the bible, this is the name of a Roman centurion who converted to Christianity. Compare with another form of Cornelius. CORNELL : Medieval form of Roman Latin Cornelius , meaning "of a horn." COSMO : Latin form of Greek Kosmos , meaning "order, beauty." CREON : Latin form of Greek Kreon , meaning "ruler." In mythology, this is the name of a king of Thebes, husband of Eurydice and father of Haemon. CRESCENTIUS : Latin name meaning "to spring up, grow, thrive." CRISPINUS : A derivative of Roman Latin Crispus , meaning "curly (-headed)." CRISPUS : Old Roman family name meaning "curly (-headed)." CRIUS : Latin form of Greek Krios , meaning "master, ruler." In mythology, this is the name of one of the Titans. CRONUS : Latin form of Greek Kronos , meaning "time." In mythology, this is the name of the Titan father of Zeus. CUPID : Short form of Latin Cupido , meaning "desire." In Roman mythology, this is the name of a god of love, the son of Venus. He is also known as Amor , "love." His Greek name is Eros , meaning "sexual love." CUPIDO : Latin name derived from the word cupido, meaning "desire." CYPRIAN : Short form of Latin Cyprianus, meaning "from Cyprus." CYPRIANUS : Latin name meaning "from Cyprus." CYRIACUS : Roman Latin form of Greek Kyriakos , meaning "of the lord." CYRILLUS : Latin form of Greek Kyrillos , meaning "lord." CYRUS : Latin form of Greek Kyros , meaning "like the sun." In the bible, this is the name of the king of Persia, Cyrus the Great, conqueror of Babylon, who freed the captive Jews. DAEDALOS : Hellenized Latin form of Greek Daidalos, meaning "cunning worker." DAEDALUS : Latin form of Greek Daidalos , meaning "cunning worker." DAMIANUS : Latin form of Greek Damianos, meaning "to tame, to subdue" and euphemistically "to kill." DAMOCLES : Latin form of Greek Damokles , meaning "glory of the people." DARIUS : Latin form of Greek Dareios , meaning "possesses a lot, wealthy." In the bible, this is the name of several characters including Darius the Mede, son of Ahasuerus , king of the Chaldeans. DECEBALUS : Roman name of a Dacian king, composed of the Latin elements dece "ten" and balus "strong," hence "strong as ten." DECIMUS : Roman name meaning "tenth." DELICIUS : From the Latin word delicius , meaning "delight." DELPHINIUS : Latin form of Greek Delphinios, meaning "of Delphi" or "of the Dolphins." In mythology, this is a title belonging to Apollo. DEMETRIUS : Latin form of Greek Demetrios , meaning "loves the earth" or "follower of Demeter ." DEMOCRITUS : Latin form of Greek Demokritos , meaning "judge of the people." DEODATUS : Short form of Roman Latin Adeodatus, meaning "given to God." DESIDERIUS : Latin name derived from the word desiderium , meaning "longing." DEUS : Latin form of Greek Zeus , meaning "god." DEUSDEDIT : Variant spelling of Roman Latin Deodatus , meaning "given to God." DIDACUS : Old Latin name probably derived from the Greek word didakhe , meaning "doctrine, teaching." DIDAGUS : Variant spelling of Latin Didacus , possibly meaning "doctrine, teaching." DIDYMUS : Latin form of Greek Didymos , meaning "two-fold, twain." In the New Testament bible, this is the name of a Christian. DIODORUS : Latin form of Greek Diodoros, meaning "gift of Zeus ." DIODOTUS : Latin form of Greek Diodotos , meaning "giver of Zeus ." DIOMED : Short form of Latin Diomedes, meaning "cunning as Zeus ." In mythology, this is the name of the Tyrant of Thrace who fed his horses on the strangers who visited his kingdom. DIOMEDES: Latin form of Greek Diomêdês, meaning "cunning as Zeus ." In mythology, this is the name of the second-best warrior of all Achaeans who fought in the Trojan war ( Ajax was first-best). DIONYSIUS : Latin form of Greek Dionysios , meaning "follower of Dionysos ." DIONYSUS : Latin form of Greek Dionysos, meaning " Zeus -Nysa," i.e. "god of nymphs." In mythology, this is the name of a god of revelry and the intoxicating effect of wine. Nysa is the name of a legendary land/mountain where Dionysus was raised and nursed by rain-nymphs. There are many places bearing the name Nysa in Anatolia, Turkmenistan, Poland and Serbia. The Serbian Nysa is spelled Nis and has been interpreted as an Indo-European word meaning "nymph." DIOSCURI : Latin form of Greek Dioskouroi , meaning "boys of Zeus ." In mythology, this name was given to Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of Zeus and Leda, tutelary deities of sailors. In the bible, they are mentioned by this name in Acts 28:11. In Latin they are called the Gemini twins. DOMINICUS : Latin name derived from the word dominus "lord," meaning "belongs to the lord." DOMITIAN : Short form of Roman Latin Domitianus , meaning "tamed." DOMITIANUS : From the Roman Latin family name Domitius, meaning "tamed." DOMITIUS : Roman family name derived from the Latin word domitus , meaning "tamed." DONATUS : Latin name meaning "given (by God)." DORIANUS : Latin form of Greek Dorieus, meaning "of the Dorian tribe." DOROTHEUS : Latin form of Greek Dorotheos , meaning "gift of God." DORUS : Latin form of Greek Doros, the name of a son of Hellen and founder of the Dorian tribe, meaning "gift." DRACO : Latin form of Greek Drakon , meaning "dragon." Draco was the name of a 7th century scribe of Athens, Greece. It is also the name of a constellation. In Greek mythology, there are many dragons mentioned. For example, Drakon Ismenios was a gigantic serpent which guarded the sacred spring of Ismenos near Thebes; the Drakon Kholkikos was the guardian of the golden fleece; Drakon Maionios was a huge Dragon that ravaged the land of Lydia. DRUSTANUS : Latin form of Welsh Drystan , probably meaning "riot, tumult." DRUSUS : Roman family name, possibly from Old Celtic * dru -, meaning "oak; strong." DUILIUS : Roman name derived from the Latin word duellum , meaning "war." EDUARDUS : Latin form of Anglo-Saxon Eadweard , meaning "guardian of prosperity." [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] * * A-Z Baby Names Girl Names A , B, C , D, E , F, G , H, I , J, K , L, M , N, O , P, Q , R, S , T, U , V, W , X, Y , Z Boy Names A , B, C , D, E , F, G , H, I , J, K , L, M , N, O , P, Q , R, S , T, U , V, W , X, Y , Z * Pet Names Names for your pets. Grouped by species. Naming Tips & Quips Miscellany a2z Menu Books consulted Privacy & Contact Info Site Map * Special Categories Butterfly Names, Dragon Names, Dream Names , Evil Names, Flower Names, Funny Names , Rainbow Names, Secret Names, Shadow Names, Warrior Names, Weapon/Armor Names, Weekday Names, Wolf Names & much more. Friend us on Facebook not indexed yet Online since 1999. Visitors since 2006 Visitors since August 02, 2008	msmarco_doc_00_7967263	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1022922	1	which was the first country to ratify the united nations charter	http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm	The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945	The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945 The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945	The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945 Historical Background Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945 The impetus to establish the United Nations stemmed in large part from the inability of its predecessor, the League of Nations, to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War. Despite Germany’s occupation of a number of European states, and the League’s failure to stop other serious international transgressions in the 1930s, such as Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, many international leaders remained committed to the League’s ideals. Once World War II began, President Franklin D. Roosevelt determined that U.S. leadership was essential for the creation of another international organization aimed at preserving peace, and his administration engaged in international diplomacy in pursuit of that goal. He also worked to build domestic support for the concept of the United Nations. After Roosevelt’s death, President Harry S Truman also assumed the important task of maintaining support for the United Nations and worked through complicated international problems, particularly with the Soviet Union, to make the founding of the new organization possible. After nearly four years of planning, the international community finally established the United Nations in the spring of 1945. Origins of the United Nations The concept of creating a global organization of member states dedicated to preserving international peace through collective security increased in popularity during World War I. The bloodshed of the “Great War” persuaded President Woodrow Wilson, and a number of other American and international leaders, to seek the creation of an international forum in which conflicts could be resolved peacefully. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, which Wilson negotiated on behalf of the United States, contained a framework for a League of Nations, intended to maintain peace and stability. However, despite Wilson’s efforts to gain the domestic support of political leaders and the American public, he was unable to convince the United States Senate to approve U.S. membership in the League. This was due to strong isolationist sentiment and partisan conflicts, stemming in part from his failure to include any prominent Republicans in the peace negotiations. The League’s opponents criticized it as a threat to American sovereignty and security, and objected most stridently to Article Ten of the League Charter, which committed member states to protect the territorial integrity of all other member states against external aggression. Many American lawmakers argued that Article Ten might obligate the United States to take part in wars in defense of dubious, often contested, colonial boundaries. After considering membership in the League with reservations, the Senate ultimately prevented the United States from joining the League. The absence of the United States weakened the League, which was also hindered in its efforts to resolve disputes by the widespread economic crises of the 1930s, its inability to compel states to abide by its decisions, and its requirement that many decisions--including those involving a response to aggression--be decided unanimously. The fact that member states involved in a dispute were granted a seat on the League’s Council, thereby allowing them to prevent unanimous action, meant that the League eventually resorted to expelling aggressor states such as Japan and Italy, with little effect. Proposing the United Nations Concept President Roosevelt recognized the inherent weaknesses of the League of Nations, but faced with the reality of another world war, also saw the value of planning for the creation of an international organization to maintain peace in the post-World War II era. He felt that this time, the United States needed to play a leading role both in the creation of the organization, and in the organization itself. Moreover, in contrast to the League, the new organization needed the power to enforce key decisions. The first wartime meeting between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt, the Atlantic Conference held off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, took place before the United States had formally entered the war as a combatant. Despite its official position of neutrality, the United States joined Britain in issuing a joint declaration that became known as the Atlantic Charter. This pronouncement outlined a vision for a postwar order supported, in part, by an effective international organization that would replace the struggling League of Nations. During this meeting, Roosevelt privately suggested to Churchill the name of the future organization: the United Nations. The governments of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China formalized the Atlantic Charter proposals in January 1942, shortly after the United States entered the war. In the Declaration of the United Nations, these major Allied nations, along with 22 other states, agreed to work together against the Axis powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy), and committed in principle to the establishment of the United Nations after the war. Learning from Woodrow Wilson’s failure to gain Congressional support for the League of Nations, the Roosevelt Administration aimed to include a wide range of administration and elected officials in its effort to establish the proposed United Nations. The State Department played a significant role in this process, and created a Special Subcommittee on International Organization in the Advisory Committee on Postwar Planning to advise Congress. The subcommittee reviewed past efforts at international cooperation, and by March 1943 had drafted a formal proposal to establish a new, more effective international organization. Secretary of State Cordell Hull took the proposal to members of Congress in an effort to build bipartisan support for the proposed postwar organization. Consultations between Congress and the Department of State continued into the summer of 1943, and by August, produced a draft United Nations Charter. Congress repeatedly passed resolutions declaring its support for the establishment of an international organization--and for United States membership in that organization. The major Allied Powers--the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China--reiterated their commitment to forming an international organization in the Moscow Declaration of October 30, 1943, and more concrete international planning for the structure of the new organization commenced. Representatives from these four countries met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC, from August 21 through October 7, 1944, and the four Allied powers issued a statement of Proposals for the Establishment of a General International Organization, largely based on the draft charter formulated by the State Department’s Subcommittee on International Organization, in consultation with the U.S. Congress. The Department of State undertook a public relations campaign to build support for the United Nations. As part of that effort, the Department printed over 200,000 copies of the Dumbarton Oaks proposal and an informative, eight-page guide to the draft United Nations Charter. The Department worked in concert with interested groups to inform the public about the United Nations and even dispatched officials around the country to answer questions on the proposed organization. By the end of the effort, the Department of State had coordinated almost 500 such meetings. Creation of the United Nations The basic framework for the proposed United Nations rested on President Roosevelt’s vision that the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China would provide leadership in the postwar international system. It was these four states, with the addition of France, that would assume permanent seats in the otherwise rotating membership of the United Nations Security Council. At the Anglo-American Malta Conference in early 1945, the two sides proposed that the permanent members of the Security Council would have a veto. Immediately thereafter, at the Yalta Conference, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom agreed on veto power for the permanent members of the Security Council. This crucial decision essentially required unanimity between the five permanent members on the pressing international decisions related to international security and use of force that would be brought before the Security Council. Churchill and Roosevelt also made an important concession to Soviet leader Josef Stalin’s request that the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic be seated in the United Nations General Assembly, thus increasing the Soviet Union’s seats in that body to three. Stalin had originally requested seats for all sixteen Soviet Socialist Republics, but at Yalta this request was turned down, and the compromise was to allow Ukraine and Byelorussia into the United Nations. The United States originally had countered Stalin’s proposal with the request to allow all fifty American states into the United Nations, a suggestion that encouraged Stalin to agree to the compromise. At Yalta, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom also drafted invitations to a conference beginning in April 1945 in San Francisco that would formally establish the United Nations. After Roosevelt’s death on April 12, 1945, days before the scheduled San Francisco Conference, Vice President Harry S Truman took the oath of office and immediately announced that the Conference should go forward as planned. Moved by Roosevelt’s death, Stalin, who had initially planned to send Ambassador Andrei Gromyko as the Soviet representative to the San Francisco conference, announced that he would send Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov as well. This news heartened American officials, who had been concerned about maintaining Soviet interest and participation in the United Nations after a number of disagreements over the extent of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and the fate of Germany in the postwar period. In an address to Congress shortly thereafter, Truman called upon Americans “regardless of party, race, creed or color, to support our efforts to build a strong and lasting United Nations organization.” The San Francisco Conference, formally known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, opened on April 25, 1945, with delegations from fifty countries present. The U.S. delegation to San Francisco included Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., former Secretary of State Cordell Hull, and Senators Tom Connally (D-Texas) and Arthur Vandenberg (R-Michigan), as well as other Congressional and public representatives. Among the most controversial issues at the San Francisco Conference was the seating of certain countries, in particular, Argentina, the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics, and Poland. The vote to seat Argentina was particularly contentious because the Soviet Union strongly opposed Argentine membership arguing that Argentina had supported the Axis during the war. However, the other Latin American states refused to support the Ukrainian and Byelorussian candidacies if Argentina were blocked. The United States supported Argentina’s membership, but also defended the Ukrainian and Byelorussian seats in order to maintain the Soviet Union’s participation in the United Nations. The makeup of the Polish government was a continuing source of tension between the wartime allies, and thus a Polish delegation was not seated until after the conference. At San Francisco, the delegates reviewed and often rewrote the text agreed to at Dumbarton Oaks. The delegations negotiated a role for regional organizations under the United Nations umbrella and outlined the powers of the office of Secretary General, including the authority to refer conflicts to the Security Council. Conference participants also considered a proposal for compulsory jurisdiction for a World Court, but Stettinius recognized such an outcome could imperil Senate ratification. The delegates then agreed that each state should make its own determination about World Court membership. The conference did approve the creation of an Economic and Social Council and a Trusteeship Council to assist in the process of decolonization, and agreed that these councils would have rotating geographic representation. The United Nations Charter also gave the United Nations broader jurisdiction over issues that were “essentially within” the domestic jurisdiction of states, such as human rights, than the League of Nations had, and broadened its scope on economic and technological issues. Determining the extent of the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council proved a more serious potential obstacle to agreement on a United Nations charter. The Soviet Union advocated broad use of the veto, viewing it as a possible tool to curb discussion on conflicts involving a permanent member. Such an interpretation worried the smaller states, which were already hesitant about the permanent veto. In order to gain Soviet agreement to modify such an expansive interpretation of the veto, Truman directed Harry Hopkins, who had many wartime discussions with Stalin, to travel to Moscow and negotiate with the Soviet leader on the issue. After bilateral Soviet-American negotiations in Moscow, the Soviet Union eventually agreed to a less extensive veto power. While the permanent members retained veto power with respect to non-procedural matters, the Security Council would not require a unanimous vote to act, and would have the power to take decisions that would be binding on Member States. Following the resolution of most outstanding issues, the San Francisco Conference closed on June 26, 1945. In a show of support, Truman attended the final session for the signing of the United Nations Charter, and congratulated the delegates for creating a “solid structure upon which we can build a better world.” However, Truman still needed to secure Senate ratification of the Charter. Both he and Stettinius urged the Senate to give its advice and consent to ratification; Truman said, “I want to see the United States do it first.” In a testament to the sustained wartime efforts to build support for the United Nations, the Charter was approved in the Senate on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2, with 5 abstentions. (The U.S. ratification followed that of Nicaragua and El Salvador.) The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, China, and France, as well as a majority of the other signatories, had ratified the United Nations Charter. Early Challenges and Future Changes At its first session, on February 14, 1946, the United Nations General Assembly voted to establish its permanent headquarters in New York City. In a world emerging from the overwhelming conflict of World War II, the United Nations seemed to represent hope that such devastation would not recur. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1948, symbolized this optimism and idealism. Yet the first true test of the United Nations’ ability to prevent widespread international conflict came in June 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea. In response, the United Nations Security Council initiated military sanctions against North Korea, an action made possible by the absence of the Soviet representative, who had walked out in protest against the Council’s refusal to seat representatives of Communist China. This allowed the Security Council to assist South Korea in repelling its attackers and maintaining its territorial integrity. Other issues brought before the United Nations in its early years included the Greek and Turkish dispute over Cyprus and the Cuban Missile Crisis. However, as relations between the East and the West deteriorated in the Cold War era, the Yalta decision to grant all permanent members of the Security Council veto power frequently stymied the Security Council. This increased the profile of the General Assembly, where no state enjoyed a veto. As issues pertaining to international security remained deadlocked in the Security Council during the Cold War, the increasingly active General Assembly expanded the focus of the United Nations to include economic development, famine relief, women’s rights, and environmental protection, among other issues. With the end of the Cold War, the United Nations has taken on increasing security responsibilities, negotiated peaceful resolutions to conflict, and deployed peacekeeping forces around the world. In recognition of the organization’s significant contributions, the United Nations and United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan were awarded the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Committee declared in its award citation, “Today the organization is at the forefront of efforts to achieve peace and security in the world, and of the international mobilization aimed at meeting the world's economic, social and environmental challenges...the only negotiable route to global peace and cooperation goes by way of the United Nations.” Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs U.S. Department of State October 2005	msmarco_doc_00_8349153	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
927521	1	what year united kingdom entered the un	http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm	The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945	The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945 The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945	The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945 Historical Background Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 - October 1945 The impetus to establish the United Nations stemmed in large part from the inability of its predecessor, the League of Nations, to prevent the outbreak of the Second World War. Despite Germany’s occupation of a number of European states, and the League’s failure to stop other serious international transgressions in the 1930s, such as Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, many international leaders remained committed to the League’s ideals. Once World War II began, President Franklin D. Roosevelt determined that U.S. leadership was essential for the creation of another international organization aimed at preserving peace, and his administration engaged in international diplomacy in pursuit of that goal. He also worked to build domestic support for the concept of the United Nations. After Roosevelt’s death, President Harry S Truman also assumed the important task of maintaining support for the United Nations and worked through complicated international problems, particularly with the Soviet Union, to make the founding of the new organization possible. After nearly four years of planning, the international community finally established the United Nations in the spring of 1945. Origins of the United Nations The concept of creating a global organization of member states dedicated to preserving international peace through collective security increased in popularity during World War I. The bloodshed of the “Great War” persuaded President Woodrow Wilson, and a number of other American and international leaders, to seek the creation of an international forum in which conflicts could be resolved peacefully. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, which Wilson negotiated on behalf of the United States, contained a framework for a League of Nations, intended to maintain peace and stability. However, despite Wilson’s efforts to gain the domestic support of political leaders and the American public, he was unable to convince the United States Senate to approve U.S. membership in the League. This was due to strong isolationist sentiment and partisan conflicts, stemming in part from his failure to include any prominent Republicans in the peace negotiations. The League’s opponents criticized it as a threat to American sovereignty and security, and objected most stridently to Article Ten of the League Charter, which committed member states to protect the territorial integrity of all other member states against external aggression. Many American lawmakers argued that Article Ten might obligate the United States to take part in wars in defense of dubious, often contested, colonial boundaries. After considering membership in the League with reservations, the Senate ultimately prevented the United States from joining the League. The absence of the United States weakened the League, which was also hindered in its efforts to resolve disputes by the widespread economic crises of the 1930s, its inability to compel states to abide by its decisions, and its requirement that many decisions--including those involving a response to aggression--be decided unanimously. The fact that member states involved in a dispute were granted a seat on the League’s Council, thereby allowing them to prevent unanimous action, meant that the League eventually resorted to expelling aggressor states such as Japan and Italy, with little effect. Proposing the United Nations Concept President Roosevelt recognized the inherent weaknesses of the League of Nations, but faced with the reality of another world war, also saw the value of planning for the creation of an international organization to maintain peace in the post-World War II era. He felt that this time, the United States needed to play a leading role both in the creation of the organization, and in the organization itself. Moreover, in contrast to the League, the new organization needed the power to enforce key decisions. The first wartime meeting between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt, the Atlantic Conference held off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, took place before the United States had formally entered the war as a combatant. Despite its official position of neutrality, the United States joined Britain in issuing a joint declaration that became known as the Atlantic Charter. This pronouncement outlined a vision for a postwar order supported, in part, by an effective international organization that would replace the struggling League of Nations. During this meeting, Roosevelt privately suggested to Churchill the name of the future organization: the United Nations. The governments of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China formalized the Atlantic Charter proposals in January 1942, shortly after the United States entered the war. In the Declaration of the United Nations, these major Allied nations, along with 22 other states, agreed to work together against the Axis powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy), and committed in principle to the establishment of the United Nations after the war. Learning from Woodrow Wilson’s failure to gain Congressional support for the League of Nations, the Roosevelt Administration aimed to include a wide range of administration and elected officials in its effort to establish the proposed United Nations. The State Department played a significant role in this process, and created a Special Subcommittee on International Organization in the Advisory Committee on Postwar Planning to advise Congress. The subcommittee reviewed past efforts at international cooperation, and by March 1943 had drafted a formal proposal to establish a new, more effective international organization. Secretary of State Cordell Hull took the proposal to members of Congress in an effort to build bipartisan support for the proposed postwar organization. Consultations between Congress and the Department of State continued into the summer of 1943, and by August, produced a draft United Nations Charter. Congress repeatedly passed resolutions declaring its support for the establishment of an international organization--and for United States membership in that organization. The major Allied Powers--the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China--reiterated their commitment to forming an international organization in the Moscow Declaration of October 30, 1943, and more concrete international planning for the structure of the new organization commenced. Representatives from these four countries met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC, from August 21 through October 7, 1944, and the four Allied powers issued a statement of Proposals for the Establishment of a General International Organization, largely based on the draft charter formulated by the State Department’s Subcommittee on International Organization, in consultation with the U.S. Congress. The Department of State undertook a public relations campaign to build support for the United Nations. As part of that effort, the Department printed over 200,000 copies of the Dumbarton Oaks proposal and an informative, eight-page guide to the draft United Nations Charter. The Department worked in concert with interested groups to inform the public about the United Nations and even dispatched officials around the country to answer questions on the proposed organization. By the end of the effort, the Department of State had coordinated almost 500 such meetings. Creation of the United Nations The basic framework for the proposed United Nations rested on President Roosevelt’s vision that the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and China would provide leadership in the postwar international system. It was these four states, with the addition of France, that would assume permanent seats in the otherwise rotating membership of the United Nations Security Council. At the Anglo-American Malta Conference in early 1945, the two sides proposed that the permanent members of the Security Council would have a veto. Immediately thereafter, at the Yalta Conference, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom agreed on veto power for the permanent members of the Security Council. This crucial decision essentially required unanimity between the five permanent members on the pressing international decisions related to international security and use of force that would be brought before the Security Council. Churchill and Roosevelt also made an important concession to Soviet leader Josef Stalin’s request that the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic be seated in the United Nations General Assembly, thus increasing the Soviet Union’s seats in that body to three. Stalin had originally requested seats for all sixteen Soviet Socialist Republics, but at Yalta this request was turned down, and the compromise was to allow Ukraine and Byelorussia into the United Nations. The United States originally had countered Stalin’s proposal with the request to allow all fifty American states into the United Nations, a suggestion that encouraged Stalin to agree to the compromise. At Yalta, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom also drafted invitations to a conference beginning in April 1945 in San Francisco that would formally establish the United Nations. After Roosevelt’s death on April 12, 1945, days before the scheduled San Francisco Conference, Vice President Harry S Truman took the oath of office and immediately announced that the Conference should go forward as planned. Moved by Roosevelt’s death, Stalin, who had initially planned to send Ambassador Andrei Gromyko as the Soviet representative to the San Francisco conference, announced that he would send Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov as well. This news heartened American officials, who had been concerned about maintaining Soviet interest and participation in the United Nations after a number of disagreements over the extent of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe and the fate of Germany in the postwar period. In an address to Congress shortly thereafter, Truman called upon Americans “regardless of party, race, creed or color, to support our efforts to build a strong and lasting United Nations organization.” The San Francisco Conference, formally known as the United Nations Conference on International Organization, opened on April 25, 1945, with delegations from fifty countries present. The U.S. delegation to San Francisco included Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., former Secretary of State Cordell Hull, and Senators Tom Connally (D-Texas) and Arthur Vandenberg (R-Michigan), as well as other Congressional and public representatives. Among the most controversial issues at the San Francisco Conference was the seating of certain countries, in particular, Argentina, the Ukrainian and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republics, and Poland. The vote to seat Argentina was particularly contentious because the Soviet Union strongly opposed Argentine membership arguing that Argentina had supported the Axis during the war. However, the other Latin American states refused to support the Ukrainian and Byelorussian candidacies if Argentina were blocked. The United States supported Argentina’s membership, but also defended the Ukrainian and Byelorussian seats in order to maintain the Soviet Union’s participation in the United Nations. The makeup of the Polish government was a continuing source of tension between the wartime allies, and thus a Polish delegation was not seated until after the conference. At San Francisco, the delegates reviewed and often rewrote the text agreed to at Dumbarton Oaks. The delegations negotiated a role for regional organizations under the United Nations umbrella and outlined the powers of the office of Secretary General, including the authority to refer conflicts to the Security Council. Conference participants also considered a proposal for compulsory jurisdiction for a World Court, but Stettinius recognized such an outcome could imperil Senate ratification. The delegates then agreed that each state should make its own determination about World Court membership. The conference did approve the creation of an Economic and Social Council and a Trusteeship Council to assist in the process of decolonization, and agreed that these councils would have rotating geographic representation. The United Nations Charter also gave the United Nations broader jurisdiction over issues that were “essentially within” the domestic jurisdiction of states, such as human rights, than the League of Nations had, and broadened its scope on economic and technological issues. Determining the extent of the veto power of the permanent members of the Security Council proved a more serious potential obstacle to agreement on a United Nations charter. The Soviet Union advocated broad use of the veto, viewing it as a possible tool to curb discussion on conflicts involving a permanent member. Such an interpretation worried the smaller states, which were already hesitant about the permanent veto. In order to gain Soviet agreement to modify such an expansive interpretation of the veto, Truman directed Harry Hopkins, who had many wartime discussions with Stalin, to travel to Moscow and negotiate with the Soviet leader on the issue. After bilateral Soviet-American negotiations in Moscow, the Soviet Union eventually agreed to a less extensive veto power. While the permanent members retained veto power with respect to non-procedural matters, the Security Council would not require a unanimous vote to act, and would have the power to take decisions that would be binding on Member States. Following the resolution of most outstanding issues, the San Francisco Conference closed on June 26, 1945. In a show of support, Truman attended the final session for the signing of the United Nations Charter, and congratulated the delegates for creating a “solid structure upon which we can build a better world.” However, Truman still needed to secure Senate ratification of the Charter. Both he and Stettinius urged the Senate to give its advice and consent to ratification; Truman said, “I want to see the United States do it first.” In a testament to the sustained wartime efforts to build support for the United Nations, the Charter was approved in the Senate on July 28, 1945, by a vote of 89 to 2, with 5 abstentions. (The U.S. ratification followed that of Nicaragua and El Salvador.) The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, China, and France, as well as a majority of the other signatories, had ratified the United Nations Charter. Early Challenges and Future Changes At its first session, on February 14, 1946, the United Nations General Assembly voted to establish its permanent headquarters in New York City. In a world emerging from the overwhelming conflict of World War II, the United Nations seemed to represent hope that such devastation would not recur. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1948, symbolized this optimism and idealism. Yet the first true test of the United Nations’ ability to prevent widespread international conflict came in June 1950, when North Korea invaded South Korea. In response, the United Nations Security Council initiated military sanctions against North Korea, an action made possible by the absence of the Soviet representative, who had walked out in protest against the Council’s refusal to seat representatives of Communist China. This allowed the Security Council to assist South Korea in repelling its attackers and maintaining its territorial integrity. Other issues brought before the United Nations in its early years included the Greek and Turkish dispute over Cyprus and the Cuban Missile Crisis. However, as relations between the East and the West deteriorated in the Cold War era, the Yalta decision to grant all permanent members of the Security Council veto power frequently stymied the Security Council. This increased the profile of the General Assembly, where no state enjoyed a veto. As issues pertaining to international security remained deadlocked in the Security Council during the Cold War, the increasingly active General Assembly expanded the focus of the United Nations to include economic development, famine relief, women’s rights, and environmental protection, among other issues. With the end of the Cold War, the United Nations has taken on increasing security responsibilities, negotiated peaceful resolutions to conflict, and deployed peacekeeping forces around the world. In recognition of the organization’s significant contributions, the United Nations and United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan were awarded the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Committee declared in its award citation, “Today the organization is at the forefront of efforts to achieve peace and security in the world, and of the international mobilization aimed at meeting the world's economic, social and environmental challenges...the only negotiable route to global peace and cooperation goes by way of the United Nations.” Office of the Historian Bureau of Public Affairs U.S. Department of State October 2005	msmarco_doc_00_8349153	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
942504	1	when did the usa launch their first satellite	http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/103729.htm	The Launch of Sputnik, 1957	The Launch of Sputnik, 1957 The Launch of Sputnik, 1957	The Launch of Sputnik, 1957 The Launch of Sputnik, 1957 On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the earth's first artificial satellite, Sputnik I. The successful launch came as a shock to experts and citizens in the United States, who had hoped that the United States would accomplish this scientific advancement first. The fact that the Soviets were successful fed fears that the U.S. military had generally fallen behind in developing new technology. As a result, the launch of Sputnik served to intensify the arms race and raise Cold War tensions. During the 1950s, both the United States and the Soviet Union were working to develop new technology. Nazi Germany had been close to developing the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) near the end of the Second World War, and German scientists aided research in both countries in the wake of that conflict. Both countries were also engaged in developing satellites as a part of a goal set by the International Council of Scientific Unions, which had called for the launch of satellite technology during late 1957 or 1958. Over the course of the decade, the United States tested several varieties of rockets and missiles, but all of these tests ended in failure. The Soviet launch of the first Sputnik satellite was one accomplishment in a string of technological successes. Few in the United States had anticipated it, and even those who did were not aware of just how impressive it would be. At 184 pounds, the Russian satellite was much heavier than anything the United States was developing at the time, and its successful launch was quickly followed by the launch of two additional satellites, including one that carried a dog into space. Together, these orbited the earth every 90-minutes and created fear that the United States lagged far behind in technological capability. These concerns were compounded when the United States learned that the Soviet Union also tested the first intercontinental ballistic missile that year. Although President Dwight Eisenhower had tried to downplay the importance of the Sputnik launch to the American people, he poured additional funds and resources into the space program in an effort to catch up. The U.S. Government suffered a severe setback in December of 1957 when its first artificial satellite, named Vanguard, exploded on the launch pad, serving as a very visible reminder of how much the country had yet to accomplish to be able to compete militarily with the Soviets. At last, on January 31, 1958, the United States succeeded in launching its first satellite, the Explorer. The Explorer was still slighter than Sputnik, but its launch sent it deeper into space. The Soviets responded with yet another launch, and the space race continued. The success of Sputnik had a major impact on the Cold War and the United States. Fear that they had fallen behind led U.S. policymakers to accelerate space and weapons programs. In the late 1950s, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev boasted about Soviet technological superiority and growing stockpiles of ICBMs, so the United States worked simultaneously to develop its own ICBMs to counter what it assumed was a growing stockpile of Soviet missiles directed against the United States. With both countries researching new technology, talk of creating a treaty banning nuclear testing faded away for several years. In this way, the launch of Sputnik fueled both the space race and the arms race, in addition to increasing Cold War tensions, as each country worked to prepare new methods of attacking the other. Eventually, lawmakers and political campaigners in the United States successfully exploited the fear of a "missile gap" developing between U.S. and Soviet nuclear arsenals in the 1960 presidential election, which brought John F. Kennedy to power over Eisenhower's vice president, Richard Nixon. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 served to remind both sides of the dangers of the weapons they were developing.	msmarco_doc_00_8556398	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
213494	1	how did germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare lead to american entry into ww1	http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/82205.htm	American Entry into World War I, 1917	American Entry into World War I, 1917 American Entry into World War I, 1917	American Entry into World War I, 1917 American Entry into World War I, 1917 On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany. Wilson cited Germany's violation of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and its attempts to entice Mexico into an alliance against the United States, as his reasons for declaring war. On April 4, 1917, the U.S. Senate voted in support of the measure to declare war on Germany. The House concurred two days later. The United States later declared war on Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917. Germany's resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships in 1917 was the primary motivation behind Wilson's decision to lead the United States into World War I. Following the sinking of an unarmed French boat, the Sussex, in the English Channel in March 1916, Wilson had threatened to sever diplomatic relations with Germany, unless the German Government refrained from attacking all passenger ships, and allowed the crews of enemy merchant vessels to escape from their ships prior to any attack. On May 4, 1916, the German Government had accepted these terms and conditions in what came to be known as the " Sussex pledge." By January 1917, however, the situation in Germany had changed. During a wartime conference that month, representatives from the German navy convinced the military leadership and Kaiser Wilhelm II that a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare could help defeat Great Britain within five months. German policymakers argued that they could violate the "Sussex pledge," because the United States could no longer be considered a neutral party after supplying munitions and financial assistance to the Allies. Germany also believed that the United States had jeopardized its neutrality by acquiescing to the Allied blockade of Germany. Germany's Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, protested this decision, as he believed that resuming submarine warfare would draw the United States into the war on behalf of the Allies. This, he argued, would lead to the defeat of Germany. Despite these warnings, the German Government decided to resume unrestricted submarine attacks on all Allied and neutral shipping within prescribed war zones, reckoning that German submarines would end the war long before the first American troopship arrived in Europe. Accordingly, on January 31, 1917, the German Ambassador to the United States, Count Johann von Bernstorff, presented U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing with a note declaring Germany's intention to restart unrestricted submarine warfare the following day. Stunned by the news, President Wilson went before Congress on February 3 to announce that he had severed diplomatic relations with Germany. However, he refrained from asking for a declaration of war because he doubted that the American public would support him unless there was ample proof that Germany intended to attack U.S. ships with no warning. Wilson left open the possibility of negotiating with Germany if its submarines refrained from attacking American shipping. Nevertheless, throughout February and March 1917, German submarines targeted and sunk several American ships, and many American passengers and seamen died. On February 26, Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm American merchant ships with U.S. naval personnel and equipment. While the measure would probably have passed in a vote, several anti-war Senators led a successful filibuster that consumed the remainder of the Congressional session. Despite the rebuff from Congress, Wilson decided to arm American merchant ships by executive order, claiming that an old anti-piracy law gave him the authority to do so. While Wilson weighed his options regarding the submarine issue, he also had to address the question of Germany's attempts to cement a secret alliance with Mexico. On January 19, 1917, British naval intelligence intercepted and decrypted a telegram sent by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman to the German Ambassador in Mexico City. The "Zimmerman Telegram" promised the Mexican Government that Germany would help Mexico recover the territory it had ceded to the United States following the Mexican-American War. In return for this assistance, the Germans asked for Mexican support in the war. The British had initially not shared the news of the Zimmerman Telegram with U.S. officials, because they did not want the Germans to discover that British code breakers had cracked the German code. However, following Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February, the British decided to use the note to help sway American official and public opinion to join the war. The British finally forwarded the intercept to Wilson on February 24. The American press carried the story the following week. Despite the shocking news of the Zimmerman Telegram, Wilson still hesitated to ask for a declaration of war. He waited until March 20 before convening a Cabinet meeting to broach the matter--almost a month after he had first seen the telegram. The precise reasons for Wilson's decision to choose war in 1917 remain the subject of debate among historians, especially in light of his efforts to avoid war in 1915 after the sinking of the British passenger liners Lusitania and Arabic, which had led to the deaths of 131 Americans. However, by 1917, the continued submarine attacks on American merchant and passenger ships, and the "Zimmerman Telegram's" implied threat of a German attack on the United States, had served to sway American public opinion in support of a declaration of war. Furthermore, international law stipulated that the placing of U.S. naval personnel on civilian ships to protect them from German submarines already constituted an act of war against Germany. Finally, the Germans, by their actions, had demonstrated that they had no interest in seeking an end to the conflict. These reasons all contributed to President Wilson's decision to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. They also encouraged Congress to grant Wilson's request and formally declare war on Germany.	msmarco_doc_00_8602455	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
922874	1	what was the treaty of versailles purpose	http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/89875.htm	The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles	The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles	The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles In 1919, the Big Four met in Paris to negotiate the Treaty: Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. The Paris Peace Conference was an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War. Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the "Big Four." The "Big Four" would dominate the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty that articulated the compromises reached at the conference. The Treaty of Versailles included a plan to form a League of Nations that would serve as an international forum and an international collective security arrangement. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was a strong advocate of the League as he believed it would prevent future wars. Negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference were not always easy. Great Britain, France, and Italy fought together during the First World War as Allied Powers. The United States, entered the war in April 1917 as an Associated Power, and while it fought on the side of the Allies, it was not bound to honor pre-existing agreements between the Allied powers. These agreements tended to focus on postwar redistribution of territories. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson strongly opposed many of these arrangements, including Italian demands on the Adriatic. This often led to significant disagreements among the "Big Four." Treaty negotiations were also weakened by the absence of other important nations. Russia had fought as one of the Allies until December 1917, when its new Bolshevik Government withdrew from the war. The Allied Powers refused to recognize the new Bolshevik Government and thus did not invite its representatives to the Peace Conference. The Allies were angered by the Bolshevik decision to repudiate Russia's outstanding financial debts to the Allies and to publish the texts of secret agreements between the Allies concerning the postwar period. The Allies also excluded the defeated Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria). According to French and British wishes, Germany was subjected to strict punitive measures under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The new German government was required to surrender approximately 10 percent of its prewar territory in Europe and all of its overseas possessions. The harbor city of Danzig (now Gdansk) and the coal-rich Saarland were placed under the administration of the League of Nations, and France was allowed to exploit the economic resources of the Saarland until 1935. The German Army and Navy were limited in size. Kaiser Wilhelm II and a number of other high-ranking German officials were to be tried as war criminals. Under the terms of Article 231 of the treaty, the Germans accepted responsibility for the war and, as such, were liable to pay financial reparations to the Allies, though the actual amount would be determined by an Inter-Allied Commission that would present its findings in 1921 (the amount they determined was 132 billion gold Reichmarks, or $32 billion, which came on top of an initial $5 billion payment demanded by the treaty). Germans would grow to resent these harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. While the Treaty of Versailles did not present a peace agreement that satisfied all parties concerned, by the time President Woodrow Wilson returned to the United States in July 1919, American public opinion was overwhelming in favor of ratifying the treaty, including the Covenant of the League of Nations. Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that 32 state legislatures passed resolutions in favor of the treaty, there was intense opposition to it within the U.S. Senate. Senate opposition to the Treaty of Versailles cited Article 10 of the treaty, which dealt with collective security and the League of Nations. This article, opponents argued, ceded the war powers of the U.S. Government to the League's Council. The opposition came from two groups: the "Irreconcilables," who refused to join the League of Nations under any circumstances, and "Reservationists," led by Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman, Henry Cabot Lodge, who were willing to ratify the treaty with amendments. While Lodge was defeated in his attempt to pass amendments to the Treaty in September, he did manage to attach 14 "reservations" to it in November. In a final vote on March 19, 1920, the Treaty of Versailles fell short of ratification by seven votes. Consequently, the U.S. Government signed the Treaty of Berlin on August 25, 1921. This was a separate peace treaty with Germany that stipulated that the United States would enjoy all "rights, privileges, indemnities, reparations or advantages" conferred to it by the Treaty of Versailles, but left out any mention of the League of Nations, which the United States never joined.	msmarco_doc_00_8609042	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
978382	1	where is bob in runescape	http://2007.runescape.wikia.com/wiki/Bob_(smith)	Bob (smith) \| Old School RuneScape Wiki \| Fandom	Bob (smith) Bob (smith) Bob Release date Members only? Race Quest NPC? Location Sells items? Gender Examination Examine Quest involvement	Bob (smith) \| Old School RuneScape Wiki \| Fandom Old School RuneScape Wiki 19,878 Pages Add new page Recent updates 2019 Christmas event Twisted League Strategy Tasks Relics Rewards 2019 Hallowe'en event Skeleton lantern Pumpkin lantern Spooky outfit Spookier outfit Guides Skills Quests Novice Quests Experienced Quests Master Quests F2P Quests Members Quests Miniquests Minigames Minigame images Barrows Castle Wars Sorceress's Garden Minigame items Barbarian Assault Nightmare Zone Treasure Trails Anagrams Challenge scrolls Ciphers Coordinates Cryptics Emotes Hot & Cold Maps Achievements Ardougne Desert Falador Fremennik Kandarin Karamja Achievements, contd. Kourend & Kebos Lumbridge & Draynor Morytania Varrock Western Provinces Wilderness Money making Databases Items Melee Gear Ranged Gear Magic Gear Items Kept on Death Quest items Bestiary NPCs Locations Dungeons Community Affiliates Requests Deletion requests Adminship requests Need Help? Administrator requests Requests for permissions Counter-Vandalism Unit Contact us Policies Explore Recent Changes Random page Community Videos Images Discuss in: Quest NPCs, Non-player characters, The Lost Tribe, 2017 Birthday event Bob (smith) RSC RS View source History Talk (0) Share RSC RS Bob Release date 4 January 2001 ( Update) Members only? No Race Human Quest NPC? Death to the Dorgeshuun Location Lumbridge Sells items? Bob's Brilliant Axes Gender Male Examination Examine An expert on axes. Bob is the owner of Bob's Brilliant Axes in southern Lumbridge. Players can pay Bob to repair damaged axes and Barrows equipment. However, many players prefer to repair their Barrows armour at an armour stand in a player-owned house because it is usually cheaper depending on the player's Smithing level. Quest involvement Bob is also featured briefly in the Death to the Dorgeshuun quest, which shows him to dislike the Dorgeshuun. Believing Zanik to be a violent goblin, he screams at the player and Zanik to leave his store. He is one of the people in Lumbridge that can be approached about the disturbance to the castle basement wall in The Lost Tribe . v • d • e Armour Repair NPCs Bob • Tindel Marchant • Dunstan • Squire Player-owned house Repair bench • Whetstone • Armour stand v • d • e The Lost Tribe NPCs Sigmund • Duke Horacio • Cook • Hans • Father Aereck • Bob • Reldo • General Bentnoze • General Wartface • Mistag • Kazgar • Ur-tag Items Brooch • Goblin symbol book • Key • Silverware • Peace treaty H.A.M. robes Hood • Shirt • Robe • Gloves • Boots • Cloak • Logo Locations Lumbridge Swamp Caves • Dorgesh-Kaan mine Music Cave of the Goblins • The Lost Melody • The Lost Tribe Related Quick Guide • Dorgeshuun v • d • e 2017 Birthday event Characters Party Pete • Mugger • Bartender • Bob • Duke Horacio • Hans • Horvik • King Roald • Leela • Make-over mage • Ned • Sir Vyvin • Thessalia • Wise Old Man • Gnome child • Aggie • Evil Dave • Cow31337Killer • Squire • Kaylee • Sergeant Damien • Lucy • Megan • Lutist • Tim • Crunchy • Gabe Items Invitation list • Beer Rewards 4th birthday hat • Birthday balloons • Smooth dance • Crazy dance Retrieved from " https://oldschoolrunescape.fandom.com/wiki/Bob_ (smith)?oldid=9050575 " Categories: Quest NPCs Non-player characters The Lost Tribe 2017 Birthday event Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	msmarco_doc_00_8808139	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
983481	1	where is goblin cave black desert	http://2007.runescape.wikia.com/wiki/Goblin_Cave	Goblin Cave \| Old School RuneScape Wiki \| Fandom	Goblin Cave Goblin Cave Goblin cave Kingdom Main Music Levels Strongest Monster Quests Inhabitants/Race Quests Monsters	Goblin Cave \| Old School RuneScape Wiki \| Fandom Goblin Cave RSC RS Goblin cave Kingdom Kandarin Main Music Goblin Game Levels 1 Strongest Monster Bouncer Quests • Dwarf Cannon • One Small Favour • The General's Shadow Inhabitants/Race Goblins The Goblin cave is a dungeon filled with goblins located east of the Fishing Guild and south of Hemenster. Some are aggressive no matter what level you are. Quests Dwarf Cannon, when finding the missing dwarf child, Lollk. One Small Favour, as Slagilith is encountered here. The General's Shadow miniquest, in which players need to kill Bouncer. Monsters Goblin (level 2) Dungeon rat (level 12) Giant bat (level 27) Slagilith (level 92, One Small Favour only) Bouncer (ghost) (level 160, fought during The General's Shadow) v • d • e Dungeons Asgarnia Asgarnian Ice Dungeon • Dwarven Mine • Falador Mole Lair • Melzar's Maze • Mouse Hole • Taverley Dungeon Kandarin Ancient Cavern • Ardougne Sewer • Chaos Druid Tower Dungeon • Clock Tower Dungeon • Eagles' Peak Dungeon • Elemental workshop • Goblin Cave • Mogre Camp ( Port Khazard) • Observatory Dungeon • Temple of Ikov • Tower of Life Basement • Underground Pass • Waterfall Dungeon • White Wolf Mountain Caves • Witchaven Dungeon • Yanille Agility Dungeon Karamja Ah Za Rhoon • Brimhaven Dungeon • Crandor and Karamja Dungeon • Karamjan Temple • Kharazi Dungeon • Pothole Dungeon • Rashiliyia's Tomb Kharidian Desert Enakhra's Temple • Kalphite Lair • Smoke Dungeon • Sophanem Dungeon • Water Ravine Dungeon Misthalin Digsite Dungeon • Dorgeshuun Mines • Draynor Sewers • Tolna's rift • Edgeville Dungeon • H.A.M. Hideout • Lumbridge Swamp Caves • Saradomin Shrine • Stronghold of Security • Tunnel of Chaos • Varrock Sewers Morytania Abandoned Mine • Tarn's Lair • Barrows • Experiment cave • Shade Catacombs • Slayer Tower • Slepe Dungeon Fremennik Province Brine Rat Cavern • Fremennik Slayer Dungeon • Lighthouse Feldip Hills Jiggig Burial Tomb • Ogre Enclave • Corsair Cove Dungeon Wilderness Deep Wilderness Dungeon • King Black Dragon Lair • Lava Maze Dungeon • Revenant Caves • Wilderness Agility Course Dungeon • Wilderness God Wars Dungeon Zeah Catacombs of Kourend • Chambers of Xeric • Chasm of Fire • Crabclaw Caves • Lizardman Caves • Shayzien Crypts • The Warrens • Quidamortem Cave Others Ape Atoll Dungeon • Dorgesh-Kaan South Dungeon • Dungeon (Player-owned house) • Entrana Dungeon • Evil Chicken's Lair • God Wars Dungeon • Grand Tree Tunnels • Jatizso mine • Lithkren Vault • Lunar Isle mine • Miscellania & Etceteria Dungeon • Mos Le'Harmless Caves • Temple of Marimbo Dungeon • Underwater Tunnel • Waterbirth Island Dungeon Retrieved from " https://oldschoolrunescape.fandom.com/wiki/Goblin_Cave?oldid=8694955 "	msmarco_doc_00_8833657	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
340685	1	how tall is an arctic willow	http://2011.polarhusky.com/logistics/beringia/flora/arctic-willow/	Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com	Flora Arctic Willow Salix arctica	Arctic Willow - Free adventure learning for the K-12 classroom with GoNorth! at PolarHusky.com Explore Experience the GoNorth! Beringia 2011 adventure learning expedition live - February 21 through May 28, 2011 Logistics Dog Yard Visit the amazing Polar Huskies now! Kennel Meet the true superstars: the Polar Huskies! Polar Husky Biscuits Got a dog? Know a dog? Get your FRESH dog biscuits today and help us fund raise at PolarHusky.com Polar Husky World Follow Lightning into the Polar Husky World - Discover why the Polar Huskies are considered specialized forces. The Ropes The Ropes: from the type of sled to the way the dogs run and get connected to the sled. Freja \Fi\nologies Daily Phenology Observations by Freja the retired Polar Husky. Adopt a Polar Husky Support Adventure Learning at the University of Minnesota - GoNorth! and the Polar Huskies! Joring Activities to try with your dog! Puppy Pen Meet Hershey's puppies - and help name the newest Polar Husky Superstar! Meet Team GoNorth! is all about teamwork - here is your chance to meet our brave explorers! Mille Porsild Mille Porsild from Denmark - Executive Director and Expedition Leader of GoNorth! Christine Germano Christine Germano, GoNorth! expedition team member! Joar Ulsom Joar Ulsom, GoNorth! expedition team member! Chris Ripken Chris Ripken, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Teacher Explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon Tasha Erding Tasha Erding, GoNorth! and 5Gyres expedition team member - Student explorer to Pacific Ocean with the Sea Dragon Basecamp Meet the team members at Education and Expedition Basecamp Our Sponsors GoNorth! would not happen without them. Meet the organizations, corporations and individuals that make it possible! Maps & Data Explore Beringia and the Team's expedition route! Route Explore the expedition route on various forms of maps and investigate each community along the route. Data Explore the Arctic through Data! Satellite Satellite Images Historic Maps Historic Maps Topo Index Which maps should the Team take along with them? First Map The "Vinland map" is believed to be a fifteenth-century mappa mundi, redrawn from a thirteenth-century original Circumpolar View a map of the Circumpolar Region! North America The latest map of North America! Outline Maps Blank Outline Maps for you to download and work with! Cool Science Science is COOL - Check it out! Field Research A group effort! Cool Scientists Meet Our Team of COOL Researchers! What's Climate Change to You? What is climate change to you? Around the world young people are pairing up with scientists to explore this question! Beringia Beringia: from the people, to the land, climate, geography, resources and more! Flora The Vegetation of Beringia Fauna The Animals that call the area on and around Beringia 'home' Alaska Oceans Ocean covers more than 70% of earth's surface. Learn about its geology, geography, ecology and much more. Sedna The Sea Goddess rules the ocean, the fish and sea mammals... Geology From tides to waves to gyers and more... learn how the geology of the ocean impacts us all. Geography Learn about the Geography of the ocean: from exploration to sanctuaries to the Law of the Sea and the 5 oceans. Ecology Millions of species, over 50% of life on earth, calls the ocean home. Resources Oceans offer humans unending resources for recreation, transportation, food, medicine and oil and minerals. Climate Change The ocean is a climate machine and its changing with climate. Pollution Is it good idea that we use the ocean as our garbage dump? Investigate Just the facts for you to learn more. Snow Explore snow! Green A-Z Green A-to-Z with Sustainable Sable Study Resources Additional resources that support the Curriculum. Footprint Our 'ecological footprint' is what we consume and the 'footprint' it leaves on the earth. Sense of Place What's your sense of place? Climate Chaos How is our planet changing? What can you do? Arctic Realities The Arctic is 'the canary in the coal mine' - Watch Arctic realities, learn about facts of climate change with the ACIA movie Basics Learn the Basics... Climate Graphs Interactive graphs: Is the climate changing? Analyze the data! CO2 The most important of the greenhouse gases released by human activity Oceans Take Action 10 simple things you can do Traditional Knowledge The way in which people make sense of their surroundings Watch The Change Our Climate is Changing A to Z Polar Husky A to Z Itchalik For the Arctic-obsessed - satisfy your craving to know even more! Wumpa Fun games and lesson activities for preschool and up - visit Wumpa's World! Support GoNorth! Teachers - Download free curriculum, talk to your fellow teachers, find tutorials. Get Support! Flora Arctic Willow Salix arctica image courtesy of: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Distribution: image courtesy of: plants.usda.gov/ Description: The Arctic willow is the northernmost woody plant in the world! The Arctic willow is a very small creeping willow. It has dull leaves that are pale green with long, white hairs towards the tip. The Arctic willow also has rooting branches. It only grows to be about 1-15 cm (0.39-5.9 in) in height. The male and female catkins (flower clusters) are on separate plants. The Arctic willow grows in the tundra and on rocky moorland (upland areas). Its habitat is in the harsh Arctic environments. Even in these harsh conditions the Arctic willow is a long-lived plant that grows extremely slow. In Greenland there was an Arctic willow found to be 236 years old. There are many Arctic animals that feed on the Arctic willow, such as: muskox, caribou, Arctic hare, ptarmigan and lemmings. The bark, twigs, and seeds are consumed. The Inuit make use of the Arctic willow as well. The twigs of the Arctic willow are used for fuel and as wicking. The Arctic willow is also used for medicine such as: relieving tooth aches, helping to stop bleeding, help heal wounds, and to cure diarrhea and indigestion. Parts of the Arctic willow are also eaten and have a high source of vitamin C and they have a sweet taste. Source courtesy of: blueplanetbiomes.org/arctic_willow.htm, plants.usda.gov, wikipedia.org and The Nature and Wildlife Guide to Greenland, Benny Gensbøl (2005) Friend's Email Address: Friend's Name: Your Name: Your Email Address: Send me a copy of this message Add a personal message: 0 / 255 chars	msmarco_doc_00_9245086	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
768400	1	what is manuscript delivery	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/a-primer-on-communication-studies/s10-02-delivery-methods-and-practice-.html	Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions	10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions Learning Objectives Delivery Methods Impromptu Delivery Strengths of Impromptu Delivery Weaknesses of Impromptu Delivery Manuscript Delivery Strengths of Manuscript Delivery Weaknesses of Manuscript Delivery Memorized Delivery Strengths of Memorized Delivery Weaknesses of Memorized Delivery Extemporaneous Delivery Strengths of Extemporaneous Delivery Weaknesses of Extemporaneous Delivery Practicing Your Speech Some “Dos” and “Don’ts” for Effective Speech Practice Sessions Key Takeaways Exercises	Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions Learning Objectives Identify the four methods of speech delivery. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each delivery method. Discuss strategies for making speech practice sessions more effective. There are many decisions that must be made during the speech-making process. Making informed decisions about delivery can help boost your confidence and manage speaking anxiety. In this section, we will learn some strengths and weaknesses of various delivery methods and how to make the most of your practice sessions. Delivery Methods Different speaking occasions call for different delivery methods. While it may be acceptable to speak from memory in some situations, lengthy notes may be required in others. The four most common delivery methods are impromptu, manuscript, memorized, and extemporaneous. Impromptu Delivery When using impromptu delivery Delivering a speech with little to no time to prepare. , a speaker has little to no time to prepare for a speech. This means there is little time for research, audience analysis, organizing, and practice. For this reason, impromptu speaking often evokes higher degrees of speaking anxiety than other delivery types. Although impromptu speaking arouses anxiety, it is also a good way to build public speaking skills. Using some of the exercises for managing speaking anxiety that were discussed earlier in this chapter can help a speaker better manage the challenges of impromptu speaking. Only skilled public speakers with much experience are usually able to “pull off” an impromptu delivery without looking unprepared. Otherwise, a speaker who is very familiar with the subject matter can sometimes be a competent impromptu speaker, because their expertise can compensate for the lack of research and organizing time. When Mark Twain famously said, “It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech,” he was jokingly pointing out the difficulties of giving a good impromptu speech, essentially saying that there is no such thing as a good impromptu speech, as good speeches take time to prepare. We don’t always have the luxury of preparation, though. So when speaking impromptu, be brief, stick to what you know, and avoid rambling. Quickly organize your thoughts into an introduction, body, and conclusion. Try to determine three key ideas that will serve as the basis of your main points. In what situations would impromptu speaking be used? Since we’ve already started thinking of the similarities between public speaking and conversations, we can clearly see that most of our day-to-day interactions involve impromptu speaking. When your roommate asks you what your plans for the weekend are, you don’t pull a few note cards out of your back pocket to prompt your response. This type of conversational impromptu speaking isn’t anxiety inducing because we’re talking about our lives, experiences, or something we’re familiar with. This is also usually the case when we are asked to speak publicly with little to no advance warning. For example, if you are at a meeting for work and you are representing the public relations department, a colleague may ask you to say a few words about a recent news story involving a public relations misstep of a competing company. In this case, you are being asked to speak on the spot because of your expertise. A competent communicator should anticipate instances like this when they might be called on to speak, so they won’t be so surprised. Of course, being caught completely off guard or being asked to comment on something unfamiliar to you creates more anxiety. In such cases, do not pretend to know something you don’t, as that may come back to hurt you later. You can usually mention that you do not have the necessary background information at that time but will follow up later with your comments. Salespeople on home-shopping television shows are masters of impromptu speaking. They obviously have sales training and have built up a repertoire of adjectives and sayings that entice an audience to buy. But they are often speaking impromptu when interacting with a guest on the show or the customers who call in. Their ability to remain animated and fluent in their delivery with little time to prepare comes from much experience. Politicians, lawyers, teachers, journalists, and spokespeople engage in impromptu speaking regularly. Strengths of Impromptu Delivery Content and delivery are spontaneous, which can make the speech more engaging (if a speaker’s anxiety is under control). It enhances public speaking skills because speakers have to “think on their feet.” Weaknesses of Impromptu Delivery It is typically the most anxiety-inducing delivery method, since speakers do not have time to prepare or practice the speech. Speakers may get off topic or ramble if they did not set up some structure to guide them. Speakers may be tempted to overstate or mislead an audience about the extent of their knowledge or expertise if asked to speak about something they aren’t familiar with. Manuscript Delivery Speaking from a written or printed document that contains the entirety of a speech is known as manuscript delivery Delivering a speech from a written or printed document that contains the entirety of the speech. . Manuscript delivery can be the best choice when a speech has complicated information and/or the contents of the speech are going to be quoted or published. Despite the fact that most novice speakers are not going to find themselves in that situation, many are drawn to this delivery method because of the security they feel with having everything they’re going to say in front of them. Unfortunately, the security of having every word you want to say at your disposal translates to a poorly delivered and unengaging speech. Even with every word written out, speakers can still have fluency hiccups and verbal fillers as they lose their place in the manuscript or get tripped up over their words. The alternative, of course, is that a speaker reads the manuscript the whole time, effectively cutting himself or herself off from the audience. One way to make a manuscript delivery more engaging is through the use of a teleprompter. Almost all politicians who give televised addresses use teleprompters. In Figure 10.1 "President Obama’s Teleprompter System", you can see President Obama’s teleprompter system. Figure 10.1 President Obama’s Teleprompter System Newscasters and politicians frequently use teleprompters so they can use manuscript delivery but still engage with the audience. Source: Photo courtesy of Chad Davis, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20080603_Obama_Speaks_on_Nomination_Victory_Night.jpg. You may not even notice them, as the technology has improved to give the illusion that a speaker is engaged with the audience and delivering a speech from memory. The Plexiglas sheets on poles that surround the president during the inauguration and State of the Union addresses are cleverly hidden teleprompters. Even these useful devices can fail. A quick search for “teleprompter fail” on YouTube will yield many examples of politicians and newscasters who probably wish they had a paper backup of their speech. Since most of us will likely not have opportunities to speak using a teleprompter, great care should be taken to ensure that the delivery is effective. To make the delivery seem more natural, print the speech out in a larger-than-typical font, triple-space between lines so you can easily find your place, use heavier-than-normal paper so it’s easy to pick up and turn the pages as needed, and use a portfolio so you can carry the manuscript securely. Strengths of Manuscript Delivery The speaker can include precise or complex information such as statistics or quotes. The entire content of the speech is available for reference during the delivery. The speech will be consistent in terms of content and time length, which is beneficial if a speech will be delivered multiple times. Weaknesses of Manuscript Delivery Engagement with the audience is challenging, because the speaker must constantly reference the manuscript (unless a teleprompter is used). Speakers are unable to adapt information to audience reactions, since they are confined to the content of the manuscript. Speakers may be tempted to read the entire speech because they didn’t practice enough or because they get nervous. Speakers who are able to make eye contact with the audience may still sound like they are reading the speech unless they employ proper vocal variety, pacing, and pauses. Memorized Delivery Completely memorizing a speech and delivering it without notes is known as memorized delivery Delivering a speech word for word from memory. . Some students attempt to memorize their speech because they think it will make them feel more confident to not have to look at their notes; however, when their anxiety level spikes at the beginning of their speech and their mind goes blank for a minute, many admit they should have chosen a different delivery method. When using any of the other delivery methods, speakers still need to rely on their memory. An impromptu speaker must recall facts or experiences related to their topic, and speakers using a manuscript want to have some of their content memorized so they do not read their entire speech to their audience. The problem with memorized delivery overall is that it puts too much responsibility on our memory, which we all know from experience is fallible. When memorizing, most people use rote memorization techniques, which entail reading and then reciting something over and over until it is committed to memory. One major downfall of this technique is its effect on speaking rate. When we memorize this way, we end up going over the early parts of a speech many more times than the later parts. As you memorize one sentence, you add on another, and so on. By the time you’re adding on later parts of your speech, you are likely speed talking through the earlier parts because you know them by heart at that point. As we’ll discuss more later, to prevent bad habits from practice from hurting our speech delivery, speakers should practice a speech the exact way they want to deliver it to their audience. Fast-paced speaking during practice will likely make its way into the actual delivery of the speech. Delivery also suffers when speaking from memory if the speaker sounds like he or she is reciting the speech. Rote memorization tasks that many of us had to do in school have left their mark on our memorized delivery. Being made to recite the pledge of allegiance, the preamble to the Constitution, and so on didn’t enhance our speaking abilities. I’ve observed many students whose speeches remind me of the sound of school children flatly going through the motions of reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. It’s the “going through the motions” impression that speakers should want to avoid. Memorized delivery is a good option for people like tour guides, who need to move while speaking and be interactive with an audience. Source: Photo courtesy of John Lambert Pearson, http://www.flickr.com/photos/orphanjones/896596938. Even with much practice, our memories can fail. If you do opt to use memorized delivery, make sure you have several “entry points” determined, so you can pick up at spots other than the very beginning of a speech if you lose your place and have to start again. Memorized delivery is very useful for speakers who are going to be moving around during a speech when carrying notes would be burdensome. Think of the tour guide who showed you around your college campus. As someone who used to give college tours, I can attest to the fact that we all had speeches memorized, which was a good thing. It’s already difficult enough to walk backward while facing a group of people and lead them across roads and up stairs. Think about how dangerous it would be if the tour guide were trying to hold onto and reference a stack of note cards at the same time! In summary, I only recommend memorized delivery in cases where the speech is short (only one to two minutes), the speech is personal (like a brief toast), or the speech will be repeated numerous times (like a tour guide’s spiel), and even in these cases, it may be perfectly fine to have notes. Many students think that their anxiety and/or delivery challenges will be fixed if they just memorize their speech only to find that they are more anxious and have more problems. Strengths of Memorized Delivery Speakers can include precise or complex information such as statistics or quotes (if they have put the time into memorization). Speakers can directly engage with the audience without worrying about referencing notes. The speech will be consistent in terms of content and time-length, which is beneficial if a speech will be delivered multiple times. Weaknesses of Memorized Delivery It is the most time-consuming delivery method. Speakers are unable to adapt information to audience reactions, since they are confined to the content they memorized. If speakers lose their place in the speech, they will likely have to start over. Since everything is preplanned, it is difficult to make the speech content and delivery seem genuine (i.e., humor may seem “canned” or corny). The speech can sound like a recitation if the proper vocal variety and pacing are not used. Extemporaneous Delivery Extemporaneous delivery Delivering a speech using a keyword and/or key-phrase outline after memorizing the general structure and main points of a speech. entails memorizing the overall structure and main points of a speech and then speaking from keyword/key-phrase notes. This delivery mode brings together many of the strengths of the previous three methods. Since you only internalize and memorize the main structure of a speech, you don’t have to worry as much about the content and delivery seeming stale. Extemporaneous delivery brings in some of the spontaneity of impromptu delivery but still allows a speaker to carefully plan the overall structure of a speech and incorporate supporting materials that include key facts, quotations, and paraphrased information. You can also more freely adapt your speech to fit various audiences and occasions, since every word and sentence isn’t predetermined. This can be especially beneficial when a speech will be delivered multiple times. The minilectures I give in my classes, for example, are good examples of extemporaneous delivery. Even though I’ve presented the basic content of this chapter dozens of times over the years, each presentation has been different, because I can vary the examples and amount of elaboration that I add to the core content that I’ve memorized. For example, I may spend more time discussing speaking anxiety with a class that has expressed more apprehension about public speaking. I also change the example videos I show to connect to ever-changing current events or popular culture. When preparing a speech that you will deliver extemporaneously, you will want to start practicing your speech early and then continue to practice as you revise your content. Investing quality time and effort into the speech-outlining process helps with extemporaneous delivery. As you put together your outline, you are already doing the work of internalizing the key structure of your speech. Read parts of your outline aloud as you draft them to help ensure they are written in a way that makes sense and is easy for you to deliver. By the time you complete the formal, full-sentence outline, you should have already internalized much of the key information in your speech. Now, you can begin practicing with the full outline. As you become more comfortable with the content of your full outline, start to convert it into your speaking outline. Take out information that you know well and replace it with a keyword or key phrase that prompts your memory. You’ll probably want to leave key quotes, facts, and other paraphrased information, including your verbal source citation information, on your delivery outline so you make sure to include it in your speech. Once you’ve converted your full outline into your speaking outline, practice it a few more times, making sure to take some time between each practice session so you don’t inadvertently start to memorize the speech word for word. The final product should be a confident delivery of a well-organized and structured speech that is conversational and adaptable to various audiences and occasions. Strengths of Extemporaneous Delivery Speech content and delivery appear more spontaneous and natural, making it more conversational, since the speaker is using a keyword/key-phrase outline. Speakers can include quotes or complex information on their speaking outline for easy reference. Speakers can adapt information and delivery to specific audiences, occasions, and audience reactions, since they are not confined to the content of a manuscript or what they memorized. Weaknesses of Extemporaneous Delivery Since the speech is so adaptable, it can be difficult to ensure the speech will be the exact same length each time. It is perhaps not the best option when exact wording is expected. Speakers must find a balance between having too much content on their speaking outline, which may cause them to read, and too little content, which may lead to fluency hiccups. Practicing Your Speech Practicing a speech is essential, and practice sessions can be more or less useful depending on how you approach them. There are three primary phases to the practice process. In the first phase, you practice as you’re working through your ideas and drafting your outline. In the second, you practice for someone and get feedback. In the third, you put the finishing touches on the speech. Start practicing your speech early, as you are working through your ideas, by reading sections aloud as you draft them into your working outline. This will help ensure your speech is fluent and sounds good for the audience. Start to envision the audience while you practice and continue to think about them throughout the practicing process. This will help minimize anxiety when you actually have them sitting in front of you. Once you have completed your research and finished a draft of your outline, you will have already practiced your speech several times as you were putting it together. Now, you can get feedback on the speech as a whole. You begin to solicit feedback from a trusted source in the second phase of practicing your speech. This is the most important phase of practicing, and the one that most speakers do not complete. Beginning speakers may be nervous to practice in front of someone, which is to be expected. But review the strategies for managing anxiety discussed earlier in this chapter and try to face that anxiety. After all, you will have to face a full audience when you deliver the speech, so getting used to speaking in front of someone can only help you at this point. Choose someone who will give you constructive feedback on your speech, not just unconditional praise or criticism. Before you practice for them, explain the assignment or purpose of the speech. When practicing for a classroom speech, you may even want to give the person the assignment guidelines or a feedback sheet that has some key things for them to look for. Ask them for feedback on content and delivery. Almost anyone is good at evaluating delivery, but it’s more difficult to evaluate content. And, in most cases, the content of your speech will be account for more of your grade or what you will be evaluated on for work than the delivery. Also begin to time your speech at this point, so you can determine if it meets any time limits that you have. In addition to practicing for a trusted source for feedback, you may want to audio or video record your speech. This can be useful because it provides an objective record that you can then compare with the feedback you got from your friend and to your own evaluation of your speech. The most important part of this phase is incorporating the feedback you receive into your speech. If you practice for someone, get feedback, and then don’t do anything with the feedback, then you have wasted your time and their time. Use the feedback to assess whether or not you met your speaking goals. Was your thesis supported? Was your specific purpose met? Did your speech conform to any time limits that were set? Based on your answers to these questions, you may need to make some changes to your content or delivery, so do not put this part of practicing off to the last minute. Once the content has been revised as needed, draft your speaking outline and move on to the next phase of practice. You can practice your speech in front of a mirror to gauge your use of facial expressions and gestures. In addition, practice in front of a couple people for feedback. ©Thinkstock During the third and final phase of practice, you are putting the finishing touches on your speech. You should be familiar with the content based on your early practice sessions. You have also gotten feedback and incorporated that feedback into the speech. Your practice sessions at this point should precreate, as much as possible, the conditions in which you will be giving your speech. You should have your speaking outline completed so you can practice with it. It’s important to be familiar with the content on your note cards or speaking outline so you will not need to rely on it so much during the actual delivery. You may also want to practice in the type of clothing you will be wearing on speech day. This can be useful if you are wearing something you don’t typically wear—a suit for example—so you can see how it might affect your posture, gestures, and overall comfort level. If possible, at least one practice session in the place you will be giving the speech can be very helpful, especially if it’s a room you are not familiar with. Make sure you’re practicing with any visual aids or technology you will use so you can be familiar with it and it doesn’t affect your speech fluency. Continue to time each practice round. If you are too short or too long, you will need to go back and adjust your content some more. Always adjust your content to fit the time limit; do not try to adjust your delivery. Trying to speed talk or stretch things out to make a speech faster or longer is a mistake that will ultimately hurt your delivery, which will hurt your credibility. The overall purpose of this phase of practicing is to minimize surprises that might throw you off on speech day. Some “Dos” and “Don’ts” for Effective Speech Practice Sessions Do start practicing sections of your speech early, as you draft your outline. Do practice for someone for feedback. Do time yourself once a draft of the speech is completed and adjust the speech as needed to conform to time limits. Do deliver the speech the way you want it to be when you deliver it for your audience (use the rate, volume, vocal variety, pauses, and emphasis you plan to use on speech day). Don’t only practice in front of a mirror (practicing once in front of a mirror can help you gauge your facial expressions and other aspects of delivery, but that shouldn’t be the only way you practice). Don’t only practice in your head (we have a tendency to go too fast when we practice in our head, and you need to get practice saying the words of your speech to help lessen fluency hiccups). Don’t practice too much. It’s best to practice a few times in the days leading up to the speech, making sure to leave several hours between practice sessions. Practicing too much can lead you to become bored with your content, which could lead to delivery that sounds like a recitation. Key Takeaways The four methods of delivering a speech are impromptu, manuscript, memorized, and extemporaneous delivery. Impromptu delivery evokes higher levels of speaking anxiety because a speaker has little to no time to prepare the speech; however, this method can increase public speaking skills for people who enjoy thinking on their feet. Manuscript delivery entails speaking from a manuscript that contains a word-for-word transcript of your speech. This delivery method can be good for speeches that contain complex information that will be published or quoted but can be challenging because speakers may read their speech, which lessens engagement with the audience. Memorized delivery entails speaking from memory. Speakers with a reliable memory will be able to include specific information and engage the audience freely. This method is the most time-consuming delivery option and may come across as a recitation instead of an engaging speech. Extemporaneous delivery entails memorizing the general structure of a speech, not every word, and then delivering the speech from a keyword outline. Having the keyword outline allows a speaker to include specific information and references while remaining adaptable to the occasion and audience since every word isn’t planned out. Practicing your speech should occur in three phases. First, practice as you are drafting the outline to help you process through your speech ideas. Second, practice for someone and get feedback and record your speech for self-evaluation. Use this feedback to make appropriate changes to your speech. Third, put the finishing touches on the speech: make needed adjustments to the content to meet time limits, become familiar with your speaking outline, and precreate the conditions of speech day for your final few practice sessions. Exercises Which delivery methods have you used before? Which did you like the best and why? Which delivery method would you most prefer a speaker to use if you were an audience member and why? Have you ever had any “surprises” come up during a speech that you could have prevented with more effective practice sessions? If so, explain. If not, list some surprises that good practice sessions could help prevent. Using the suggestions in the chapter, make a timeline for practicing your next speech. Include specific dates and make a list of things you plan to do during each of the three phases of practice.	msmarco_doc_00_9978587	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
561159	1	what are lipids in the human body	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-nutrition/s09-01-what-are-lipids.html	What Are Lipids?	5.1 What Are Lipids? 5.1 What Are Lipids? Learning Objective The Functions of Lipids in the Body Storing Energy Regulating and Signaling Insulating and Protecting Aiding Digestion and Increasing Bioavailability Tools for Change The Role of Lipids in Food High Energy Source Smell and Taste Tools for Change Key Takeaways Discussion Starters	What Are Lipids? 5.1 What Are Lipids? Learning Objective Explain the role of lipids in overall health. Lipids are important fats that serve different roles in the human body. A common misconception is that fat is simply fattening. However, fat is probably the reason we are all here. Throughout history, there have been many instances when food was scarce. Our ability to store excess caloric energy as fat for future usage allowed us to continue as a species during these times of famine. So, normal fat reserves are a signal that metabolic processes are efficient and a person is healthy. Lipids are a family of organic compounds that are mostly insoluble in water. Composed of fats and oils, lipids are molecules that yield high energy and have a chemical composition mainly of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids perform three primary biological functions within the body: they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules. The three main types of lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and sterols. Triacylglycerols (also known as triglycerides) make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats. Naturally occurring triacylglycerols are found in many foods, including avocados, olives, corn, and nuts. We commonly call the triacylglycerols in our food “fats” and “oils.” Fats are lipids that are solid at room temperature, whereas oils are liquid. As with most fats, triacylglycerols do not dissolve in water. The terms fats, oils, and triacylglycerols are discretionary and can be used interchangeably. In this chapter when we use the word fat, we are referring to triacylglycerols. Phospholipids The second most common of the three basic lipids. Similar to triacylglycerols, phospholipids have an acid containing phosphorus in place of one of the fatty acids. These lipids appear in all cell membranes. make up only about 2 percent of dietary lipids. They are water-soluble and are found in both plants and animals. Phospholipids are crucial for building the protective barrier, or membrane, around your body’s cells. In fact, phospholipids are synthesized in the body to form cell and organelle membranes. In blood and body fluids, phospholipids form structures in which fat is enclosed and transported throughout the bloodstream. Sterols are the least common type of lipid. Cholesterol is perhaps the best well-known sterol. Though cholesterol has a notorious reputation, the body gets only a small amount of its cholesterol through food—the body produces most of it. Cholesterol is an important component of the cell membrane and is required for the synthesis of sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts. Later in this chapter, we will examine each of these lipids in more detail and discover how their different structures function to keep your body working. Figure 5.1 Types of Lipids The Functions of Lipids in the Body Storing Energy The excess energy from the food we eat is digested and incorporated into adipose tissue Fatty tissue in the body that consists of masses of fat-storing cells. , or fatty tissue. Most of the energy required by the human body is provided by carbohydrates and lipids. As discussed in Chapter 4 "Carbohydrates", glucose is stored in the body as glycogen. While glycogen provides a ready source of energy, lipids primarily function as an energy reserve. As you may recall, glycogen is quite bulky with heavy water content, thus the body cannot store too much for long. Alternatively, fats are packed together tightly without water and store far greater amounts of energy in a reduced space. A fat gram is densely concentrated with energy—it contains more than double the amount of energy than a gram of carbohydrate. Energy is needed to power the muscles for all the physical work and play an average person or child engages in. For instance, the stored energy in muscles propels an athlete down the track, spurs a dancer’s legs to showcase the latest fancy steps, and keeps all the moving parts of the body functioning smoothly. Unlike other body cells that can store fat in limited supplies, fat cells are specialized for fat storage and are able to expand almost indefinitely in size. An overabundance of adipose tissue can result in undue stress on the body and can be detrimental to your health. A serious impact of excess fat is the accumulation of too much cholesterol An important component of the cell membrane. Required for the synthesis of sex hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts. in the arterial wall, which can thicken the walls of arteries and lead to cardiovascular disease A disease of the heart or blood vessels. . Thus, while some body fat is critical to our survival and good health, in large quantities it can be a deterrent to maintaining good health. Regulating and Signaling Triacylglycerols The most common of the three basic classes of lipids and the main form fat takes in both diet and the human body. A triacylglycerol is made up of three molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol. control the body’s internal climate, maintaining constant temperature. Those who don’t have enough fat in their bodies tend to feel cold sooner, are often fatigued, and have pressure sores on their skin from fatty acid deficiency. Triacylglycerols also help the body produce and regulate hormones. For example, adipose tissue secretes the hormone leptin, which regulates appetite. In the reproductive system, fatty acids are required for proper reproductive health; women who lack proper amounts may stop menstruating and become infertile. Omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids help regulate cholesterol and blood clotting and control inflammation in the joints, tissues, and bloodstream. Fats also play important functional roles in sustaining nerve impulse transmission, memory storage, and tissue structure. More specifically in the brain, lipids are focal to brain activity in structure and in function. They help form nerve cell membranes, insulate neurons, and facilitate the signaling of electrical impulses throughout the brain. Lipids serve as signaling molecules; they are catalysts of electrical impulse activity within the brain. © Thinkstock Insulating and Protecting Did you know that up to 30 percent of body weight is comprised of fat tissue? Some of this is made up of visceral fat or adipose tissue surrounding delicate organs. Vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and liver are protected by visceral fat. The composition of the brain is outstandingly 60 percent fat, demonstrating the major structural role that fat serves within the body. You may be most familiar with subcutaneous fat, or fat underneath the skin. This blanket layer of tissue insulates the body from extreme temperatures and helps keep the internal climate under control. It pads our hands and buttocks and prevents friction, as these areas frequently come in contact with hard surfaces. It also gives the body the extra padding required when engaging in physically demanding activities such as ice- or roller skating, horseback riding, or snowboarding. Aiding Digestion and Increasing Bioavailability The dietary fats in the foods we eat break down in our digestive systems and begin the transport of precious micronutrients. By carrying fat-soluble nutrients through the digestive process, intestinal absorption is improved. This improved absorption is also known as increased bioavailability Refers to the proportion of nutrients that are absorbed or become available in the bloodstream. . Fat-soluble nutrients are especially important for good health and exhibit a variety of functions. Vitamins A, D, E, and K—the fat-soluble vitamins—are mainly found in foods containing fat. Some fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamin A) are also found in naturally fat-free foods such as green leafy vegetables, carrots, and broccoli. These vitamins are best absorbed when combined with foods containing fat. Fats also increase the bioavailability of compounds known as phytochemicals Nonessential plant compounds considered to have a beneficial impact on human health. , which are plant constituents such as lycopene (found in tomatoes) and beta-carotene (found in carrots). Phytochemicals are believed to promote health and well-being. As a result, eating tomatoes with olive oil or salad dressing will facilitate lycopene absorption. Other essential nutrients, such as essential fatty acids, are constituents of the fats themselves and serve as building blocks of a cell. Figure 5.2 Food Sources for Fat Soluble Vitamins Note that removing the lipid elements from food also takes away the food’s fat-soluble vitamin content. When products such as grain and dairy are processed, these essential nutrients are lost. Manufacturers replace these nutrients through a process called enrichment. Tools for Change Remember, fat-soluble nutrients require fat for effective absorption. For your next snack, look for foods that contain vitamins A, D, E, and K. Do these foods also contain fat that will help you absorb them? If not, think of ways to add a bit of healthy fat to aid in their absorption. (For more details on healthy fat, refer to Section 5.4 "Understanding Blood Cholesterol" of this chapter.) The Role of Lipids in Food High Energy Source Athletes have high-energy requirements. © Thinkstock Fat-rich foods naturally have a high caloric density. Foods that are high in fat contain more calories than foods high in protein or carbohydrates. As a result, high-fat foods are a convenient source of energy. For example, 1 gram of fat or oil provides 9 kilocalories of energy, compared with 4 kilocalories found in 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein. Depending on the level of physical activity and on nutritional needs, fat requirements vary greatly from person to person. When energy needs are high, the body welcomes the high-caloric density of fats. For instance, infants and growing children require proper amounts of fat to support normal growth and development. If an infant or child is given a low-fat diet for an extended period, growth and development will not progress normally. Other individuals with high-energy needs are athletes, people who have physically demanding jobs, and those recuperating from illness. When the body has used all of its calories from carbohydrates (this can occur after just twenty minutes of exercise), it initiates fat usage. A professional swimmer must consume large amounts of food energy to meet the demands of swimming long distances, so eating fat-rich foods makes sense. In contrast, if a person who leads a sedentary lifestyle eats the same high-density fat foods, they will intake more fat calories than their body requires within just a few bites. Use caution—consumption of calories over and beyond energy requirements is a contributing factor to obesity. Smell and Taste Fat contains dissolved compounds that contribute to mouth-watering aromas and flavors. Fat also adds texture to food. Baked foods are supple and moist. Frying foods locks in flavor and lessens cooking time. How long does it take you to recall the smell of your favorite food cooking? What would a meal be without that savory aroma to delight your senses and heighten your preparedness for eating a meal? Fat plays another valuable role in nutrition. Fat contributes to satiety The feeling of being satisfied or full. , or the sensation of fullness. When fatty foods are swallowed the body responds by enabling the processes controlling digestion to retard the movement of food along the digestive tract, thus promoting an overall sense of fullness. Oftentimes before the feeling of fullness arrives, people overindulge in fat-rich foods, finding the delectable taste irresistible. Indeed, the very things that make fat-rich foods attractive also make them a hindrance to maintaining a healthful diet. Tools for Change While fats provide delicious smells, tastes, and textures to our foods, they also provide numerous calories. To allow your body to experience the satiety effect of the fat before you overindulge, try savoring rich foods. Eating slowly will allow you to both fully enjoy the experience and be sated with a smaller portion. Remember to take your time. Drink water in between bites or eat a lower fat food before and after a higher fat food. The lower-fat foods will provide bulk, but fewer calories. Key Takeaways Lipids include triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and sterols. Triacylglycerols, the most common lipid, comprise most body fat and are described as fats and oils in food. Excess energy from food is stored as adipose tissue in the body. Fats are critical for maintaining body temperature, cushioning vital organs, regulating hormones, transmitting nerve impulses, and storing memory. Lipids transport fat-soluble nutrients and phytochemicals and promote bioavailability of these compounds. Fat is a convenient source of energy for people with high-energy requirements. Fat provides double the energy per gram than protein or carbohydrates, enhances the smell and flavor of food, and promotes satiety. Discussion Starters Discuss the role of lipids in our diet and their critical functions in the body. Explain the importance of fats to the bioavailability of other nutrients. Discuss the role of fats as an energy source for the body.	msmarco_doc_00_10349921	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
964824	1	where and how lipids are digested	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-nutrition/s09-03-digestion-and-absorption-of-li.html	Digestion and Absorption of Lipids	5.3 Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 5.3 Digestion and Absorption of Lipids Learning Objectives From the Mouth to the Stomach Going to the Bloodstream The Truth about Storing and Using Body Fat Key Takeaways Discussion Starters	Digestion and Absorption of Lipids 5.3 Digestion and Absorption of Lipids Learning Objectives Summarize the steps in lipid digestion and absorption. Explain how lipids are used for energy and stored in the body. Lipids are large molecules and generally are not water-soluble. Like carbohydrates and protein, lipids are broken into small components for absorption. Since most of our digestive enzymes are water-based, how does the body break down fat and make it available for the various functions it must perform in the human body? From the Mouth to the Stomach The first step in the digestion of triacylglycerols and phospholipids begins in the mouth as lipids encounter saliva. Next, the physical action of chewing coupled with the action of emulsifiers enables the digestive enzymes to do their tasks. The enzyme lingual lipase An enzyme responsible for the breakdown of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. , along with a small amount of phospholipid as an emulsifier, initiates the process of digestion. These actions cause the fats to become more accessible to the digestive enzymes. As a result, the fats become tiny droplets and separate from the watery components. Figure 5.4 Lipid Digestion In the stomach, gastric lipase starts to break down triacylglycerols into diglycerides A product of lipid digestion, consisting of a glycerol molecule that has two fatty acids attached. and fatty acids. Within two to four hours after eating a meal, roughly 30 percent of the triacylglycerols are converted to diglycerides and fatty acids. The stomach’s churning and contractions help to disperse the fat molecules, while the diglycerides derived in this process act as further emulsifiers. However, even amid all of this activity, very little fat digestion occurs in the stomach. Going to the Bloodstream As stomach contents enter the small intestine, the digestive system sets out to manage a small hurdle, namely, to combine the separated fats with its own watery fluids. The solution to this hurdle is bile A substance secreted by the liver that aids in the absorption and digestion of fats. . Bile contains bile salts, lecithin, and substances derived from cholesterol so it acts as an emulsifier. It attracts and holds on to fat while it is simultaneously attracted to and held on to by water. Emulsification increases the surface area of lipids over a thousand-fold, making them more accessible to the digestive enzymes. Once the stomach contents have been emulsified, fat-breaking enzymes work on the triacylglycerols and diglycerides to sever fatty acids from their glycerol foundations. As pancreatic lipase enters the small intestine, it breaks down the fats into free fatty acids and monoglycerides A product of lipid digestion, consisting of a glycerol molecule with one fatty acid attached. . Yet again, another hurdle presents itself. How will the fats pass through the watery layer of mucous that coats the absorptive lining of the digestive tract? As before, the answer is bile. Bile salts envelop the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. Micelles have a fatty acid core with a water-soluble exterior. This allows efficient transportation to the intestinal microvillus. Here, the fat components are released and disseminated into the cells of the digestive tract lining. Fats can travel through the watery environment of the body due to the process of emulsion. Just as lipids require special handling in the digestive tract to move within a water-based environment, they require similar handling to travel in the bloodstream. Inside the intestinal cells, the monoglycerides and fatty acids reassemble themselves into triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and phospholipids form lipoproteins Proteins that contains a lipid which serves to transport fat through blood and lymph. when joined with a protein carrier. Lipoproteins have an inner core that is primarily made up of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters (a cholesterol ester is a cholesterol linked to a fatty acid). The outer envelope is made of phospholipids interspersed with proteins and cholesterol. Together they form a chylomicron Chylomicron clusters form when lipids are combined with carrier proteins in the cells of the intestinal lining. Chylomicron is a vehicle of transport for fats throughout the watery environment of the body to the liver and other tissues. , which is a large lipoprotein that now enters the lymphatic system and will soon be released into the bloodstream via the jugular vein in the neck. Chylomicrons transport food fats perfectly through the body’s water-based environment to specific destinations such as the liver and other body tissues. Cholesterols are poorly absorbed when compared to phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Cholesterol absorption is aided by an increase in dietary fat components and is hindered by high fiber content. This is the reason that a high intake of fiber is recommended to decrease blood cholesterol. Foods high in fiber such as fresh fruits, vegetables, and oats can bind bile salts and cholesterol, preventing their absorption and carrying them out of the colon. If fats are not absorbed properly as is seen in some medical conditions, a person’s stool will contain high amounts of fat. If fat malabsorption persists the condition is known as steatorrhea. Steatorrhea can result from diseases that affect absorption, such as Crohn’s disease and cystic fibrosis. The Truth about Storing and Using Body Fat Before the prepackaged food industry, fitness centers, and weight-loss programs, our ancestors worked hard to even locate a meal. They made plans, not for losing those last ten pounds to fit into a bathing suit for vacation, but rather for finding food. Today, this is why we can go long periods without eating, whether we are sick with a vanished appetite, our physical activity level has increased, or there is simply no food available. Our bodies reserve fuel for a rainy day. One way the body stores fat was previously touched upon in Chapter 4 "Carbohydrates". The body transforms carbohydrates into glycogen that is in turn stored in the muscles for energy. When the muscles reach their capacity for glycogen storage, the excess is returned to the liver, where it is converted into triacylglycerols and then stored as fat. In a similar manner, much of the triacylglycerols the body receives from food is transported to fat storehouses within the body if not used for producing energy. The chylomicrons are responsible for shuttling the triacylglycerols to various locations such as the muscles, breasts, external layers under the skin, and internal fat layers of the abdomen, thighs, and buttocks where they are stored by the body in adipose tissue for future use. How is this accomplished? Recall that chylomicrons are large lipoproteins that contain a triacylglycerol and fatty-acid core. Capillary walls contain an enzyme called lipoprotein-lipase that dismantles the triacylglycerols in the lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol, thus enabling these to enter into the adipose cells. Once inside the adipose cells, the fatty acids and glycerol are reassembled into triacylglycerols and stored for later use. Muscle cells may also take up the fatty acids and use them for muscular work and generating energy. When a person’s energy requirements exceed the amount of available fuel presented from a recent meal or extended physical activity has exhausted glycogen energy reserves, fat reserves are retrieved for energy utilization. As the body calls for additional energy, the adipose tissue responds by dismantling its triacylglycerols and dispensing glycerol and fatty acids directly into the blood. Upon receipt of these substances the energy-hungry cells break them down further into tiny fragments. These fragments go through a series of chemical reactions that yield energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Key Takeaways In the stomach fat is separated from other food substances. In the small intestines bile emulsifies fats while enzymes digest them. The intestinal cells absorb the fats. Long-chain fatty acids form a large lipoprotein structure called a chylomicron that transports fats through the lymph system. Chylomicrons are formed in the intestinal cells and carry lipids from the digestive tract into circulation. Short- and medium-fatty chains can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the intestinal microvillus because they are water-soluble. Cholesterol absorption is hindered by foods high in fiber. When energy supplies are low the body utilizes its stored fat reserves for energy. Discussion Starters Explain the role of emulsifiers in fat digestion. Name the part of the digestive system where most fat digestion and absorption occurs. Describe the role of bile salts in the digestion of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Define chylomicron. Explain how fiber-rich foods affect cholesterol absorption. Discuss the body’s processes for using energy.	msmarco_doc_00_10364070	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
415416	1	is kcl an acid	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-chemistry/s16-04-strong-and-weak-acids-and-base.html	Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts	12.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts 12.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts Learning Objectives Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Key Takeaways Exercises Answers	Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts 12.4 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases and Their Salts Learning Objectives Define a strong and a weak acid and base. Recognize an acid or a base as strong or weak. Determine if a salt produces an acidic or a basic solution. Except for their names and formulas, so far we have treated all acids as equals, especially in a chemical reaction. However, acids can be very different in a very important way. Consider HCl (aq). When HCl is dissolved in H 2 O, it completely dissociates into H + (aq) and Cl − (aq) ions; all the HCl molecules become ions: HCl → 100% H + (aq) + Cl − (aq) Any acid that dissociates 100% into ions is called a strong acid Any acid that is 100% dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. . If it does not dissociate 100%, it is a weak acid Any acid that is less than 100% dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. . HC 2 H 3 O 2 is an example of a weak acid: HC 2 H 3 O 2 → ~ 5 % H + (aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 − (aq) Because this reaction does not go 100% to completion, it is more appropriate to write it as an equilibrium: HC 2 H 3 O 2 ⇄ H + (aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 − (aq) As it turns out, there are very few strong acids, which are given in Table 12.2 "Strong Acids and Bases". If an acid is not listed here, it is a weak acid. It may be 1% ionized or 99% ionized, but it is still classified as a weak acid. The issue is similar with bases: a strong base Any base that is 100% dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. is a base that is 100% ionized in solution. If it is less than 100% ionized in solution, it is a weak base Any base that is less than 100% dissociated into ions in aqueous solution. . There are very few strong bases (see Table 12.2 "Strong Acids and Bases" ); any base not listed is a weak base. All strong bases are OH – compounds. So a base based on some other mechanism, such as NH 3 (which does not contain OH − ions as part of its formula), will be a weak base. Table 12.2 Strong Acids and Bases Acids Bases HCl LiOH HBr NaOH HI KOH HNO 3 RbOH H 2 SO 4 CsOH HClO 3 Mg (OH) 2 HClO 4 Ca (OH) 2 Sr (OH) 2 Ba (OH) 2 Example 6 Identify each acid or base as strong or weak. HCl Mg (OH) 2 C 5 H 5 N Solution Because HCl is listed in Table 12.2 "Strong Acids and Bases", it is a strong acid. Because Mg (OH) 2 is listed in Table 12.2 "Strong Acids and Bases", it is a strong base. The nitrogen in C 5 H 5 N would act as a proton acceptor and therefore can be considered a base, but because it does not contain an OH compound, it cannot be considered a strong base; it is a weak base. Test Yourself Identify each acid or base as strong or weak. RbOH HNO 2 Answers strong base weak acid Example 7 Write the balanced chemical equation for the dissociation of Ca (OH) 2 and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not. Solution This is an ionic compound of Ca 2+ ions and OH − ions. When an ionic compound dissolves, it separates into its constituent ions: Ca (OH)2 → Ca2+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) Because Ca (OH) 2 is listed in Table 12.2 "Strong Acids and Bases", this reaction proceeds 100% to products. Test Yourself Write the balanced chemical equation for the dissociation of hydrazoic acid (HN 3) and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not. Answer The reaction is as follows: HN3 → H+(aq) + N3−(aq) It does not proceed 100% to products because hydrazoic acid is not a strong acid. Certain salts will also affect the acidity or basicity of aqueous solutions because some of the ions will undergo hydrolysis, just like NH 3 does to make a basic solution. The general rule is that salts with ions that are part of strong acids or bases will not hydrolyze, while salts with ions that are part of weak acids or bases will hydrolyze. Consider NaCl. When it dissolves in an aqueous solution, it separates into Na + ions and Cl − ions: NaCl → Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) Will the Na + (aq) ion hydrolyze? If it does, it will interact with the OH − ion to make NaOH: Na+(aq) + H2O → NaOH + H+(aq) However, NaOH is a strong base, which means that it is 100% ionized in solution: NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) The free OH − (aq) ion reacts with the H + (aq) ion to remake a water molecule: H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O The net result? There is no change, so there is no effect on the acidity or basicity of the solution from the Na + (aq) ion. What about the Cl − ion? Will it hydrolyze? If it does, it will take an H + ion from a water molecule: Cl−(aq) + H2O → HCl + OH− However, HCl is a strong acid, which means that it is 100% ionized in solution: HCl → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) The free H + (aq) ion reacts with the OH − (aq) ion to remake a water molecule: H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O The net result? There is no change, so there is no effect on the acidity or basicity of the solution from the Cl − (aq) ion. Because neither ion in NaCl affects the acidity or basicity of the solution, NaCl is an example of a neutral salt An ionic compound that does not affect the acidity of its aqueous solution. . Things change, however, when we consider a salt like NaC 2 H 3 O 2. We already know that the Na + ion won’t affect the acidity of the solution. What about the acetate ion? If it hydrolyzes, it will take an H + from a water molecule: C2H3O2−(aq) + H2O → HC2H3O2 + OH−(aq) Does this happen? Yes, it does. Why? Because HC2H3O2 is a weak acid. Any chance a weak acid has to form, it will (the same with a weak base). As some C 2 H 3 O 2− ions hydrolyze with H 2 O to make the molecular weak acid, OH − ions are produced. OH − ions make solutions basic. Thus NaC 2 H 3 O 2 solutions are slightly basic, so such a salt is called a basic salt An ionic compound whose aqueous solution is slightly basic. . There are also salts whose aqueous solutions are slightly acidic. NH 4 Cl is an example. When NH 4 Cl is dissolved in H 2 O, it separates into NH 4+ ions and Cl − ions. We have already seen that the Cl − ion does not hydrolyze. However, the NH 4+ ion will: NH4+(aq) + H2O → NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq) Recall from Section 12.1 "Arrhenius Acids and Bases" that H 3 O + ion is the hydronium ion, the more chemically proper way to represent the H + ion. This is the classic acid species in solution, so a solution of NH 4+ (aq) ions is slightly acidic. NH 4 Cl is an example of an acid salt An ionic compound whose aqueous solution is slightly acidic. . The molecule NH 3 is a weak base, and it will form when it can, just like a weak acid will form when it can. So there are two general rules: (1) If an ion derives from a strong acid or base, it will not affect the acidity of the solution. (2) If an ion derives from a weak acid, it will make the solution basic; if an ion derives from a weak base, it will make the solution acidic. Example 8 Identify each salt as acidic, basic, or neutral. KCl KNO 2 NH 4 Br Solution The ions from KCl derive from a strong acid (HCl) and a strong base (KOH). Therefore, neither ion will affect the acidity of the solution, so KCl is a neutral salt. Although the K + ion derives from a strong base (KOH), the NO 2− ion derives from a weak acid (HNO 2 ). Therefore the solution will be basic, and KNO 2 is a basic salt. Although the Br − ions derive from a strong acid (HBr), the NH 4+ ion derives from a weak base (NH 3 ), so the solution will be acidic, and NH 4 Br is an acidic salt. Test Yourself Identify each salt as acidic, basic, or neutral. (C 5 H 5 NH)Cl Na 2 SO 3 Answers acidic basic Some salts are composed of ions that come from both weak acids and weak bases. The overall effect on an aqueous solution depends on which ion exerts more influence on the overall acidity. We will not consider such salts here. Key Takeaways Strong acids and bases are 100% ionized in aqueous solution. Weak acids and bases are less than 100% ionized in aqueous solution. Salts of weak acids or bases can affect the acidity or basicity of their aqueous solutions. Exercises Differentiate between a strong acid and a weak acid. Differentiate between a strong base and a weak base. Identify each as a strong acid or a weak acid. Assume aqueous solutions. HF HCl HC 2 O 4 Identify each as a strong base or a weak base. Assume aqueous solutions. NaOH Al (OH) 3 C 4 H 9 NH 2 Write a chemical equation for the ionization of each acid and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not. HNO 3 HNO 2 HI 3 Write a chemical equation for the ionization of each base and indicate whether it proceeds 100% to products or not. NH 3 (CH 3) 3 N Mg (OH) 2 Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of each acid and base pair. HCl + C 5 H 5 N H 2 C 2 O 4 + NH 3 HNO 2 + C 7 H 9 N Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of each acid and base pair. H 3 C 5 H 5 O 7 + Mg (OH) 2 HC 3 H 3 O 3 + (CH 3) 3 N HBr + Fe (OH) 3 Identify each salt as neutral, acidic, or basic. NaBr Fe (NO 3) 2 Fe (NO 3) 3 Identify each salt as neutral, acidic, or basic. NH 4 I C 2 H 5 NH 3 Cl KI Identify each salt as neutral, acidic, or basic. NaNO 2 NaNO 3 NH 4 NO 3 Identify each salt as neutral, acidic, or basic. KC 2 H 3 O 2 KHSO 4 KClO 3 Write the hydrolysis reaction that occurs, if any, when each salt dissolves in water. K 2 SO 3 KI NH 4 ClO 3 Write the hydrolysis reaction that occurs, if any, when each salt dissolves in water. NaNO 3 CaC 2 O 4 C 5 H 5 NHCl When NH 4 NO 2 dissolves in H 2 O, both ions hydrolyze. Write chemical equations for both reactions. Can you tell if the solution will be acidic or basic overall? When pyridinium acetate (C 5 H 5 NHC 2 H 3 O 2) dissolves in H 2 O, both ions hydrolyze. Write chemical equations for both reactions. Can you tell if the solution will be acidic or basic overall? A lab technician mixes a solution of 0.015 M Mg (OH) 2. Is the resulting OH − concentration greater than, equal to, or less than 0.015 M? Explain your answer. A lab technician mixes a solution of 0.55 M HNO 3. Is the resulting H + concentration greater than, equal to, or less than 0.55 M? Explain your answer. Answers A strong acid is 100% ionized in aqueous solution, whereas a weak acid is not 100% ionized. weak acid strong acid weak acid HNO 3 (aq) → H + (aq) + NO 3− (aq); proceeds 100% HNO 2 (aq) → H + (aq) + NO 2− (aq); does not proceed 100% HI 3 (aq) → H + (aq) + I 3− (aq); does not proceed 100% HCl + C 5 H 5 N → Cl − + C 5 H 5 NH + H 2 C 2 O 4 + 2NH 3 → C 2 O 42− + 2NH 4+ HNO 2 + C 7 H 9 N → NO 2− + C 7 H 9 NH + neutral acidic acidic basic neutral acidic SO 32− + H 2 O → HSO 3− + OH − no reaction NH 4+ + H 2 O → NH 3 + H 3 O + NH 4+ + H 2 O → NH 3 + H 3 O +; NO 2− + H 2 O → HNO 2 + OH −; it is not possible to determine whether the solution will be acidic or basic. greater than 0.015 M because there are two OH − ions per formula unit of Mg (OH) 2	msmarco_doc_00_10890447	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
163529	1	does autonomic nervous system calm	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/beginning-psychology/s07-04-putting-it-all-together-the-ne.html	Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System	3.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System 3.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Learning Objectives Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System The Body’s Chemicals Help Control Behavior: The Endocrine System Key Takeaways Exercises and Critical Thinking	Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System 3.4 Putting It All Together: The Nervous System and the Endocrine System Learning Objectives Summarize the primary functions of the CNS and of the subsystems of the PNS. Explain how the electrical components of the nervous system and the chemical components of the endocrine system work together to influence behavior. Now that we have considered how individual neurons operate and the roles of the different brain areas, it is time to ask how the body manages to “put it all together.” How do the complex activities in the various parts of the brain, the simple all-or-nothing firings of billions of interconnected neurons, and the various chemical systems within the body, work together to allow the body to respond to the social environment and engage in everyday behaviors? In this section we will see that the complexities of human behavior are accomplished through the joint actions of electrical and chemical processes in the nervous system and the endocrine system. Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System The nervous system (see Figure 3.17 "The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System" ), the electrical information highway of the body, is made up of nerves A bundle of interconnected neurons that fires in synchrony to carry messages. — bundles of interconnected neurons that fire in synchrony to carry messages. The central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, is the major controller of the body’s functions, charged with interpreting sensory information and responding to it with its own directives. The CNS interprets information coming in from the senses, formulates an appropriate reaction, and sends responses to the appropriate system to respond accordingly. Everything that we see, hear, smell, touch, and taste is conveyed to us from our sensory organs as neural impulses, and each of the commands that the brain sends to the body, both consciously and unconsciously, travels through this system as well. Figure 3.17 The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System Nerves are differentiated according to their function. A sensory (or afferent) neuron A neuron that carries information from the sensory receptors. carries information from the sensory receptors, whereas a motor (or efferent) neuron A neuron that transmits information to the muscles and glands. transmits information to the muscles and glands. An interneuron The most common type of neuron, responsible for communicating among neurons. , which is by far the most common type of neuron, is located primarily within the CNS and is responsible for communicating among the neurons. Interneurons allow the brain to combine the multiple sources of available information to create a coherent picture of the sensory information being conveyed. The spinal cord The long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves and supporting cells that extends down from the brain. is the long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves and supporting cells that extends down from the brain. It is the central throughway of information for the body. Within the spinal cord, ascending tracts of sensory neurons relay sensory information from the sense organs to the brain while descending tracts of motor neurons relay motor commands back to the body. When a quicker-than-usual response is required, the spinal cord can do its own processing, bypassing the brain altogether. A reflex An involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. Reflexes are triggered when sensory information is powerful enough to reach a given threshold and the interneurons in the spinal cord act to send a message back through the motor neurons without relaying the information to the brain (see Figure 3.18 "The Reflex" ). When you touch a hot stove and immediately pull your hand back, or when you fumble your cell phone and instinctively reach to catch it before it falls, reflexes in your spinal cord order the appropriate responses before your brain even knows what is happening. Figure 3.18 The Reflex The central nervous system can interpret signals from sensory neurons and respond to them extremely quickly via the motor neurons without any need for the brain to be involved. These quick responses, known as reflexes, can reduce the damage that we might experience as a result of, for instance, touching a hot stove. If the central nervous system is the command center of the body, the peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents the front line. The PNS links the CNS to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands. As you can see in Figure 3.19 "The Autonomic Nervous System", the peripheral nervous system is itself divided into two subsystems, one controlling internal responses and one controlling external responses. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) The division of the PNS that governs the internal activities of the human body, including heart rate, breathing, digestion, salivation, perspiration, urination, and sexual arousal. is the division of the PNS that governs the internal activities of the human body, including heart rate, breathing, digestion, salivation, perspiration, urination, and sexual arousal. Many of the actions of the ANS, such as heart rate and digestion, are automatic and out of our conscious control, but others, such as breathing and sexual activity, can be controlled and influenced by conscious processes. The somatic nervous system (SNS) The division of the PNS that controls the external aspects of the body, including the skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs. is the division of the PNS that controls the external aspects of the body, including the skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs. The somatic nervous system consists primarily of motor nerves responsible for sending brain signals for muscle contraction. The autonomic nervous system itself can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (see Figure 3.19 "The Autonomic Nervous System" ). The sympathetic division of the ANS Involved in preparing the body for behavior, particularly in response to stress, by activating the organs and the glands in the endocrine system. is involved in preparing the body for behavior, particularly in response to stress, by activating the organs and the glands in the endocrine system. The parasympathetic division of the ANS Tends to calm the body by slowing the heart and breathing and by allowing the body to recover from the activities that the sympathetic system causes. tends to calm the body by slowing the heart and breathing and by allowing the body to recover from the activities that the sympathetic system causes. The sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions normally function in opposition to each other, such that the sympathetic division acts a bit like the accelerator pedal on a car and the parasympathetic division acts like the brake. Figure 3.19 The Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: The sympathetic division acts to energize the body, preparing it for action. The parasympathetic division acts to calm the body, allowing it to rest. Our everyday activities are controlled by the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. For example, when we get out of bed in the morning, we would experience a sharp drop in blood pressure if it were not for the action of the sympathetic system, which automatically increases blood flow through the body. Similarly, after we eat a big meal, the parasympathetic system automatically sends more blood to the stomach and intestines, allowing us to efficiently digest the food. And perhaps you’ve had the experience of not being at all hungry before a stressful event, such as a sports game or an exam (when the sympathetic division was primarily in action), but suddenly finding yourself starved afterward, as the parasympathetic takes over. The two systems work together to maintain vital bodily functions, resulting in homeostasis The natural balance in the body’s systems. , the natural balance in the body’s systems. The Body’s Chemicals Help Control Behavior: The Endocrine System The nervous system is designed to protect us from danger through its interpretation of and reactions to stimuli. But a primary function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is to interact with the endocrine system to elicit chemicals that provide another system for influencing our feelings and behaviors. A gland A groups of cells that functions to secrete hormones. in the endocrine system is made up of groups of cells that function to secrete hormones. A hormone A chemical that moves throughout the body to help regulate emotions and behaviors. is a chemical that moves throughout the body to help regulate emotions and behaviors. When the hormones released by one gland arrive at receptor tissues or other glands, these receiving receptors may trigger the release of other hormones, resulting in a series of complex chemical chain reactions. The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to influence many aspects of human behavior, including growth, reproduction, and metabolism. And the endocrine system plays a vital role in emotions. Because the glands in men and women differ, hormones also help explain some of the observed behavioral differences between men and women. The major glands in the endocrine system are shown in Figure 3.20 "The Major Glands of the Endocrine System". Figure 3.20 The Major Glands of the Endocrine System The male is shown on the left and the female on the right. The pituitary gland A small pea-sized gland located near the center of the brain that is responsible for controlling the body’s growth. , a small pea-sized gland located near the center of the brain, is responsible for controlling the body’s growth, but it also has many other influences that make it of primary importance to regulating behavior. The pituitary secretes hormones that influence our responses to pain as well as hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to make sex hormones. The pituitary gland also controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle in women. Because the pituitary has such an important influence on other glands, it is sometimes known as the “master gland.” Other glands in the endocrine system include the pancreas, which secretes hormones designed to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy; the pineal gland, located in the middle of the brain, which secretes melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the wake-sleep cycle; and the thyroid and parathyroid glands, which are responsible for determining how quickly the body uses energy and hormones, and controlling the amount of calcium in the blood and bones. The body has two triangular adrenal glands, one atop each kidney. The adrenal glands Produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance in the body, and are involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance in the body, and they are involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function. The most important function of the adrenal glands is to secrete the hormones epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) when we are excited, threatened, or stressed. Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the sympathetic division of the ANS, causing increased heart and lung activity, dilation of the pupils, and increases in blood sugar, which give the body a surge of energy to respond to a threat. The activity and role of the adrenal glands in response to stress provides an excellent example of the close relationship and interdependency of the nervous and endocrine systems. A quick-acting nervous system is essential for immediate activation of the adrenal glands, while the endocrine system mobilizes the body for action. The male sex glands, known as the testes The male sex glands. , secrete a number of hormones, the most important of which is testosterone The male sex hormone. , the male sex hormone. Testosterone regulates body changes associated with sexual development, including enlargement of the penis, deepening of the voice, growth of facial and pubic hair, and the increase in muscle growth and strength. The ovaries The female sex glands. , the female sex glands, are located in the pelvis. They produce eggs and secrete the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is involved in the development of female sexual features, including breast growth, the accumulation of body fat around the hips and thighs, and the growth spurt that occurs during puberty. Both estrogen and progesterone are also involved in pregnancy and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. Recent research has pinpointed some of the important roles of the sex hormones in social behavior. Dabbs, Hargrove, and Heusel (1996) Dabbs, J. M., Jr., Hargrove, M. F., & Heusel, C. (1996). Testosterone differences among college fraternities: Well-behaved vs. rambunctious. Personality and Individual Differences, 20(2), 157–161. measured the testosterone levels of 240 men who were members of 12 fraternities at two universities. They also obtained descriptions of the fraternities from university officials, fraternity officers, yearbook and chapter house photographs, and researcher field notes. The researchers correlated the testosterone levels and the descriptions of each fraternity. They found that the fraternities with the highest average testosterone levels were also more wild and unruly, and one of these fraternities was known across campus for the crudeness of its behavior. On the other hand, the fraternities with the lowest average testosterone levels were more well behaved, friendly and pleasant, academically successful, and socially responsible. Banks and Dabbs (1996) Banks, T., & Dabbs, J. M., Jr. (1996). Salivary testosterone and cortisol in delinquent and violent urban subculture. Journal of Social Psychology, 136(1), 49–56. found that juvenile delinquents and prisoners who had high levels of testosterone also acted more violently, and Tremblay et al. (1998) Tremblay, R. E., Schaal, B., Boulerice, B., Arseneault, L., Soussignan, R. G., Paquette, D., & Laurent, D. (1998). Testosterone, physical aggression, dominance, and physical development in early adolescence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 22(4), 753–777. found that testosterone was related to toughness and leadership behaviors in adolescent boys. Although testosterone levels are higher in men than in women, the relationship between testosterone and aggression is not limited to males. Studies have also shown a positive relationship between testosterone and aggression and related behaviors (such as competitiveness) in women (Cashdan, 2003). Cashdan, E. (2003). Hormones and competitive aggression in women. Aggressive Behavior, 29(2), 107–115. It must be kept in mind that the observed relationships between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior that have been found in these studies do not prove that testosterone causes aggression—the relationships are only correlational. In fact, there is evidence that the relationship between violence and testosterone also goes in the other direction: Playing an aggressive game, such as tennis or even chess, increases the testosterone levels of the winners and decreases the testosterone levels of losers (Gladue, Boechler, & McCaul, 1989; Mazur, Booth, & Dabbs, 1992), Gladue, B. A., Boechler, M., & McCaul, K. D. (1989). Hormonal response to competition in human males. Aggressive Behavior, 15(6), 409–422; Mazur, A., Booth, A., & Dabbs, J. M. (1992). Testosterone and chess competition. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55(1), 70–77. and perhaps this is why excited soccer fans sometimes riot when their team wins. Recent research has also begun to document the role that female sex hormones may play in reactions to others. A study about hormonal influences on social-cognitive functioning (Macrae, Alnwick, Milne, & Schloerscheidt, 2002) Macrae, C. N., Alnwick, K. A., Milne, A. B., & Schloerscheidt, A. M. (2002). Person perception across the menstrual cycle: Hormonal influences on social-cognitive functioning. Psychological Science, 13(6), 532–536. found that women were more easily able to perceive and categorize male faces during the more fertile phases of their menstrual cycles. Although researchers did not directly measure the presence of hormones, it is likely that phase-specific hormonal differences influenced the women’s perceptions. At this point you can begin to see the important role the hormones play in behavior. But the hormones we have reviewed in this section represent only a subset of the many influences that hormones have on our behaviors. In the chapters to come we will consider the important roles that hormones play in many other behaviors, including sleeping, sexual activity, and helping and harming others. Key Takeaways The body uses both electrical and chemical systems to create homeostasis. The CNS is made up of bundles of nerves that carry messages to and from the PNS The peripheral nervous system is composed of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The ANS is further divided into the sympathetic (activating) and parasympathetic (calming) nervous systems. These divisions are activated by glands and organs in the endocrine system. Specific nerves, including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons, each have specific functions. The spinal cord may bypass the brain by responding rapidly using reflexes. The pituitary gland is a master gland, affecting many other glands. Hormones produced by the pituitary and adrenal glands regulate growth, stress, sexual functions, and chemical balance in the body. The adrenal glands produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, the hormones responsible for our reactions to stress. The sex hormones, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone, play an important role in sex differences. Exercises and Critical Thinking Recall a time when you were threatened or stressed. What physiological reactions did you experience in the situation, and what aspects of the endocrine system do you think created those reactions? Consider the emotions that you have experienced over the past several weeks. What hormones do you think might have been involved in creating those emotions?	msmarco_doc_00_11023448	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
282933	1	how many electrons are there in a phosphorus atom?	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s05-06-arrangements-of-electrons.html	Arrangements of Electrons	2.6 Arrangements of Electrons 2.6 Arrangements of Electrons Learning Objective Example 7 Skill-Building Exercise Example 8 Skill-Building Exercise Answers Key Takeaway Exercises Answers	Arrangements of Electrons 2.6 Arrangements of Electrons Learning Objective Describe how electrons are grouped within atoms. Although we have discussed the general arrangement of subatomic particles in atoms, we have said little about how electrons occupy the space about the nucleus. Do they move around the nucleus at random, or do they exist in some ordered arrangement? The modern theory of electron behavior is called quantum mechanics The modern theory of electron behavior. . It makes the following statements about electrons in atoms: Electrons in atoms can have only certain specific energies. We say that the energies of the electrons are quantized Having a fixed value. . Electrons are organized according to their energies into sets called shells A grouping of electrons within an atom. . Generally the higher the energy of a shell, the farther it is (on average) from the nucleus. Shells do not have specific, fixed distances from the nucleus, but an electron in a higher-energy shell will spend more time farther from the nucleus than does an electron in a lower-energy shell. Shells are further divided into subsets of electrons called subshells A grouping of electrons within a shell. . The first shell has only one subshell, the second shell has two subshells, the third shell has three subshells, and so on. The subshells of each shell are labeled, in order, with the letters s, p, d, and f. Thus, the first shell has only an s subshell, the second shell has an s and a p subshell, the third shell has s, p, and d subshells, and so forth. Different subshells hold a different maximum number of electrons. Any s subshell can hold up to 2 electrons; p, 6; d, 10; and f, 14. It is the arrangement of electrons into shells and subshells that most concerns us here, so we will focus on that. We use numbers to indicate which shell an electron is in. The first shell, closest to the nucleus and with the lowest-energy electrons, is shell 1. This first shell has only one subshell, which is labeled s and can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. We combine the shell and subshell labels when referring to the organization of electrons about a nucleus and use a superscript to indicate how many electrons are in a subshell. Thus, because a hydrogen atom has its single electron in the s subshell of the first shell, we use 1 s1 to describe the electronic structure of hydrogen. This structure is called an electron configuration A shorthand description of the arrangement of electrons in an atom. . Electron configurations are shorthand descriptions of the arrangements of electrons in atoms. The electron configuration of a hydrogen atom is spoken out loud as “one-ess-one.” Helium atoms have 2 electrons. Both electrons fit into the 1 s subshell because s subshells can hold up to 2 electrons; therefore, the electron configuration for helium atoms is 1 s2 (spoken as “one-ess-two”). The 1 s subshell cannot hold 3 electrons (because an s subshell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons), so the electron configuration for a lithium atom cannot be 1 s3. Two of the lithium electrons can fit into the 1 s subshell, but the third electron must go into the second shell. The second shell has two subshells, s and p, which fill with electrons in that order. The 2 s subshell holds a maximum of 2 electrons, and the 2 p subshell holds a maximum of 6 electrons. Because lithium’s final electron goes into the 2 s subshell, we write the electron configuration of a lithium atom as 1 s2 2 s1. The next largest atom, beryllium, has 4 electrons, so its electron configuration is 1 s2 2 s2. Now that the 2 s subshell is filled, electrons in larger atoms start filling the 2 p subshell. Thus, the electron configurations for the next six atoms are as follows: B: 1 s2 2 s2 2 p1 C: 1 s2 2 s2 2 p2 N: 1 s2 2 s2 2 p3 O: 1 s2 2 s2 2 p4 F: 1 s2 2 s2 2 p5 Ne: 1 s2 2 s2 2 p6 With neon, the 2 p subshell is completely filled. Because the second shell has only two subshells, atoms with more electrons now must begin the third shell. The third shell has three subshells, labeled s, p, and d. The d subshell can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. The first two subshells of the third shell are filled in order—for example, the electron configuration of aluminum, with 13 electrons, is 1 s2 2 s2 2 p6 3 s2 3 p1. However, a curious thing happens after the 3 p subshell is filled: the 4 s subshell begins to fill before the 3 d subshell does. In fact, the exact ordering of subshells becomes more complicated at this point (after argon, with its 18 electrons), so we will not consider the electron configurations of larger atoms. A fourth subshell, the f subshell, is needed to complete the electron configurations for all elements. An f subshell can hold up to 14 electrons. Example 7 What is the electron configuration of a neutral phosphorus atom? Solution A neutral phosphorus atom has 15 electrons. Two electrons can go into the 1 s subshell, 2 can go into the 2 s subshell, and 6 can go into the 2 p subshell. That leaves 5 electrons. Of those 5 electrons, 2 can go into the 3 s subshell, and the remaining 3 electrons can go into the 3 p subshell. Thus, the electron configuration of neutral phosphorus atoms is 1 s2 2 s2 2 p6 3 s2 3 p3. Skill-Building Exercise What is the electron configuration of a neutral chlorine atom? Chemistry results from interactions between the outermost shells of electrons on different atoms. Thus, it is convenient to separate electrons into two groups. Valence shell electrons An electron in the highest-numbered shell of an atom. (or, more simply, the valence electrons) are the electrons in the highest-numbered shell, or valence shell The highest-numbered shell of an atom that contains electrons. , while core electrons An electron in a lower-numbered shell of an atom. are the electrons in lower-numbered shells. We can see from the electron configuration of a carbon atom—1 s2 2 s2 2 p2 —that it has 4 valence electrons (2 s2 2 p2) and 2 core electrons (1 s2 ). Example 8 From the electron configuration of neutral phosphorus atoms in Example 7, how many valence electrons and how many core electrons does a neutral phosphorus atom have? Solution The highest-numbered shell is the third shell, which has 2 electrons in the 3 s subshell and 3 electrons in the 3 p subshell. That gives a total of 5 electrons, so neutral phosphorus atoms have 5 valence electrons. The 10 remaining electrons, from the first and second shells, are core electrons. Skill-Building Exercise From the electron configuration of neutral chlorine atoms (see the Skill-Building Exercise following Example 7), how many valence electrons and how many core electrons does a neutral chlorine atom have? Answers Electrons are organized into shells and subshells around nuclei. The electron configuration states the arrangement of electrons in shells and subshells. Valence electrons are in the highest-numbered shell; all other electrons are core electrons. Key Takeaway Electrons are organized into shells and subshells about the nucleus of an atom. Exercises What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in an s subshell? Does it matter what shell the s subshell is in? What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in a p subshell? Does it matter what shell the p subshell is in? What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in a d subshell? Does it matter what shell the d subshell is in? What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in an f subshell? Does it matter what shell the f subshell is in? What is the electron configuration of a carbon atom? What is the electron configuration of a sulfur atom? What is the valence shell electron configuration of a calcium atom? What is the valence shell electron configuration of a selenium atom? What atom has the electron configuration 1 s2 2 s2 2 p5? What atom has the electron configuration 1 s2 2 s2 2 p6 3 s2 3 p3? Draw a representation of the electronic structure of an oxygen atom. Draw a representation of the electronic structure of a phosphorus atom. A potassium atom has ____ core electrons and ____ valence electrons. A silicon atom has ____ core electrons and ____ valence electrons. Answers 2; no 10; no 1 s2 2 s2 2 p2 4 s2 fluorine 18; 1	msmarco_doc_00_11760799	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
128118	1	define the law of conservation of matter	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s08-01-the-law-of-conservation-of-mat.html	The Law of Conservation of Matter	5.1 The Law of Conservation of Matter 5.1 The Law of Conservation of Matter Learning Objectives Answers Key Takeaway Exercises Answer	The Law of Conservation of Matter 5.1 The Law of Conservation of Matter Learning Objectives Correctly define a law as it pertains to science. State the law of conservation of matter. In science, a law A general statement that explains a large number of observations. is a general statement that explains a large number of observations. Before being accepted, a law must be verified many times under many conditions. Laws are therefore considered the highest form of scientific knowledge and are generally thought to be inviolable. Scientific laws form the core of scientific knowledge. One scientific law that provides the foundation for understanding in chemistry is the law of conservation of matter In any given system that is closed to the transfer of matter (in and out), the amount of matter in the system stays constant. . It states that in any given system that is closed to the transfer of matter (in and out), the amount of matter in the system stays constant. A concise way of expressing this law is to say that the amount of matter in a system is conserved. What does this mean for chemistry? In any chemical change, one or more initial substances change into a different substance or substances. Both the initial and final substances are composed of atoms because all matter is composed of atoms. According to the law of conservation of matter, matter is neither created nor destroyed, so we must have the same number and type of atoms after the chemical change as were present before the chemical change. Before looking at explicit examples of the law of conservation of matter, we need to examine the method chemists use to represent chemical changes. Answers The law of conservation of matter states that in any given system that is closed to the transfer of matter, the amount of matter in the system stays constant The law of conservation of matter says that in chemical reactions, the total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactants. Key Takeaway The amount of matter in a closed system is conserved. Exercises Express the law of conservation of matter in your own words. Explain why the concept of conservation of matter is considered a scientific law. Answer Matter may not be created or destroyed.	msmarco_doc_00_11849524	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
834593	1	what is the name of energy currency found in the cell	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s23-01-atp-the-universal-energy-curre.html	ATP—the Universal Energy Currency	20.1 ATP—the Universal Energy Currency 20.1 ATP—the Universal Energy Currency Learning Objective Note Answer Key Takeaway Exercises Answers	ATP—the Universal Energy Currency 20.1 ATP—the Universal Energy Currency Learning Objective Describe the importance of ATP as a source of energy in living organisms. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, is perhaps the most important of the so-called energy-rich compounds in a cell. Its concentration in the cell varies from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/mL of cell fluid. Energy-rich compounds are substances having particular structural features that lead to a release of energy after hydrolysis. As a result, these compounds are able to supply energy for biochemical processes that require energy. The structural feature important in ATP is the phosphoric acid anhydride, or pyrophosphate, linkage: The pyrophosphate bond, symbolized by a squiggle (~), is hydrolyzed when ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In this hydrolysis reaction, the products contain less energy than the reactants; there is a release of energy (> 7 kcal/mol). One reason for the amount of energy released is that hydrolysis relieves the electron-electron repulsions experienced by the negatively charged phosphate groups when they are bonded to each other ( Figure 20.3 "Hydrolysis of ATP to Form ADP" ). Figure 20.3 Hydrolysis of ATP to Form ADP Energy is released because the products (ADP and phosphate ion) have less energy than the reactants [ATP and water (H 2 O)]. The general equation for ATP hydrolysis is as follows: ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + 7.4 kcal/mol If the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy, its synthesis (from ADP) requires energy. In the cell, ATP is produced by those processes that supply energy to the organism (absorption of radiant energy from the sun in green plants and breakdown of food in animals), and it is hydrolyzed by those processes that require energy (the syntheses of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins; the transmission of nerve impulses; muscle contractions). In fact, ATP is the principal medium of energy exchange in biological systems. Many scientists call it the energy currency of cells. Note P i is the symbol for the inorganic phosphate anions H 2 PO 4− and HPO 42−. ATP is not the only high-energy compound needed for metabolism. Several others are listed in Table 20.1 "Energy Released by Hydrolysis of Some Phosphate Compounds". Notice, however, that the energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed is approximately midway between those of the high-energy and the low-energy phosphate compounds. This means that the hydrolysis of ATP can provide energy for the phosphorylation of the compounds below it in the table. For example, the hydrolysis of ATP provides sufficient energy for the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose 1-phosphate. By the same token, the hydrolysis of compounds, such as creatine phosphate, that appear above ATP in the table can provide the energy needed to resynthesize ATP from ADP. Table 20.1 Energy Released by Hydrolysis of Some Phosphate Compounds Type Example Energy Released (kcal/mol) acyl phosphate 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) −11.8 acetyl phosphate −11.3 guanidine phosphates creatine phosphate −10.3 arginine phosphate −9.1 pyrophosphates PP i* → 2P i −7.8 ATP → AMP + PP i −7.7 ATP → ADP + P i −7.5 ADP → AMP + P i −7.5 sugar phosphates glucose 1-phosphate −5.0 fructose 6-phosphate −3.8 AMP → adenosine + P i −3.4 glucose 6-phosphate −3.3 glycerol 3-phosphate −2.2 *PPi is the pyrophosphate ion. Answer ATP is the principal molecule involved in energy exchange reactions in biological systems. Key Takeaway The hydrolysis of ATP releases energy that can be used for cellular processes that require energy. Exercises How do ATP and ADP differ in structure? Why does the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP involve the release of energy? Identify whether each compound would be classified as a high-energy phosphate compound. ATP glucose 6-phosphate creatine phosphate Identify whether each compound would be classified as a high-energy phosphate compound. ADP AMP glucose 1-phosphate Answers ATP has a triphosphate group attached, while ADP has only a diphosphate group attached. yes no yes	msmarco_doc_00_12043511	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
191012	1	formation of atp catabolism	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/introduction-to-chemistry-general-organic-and-biological/s23-02-stage-i-of-catabolism.html	Stage I of Catabolism	20.2 Stage I of Catabolism 20.2 Stage I of Catabolism Learning Objective Digestion of Carbohydrates Digestion of Proteins Note Digestion of Lipids Answers Key Takeaways Exercises Answers	Stage I of Catabolism 20.2 Stage I of Catabolism Learning Objective Describe how carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down during digestion. We have said that animals obtain chemical energy from the food—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—they eat through reactions defined collectively as catabolism. We can think of catabolism as occurring in three stages ( Figure 20.4 "Energy Conversions" ). In stage I, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down into their individual monomer units: carbohydrates into simple sugars, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids. One part of stage I of catabolism is the breakdown of food molecules by hydrolysis reactions into the individual monomer units—which occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine—and is referred to as digestion The breakdown of food molecules by hydrolysis reactions into the individual monomer units in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. . In stage II, these monomer units (or building blocks) are further broken down through different reaction pathways, one of which produces ATP, to form a common end product that can then be used in stage III to produce even more ATP. In this chapter, we will look at each stage of catabolism—as an overview and in detail. Figure 20.4 Energy Conversions The conversion of food into cellular energy (as ATP) occurs in three stages. Digestion of Carbohydrates Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth ( Figure 20.5 "The Principal Events and Sites of Carbohydrate Digestion" ), where salivary α-amylase attacks the α-glycosidic linkages in starch, the main carbohydrate ingested by humans. Cleavage of the glycosidic linkages produces a mixture of dextrins, maltose, and glucose. (For more information about carbohydrates, see Chapter 16 "Carbohydrates" .) The α-amylase mixed into the food remains active as the food passes through the esophagus, but it is rapidly inactivated in the acidic environment of the stomach. Figure 20.5 The Principal Events and Sites of Carbohydrate Digestion The primary site of carbohydrate digestion is the small intestine. The secretion of α-amylase in the small intestine converts any remaining starch molecules, as well as the dextrins, to maltose. Maltose is then cleaved into two glucose molecules by maltase. Disaccharides such as sucrose and lactose are not digested until they reach the small intestine, where they are acted on by sucrase and lactase, respectively. The major products of the complete hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides are three monosaccharide units: glucose, fructose, and galactose. These are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Digestion of Proteins Protein digestion begins in the stomach ( Figure 20.6 "The Principal Events and Sites of Protein Digestion" ), where the action of gastric juice hydrolyzes about 10% of the peptide bonds. Gastric juice A mixture of water, inorganic ions, hydrochloric acid, and various enzymes and proteins found in the stomach. is a mixture of water (more than 99%), inorganic ions, hydrochloric acid, and various enzymes and other proteins. Note The pain of a gastric ulcer is at least partially due to irritation of the ulcerated tissue by acidic gastric juice. Figure 20.6 The Principal Events and Sites of Protein Digestion The hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice is secreted by glands in the stomach lining. The pH of freshly secreted gastric juice is about 1.0, but the contents of the stomach may raise the pH to between 1.5 and 2.5. HCl helps to denature food proteins; that is, it unfolds the protein molecules to expose their chains to more efficient enzyme action. The principal digestive component of gastric juice is pepsinogen, an inactive enzyme produced in cells located in the stomach wall. When food enters the stomach after a period of fasting, pepsinogen is converted to its active form—pepsin—in a series of steps initiated by the drop in pH. Pepsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide linkages within protein molecules. It has a fairly broad specificity but acts preferentially on linkages involving the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, as well as methionine and leucine. Protein digestion is completed in the small intestine. Pancreatic juice, carried from the pancreas via the pancreatic duct, contains inactive enzymes such as trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. They are activated in the small intestine as follows ( Figure 20.7 "Activation of Some Pancreatic Enzymes in the Small Intestine" ): The intestinal mucosal cells secrete the proteolytic enzyme enteropeptidase, which converts trypsinogen to trypsin; trypsin then activates chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin (and also completes the activation of trypsinogen). Both of these active enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in protein chains. Chymotrypsin preferentially attacks peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine). Trypsin attacks peptide bonds involving the carboxyl groups of the basic amino acids (lysine and arginine). Pancreatic juice also contains procarboxypeptidase, which is cleaved by trypsin to carboxypeptidase. The latter is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide linkages at the free carboxyl end of the peptide chain, resulting in the stepwise liberation of free amino acids from the carboxyl end of the polypeptide. Figure 20.7 Activation of Some Pancreatic Enzymes in the Small Intestine Aminopeptidases in the intestinal juice remove amino acids from the N-terminal end of peptides and proteins possessing a free amino group. Figure 20.8 "Hydrolysis of a Peptide by Several Peptidases" illustrates the specificity of these protein-digesting enzymes. The amino acids that are released by protein digestion are absorbed across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system, where they can be used for protein synthesis. Figure 20.8 Hydrolysis of a Peptide by Several Peptidases This diagram illustrates where in a peptide the different peptidases we have discussed would catalyze hydrolysis the peptide bonds. Digestion of Lipids Lipid digestion begins in the upper portion of the small intestine ( Figure 20.9 "The Principal Events and Sites of Lipid (Primarily Triglyceride) Digestion" ). A hormone secreted in this region stimulates the gallbladder to discharge bile into the duodenum. The principal constituents of bile are the bile salts, which emulsify large, water-insoluble lipid droplets, disrupting some of the hydrophobic interactions holding the lipid molecules together and suspending the resulting smaller globules (micelles) in the aqueous digestive medium. (For more information on bile salts, see Chapter 17 "Lipids", Section 17.4 "Steroids" .) These changes greatly increase the surface area of the lipid particles, allowing for more intimate contact with the lipases and thus rapid digestion of the fats. Another hormone promotes the secretion of pancreatic juice, which contains these enzymes. Figure 20.9 The Principal Events and Sites of Lipid (Primarily Triglyceride) Digestion The lipases in pancreatic juice catalyze the digestion of triglycerides first to diglycerides and then to 2‑monoglycerides and fatty acids: The monoglycerides and fatty acids cross the intestinal lining into the bloodstream, where they are resynthesized into triglycerides and transported as lipoprotein complexes known as chylomicrons. Phospholipids and cholesteryl esters undergo similar hydrolysis in the small intestine, and their component molecules are also absorbed through the intestinal lining. The further metabolism of monosaccharides, fatty acids, and amino acids released in stage I of catabolism occurs in stages II and III of catabolism. Answers Pepsinogen is an inactive form of pepsin; pepsin is the active form of the enzyme. Both enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. Chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds following aromatic amino acids, while trypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds following lysine and arginine. Aminopeptidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of amino acids from the N-terminal end of a protein, while carboxypeptidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of amino acids from the C-terminal end of a protein. glucose, fructose, and galactose monoglycerides and fatty acids amino acids the small intestine Key Takeaways During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides, proteins are broken down into amino acids, and triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Most of the digestion reactions occur in the small intestine. Exercises What are the products of digestion (or stage I of catabolism)? What is the general type of reaction used in digestion? Give the site of action and the function of each enzyme. chymotrypsin lactase pepsin maltase Give the site of action and the function of each enzyme. α-amylase trypsin sucrase aminopeptidase What is the meaning of the following statement? “Bile salts act to emulsify lipids in the small intestine.” Why is emulsification important? Using chemical equations, describe the chemical changes that triglycerides undergo during digestion. What are the expected products from the enzymatic action of chymotrypsin on each amino acid segment? gly-ala-phe-thr-leu ala-ile-tyr-ser-arg val-trp-arg-leu-cys What are the expected products from the enzymatic action of trypsin on each amino acid segment? leu-thr-glu-lys-ala phe-arg-ala-leu-val ala-arg-glu-trp-lys Answers proteins: amino acids; carbohydrates: monosaccharides; fats: fatty acids and glycerol Chymotrypsin is found in the small intestine and catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds following aromatic amino acids. Lactase is found in the small intestine and catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose. Pepsin is found in the stomach and catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, primarily those that occur after aromatic amino acids. Maltase is found in the small intestine and catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose. Bile salts aid in digestion by dispersing lipids throughout the aqueous solution in the small intestine. Emulsification is important because lipids are not soluble in water; it breaks lipids up into smaller particles that can be more readily hydrolyzed by lipases. gly-ala-phe and thr-leu ala-ile-tyr and ser-arg val-trp and arg-leu-cys	msmarco_doc_00_12048224	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1016102	1	which of these countries is part of insular southeast asia	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/regional-geography-of-the-world-globalization-people-and-places/s14-03-the-insular-region-islands-of-.html	The Insular Region (Islands of Southeast Asia)	11.3 The Insular Region (Islands of Southeast Asia) 11.3 The Insular Region (Islands of Southeast Asia) Learning Objectives Malaysia Diversity of Culture and Ethnicity in Malaysia Economic Development in Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Brunei The Philippines Environmental Forces Political Geography Cultural Geography The Global Economy and Outsourcing Jeepneys East Timor (Timor-Leste) Key Takeaways Discussion and Study Questions Geography Exercise	The Insular Region (Islands of Southeast Asia) 11.3 The Insular Region (Islands of Southeast Asia) Learning Objectives Summarize the economic development of each of the countries in this section. Understand that Malaysia is divided between the Malay Peninsula and the island of Borneo. Outline how the structured island nation of Singapore became an economic tiger. Describe the physical geography of Indonesia and the population dynamics of the island of Java. Summarize the cultural characteristics of the Philippines. Learn why this country is a popular destination for business process outsourcing (BPO). The insular region of Southeast Asia includes the countries of Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Of the Southeast Asian countries, East Timor most recently gained its independence, as was mentioned in the previous lesson. In comparing these island nations, extensive diversity in all aspects will be found. There are major differences in cultural, economic, and political dynamics, and in the ethnic groups that make up the dominant majorities in each. There is also a high level of linguistic and religious diversity. The physical geography varies from island to island; some have high mountain relief and others are low-lying and relatively flat. Active tectonic plate action in the region causes earthquakes and volcanic activity, resulting in destruction of infrastructure and loss of life; both acutely impact human activities. Economic forces continue to prompt the countries of Southeast Asia to enter into trade relationships that integrate them with global networks based on dependency and reliance. The old colonial powers may no longer control them politically but may affect them economically. The new dynamics of corporate colonialism, with their economic power located in the core economic regions, still seek to exploit the countries of Southeast Asia for their labor and resources. These Asian nations are working to develop their own economies and use their own labor and resources to gain national wealth and increase the standard of living for their people. Each country has to contend with globalization forces within the international network of economic relationships. Malaysia Malaysia is a country made up of various British colonies that came together as a federation and then became an independent country. Britain started establishing colonies in the region in the late 1700s. The two main areas include the western colonies on the Malay Peninsula and the eastern colonies on the island of Borneo. The western settlements were part of the Malay Peninsula, which included the colonies of Pinang and Singapore. Eventually, the British took control of the eastern colonies of Brunei, Sarawak, and Sabah on the island of Borneo. In 1957, the western colonies on the mainland peninsula broke from their British colonizers and became an independent country called the Federation of Malaya. In 1963, the British Borneo colonies of Sarawak and Sabah joined the Federation of Malaya to form the current country, which is called Malaysia. In 1965, Singapore broke off from Malaysia and became an independent country. Brunei, which was still a British protectorate, became independent in 1984. Malaysia has two main land areas separated by the South China Sea. The regions of Sarawak and Sabah, on the island of Borneo, are called East Malaysia; the mainland on the Malay Peninsula is called West Malaysia. These regions have similar physical landscapes, which include coastal plains with nearby densely forested foothills and mountains. The highest mountains, rising 13,436 feet, are in East Malaysia on the island of Borneo. Located near the equator, Malaysia has a tropical Type A climate with monsoons regularly occurring from October to February. Figure 11.12 Provinces in East and West Malaysia Diversity of Culture and Ethnicity in Malaysia Malaysia’s culture is diverse in that several major religions are practiced within its borders. Islam is considered the official religion and is supported by at least 60 percent of the population. About 20 percent of the people are Buddhists, 10 percent Christians, and 6 percent Hindu. The remaining percentages of the population include traditional Chinese religions and local tribal beliefs. In this Islamic country, there are concerns that Muslims get preferential treatment by government programs and policies. There are even special judicial legal courts for Muslims only to work out issues regarding marriage, custody, inheritance, or other conflicting Islamic issues regarding faith and obligation. This court only hears Islamic issues and no other legal matters. There have been movements by minority extremist groups that would like to see Malaysia shift toward a true Islamic state, complete with the Sharia Criminal Code as the law of the land. The movement, however, has been cracked down on by the government. Since the 9-11 incident in the United States, there has been more concern about extremist religious views. People of Malay ethnic background make up more than 50 percent of the population. People of Chinese descent are the second-largest group at about 24 percent. An additional 11 percent of the population is made up of indigenous groups. During British colonialism, a number of people from South Asia were brought to Malaysia. For example, Tamils were brought from India to work the plantations. Their Hindu beliefs were infused into the culture and some Tamils also converted to Christianity. Sikhs were brought from South Asia to help Britain run the country as police, soldiers, or security officers. The Sikhs who came brought their religion with them, which added to the multireligious dynamics of the country. Figure 11.13 The Tuaran Road of Kota Kinabala City in Malaysia during a Time of Slow Traffic Notice that the cars are driving on the same side of the road as they would be in Great Britain, Malaysia’s former colonizer. Source: Photo courtesy of thienzieyung, http://www.flickr.com/photos/thienzieyung/4693359106. Malaysia’s diverse ethnic and cultural mix often results in strong centrifugal forces that push and pull on the societal dynamics of the country. China has been active in the business community and has established strong economic ties with regional countries that have Chinese populations. The single largest minority group in the province of Sarawak on Borneo is Chinese. As a minority group, Chinese citizens of Malaysia have felt discrimination. Since the official language is Malay and the official religion is Islam, there have been concerns about discrimination against all minority groups. Working through the cultural and ethnic diversity has been a major challenge for the country. Each minority religious or ethnic group desires to celebrate its own special holidays. For example, there is the usual New Year’s celebration on January 1, and then there is the traditional fifteen-day Chinese New Year celebration celebrated at a different time of the year. Sikhs celebrate the Sikh New Year. Buddhists celebrate a holiday in honor of the life and enlightenment of Buddha. Christians celebrate Christmas and Easter. Many other holidays of significance are respected or honored by various minority groups. Economic Development in Malaysia Malaysia has rapidly advanced its economy in recent decades and is modernizing its infrastructure—roads, bridges, highways, and urban facilities. In the capital city, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia built a modern central business district with a twin high-rise office building claimed to be the world’s tallest at the time of construction. Before the global economic downturn that started in 2007, Malaysia had developed a fast-growing economy and was industrializing at a rapid rate. Malaysia has taken advantage of its location on a major shipping lane and has shifted to manufacturing as an important sector of its economy. The country has been a leader in the export of natural resources such as tin, rubber, and palm oil and has developed its agricultural and extractive sectors to gain income. The 1980s and 1990s were prosperous times for the country and it matured its manufacturing base from light textiles into electronics and heavy industries. One aspect of the country that is looming on the horizon and may cause problems is the high population growth rate. In 2010, Malaysia’s population was estimated at more than twenty-five million, with a doubling time of about forty years. Though the country is 70 percent urban, family size (fertility rate) is still at about 3.0, which indicates an increasing population growth pattern. One-third of the population is under the age of fifteen. Malaysia is one case where the general principle that if a country urbanizes and industrializes the family size will go down has not taken place fast enough. The fertility rate has dropped from 5.0 to 3.0, but it needs to get below a rate of about 2.0 if the country is going to successfully stabilize its population growth. Unless the country addresses this population growth, the demand for resources might outstrip economic progress in the future. Singapore Under British colonial rule, the island of Singapore was included in the Malaysian federation. It broke away and became independent in 1965. It is a small island measuring about thirty miles long at its widest point. Singapore is about two hundred forty square miles in area. Singapore’s most valuable resource is its relative location. Singapore is similar to Hong Kong in its development. With a good port, Singapore is a hub for ships sailing between Europe and China. It serves Southeast Asia as an entrepôt A break-of-bulk point where large shipments arrive and are broken down into smaller shipments for delivery to local regions on smaller transportation systems. , or break-of-bulk point, where goods are offloaded from large ships and transported to smaller vessels for distribution to the Southeast Asian community. Figure 11.14 Singapore and Neighboring Countries Singapore has made good strategic utilization of its geographic location by serving as a distribution center for goods and materials processed in the region. Crude oil from Indonesia is unloaded and refined here. Raw materials are shipped in, manufactured into finished products, and then shipped out to global markets. Since Singapore is small, it has had to concentrate on manufacturing goods that provide for optimal profits. As an economic tiger, Singapore has transitioned through the same stages as Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong to become an economic power in Southeast Asia. To keep labor costs low, initial manufactured products were textiles, clothing, and cheap goods. As incomes and labor skills rose, so did the complexity of the manufactured goods. The government of Singapore has targeted certain types of products to ensure a high profit margin and a global market need. This has included automation equipment, biotechnology, and high-end information technologies. Singapore doesn’t manufacture automobiles but it does manufacture automation robotic components that most modern auto manufactures will purchase and use. Medical technology is expensive and is in high demand the world over. Singapore is targeting this market. The information age has spawned new technologies that are evolving rapidly and, once again, Singapore has been at the center of this industry. Singapore has been a center for the production of computer disc drives for a multitude of global corporations. Singapore Island is a swampy place with no natural resources. All production components, food goods, construction materials, and energy must be imported. Importing everything has raised the cost of living. To compete with the other Asian economic tigers in the global marketplace, Singapore has implemented severe control measures on its operations. There are harsh penalties for criminal activities and for even misdemeanor offenses. Singapore is a safe place to live because of its strict state rules. It has an authoritarian government, which strives to create an attractive place for international corporations to operate. One of the objectives is to eliminate corruption and establish a business-friendly environment. Figure 11.15 Singapore’s Modern Development Modern high-rise office buildings fill the central business district of Singapore. The administrative district can be seen in the foreground complete with British colonial architecture, established when Singapore was a British colony. © Thinkstock The government of Singapore has entered into trade agreements with two of its neighbors to provide raw materials and cheap labor. A trade triangle Three-way trade agreement between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia where each country contributes what it can provide and receives what the other countries have to offer. has been established between Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Malaysia and Indonesia provide Singapore with raw materials and cheap labor; Singapore provides its neighbors with technical know-how and financial support. Everyone benefits. Singapore is an excellent example of the upper end of the economic spectrum in Southeast Asia. Countries like Laos or Vietnam would be at the opposite end, since they have a largely rural population based on agriculture that is just beginning to shift to the cities with industrialization. Singapore is already 100 percent urban with high incomes based on high-tech manufacturing and processing of raw materials. Singapore is an economic hub for Southeast Asia, complete with global airline connections and is located on a major shipping lane. Singapore’s world-class port is one of the busiest in Asia. The rest of Southeast Asia is somewhere in between these two ends of the spectrum as far as economic development is concerned. Indonesia The country of Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago state, consisting of more than 17,500 islands, about one-third of which are inhabited. Indonesia is the sixteenth-largest country in the world by area. The combined area of all the islands and regions of Indonesia would equal about the size of the country of Mexico. The country shares land borders with the Borneo side of Malaysia, the western half of the island of Timor, and the western portion of the island of New Guinea, which is shared with the country of Papua New Guinea. The country’s location on both sides of the equator provides a tropical Type A climate, complete with a monsoon season. Average rainfall can vary from seventy to two hundred forty inches per year. The highest mountain is in West Papua and rises to about 16,024 feet. Indonesia is located on the Pacific Rim, where tectonic plate activity produces earthquakes and volcanic activity. The country is home to over one hundred fifty active volcanoes, including two of the most famous ones, Krakatoa and Tambora. Both had devastating eruptions in the past two centuries. One of the most violent volcanic explosions ever recorded in human history came from Krakatoa, which is located between the islands of Java and Sumatra. A series of eruptions in 1883 were heard as far away as the coast of Africa. Shockwaves reverberated around the globe seven times. Ash erupted into the atmosphere to a height of about fifty miles. The official death toll was 36,417, but estimates from local sources place it as high as 120,000. Global temperatures fell by about 2 °F, and weather patterns were disrupted for the next five years. Krakatoa remains active. Over the past few decades, the volcanic peak has been growing at the average rate of about five inches per week. Figure 11.16 Major Islands and the Thirty-Three National Provinces of Indonesia Source: Updated from map courtesy of Golbez, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indonesia_provinces_english.png. The tropical climate and the archipelago nature of the country provide for enormous biodiversity within the environment. Second only to Brazil in its biodiversity, Indonesia is host to an enormous number of unique plants and animals. The habitats of many of these creatures are being encroached upon by human activity. The remote islands have more of a chance of escaping habitat devastation and remaining intact, but agricultural and extractive economic activities have converted much of the natural environment into a cultural landscape that is not conducive to environmental sustainability. Animals such as orangutans are losing their natural forests and may become extinct if current trends continue. The timber industry has brought about deforestation. Slash and burn agriculture has destroyed forest habitat, and human development patterns such as roads and urbanization have altered the ecosystems of the region. According to recent reports, Indonesia is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide in the world because of the high number of forest fires set each year. In 2009, the United States brokered a deal with Indonesia to forgive thirty million dollars of its debt if the country would work to protect forests on the island of Sumatra, which is home to endangered indigenous animals such as tigers, elephants, rhinos, and orangutans. In 2010, the estimated population of Indonesia was about 245 million. Indonesia has the fourth-largest population of any country in the world, after the United States, India, and China. Indonesia also has more Muslims than any other country in the world. More than half the population of Indonesia lives on Java, the island where Jakarta, the capital city, is located. Java is the most populous island in the world, and has a population density of more than 2,400 people per square mile. Java is the size in area of the US state of Louisiana. Java has 135 million people, whereas Louisiana has 4.5 million people. Jakarta is a world-class city that is larger than New York City and encompasses a large metropolitan area, complete with many manufacturing centers, business complexes, and housing districts. The many islands of Indonesia are home to a large number of diverse ethnic and religious groups that vary as widely as any Southeast Asian nation. There may be as many as three hundred different and distinct ethnic groups in Indonesia. Many of the ethnic groups are further divided by islands or distance. More than two hundred fifty separate languages and hundreds of additional dialects are spoken. There are an estimated seven hundred fifty languages spoken on the island of New Guinea itself, with hundreds of them spoken on the Indonesian side of the island, in a population of less than three million. The most prevalent language group in the country as a whole is Javanese, which is spoken by about 42 percent of the population. Javanese includes the official language of Indonesian, which is taught in schools and used in business and politics as the lingua franca of the country. Many people speak more than one language or even a number of languages to communicate throughout the country. Islam was diffused to Indonesia in the thirteenth century and by the sixteenth century had become the dominant religion. The Indonesian constitution allows for religious freedom, although more than 85 percent of the population follows Islam. There are at least four other religions that are officially recognized: Christianity (both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism), Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Since Islam is followed by such a large percentage of the population, the other religions do not carry the same influence. Regional and ethnic differences play a role in the varied religious dynamics. The island of Bali, for example, is home to a majority Hindu population. Most of the Buddhists are ethnically Chinese, and they only make up a small percentage of the population. Christians and Muslims have had conflicts on the island of Sulawesi. It is common to find the practice of these religions less than orthodox in the more rural communities of the country. Figure 11.17 Skyline of Jakarta, the Capital of Indonesia Jakarta has a population of about ten million and is located on the island of Java. Java has more than 135 million people and has about the same physical area as the US state of Louisiana, which has about 4.5 million people. Java has more people than any other island in the world. © Thinkstock In spite of the diversity within the population, the country of Indonesia has established a substantial degree of nationalism as a centripetal force that holds the country together. There is a relatively high degree of stability in spite of the surface tensions or ethnic and religious conflicts that may erupt. An example of the social tensions is demonstrated in the case of Chinese citizens of Indonesia, who only make up about 1 percent of the population but impart a substantial influence over the privately owned business sector of the economy. This seemingly inequitable relationship has resulted in considerable resentment by other portions of the population, often with violent results. The many islands have become natural divisions between cultural groups. Some of the islands—or portions of them—have attempted to break away in a devolutionary manner and become independent countries. Just as East Timor became independent, the most western province of Aceh on the island of Sumatra had a similar movement toward independence. West Papua on the island of New Guinea has also had an independence movement. The Aceh situation was negotiated out while the West Papua movement has been suppressed by military and political force. Many of the islands possess large amounts of natural resources, so the country of Indonesia does not want to lose these national assets that could prove valuable in gaining wealth for the future. It is not easy to create national unity with such a diverse population scattered throughout such a large archipelago. Agriculture has been the historic base of the Indonesian economy. In 2010, it accounted for about 13 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). Agriculture is the largest employment sector—approximately 42 percent of the workforce. This equates to more than half of the population being rural. Many of the agricultural methods in rural areas are traditional; for example, farmers use water buffalo or oxen for tilling the land. The tropical climate and adequate rainfall provide for multiple crops of rice per year in many areas. Spices, coffee, tea, palm oil, and rubber are also produced in substantial quantities. Industries are an important building block for how a country gains wealth. In the case of Indonesia, industry accounts for about 40 percent of its GDP and employs about 20 percent of its workforce. Major industries include oil, natural gas, mining, and textiles or clothing manufacturing. Indonesia’s economy has been affected by global markets, but in 2005 still managed to run a trade surplus. Japan has been its main trading partner, and China has also been a major supplier of imported goods. Indonesia has been taking advantage of the trade triangle it has with its neighbors, Singapore and Malaysia, to increase its import and export trade activities. The political background of Indonesia is similar in dynamics to many of its neighbors. Colonized by Europeans, Indonesia was previously called the Dutch East Indies, which explains why the islands of the Caribbean were called the West Indies. The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the early seventeenth century but had to relinquish possession of the archipelago to the Japanese in World War II. In 1945, after the Japanese surrendered, Indonesia declared its independence, which was finally granted in 1949 after much negotiation. The country’s government quickly moved toward authoritarian rule. During a fifty-year time period, there were only two authoritarian leaders: Sukarno (1949–68) and Suharto (1968–99). Near the end of Sukarno’s rule, there were violent conflicts between Sukarno’s military and the Communist Party of Indonesia, which resulted in more than five hundred thousand deaths. Suharto’s regime was credited for substantial economic growth but was also accused of serious corruption and the repression of opposition political voices. Since 1999, Indonesia has conducted free parliamentary elections and is now considered the third-largest democracy, after India and the United States. Brunei There are noticeable similarities between the oil-rich sheikdoms of the Persian Gulf region in the Middle East and the small sultanate of Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo. Bordered by Sarawak, the sultanate is actually two small separate regions along the coast of the South China Sea. The former British protectorate of Brunei is today a major oil and natural gas exporter. It provides a high standard of living for its small population. The compact country is about the size of the US state of Delaware. The country’s population for 2009 was listed at about 388,000. Brunei is attracting immigrants seeking opportunities and advantages. It is called a sultanate because the kingdom has been ruled by sultans (rulers) from the same family for the past six centuries. Figure 11.18 Brunei Source: Updated from map courtesy of CIA World Factbook. The main ethnic groups in Brunei are Malay, at 66 percent, and Chinese, at 11 percent. Brunei is an Islamic State with Islam as its state religion. About two-thirds of the population is Muslim. Buddhism is the second-most popular religion. The ruling sultan is not only head of state but also prime minister of the government and leader of the Islamic faith. Similar to states in the Middle East where Islam is the official religion, alcohol is banned and the public consumption or sale of it is illegal. Prohibition against alcohol has eliminated the establishments of pubs and nightclubs. Non-Muslims and visitors to the country can legally hold small quantities of alcohol for personal consumption. The people of Brunei have a high standard of living, with the availability of modern amenities. The government has been concerned about integrating the country into the global economy. Natural gas and crude oil bring in about 90 percent of exports and just over half of the GDP. Education and medical care is free. Food, housing, and rice farming are subsidized by the state. The state has been working to expand the economy beyond natural gas and oil. Agricultural production has been increased and unemployment has been a major focus. The wealthy emirate has also been developing its tourism sector and the financial and banking industry. Brunei may have to take a lesson from the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—that is, to work to develop a free trade zone to attract international trade—if the country wants to continue to gain wealth once the oil and natural gas run out. It has an excellent location on the South China Sea but would have to compete with the established economic tigers of Singapore and Hong Kong as well as the other rising urban centers in the region, such as Kuala Lumpur or Bangkok. The Philippines Located on the eastern side of the Southeast Asian community is the archipelago state of the Philippines. With more than 7,100 islands, many volcanic peaks, and an expanse of coastal waterways, the Philippines is home to more than ninety million people in a combined land area about the size of Arizona. The Philippines were a Spanish colony. The name is taken from Spain’s sixteen-century King Philip II. Spain relinquished its claim on the Philippines to the United States in 1898 after its defeat in the Spanish-American War. The people of the Philippines wanted independence at that time and fought a bitter war with the United States in which more than a million people died. The United States allowed the Philippines to become a commonwealth in 1935. The independence movement was placed on hold while the Japanese invaded and controlled the Philippines during World War II. After the war was over, the United States granted the Philippines their independence in 1946. Environmental Forces The islands of the Philippines are of volcanic origin. They are mainly mountainous and covered in tropical rainforest. The highest mountain, at 9,692 feet, is Mt. Apo, which is located on the southern island of Mindanao. The Philippines has a number of active volcanoes. The northern island of Luzon is home to the Taal Volcano, Mt. Pinatubo, and Mt. Mayon. The Pacific tectonic plate reaches the southern edge of the Philippine plate where it meets up with the Eurasian Plate. The juncture of tectonic plates creates a similar situation to that of Tokyo, which is at the opposite end of the Philippine plate. Active seismic forces result in many earthquakes. As many as twenty earthquakes a day can be registered here, though many are too weak to be noticed. In 1990, an earthquake on the island of Luzon registered at a magnitude of 7.8 and killed more than 1,621 people, causing extensive damage. Figure 11.19 Ash Plume from Mt. Pinatubo during 1991 Eruption The island of Luzon in the Philippines has a number of active volcanoes. Ash from Mt. Pinatubo caused so much damage that it resulted in the permanent closure of major US military bases in the Philippines. Source: Photo courtesy of USGS, http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97. Luzon’s Mt. Pinatubo volcano has been active in recent years. Before 1991, the mountain attracted little attention, was heavily forested, and was home to tribal indigenous people. The volcano had a colossal eruption in 1991 that was recorded as the second largest in a century, after Alaska’s 1912 Novarupta eruption. Mt. Pinatubo began giving signs of an eruption, which were heeded by the government. Thousands of people were evacuated from the area, which saved many lives. The eruption caused billions of dollars in damage. More than eight hundred people were killed, and more than two million were directly impacted. The eruption destroyed more than eight thousand homes and the overall effects of the volcano were felt around the world. Mt. Pinatubo’s eruption forced billions of tons of magma, ash, sulfur dioxide, minerals, and particulates into the atmosphere and onto the earth’s surface. The sun was blocked out, temperatures dropped, and ash piled up in nearby areas, causing extensive damage to roofs, roadways, and agricultural lands. The damage from the eruption was amplified by the fact that a full-scale typhoon hit the country on the same date, bringing torrential rainfall and wind that mixed with the ash in the air to create extremely dangerous environmental conditions. The damage had a massive impact on the entire economy of the Philippines. The eruption severely damaged civilian infrastructure and US military bases in the region. The Subic Bay Naval Base was fifty miles to the southwest of Mt. Pinatubo’s summit, while Clark Air Base was less than sixteen miles to the east. Enormous clouds of ash covered everything. As a result of the damage to the operations at the bases, the United States Air Force evacuated and moved all air base personnel and military assets to bases in Guam, Okinawa, or Hawaii. The United States ultimately abandoned Clark Air Base, while Subic Bay reverted to the Philippines. There are thirty-seven volcanoes in the Philippines, of which eighteen are still active. Mt. Mayon is the most active volcano at the present time. It has had forty-seven eruptions in recorded history. The eruption in 1993 killed sixty-eight people and caused the evacuation of sixty thousand more. Earthquakes and volcanoes are not the only serious natural concerns of the Philippine Islands; they are also directly in the center of the Western Pacific’s major typhoon belt. As many as twenty typhoons occur yearly in the area of the islands, and as many as half hit the islands directly. The 1991 typhoon Thelma/Uring killed as many as eight thousand people. The 1911 typhoon dumped over forty-six inches of rain in a twenty-four-hour period. Flooding is usually the main problem with typhoons and is the number one killer related to typhoon deaths. For more information, see Chapter 5 "Middle America", Section 5.5 "Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)". Typhoon activity also brings precipitation to the islands and the region. The Philippines are in the major path of typhoons in the Pacific and will continue to combat the effects of these powerful forces of nature. Political Geography The Philippines can be divided into three main geopolitical regions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The northern island of Luzon is home to the nation’s national capital region with Quezon, the largest city, and Manila, the capital. Both cities are a part of metropolitan Manila, which has a population of more than twenty million. The northern island of Luzon is home to half the population of the country. The central Philippines consists of the Visayas Island group, including the islands between the Sulu Sea and the Philippine Sea. The southern region of the country is anchored by the large island of Mindanao. Figure 11.20 The Three Main Regions of the Philippines Source: Map courtesy of CIA World Factbook. The government of the Philippines is a constitutional republic with an elected president. With independence in 1946 came various leaders who have shaped the political landscape of the Philippines. After recovering from the devastation of World War II, the country prospered during the 1960s and showed positive economic gains. The political scene entered a difficult political era with the election of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1965, which turned into an authoritative dictatorship. During his time in power, the economy became sluggish and social unrest began to arise in opposition to his leadership. Barred by law from being elected for a third time, Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972 under the premise that there was too much political conflict with Communist elements and Islamic insurgencies. Marcos ruled with his wife Imelda Marcos until 1986, when conditions worsened and the two were implicated in the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino. Corruption, vote rigging, and the dictatorial actions of President Marcos caught up with him through mass protests, which eventually led to his removal from office. He left the Philippines for his exile in Hawaii. It was later alleged that during his twenty years in office, Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos had embezzled billions of dollars of public funds and moved them to bank accounts in Switzerland, the United States, other countries, and into fictitious money-laundering corporations. Ferdinand Marcos died of illness in 1989 in Honolulu. Imelda Marcos returned to the Philippines to run for public office and even attempted a failed run for the presidency. Imelda was known for her thousands of shoes, which she had acquired while in power. Many of them are in a shoe museum in the Philippines. She was also known for her extravagant spending trips around the world. Several different political leaders have come to power since the Ferdinand Marcos era. Political stability has been difficult to achieve. The national leadership has faced Islamic insurgencies, attempted coups, corruption in the government, and a high national debt. These issues continue today but a modest level of stability has encouraged economic growth. Cultural Geography The Philippines is a diverse country with hundreds of ethnic groups. Many tribal groups as well as a large number of immigrants from Asia, Spain, and the United States have made the Philippines home. Together with Spanish influence, mixed ethnic groups have been created. They are an example of the confluence of cultures that make up the country. The Philippines is the only country in Asia where Roman Catholicism predominates, other than recently independent East Timor. Figure 11.21 Ferdinand Magellan brought Christianity to the Philippines and converted members of the Cebuano tribe to Catholicism in 1521. © Thinkstock Christians make up about 90 percent of the population. All but 10 percent identify themselves as Roman Catholic. A modest Muslim population is prominent in the southern island of Mindanao and neighboring islands. Islamic fundamentalism has increased the insurgency in the region, causing political and economic turmoil and conflict. People of Chinese heritage often follow Buddhism, Taoism, or Chinese folk religions. Various tribal groups still follow their cultural animist beliefs and have traditional shaman religious leaders. The Philippines is home to more than one hundred eighty native languages and dialects. English and Filipino were declared the official languages of the Philippines in 1987. Tagalog is the main language spoken. Filipino is a version of Tagalog that is used in many of the urban areas. English and Tagalog are used in different parts of the country. The population growth rate is considerable. The Philippines will soon push past the one hundred million mark, at which point it will become a country in which 35 percent of its citizens are under the age of fifteen. Average family size is more than 3.2, which will continue to influence the economic situation of the country. The Global Economy and Outsourcing The modest level of political stability has caused the Philippines to become an attractive destination for global corporations who seek to outsource their information and technology service jobs. Any work that can be conducted over the Internet or telephone can be outsourced to anywhere in the world with high-speed communication links. Countries that are attractive to business process outsourcing (BPO) are countries where the English language is prominent, where employment costs are low, and where there is an adequate labor base of skilled or educated workers that can be trained in the services required. All three of these requirements are met by the labor force of the Philippines. The historical influence of the United States has provided a base of English language speakers. The country also has an adequate population base with the education or professional skills necessary to meet these demands. Corporate colonialism has the Philippines in its business focus and is finding a good source of available labor. In 2005, information technology and BPO amounted to about thirty-four billion dollars globally. Since 2005, that amount has increased dramatically, doubling and tripling in some countries by 2009. India has been a major destination for BPO, but the Philippines is gaining ground and increasing its infrastructure in an attempt to gain a larger share of the market. Other countries around the world are a part of this outsourcing market. This type of business activity shifts jobs from one country to another. A country might lose these types of jobs, but its corporations can remain competitive in the global marketplace if they can cut costs of operation by outsourcing their service work to a low-cost country. Figure 11.22 Street Scene in Manila with Jeepney on the Left and a Bicycle Card Front and Center The greater metropolitan region of Manila has more than twenty million people. The city of Manila itself is one of the most densely populated large cities in the world. Source: Photo courtesy of Stefan Munder, http://www.flickr.com/photos/insmu74/4314519466. Jeepneys The term jeepney is derived from the use of early US army jeeps left over from World War II that were used as base vehicles transformed into a type of taxi. These transformed vehicles took on a cultural identity as jeepneys with their flamboyant colors and extended seating. Jeepneys are now produced for this purpose and are the most widely used public transportation mode in the Philippines. An electric version of the jeepney is being developed for a number of Asian countries. US corporate giants like America Online, Texas Instruments, Citibank, Hewlett Packard, JPMorgan Chase & Co., and the McClatchy Company (third-largest US newspaper company) have been shifting call centers and other back-office functions to the Philippines. Other European companies like Germany’s global Siemens Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell, Swedish Telecom provider Ericsson Telecommunications, and Danish shipping giant Maersk are examples of corporations that have established outsourcing centers in the Philippines. The economic savings can be considerable. BPO wages in the Philippines are one-fifth of the wages paid for the same jobs in the United States. Those same wages are double the national average wages for Philippine employees. A rise in the number of outsourced jobs is welcome news for the Philippines, whose economy is in need of a boost. East Timor (Timor-Leste) Timor is an island of southern Indonesia not far from Australia. The island is divided by its colonial history. The eastern half was a Portuguese colony beginning in the sixteenth century. Portuguese colonizers introduced Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism. The western half was associated with Indonesia, which was a Dutch colony during the colonial era. The Japanese occupied the Dutch colony during World War II but had to give it up after they surrendered in 1945. Indonesia received its independence in 1949 and laid claim to the whole island of Timor. East Timor made a declaration of independence in 1975 but was occupied by Indonesia. A bitter civil war erupted. A year later, Indonesia declared it its twenty-seventh province. The civil war resulted in the deaths of as many as two hundred fifty thousand people. It wasn’t until 1999 that Indonesia finally ceded its political control over East Timor. The Australian military has been instrumental in securing East Timor for independence, and has been serving as a peacekeeping force for internal security for the past decade. The United Nations (UN) recognized East Timor as a sovereign independent country in 2002. The official name of the country is listed as Timor-Leste. Timor-Leste has a population of about 1.2 million. About 98 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. The only other predominant Catholic country in Asia is the Philippines. About 90 percent of the population still works in agriculture. The country has had a difficult time establishing a stable government and reducing conflict. Almost all its infrastructure was damaged in the civil war and rebuilding has been slow. Poor and impoverished due to the civil war over independence, the country does have some opportunity derived from the large natural gas field in the vicinity. East Timor has been working to gain control of its maritime boundaries to benefit from the offshore natural resources. Key Takeaways Malaysia was a former British colony made up of various regions from both the Malay Peninsula and the island of Borneo. Modern Malaysia has diverse cultural dynamics and is modernizing its economy to compete with the core economic areas of the world. Singapore is an economic tiger that doesn’t have natural resources but makes good use of an excellent location. High-tech manufacturing has been Singapore’s main method of gaining wealth. Indonesia is made up of thousands of islands and hundreds of ethnic groups. Indonesia is the fourth-most populous country in the world and has the world’s largest Muslim population. More than half the population lives on the island of Java. The Philippines has more than ninety million people on thousands of islands. The country was colonized by Spain and was then a possession of the United States before it gained independence. Roman Catholicism and the English language are common in the Philippines, both of which augment a large outsourcing industry. Brunei is a small Muslim emirate with high incomes because of oil revenues. East Timor is half of a small island north of Australia. It is a former Portuguese colony and just gained its independence in 2002. Discussion and Study Questions Which European country colonized each of the Southeast Asian nations discussed in this lesson? What is the dominant religion in each country? Name the two Roman Catholic countries in Asia. What cultural and ethnic issues does Malaysia need to address? What type of economic activity has Singapore engaged in to gain wealth? How does the growth triangle that Singapore is engaged in work? How does each partner benefit? How does an entrepôt fit into the core-periphery spatial relationship in Southeast Asia? What environmental problems exist in Indonesia and the Philippines? Which are natural phenomena? Where are devolutionary forces active in Indonesia? How could the government address them? What are the three main regions of the Philippines? Which region has the largest population? What qualities or conditions are necessary for BPO? Geography Exercise Identify the following key places on a map: Aceh Bali Borneo East Malaysia Java Luzon Mindanao Pinang Quezon Sarawak Sabah Sumatra Visayas West Papua	msmarco_doc_00_14111097	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
487074	1	relationship between the growth rates of the money supply and the rates of inflation	http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/theory-and-applications-of-macroeconomics/s15-02-facts-about-inflation-and-mone.html	Facts about Inflation and Money Growth	11.2 Facts about Inflation and Money Growth 11.2 Facts about Inflation and Money Growth Learning Objectives Inflation and Money Growth in the United States Money Growth and Inflation in Other Countries Big Inflations Germany, 1922–24 Zimbabwe Key Takeaways Checking Your Understanding	Facts about Inflation and Money Growth 11.2 Facts about Inflation and Money Growth Learning Objectives After you have read this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: What does it mean to say that “inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon”? What do we know about inflation and money growth in the United States? What happened during past and recent hyperinflations? According to the quantity equation, the inflation rate and the rate of money growth are closely linked. As the famous economist Milton Friedman said, “Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.” This quote comes from Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963). By this he meant that inflation could always ultimately be traced to “excessive” money growth. Keep in mind that we are talking about the long run here. Over shorter periods of time, changes in the money supply affect the level of real economic activity and have correspondingly less effect on the inflation rate. Inflation and Money Growth in the United States Figure 11.4 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Short Run" and Figure 11.5 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Long Run" show the relationship between inflation and money growth for the United States. For this discussion, money growth is measured as M1. The rate of money growth is on the horizontal axis, and the annual inflation rate is on the vertical axis. Figure 11.4 Inflation and Money Growth in the Short Run Figure 11.5 Inflation and Money Growth in the Long Run The two figures differ in the time horizon used to compute the growth rates. In Figure 11.4 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Short Run", month-to-month changes in money and prices are used to calculate annual growth rates. If you listen to a radio report or read the newspaper about inflation, typically you will first be told about the monthly Consumer Price Index (CPI) and then be given an annual inflation rate. The annual growth rate is the amount by which the variable would increase if the monthly growth rate persisted for a year. The conversion is simply to take the monthly percentage change and convert it into an annual percentage change by multiplying by 12. So if the CPI increased from 112 to 118 over the past month, then the change for the month would be calculated as follows: 118 − 112 112 = 6 112 = 0.0536 = 5.36 percent. If prices increased at this rate each month at this same rate, then prices would increase by 12 × 5.36 percent = 64.32 percent over the year. The data for Figure 11.4 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Short Run" start in January 1959 and end in December 2010. So the first observation is the annual percentage change between January and February 1959. Figure 11.5 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Long Run" examines annual growth rates based on observing the money supply and the price level at five-year intervals. The first observation is the annual growth rate for the period starting in January 1959 and ending in January 1964. The annual growth rates for a five-year period are computed for each month starting in January 1964. Here, instead of multiplying a monthly growth rate by 12 to get an annual rate, we divide a five-year rate by 5 to get an annual rate. The point of examining growth rates over longer periods of time goes back to the idea that we are investigating the relationship between prices and the money supply over long periods of time. Comparing these two figures, you can see that the relationship between money growth and inflation is much tighter when we examine five-year periods, as in Figure 11.5 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Long Run", rather than the monthly changes in Figure 11.4 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Short Run". This is consistent with the view that the relationship between money growth and inflation is a long-term relationship, not a short-term relationship. In the monthly data, the link between money growth and inflation is relatively weak. The correlation, a measure of how closely two variables move together, is only 0.20 in the monthly data. In contrast, for the annual growth rates computed by looking over a five-year period, the correlation is about 0.65, indicating that money growth and inflation move more closely together over longer periods of time. Toolkit: Section 16.13 "Correlation and Causality" You can review the meaning and measurement of correlation in the toolkit. Money Growth and Inflation in Other Countries In the United States, money growth and inflation rates are relatively moderate. Looking back at Figure 11.5 "Inflation and Money Growth in the Long Run", we see that the highest inflation rate in the past half-century was about 15 percent, in 1980. Some other countries have had a very different experience. Figure 11.6 "Inflation and Money Growth in Different Countries" shows data on money growth and inflation from 110 countries. See George McCandless Jr. and Warren Weber, “Some Monetary Facts,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 19, no. 3 (Summer 1995): 2–11. The article provides a complete description of the data and the countries. On the vertical axis of the figure is the inflation rate, measured as the annual rate of change of the CPI. On the horizontal axis is the rate of growth of the money supply. So a point in the figure represents a single country and shows that country’s combination of inflation and money growth. The sample period used is 1960–1990, meaning that each point is an average over a three-decade period. Figure 11.6 Inflation and Money Growth in Different Countries Figure 11.6 "Inflation and Money Growth in Different Countries" clearly indicates that countries with high money growth are the countries that experience high inflation. If you were to draw a line through the points that came as close as possible to them, that line would have a positive slope. McCandless and Weber conclude as follows: “In the long run, there is a high (almost unity) correlation between the rate of growth of the money supply and the inflation rate. This holds across three definitions of money and across the full sample of countries and two subsamples.” George McCandless Jr. and Warren Weber, “Some Monetary Facts,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review 19, no. 3 (Summer 1995): 2–11. Big Inflations Most of the countries in Figure 11.6 "Inflation and Money Growth in Different Countries" have inflation and money growth that are less than 20 percent. There are some outliers, however. For example, there is one country with inflation and money growth at 80 percent annually over the sample. This country is Argentina; we return to it later. There have been episodes in history where the rates of inflation were so large that they are difficult to comprehend. Germany, 1922–24 Table 11.1 "Prices in Germany" contains data for Germany in the early 1920s. The data come from Thomas Sargent, “The Ends of Four Big Inflations,” in Inflation: Causes and Effects, ed. Robert Hall (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1982). The data in this case show the levels of wholesale prices because reliable consumer price indices were not available. The second column is a measure of prices for each month, from January 1922 to June 1924. The third column computes the annual inflation rate by multiplying the monthly inflation rate by 12. The final column indicates the amount of time in days it would take for prices to double at the annual inflation rate indicated in the third column. (When the number in the last column is negative, it tells you how long it would take the price level to halve.) Table 11.1 Prices in Germany Month and Year Price Level Annual Growth Rate (%) Doubling Time in Days January 1922 3,670 60.3 419 February 1922 4,100 133.0 190 March 1922 5,430 337.1 75 April 1922 6,360 189.7 133 May 1922 6,460 18.7 1351 June 1922 7,030 101.5 249 July 1922 10,160 441.9 57 August 1922 19,200 763.7 33 September 1922 28,700 482.4 52 October 1922 56,600 814.9 31 November 1922 115,100 851.8 30 December 1922 147,480 297.5 85 January 1923 278,500 762.9 33 February 1923 588,500 897.8 28 March 1923 488,800 −222.7 −113.6 April 1923 521,200 77.0 328 May 1923 817,000 539.4 47 June 1923 1,938,500 1036.8 24 July 1923 7,478,700 1620.2 16 August 1923 94,404,100 3042.6 8 September 1923 2,394,889,300 3880.2 6 October 1923 709,480,000,000 6829.4 4 November 1923 72,570,000,000,000 5553.3 5 December 1923 126,160,000,000,000 663.6 38 January 1924 117,320,000,000,000 −87.2 −290 February 1924 116,170,000,000,000 −11.8 −2140 March 1924 120,670,000,000,000 45.6 555 April 1924 124,050,000,000,000 33.2 763 May 1924 122,460,000,000,000 −15.5 −1634 June 1924 115,900,000,000,000 −66.1 −383 From the table, you can get a vivid sense of the pace of prices simply by counting the number of digits used to describe the price level. At the height of the inflation in October 1923, the annual inflation rate was over 6,800 percent. It is hard to make sense of a number like this, which is why we include the fourth column: at this inflation rate, prices double every 3 to 4 days. Rapid inflation of this kind is called hyperinflation A period of very high and often escalating inflation. . Where does hyperinflation come from? The quantity theory tells us that the rapid price increases must be related to growth in the money supply, a reduction in output growth, or rapid growth in the velocity of money. Drawing on the quote from Milton Friedman, it is natural to first examine the growth rate of the money supply. Figure 11.7 "Money Growth and Inflation in Germany" shows the money growth and inflation rates for Germany during this period. The graph clearly shows that as prices were exploding in Germany, so too was the money supply. In 1922, prices increased 93 percent, and the money stock grew at 52 percent. In the following year, the average inflation rate was up to 433 percent, and the money supply grew at almost 300 percent. These are calculated as January to January growth rates. In October 1923, when the inflation rate peaked at over 6,800 percent, the money supply grew at nearly 6,000 percent on an annual basis. According to economist Thomas Sargent, 99 percent of the outstanding bank notes had been put in circulation during the previous month. At that point, both prices and the money supply were doubling in a matter of days. Thus the escalating prices were matched by enormous increases in the money supply. Figure 11.7 Money Growth and Inflation in Germany At first glance, the German data seem to confirm the idea that large inflation rates are driven by large money growth rates. On closer examination, though, we notice that the inflation rates were greater than the growth rate of the money supply. Yet we said earlier that inflation rate = growth rate of money supply + growth rate of velocity − growth rate of output. It follows that the velocity of money must have been increasing or output must have been decreasing. It is plausible, indeed likely, that the velocity of money will increase during a period of very high inflation. If you know that the cash in your pocket will lose its value from one hour to the next, then you want to get rid of it quickly. During the German hyperinflation, anyone with cash wanted to exchange it as quickly as possible for goods and services. Thus money changed hands more and more rapidly: in other words, the velocity of money increased. Money had ceased to perform one of its key functions. It was no longer a store of value. Even if people were still using money as a medium of exchange, they could no longer rely on money to keep its value. A monetary system is a fragile institution: its success depends on everyone believing in it. See Chapter 9 "Money: A User’s Guide" for more discussion. People are willing to accept money because they think that others will, in turn, be willing to accept it from them. During a hyperinflation, this system breaks down. People are reluctant to accept money because they know that others will not want to accept it from them. Rapid inflation is also disruptive to the general functioning of the economy. People have to devote much more time and energy to managing their cash. People insist on being paid more frequently and abandon work to shop as soon as they are paid. Furthermore, as discussed later, inflation acts as a tax on work. So higher inflation means a higher tax and thus a reduction in employment and output. Overall, output does tend to decrease during hyperinflation, increasing the inflation rate still further. For Germany, real output decreased by 46 percent in 1923 during the height of the hyperinflation. In contrast, 1924 was a good year for the economy, with real output growing at 35 percent. So while rapid money growth sets hyperinflation in motion, hyperinflation then becomes self-fueling, powered by increases in the velocity of money and—to a minor extent—decreases in the growth rate of output. In the end, the system can collapse completely, with people no longer being willing to accept money at all. In Germany, this is what eventually happened. There are many anecdotes surrounding the German hyperinflation: children using piles of money as building blocks, households using money as wallpaper, and so forth. Figure 11.8 "The Use of Money in a Hyperinflation" shows money being used in a furnace to heat a home. Figure 11.8 The Use of Money in a Hyperinflation In December 1923, the hyperinflation came to an end. Look again at Table 11.1 "Prices in Germany". Prices in that month had increased to around a billion times greater than they had been two years previously. But from then the price level stayed roughly steady. In fact, it decreased for the next two months, then fluctuated somewhat. The price level in June 1924 was lower than it was at the start of the year. There is thus a new mystery to solve: what happened to bring the inflation to an end? We return to this question shortly. Zimbabwe We discussed the example of Germany in some detail because it is one of the most dramatic hyperinflations ever. But hyperinflations are not simply the stuff of economic history. Indeed, from around 2003 to 2009, the African country of Zimbabwe was embroiled in severe inflation. In 2008, prices were doubling on an almost daily basis. Banknotes were issued in denominations of 100,000,000,000,000 Zimbabwe dollars. “Zimbabwe Hyperinflation ‘Will Set World Record within Six Weeks,’” The Telegraph, November 13, 2008, accessed August 22, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/3453540/Zimbabwe-hyperinflation-will-set-world-record-within-six-weeks.html, accessed August 22, 2011; “A Worthless Currency,” The Economist, July 17, 2008, accessed August 22, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/11751346?story_id=E1_TTSVTPQG, accessed August 22, 2011. Table 11.2 "The Start of the Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe" presents some basic economic facts about Zimbabwe as it entered the hyperinflation; the data come from an International Monetary Fund country report ( http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr05359.pdf ). Looking at these numbers, one is immediately struck by the severity of the decline in economic activity: real gross domestic product (GDP) decreased every year since 2000, including an 11 percent decline in 2003. At the same time, the country experienced rapid inflation, reaching nearly 600 percent in 2003. As indicated by the third row of the table, the money supply (measured as M1) grew rapidly in 2003 and 2004, fueling the inflation. Table 11.2 The Start of the Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Variable 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 real GDP growth (% change, market prices) −7.3 −2.7 −4.4 −10.9 −3.5 consumer prices (% change) 55.2 112.1 198.9 598.7 132.7 money supply (billions) 52.6 128.5 348.5 2,059.3 6,867.0 Stories from Zimbabwe resemble the experiences from the 1920s in Germany. The British Broadcasting Company presented some interviews about life during this period of rampant inflation. THE STUDENT When I go to withdraw my money, I have to wait around 30 minutes because there are so many people waiting. It’s so difficult. Maybe you want 10 million but they only give you 2.8, because there is not enough at the bank. THE LECTURER Children in Harare play in uncollected rubbish. Hyperinflation has meant an end to rubbish collections. It’s a very strange environment. There are a lot of pay rises, but they are meaningless. They are always eroded the minute they give us the pay rise. Also, considering we have so much to pay—we have parents in the countryside, and we have families—it doesn’t work. People are willing to lend money, but they are not willing to lend it for nothing. It’s usually at a rate of 90 or 100 percent. Sometimes these are your relatives or people you work with, taking advantage of this. People are cannibalizing each other. THE MOTHER Because my income hasn’t risen as much as the prices in the shops, we have had to adjust quite a bit. The things that we buy—the groceries at home, the things we get for our two children—we have to buy immediately, as soon as we get the money. We know that if we wait a bit, the prices are going to go up again. If we wait another week, we will not be able to afford anything. People are taking the money out in suitcases or carrier bags. “Zimbabwe: Living with Hyperinflation,” BBC News, January 31, 2006, accessed July 21, 2011, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4665854.stm. Zimbabwe’s citizens increasingly turned to other currencies to conduct transactions, even though the Zimbabwe dollar was officially the only legal tender in the country. The Zimbabwe hyperinflation eventually ended in January 2009, when the Finance Minister officially permitted citizens to use other currencies in places of the Zimbabwe dollar. “Zimbabwe Abandons Its Currency,” BBC News, January 29, 2009, accessed August 22, 2011, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7859033.stm. Key Takeaways The quote by Milton Friedman that “inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon” points out the connection between money growth and price growth (inflation). From this perspective, the source of inflation is money growth. Over long periods of time, inflation and money growth are closely linked in the United States. The hyperinflations in many countries, such as Germany and Zimbabwe, were times of rapid growth in prices stemming from rapid expansions of the money supply and subsequently fueled by increases in the velocity of money. Checking Your Understanding What happens to the velocity of money during a hyperinflation? What is the difference between a monthly inflation rate and an annual inflation rate?	msmarco_doc_00_14949029	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1142375	1	when was fera created and ended	http://202snewdeal.weebly.com/federal-emergency-relief-administration-fera.html	Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) - 202's New Deal	Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) What was the purpose of FERA? How was the FERA created? Was FERA a success? Expand your visual knowledge.......	Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) - 202's New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) FERA was one of th the The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), was created in 1933, gave millions to states for work relief programs. In a report to Congress in 1936, FERA indicated that while actual physical suffering was prevented, it was never fully possible to achieve living standards of minimum decency for the entire population in need of relief. Among the actions that FDR put in place, Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) program, the first of his major relief operations, provided state assistance for the unemployed and their families. FERA intended to aid the unemployed during the Great Depression, it dispersed relief funds to states so that jobs could be created for those out of work. Led by Harry Hopkins, a former social worker, this agency sent funds to depleting local relief agencies. Within two hours, $5 million were given out. Mr. Hopkins believed that men should be put to work and not be given charity. His program also funded public work programs. What was the purpose of FERA? FERA had 3 primary objectives. These were: Adequacy of relief measures providing work for employable people on the relief rolls Diversification of relief programs "When Roosevelt appointed Hopkins as director of FERA, he called him to his office for a five-minute talk. The president told the Washington newcomer two things: give immediate and adequate relief to the unemployed, and pay no attention to politics or politicians. Hopkins did just that. Thirty minutes later, seated at a makeshift desk in a hallway . he began a program committed to action rather than debate, a program that would eventually put 15 million people to work. Even more important, FERA established the doctrine that adequate public relief was a right that citizens in need could expect to received from their government." (J. Hopkins p. 309) How was the FERA created? FERA (Emergency Relief Administration) was created in 1931 by president Herbert Hoover. He used it go give money loans to states that needed them to make relief programs. After Hoovers collapse, F.D.R (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) came to the rescue when he renamed it FERA Was FERA a success? Through research, it seems to be that FERA wasn't 100% a success. Changes did happen like Relief allowances per family in Cook County went from $29.15 in December 1932 to $33.11 in June 1934, and to $38.65 in June 1935. While those allowances hardly met most family's needs, it kept many families together when coupled with other programs for clothes, medical services, and CCC employment for young men. After the inauguration of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) programs in 1935, many families survived until regular employment opportunities became available. Expand your visual knowledge....... Not sure what Federal Emergency Relief Administration looked like? Don't worry, click here to view pictures, and interesting facts	msmarco_doc_00_16141464	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
101757	1	cost of a 203k consultant	http://203kconsultants.net/fees.php	FHA 203K Consultant Fees, HUD Fee Schedule for 203K Loan Consultants	203 (K) Consultant Fees 203 (K) Consultant Fees	FHA 203K Consultant Fees, HUD Fee Schedule for 203K Loan Consultants 203 (K) Consultant Fees The 203k consultant's fee varies depending on the cost of the repair work to be financed through a FHA 203k loan. The actual fees may vary from the amounts published by the HUD in its general fee schedule for the consultants performing the feasibility analysis report and other associated tasks. For the HUD established fee, a 203k consultant will personally visit the property and provide all the necessary architectural exhibits along with a complete work write-up. The base fee is $400 for the repairs that range between $5,000 to $7,500. For amounts ranging between $7,501 to $15,000 the HUD 203k consultant fee is $500. For renovation work amount between $15,001 to $30,000, it's $600. For the cost of rehab work that falls in the range of $30,001 to $50,000, the 203k consultant fee is $700. The fee will be $800 for fix-up work that falls between $50,001 to $75,000. If the proposed repair work costs between $75,001 to $100K, the fee would be $900. In those rare cases where the renovation work to be undertaken exceeds $100,000, the fee shall be $1,000. The above mentioned FHA 203k consultant fee amounts are meant for single family residential homes. For multi-family homes, the fee charged may be higher. Typically, it would be an additional $25 for each unit beyond the 1st one. If you are considering 203k financing using a streamline loan that allows for financing repairs under $35,000, there is no need for a feasibility analysis report performed by a consultant on HUD roster. For consultants that may need to travel beyond their local area (>30 miles for the round trip), mileage costs may also be chargeable along with the regular HUD established fees. It is not mandatory that a buyer use the services of a 203k consultant approved by HUD. They can opt to use an independent consultant such as a contractor to prepare the exhibits or use an architect or engineer holding a valid state license. While the fees charged by an engineer or architect are not bound by the above mentioned fees, they must still be in a reasonable range. Using a HUD-accepted consultant doesn't mean that HUD assumes any warranties regarding their competence or the quality of their work. Even if you used an independent consultant to do the feasibility analysis, a mandatory pre-appraisal inspection must be performed by a HUD-accepted fee consultant to ensure that the property is in compliance with 203k program's guidelines and requirements. To perform this review, the utilities must be on prior to the site visit. The fee to be charged is fixed and depends on the amount of repair work. For properties that require less than $15,000 in total rehab work, the fee is set at $100. For the repairs that range between $15,001 to $30,000, the fee for a consultant is $150 and $200 for any work above $30,000. These fees are based on the review of single-family homes. For multi-family properties, an $50 per each additional unit applies, provided these units come under the same case number as the primary unit. In cases where an additional review may be necessary, another $50 as fee is applicable. If the distance is more than 30 miles (round trip) to visit the site from the reviewer's official business location, additional mileage charges as established by the local HUD field office can be charged. Any additional charges related to Toll may also be applicable.	msmarco_doc_00_16161511	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
300528	1	how many years are taken to built taj mahal	http://20best.blogspot.com/2011/08/year-taj-mahal-was-built.html	Year Taj Mahal was built and Architecture of Shah Jahan	Year Taj Mahal was built and Architecture of Shah Jahan Saturday, August 6, 2011 Year Taj Mahal was built and Architecture of Shah Jahan	Year Taj Mahal was built and Architecture of Shah Jahan Saturday, August 6, 2011 Year Taj Mahal was built and Architecture of Shah Jahan Year Taj Mahal was Built and architecture of Shah Jahan http://20best.blogspot.com/2011/08/year-taj-mahal-was-built.html Years Taj Mahal was built in the 1653 A.D. by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his beloved wife and beautiful queen Mumtaz Mahal. The Name of the Taj Mahal’s architecture is Ustad lsa. Taj Mahal is situated on the bank of Yamuna River. Taj Mahal completed in 22 years and worked by 20,000 workers days and nights. Year Taj Mahal was built Note: Many people say " tag mahal " and some say " taz mahal " but it is TAJ Mahal Shah Jahan was 14 years old when he fell in love with a Persian princess Arjumand Bano Begum and decided that she is the one he will marry. She was 15 at that time. After few years they got married and he named her Mumtaz Mahal (Chosen one of the Palace). He was crowned in 1628 AD. She always accompanied him, even on military expeditions. On one such expedition in 1631 AD, she was expecting their 14th child. She died while giving birth to the baby. Before dying she took four promises from her husband. She asked him to build the most beautiful monument for her and not to remarry. She loved her children so she wanted a promise that he will stay kind to them and will visit her tomb. Via Link. Year Taj Mahal was built latest image 2012 Some stories say that Shah Jahan was so overwhelmed and devastated that he locked himself in a room. According to some historians he banned music, feasts and any kind of party for about two years in his regime. He decided to build a monument entirely in white marble, expressing their pure love and decorated with jewels. In 1633 AD, the construction began on the banks of the Yamuna river in Agra. The place was visible from his Palace and he could see her whenever he wanted to. Year Taj Mahal was built latest photo 2012 Architecture of Shah Jahan 20,000 skilled craftsmen from allover the subcontinent and the neighbouring countries worked for 17 years to complete the monument. The chief architect was Ustaad Ahmed Lahori. The main dome of Taj Mahal measures about 110 yards in circumference and is about 107 yards above the ground. The monument is standing in a lush green garden amongst fountains and floral plants and trees. The tomb is standing on a platform of red stones. The material was brought in from all over India and central Asia and it took a fleet of 1,000 elephants to transport it to the site. Taj Mahal’s construction costed 50 lac rupees at that time. Taj Mahal is decorated with Gold, Rubies, Turquoise, Lapis lazuli, Sapphire and Diamonds. The verses of Quran are written in the passages in beautiful calligraphic styles. There is a beautiful mosque inside the monument. The mesmerizing beauty of the monument makes it special but what makes it more special is love. People die but love never dies. Muslims believe that soul never dies and one day they will be together with their family in heaven. Estimates vary as to how long it took to build the Taj Mahal. Some historians state that it took only 14 years to build it, from 1631-1645, but a more realistic figure is probably 22 years, being completed in 1653. The reason for this inconsistency is largely due to the scale of the building and its intricacies and the lack of written historical evidence. So the structure may have been completed by 1645, with the interior completed around 1653. It was commissioned by the Mogul Emperor, Shah-Jahan as a mausoleum in memory of his favourite wife. Shah-Jahan lived from 1627-1658 and was famous for blending Persian traditions with Hindu elements in architecture. The title of the Taj Mahal comes from a corruption of the Persian name for his wife, Mumtaz-I-Mahall. How Many Years Did It Take To Build The Taj Mahal? The Taj Mahal is located near Agra in India and is built predominantly from white marble and it is still regarded as one of the world's most beautiful buildings. MUMTAZ MAHAL - " Build me a Taj " As Mumtaz Mahal lay dying, she asked four promises from the emperor: first - that he build the Taj, second - that he should marry again, third - that he be kind to their children, and fourth - that he visit the tomb on her death anniversary. He kept the first and second promises. Construction began in 1631 and was completed in 22 years. Twenty thousand people were deployed to work on it. The principal architect was the Iranian architect Istad Usa; it is possible that the pietra dura work was coordinated by an Italian artist. TAJ MAHAL - Wonder of the World. Tag Mahal Old Photo: Newer Post Older Post Home	msmarco_doc_00_16373164	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
446497	1	maximum roth contribution 2015	http://20somethingfinance.com/2015-maximum-traditional-roth-ira-contribution-limits/	2020 & 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits (& Income Phaseouts)	2020 & 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits 2020 & 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits 2020 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits 2020 IRA Catch-up Contribution 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits 2021 IRA Catch-up Contribution Historical Maximum IRA Contribution Limits: 2021 vs 2020 vs Prior Years 2020 Traditional IRA Income Limits 2020 Roth IRA Income Limits 2021 Traditional IRA Income Limits 2021 Roth IRA Income Limits IRA Tips Maximum IRA Contribution Discussion:	2020 & 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits (& Income Phaseouts) 2020 & 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits Last updated: January 11, 2021 G.E. Miller No Comments The IRS has announced the 2021 maximum IRA contribution limit, which is the max you can contribute to your IRAs in a given calendar year. The 2021 maximum IRA contribution limit will be the same as the 2020 maximum IRA contribution limit: $6,000 for the year. Read on for expanded details. Similar to 401Ks, the maximum IRA contribution limit is set annually by the IRS and it is the limit that any individual can legally contribute to their IRA plans. The IRS determines increases by reviewing the consumer price index (CPI) annually. The maximum IRA contribution limit applies to both Traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs. You should note that you can have each type of account (and multiple of each type), but the annual maximum contribution is for both types of plans and is a cumulative total for all of your Traditional and Roth IRA accounts combined. Below, we’ll cover the 2020 and 2021 maximum IRA contribution limits, income limits and phaseouts, and how to get the most out of your IRA accounts. 2020 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits The standard 2020 maximum IRA contribution limit is $6,000. This is no change versus the 2019 limit, as previously noted. 2020 IRA Catch-up Contribution For those age 50 and over, the 2020 IRA catch-up contribution will also stay the same, at an additional $1,000. With the standard contribution at $6,000, this means the 2020 catch-up contribution plus standard contribution is $7,000 in total. Note that you are eligible for the catch-up contribution if you turn 50 during any day in the calendar year. 2021 Maximum IRA Contribution Limits The standard 2021 maximum IRA contribution limit is $6,000. This is no change versus the 2020 limit, as previously noted. 2021 IRA Catch-up Contribution For those age 50 and over, the 2021 IRA catch-up contribution will also stay the same, at an additional $1,000. With the standard contribution at $6,000, this means the 2021 catch-up contribution plus standard contribution is $7,000 in total. Historical Maximum IRA Contribution Limits: 2021 vs 2020 vs Prior Years Prior to 2019, the last IRA contribution limit increase came in the 2013 calendar year. When the IRS increases the limits, they usually do it in $500 increments. Because IRA limits are lower, they happen infrequently compared to maximum 401K contribution limit increases. IRAs have a relatively short history in the American retirement system. Their first year of existence was 1975. Here is how the historical IRA contribution limit has changed in recent years since then: Years: Maximum IRA Contribution (age under 50) Maximum IRA Contribution (age over 50) 2019, 2020, 2021 $6,000 $7,000 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 $5,500 $6,500 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 $5,000 $6,000 2006, 2007 $4,000 $5,000 2005 $4,000 $4,500 2002, 2003, 2004 $3,000 $3,500 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 $2,000 $2,000 2020 Traditional IRA Income Limits IRAs provide a great way to limit your tax liability in the present (Traditional IRA) and in the future (Roth IRA). There are, however, contribution phaseout limits that are based on your income. The good news is that those phaseout limits (also tied to CPI) increased in 2020 and 2021, even though there was not a contribution increase. Keep in mind that with Traditional IRAs, the limits and phaseouts only dictate how much you can deduct from your taxes, not if you can contribute or not. With Roths, the limits and phaseouts dictate how much you can actually contribute, since Roth contributions are not deductible. Traditional IRA income limits vary slightly from Roth IRAs (which I’ll get to in a bit) in that they are tied to whether or not you your employer sponsors a retirement plan for you. The 2020 Traditional IRA income limits are as follows: If you DO HAVE a retirement plan with your employer: Single or head of household: If your modified gross adjusted income (MAGI) is $65,000 (up from $64,000) or less, you can take a full deduction. If more than $65,000, but less than $75,000 (up from $74,000) – you get a partial deduction. If over $75,000, you cannot take a deduction. Married filing jointly or qualifying widow (er): If your MAGI is $104,000 (up from $103,000) or less, you can take a full deduction. If more than $104,000, but less than $124,000 (up from $123,000) – you get a partial deduction. If over $124,000, no deduction. Married filing separately: If your MAGI is less than $10,000 (same as prior year), you can take a partial deduction. If $10,000 or more, no deduction. If you DO NOT HAVE a retirement plan through an employer: Single, head of household, or qualifying widow (er): Any MAGI permits a full deduction. Married filing jointly or separately with a spouse who is not covered by a plan at work: Any MAGI permits a full deduction. Married filing jointly with a spouse who is covered by a plan at work: If your MAGI is $196,000 or less (up from $193,000), you can take a full deduction. If more than $196,000, but less than $206,000 (up from $203,000), you can take a partial deduction. If $206,000 or more, no deduction at all. Married filing separately with a spouse who is covered by a plan at work: If your MAGI is less than $10,000, you can claim a partial deduction. If $10,000 or more, no deduction. 2020 Roth IRA Income Limits The 2020 Roth IRA income phaseout limits are as follows: Married filing jointly or qualifying widow (er): If your modified gross adjusted income (MAGI) is $196,000 (up from $193,000) or less, you can contribute up to the $6,000 max. If at least $196,000 up to $206,000 (up $3,000), your contribution limit is phased out (see IRS publication 590 ). If $206,000 and above, you cannot contribute to a Roth IRA. Single, head of household, or married filing separately and you did not live with your spouse at any time during the year: If under $124,000 (up from $122,000), you can contribute up to the $6,000 maximum. If at least $124,000 up to $139,000 (was $137,000), your contribution limit is phased out. If $139,000 and up, you cannot contribute to a Roth IRA. Married filing separately and you lived with your spouse at any time during the year: If MAGI is between $0 and $10,000, your contribution limit will phase out. If $0, you can contribute up to the $6,000 maximum ($7,000 if over 50 years old). If $10,000 and above, you cannot contribute to a Roth IRA. 2021 Traditional IRA Income Limits The 2020 Traditional IRA income limits are as follows: If you DO HAVE a retirement plan with your employer: Single or head of household: If your modified gross adjusted income (MAGI) is $66,000 (up from $65,000) or less, you can take a full deduction. If more than $66,000, but less than $76,000 (up from $75,000) – you get a partial deduction. If over $76,000, you cannot take a deduction. Married filing jointly or qualifying widow (er): If your MAGI is $105,000 (up from $104,000) or less, you can take a full deduction. If more than $105,000, but less than $125,000 (up from $124,000) – you get a partial deduction. If over $125,000, no deduction. Married filing separately: If your MAGI is less than $10,000 (same as prior year), you can take a partial deduction. If $10,000 or more, no deduction. If you DO NOT HAVE a retirement plan through an employer: Single, head of household, or qualifying widow (er): Any MAGI permits a full deduction. Married filing jointly or separately with a spouse who is not covered by a plan at work: Any MAGI permits a full deduction. Married filing jointly with a spouse who is covered by a plan at work: If your MAGI is $198,000 or less (up from $196,000), you can take a full deduction. If more than $198,000, but less than $208,000 (up from $206,000), you can take a partial deduction. If $208,000 or more, no deduction at all. Married filing separately with a spouse who is covered by a plan at work: If your MAGI is less than $10,000, you can claim a partial deduction. If $10,000 or more, no deduction. 2021 Roth IRA Income Limits The 2021 Roth IRA income phaseout limits are as follows: Married filing jointly or qualifying widow (er): If your modified gross adjusted income (MAGI) is $198,000 (up from $196,000) or less, you can contribute up to the $6,000 max. If at least $198,000 up to $208,000 (up $2,000), your contribution limit is phased out (see IRS publication 590). If $208,000 and above, you cannot contribute to a Roth IRA. Single, head of household, or married filing separately and you did not live with your spouse at any time during the year: If under $125,000 (up from $124,000), you can contribute up to the $6,000 maximum. If at least $125,000 up to $140,000 (was $139,000), your contribution limit is phased out. If $140,000 and up, you cannot contribute to a Roth IRA. Married filing separately and you lived with your spouse at any time during the year: If MAGI is between $0 and $10,000, your contribution limit will phase out. If $0, you can contribute up to the $6,000 maximum ($7,000 if over 50 years old). If $10,000 and above, you cannot contribute to a Roth IRA. IRA Tips Here are some tips to help you get the most out of your IRAs: Spousal IRA Contributions: take advantage of spousal IRA contributions! If you are married, you should become familiar with how spousal IRA contributions work, as a spousal IRA could dramatically boost your family’s IRA contributions in a given year if either you or your spouse don’t earn qualifying income. Self-Employment Income: you may be able to deduct business related expenses and your home office and can contribute a portion of your income to self-employment retirement accounts, such as a solo 401K, SIMPLE IRA, or SEP IRA. Backdoor Roth IRA: if your income is over the Traditional and Roth IRA income limits, a Backdoor Roth IRA could be a smart move (if you follow proper caution). Tax Credit for Contributing: if your income is low enough, you might also qualify for the Saver’s Credit for contributing to one of these types of retirement accounts. IRA Consolidation: if you have old 401Ks sitting around from jobs long forgotten, you should consider consolidating your 401Ks and rolling over to an IRA. IRAs typically have lower fees associated with them. Contribution Deadline: note that the IRA contribution deadline for the any given calendar year is up until the tax deadline the following April. And you can begin contributing for a calendar year on Jan. 1 of that year. Maximum IRA Contribution Discussion: Will you contribute to an IRA for the 2020 and 2021 calendar years? How much?	msmarco_doc_00_16387603	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
61850	1	can a 401k match go into a roth 401k	http://20somethingfinance.com/roth-401k/	Roth 401K Basics (Updated for 2021)	Roth 401K Basics (Updated for 2021) Roth 401K Basics (Updated for 2021) What is a Roth 401K? Are Roth 401K Matching Contribution Tax Free? What is the Maximum Employee and Employer Roth 401K Contribution? Roth 401K or Traditional 401K? 2021 Roth 401K vs. Traditional 401K Chart Roth 401K Discussion:	Roth 401K Basics (Updated for 2021) Roth 401K Basics (Updated for 2021) Last updated: January 6, 2021 G.E. Miller 42 Comments My “invest in a Roth IRA or 401K ” post from last week triggered a number of questions from readers. I wanted to highlight and discuss one of those questions, in particular, as it’s a good one. It comes from reader, Sandi, who writes in, “I just started a new job and in 3 months I’ll have to decide between a regular 401K or a Roth 401K. The employer contributes 5% salary to either. I’d never even heard of a Roth 401K before. What are the major differences? Are there more benefits to one over the other?” Great question, Sandi! I believe that the choice between an IRA and 401K is pretty clear cut. However, the choice between a Roth retirement account and a traditional retirement account is always much more subjective. I’ll discuss what considerations should go into the decision right after covering the basics. What is a Roth 401K? Roth 401Ks are relatively new in the world of retirement accounts. They were first introduced in the United States in 2006 and their adoption rate by employers was slow out of the gate, but now 70% of employers offer a Roth 401K. A Roth 401K combines many of the benefits of the Roth IRA and the Traditional 401K. You have the same 401K maximum contribution as a Traditional 401K while still having the tax now/no tax in retirement benefits of a Roth IRA. Still, there are some important distinctions to be made and a Roth 401K might not be the best for everyone. Are Roth 401K Matching Contribution Tax Free? This thought crossed my mind a few years ago when I found out my employer was adding a Roth 401K option: “Wow, I can get post-tax matching contributions to a Roth 401K! More free 401K match dollars!”. It’s probably the most common Roth 401K misconception there is. Unfortunately, Roth 401K matching funds are not post-tax dollars. When you open a Roth 401K, your employer will open a separate traditional 401K. All matching funds that go into that traditional 401K are pre-taxed, meaning that you are not taxed now, but you are taxed on withdrawals in retirement. What is the Maximum Employee and Employer Roth 401K Contribution? Same as the Traditional 401K, the maximum Roth 401K contribution for employees is $19,500 in 2021, or $26,000 for those 50 and over. The maximum employer contribution for a Roth 401K is also the same as the traditional – $58,000 in 2021 (combined with employee contribution) or 100% of the employee’s salary (whichever is less). Roth 401K or Traditional 401K? Getting back to the original question, there is no right answer on the Roth vs. Traditional 401K question. Many financial pundits recommend young professionals go with the Roth because they claim you’ll be in a lower tax bracket now than when you are in retirement due to lower earning power now. As such, they argue that it’s to your benefit to get taxed now (Roth) vs. being taxed in retirement (Traditional). Sounds great in theory, however, I think it’s a flawed argument. There is an assumption that you will have so much saved for retirement that you’ll actually be earning more income on your retirement account withdrawals than the income you are making right now. That’s not always going to be the case. In fact, for many, the opposite will be true. Painting broad brush statements like that are dangerous. Others argue that tax rates will only go up in the future, so you might as well pay lower taxes now. This is another dangerous assumption to make. Short-term budget shortfalls may fuel this thought. However, when you look at the historical income tax rate, taxes are near the lowest point since 1931! The long-term trend has been downward, even with a little bump in the last few years to the top tax bracket. And with one political party making it their entire platform, that may never change. I do think that the Traditional 401K format will help most people get the most out of a 401K. 2021 Roth 401K vs. Traditional 401K Chart Roth 401K Traditional 401K Contributions Are Post-Tax Pre-Tax Can be Started By Employer only Employer only Matching Funds Are Pre-Taxed in a Traditional 401K Pre-Taxed in a Traditional 401K Maximum Annual Individual Contribution $19,500 (2021) $19,500 (2021) Catch-up Contribution for those over 50 $6,500 (2021) $6,500 (2021) Can Roll-Over to Roth IRA or new employer's 401K Traditional IRA, a new employer's Traditional 401K, or a Roth IRA (pay taxes) Pay Taxes At Time of Contribution Withdrawal in Retirement Can Begin Withdrawing Earnings Without Penalty At age 59.5 At age 59.5 Taxes in Account No taxes on dividends, capital gains, or interest No taxes on dividends, capital gains, or interest To understand the differences between the two, it’s often most easily observed through a chart. As you can see, Roth and Traditional 401Ks are very similar, with the exception of the pre/post tax difference. Unfortunately, only you can answer the question of whether or not you want to be taxed now or in retirement. It’s a lifestyle choice based on your long-term vision for your finances. Can’t figure it out? You could always split your contributions between the two! Roth 401K Discussion: Does your employer offer a Roth 401K? Do you invest in a Roth 401K over a Traditional 401K or vice versa? Why? Related Posts: The Best Retirement Account: Ranked by Contribution Priority Self-Employed Retirement Plan Faceoff: SEP IRA vs Solo 401k vs SIMPLE IRA The Mega Backdoor Roth	msmarco_doc_00_16680678	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
840320	1	what is the poverty line in the us 2015	http://20somethingfinance.com/what-is-the-united-states-poverty-line/			What is the 2021 US Poverty Line? (United States Poverty Guidelines) The 2021 U.S. poverty line, percent of the US living in poverty, & federal poverty levels for Hawaii, Alaska, 48 states, by family size. 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Last updated: January 20, 2021 G.E. Miller126 Comments I keep a close watch on all of my expenses and take a bit of pride in how low I’ve been able to drive them. Our (wife and I) average expenses over the last few months has been around $1,770 ($21,240 per year). If I deduct my effective property taxes from my expenses and subtract the cash back credit card rewards I am getting (often 5%), the average drops to $1,630 per month, or $19,560 per year. This is consistent with my annual average over the last few years. Getting down to this level made me curious as to whether my expenses were actually below the U.S. Federal Poverty Level guidelines. Why? Well, I have no intention of applying for any of the federal benefits one is eligible for when their income is below (or even at exceeding multiples of) the poverty line, such as the National School Lunch Program, Food Stamps, Home Energy Assistance Program, etc. Rather, I wanted to see how close I was from a cost of living expense standpoint to the poverty income guidelines. What does the U.S. government view as “poverty” or “poor” (or, at least poor enough to be eligible for federal assistance). Am I living below that income level (assuming zero taxes)? Could I live below that level? So, what is the poverty line? Let’s start there… The 2021 U.S. Poverty Guidelines The numbers adjust every year. Here are the 2021 federal poverty guidelines for eligibility for related government programs: Family Size: 48 Contiguous States & D.C.: Alaska: Hawaii: 1 $12,880 $16,090 $14,820 2 $17,420 $21,770 $20,040 3 $21,960 $27,450 $25,260 4 $26,500 $33,130 $30,480 5 $31,040 $38,810 $35,700 6 $35,580 $44,490 $40,920 7 $40,120 $50,170 $46,140 8 $44,660 $55,850 $51,360 each additional person, add: $4,540 $5,680 $5,220 As you can see, the level changes with the number of household members. According to the Census, 10.5% of the U.S. lives in poverty(note: this is prior to COVID data, and this number has increased dramatically). Each year, the poverty guidelines are increased/decreased due to changes in the CPI. In most cases, the numbers go up. Are Our Expenses Below the Income Poverty Line? At $19,560 in annual expenses, compared to 17,420, we’re not quite there, but we’re close. Could we get there? Yes. We’d have to cut about $2.1K annually, just under $175 monthly, out of our expenses. As it is, I feel like our quality of life is pretty rich, even at these expense levels. We cook up great organic vegetarian meals, enjoy an occasional bottle of wine or homebrew, have a nice home in a desirable community, 2 pets, mobile devices, high-speed internet, fancy bikes, clothing, TV, computers, car, backpacking gear, and even take nice cheap vacations. In our view, we are not living deprived. And we certainly don’t feel impoverished in any way. The sacrifices it would take to cut $194 per month out of our expenses would not be too painful. It would probably come from a mix of cutting some entertainment, changing our diet slightly to accommodate a shift to more bulk food purchases, reducing our HVAC energy consumption, re-evaluating our insurance levels, and appealing my property taxes with city hall. These are all things that are on my to-do list. This thought experiment is not to compare to or diminish the pain that can be felt while living in poverty. There is effectively a poor taxthat is very real. Also, it’s not even a fair comparison. I live in a lower cost of living state. I’ve spent well over a decade optimizing my finances. And I have savings to pad any emergency or big ticket items. However, there are plenty of opportunities to drive expenses lower without sacrificing quality of life. That’s my point here. When doing that, it’s possible to become more immune to economic factors that are out of your control, which can sometimes impact your income levels. And you might even have a little fun in the process. Could you Live Below Poverty Level? Regardless of your income levels, Are your annual expenses below the poverty line? If so, do you feel poor or deprived? If your expenses are above the poverty line, could you get there with effort? How would you do it? Related Posts: Money Saving Products I Use The U.S. is the Most Overworked Nation in the World Earned Income Tax Credit Basics Related Posts 10 Fun Summer Activities for Under $10 that you May Have Forgot About How to Do Your Taxes: A DIY 2021 Tax Return Guide (for 2020 Taxes) An Overview of the New IRS 1095-A, 1095-B, & 1095-C Forms 126 Comments Ron Ablang With a family of 3 living in California I don’t think we could pull this off. However a few years ago when I was single, I think I could’ve easily done it and I saved lots of money to boot even w/ a low salary compared to most of my peers and colleagues. Joe Hey. Not a Facebook or Google+ user, so I’ll leave my question here. I’ve been following your blog for a long time and I love (most of) your articles and thought processes. You mention homebrewing every-so-often. Have you been able to financially justify homebrewing? If so, can you break it down for me? My father and I brew our own. For his birthday, I brough him the ingredients for a Froach Heather Ale. Altogether, the ingredients cost $50. So in material alone, I’m ready above my $1 / bottle threshold (5 gal batches) that I use to determine if the beer is a deal. Looking forward to that blog entry!!! G.E. Miller I cover it in this post, which is a bit old, and I should probably re-vive: https://20somethingfinance.com/how-to-homebrew/ It does make sense financially. 5 gallons should equal between 8-9 six packs (of very high quality bottled beer, not Piss or Piss Light). Ingredients usually cost me $35-45. High quality six packs cost $8-9 + tax (let’s say $85-$90 on average for 8-9 packs). Tastes better too. And it’s fun. And it makes you more interesting. Win! Jay Cee “BEER BREWING” Maybe you can justify brewing your own beer by a “cost benefit ratio” but you cannot use “six packs” as a valid method to compare/contrast method. If you are as financially astute as you sound, you know that six packs are a horrible investment. If you brew beer in bulk,you would use minimum of 12 packs as a method of comparison. Really you would want to go a high as you could i.e. 30 packs. Which would create a much different outcome. John beer Locally produced beer is only sold in six packs. There are very few great beers sold in 12 packs and anything sold in a 30 pack is imho gross. JC Ok 30 packs was a far stretch but there’s definitely some solid beer sold in 12 packs. Or a 15pk in this case. http://www.totalwine.com/ale/ipa-india-pale-ale-/american-ipa/founders-all-day-ipa/p/138614131-2?glia=true&s=921&pid=cpc:Shopping+US+FLOR+ENG+SPART:::google:&gclid=CjwKCAjw3cPYBRB7EiwAsrc-uZwqH0ZwrW_mHe_vWIu0zCE0pimEYX_Ax8Z73tDaLiHXq6GVD-BJ6xoCwY4QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds Gwen I believe the poverty level is too low. The state has a guideline as to how much food, housing, or other resources a family need according to size and income. The cost of living has increased drastically. Housing, food, medical the basics to sustain a decent living should be afforded to all Americans. JP I think this is a pretty awesome way to look at things. Our expenses (2 of us) for what we are consuming are right above this mark at $17,880 even in the fairly expensive city of Austin. The key to this for us has been to say no to a mortgage. We were able to buy a house in cash after working our tails off through college to stay out of debt, and going even crazier for a few years afterwards. Here’s our quickie budget (note, this doesn’t include gifts to our church): $500 – Food & entertainment $300 – Property Taxes (This one hurts the most because I can’t do anything about it) $140 – Utilities (this drops big time in the winter) $250 – Gasoline/Vehicle Maintenance $75 – Gifts. Some for Christmas, and then birthdays, etc $125 – Misc expenses (home repairs, postage, medical, etc) The awesome thing is we lived dirt poor for a few years and told ourselves it was so we could have a mansion, never work again, etc, etc. Now, we can easily do it, but found that we can do everything we want to on this amount. The budget above even includes gas for our boat to go water skiing 1-2 times a week. Now we can just parlay all of our savings into investments and real estate. Robbin I notice you don’t list paying for health insurance and auto insurance. I live in Austin as well. In addition, if you rent, you will not qualify for any place unless your monthly gross at least three times the monthly rent. Katherine So true. I was thinking the same thing. Did not list rent/mtg, health and car insurance. Auto maintenance. He sure skipped alot! A. Thomas He did mention buying a house outright so no rent or mortgage, just property taxes. And he did mention auto maintenance. BUT, he didn’t mention health, auto or homeowners insurance. All of which cannot be avoided! Roland Loos Your expenses seem to lack a few fore example 1. do you pay for health insurance, life insurance . my wife and I both are retired and pay $460 a month for medicare and supplemental health insurance 2. how about homeowners insurance. We pay $100/month. 3. do you have expenses for telephone and cable/internet. 4. how often do you buy a car, which would require car payments unless you pay cash. 5. do you pay for car insurance CR GE – what is the breakdown of your $19,560? Does that include a mortgage pmt each month? Or was that excluded because it’s equity? My expenses average about $20k per year…and that’s only for one person. I am surprised (and impressed) your average is so low, GE, for TWO people. My top three “spend” categories are 1) rent, 2) travel, and 3) Auto. Close followers are food, “dining out”, and clothes. I really think of myself as a ‘saver’, but apparently I am not as frugal as I thought! I have a new goal to work towards, though I know I couldn’t get down to $11,150 without downgrading significantly in where i live (both from a safety and a location stand point). I currently only pay $650 for rent (w/ 1 roommate) and bills are included. Compared to my peers, that is pretty low (I live in the north texas area about 10 miles from the downtown area of the city). I guess it’s time I re-evaluate my budget and figure out more areas where I can save. Challenge accepted :) diana shamblin GE Miller I do appreciate your ability to live on a small budget. While I might appreciate your dedication to living frugal I also think it is obvious that your lucky or Bless with good health, a good education and a partner who is also of the same thinking. You seem a bit proud as you might compare your circumstances with the general populous. I have lived on a budget all most all of my life I am now retired and we are doing well. I am no longer concerned about saving or the future. I will not go into my long story of life. But, I will add I over came many obstetrical, but I was blessed with some things I have discovered many do not possess. First is a determination a drive and a unwillingness to NOT be a victim. Second was intelligence I do not mean school education, (I did not have much school education). But I did get an education from many form. I have met many people with a great deal of Schooling but can not think independently. As for planing and saving that only go’s so far. There are so many things in life that can happen the you have no control of that will change your life it seem over nite. Be great full for everything you have and try to teach people how to live within their means and how to save. So many get bad advice or do not know how to budget. You have a platform that can get info out so you should feel obligated to teach the less fortunate. I have never read you column before, so if I misjudge you, I apologize. Thank you Tim Richmond This definitely is a good way to look at things, but it also puts things into sort of a sad perspective. A lot of people have to live on that amount of money or less– I have not seen too many posted comments about having a low quality of life. You do, of course, offer good tips for maintaining good quality of life while spending less. VERY POOR FAMILY I admire that you are not using government assistance because our family is a family of 6 with 2 dogs, and we use government assistance, even though the programs do not really provide enough assistance. Right now, I may am receiving Social Security benefits, but Im currently without a health insurance. My children and my husband are covered, and that s only thing matters to me because anything can happen to my children. I am not that worried about me because Im relatively healthy as I rarely go to doctors and emergency room departments. We are still struggling to flourish in this economy, and my husband is struggling to find a job due to his disability. I was a working “student” mom until I decided to stay at home to be here more often. Im currently studying pre-pharmacy, and hopefully, I can achieve this as to become a pharmacist to be able to provide for my family. We may have basic necessities and “luxuries” such as cell phones, cable, and so on, but I dont think my family are happy as they want more out of this life like with bigger house and fancier stuff. I believe it is due to the society in US that many people feel deprived due to the standards of being “wealthy.” I believe I will be more comfortable with being humble without those “fancier” stuff to fit in the society, but it is hard to teach the new generations of children how to live simple. Anyway, I just want to tell you that I truly admire you for taking care of your family well without using any of government assistances. You are an excellent mother and a wife. Phil I live way under the poverty line but I’m not under any illusion that since I can do it everyone else can too. All it takes is one disaster when one lives on the edge to change one’s life from comfortable to misery. Whether that means a blown furnace (that happened to me) or a random serious health ailment. I personally think that the poverty line is way too low. The big deciding factor is health insurance. Unless you get it cheap through your employer or qualify for government assistance it does’t take much to wrack up a bill large enough to eat up an entire savings. Also the poverty line does not take into account how much it cost to get to work. In my case I have to go 40 miles one way for a part time job. There is just nothing closer. Half of my income goes to just getting to work. When the government came up with the idea of the poverty line in the first place health care was much cheaper and commuting more than 10 miles to work was unheard of. Also housing was much cheaper then. Carol The poverty level changes each year. When it was created everything was much cheaper. I think a young healthy single person or couple would be able to live comfortably most places at the poverty level, but when you start adding children it becomes very difficult. The poverty level seems only to take into account food, but housing gets harder to find when you need more bedrooms and a safe place to live. Then clothing, entertainment, education, all much more difficult. All is based on affordable health care and having a suitable job, of course. Carol If you moved back home the entire family income is counted. michele Okay well I make 400 dollars more than the poverty line. I move out of my condo in April and I can’t live on my own without some assistance. But I can’t qualify for assistance because I make to much! I’m A single mother and work 7 days a week averaging 60 hour weeks! I have no debt and just the basics no tv. No internet just my cell phone and a 10 year old car and no medical insurance. I live in Colorado..Even a 500 sq ft studio is 650….and its be and my 4 year old son Julie For most single parents and some couples with children you must factor in daycare costs which can quickly eat up a budget. Most single parents did not happily choose to raise children on their own. Many single parents do not receive any support from the sometimes completely absent parent. Jeannette I feel your pain, my husband and I live in western Colorado, and it is ridiculous what rents they want, even for a crappy place. Since my husband had a stroke in January and lost his truck driving job we have been living on the edge. If it weren’t for my SS, we’d be in worse shape. We have debt, from a time when he ran his own business, and although we could pay on it, once the truck driving went away, now we have creditors hounding us. My husband could not find work here locally except for a minimum wage job stocking shelves, this barely covers rent, much less utilities. When we went to apply for public assistance, they said he made too much money at his previous job and was disqualified. How asinine is that! Once unemployment ran out (what a joke that is) we were forced to sell off household goods, furniture, computers etc, just to pay rent. Our savings was eaten up in medical bills. We finally got SNAP, but because he missed a meeting of Work First, they cut the food assistance in half. I’m 66 and he’s 54, and I never thought when I got to this age I’d be worried about being homeless but every night I lie awake worrying, I can’t imagine what this would be like for those who have children…. Anxiety Unemployment insurance is a joke. I got a couple of checks, my former employer wanted out of the responsibility and took me to court to claw back the $5o0 I had received. Hiring a lawyer for this would be prohibitive, so I lost my case and have to pay back. I’ve only been able to find a part time job at this point, so the $500 was critical to me. Aronel I too am a single mother. I have two kids and am renting in Colorado. We have health insurance thanks to assistance but that is the only help we get. I was fortunate enough to find a place where I can actually afford but after rent, insurance, utilities, phone bill, and groceries there is nothing left. I find it laughable a lot of people think they could live under the poverty level. They must NOT have children. Money for entertainment and homebrewing???? Seriously??? If you have money to homebrew you are not hurting for cash and can’t really understand how those living paycheck to paycheck are. I’m fortunate to get nice shampoo for myself. Sheeeesh reading this whole article really just made me feel like some people are out of touch. No shit you can live comfortably above or at the poverty line your buying organic food and homebrewing beer while others are ridden with anxiety wondering how they’ll be able to pay rent even after working a full week Reet Feeling your pain. This is why we need Medicare for all and free public education up to 16 yrs instead of the current 12 yrs. No one in this society can enjoy a decent standard of living without a college or tech school education. ….and free childcare. Chelsea Health insurance at full premium through a group plan at work: $550/mo (I am considered uninsurable on all private plans) Cost of medications and medical supplies with insurance: 250/mo Cost of doctor visits: $30/month Cost of hospital bill repayments: $70/month Monthly income: $931 Monthly health costs: $900 I couldn’t live on $31/month. I would die. I am glad that I do not live under the poverty line. And? If you were spending that much money to keep anything else running, you would have rid yourself of it long ago. It doesn’t sound like you have much quality of life with if so much of your income is spent just keeping you alive. I’m all about modern medicine, but on the other hand, there is something to be said for natural selection… sam Holy moly, are you literally telling this person that she doesn’t deserve to live? Jeannette That’s cold, and what makes you such a great specimen? KJ As someone who is the parent of a (very) medically complex child, this comment is untrue. Often, children born with my son’s condition grow up to be kind, intelligent, and vibrant people who live life to the fullest, and have a very high quality of life (since they know how precious it is). Chelsea, I’m glad you can afford your care. You are worth it! Stay strong! 💪🏻 LameBear Fine “human being” you are! Future Omg I can’t believe u jus said that, what a horrible way of thinking! That is not a way of helping someone by sharing ur experiences or advice on what to do to make the situation improve, boy u r not so intelligent! Where is your compassion? Maybe spend some of your income on therapy, sensitivity therapy! Jay Obviously, Mr. Miller has never had a water heater explode in the middle of the night, a blown headgasket on an automobile while about 500 miles from home, gutters ripped off from the facia due to an excessive ice storm, a prescription that costs $120 a month that an affordable healthcare plan doesn’t cover, or any number of life’s little surprises that take a huge bite out of a family’s monthly budget. Oh, and the affordable healthcare plan; $600 a month for a family of two. We dropped cable, downsized to just one cellphone, eliminated the house phone, eliminated one car, gave the dog away, share an internet connection with a neighbor and stay awake at night thinking of more ways to reduce our monthly outlay of cash. Does anyone else have more ideas as to what we can eliminate or reduce so that we can live on the published poverty level of $15,140 for a family of two? That’s about $1262 a month… my utilities, housepayment, health, auto, home and life insurances erase that figure immediately. I have been entertaining the thought of selling the house and renting, but rent and renters insurance are as much if not more than my current housepayment. Anyway, it is silly to try and convince people that it is possible to live at or below the poverty line for any length of time. Life happens. All it takes is one hospital stay that the health insurer refuses to pay for that can push a person to bankruptcy. Good luck to all of you trying to survive in this economy. Tara Absolutely agree! Just ask my mother whose heart nearly stopped beating and the insurance company won’t cover the costs. Her medical bills would be literally ten times the poverty line for her THREE days in the hospital. Jim Rizer I live in the Philippines now which is the only place I can afford to live.I have no luxuries. No cellphone or cable or tv.Just myself and my wife trying to get along on $753.Per month SS. I’m not in good health and am 78 years old.Life here is not easy but it’s all I can afford. Jeannette Do you have a garage? You could fix it up sparingly and rent it out as a bedroom or studio….? Josie You are wise and correct,you have slashed all u possibly can. Poverty level is a joke absolutely impossible amount to live on without assistance. I am recently divorced i have 25,000 to live on yearly . I dont travel or spend except for basic living,heck i eat out i time monthly cheaply,have a 2008 vehicle,live in a mobile home and am constantly trying to be frugal.like u said something breaks or you get sick and need meds it can put you in debt fast ! I try to eat healthy and take in the simple pleasures of life for entertainment and hobbies, ( kayaking,parks,beach,gardening,cleaning home,grilling meals,being outdoors etc.) BUT…THINGS HAPPEN……you are at the bottom of the barrel with your expenses already but i do hope you enjoy life and have love because thats what is rich in life. Good luck ! Charlie Lawrence I relate w/U; My only health care is VA – hardship – + medicaid for an ER trip if it comes up; And medicaid dental – which took 2 yrs to get on – for just the basics (77 yo). So, I decided, at my age, to use my credit card to join the health club/gym and swim in the big 50 mtr pool three times a wk. (comes to $36/mo) I shower there, too. (+hot tub and steam room). Brush w/iodine waterpik and now, BP, glucose down; old back and knee surgeries healed, no dental probs any more. Lost 25 lbs. 24 laps (1 1/2 mi) three times a week. Meds thru VA w/copay; No cell, or cable – just the little box and rabbit ears. Take free emeritus art classes, yoga. AND read good spiritual books. If just the ISP would come down. My computer bill is killing me. It’s a racket. (Oh yes, Low-income senior housing. (HUD). Apply NOW and save the rush. It reminds me of the 60s in the barn. (Was an engineer – until reagan took it all away: career, 3br house, cars, life-long pension, health, . . .) Feel better than in 30 yrs! Dylan: “If ya ain’t got nuthin, ya go nuthin to lose” is becoming my motto. Read Stephen Levine : “Who Dies”. joe New York and other expensive cities have their own aid programs. For example one of my uncles recieves SSI because he is disabled. When he moved out of New York to Louisiana to be closer to family his SSI was reduced because he didn’t get the extra money New York gave him. sara I’m sure it was reduced because it is much cheaper to live here in Louisiana than New York. My son and I live $1030 below the poverty line and we do fine. But, we also get assistance. Not much, but it helps. If my lazy, selfish ex would pay the child support he was ordered, we’d be doing better and I would not constantly be worried about the next emergency that may make us homeless. Tara Living paycheck to paycheck at the poverty line is doable, yes. You can cover your daily expenses. You can even do it fairly comfortably if you’re lucky or if you live somewhere with a low cost of living. What this article fails to quantify is the STRESS of living that way. What happens when you get those unexpected expenses? What if your car goes? What if you get sick and can’t work. Can you afford health insurance? Can you afford the things health insurance won’t cover? I understand that the point is to live simply and save the rest for these expenses, but I think this article trivializes the plight of that 15% of people who doesn’t find living inexpensively a game. G.E. Miller This article is not geared to those living at a poverty level income, and is not meant to trivialize the challenges of doing so. The point is that you can fairly comfortably live at a poverty level expense, and if earn above, it presents significant savings opportunity. Social commentary on the plight and stress of poverty is far beyond what this post was intended to discuss. sbbama The point is you can not live comfortably on a low income in the US. Do you ever buy clothes, go to the doctor, pay health insurance or pay rent of 600 per month? Do you need an auto to make this amount of money and do you buy gas and maintain the auto? The real point is why do intelligent people posting on this website live on such pitiful wages. Why are profits going up and wages going down, what happened to the middle class? L clark I do not really get what you mean by poverty level expense. Just to pay the mortgage and property taxes, very low mortgage a lot less than rent is $850 pcm. Family of three, two seniors and one disabled son. Medicare premiums and copays gobble up $500 pcm not counting copays and deductibles. Utilities and insurance for car and house $350 our car is sixteen. So there is $22,000 a year. We eat mostly vegetables, never eat out, buy clothes from thrift stores. All our furniture is second hand. We have not even bought food yet please note. We get extra help with presciptions and $200 a year towards winter fuel. We do not drink smoke or have cell phones, jut a small track phone that cost ten bucks. Worked hard our whole lives. Husband has TBI son is learning disabled. With family help we get $24,000 a year which prevents us from getting any help other than prescriptions. My One luxury is the internet and an ipad that was given to me. Just ask what it is like splirging two grand a year for all our food, clothes, repairs and all else. I think you are just not counting it all in on your own expense list. Jim Heck my health insurance alone is 12k a year(self Employed, single dad to 3 boys). I currently live far about the poverty line, but have less free time and disposable income then many who live closer. As I read these things, I realize I am working far too hard for too little. Greg Hi Mike I was browsing the web about poverty level income and came across the article you wrote. Just wanted to say thanks I appreciate your incites. Greg mom of 5 I manage to keep my family of 7 going on $2100 a month. It is super tight and we don’t get to go do a ton of activities, but I can certainly say is interesting and educational. We eat organic and gluten due to horrible food allergies and we homeschool too. We certainly love paycheck to paycheck. My husband works two jobs, but I couldn’t work if I wanted because we wouldn’t be able to afford daycare. When we bought our house 4 years ago my husband made 4 times his current income at one job and I worked full time. He was laid off and had to take whatever he could get and my job became obsolete (I used to be able to work from home and watch the kids.). All in all, we went from about $150, 000 a year down to $25, 000 without a reduction in house payment. We couldn’t afford the option we had for both control (due to my health issues) and the result is a large living family on next to no income. Our energy bill (on budget billing) is about $325 a month. bs Couldn’t afford a condom or spermicide seriously?! “Love living paycheck to paycheck…” WTF?! I hope that’s a joke because I’ve experienced nothing more depressing & stressful than having to live like this especially once a child was added. When rent alone takes your monthly income leaving a choice between eating or having electricity shits not “fun” or “living” it’s misery! The guidelines are a lie & unrealistic they’re based on gross income which means shit because we pay these things called taxes. Some people take home right under the line, but are told they don’t “qualify” for help this doesn’t mean they can live on these bullshit guidelines. Jeannette I’m thinking it”s a typo “loving paycheck to paycheck” since the ‘i’ and the ‘o’ are next to each other, probably she meant “living paycheck to paycheck’ trougnouf Everyone still needs to pay for medicare and SS tax. I made about 15k this year and I still had to pay 10% in taxes. Jean We are retired- living on my Husbands SSDI. I am 61 & not eligible for SS ) After foreclosure & bankruptcy in 2008 ( GM closed plant) which relieved us of our home& cars ( also removing our ability to look for employment) we are surviving (?) All our $ goes to bills : rent/utilities /insurance/ medical. Netfix & TracFone only and we now drive a 1997 jeep. We have Grandchildren in FL/ IL/& AZ that we will never see. Reverse travel for them is not in the picture either. Diane It certainly would not be easy, but I couldn’t imagine not seeing the grandchildren! IF it were me & IF I didn’t have strong ties to area where u live, I would consider finding a place midway between the grands, or near 1 of them at least. Even S. Missouri, Springfield/Branson or other; not too far from IL, could drive to FL or AZ from there, maybe few times a yr, if retired. (Or ck for states with positive healthcare & housing & benefits for seniors). Personally, I like warmer states, either Texas, AZ, or upper Florida to try to avoid hurricanes. Or, I’d get a used travel trailer & just go. Good luck to you! Rachel I began working and saving money when I was fifteen, and at 19 I was able to buy my own home, living below the poverty level. Now, two years and a promotion later, I make around $12,000 a year, and still live comfortably in my own home. I can afford to go out and even take the occasional vaccation/trip on that income. Of course, I have the benefit of free meals from my employer, so my grocery bill is about $30/month, and I drive a fully paid ’02. But I don’t feel deprived in any way. I have been extremely blessed. T919 You mention “hubby had heart attacks”. How were they treated? You do or don’t have insurance? Did he not go to the hospital? I’m confused. You paid cash for the hospitals and Rx’s if any? T. Now try to manage no income period. Ever wonder about the “No one left behind” comment? You did’nt build that! Example: The 99ers and beyond. Stress? Long term unemployed in some instances, more than two years or even three! I’m also referring to people who did not give up looking for work and continue. Some applied to over 200 jobs and still no results. Health ins.? Whats that? Something needs to change with the elimination of real jobs being exported out of the U.S. Where’s Congress? What’s really going on? At least I don’t have a mortgage or rent payment since I own. I’m going on two years unemployed and over 100 jobs applied for. Echoing the debate on gun control; we need real change! Happy job hunting! P.S. Unemployment insurance is poverty level. Thanks for the statistic. Something to think about. Gday,no worries mates! sara What kind of jobs are you applying for? I just don’t believe after applying for over 100 jobs you didn’t get one. Unless, you don’t apply for jobs you think you are to good for, or to qualified for, or are beneath you. That is what the main problem is for most of the people complaining that there are no jobs. They simply will not even think of applying for something they feel is beneath them. Boo Hoo. Jeannette Try this out Sara, in western Colorado when the gas fields closed down 300 truck drivers were out of work. Many left, but 200 stayed…Now locally there may be a dozen jobs suitable for these people to do, so every time you went to apply for a job, you were competing with 200 to possibly 300 people with the same job skills and length of time in a previous job all applying for the job you want, or the only jobs available…and don’t say ‘why don’t you move to a place that has more jobs’, because if you’re not working you have no income and moving requires income, first, last and security to rent a place, ability to go somewhere to rent it before you move, moving costs, having a job when you get there, all require ‘money’ and if you have none you’re stuck looking for work where you are..it’s not always a matter if a job being beneath you, or you’re not qualified for, when you are out of work and living on practically nothing, ANY job, is better than none.. Regina You forget that some employers don’t even think about hiring someone who is over qualified. KP I hear you. My husband has been unable to find a decent job in four years. Went from $60,000 a year to $0.00. Where I live, if you are over 45, and have a college degree, you are not employable. Now, if you just have a high school diploma and are willing to work for minimum wage, there are jobs. But, once they see you have a degree, you are considered overqualified and a flight risk. I work part-time, been trying to find a full-time job, but have been told that I have been part-time too long (that’s all that is out there, unless I take a several thousand dollar pay cut that I can’t afford!) and I am told that I am a job hopper- been at my current position 8 years, but I am 49 years old. Kwyjibo “Could you Live Below Poverty Level?” You need to replace the word ‘live’ with the word ‘survive’. When you’re forced to forgo a cup of coffee at a shop with friends because you’ll need that 1.50 for the bus in the morning that will get you too work but won’t bring you back home because you don’t have another 1.50…then you’re not living…you’re just surviving. This is how those of us in poverty really live. It’s not some freakin’ game of ‘oh I’m all set up with my house and car and SO who also works so we’ve got a nice bank account and a 401K so LET’S SEE HOW MUCH WE CAN SAVE!!! YIPPEE!!!!…’ kind of game, people. This is real life for some of us…not some banal choice. Carolyn It depends on your definintion. At least there is a bus. Poverty levels in the US are still higher than the average cost of living for the majority of the world. As for the specific example of the bus, I haven’t had a car for 10 years. Do I walk a lot? Yeah, in fact I walked 8 miles yesterday; but I don’t have a choice. Do I let it bother me? NO. I am capbable of doing it, so I do… and I don’t feel like I’m just “surviving.” I don’t go without food or basic bathroom ammenties. I just don’t have a car, cable, etc. And so what? I don’t need a car, cable, etc to survive. I still breath, ambulate, sweat, and bleed without those things. And $1.50 for coffee? That’s expensive. If you make it at home, it’s pennies on the dollar… jeretta I make min wage 7.25 and a few tips wich is less than 10,000 a yr with three children to raise only on this income i do get food asstance I have to to eat. I did go to school and have a license to work where i do and make $300 every 2 weeks . and u just have no life when u work to be in poverty jeretta oh yeah and i would rather make it then save it cause i hear save save all the time on talk radio and im in the car just screaming u cant save when u dont have anything to save not even enough to live Shelley Agreed. jeretta no u can not live on this amount noone can John Smith 7.25 an hour, without counting your tips, is 290 a week before taxes, no way you bring home only 300 in two weeks. You are doing something wrong, or you are working part time. Jim Hey, she said: in addition to her $290 per week she also attends school and has been approved to make up to $300 every two weeks. Or $600 per month. In addition. Either way, it is not a sustainable life for long. Yes, you can work through it and raise those three kids (more power to you) but this lady is the definition of working poor. That’s sad USA. Greg Most people at min wage unfortunately don’t get full time. I know from experience jeretta who is not paying taxes?????????? or are u saying they are not paying in at the end of thr yr??? jeretta you are so right i aagree i was trying to say the same thing manfred1946 Just a few words from across the pond,here in the U.K. we havethe same discussions with roughly the same outcom. our basic national wage is gbp 6.35 which is about 8-9 usd, it is as hard here asit seems to be in the USA, we have two main things that do differ , one good and one bad . petrol(gas) in the UK is now 7gbp, about 10 dollars a gallon. it fluctuates weekly but never seems to go down. and has a great bearing if you have to travel to, or look for work. the good is the National health service, all medicine is free, you may have to pay a charge for your prescription , currently 8gbp , but everything else , operations etc is free, it seems hard for most of us. Kim A note on the UK: A number of years back, I was living in Germany and paying health insurance. On a trip to Spain, I had a minor injury. I got it treated at no cost. On a trip to England, I had chest pains and went to a government facility on a non-emergency basis. I was charged for all services rendered 9i don’t remember exactly what they were, but they were mostly just tests). All three countries were EU members at the time. Later, when I was no longer living in an EU country, i had dental discomfort while on a visit to England. I was able to get into the clinic my relatives’ use within a day or two. I was treated and charged less than in Germany or ROK where i had health insurance. Catherine When I was in community college, I attended with almost exclusively middle class students who drove while I took the bus. One difficulty I encountered was being in that environment was difficult to try to explain your problems. I was taking a karate class and I could only afford one Gi, which was about 45 dollars. I would take it home and wash it once a week or so, but not everyday. One day the instructor spoke to the whole class about how gross it was to not wash your Gi everyday..but I knew he was thinking/talking about me. That is when I realized my trouble and I felt it was too hard to explain so I didn’t. Most of the other students went home to middle class homes with washers and dryers and could wash their Gi’ everyday. But every-time I washed something it cost 5.00. You can’t hand-wash a GI and have it be dry the next day. It is a huge thick canvas heavy thing. I was the only one there who couldn’t afford not to be “gross”. I was the only one without a cell phone. I had to stay at school all day because the bus took two hours (though I only lived 1/2 hour away by car). I didn’t have any friends at all. I made people uncomfortable. It’s better when I am in my own neighborhood then I am not such a freak. Thegunjo Catherine, I’m sure you are a precious person and you should not feel bad or ashamed at all. John Smith Took a judo class in college, I don’t think I ever washed that GI thing, you must have been working out a lot harder than me. Shannon M Can you expand on your expenses? Did you and your wife pay for health insurance or did you go without it or did you get covered at a job? Did you pay rent or did you have a mortgage? And your income: Did you both work? Robbin Not really. You need to pay social security and FICA. That will reduce your net by about 10%. Kahlilah I’m a single Mom of a 2 yr. old. I make 22,000 a yr. & about $6,000 in child support.. When contemplating on whether I should stay with my then boyfriend to go at it alone I looked up the poverty line for 2 living on the East coast & said Ok, I make a couple thousand more than that a year Sure! I can leave him because now that I was pregnant he suddenly stopped being loving much less considerate.. I soon realized that when doing the poverty level numbers for 2 they must’ve went on 2 adults who could easily make sacrifices & in a loving environment your entertainment as well as moral support can come from your adult partner.. But when you have a child with no support system relying on daycare from professional yet complete strangers you won’t even be able to get to work without paying them first!! There aren’t many necesities you can say no to with a who keeps growing & the more they grow the more they need.. as an adult I’ve basically stopped growing my weight & feet have been the same since my teen years so all the sacrificing I do goes straight to my sons needs.. I’d love to have $3000 at the end of the year I will absolutely try harder.. Oh’ & for the people who said that those of low income don’t pay taxes, We may get a tax break but for the past couple of years I’ve used my tax credit to pay bills from the previous year, And that’s without credit card debt for wants. Sally You don’t pay taxes. Paying off bills is NOT paying taxes. Sharon Hi, I am a 60 year old female that has been looking for work for over 2 years now. I do have an income because my mother died and left me her home. Out of that income comes property taxes and should also have insurance on the which I can not afford. My husband was the money maker and wanted me to be a stay at home mom, but when he left he left me with a run down house that I had to refinance to give him his equity. In the area I live in most of the rentals go for over what I pay for my house-payment so it would not not be advisable to move. I do not qualify for food stamps because I am a home owner. I do not qualify for medical help because I am a home owner. If I sold my house I would have to do a short sale as the value of the house was a lot more 11 years ago when he moved out. I have no working heater or air conditioner. My tenants have just informed me their air is out so if I had any money it would be going into that house. If I sell that house it would not cover what I owe on my mortgage and I would have absolutely no income. But I would still be a home owner and not qualify for any help. I don’t flush my toilets every time to save water. I do not water my lawn. I’m lucky if I have $3 a day for food so that usually consists of oatmeal for breakfast, usually no lunch and maybe a can of tuna on crackers for dinner. Please enlighten me where I can cut any more corners. My father was born in 1907 and I was raised not to waist a penny. We were served milk even if it had soured. We were served cereal even if it weavels in it. My dad would just say consider it free protein. So I am not a picky eater nor do I waist any food. So again please if you have any ideas I would appreciate hearing them. Sincerely, Sharon Daniel Sew a seed if only $1 dollar into the kingdom of God Beverly You seem to honestly want ideas. I’m not judging you for being in the situation you are in, I admire you for cutting back where you can. Here are some ideas, none of them are easy: 1. Try to Create More Income: A. Get another tenant. “What? I already have tenants.” Sleep on the couch and rent out your bedroom, rent the couch (yes people actually rent couches), clean out the garage and rent it, etc. B. Create a job. a) Are you able to walk well? Walk people’s dogs. b) Do babysitting. c) Have a neighbor that doesn’t speak English well? Ask them for $20/mo to help them with their paperwork: write a resume, cover letter, fill out an application, apply for welfare, apply for lower electric rate, balance their checkbook, read their prescription information, fill out their immigration application, write a letter to their landlord, read a report card, etc. d) Teach the neighbor in ‘c’ above to read english, or tutor his kids. e) Give lessons. Your experience is valuable. Do you know how to cook something, can veggies, make jam, sew, crochet, play piano, etc? Advertise on Craigslist, and NextDoor, put up a notice(s) in the local library, etc. (Ask them to come to your house, so you don’t have to pay for gas.) f) Do you have a lawnmower? Cut the neighbors’ lawns. Who says a 60 yo woman can’t cut lawns. Better yet, organize a lawn service and pay the neighborhood boys to do it. C. Get a lawyer and get more alimony from your ex. D. Make stuff. a) Keep chickens in your backyard and sell their eggs. No money for supplies? Partner with a local teenager and pay him back from the profits. Watch freecycle for used wood and chicken wire. b) Plant tomatoes, sell them. c) Sew something for someone. d) If your arthritis isn’t too bad, offer custom tailoring. e) Make a batch of your best cookies, cutting them up for samples. Go to one neighborhood and sign people up for a Monthly Cookie Club. Charge a monthly fee and deliver one dozen (two dozen?) homemade cookies to their door. You might need to have a car for this one. Branch out and do meals. E. Do you have an attic? Sell storage space. (Investigate adding insurance.) F. Hold a garage sale. Offer to sell other people’s stuff at your garage sale for a commission. You will need help. Watch out for thieves. Watch freecycle for good free stuff you can sell. If you don’t have a car, figure out if it’s worth the cost of an Uber. G. Add Skills. The computer software that processes job applications looks for key words. Turn off the television and Youtube cat videos and take an Online class. There are bunches of free ones out there. You can beef up your resume by improving your skill set and making yourself more sellable. And they are interesting too! A piece of advice: after you finish a class, keep practicing your new skills a little here and there, so you don’t get rusty. 2. Saving Money: A. Coupons. Did you know you can use more than one coupon at some stores? You’ll have to do some research, but you can get some things cheap. B. Swap hair cuts. You do your neighbor’s one month, the next month they do yours. Who needs nice looking hair anyway? C. Barter All that stuff in 1.B. above? Trade it for something. Do you know how to do taxes? Trade doing your neighbor’s taxes for a ride to the grocery store once a week, for three months. Talk your other neighbor into going with you and charge them $2 for the trip. Win win. Make some bread (or a plate of cookies) and trade it for four cans of tuna. etc. D. Food a) Eggs! They are about $0.21 each. Make a frittata for dinner. b) Soup is cheap when you make it yourself. Watch for sales. c) Make beans, using dried beans. My mom used to make Boston style beans for church potlucks. They are super cheap and people liked them (no one knew we didn’t have much money). Even after she had gotten a better job and had more money; people still asked her to make her beans. d) Cook in bulk. I used to have a friend that lived in an apartment building with several single moms. She got angry when she found out how much they were spending on processed food for meals or eating out at fast food places. She took it upon herself to teach them how to cook bulk meals: stews, soups, casseroles, etc. Buy in bulk, make several at once, and then freeze them. The girls were very grateful, and they had fun doing it together. e) Make hamburger stew. My mom used to make a pot of Hamburger Stew on Sunday and with a couple cans of tomatoes, a can of green beans, carrots, and potatoes, stretch it to Wednesday and sometimes Thursday. We loved it. It was warm and filled our bellies. About once a month when she didn’t have enough for dinner, she would make rice pudding. For us it was a special treat, we didn’t know any better. We thought we were getting dessert for dinner. 3. Other Ideas: You don’t have little ones, but other moms could swap babysitting. It’s called a babysitting co-op, and is considered ‘entrepreneurial’. You could even put it on your resume. So those are some thoughts. The main theme is to get creative. There are a lot of ideas you can come up with. Just don’t give up, Beverly Sally Hi there, I own out right my house, and everything else I have. Because I bought only what I could afford in the fist place. I have also been a single mom for the last 15 years. We can easily live at poverty level for 2, we have in the past, because I do not have a house payment, car payment etc. That is the secret, I guess. Michael You are correct and I applaud the get rid of payments orientation. Most house holds would be able to survive if this was practiced. The variable is: is it a loss of job, or an injury that cannot be recovered from, to addiction, onto the best for last divorce. There are so many reasons why, just no answers to end the problem. Michael I was struck by lightning in 1998 and it did a lot of damage. I only have two benefits: 1. SSDI because I am not hire-able without being a liability due to medications and I take falls. This after health insurance is $690 a month. 2. I do receive food benefits or my children would starve during my visitations. If we were to just count me that puts me at -$3210 on the line, adding my girls puts me at -$11,250 of the poverty line. It is time America realize our streets are not paved with gold and even in the nicest of communities people with their children are living starving and homeless. redwoods Interesting article, and interesting comments too, from everyone. I think this article is more about voluntary frugality; that is, those who choose to live a simple, frugal life. It’s a lot easier to live with little money and still enjoy the quality of life if one does it as a choice, instead of a necessity. Some people can derive a lot of pleasure from choosing to live at the poverty level and save/invest the rest of their income. But for someone who has to live at the poverty level, it’s much harder. BTW, I was curious about the poverty level in the US for 2014, and my search led me to this site. Thanks for your article! James I am confused, our expenses have nothing to do with the poverty level. The poverty level is the set of guidelines for a person to meet a specific standard as defined by the Census Bureau as the level require to sustain that standard. You are under the poverty level if you earn less than that much per year. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/overview/measure.html Regardless of your expenses as long as your combined income is more than that defined for your level (in the case of 2 people $15,730/year) you are not in poverty. Both people working an earning $7.25 an hour have to only work a combined total of 41.7 hours a week total to be at the poverty line (That is just 21 hours for each to work to meet the minimum per week at the base of $7.25). If you spend more than you make, you are not below the poverty line. Most people interpret poverty as their income deficit which has nothing to do with being able to meet the minimum standards as defined to be at poverty. For each person after the first you add just over $4000 becuase things like housing cost are figured into the first persons as each person takes advantage of it, thus they have less need. So the trick to get above the poverty line is to have more people in the house who don’t work (thus the impact of kids, even though child support in most states only figure about $1500 to cover a childs monthly expense, what gives there is odd as I rarely spend more than $200-500 average per month per child to care for their needs including clothing, and food and that tells me the Census values are suspect to begin with). The reality is a family of 4 which is the average listed needs to earn $23,850 to be at the poverty line. At $7.25 an hour with both parents working, they only need to work 63.26 hours per week to meet that minimum to get about the poverty line. That is 32 hours a week per person. The reason many people are below the poverty line is not because they cannot get above it at minimum wage, they choose that both parents will not work and the one cannot get enough overtime to reach the level (16 hours extra in a job that pays 1.5 on overtime). And those numbers are based on opportunity which is why Alaska and Hawaii have different values. Another factor for some folks being counted below the poverty line is tips wages, they are paid a $2.13/hour base wage and there are a lot of people who work in tipped professions who don’t report their tips accurately. So another loophole for being under the poverty level and not actually being so if they could properly capture the amounts. Another point is that people on welfare do not have their welfare bennefits included in their income and it is not used in factoring if they are under the poverty line or not. I am sorry but this is an income mount that offsets their out go and thus IMHO should be used to factor if a person is or is not under the line. A huge amount of the percentage would not be if that was included. Reality as most people are not in poverty, they just feel that way becuase they over extend themselves for wants and not needs. Even a stay at home mom is a want and not a need to the calculation. Additionally once the child is in school those parents can get part-time jobs to meet and even exceed being under the poverty line. To me, more data needs to be evaluated and that the poverty line to correctly capture who is truly suffering in this country. Kt Thank you!!! Jim That is the minimum needed to sustain. But how long could your family of four do it? What if a parent or both get sick? Child needs to go to the doctor? No books in that house…That’s also after taxes not before. It’s not Kit This is a crock. You cannot pay all your bills, eat healthy, or do co-pays for prescriptions at this level. Chris Smith Yeah the poverty level a joke. What if your in my situation. Your wife works. But her work is 20 miles away. She makes 26k a year. And that might sound a lot to a lot of people. But she works past the buses running so she needs a car. And she got a car payment of 350 a month plus insurance of 100 a month. And u got food of 250 a month and a phone around 60 a month and rent 555 a month and 90 electric. And washing clothes is 60 a month. And gas is 160 a month. And she needs Tylenol. Plus toilet paper 20 a month. And items like laundry soap and shampoo and cleaning bathroom 40 a month. And I been off work 10 months and been getting disability check. So we making it for now. And my cobra health plan is 890 a month. But in two months it goes to 1600 a month for cobra after a year on disability from work. And I applied for ssdi. Because I can’t work right now. Because of my severe ibs and gastropresis. And severe ocd and severe anxiety and depression. And if I am not able to make it back to work in there time frame. Got no medical. And I need pills for anxiety and ocd and depression. To have a shot at getting back to work. And pills for gastropresis. And right now they can’t find a medication that works good enough for my ocd anxiety and depression. To get me back to work. I have pains all day long in my abdominal are. Because of these conditions. No medical I couldn’t go to doctor to get pills. And would have more pains. Need medical to prove to ssdi I can’t work. If they don’t find a pill that works for me. So when they consider poverty. I guess they expect everyone not need pills and go to doctor. And that the biggest problem in America is healthcare. And america got more advertisement for pills than any other country. To drive up medication cost. So I think government should help Americans depending on there situation. And health care the biggest part of help. Instead of taking care of the illegals. Take care of the american people first. Lawrence I am 50 years old. So not young nor am I old. The poverty levels I see represented here are misleading as to true poverty. A person in true poverty usually does not own their own home. An if they have a vehicle usually it is between 10 to 20 years old either bought from a private person or from some dealership who does not particularly care about your credit rating and will let you pay 125 a month over 3 years to pay for it. I live on roughly 1644 a month this is combined disability and foodstamps. my rent is 545 a month for 1 bedroom 900 square foot house I have cable/ internet and phone at about 200 a month electricity about 150 a month Natural gas 20 a month Car payment of 225 a month and insurance for auto 65 a month payment for a bed of 104 a month So that is just about 1309 a month for a family of 3 before food costs and basic necessities like clothing, shoes, medical costs or anything else. Could I cut out some expenses? sure could give the automobile back and not pay 225 a month for that and so that would cut out auto insurance that would same me 290 a month. I could send the bed back that would be another 104 save. So now we up to 394 saved. I could cut out our cable/ phone and internet and that would save another 200 a month. So that’s 490 I could cut out. But when we get down to the nitty gritty is it reasonable? Not it is not reasonable. Because the reality is for everyone I cut out I cut a need or I cut an opportunity. I cut cable that cuts phone/ internet and those are both work opportunities and ability to be available for work. I cut out car payment. I got no way to work. Last job I had to travel 50 miles each way. So we need to define what is truly poverty. under 25 thousand a year is poverty for a family of 3 not this BS number of 19,790. If you based your numbers off of gross income. This how the government bases all it’s numbers is off gross income before taxes or any deductions. I we broke it down to net income and not gross net income. The poverty number becomes a lot higher. For those saying those at or below poverty do not pay taxes. I am truly sorry for your lack of education. For all who are working do have taxes ( FICA, SSI ) Deducted out of every paycheck. The government retains and draws interest off that money. We file returns and based on the current ratios get back our money. When you are at poverty that tax return money goes to paying off bills or back child support and you may get lucky if everything went exceptional well and you had not debt to pay off. You can take a weekend and go out with the family and have a little money left to tuck away for the next unexpected bill to come along or medical expense the Medicaid in my case ( Molina ) will not pay for or decide due to your age you do not need to have. So when we discuss we need to discuss true poverty and living with real poverty. WE need to include the actual basics of rent or purchasing a home in the very real every day costs. If you own a home your over all costs per month are cheaper than my rent and that is taking into account maintenance and property taxes. Their average are about is usually 60% less than those who are paying rent. when all said and done the average home owner paying water/ garbage and sewer and a percentage of property taxes average in cost about 451 or a bit less per month combined. In my state most would be closer to about 325 a month. Which is far less than even the average rent on a studio apartment. lisa I think your calculations are a bit askew. The FPL is gross income. NOT expenditures. Take taxes/medical insurance out of the FPL and that’s what they have left over to spend on life expenses. I’m sure the numbers in the chart would be MUCH lower after calculating the above.That’s why I feel the AGI is more accurate as it takes into acct medical ins/taxes paid out. Comparing your expenses to the FPL is not comparing apples to apples. Janice So what is the number (salary) when you see 400% below poverty level? Janice For one person,please see my above question Maureen Julie, In would love to live in New York City, even Queens, but how does one find a “rent-controlled” apartment? Katherine Well said…living in a one horse town is cheaper than living in a metropolitan city. I live in Los Angeles. The cost of living is higher. Living I’ve read a vast majority of all of these comments. I grew up in the upper middle class (I am aged 31 now.) Both of my parents were successful. We lived in a house that they paid off and we always had running vehicles. We never went without. I am disabled. I receive disability and food stamps along with Medicare/Medicaid. I am engaged. My fiance works full time and our income (combined my SSDI, foodstamps and his earnings) we net less than $20,000 a year. He is not insured as we can not afford it. The insurance I get is not great, I’m not complaining too much because I am not paying for it. We have one car that we own, we rent our home. We both have cell phones (his is a smart, mine is not. Neither are government phones.) Our rent is $600 plus utilities that vary greatly. We have internet, no tv service. We try and save money, but our savings have been drained due to normal life things happening. His car was totaled in an accident and we were able to get another from the insurance money and I had saved up enough to buy another after mine blew up, but I ended up selling it because it was breaking down. Our current car needs repairs that we can not afford right now. I estimate our car will die within six months. Despite having Medicare/Medicaid, I still have medical bills because they won’t cover many things. On top of that my fiance has to take off work to bring me to appointments occasionally and I get very sick often. Its come down to him almost losing his job because for a couple of months I was extremely sick and his job threatened him because he missed a bit of work. We don’t eat great, but it’s not bad either. We live above the poverty income, but we are still very much in poverty. We aren’t miserable, but we aren’t happy either. The house we rent is essentially a studio, in a poor neighborhood. I had to rent a PO box because our mail was getting stolen and people have tried to break into our house. Earlier this year some one syphoned the gas out of our gas tank. We are one disaster away from being homeless. Our car breaks down before we save enough, he loses his job. I get sick and he takes off of work, he loses his job. He gets sick, he loses his job. I’ve tried working but no employer is willing to work with me. Now that we are down to one car, me having a job would be impossible because no employer wants me because I can only work around my fiance’s schedule. There is no public transportation in the town I live, and I live outside of city limits because we can not afford the rent in town. Living at the poverty line is possible, but it’s not living it’s surviving. The stress is killing us. We sit and ponder ways to cut back on everything. We don’t go out often because that uses gas and costs money. I’ve tried to cut back our cell phone bills as much as possible, when our contract is up we are going to prepaid because it will save us $30 a month. We worry and wonder what we will do if something catastrophic happens. This article and many comments talk about saving money. Its hard to save money when you have none to save. We have $45 in our savings account right now. Cinda I find this article and comments very interesting. It seems to me that IF your monthly healthcare expenses are manageable the rest of it is about choice. Where you choose to live, where you choose to shop, what you choose to need in life to make you happy. I have known a family with 10 kids and a $50,000 a year income very happy, with savings and their own home. I have also heard of a Dr. (On Dave Ramsey’s radio show) making $250,000 a year, with a wife and 4 kids, ready to file bankruptcy and clueless as to how to cut his budget. I think most of us would find the Doctor’s income extravagant. My point isn’t to condemn the Dr, but to point out that these 2 families have made very different choices. At the end of the day, most excuses are just an unwillingness to make different choices. We don’t want to move to a less expensive community, drive a cheaper car, or give up whatever. I also think that’s ok as long as we are taking care of ourselves (with or without legitimate government assistance.) The secret seems to be in our attitude. nuphilagal I live 9k below the poverty line for 2 people. We suffer greatly at times and cant afford healthy food. If my vehicle of 14 yrs breaks or something were to happen i wont be able to replace it. I manage my low monthly budget disability income and it’s not too bad. It’s the emergency situations or other unpredictable needs that pose trouble. of course there is no funds for habitual products, movies, vacations or trips, no entertainment at all. its pretty depressing even free things to do cost money in gas which is very limited in the budget. I utilize food banks etc… its very hard and takes real discipline. Vladim My. People…you should be more grateful. For you surely have “quite low rent or rent payments in quote expensive cities like Austin or Denver.” I live on a yearly total income of 11,000. I live in the 2nd most expensive rental pricing and 2-3% Vacancy rates which have not changed since. 2011. I live in The East Hollywood community of Los Angeles-a neighborhood which is in much transition and where Caucasians are now targets of seemingly justified racial hate crimes and damages because they “I” am gentrifying THEIR Neighboehoods. Well it is no more there neighborhood then it was 30 years ago when it was Russian and ukrainians and Armenians in this area before it became Rundown and became a mostly Hispanic neighborhood but prior to that it was never ‘s Latino neighborhood Only” I’m eastern european …my grandparents came here legally thru Ellis and the NYC Ports. So I despise when they see youngish blue eyed Caucasian*(it’s Caucasian not White) btw. And think I have more money than them. Screw that. The one thing I learned is that discrimination here in Los Angeles is primitive permitted against the Caucasian people but it’s so so unlawful end absolutely demonized if anyone were to criticize a quote racial minority which by the way I am a minority in my apartment complex seeing as I am the only Caucasian person in a 70 unit building. I choose to live here because I can’t afford it because I am lucky enough to have section 8 cover part of my housing however with people that have limited education income from farming backgrounds or rural ethic back countries it’s just natural for me to want to be around more of people who are educated and know what manners and not wishing they could see you suffer rather than be excited for you when you get something new that you work hard for and I was told this by a neighbor who is Hispanic and that they have a major Envy complex and they may say something nice but in their hearts they wish the person I’ll. O thought that was so sadly Repulsive!! But yes it’s been a good place for three yrs, but, never ECER THINKING I’d say this – LA has changed me realizing everyone is prejudice to a degree and I’ve be one so more now as i say… Yes it would be nice to see other WHITE — I mean CAUCASIAN PEOPLE Around. Im a minority being a gay male esp in this machismo latin area. But let’s face it — 10 -13 years ago Los Angeles was only able to have a few were people would feel safe and could actually live Safeway butt it’s always the games and eventually The Young white yuppie couples who want that cute house the gay guy’s had the balls to move into when it was still a crime.drug.gang infested neighborhood. L.A. has changed SO INTENSELY ONLY for the better – so why do the Latinos want to keep it unsafe and crime drug murder rate city it was just a decade ago??? No thx. Thank the gays they’re Always ALWAYS the first ones in to come fix up neighborhoods where the great LAPD – ugh wont even go in. Thats right. Some Person I make less than 50% of the poverty line. I get by, I do feel kind of poor since I can not always afford food. David The only way things are going to change, is people have to unite, and make a stand together. United we stand, divided we fall. The rich are laughing at all of us. The reason it is this way, is no one has come forward to unite a real movement, and make the rich take notice. A handful of people who want a change, will never make a change, unless we are united, and show them we are serious. A new political party, that represents all of us, and we vote them into office is what it is going to take. We all are responsible for what is happening. Otherwise they will continue to use us, make us pay entirely too much, and abuse their power in government, that by the way, is our fault, for not voting for the right people who can make a difference. I do believe that some people do go into politics trying to make a change, and are bombarded with corruption that entices them with a better life for themselves, and then forget about the rest of us. The greatest evil that exists is a good person standing by while knowingly doing nothing to change it. Anon “As an affluent person, can you live comfortably on $____” is a good question to talk about and thinking about ways to simplify our lives and combat consumerism is a positive. But the fact remains that you still have financial security. Poverty isn’t about ‘spending less,’ it’s about living paycheck-to-paycheck working an awful job with no benefits and absolutely no safety net. If you catch the flu and you don’t have health insurance or paid sick days? You have to wait for it to pass (which can take a long time without medicine and can become life-threatening) which means you miss work for a week and you have to decide between making rent and getting enough to eat. Or if you are in a car accident and get hurt? You can’t afford to go to the ER, you can’t afford the car repairs. What if your job involves manual labor which you can no longer do? What if you are left permanently disabled and SSI benefits take 6-8 months to be processed and approved? Finding ways to live on less: awesome. Knowing that you are one hiccup away from you and your loved ones being homeless: terrifying. Poverty is not about ‘spending less.’ C Thanks for hitting the nail on the head! Nicholas I have lived my entire life below the PL making a little less than 11K a year between mom and myself. House burned down March 20th and just last week i got Tonsillitis (For the first time) as well to dump on a crappy year. No insurance for a tonsillectomy which is actually pretty expensive when i looked it up. Like about 6 thousand more Dollars than i can afford. I live in a half burned down house (It took our living and dining room) which was cold from the start, foundation was falling on the back side of the house its great. All i got for you rich people is: You’ll never feel more alive then when you can’t afford to live. Cathryn I could not agree more, but all you Richie rich types are in for a shock. As a 48 yr old woman with 4 debilitating diseases, I try to exist on 1000.00 a month. Of course 1 co pay on one medication is 1400.00 a month after Medicare. 5 yr wait for “affordable housing ” and 14food stamps, but never fear Trump is taking away food stamps. Affordable housing, disability payments phased out. Soon you will be able to even probably hunt disabled people as a sport. Lisa At least you get that a month. Try doing that if you were put on that quarterly. D0O0O Someone Said It Starts Getting Difficult/Hard At $4,000 Above The Federal U.S. Poverty Guideline. I Can Tell You At $2,000 To $4,000 Below That Poverty Guideline & Living In A 71 Cost Of Living Index (29 Below The U.S. Average) Surviving Is Very Difficult. MiWi I agree with you, Phil. The figures are WAY low with the heightened expenses these days. I am single and only live on $750.00 extra a MONTH. That is after all of my bills are paid….not much huh?? It is difficult sometimes when anything extra comes up ie. medication for illness / Dr. bills (20% of fees). I want VERY bad to contact the owner of this firm and say ‘can you live on this small amount monthly & why are we not getting salary increases’ but I am sure the answers would be – ‘like it or leave it’ basically. Somebody Else I am rated at 90% Service-Connected Disability from the military and I raise my 6-member family on my disability alone which comes to about $26K per year. I can’t work a “normal” job due to my particular issues from my time in the military. I was living in California and unable to afford to live at all but I moved to somewhere far cheaper to live (very small town in the middle of nowhere) where I was able to buy a sufficient house for my family for $52K and have been able to scrape enough together to own and operate a small store and a food truck in my town (neither of which have been able to actually turn a profit yet or put a penny in my pocket). I don’t have much, but I am grateful for what I have and I’m fighting to make things better. If you’re below the poverty line, it may not be possible to live wherever you want and make it work out, but if you’re willing to work hard, take some calculated risks, and make some personal sacrifices, there certainly is a way forward. Oh, and as if I wasn’t already busy enough, my wife and I homeschool our kids too. I think that helping run our fledgling businesses is a great education for our kids to be getting. Handone I also can’t see how these people think they can live at poverty level, where are they living at for so cheap.I live in N. Idaho, (right to work state) which that alone should be outlawed. Rent/Mortgage, Electric, water, garbage, (880.00), Insurance, (House, life, Medical, Auto, & Pet). 450.00. Now, (Phone, Internet, Food, & gas/oil), 450.00. These are all essential, at least I have to have. there is no entertainment no presents for family/grandchildren or clothes & any cost for up keep & repairs. the total 1,780.00. You can easily add 200.00 more for the things not listed including TV, I forgot above for I gave it up. I get 825.00 SSDI & 60.00 food stamps, total 885.00. As far as Pet Ins. I am blind, live alone & live on 60.00 a month food. Try that one. Internet lowers cost, with freebies, coupons, surveys etc., but by very little. I have gave up Life Ins,up keep & repairs, gas/oil for I don’t drive, have to find a ride from neighbors or sister, for family lives in different area. So a 1 person,household, poverty level is 12,140.00 or approx 1012.00 per month. After rent & utilities you have , a 132.00 left to pay for the rest. A bit short, wouldn’t you say.? Where do they get, you can live on 1,012.00 per month?? Heidi I became ill at age 18. Very sick. I am now 47 going on 48 and have Sjogrens, Lupus, Common Variable Immune Deficiency and thyroid cancer. For years my mother helped me out. She passed away last fall and my family does not believe in any of my illnesses. They are toxic people and I have nothing to do with them. I can’t say I am living in poverty currently, but I will be. It is beyond weird how to navigate through the waters of future poverty. The only reason I am not currently living in poverty is because I was left an inheritance. I have been on SSDI since age 24. My rent is $1200, almost as much as my SSDI. Rent goes up year after year in an urban location. I hate it here. Gross urban. It’s so expensive for what? I stay here because medicare is taken by all doctors in my location. I have contemplated moving down south, but Medicare is not taken everywhere and I would miss my best friend who is the only real lifeline who gets me by. I also had/have a part time job that helps me out. Like I said, without my inheritance, I would live on $1200 a month, but then medical is $300 for a Medigap and then prescription coverage is $66 and that does not include my brand name medications that are over $100. The “STRESS” of the situation and the worry of it makes me sick. I mean, it makes my illness so much worse. There is no joy in my life. I am young and most of my family has died. 3 immediate family members have died of cancer. I constantly pray that I will die soon so I can avoid poverty. I am alone, no family and no spouse. I need to say, before I was sick, I was in high school. I was voted most likely to succeed. I was a varsity tennis player, a class officer and an A student. I had scholarships to college and went to college. I never finished due to becoming ill. I have an associates degree. If you saw me, you would think, “What a beautiful girl.” I do not look sick. I am so sick. I spent last summer in a wheelchair due to peripheral neuropathy. The depression from illness and the worry of finances has caused both my therapist and doctor to get me on antidepressants as of today. I am so unhappy. Like many on here, I grew up upper middle class. My parents had money and we wanted for nothing. They were frugal people, too. I have shopped consignment stores for years because of my parents teaching me to do so.. I have never had a silver spoon in my mouth. What is my point? It’s one thing to live in poverty if you are well. You can do it. Sure. Try being sick. You can’t afford the very things you need to get better. That is disgusting. My medical when I really add it up, is just as much as my social security checks. The whole thing is one big joke. It’s a joke. This country, the United States needs to help out the sick. People who have health issues should not have to pay for medication. Our medication should be free. My antidepressant is $117 a month. My Plaquenil (is name brand because I am allergic to the generic) is $137. I mean, seriously? I have Celiac disease which means I am gluten free. Expensive food only. I cancelled cable today. To be honest, I am too depressed to watch TV. I used to be full of life. I had this will to live. I don’t care anymore. When you are sick, in pain and will be broke, you really don’t give a shit anymore. Plus, you have friends that just desert you because you are sick, broke, depressed, whatever. It’s an awful situation. People look down at you and especially because I grew up with money so people are shocked that I am not “doing well.” Having said that, I know it could be worse and will be. The United States is the richest county in the nation and yet there are so many poor people. And why if you are well would you ever want to live not making money and saving and how much can you actually save on such little income G.E Miller? What are you putting away? I guess in your 20’s you can do this, but not for long, or most importantly why would you want to? If I was well, I would be that girl that was voted most likely to succeed. I would be making money and saving it and yes, living the American dream. Nothing fancy, but just a nicer life and less worry. I wouldn’t be squandering $20-$100 a month. I would actually be putting real money away because I would be really working like a responsible human being. The thing I want to say to the writer is don’t be thrilled with yourself for only working part time or whatever it is you are doing and making little income. I am not impressed. Someone who is well, or two people who are well, go get two jobs and make some money because things are not always going to be like this. You will fall on hard times and think, why wasn’t I more responsible and working? Even if it’s $40,000 a year between two people, do it. I’d give anything to work and be making money. I am not impressed with people who are impressed that they live in poverty or near it and like it. You only like it now because you are well. You can’t be sick and liking poverty and poverty will eventually suck because something “will” go wrong. You’ll find out soon enough. John Very interesting post. I am retired and single, lived and worked in Austin. When I retied I moved to San Antonio and paid cash for a small house. Paid cash for a Toyota pickup. Bought a small pop up trailer. Income is about 2100/mo. My bills are exactly this: 1. I was disabled when I bought this place and froze my taxes. Now I pay 128/mo. taxes. That was 12 years ago. 2. No home owners insurance, I self insure. 3. Car insurance 42 dollars a month. 4. Good internet connection 53 dollars a month. 5. No cable, Although i am thinking of changing that. Not sure. 6. Elect and trash pickup, about 125/mo. average 7. Water 40 average, I like a nice yard. 6. I do all my own truck maintenance so far. So in 12 years I averaged around 600 dollars. I use synthetic oil and change it every 15-20k Miles. So about 50/mo. 7. Love tinkering with my home when I am here, about 300/mo. tinkering expense. 8. 200/mo. gas. 9. Insurance 200/mo. 10. Phone 20/mo. I dropped internet and only use it as a phone and texting. T-mobile. Also I buy an unlocked phone and pay cash for it. 11. Food for me and my dogs, 150/mo. That is a good healthy vegetarian diet. So expensive but worth it for me. 12. That leaves about 500/mo. for what ever. Grand total is 2050/mo. I was an A/C tech. before I went back to college and moved to Austin at 35. I always loved mechanic work and have the tools to work on my home. I also love to work on my truck and keep it in mint condition. I have tracked that for years with out a hick-up. Also I have put aside enough for a new car if I need one. Without touching my savings. But, I love my old Toyota. So? I love travel and spend about 6-8 months a year in third world countries exploring and traveling cheap. When I travel I turn in my internet modem, shut off my phone, and let a friend come and live here when they want. As well as letting the neighbors park in my drive way. I have been doing this for 9 years now. And have more money in my account than when I retired, so no negative cash flo so far. Although this will change in the future. I will start paying my self a few hundred dollars extra each month to spend down savings. A few things I have learned is, planning is the key, Also after traveling for the last few years I am thinking of selling my home in America and retiring overseas. There are some wonderful places to retire cheap and wonderful people. If my health would not have gone south on me I would be in much better shape. But, if you are working make sure you put aside a few bucks no matter how hard it is. It saved me from a world of abstract poverty. And 2100 is a real stretch for me. All the best john I ment 150/wk for food not 150/mo.. But, I included that in my monthly expenses. So typo. Charles Cornell I admit that I did not read every post. I came across this site while looking for something else. But so many do not come close to understanding the poverty level. A single adult income of less than $800 a month. Is impossible to live on. If you think $2 a meal is possible, look at it this way. That is $180 a month. This leaves $620. The national average for an efficiency apartment (that means no bedroom) is $600 a month. $20 for other things, like getting to work. I hope I can get there to earn my $800. OK, there are government assistance programs. I have only a very limited knowledge of what is available. As an aside, there is something with the Social Security program that makes me so mad. Why is it that anyone that earns over $180 thousand a year does not have to pay into the system. Charles Sorry, that should be $129 thousand ceiling for paying into Social Security. Charles Cornell Sorry. There is a $129 thousand ceiling to have to pay into the program. Charles Cornell Let me try this one more time. They say the third time is the charm. After someone earns over $128,700 they no longer have to pay the 6.2% tax or any tax that goes into the Social Security program. So the cost of social security is paid for by lower income people and their employers. So the people that need the benefit the most are funding the system. anon this leaves out rent, which is a huge expense for most poor people, and often is NOT WITHIN THEIR CONTROL. if you are poor there are often many reasons that you cannot move somewhere cheaper. this is especially true if you live somewhere with high cost of living or you have kids. it seems bizarre to talk about whether your expenses (WITHOUT RENT) are below the poverty line. meaningless and kind of offensive really. try allocating 10,000 a year of that amount to rent, and see if you can still cover your expenses. this was such a bizarre and out of touch post. ugh. Expat1 I am living in an “expensive” modern city in a developing country working full-time and earning about $10,000 a year. Since I work a lot, I don’t have many expenses: occasional doctor visits (usually under $10 each), health club ($40/month), rare massage ($15/hr.), food (about $10-$120 per month), toiletries, shoe repair, clothes, sewing items (about $5/month?), batteries about $2/month, transportation (bus fare about 20 cents? per ride) $1.00?/month. I don’t have to pay rent etc., which would be about $150-$300/month, presents and postage in local currency cost about $75/year, local holidays and vacations run about $100/yr. I have no telephone, television, or car. In addition, I get social security of about $1100/month, from which I pay life insurance ($540/yr.), , Medicare ($120?/month), presents ($2000/yr.), vacations ($100-$500/yr.), medications and supplements ($15?/yr.), transportation in U.S. ($20-$100/yr.), education and professional expenses (~$2000/yr.). I get free medical care. I do not feel financially strained at all, but when i am in the States on my annual vacation, I am struck by the way things are now, with some prices (especially for services) terribly high, others (e.g., for some consumer goods) lower than they are where I am living, but also by the “expectations” that ads build. Medications are one of the shocking areas. A few of years ago, I had an eye irritation and went to a doctor. He diagnosed it and said it would probably go away by itself if i waited long enough (I think it was about a week), but he wrote me a prescription so I could have the healing sped up. I went to a drugstore and was told the cost would be something like “one fifty.” I naively thought it was $1.50, since these simple generic eye-drops “obviously” would cost more than a few dollars. When I was corrected and told that the cost was $150, I demurred. Two or three days later, the irritation was all gone thanks to Mother Nature. Expat1 Food should be $110-$120 (not $10-$120. Some Dude I am likely in the wrong place. The distribution of wealth in the USA and worldwide is extremely out of balance. There is an abundance of resources, know how, and energy. I did not find, perhaps I missed it, the 20 to 30 percent of income going to investments to build ‘net worth’. I do not like to bring up issues without offering possible solutions. This is an exception. A solution is beyond my skill and knowledge. I’m not seeking utopia, how about shelter and food for everyone? (Even the lazy and ungrateful) In the next 6 years 32% of the work is going to shift, with 20% not being reabsorbed by other opportunities. (Yearly the loses will be 2% to 4% to 8% to 16% to 32%). Sure we can pitch a tent and eat beans, while the few mega-cheaters control 70% of everything. I am very grateful to have the freedom to type this comment. fly ahead Since you talk about paying property taxes and you do not mention rent or a mortgage. I am assuming you own you own home. Have you ever researched or looked at figures on housing and how much individuals pay in rent? Rent should never be more than 30% of your income which when you break down your 19,560 which is the amount you say you are going off of after you cash back credit card and property taxes. So you would figure amount for rent or a mortgage would be $489.00. In Wisconsin you cannot even find an efficiency for that. If you do you are going to be living with unwanted visitors (bedbugs, roaches) or sharing kitchens or bathrooms is not both with complete strangers. This is not including your utilities, car insurance or health insurance. There are ways to live in a budget like that. You have a better chance if you have no expenses, no children. Google can you live on minimum wage or go to National Coalition of Homelessness. It breaks down state to state and county even city or town what a family needs to make in order to just pull ahead. What is really scary is people are not planning for a rainy day. In rural America there is very little is any public transportation. I am glad that you and your wife make on little. I also hope you never have unexpected expenses. Beverly The way you phrased this is misleading. There is a maximum/cap on the amount of income that is taxed. For 2018 it was $128,400. For 2019 it will be $132,900. It does not mean that if you make over that amount you do not pay any Social Security tax. Sometimes four times is the charm. David Living below the National Poverty Level for a retired couple of two is Wonderful! Its not possible to pay all the medical bills, buy food,keep gas in the car and have it insured and still keep a roof over out heads! The State allows me to have $15. per moth food stamps because they say we make too much money..but we still live 138% under the national poverty level..and there is no other help in site..! I guess uncle sam just expects us to just up and die Join 10,000+ Members Get new articles, by email, for free. Thank you for subscribing! Oops... Please try again. Popular Posts Money Saving Products I Personally Use The Best and Cheapest Tax Software: Top Tax Prep Comparison for 2021 LifeLock Review (Updated 2021): Is LifeLock a Scam or Worth it? The U.S. is the Most Overworked Nation in the World FOLLOW 20SF ON: LIKE & FOLLOW ON FACEBOOK: SEARCH THE SITE: Search 20somethingfinance.comCopyright © 2021. This site provides general info & entertainment & should not be considered financial advice. Consult an independent financial advisor for your specific situation. Per FTC guidelines, this site may be compensated by companies mentioned through advertising & affiliate partnerships. Join 10,000+ readers & get new articles by email, for free. Thank you for subscribing! Oops... Please try again. We value privacy. 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203778	1	history project what was singapore like before 1819	http://21193111dlhiproject.blogspot.com/2014/03/what-was-singapore-like-before-1819.html	History Inquiry Project: What Was Singapore Like Before The 1819?	Thursday, 27 March 2014 What Was Singapore Like Before The 1819? 1. Singapore's Transportation Before 1819 My Inference: My Explanation: 2. Singapore's Communication Before 1819 3. Singapore's Political Life Before 1819 My Inference: My Evidence: My Explanation: Acknowledgements: About Me Blog archive	History Inquiry Project: What Was Singapore Like Before The 1819? Thursday, 27 March 2014 What Was Singapore Like Before The 1819? 1. Singapore's Transportation Before 1819 Source 1: A picture of Orang Laut families who are considered as original inhabitants of many islands in Southeast Asia. My Inference: From Source 1, I can infer that one of the transportation in Singapore before the 1819 is by boats. My Explanation: According to the book, "SINGAPORE: The Making Of A Nation-State, 1300-1975", it states that the Orang Laut knew how to gather products from the seas to trade. Also, the Orang Laut were known for their boating skills. Hence, one of the transportations in Singapore before the 1819 was by boats. Source 2: My Inference: From Source 2, I can infer that many people came to Singapore by boats and it was the main source of transportation. My Explanation: There are pirates who launched frequent attacks on passing ships returning to China . Singapore was a busy port as many people travelled there by ships and boats. Also, the boats and ships of kingdoms and empires came to Temasek with goods to trade. Thus, I can infer that many people came to Singapore by boats and it was the main source of transportation. 2. Singapore's Communication Before 1819 Source 1: This is the Singapore stone that has the earliest writing found in Singapore, and was discovered at the mouth of the Singapore River. However, the writing on the stone cannot be deciphered. (10th-14th centuries) My Inference: From Source 1, I can infer that one of the ways people communicated in the olden days is by inscribing on the Singapore stone. My Explanation: When people inscribed on the Singapore Stone, the objectives of them doing so should be to pass information to one another. Hence, they made use of the Singapore Stone as a platform to communicate. Source 2: This is the Sejarah :Melayu (Which is also known as Malay Annals) written by a court official. It is about the rulers of Malacca Sultanate and their descendants. (16th Century) My Inference: From Source 2, I can infer that Malay was a common language used by the people in the olden days to communicate. My Explanation: The intentions of writing the Sejarah Melayu should be to pass down the stories of people who lived in the past to the younger generation.Thus , the language used must be a common language that is widely known and enable the younger generation to comprehend. Hence, I can infer that Malay was a common language used by the people in the olden days to communicate. 3. Singapore's Political Life Before 1819 Source 1: This is the keramat of Sir Iskandar Shah which is found at Fort Canning Hill. My Inference: From Source 1, I can infer that Sir Iskandar Shah was once a ruler in Singapore. My Evidence: In Source 1, it states that Sir Iskandar Shah's keramat was found at Fort Canning Hill. My Explanation: Fort Canning Hill was once a place that housed the rulers of Singapore, also, rulers usually get buried at the place where they died. Since the keramat of Sir Iskandar Shah was found at Fort Canning Hill, I can infer that Sir Iskandar Shah was once a ruler in Singapore. Also, rulers usually get buried at the place where they died. Acknowledgements: 1) http://i831.photobucket.com/albums/zz239/bdebritto/Fort%20Canning%20Park/FCP_2010_17.jpg 2) https://www.google.com.sg/search?q=written+account+by+wang+dayuan&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=eNwzU_PkMqeViAfpnoCADw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1242&bih=607#q=Singapore+stone&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=wSSjoG-z_XTxQM%253A%3B98c3I1F2reI9cM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.nusantara.com%252FGIFS%252FSingaporeStone.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.nusantara.com%252Fdesires.html%3B486%3B184 3) http://ivyidaong4.blogspot.sg/2010/12/kon-seletar-of-singapore-houses-on.html 4) http://dreamingwanderer.blogspot.sg/2011/08/singapore-national-museum-4-of-6.html 5) http://www.worldoftemasek.com/index.php/article/history Posted by Unknown at 02:08 Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest Home Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom) About Me Unknown View my complete profile Blog archive ▼ 2014 (1) ▼ March (1) What Was Singapore Like Before The 1819?	msmarco_doc_00_16950804	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1009085	1	which energy systems do orienteering use	http://223coaching.co.uk/energy-systems-and-running/	Energy systems and running \| 223 Coaching	Energy systems and running Energy systems and running	Energy systems and running \| 223 Coaching ← NavNight 18/4/2012 Broughton Runners 24/4/2012 → Energy systems and running Posted on 20/04/2012 by Lecky This post is a follow on from my post prompted by an England Athletics Endurance day. I am interested in this area, but am not a sport scientist. I favour sports scientists who will say, I think this is right, but there is still work to do to prove it. Healthy scepticism is good when reading sports science literature. If you think I am wrong, then please comment on what I am saying. The traditional model for energy systems within running is that there are three main energy systems. These are ATP/CP (adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine); oxygen-independent glycolysis (normally referred to as anaerobic) and aerobic. This is a significant simplification. The normally accepted view is that the energy systems are used almost one after the other. The ATP/CP system turns on when the first vigorous movement occurs. There is ATP stored in the muscles, enough to last around 2-4 seconds. This creates ADP when used. The CP stored in the muscle combines with the ADP to create more ATP. There is enough CP stored to produce another 5-10s of energy. When these stores are depleted, the glycogen stored in the muscle is converted without the use of oxygen to create more ATP (creating lactate in the process). This can last for around 1 to 2 minutes. When this is used up, liver glycogen is transported to muscles to be used with oxygen or aerobically. This process is much slower than the previous two, limiting the amount of energy that can be provided, so you have to slow down. After the liver glycogen is used, the body is forced to use fat and then, much later, protein. These energy systems exist, and scientists are getting better at understanding them. However, it is hard to believe that this overall scheme is actually how energy systems really work. The best book I have read so far on this subject is “The Lore of Running, 4th Edition” by Tim Noakes. The first few chapters of his book effectively rebut what he calls the Cardiovascular/Anaerobic Model. I have have tried to think of how this energy model would work in a fell race or orienteering event. As you set off, the muscles use up the ATP/CP supplies quickly. Then, for the next couple of minutes, the anaerobic system provides energy before running out. Finally, the aerobic system comes in and the body has to match pace with the available, reduced, energy supply. It is widely understood that the anaerobic system cannot replenish during exercise. So, how is it that I can summon the energy to jump across a river, run hard for a style to get in front of a competitor, or even pick up the pace to sprint at the finish? All of these would appear to require levels of energy that the aerobic system cannot supply, so the model simply doesn’t work for me. A subsequent post will talk about Noakes’ “Central Governor” model, one which begins to make a lot more sense to me. This entry was posted in Books, Fell-running, NavNight, Other Coaching Areas, Sports Science and tagged aerobic, anaerobic, atp/cp, central governor model, lactate, lore of running, tim noakes. Bookmark the permalink . ← NavNight 18/4/2012 Broughton Runners 24/4/2012 →	msmarco_doc_00_17238060	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
10897	1	actor who played tony on 24	http://24.wikia.com/wiki/Carlos_Bernard	Carlos Bernard \| Wiki 24 \| Fandom	Carlos Bernard Carlos Bernard Biography and career Role on 24 Chicago Cubs 24 credits 24-related appearances Awards Selected filmography Film Television Theater References External links	Carlos Bernard \| Wiki 24 \| Fandom Carlos Bernard Carlos Bernard Born: Carlos Bernard Papierski October 12, 1962 Evanston, Illinois, USA Role: Tony Almeida "Yes. It's true. Almeida is back. Sorry I couldn't tell you guys sooner, but I would've had to kill you. Looking forward to a little fun." — Carlos Bernard [1] Carlos Bernard Papierski ( born October 12, 1962; age 58) is an American actor and director, best known for his role as Tony Almeida on 24. Bernard starred in each of the first five seasons and reappeared in a major role in season 7; he is currently the actor with the third most appearances on the show, behind Kiefer Sutherland and Mary Lynn Rajskub. He also appeared as Almeida in the Live Another Day story extension Solitary, and reprised the role in 24: Legacy. Additionally, Bernard voiced the character in 24: The Game (2006). Biography and career Carlos Bernard was born in Evanston, Illinois, but grew up in Chicago. He has Polish and Spanish ancestry. Bernard graduated from New Trier High School, where he started to become interested in acting. He then went to Illinois State University and shortly after received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. Bernard started out on theater, where he performed in various plays. At the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, he performed in Scenes From an Execution, with Frank Langella. He later transitioned into television. On television, he has guest starred in roles on Walker Texas Ranger, F/X: The Series with Cameron Daddo, Babylon 5: A Call to Arms with Tony Todd and Burt Bulos, and Silk Stalkings. He has also appeared as a regular on the daytime soap opera, The Young and the Restless. Carlos also played on the World Poker Tour in the Hollywood Home games for the PS Arts charity. Bernard has also appeared in feature films such as Vegas: City of Dreams, The Killing Jar with Xander Berkeley and Tamlyn Tomita (as well as Rob Kyker in the art department), Men in White with Karim Prince, 10.5: Apocalypse with Carly Pope, and The Colonel's Last Flight. Bernard was married to actress Sharisse Baker from 1999 to 2010; they have one child, daughter Natalie (born August 2003). Bernard married actor Tessie Santiago on December 30, 2013. He is friends with 24 co-stars Kiefer Sutherland, Reiko Aylesworth, Mary Lynn Rajskub, and James Morrison . Role on 24 Carlos Bernard and Reiko Bernard appeared in Season 1 of 24 as CTU's third in command Tony Almeida. He held the role for three seasons until his character, along with several others, was written out at the end of Season 3. His absence was short-lived, however, as he returned midway through Season 4 . His name returned to be credited on the main cast in Season 5, only to make six appearances upon which point his character was supposedly killed off. However Carlos returned as a main cast member to portray Tony once again for Season 7 . A leg-related injury occurred while filming of Day 2 was still underway, so it was written in as due to an injury caused by Jack Bauer so to make up for the fact that Tony was using actual crutches. Carlos filming his "death" scene in Day 5. While filming for Day 4, he set up a practical joke where he had his cop friends arrest Mia Kirshner for smoking marijuana on the set. His friends took the joke too far, and Kirshner was unable to continue her scenes with Bernard. Kiefer Sutherland commented that the director for the episode, Jon Cassar, was reportedly very upset. In 2014, Bernard reprised the role of Almeida on the short 24: Solitary, which was included in the 24: Live Another Day Blu-ray Disc release . In October 2016, it was officially announced that Bernard would reprise the role in the 2017 spin-off series 24: Legacy. This will make him the single longest-running 24 actor, having played the character since the 2001 series premiere. The second longest-running performer is Kiefer Sutherland, who last appeared as Jack Bauer in 2014 . Chicago Cubs Tony's Chicago Cubs mug Carlos is also an avid Chicago Cubs fan, evident in the Chicago Cubs mug Tony Almeida has (christened Cubby ). He threw out the first pitch at a Chicago Cubs/Arizona Diamondbacks game on July 31, 2005. He also threw out the first pitch in the opening game of a three-game series between the Dodgers and San Francisco Giants. He has been involved in The Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities program (RBI). He was event spokesman for a charity event called Mervyn's Bases to Benefit RBI. This fact has been mentioned on numerous talk shows, including the Tony Danza show and The Sharon Osbourne Show. Sharon gave him a ball that she caught at a Chicago Cubs game as a gift for appearing on the show. 24 credits Season 1 (all episodes except " 3:00pm-4:00pm ") Season 2 (all episodes) Season 3 (all episodes) Season 4 " Day 4: 1:00pm-2:00pm " (uncredited) " Day 4: 2:00pm-3:00pm " " Day 4: 3:00pm-4:00pm " " Day 4: 4:00pm-5:00pm " " Day 4: 5:00pm-6:00pm " " Day 4: 6:00pm-7:00pm " " Day 4: 7:00pm-8:00pm " " Day 4: 8:00pm-9:00pm " " Day 4: 9:00pm-10:00pm " " Day 4: 10:00pm-11:00pm " " Day 4: 11:00pm-12:00am " " Day 4: 12:00am-1:00am " " Day 4: 1:00am-2:00am " " Day 4: 2:00am-3:00am " " Day 4: 3:00am-4:00am " " Day 4: 4:00am-5:00am " " Day 4: 5:00am-6:00am " " Day 4: 6:00am-7:00am " Season 5 " Day 5: 7:00am-8:00am " " Day 5: 11:00am-12:00pm " " Day 5: 5:00pm-6:00pm " " Day 5: 6:00pm-7:00pm " " Day 5: 7:00pm-8:00pm " " Day 5: 8:00pm-9:00pm " Season 7 " Day 7: 8:00am-9:00am " " Day 7: 9:00am-10:00am " " Day 7: 10:00am-11:00am " " Day 7: 11:00am-12:00pm " " Day 7: 12:00pm-1:00pm " " Day 7: 1:00pm-2:00pm " " Day 7: 2:00pm-3:00pm " " Day 7: 5:00pm-6:00pm " " Day 7: 6:00pm-7:00pm " " Day 7: 9:00pm-10:00pm " " Day 7: 10:00pm-11:00pm " " Day 7: 11:00pm-12:00am " " Day 7: 12:00am-1:00am " " Day 7: 1:00am-2:00am " " Day 7: 2:00am-3:00am " " Day 7: 3:00am-4:00am " " Day 7: 4:00am-5:00am " " Day 7: 5:00am-6:00am " " Day 7: 6:00am-7:00am " " Day 7: 7:00am-8:00am " Solitary Legacy " 6:00pm-7:00pm " " 7:00pm-8:00pm " " 8:00pm-9:00pm " " 9:00pm-10:00pm " " 10:00pm-11:00pm " " 11:00pm-12:00pm " 24: The Game 24-related appearances " 24 Heaven " (2002) " 24: The Postmortem " (2002) " 24: Access All Areas " (2003) Pure 24 (2003) " 24 Inside " - " Day 3: 9:00am-10:00am " (2004) Promoted Day 7 on Jimmy Kimmel Live! Bernard provided DVD audio commentary for the following episodes: " Day 2: 11:00am-12:00pm " (with Sarah Wynter and Michelle Forbes) " Day 3: 5:00am-6:00am " (with Robert Cochran and Reiko Aylesworth) " Day 3: 10:00am-11:00am " (with James Badge Dale and Tim Iacofano) " Day 7: 8:00am-9:00am " (with Jon Cassar) " Day 7: 10:00am-11:00am " (with Manny Coto and Brannon Braga) " Day 7: 1:00am-2:00am " (with Howard Gordon and Jeffrey Nordling) Narrator, " Blood Never Dry: Child Soldiers in Africa ," (24: Redemption DVD) " 24 in 24 " Scenemakers, Episode 12 \| 15 Awards 2003 Screen Actor's Guild Awards - Best Performance by an Ensemble Cast in a Drama Series LA Weekly Theatre Award - Nominated for Best Director for "The Memorandum" Named one of People Magazine's 50 Most Beautiful People 2003 Nominated in 2005 for an Imagen Award as Best Supporting Actor in a TV Series Selected filmography Film Angel Camouflaged (2010) Alien Raiders (2008) Vegas, City of Dreams (2001) The Killing Jar (1997) Bernard has a farewell party on his first parting from the show. Television The Orville (2019) Supergirl (2017) Madam Secretary (2015) The Inspectors (2015) Castle (2013) Dallas (2012-2013) Hawaii Five-O (2012) CSI: Miami (2011-2012) Charlie's Angels (2011) Scoundrels (2010) Burn Notice (2010) The Young and the Restless (1999) Walker, Texas Ranger (2001) Sunset Beach (1997) Night Man (1997) Silk Stalkings (1997) F/X: The Series (1996) Theater Blackout - Egyptian Arena Theatre Scenes From An Execution - Mark Taper Forum Good - American Conservatory Theatre Hamlet - American Conservatory Theatre Bobby Gould In Hell - Ashbury Actors Group The Memorandum - Ashbury Actors Group Macbeth - Marin Shakespeare Company Superman: World Savior or Hermaphrodite from Hell - The Second City Heartbreak House - American Conservatory Theatre As You Like It - American Conservatory Theatre Hands Across the Sea - American Conservatory Theatre Ways and Means - American Conservatory Theatre The Diary of Anne Frank - American Conservatory Theatre The Boor - American Conservatory Theatre The Cherry Orchard - American Conservatory Theatre Looking Through Footprints - Pegasus Players References ↑ WPT: Carlos Bernard. WPT. ↑ ‘24’ Chaos as Actress Kirshner is Arrested for Drug Use. Hollywood.com (January 24, 2006). ↑ Armour, Terry (July 31, 2005). When we caught up with Wilmette native.... Chicago Tribune. ↑ Hollywood's Biggest Names Join Mervyn's and Major League Baseball for Second Annual Mervyn's Bases to Benefit RBI Program, Featuring Online Auction July 1-14 on MLB.com. Business Wire (June 17, 2003). External links CarlosBernard.com - official site Carlos Bernard at Wikipedia Carlos Bernard at the Internet Movie Database Carlos Bernard (@CBernardsBull) on Twitter Carlos Bernard (@thecarlosbernard) on Instagram AlmeidaIsGod.com - fan site Retrieved from " https://24.fandom.com/wiki/Carlos_Bernard?oldid=335483 "	msmarco_doc_00_17622139	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1035034	1	who is kristen smith	http://24.wikia.com/wiki/Kristen_Smith	Kristen Smith \| Wiki 24 \| Fandom	Kristen Smith Kristen Smith Day 8 Live appearances	Kristen Smith \| Wiki 24 \| Fandom in: Characters, Day 8 characters, Department of Justice staff, and 2 more Lawyers & judges Living characters Kristen Smith Edit Edit source History Talk (0) Share Kristen Smith Affiliation: Department of Justice Profession: Attorney Status: Alive Played by: Merle Dandridge Season (s): 8 Episode: " Day 8: 12:00am-1:00am " Kristen Smith was an attorney from the Department of Justice. She was sent to CTU New York by the White House Chief of Staff Rob Weiss to prosecute Renee Walker . Day 8 Kristen was contacted by Rob Weiss, who asked her to go to CTU New York to prosecute Renee Walker for the murder of Vladimir Laitanan. Weiss made it clear to Smith that he intended Walker to be used as the scapegoat after the failure of the mission. When Kristen arrived to CTU, Brian Hastings took her to medical where Renee was. When Kristen entered the interrogation room, Chloe O'Brian complained about her questioning Renee, but Hastings ordered her to get out. Kristen sat with Renee and started asking questions about the incident with Laitanan. As Renee answered her questions, Kristen kept on pressing her to accept that she had acted on revenge. As Renee started to break down, Jack Bauer entered the room and ordered Renee to get out. When Kristen protested, Jack grabbed her by the neck and pushed her against the wall, telling her he knew her agenda was to blame Renee for the failure of the mission. Jack then left with Renee. Live appearances Season 8 "4:00pm-5:00pm" "5:00pm-6:00pm" "6:00pm-7:00pm" "7:00pm-8:00pm" "8:00pm-9:00pm" "9:00pm-10:00pm" "10:00pm-11:00pm" "11:00pm-12:00am" " 12:00am-1:00am " "1:00am-2:00am" "2:00am-3:00am" "3:00am-4:00am" "4:00am-5:00am" "5:00am-6:00am" "6:00am-7:00am" "7:00am-8:00am" "8:00am-9:00am" "9:00am-10:00am" "10:00am-11:00am" "11:00am-12:00pm" "12:00pm-1:00pm" "1:00pm-2:00pm" "2:00pm-3:00pm" "3:00pm-4:00pm" Chloe's Arrest Retrieved from " https://24.fandom.com/wiki/Kristen_Smith?oldid=247489 " Categories: Characters Day 8 characters Department of Justice staff Lawyers & judges Living characters Add category Cancel Save Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.	msmarco_doc_00_17785914	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
1018955	1	which season of 24 was richard gilliland in	http://24.wikia.com/wiki/Richard_Gilliland	Richard Gilliland \| Wiki 24 \| Fandom	Richard Gilliland Richard Gilliland Contents Biography and career 24 credits Selected filmography Television appearances External links	Richard Gilliland \| Wiki 24 \| Fandom Richard Gilliland Richard Gilliland Born: Richard Morris Gilliland January 23, 1950 Fort Worth, Texas, USA Spouse (s): Jean Smart Died: March 18, 2021 Los Angeles, California, USA Role: Stan Cotter Richard Morris Gilliland ( January 23, 1950 – March 18, 2021; age 71) played Captain Stan Cotter during Season 5 of 24. Contents 1 Biography and career 2 24 credits 3 Selected filmography 4 External links Biography and career Richard Gilliland was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He began his professional acting career in the 1970's, appearing in shows like The Streets of San Francisco, McMillan & Wife, and Operation Petticoat. He also played Laurie on the television series Little Women, Jonesy on The Waltons, and J.D. Shackelford on Designing Women . Gilliland has also appeared in films like Vampire Clan, Star Kid and Happy Hour. In recent years, he guest starred in shows like The Unit (with Dennis Haysbert and Max Martini ), and Desperate Housewives (with Ricardo Chavira, Doug Savant, and Jeffrey Nordling ). Gilliland was married to fellow 24 star, Jean Smart, since June 7, 1987. The couple met on the set of Designing Women and they had one child together. Gilliland passed away on March 18, 2021, following a short illness. 24 credits " Day 5: 2:00am-3:00am " Selected filmography Parts Per Billion (2014) Vampire Clan (2002) Playing Dangerous 2 (1996) Escape (1989) Airplane II: The Sequel (1982) Bug (1975) Television appearances Imposters (2017-2018) Criminal Minds (2017) CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2008, 2014) Scandal (2012) Dexter (2009) Crossing Jordan (2004) Party of Five (1997-1998) Designing Women (1986-1991) Just Our Luck (1983) Operation Petticoat (1977-1978) External links Richard Gilliland at Wikipedia Richard Gilliland at the Internet Movie Database	msmarco_doc_00_17897073	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
623093	1	what do football coaches wear	http://247sports.com/Bolt/What-is-that-patch-your-coach-is-wearing-39639104	What is that patch your coach is wearing?	What is that patch your coach is wearing? What is that patch your coach is wearing?	What is that patch your coach is wearing? What is that patch your coach is wearing? By Kevin Ryan Sep 22, 2015 Share Share 0 Comments Edit Slot to 247Sports Home Slot to 247Sports Newsletter Slot to 247Sports Links (Photo: Screen shot from Coach to Cure MD Web site) This weekend it is likely the coach of your favorite team - and the coach of the team he is competing against - will be wearing a patch on their shirt or jacket. College football coaches nationwide will join together this weekend in support of the Coach To Cure MD program, which will be held during games Saturday. American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) members will wear a Coach To Cure MD logo patch on the sidelines, and more than 60 games will showcase families dealing with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. "I am confident that this year of Coach to Cure MD is going to raise more awareness about Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and even more money for Duchenne research," Georgia coach Mark Richt is quoted as saying on the coachtocuremd.org Web site. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common fatal genetic disorder diagnosed during childhood and primarily affects boys of all races and cultures. Boys and young men with Duchenne muscular dystrophy develop progressive muscle weakness that eventually causes loss of mobility, wheelchair dependency and decline in respiratory and cardiac function. Those with DMD are usually wheelchair bound by their teens, and the life expectancy is usually late 20s with more men making it into their early 30s. Currently, there is no cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and limited therapeutic options exist. “I am always heartened by the level of support our coaches give Coach to Cure MD,” said Grant Teaff, AFCA executive director, in a news release. “Not only by wearing the arm patches, but also many coaches invite young men affected by Duchenne MD and their families out to practices and games. It shows them they are truly part of our team as we do what we can to help them in this fight.” Football fans can donate to Duchenne muscular dystrophy research by either going on-line to www.CoachtoCureMD.org or by texting the word CURE to 90999 (a $5 donation will automatically be added to your next phone bill). "This devastating disorder robs young men of their mobility, independence and sadly their life," said Texas A&M coach Kevin Sumlin. "But with your help, with the help of all college football fans, we can defeat this disease." ">247Sports	msmarco_doc_00_18077605	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
340945	1	how tall is grayson hunter	http://247sports.com/player/grayson-gunter-81161	Grayson Gunter, Arkansas, Tight End	Grayson Gunter Grayson Gunter Prospect Info Transfer Portal Crystal Ball® As a Prospect 247Sports Composite® H.S. Scouting Report Athletic Background Timeline 2019 Dec 26, 2019: News Grayson Gunter to transfer from Arkansas 2016 Sep 11, 2016: News Arkansas True Freshman Report: TCU Aug 20, 2016: News Arkansas Football Scrimmage Offensive Statistics Jun 28, 2016: News Arkansas' newcomers all assigned numbers as season... May 31, 2016: Enrolled Grayson Gunter enrolls at Arkansas Razorbacks Stats (REC) Receiving Social	Grayson Gunter, Arkansas, Tight End Follow 247Sports Facebook Twitter instagram LOG IN JOIN NCAAF Teams News Feed Scores Schedules College Team Talent Expert Picks 2021 NFL Draft Polls Player Leaders Team Leaders Videos StubHub Odds NCAAB Teams News Feed Scores Schedules Polls Player Leaders Team Leaders StubHub Odds FB Rec FB Recruiting Home News Feed Team Rankings Commitments Decommitments Scheduled Commits Player Rankings Player Search Crystal Ball Recruiter Rankings Class Calculator All Time Top Recruits Transfer Portal BB Rec BK Recruiting Home News Feed Team Rankings Commitments Decommitments Scheduled Commits Player Rankings Player Search Crystal Ball Class Calculator Transfer Portal Community FB/Recruiting Blue Board BK/Recruiting Green Board Forums Feedback Podcasts Podcasts More Shows Newsletter Text Alerts Quotes Support and FAQ VIP Membership StubHub Shop Submit Edit Profile Edit Skills Manage Connections Manage Evaluations Add Transfer Prediction Grayson Gunter Arkansas (NCAA) Madison Central (HS) Pos TE Height 6-5 Weight 230 Timeline Embed Prospect Info High School Madison Central Home Town Madison, MS Exp 2016 - 2020 Play Watch Highlights Transfer Portal Crystal Ball® No Crystal Ball predictions at this time. As a Prospect 247Sports Composite® 0.8314 Natl. 1341 History TE 56 MS 31 Class 2016 Committed 6/24/2015 View recruiting profile Add Video H.S. Scouting Report Athletic Background Grayson Gunter is a 6-5, 230-pound Tight End from Madison, MS. Add Timeline Events Timeline 2019 Dec 26, 2019: News Grayson Gunter to transfer from Arkansas 2016 Sep 11, 2016: News Arkansas True Freshman Report: TCU Aug 20, 2016: News Arkansas Football Scrimmage Offensive Statistics Jun 28, 2016: News Arkansas' newcomers all assigned numbers as season... May 31, 2016: Enrolled Grayson Gunter enrolls at Arkansas Razorbacks Stats (REC) Receiving Team ARK '16 Total GP GS YDS YDS/G REC TD TAR AVG LNG 20+ FUM 1DN 1 0 29 29.0 1 0 1 29.0 29 1 0 1 1 0 29 29.0 1 0 1 29.0 29 1 0 1 Add Photos View all articles Social Early Enrollee Early Signee Walk-On Grey Shirt Red Shirt Medical Redshirt P Primary S Secondary K Keeper P Primary (Inactive) S Secondary (Inactive) K Keeper (Inactive)	msmarco_doc_00_18162453	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
966309	1	where are tesla service centers	http://247wallst.com/autos/2016/08/15/need-a-tesla-service-center-dont-live-in-most-states/	Need a Tesla Service Center? Don’t Live in 19 States (and Parts of Others) – 24/7 Wall St.	Need a Tesla Service Center? Don't Live in 19 States (and Parts of Others) Need a Tesla Service Center? Don't Live in 19 States (and Parts of Others) Douglas A. McIntyre	Need a Tesla Service Center? Don’t Live in 19 States (and Parts of Others) – 24/7 Wall St. Autos Need a Tesla Service Center? Don't Live in 19 States (and Parts of Others) Douglas A. McIntyre August 15, 2016 9:15 am Last Updated: January 13, 2020 4:36 am (Note: This post was updated to indicate the number of states with no Tesla service centers.) Tesla Motors Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA) offers several levels of service plans. However, it does not have a lot of places to have its cars serviced. In many states, it has no service centers at all. Tesla has built a reputation for producing cars that need little or no work. If one crashes, Tesla has approved body shops that are fairly easy to reach. As for its service centers, Tesla tried to offer loaners to owners who have their Tesla in the shop. But it is in the midst of a balancing act between what it sells, where it sells and where it services. A look at the Tesla service center national map shows centers in major cities, unless those cities are unlikely to have Tesla owners, and they are unlikely to have owners in the future. California, the Tesla capital of the world, has service centers up and down the coast, as well as inland in Sacramento. Dallas, Austin and Houston are covered in Texas. So are Palm Beach, Miami, Tampa and Orlando in Florida. Tesla has no service center in several large states. None in Indiana or Michigan. None in Kentucky or Virginia. None in 19 states. The service network size has to be a disadvantage when compared to other companies, like BMW, that have started to aggressively move into the electric car business. Without a dealer network, which in the traditional car distribution model means a service center as well, Tesla has to balance availability with the cost of offering nearby service. It has to comb through the metrics of how quickly it needs new service centers well ahead of when it absolutely has to have them. The 400,000 back orders of Model 3 cars will make that progressively more difficult, as will the pace at which Tesla builds its Gigafactory. In the meantime, don’t try to find a Tesla service center in most states. Read more: Autos, TSLA, Corporate Performance	msmarco_doc_00_18224628	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
411335	1	is gold worth more than platinum	http://247wallst.com/commodities-metals/2014/10/22/what-to-think-when-platinum-prices-go-lower-than-gold/	What to Think When Platinum Prices Go Lower Than Gold – 24/7 Wall St.	What to Think When Platinum Prices Go Lower Than Gold What to Think When Platinum Prices Go Lower Than Gold ALSO READ: The 10 Safest High-Yield Dividends Tinnitus? when the Ringing Won't Stop, Do This (It's Genius) Place Rubber Bands over Your Door Knobs if Alone, Here's Why Dental Implants Paid for by Medicare	What to Think When Platinum Prices Go Lower Than Gold – 24/7 Wall St. Commodities & Metals What to Think When Platinum Prices Go Lower Than Gold Jon C. Ogg October 22, 2014 2:01 pm Source: Thinkstock Platinum is generally supposed to be worth more than gold per ounce. After all, it is more rare, considered more precious and harder to work with. That basic assumption changes through time, and sometimes the price of platinum and gold can invert. October of 2014 is bringing up an interesting case in which gold prices are almost identical to the price of platinum. On Wednesday, gold prices were trading at $1,245 per ounce while platinum prices were closer to $1,270. 24/7 Wall St. wants to examine they why this is happening. For starters, gold and platinum inverting is not something that never happens. It is just rare, less than 10% of the time over the past two decades. Much of that inversion was during the time that the gold bugs were buying gold like it was going to be the replacement currency, when the quantitative easing and money printing fears were in overdrive. What is taking place now is that emerging markets are soft and Europe is teetering on a deflationary recession cycle. The move for this potential test of gold and platinum inverting is not due to any gold rally — platinum has cratered since July. Gold may have sold off during much of that time, but platinum fell from $1,500 in July to around the $1,250 mark. The issue is of course complicated, but gold can be a bit of a schizophrenic metal when it comes to why nations and individuals buy it. Platinum is used by industry, so it has a more direct move in direction of anticipated industry trends — particularly expectations around auto sales trends due to catalytic converter demand. ALSO READ: The 10 Safest High-Yield Dividends Again, the reasons that people, nations and industry buy gold are numerous. It is not just as a currency alternative or inflation protection, or because central banks need to bolster their reserves. What is scary here is not what is happening to the price of gold. The scarier notion is what this drop in platinum says about expected world growth more than anything that the moves in gold say. 24/7 Wall St. has also compared the SPDR Gold Shares (NYSEMKT: GLD) and ETFS Physical Platinum (NYSEMKT: PPLT) in charts from Yahoo! Finance. The drop from July is shown to be much more severe in the platinum ETF in percentage terms. We have then used charts from GoldMoney.com to show exactly how much in raw dollars per ounce the drop has been in platinum versus the whipping trade pattern in gold. Source: Yahoo! Finance Tinnitus? when the Ringing Won't Stop, Do This (It's Genius) Place Rubber Bands over Your Door Knobs if Alone, Here's Why Dental Implants Paid for by Medicare Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Commodities & Metals, GLD, featured, gold prices, platinum prices	msmarco_doc_00_18241109	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
534165	1	us steel target price	http://247wallst.com/commodities-metals/2016/04/19/barclays-and-merrill-lynch-get-more-constructive-on-top-steel-stocks/	Barclays and Merrill Lynch Get More Constructive on Top Steel Stocks – 24/7 Wall St.	Barclays and Merrill Lynch Get More Constructive on Top Steel Stocks Barclays and Merrill Lynch Get More Constructive on Top Steel Stocks If You Have Ear Ringing Do This Immediately (Relieves Tinnitus) Tinnitus? when the Ringing Won't Stop, Do This (It's Genius) Anyone with Enlarged Protate Should Watch This (They Hide This from You)	Barclays and Merrill Lynch Get More Constructive on Top Steel Stocks – 24/7 Wall St. Commodities & Metals Barclays and Merrill Lynch Get More Constructive on Top Steel Stocks Jon C. Ogg April 19, 2016 12:20 pm Last Updated: January 13, 2020 10:36 am This year has been a wild ride for many companies in the metals sector. That is after a rough 2015, as many of the global growth markets have slowed to a crawl. With the bounce that has been seen from the lows in January and February, now some investors are wondering if the worst is over and if there is an opportunity ahead. Shares of U.S. steel makers traded higher on Tuesday, April 19, after Barclays and Merrill Lynch both selectively decided to raise price targets on some of the companies in the steel industry. One reason cited was rising steel prices. Investors need to keep in mind that some of these ratings come with price targets that are under the current share prices. Barclays sees industrial activity picking up for this spring and tight domestic supplies and low imports supporting higher steel prices. Merrill Lynch also sees summer prices soaring. The reason that the formal ratings are unchanged, with some rated as Underperform, is that both firms see price hikes not being sustainable. Investors also need to consider that the Dow Jones U.S. Iron & Steel Index was already up more than 30% so far in 2016. 24/7 Wall St. 6 Oil and Gas Stocks Analysts Want You to Buy Now United States Steel Corp. (NYSE: X) saw its price target raised to $15 from $7 in the Barclays call. Merrill Lynch raised its price objective to $9 from $1 to reflect a sharp EBITDA recovery from higher selling prices and as valuations remain at a trough. The smaller AK Steel Holding Corp. (NYSE: AKS) saw its price target raised to $3 from $2 by Barclays, while Merrill Lynch raised its price objective to $2.50 from $1.00. AK Steel recently announced price hikes for carbon steel products and stainless steel products. Steel Dynamics Inc. (NASDAQ: STLD) saw its target get raised to $27 from $22 at Barclays. Merrill Lynch has a Buy rating on Steel Dynamics and raised its price objective to $27 from $24. Nucor Corp. (NYSE: NUE) saw its price objective get raised to $52 from $47 at Barclays. Merrill Lynch has a Buy rating for Nucor, and the firm raised its target price to $55 from $50. Before thinking that it is all sunshine, note that Merrill Lynch was not positive on Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. (NYSE: RS). The firm downgraded it to Underperform from Neutral with a $72 price objective (versus a $73.32 prior close). Still, Merrill Lynch’s new target is $2 higher than the prior one. The firm feels that Reliance’s strong move in share price has taken its valuation well above its historical averages for EBITDA. Merrill Lynch said: We raise price objectives for steel mills and distributors under our coverage to reflect higher steel and scrap price forecasts. For Steel Dynamics and Nucor we think volumes should be robust as those minimills seek to maximize exposure to the stronger market even as integrateds keep furnaces idle. We see some further upside to valuation for both, and prefer Steel Dynamics, as it trades at an undeserved discounted multiple to Nucor. Margins for both can see somewhat limited strength, in our view, as scrap prices rise with steel. Meanwhile integrated Underperform-rated mills, U.S. Steel and AK Steel, tend to have more fixed costs, especially iron ore miner X, yet their fixed-price contracts can limit or at least delay any price upside. Annual contract prices only passed through part of the drop in 2015 prices from 2014, which tends to mute pricing volatility. We now forecast smaller EPS losses, and accordingly raise price objectives for both. Shares of U.S. Steel were last seen up 2.9% at $19.90, in a 52-week trading range of $61.5 to $27.62. AK Steel shares were up 3.7% at $5.07. Its 52-week range is $1.64 to $5.93. Steel Dynamics traded up 1.0% to $24.31, versus a 52-week range of $15.32 to $24.60. Nucor shares were up almost 1.0% at $50.32, but they hit a new 52-week high of $50.78 earlier in the day. Shares of Reliance Steel & Aluminum traded down 0.3% to $73.06. Its stock hit a new 52-week high early on Tuesday, and the new 52-week range is $50.08 to $74.19. If You Have Ear Ringing Do This Immediately (Relieves Tinnitus) Tinnitus? when the Ringing Won't Stop, Do This (It's Genius) Anyone with Enlarged Protate Should Watch This (They Hide This from You) Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Commodities & Metals, AKS, NUE, RS, STLD, X, Analyst Upgrades, steel prices	msmarco_doc_00_18247241	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
204756	1	homeless population california	http://247wallst.com/economy/2014/10/31/20-of-nations-homeless-are-in-california/	20% of Nation’s Homeless Are in California – 24/7 Wall St.	20% of Nation's Homeless Are in California 20% of Nation's Homeless Are in California Douglas A. McIntyre ALSO READ: States With the Widest Gap Between Rich and Poor Doctor: if You Have an Enlarged Prostate Do This Immediately (Genius) If You Have Ear Ringing Do This Immediately (Relieves Tinnitus) Surgeon: Tinnitus? when the Ringing Won't Stop, Do This (Watch)	20% of Nation’s Homeless Are in California – 24/7 Wall St. Economy 20% of Nation's Homeless Are in California Douglas A. McIntyre October 31, 2014 6:33 am Source: Wikimedia Commons/creative commons The Department of Housing and Urban Development put out a sobering report about the status of homeless people in the United States. Although the count of the homeless dropped 10% from 2013, according to the 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, some states still have large numbers of homeless individuals, led by California. The authors of the report point out: In January 2014, 578,424 people were homeless on a given night. Most (69 percent) were staying in residential programs for homeless people, and the rest (31 percent) were found in unsheltered locations. Nearly one-quarter of all homeless people were children under the age of 18 (23 percent or 135,701). Ten percent (or 58,601) were between the ages of 18 and 24, and 66 percent (or 384,122) were 25 years or older. Homelessness declined by 2 percent (or 13,344 people) between 2013 and 2014 and by 11 percent (or 72,718) since 2007. The 11% fall is almost certainly due to the recession. The state concentration makes sense because it matches state population: California accounted for 20 percent of the nation’s homeless population in 2014. Half of the homeless population in the United States was in five states: CA (20% or 113,952 people), NY (14% or 80,590 people), FL (7% or 41,542 people), TX (5% or 28,495 people), and MA (4% or 21,237 people). However, the swing among states was substantial: Between 2013 and 2014, 14 states plus D.C. experienced increases in homelessness. New York experienced the largest increase (3,160 more people), followed by Massachusetts (2,208). Homelessness decreased in 36 states between 2013 and 2014. The largest decreases were in Florida (6,320 fewer people) and California (4,600). Other states with large declines over the past year were: OR (1,658 fewer people), SC (1,487), and MO (1,299). The situation was not terribly different when viewed over a longer period: Between 2007 and 2014, homelessness increased in 19 states plus D.C. New York had the largest increase with 17,989 more people, a 29 percent rise. However, in percentage terms, the increases in Massachusetts and D.C. were greater. Homelessness declined in 31 states between 2007 and 2014. California experienced the largest decline in the number of people experiencing homelessness, 25,034 fewer since 2007. Other states with large declines included Texas (11,293 fewer people), Florida (6,527), New Jersey (5,643), and Oregon (5,426). ALSO READ: States With the Widest Gap Between Rich and Poor Doctor: if You Have an Enlarged Prostate Do This Immediately (Genius) If You Have Ear Ringing Do This Immediately (Relieves Tinnitus) Surgeon: Tinnitus? when the Ringing Won't Stop, Do This (Watch) Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Economy, Research, States	msmarco_doc_00_18276546	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
450967	1	median starting salary college graduates	http://247wallst.com/jobs/2015/05/03/new-college-grads-have-median-salary-of-45478/	New College Grads Have Median Salary of $45,478 – 24/7 Wall St.	New College Grads Have Median Salary of $45,478 New College Grads Have Median Salary of $45,478 Douglas A. McIntyre ALSO READ: States With the Most McDonald’s	New College Grads Have Median Salary of $45,478 – 24/7 Wall St. Jobs New College Grads Have Median Salary of $45,478 Douglas A. McIntyre May 3, 2015 9:43 am Last Updated: May 4, 2015 6:56 am Source: Thinkstock New college graduates have a median starting salary of $45,478, according to the National Association of Colleges and Employers. The data show the value of a college education. The median household income of all Americans is $51,939, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. It is often assumed that liberal arts and humanities majors have less value in a market where specialization is prized, and the National Association of Colleges and Employers supports this theory. Graduates with these degrees have a median income of $38,604. On the other hand, two more specialized degrees yield much higher salaries. Graduates with business degrees have median starting salaries of $49,807. Graduates with degrees in engineering have median starting salaries of $64,891. These numbers are for bachelors and not higher degrees. The survey, however, does not explain why a college student would major in liberal arts at all. A recent survey by Millennial Branding, a research and consulting firm, and Beyond.com, a career advisory website, shows that the demand for liberal arts graduates is tiny. The results were analyzed by the Los Angeles Times: A mere 2% of companies are actively recruiting college graduates with liberal-arts degrees. The value of engineering and business degrees is also clear based on the research: According to the poll, 27% of companies are seeking to recruit engineering and computer students, while 18% want business majors. ALSO READ: States With the Most McDonald’s Methodology for the National Association of Colleges and Employers survey: Data contained in the report were obtained by surveying NACE employer members from August 11, 2014, through November 24, 2014. A total of 316 surveys were returned—a 30.4 percent response rate. Of those responding, 16.5 percent of respondents were from the West, 24.7 percent were from the Northeast, 28.2 percent were from the Southeast, and 30.7 percent were from the Midwest. It is never too soon to specialize, if money is the goal. Read more: Jobs, education	msmarco_doc_00_18405653	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
296434	1	how many square foot is a walmart	http://247wallst.com/retail/2014/03/22/walmart-now-has-six-types-of-stores/	Walmart Now Has Six Types of Stores – 24/7 Wall St.	Walmart Now Has Six Types of Stores Walmart Now Has Six Types of Stores Paul Ausick 20 Actors You Didn't Know Were Gay - Number 16 Will Surprise You Genius Japanese Diabetes "Hack" Works Better Than Prescription Drugs (Watch) Remember Her? Take A Deep Breath Before You See What She Looks Like Now	Walmart Now Has Six Types of Stores – 24/7 Wall St. Retail Walmart Now Has Six Types of Stores Paul Ausick March 22, 2014 10:34 am Last Updated: April 28, 2020 9:28 am Source: Wal-Mart Stores Inc. With the launch last week of a gas station/convenience store, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (NYSE: WMT) now offers customers six different store formats to choose from, ranging from the Supercenters of up to 260,000 square feet to the 15,000 square-foot Walmart Express stores. The enormous big-box stores still dominate the landscape, but over the past several years the company has been looking at smaller formats, as a way to extend Walmart’s brand footprint, pick up sales it is losing to smaller stores, and gain entry to markets in which they have previously been shut out. In its annual report filed on March 21 with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Walmart said that 56% of the company’s total sales in 2014 came from grocery sales. Walmart U.S. President Bill Simon told an investor conference in early March that the weekly consumer trip to a supermarket to stock-up for the coming week is a $585 billion business in the U.S., and Walmart gets a 25% share of that business. The quick-trip to a convenience store for a quart or milk or a six-pack of your favorite beverage is a $415 billion business in the U.S., and Walmart gets just 10% of those sales. That’s a number the retailer would like to grow. The backbone of the Walmart empire is the Supercenter. In its annual report, the company reported that it has 3,288 Supercenters in the U.S, an increase of 130 in the last year. The average size of a Supercenter is 179,000 square feet, and the stores offer both merchandise and groceries. Nearly all of these giant stores are open 24-hours a day. The original big-box Walmart store is now called a Discount Store, and the company has been closing these stores or converting them to Supercenters for at least the last 5 years. In 2010, the company had 810 Discount Store; the number has shrunk to 508 in 2014. The average size is 105,000 square feet. The stores typically don’t offer groceries and are open 14 or 15 hours a day every day of the week. Walmart lumps its Neighborhood Markets and Walmart Express stores under a single category. The company has been opening these stores at about the same rate as it is opening Supercenters. The company claimed 190 stores in this category in 2010 and 407 in 2014. The average size is 40,000 square feet, and these stores carry a smaller selection of groceries and merchandise. The 20 U.S. Walmart Express stores average about 15,000 square feet. Hours are the same as the Discount Stores. The company’s Sam’s Club warehouse stores are membership operations, and the stores average about 134,000 square feet. The numbers are growing, but very modestly from 605 in 2010 to 632 this year. The stores are open for 11 or 12 hours a day with additional hours for business members. The gas station/convenience store is the sixth format, and a company executive has said that Walmart has no plans to roll-out the format further. That may well be true now, but never say never. Walmart is also testing a drive-through pick-up option in some of its Denver-area stores. Customers can place an order online and pick it up later the same day. The company is even considering drive-in pick-up centers that are not attached to its Supercenters. Another format being tested is 2,500-square foot Walmart on Campus convenience stores located on or near college campuses. Selling groceries is what made Walmart’s Supercenters both different and profitable. The lesson Walmart learned is that food sells better than anything else. If the company can sell food in small stores at the same price point as it sells food in its giant stores, it will have a price advantage over its competitors. The downside is that Walmart will probably need to open four or five of the small format stores for every Supercenter or Sam’s Club it opens just to keep the volume up and make the small format stores worth the trouble. 20 Actors You Didn't Know Were Gay - Number 16 Will Surprise You Genius Japanese Diabetes "Hack" Works Better Than Prescription Drugs (Watch) Remember Her? Take A Deep Breath Before You See What She Looks Like Now Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Retail, WMT, featured, food	msmarco_doc_00_18422684	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
299540	1	how many walmart stores in the usa	http://247wallst.com/retail/2015/04/04/the-10-states-with-the-most-wal-mart-stores/	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores – 24/7 Wall St.	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores Douglas A. McIntyre ALSO READ: Wal-Mart and Other Top Contrarian Stock Picks From Credit Suisse ALSO READ: 10 Retailers Closing the Most Stores Place Coins on Top of a Bag over Your Sink's Drain if Alone, This is Why Networks Are Trying to Ban Former Fox News Host's Money Message Chicago: Why Are People Snapping Up This $89 AC Unit?	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores – 24/7 Wall St. Retail The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores Douglas A. McIntyre April 4, 2015 9:00 am Last Updated: April 4, 2015 9:00 am Source: courtesy of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (NYSE: WMT) has 4,953 locations in the United States. Of those, 563 are in Texas, the state with the most locations. A look at Wal-Mart store locations shows just how regional the company, which employs over 1.3 million Americans, is. According to a recent 24/7 Wall St. analysis, Wal-Mart is the largest employer in 20 states. The 10 states with the most Wal-Mart locations are as follows: 1. Texas has 563 locations, which employ 156,195 people. The state also has 19 distribution centers that feed Wal-Mart stores with merchandise. Texas is the leader among all states by this measure. The stores represent 11% of all Wal-Mart locations 2. Florida has 343 locations, which employ 94,822 people. The state has eight distribution centers. The store count is 7% of the Wal-Mart total. 3. California has 296 Wal-Mart locations, which employ 81,326 people. The state also has 14 distribution centers. California has 6% of the total Wal-Mart stores. So, three states have a quarter of all Wal-Mart locations. ALSO READ: Wal-Mart and Other Top Contrarian Stock Picks From Credit Suisse 4. North Carolina has 210 Wal-Mart stores, which employ 49,084 people. The retailer has four distribution centers in the state. North Carolina has 4% of all Wal-Mart locations. 5. Georgia has 206 Wal-Mart locations, which is 4% of the national total, that employ 50,928 people. There are also seven distribution centers in the state. So, five states have almost a third of Wal-Mart locations. 6. Illinois has 197 locations, which employ 51,137 people. The state has seven distribution centers. Nearly 4% of all Wal-Mart stores are in Illinois. 7. Ohio has 175 locations and five distribution centers, which among them employ 46,974. The Ohio stores are 3.5% of the Wal-Mart total. 8. Pennsylvania has 160 locations and seven distribution centers. These Wal-Mart locations employ 47,054 people and are just above 3% of the national total. 9. Missouri has 154 locations, four distribution centers and 40,316 employees. The state has 3% of all Wal-Mart locations. 10. Tennessee has 141 Wal-Mart locations and three distribution centers, which employ 38,569 workers. The state has just under 3% of all Wal-Mart workers in America. So, among them these 10 states have half of all Wal-Mart locations. ALSO READ: 10 Retailers Closing the Most Stores Place Coins on Top of a Bag over Your Sink's Drain if Alone, This is Why Networks Are Trying to Ban Former Fox News Host's Money Message Chicago: Why Are People Snapping Up This $89 AC Unit? Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Retail, WMT, Corporate Performance, featured, Labor	msmarco_doc_00_18430372	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
466977	1	number of walmart locations in us	http://247wallst.com/retail/2015/04/04/the-10-states-with-the-most-wal-mart-stores/	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores – 24/7 Wall St.	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores Douglas A. McIntyre ALSO READ: Wal-Mart and Other Top Contrarian Stock Picks From Credit Suisse ALSO READ: 10 Retailers Closing the Most Stores Place Coins on Top of a Bag over Your Sink's Drain if Alone, This is Why Networks Are Trying to Ban Former Fox News Host's Money Message Chicago: Why Are People Snapping Up This $89 AC Unit?	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores – 24/7 Wall St. Retail The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores Douglas A. McIntyre April 4, 2015 9:00 am Last Updated: April 4, 2015 9:00 am Source: courtesy of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (NYSE: WMT) has 4,953 locations in the United States. Of those, 563 are in Texas, the state with the most locations. A look at Wal-Mart store locations shows just how regional the company, which employs over 1.3 million Americans, is. According to a recent 24/7 Wall St. analysis, Wal-Mart is the largest employer in 20 states. The 10 states with the most Wal-Mart locations are as follows: 1. Texas has 563 locations, which employ 156,195 people. The state also has 19 distribution centers that feed Wal-Mart stores with merchandise. Texas is the leader among all states by this measure. The stores represent 11% of all Wal-Mart locations 2. Florida has 343 locations, which employ 94,822 people. The state has eight distribution centers. The store count is 7% of the Wal-Mart total. 3. California has 296 Wal-Mart locations, which employ 81,326 people. The state also has 14 distribution centers. California has 6% of the total Wal-Mart stores. So, three states have a quarter of all Wal-Mart locations. ALSO READ: Wal-Mart and Other Top Contrarian Stock Picks From Credit Suisse 4. North Carolina has 210 Wal-Mart stores, which employ 49,084 people. The retailer has four distribution centers in the state. North Carolina has 4% of all Wal-Mart locations. 5. Georgia has 206 Wal-Mart locations, which is 4% of the national total, that employ 50,928 people. There are also seven distribution centers in the state. So, five states have almost a third of Wal-Mart locations. 6. Illinois has 197 locations, which employ 51,137 people. The state has seven distribution centers. Nearly 4% of all Wal-Mart stores are in Illinois. 7. Ohio has 175 locations and five distribution centers, which among them employ 46,974. The Ohio stores are 3.5% of the Wal-Mart total. 8. Pennsylvania has 160 locations and seven distribution centers. These Wal-Mart locations employ 47,054 people and are just above 3% of the national total. 9. Missouri has 154 locations, four distribution centers and 40,316 employees. The state has 3% of all Wal-Mart locations. 10. Tennessee has 141 Wal-Mart locations and three distribution centers, which employ 38,569 workers. The state has just under 3% of all Wal-Mart workers in America. So, among them these 10 states have half of all Wal-Mart locations. ALSO READ: 10 Retailers Closing the Most Stores Place Coins on Top of a Bag over Your Sink's Drain if Alone, This is Why Networks Are Trying to Ban Former Fox News Host's Money Message Chicago: Why Are People Snapping Up This $89 AC Unit? Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Retail, WMT, Corporate Performance, featured, Labor	msmarco_doc_00_18430372	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet
539053	1	walmart how many stores in usa	http://247wallst.com/retail/2015/04/04/the-10-states-with-the-most-wal-mart-stores/	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores – 24/7 Wall St.	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores Douglas A. McIntyre ALSO READ: Wal-Mart and Other Top Contrarian Stock Picks From Credit Suisse ALSO READ: 10 Retailers Closing the Most Stores Place Coins on Top of a Bag over Your Sink's Drain if Alone, This is Why Networks Are Trying to Ban Former Fox News Host's Money Message Chicago: Why Are People Snapping Up This $89 AC Unit?	The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores – 24/7 Wall St. Retail The 10 States With the Most Wal-Mart Stores Douglas A. McIntyre April 4, 2015 9:00 am Last Updated: April 4, 2015 9:00 am Source: courtesy of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (NYSE: WMT) has 4,953 locations in the United States. Of those, 563 are in Texas, the state with the most locations. A look at Wal-Mart store locations shows just how regional the company, which employs over 1.3 million Americans, is. According to a recent 24/7 Wall St. analysis, Wal-Mart is the largest employer in 20 states. The 10 states with the most Wal-Mart locations are as follows: 1. Texas has 563 locations, which employ 156,195 people. The state also has 19 distribution centers that feed Wal-Mart stores with merchandise. Texas is the leader among all states by this measure. The stores represent 11% of all Wal-Mart locations 2. Florida has 343 locations, which employ 94,822 people. The state has eight distribution centers. The store count is 7% of the Wal-Mart total. 3. California has 296 Wal-Mart locations, which employ 81,326 people. The state also has 14 distribution centers. California has 6% of the total Wal-Mart stores. So, three states have a quarter of all Wal-Mart locations. ALSO READ: Wal-Mart and Other Top Contrarian Stock Picks From Credit Suisse 4. North Carolina has 210 Wal-Mart stores, which employ 49,084 people. The retailer has four distribution centers in the state. North Carolina has 4% of all Wal-Mart locations. 5. Georgia has 206 Wal-Mart locations, which is 4% of the national total, that employ 50,928 people. There are also seven distribution centers in the state. So, five states have almost a third of Wal-Mart locations. 6. Illinois has 197 locations, which employ 51,137 people. The state has seven distribution centers. Nearly 4% of all Wal-Mart stores are in Illinois. 7. Ohio has 175 locations and five distribution centers, which among them employ 46,974. The Ohio stores are 3.5% of the Wal-Mart total. 8. Pennsylvania has 160 locations and seven distribution centers. These Wal-Mart locations employ 47,054 people and are just above 3% of the national total. 9. Missouri has 154 locations, four distribution centers and 40,316 employees. The state has 3% of all Wal-Mart locations. 10. Tennessee has 141 Wal-Mart locations and three distribution centers, which employ 38,569 workers. The state has just under 3% of all Wal-Mart workers in America. So, among them these 10 states have half of all Wal-Mart locations. ALSO READ: 10 Retailers Closing the Most Stores Place Coins on Top of a Bag over Your Sink's Drain if Alone, This is Why Networks Are Trying to Ban Former Fox News Host's Money Message Chicago: Why Are People Snapping Up This $89 AC Unit? Remove Content Link? Please choose a reason below: Fake News Misleading Not Interested Offensive Repetitive Submit Cancel Read more: Retail, WMT, Corporate Performance, featured, Labor	msmarco_doc_00_18430372	/content/docs/docs/train-00000-of-00234.parquet

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