Umbuzo:
Ubaba wami unesifo senhliziyo esibizwa nge-cardiomyopathy azalwa naso ngokofuzo. Useneminyaka engu-83 manje. Bekejwayele ukuba sezingeni eliqondile lempilo kuze kube manje. Kamuva nje, uzwe ephelelwa umoya. Futhi ulaliswe esibhedlela kabili. Odokotela bathi izifo eziningi ezahlukene zihlasela inhliziyo yakhe. Ngifuna nje ukwazi ukuthi kwenzakalani ngempela nokuthi yiziphi izinto okufanele aziqaphe ngokuzayo. Amathuba akhe okuphila athini? Ngicela usizo.

Impendulo:
Umphumela uncike ezintweni eziningi ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- Imbangela kanye nohlobo lwe-cardiomyopathy
- Ukuthi isimo siphendula kahle kangakanani ekwelashweni
- Ubungozi benkinga yenhliziyo

Ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo (i-heart failure) kuvamise ukuba yisifo sesikhathi eside (isikhathi eside, noma i-chronic). Kungase kube kubi kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye abantu bathuthuka babe nenkinga enzima yenhliziyo. Kulesi simo, imithi, ukuhlinzwa, kanye nokunye ukwelashwa kungase kungasasizi. Iziguli ezinezinhlobo ezithile ze-cardiomyopathy (isifo samamasela enhliziyo) zisengozini yezinkinga eziyingozi zokushaya kwenhliziyo ngokungalungile (i-heart rhythm problems).


Umbuzo:
Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[NAME] ovela eNdiya. Nginombuzo owodwa. Ngihlaselwe isifo setyphoid. Ngicela ungisize. Ngithole ukwelashwa kusukela ngonyaka odlule kodwa angikaphili kahle manje. Ngicela unginikeze isixazululo? Ngiyabonga.

Impendulo:
Amanzi kanye nama-electrolytes anganikezwa nge-i-IV (kungena emthanjeni) noma ungacelwa ukuthi uphuze amanzi anama-electrolyte packets. Ama-antibiotics anikezwa ukubulala ama-bacteria. Kukhona amazinga akhulayo okungezwani nama-antibiotics emhlabeni wonke, ngakho udokotela wakho uzohlola izincomo zamanje ngaphambi kokuqoka i-antibiotic.


Umbuzo:
i-pneumonia engajwayelekile. kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-pneumonia engajwayelekile iphinde yenzeke ngaphansi kwenyanga eyodwa emva kokwelashwa?

Impendulo:
Iningi leziguli ezine-pneumonia (isifo sophaphu) esibangelwa yi-mycoplasma noma i-chlamydophila ziba ngcono ngokusebenzisa ama-antibiotics (imishanguzo yokulwa nezifo) afanele. I-pneumonia ebangelwa yi-Legionella ingaba sibi kakhulu. Ingaholela ezinkingeni, ikakhulukazi ezigulini ezinenkinga yezinso, isifo sikashukela, i-COPD (isifo sophaphu esivimbelayo), noma uhlelo lokuvikela umzimba olubuthakathaka. Le pneumonia ingaholela nasekufeni.


Umbuzo:
Ngicela ningithumelele imininingwane ngesifo se-fibromyalgia

Impendulo:
I-Fibromyalgia yisifo esijwayelekile lapho umuntu ehlupheka ngobuhlungu obuqhubekayo isikhathi eside, obusakazeke emzimbeni wonke. Ubuhlungu buvame ukuhambisana nokukhathala okusheshayo, izinkinga zokulala, ikhanda elibuhlungu, isifo sokudumala, kanye nokwesaba. Abantu abane-fibromyalgia bangaba nokuba buthaka noma ubuhlungu emajoyintini, emisipha, emasinini, kanye nakokunye okuthambile emzimbeni.


Umbuzo:
Ngicela ungithumelele ulwazi mayelana ne-fibromyalgia.

Impendulo:
Isifinyezo

I-Fibromyalgia (isifo sobuhlungu bemisipha) yisifo esibangela ubuhlungu bama-muscle kanye nokukhathala. Abantu abane-fibromyalgia bane "zindawo ezibuhlungu kakhulu" emzimbeni. Lezi zindawo ezibuhlungu kakhulu zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile entanyeni, emahlombe, emhlane, esinqeni, ezingalweni, nasemilenzeni. Lezi zindawo zibuhlungu uma zithintwa. Abantu abane-fibromyalgia bangaba nezinye izimpawu, ezifana nalezi:

• Ukuxakeka kokulala
• Ukuqina ekuseni
• Ubuhlungu bekhanda
• Isikhathi sokuya enyangeni esibuhlungu
• Ukubanda nokungezwa ezandleni nasezinyaweni
• Izinkinga zokucabanga nokukhumbula (ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "i-fibro fog" noma ukuphazamiseka komqondo)

Akekho owaziyo ukuthi yini ebangela i-fibromyalgia. Noma ubani angayithola, kodwa ivame kakhulu kubantu besifazane abaphakathi nendawo ngeminyaka. Abantu abane-rheumatoid arthritis kanye nezinye izifo zokuzivikela komzimba bavame kakhulu ukuthola i-fibromyalgia. Ayikho imishanguzo yokwelapha i-fibromyalgia, kodwa imithi ingakusiza ukuphatha izimpawu zakho. Ukulala ngokwanele, ukuzivocavoca, nokudla kahle kungase futhi kusize.

NIH (Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sezempilo eMelika): I-National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


Umbuzo:
Kube wusizo olukhulu emva kokufunda ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo lokuqala (i-type 1 diabetes) kodwa ngingathanda ezinye iziphakamiso ezivela kuwe. Umngane wami uneminyaka engama-35 ubudala futhi sekuyinyaka enye enesifo sikashukela. Izinga lakhe likashukela lilinganiselwa phakathi kuka-100 no-120 cishe njalo uma ehlola. Ngabe zikhona yini izinkinga ezingaba khona? Uphinde aye ukuyozivocavoca futhi ahlolwe igazi njalo ezinyangeni ezimbili noma ezintathu. Udla nokudla okulungile njengamasimu aluhlaza ahlutshiwe, amafutha e-olive kanye nokunye. Ngiyalindela impendulo yakho. Ngiyabonga.

Impendulo:
Emva kweminyaka eminingi, isifo sikashukela singaholela ezinkingeni ezinzima zempilo:

- Ungaba nezinkinga zamehlo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungaboni kahle (ikakhulukazi ebusuku) nokuzwela ukukhanya. Ungaphelelwa ngokubona nya.

- Izinyawo zakho nesikhumba sakho zingathola amanxeba nokutheleleka. Uma unawo lamanxeba isikhathi eside, unyawo lwakho noma umlenze ungadinga ukusikwa. Ukutheleleka kungabangela ubuhlungu nokukwenyela.

- Isifo sikashukela singenza kube nzima ukulawula umfutho wegazi ne-cholesterol. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo, ukushaywa ubhululu, nezinye izinkinga. Kungaba nzima ukuba igazi ligeleze ezinyaweni nasemilenzeni.

- Imizwa emzimbeni ingalimala, ibange ubuhlungu, ukukwenyela, ukuba nomdlandla, nokungezwa lutho.

- Ngenxa yokulimala kwemizwa, ungaba nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla okudlayo. Ungezwa ubuthakathaka noma ube nenkinga yokuya endlini yangasese. Ukulimala kwemizwa kungenza kube nzima nabesilisa ukuba nenduku.

- Izinga eliphezulu likashukela egazini nezinye izinkinga zingaholela ekulimaleni kwezinso. Izinso zingahle zingasebenzi kahle njengaphambilini. Zingagcina ziyekile ukusebenza, kube sekudingeka ukuba uthole ukuhlanjululwa kwegazi noma ukufakelwa izinso ezintsha.


Umbuzo:
Ngisanda kufunda isiqephu esithunyelwe nguwe esishilo ukuthi ucwaningo lwakho lukhombisa ukuthi uthole indlela ebanga i-burning mouth syndrome. Futhi ngenxa yalokhu okutholile ungakwazi ukuthola ukwelashwa. Sengibe ne-burning mouth syndrome iminyaka engu-15 futhi ngisazama ukubambelela. Kuzotholakala nini ngokushesha ukwelashwa okuhle? Ngiyingxenye yeqembu elinabantu abangaphezu kwe-500 abane-BMS. Sihlupheka kakhulu futhi sivela emhlabeni wonke. Kuzoba yini lolu kwelashwa?

Impendulo:
Uma imbangela yokushisa komlomo itholakele, ukwelashwa kuhloswe ekuqedeni lokho okuyimbangela. Uma kungekho mbangela etholakala, ukwelashwa kungaba nzima. Lezi yizindlela zokwelapha ezingasetshenziswa uma ushiswa umlomo; sincoma kakhulu ukuthi usebenzisane nodokotela wakho ekutheni yiluphi uhlobo lokwelapha olulungele wena. Uhlobo lwemithi eyisibulala-maqhubu olubizwa ngokuthi i-clonazepam (Klonopin) umuthi wokuvimba ukuqhuma kwezicubu Imithi yokwelapha i-thrush yomlomo Imithi evimba ubuhlungu bezinzwa zomzimba Ezinye izinhlobo zemithi yokwelapha ukukhathazeka Amavithamini B Ukwelashwa ngokushintsha indlela yokucabanga nokuziphatha Iziwasho zomlomo ezikhethekile Imikhiqizo yokufaka esikhundleni samathe Icapsaicin Ngaphezu kwale mithi, lezi zinyathelo zinosizo ekunciphiseni izimpawu zokushisa komlomo: Phuza amanzi njalo Ncela izicucu zeqhwa Hlafuna i-gum engenawo ushukela Gwema izinto ezingakhathaza njengogwayi, ukudla okushisayo noma okunomlilo, iziphuzo ezinotshwala, iziwasho zomlomo eziqukethe utshwala, nemikhiqizo enobumanzi obuphezulu, njengezithelo namajusi esithrasi, kanye nomkhanako noma i-mint.


Umbuzo:
Ngifuna izincwadi ezikhuluma nge-hypotension/ngokunciphisa kwengcindezi yegazi. Ungangisuggestela noma yiziphi engingakwazi ukuzithenga?

Impendulo:
Isifinyezo Mhlawumbe usuke wezwa ukuthi umfutho wegazi ophakeme uyinkinga. Ngezinye izikhathi umfutho wegazi ophansi kakhulu ungabanga izinkinga. Umfutho wegazi yingcindezi yegazi lakho ephushela odongeni lwemithambo yegazi. Njalo uma inhliziyo yakho ishaya, igxoba igazi liye emithanjeni yegazi. Umfutho wegazi wakho uphakeme kakhulu uma inhliziyo yakho ishaya, igxoba igazi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umfutho wegazi wokushaya kwenhliziyo. Uma inhliziyo yakho iphumule, phakathi kwemishayelo, umfutho wegazi wakho uyehla. Lolu umfutho wegazi wokuphumula kwenhliziyo. Ukufundwa komfutho wegazi wakho kusebenzisa lezi zinombolo ezimbili. Ngokuvamile zibhalwa enye ngaphezu noma ngaphambi kwenye, njengokuthi 120/80. Uma ukufundwa komfutho wegazi wakho kungu-90/60 noma ngaphansi, unomfutho wegazi ophansi. Abanye abantu banomfutho wegazi ophansi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abanazimpawu futhi ukufundwa kwabo okuphansi kuyinto ejwayelekile kubo. Kwabanye abantu, umfutho wegazi wehla ngaphansi kwejwayelekile ngenxa yesimo sezempilo noma imithi ethile. Abanye abantu bangaba nezimpawu zomfutho wegazi ophansi uma besukuma ngokushesha. Umfutho wegazi ophansi uyinkinga kuphela uma ubanga isiyezi, ukuquleka noma ezimweni ezibucayi, ukushayeka. NIH: Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Senhliziyo, Amaphaphu, neGazi


Umbuzo:
Indodakazi yami inesifo se-Distal renal tubular acidosis. Sivela eMexico, futhi siyacabanga ukuthi ungasithumelela ulwazi olwengeziwe? Mhlawumbe ungasisebenzela inhlangano yezempilo noma yokusekelana? Angazi ncamashi.

Impendulo:
I-distal renal tubular acidosis umkhuhlane wezinso ovela uma izinso zingakwazi ukususa ngendlela efanele ama-asidi egazini ziwafake emchanyeni. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-asidi amaningi ahlala egazini (okwaziwa nge-acidosis, okuyisimo sokuba nama-asidi amaningi egazini).


Umbuzo:
Ngingathanda ukufunda kabanzi ngesifo sami. Ngicela ungithumelele noma yiziphi izincwadi ocabanga ukuthi ngingazisebenzisa. Ngibonga kakhulu, [NAME]

Impendulo:
I-Klinefelter syndrome isimo sezofuzo esenzeka kubesilisa uma benokwengeza i-chromosomu X esingaphezulu.


Umbuzo:
Ngithanda ukufunda kabanzi ngokwesimo sami sempilo. Ngicela ungithumelele noma yimiphi imibhalo ezifanele ocabanga ukuthi ngingayisebenzisa. Ngibonga kakhulu, [IGAMA]

Impendulo:
I-Klinefelter syndrome iyisimo sezikromozomu esithinta ukuthuthuka komzimba kanye nokucabanga kwabesilisa. Izimpawu zayo zihluka phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo. Abantu abathintekayo bavame ukuba namasende amancane angakhiqizi i-testosterone njengenjwayelo. I-testosterone ihomoni elawula ukuthuthuka kowesilisa ngaphambi kokuzalwa nangesikhathi sokuvuthwa.

Ukuntuleka kwe-testosterone kungaholela:
- Ekuvuthweni okubambezelekile noma okungaphelele
- Ukukhula kwamabele (i-gynecomastia)
- Ukuncipha kwezinwele zobuso nomzimba
- Ukungakwazi ukuba nezingane ngokwemvelo (ukungabi nanzalo)

Abanye abantu abathintekayo banamahluko ezitho zangasese kufaka phakathi:
- Amasende angawelanga (i-cryptorchidism)
- Ukuvuleka kwe-urethra ngaphansi komsila (i-hypospadias)
- Umsila omncane ngokungajwayelekile (i-micropenis)

Izingane ezindala kanye nabantu abadala abane-Klinefelter syndrome bavame ukuba bade kunontanga babo. Uma beqhathaniswa nabesilisa abangathintekile, abantu abadala abane-Klinefelter syndrome basengcupheni enkulu yokuthola umdlavuza webele kanye nesifo esibucayi esibizwa nge-systemic lupus erythematosus. Amathuba abo okuthola lezi zifo afana nawesifazane emphakathini jikelele.

Izingane ezine-Klinefelter syndrome zingaba nobunzima bokufunda kanye nokubambezeleka ekukhulumeni nasekuthuthukeni kolimi. Zivame ukuba bathule, bazwelane, futhi bangabi nesibindi, kodwa izimpawu zobuntu zihluka phakathi kwabantu abathintekayo.


Umbuzo:
Ngingakwazi kanjani ukususa lezi zinsekabili? Mina nomama sizame izinto eziningi ukususa lezi zinambuzane kodwa azihambanga. Siyimindeni egeza kabili noma kathathu ngosuku. Asikaze siqonde ukuthi zingasihlasela kanjani. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngabe ukuwasha izingubo zethu kuyindlela engcono yini yokuziqeda lezi zinto? Kubonakala sengathi akusebenzanga kithi. Ngakho-ke zikhona yini ezinye izindlela esingazizama?

Impendulo:
Ukuze ususe izimbungulu, thatha lezi zinyathelo ezibalulekile:   - Geza njalo ukuze ususe izimbungulu namaqanda azo.   - Shintsha izingubo zakho njalo.   - Geza izingubo ngamanzi ashisayo (okungenani 130°F/54°C) bese uzomisa ngemishini esebenzisa umjikelezo oshisayo.   - Izinto ezingeke zigezwe, njengezinto zokudlala ezigcwaliswayo, amatrasi, noma ifenisha, zingasulwa ngokuphelele ngemishini yokufunxa ukuze kususwe izimbungulu namaqanda awe emzimbeni.   Udokotela wakho angakuchazela ikhilimu yesikhumba noma umuthi wokugeza oqukethe i-permethrin, i-malathione, noma i-benzyl alcohol. Uma isimo sakho sibi kakhulu, udokotela angakuchazela umuthi owuphuza ngomlomo.


Umbuzo:
Nginohlu lwemibuzo mayelana nesifo sikaTay sachs kanye nesifo sonyawo olugobile   1. Yini isifo sikaTSD/isifo sonyawo olugobile, futhi sihlukumeza kanjani umntwana  2. Yini imbangela yalezi zifo zombili? Ngabe zingavikelwa, zelashwe, noma ziqedwe nya  3. Sivame kangakanani isifo sikaTSD? Sivame kangakanani isifo sonyawo olugobile  4. "I-ejensi" yakho (inhlangano yosizo) ingasiza kanjani owesifazane/izithandani ezikhathazekile ngalesi simo esitholakala ngokuzalwa, futhi ngabe kukhona izindleko? Uma ungaphendula le mibuzo embalwa ngingabonga. Ngicela uphendule ngokushesha okukhulu.

Impendulo:
I-Talipes equinovarus isimo somzimba esidalwe ngokuzalwa lapho unyawo luphenduka ngaphakathi futhi phansi. Imbangela yalesi simo ayaziwa, nakuba kungenzeka sidluliswe ngomlando womndeni ezikhathini ezithile. Lesi simo senzeka cishe koyedwa kubantu abayinkulungwane abazalwayo. Ukwelashwa kungahlanganisa ukususa unyawo endaweni efanele nokusebenzisa isigqoko sokunqanda ukulunyakazisa ukulugcina lapho. Le nqubo yenziwa kancane kancane esikhathini eside. Ezimweni ezinzima, ukuhlinzwa kungadingeka.


Umbuzo:
Nginohlu lwemibuzo mayelana nesifo sikaTay sachs kanye nonyawo olugobile   1. Yini i-TSD/Unyawo olugobile, futhi luhlukumeza kanjani umntwana  2. Yini imbangela yalokhu kokubili? Kungavinjwa, ukwelashwa, noma kuphulukiswe  3. Ivame kangakanani i-TSD? Luvame kangakanani unyawo olugobile  4. "I-ejensi" yakho ingasiza kanjani owesifazane/izithandani ezikhathazekile ngalesi simo somzimba esizalwa naso, futhi kukhona yini izindleko?  Uma ungaphendula le mibuzo embalwa ngingabonga, ngicela ungiphendule ngokushesha okukhulu.

Impendulo:
Unyawo olugwegwe luyisimo esijwayelekile kakhulu sokukhubazeka kwezitho zomzimba esizalwa naso ezinyaweni. Singaba sincane futhi silula ukuguquka noma sibe sibi kakhulu futhi siqinile. Imbangela ayaziwa, kodwa lesi simo ezinyaweni singadluliswa emndenini kwamanye amacala. Izinto ezingaba yingozi zifaka phakathi umlando womndeni walesi simo nokuba owesilisa. Lesi simo senzeka cishe koyedwa noma ngaphezulu kubantwana abayi-1,000 abazalwa bephila.


Umbuzo:
Nginohlu lwemibuzo mayelana nesifo seTay sachs kanye nonyawo oluguqukile   1. Yini isifo seTay sachs/unyawo oluguqukile, futhi luthinta kanjani ingane  2. Yini edala lezi zifo zombili? Kungavikeleka, kulashwe, noma kuphulukiswe yini?  3. Sivame kangakanani isifo seTay sachs? Livame kangakanani unyawo oluguqukile  4. Inhlangano yakho ingasiza kanjani owesifazane/izithandani ezinokwesaba ngalesi simo sokudalwa, futhi kukhona yini izindleko?  Ngingabonga uma ungaphendula le mibuzo embalwa, ngicela uphendule ngokushesha okukhulu.

Impendulo:
Isifo sikaTay-Sachs siwukufa okuthile okuthelelwanayo okubangela ukubhujiswa okuqhubekayo kwamaseli emithambo yomzwa ekhanda nasemgogodleni. I-Tay-Sachs ibangelwa ukungabikho kwenzayimu ebalulekile ebizwa nge-hexosaminidase-A (Hex-A) (enzayimu ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwamaseli). Ngaphandle kwe-Hex-A, isithako esinomafutha, noma i-lipid, esibizwa nge-GM2 ganglioside siqoqana ngokungajwayelekile emaseline, ikakhulukazi emaseline emithambo yomzwa ekhanda. Lokhu kuqoqana okuqhubekayo kubangela umonakalo oqhubekayo emaseline emithambo yomzwa. Isifo sikaTay-Sachs sithelelwana ngendlela ye-autosomal recessive (indlela yokudlulisela isifo lapho zombili izicubu zofuzo kumele zibe nenkinga).


Umbuzo:
Nginohlu lwemibuzo mayelana nesifo sika-Tay Sachs kanye nonyawo olushaya phansi:

1. Yini i-TSD/unyawo olushaya phansi, futhi luthinta kanjani ingane?

2. Yini imbangela yakho kokubili? Kungagwenyeka? Kungalashwa? Kungaphulukiswa?

3. I-TSD ivame kangakanani? Unyawo olushaya phansi luvame kangakanani?

4. "Inhlangano" yakho ingasiza kanjani owesifazane/izithandani ezikhathazekile ngalesi simo sokuphazamiseka komzimba esizalwa naso, futhi ingabe kukhona izindleko?

Uma ungaphendula le mibuzo embalwa ngingabonga. Ngicela uphendule ngokushesha.

Impendulo:
Isifo sikaTay-Sachs siyisifo esitholakala ngokuzalwa esibulala kancane kancane amasosha omzimba (amaneuroni) ebuchosheni nasemgogodleni. Uhlobo olujwayelekile lwesifo sikaTay-Sachs luvela ezinganeni. Izingane ezinalesi sifo zibukeka ziqhelile kuze kufike izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha, lapho ukukhula kwazo kuqala ukuhlehlela emuva futhi imisipha yokuhamba ibe buthakathaka. Izingane ezithintekile zilahlekelwa yikhono lokuphenduka, lokuhlala, kanye nokukhasa. Ziphinde zibe nokwethuka okukhulu uma zizwa umsindo omkhulu. Njengoba isifo siqhubeka, izingane ezinesifo sikaTay-Sachs ziba nezithuthwane, ukulahlekelwa wukubona nokuzwa, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, kanye nokufa uhlangothi. Inkinga ehlola amehlo ebizwa ngokuthi indawo ebomvu okwesheri, engabonwa uma kuhlolwa amehlo, iyimpawu ekhombisa lesi sifo. Izingane ezinalolu hlobo olubi lwesifo sikaTay-Sachs ngokuvamile ziphila kuphela kuze kube sebuncaneni.

Ezinye izinhlobo zesifo sikaTay-Sachs azivamile kakhulu. Izimpawu zingavela ebunganeni, ebusheni, noma ebudaleni futhi ziba buthakathaka kunalezo ezibonakala ezinganeni. Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zibandakanya ukuba buthakathaka kwemisipha, ukulahlekelwa wukuxhumana kwemisipha (i-ataxia, ukungakwazi ukuhambisa imisipha ngendlela efanele) nezinye izinkinga zokuhamba, izinkinga zokukhuluma, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Lezi zimpawu zihluka kakhulu kubantu abanezinhlobo zesifo sikaTay-Sachs ezivela kamuva.


Umbuzo:
Nginohlelo lwemibuzo mayelana nesifo sika-Tay Sachs kanye nonyawo olugwegwile   1. Yini i-TSD/unyawo olugwegwile, futhi luthinta kanjani ingane?  2. Yini imbangela yalokhu kokubili? Kungavikelwa, kuyelapheke, noma kuphele nya?  3. Sivame kangakanani isifo sika-Tay Sachs? Livame kangakanani unyawo olugwegwile?  4. "I-ejensi" yakho ingasiza kanjani owesifazane/izithandani ezikhathazekile ngalesi simo esizalwa naso, futhi zikhona izindleko? Uma ungaphendula le mibuzo embalwa ngingabonga, ngicela ungiphendule ngokushesha.

Impendulo:
Ayikho indlela eyaziwa yokuvikela lesi simo sezinzwa. Ukuhlolwa kwamajini kungathola ukuthi unegeni engadlulisela lesi simo. Uma wena noma umlingani wakho nivela emphakathini osengcupheni, kukhuthazwa ukuthi nihlolwe ngaphambi kokuqala umndeni. Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi akhisela ingane esibelethweni (umzanyana) kungahlonza isifo sika-Tay-Sachs ngaphambi kokuthi ingane izalwe.


Umbuzo:
Nginohlelo lwemibuzo mayelana nesifo seTay-Sachs kanye nonyawo olugwegwile   1. Yini isifo seTay-Sachs/unyawo olugwegwile, futhi lubaphatha kanjani abantwana  2. Yini imbangela yalezi zinto zombili? Kungavikelwa, kulashwe, noma kuphulukiswe  3. Sivame kangakanani isifo seTay-Sachs? Sivame kangakanani unyawo olugwegwile  4. "Inhlangano" yakho ingasiza kanjani owesifazane/izithandani ezikhathazekile ngalesi simo esizalwa naso, futhi kukhona yini izindleko ?  Uma ungaphendula le mibuzo embalwa ngingabonga kakhulu , ngicela uphendule ngokushesha okukhulu.

Impendulo:
Akukho ukwelashwa kwesifo sikaTay-Sachs ngokwaso, kuphela izindlela zokwenza umuntu azizwe ekhululekile.


Umbuzo:
Ngabe imidwa yezicubu zezindlebe ihlale ikhombisa isifo senhliziyo futhi iyisiqiniseko sehlaselo lenhliziyo elizokwenzeka noma nini? Yiziphi ezinye izizathu? Ngineminyaka engu-56 futhi nginezindlebe ezinemibobo kodwa angisawagqoki amacici eminyakeni eminingi. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa edlule ngingadli inyama kakhulu, uma ngiyidla ngidla inkukhu noma inhlanzi, mhlawumbe inyama yenkomo eminyakeni emihlanu noma ngaphezulu futhi kungaba yi-hamburger engenamafutha kakhulu. Uma unesifo se-arteriosclerosis (ukuqina kwemithambo yegazi), ingabe kukhona indlela yokulwa naso noma yokulibuyisela emuva?

Impendulo:
Into ethile ebizwa ngokuthi i-plaque ingakheka ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi enhliziyweni (amacoronary arteries). Le plaque yenziwe ngamakolesteroli namanye amaseli. Ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kungenzeka uma:   - Kukhona ukudabuka kwe-plaque. Lokhu kuqala amaplatelethi egazi nezinye izinto ukwakha isigaxa segazi (i-blood clot) kuleso sikhala elivimba ingxenye enkulu noma yonke yegazi elithwala i-oxygen ekufanele ligeleze ingxenye yemisipha yenhliziyo. Lena yimbangela evame kakhulu yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.   - Ukwakheka kweplaque kancane kunganciphisa omunye wemithambo yegazi enhliziyweni ngendlela yokuthi ucishe uvaliwe.   Kunoma yisiphi isimo, alikho igazi elanele eligelezela umsipha wenhliziyo futhi umsipha wenhliziyo uyafa. Imbangela yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo ayaziwa njalo.   Ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kungenzeka:   - Uma uphumule noma ulele   - Ngemva kokwenyuka okusheshayo kwemisebenzi yomzimba   - Uma wenza imisebenzi yomzimba ngaphandle emakhazeni   - Ngemva kokwethuka okusheshayo, okukhulu ngokomoya noma ngokomzimba, kufaka phakathi ukugula   Izinto eziningi ezingabeka impilo engcupheni (risk factors) zingaholela ekwakhekeni kwe-plaque nokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.


Umbuzo:
Ngabe imidwa esezindlebeni ihlale ikhombisa isifo senhliziyo futhi ikhombisa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo kuzokwenzeka? Yiziphi ezinye izizathu? Ngineminyaka engu-56 futhi nginezindlebe ezigqotshiwe kodwa angizange ngigqoke amacici eminyakeni eminingi. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa edlule ngidla inyama kancane kakhulu, uma ngiyidla kuba yinkukhu noma inhlanzi, mhlawumbe inyama yenkomo eminyakeni emihlanu noma ngaphezulu futhi kungaba yibhega elinganonile kakhulu. Uma unesifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi (arteriosclerosis), ngabe kukhona indlela yokusibuyisela emuva?

Impendulo:
Isifo senhliziyo esiphathelene nemithambo yegazi

Ukushaywa yinhliziyo (i-heart attack) kwenzeka uma ukuhamba kwegazi elinothile i-oksijeni endaweni yomsipha wenhliziyo kuvinjwa ngokuzuma futhi inhliziyo ingakwazi ukuthola i-oksijeni. Ukushaywa yinhliziyo okuningi kwenzeka ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo esiphathelene nemithambo yegazi (i-CHD).

I-CHD isimo lapho into ebizwa ngeplaque (okuyinto efana namafutha) eyakheka ngaphakathi kwemithambo yegazi yenhliziyo. Le mithambo yegazi ihlinzeka igazi elinothile i-oksijeni enhliziyweni yakho. Uma iplaque ikhula emithanjeni yegazi, lesi simo sibizwa nge-atherosclerosis (ukuqina nokuvala kwemithambo yegazi).

Ukukhula kweplaque kwenzeka eminyakeni eminingi. Ekugcineni, indawo yeplaque ingaqhuma ngaphakathi komthambo wegazi. Lokhu kubangela ukuba igazi libe yiqhwaga phezu kwendawo yeplaque. Uma iqhwaga liba likhulu ngokwanele, lingavimba ukuhamba kwegazi ngomthambo wegazi wenhliziyo.

Uma ukuvinjwa kungalashwa ngokushesha, ingxenye yomsipha wenhliziyo iyafa. Isicubu senhliziyo esiphilile sishintshwa ngesicubu sesibazi. Lolu lonakala lwenhliziyo lungangabonakali, noma lungabangela izinkinga ezinzima.

Ukuhlukumezeka komthambo wegazi wenhliziyo

Imbangela engajwayelekile yokushaywa yinhliziyo ukuhlukumezeka okushaqisayo komthambo wegazi wenhliziyo. Ukuhlukumezeka kuqeda ukuhamba kwegazi ngomthambo wegazi. Kungenzeka emithanjeni yegazi yenhliziyo engathintekile yi-atherosclerosis.

Imbangela yokuhlukunyezwa komthambo wegazi wenhliziyo ayihlale icacile. Kungahlobana nalokhu:
- Ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezithile, njengekhokheyini
- Ukucindezeleka kwemizwa noma ubuhlungu
- Ukuba semazingeni aphansi kakhulu
- Ukubhema

Umdwebo ongezansi ukhombisa ukuthi ukukhula kweplaque noma ukuhlukumezeka komthambo wegazi wenhliziyo kungaholela kanjani ekushayekeni yinhliziyo. Chofoza "qala" ukuze ubuke umdwebo. Izincazelo zinikezwe nomfanekiso ngamunye. Ungasebenzisa izinkinobho ngaphansi ukuze ulawule umdwebo. Umdwebo ukhombisa ukuthi ukuvimbeka kwegazi emthanjeni wegazi wenhliziyo kungaholela kanjani ekushayekeni yinhliziyo.


Umbuzo:
Indodana yami izalwe ne-alopecia totalis kanye nokuvuvuka okuzungeze amehlo, simenzele i-Whole Exome Sequencing (ukuhlolwa kwegene yonke), bathole ukuguquka okungase kube yingozi ku-SOX18 gene, okusekela ukuhlinzekwa kwesifo se-hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia syndrome. Ngifisa ukwazi ukuthi ngingakwelapha lokhu yini noma kukhona yini esingakwenza ukusiza izimpawu. Ngicela usizo oluphuthumayo.

Impendulo:
I-Hypotrichosis-lymphedema-telangiectasia syndrome (HLTS) isimo esithile esiyinkimbinkimbi esingavamile esihambisana nezinwele ezimbalwa (i-hypotrichosis, okuchaza izinwele ezingekho ziningi), i-lymphedema, kanye ne-telangiectasia, ikakhulukazi ezingaphakathini zezandla. Izimpawu ziqala ngokuvamile ekuzalweni noma ebuncaneni bokuqala futhi ziba zimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-HLTS icatshangelwa ukuthi ibangelwa izinguquko (mutations) egene ye-SOX18. Ingalandela ukudluliselwa kofuzo okuhamba ngendlela ye-autosomal dominant (lapho igene elilodwa elingalungile lingenela) noma ye-autosomal recessive (lapho amagene amabili angalungile adingeka), kuye ngomndeni othintekile. Okwamanje akukho ukwelashwa kwalesi simo. Ukwelashwa kusekelwe ezimpawini ezikhona kumuntu ngamunye.


Umbuzo:
Kwenzakalani esigulini sesifo sikashukela uma izinga likashukela egazini likhushulwa? Yiliphi ingxenye yomzimba phakathi kwebuchopho, isisu noma ibhodlela lomchamo? Kungani ibhodlela lomchamo liba nsundu kakhulu kunezinye izingxenye zomzimba?

Impendulo:
Isifinyezo
Isifo sikashukela sisho ukuthi amazinga kashukela (i-glucose) egazini lakho aphakeme kakhulu. Ngesigaba sesibili sesifo sikashukela, esijwayelekile kakhulu, umzimba wakho awukhiqizi noma awusebenzisi kahle i-insulin. I-insulin iwuhlobo lwehomoni elisiza ushukela ukuba ungene emasosheni akho ukuze uwanike amandla. Ngaphandle kwe-insulin, ushukela omningi kakhulu uhlala egazini. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ushukela ophakeme egazini ungaholela ezinkingeni ezinzima zenhliziyo, amehlo, izinso, imizwa, kanye namazinyo nezinsini.

Unethuba elikhulu lokuba nesifo sikashukela sesigaba sesibili uma umdala, unesisindo esikhulu, unezihlobo ezine-diabetes, noma ungajimi. Ukuba nesimo esandulela isifo sikashukela naso senyusa ubungozi bakho. Lesi simo sisho ukuthi ushukela wakho wegazini uphakeme kunokujwayelekile kodwa akuphakeme ngokwanele ukuba sibizwe ngokuthi isifo sikashukela.

Izimpawu zesifo sikashukela sesigaba sesibili zivela kancane. Abanye abantu abaziboni nhlobo izimpawu. Izimpawu zingabandakanya:

• Ukuba nomanzi kakhulu
• Ukuchama kaningi
• Ukuzwa ulambe kakhulu noma ukhathele
• Ukwehla kwesisindo ngaphandle kokuzama
• Ukuba nezilonda eziphola kancane
• Ukuba nokubona okungenami

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kungakhombisa uma unesifo sikashukela. Olunye uhlobo lokuhlolwa, i-A1C, lungabuye luhlole ukuthi ulawula kanjani isifo sakho sikashukela. Abantu abaningi bangakwazi ukulawula isifo sabo sikashukela ngokudla okunempilo, ukuzivocavoca, nokutesta ushukela wegazini. Abanye abantu badinga nokuthatha imithi yesifo sikashukela.

Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sesifo Sikashukela Nezifo Zokugaya Nezinso (NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases)


Umbuzo:
I-TMAU (Trimethylaminuria, isifo esibangela umzimba unuke kabi). Ngicela uthole indlela yokucwaninga i-TMAU nokuthi ingalashwa kanjani ngokwelashwa kwamajini. Sengikhathele ukunuka njengenhlanzi/indle nokukhulunyelwa kabi zonke izinsuku zempilo yami.

Impendulo:
I-Trimethylaminuria isifo lapho umzimba ungakwazi ukuqhekeza i-trimethylamine, inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali esinephunga elinamandla elinuka kakhulu. I-Trimethylamine ichazwe njengephunga elifana nenhlanzi ebozile, amaqanda abolile, udoti, noma umchamo. Njengoba lesi sakhiwo siqoqana emzimbeni, sibangela ukuthi abantu abathintekile bakhiphe iphunga elinamandla emjulukweni wabo, emchameni, nasekuphefumuleni kwabo. Amandla ephunga angahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iphunga lingaphazamisa izingxenye eziningi zempilo yemihla ngemihla, lithikameze ubudlelwano bomuntu, impilo yomphakathi, nomsebenzi. Abanye abantu abane-trimethylaminuria baba nokudangala nokwehlukaniseka nomphakathi ngenxa yalesi simo.


Umbuzo:
Ngingakuthokozela uma ungangithumelela noma ungithumelele nge-imeyili eminye imisebenzi yokuzivocavoca yomuntu ohlushwa ukufa uhlangothi. Angikwazi ukuhamba ngenxa yedolo elinesifo samathambo esikhathaza. Ngaphandle kwalokho ngiyakwazi ukugoqa umzimba.. ikheli lami lasekhaya lithi [CONTACT], I-imeyili yami ithi [CONTACT] (mailto:[CONTACT]) Ngiyabonga, [NAME]

Impendulo:
Istrokhi siyisimo esiphuthumayo sezempilo. Kudingeka ukwelashwa ngokushesha. Shayela u-9-1-1 noma inombolo yakho yezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha noma ufune unakekelo lwezempilo oluphuthumayo uma ubona izimpawu zokuqala zestrokhi. Abantu abanezimpawu zestrokhi kufanele baye esibhedlela ngokushesha okukhulu.

Uma istrokhi sibangelwa yigazi eliqinile, kunganikezwa umuthi wokuhlakazela igazi eliqinile.

Ukuze kube nemiphumela emihle, lolu kwelapha kufanele luqale phakathi kwamahora ama-3 kuya kwama-4 nohhafu kusukela lapho izimpawu ziqala khona. Uma lolu kwelapha luqala ngokushesha, kuba namathuba amahle okuba nemiphumela emihle.

Okunye ukwelashwa okunikezwa esibhedlela kuncike esimweni esibangele istrokhi. Lokhu kungabandakanya:
- Izincibilikisi zegazi ezifana ne-heparin (umuthi wokuvimbela ukuqina kwegazi), i-warfarin (Coumadin), i-aspirin, noma i-clopidogrel (Plavix)
- Imithi yokulawula izinto ezingabeka engcupheni, njengomfutho wegazi ophakeme, isifo sikashukela, kanye ne-cholesterol ephakeme
- Izinqubo ezikhethekile noma ukuhlinzwa ukuze kuncishiswe izimpawu noma kuvinjelwe ezinye izitrokhi
- Izakhamzimba kanye namanzi

Ukwelapha ngokwezomzimba, ukwelapha ngokwemisebenzi, ukwelapha ngokwenkulumo, kanye nokwelapha ukugwinya konke kuzokwenziwa esibhedlela. Uma umuntu enenkinga enkulu yokugwinya, kuzodingeka ukufakwa kwepayipi lokudla esiswini (i-gastrostomy tube).

Inhloso yokwelapha ngemuva kwesitrokhi ukusiza ukuthi uthole ukusebenza okuningi ngendlela okungenzeka ngayo futhi kuvimbele ezinye izitrokhi esikhathini esizayo.

Ukubuyela esimweni kusukela estrokhini sakho kuzoqala ngesikhathi usesesibhedlela noma esikhungweni sokubuyisela esimweni. Kuzokuba kuqhubeka uma uya ekhaya usuka esibhedlela noma esikhungweni. Qiniseka ukuthi ulandela umnikezi wakho wokunakekela ezempilo ngemuva kokuba uye ekhaya.


Umbuzo:
Ngingathokoza uma ungangithumelela noma ungithumelele nge-imeyili eminye imisebenzi yokuzivocavoca yomuntu oshaywe  isifo sohlangothi. Angikwazi ukuhamba ngenxa yedolo elinei-arthritis. Ngaphandle kwalokho nginekhono lokugoqa.. ikheli lami lasekhaya lithi [CONTACT], I-imeyili yami ithi [CONTACT] (mailto:[CONTACT]) Ngiyabonga, [NAME]

Impendulo:
Ngokujwayelekile kunezigaba ezintathu zokwelashwa kwesifo somopho: ukuvikela, ukwelashwa ngokushesha emva kwesifo somopho, kanye nokuvuselela emva kwesifo somopho.

Amasu okuvikela isifo somopho sokuqala noma esiphindayo asekelwe ekwelapheni izimo ezingabangela isifo somopho kumuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kubandakanya umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungalawuleki, kanye nesifo sikashukela.

Amasu okwelapha isifo somopho esisheshayo azama ukumisa isifo somopho ngesikhathi sisenzeka. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokushesha ngokuncibilikisa isithiyo segazi esibangela ukuvaleka kwemithambo (isifo somopho se-ischemic) noma ngokumisa ukopha ebuchosheni (isifo somopho se-hemorrhagic).

Ukuvuselela emva kwesifo somopho kusiza abantu ukuthi banqobe ukukhubazeka okubangwa umonakalo wesifo somopho.

Ukwelashwa ngemithi kuyindlela ejwayelekile kakhulu yokwelapha isifo somopho. Izinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu zemithi esetshenziswa ukuvikela noma ukwelapha isifo somopho yilezi:
- Ama-antithrombotics (imishanguzo evimbela ukubumbana kwegazi):
  * Ama-antiplatelet agents (avimbela ukunamathela kwamasosha egazi)
  * Ama-anticoagulants (anciphisa ukuqina kwegazi)
- Ama-thrombolytics (ancibilikisa izithiyo zegazi)


Umbuzo:
Ngingakujabulela uma ungangithumela noma  i-imeyili ezinye izilolongo zomuntu oshaywe  isifo sohlangothi. Angikwazi ukuhamba ngenxa yedolo eline-arthritic.Noma kunjalo ngiyakwazi ukunyakaza. Ikheli lami lasekhaya lithi [ADDRESS], I-imeyili yami ithi [EMAIL] (mailto:[CONTACT]) Ngiyabonga, [NAME]

Impendulo:
Ngokwesifo sohlangothi, ukwelashwa kuncike isigaba sesifo. Kunezigaba ezintathu zokwelapha isifo sohlangothi: ukuvimbela, ukwelashwa ngokushesha ngemva kwesifo sohlangothi, kanye nokubuyisela isimo endaweni ngemva kwesifo sohlangothi. Ukwelashwa kwesifo sohlangothi kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisa imithi, ukunqanyulwa noma ukuhlinzwa, kanye nokubuyisela isimo endaweni.


Umbuzo:
Ngabe kukhona indlela ongangithumelela ngayo ulwazi mayelana nalezi zimo ezimbili zenhliziyo? Indodana yami kuzomele ekugcineni ihlolwe ngazo, futhi ngingathanda nje ulwazi ukuze ngiqonde zombili izimo zenhliziyo kangcono.

Impendulo:
I-Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) yisimo lapho umsipha wenhliziyo uba nkulu. Kaningi, yingxenye eyodwa yenhliziyo kuphela egqama kakhulu kunezinye izingxenye. Ukugqama lokhu kungenza kube nzima ukuthi igazi liphume enhliziyweni, okuphoqa inhliziyo ukuthi isebenze ngokwedlulele ukushubisa igazi. Kungaphinde kwenze kube nzima ukuthi inhliziyo ikhululeke futhi igcwale igazi.


Umbuzo:
Ngabe kukhona indlela ongangithumela ngayo ulwazi ngalezi zimo zombili eziphathelene nenhliziyo? Indodana yami kuzomele ihlolwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngifuna nje ulwazi ukuze ngiqonde kangcono izimo zombili lezi.

Impendulo:
I-Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome yisimo lapho kunendlela yomsinga kagesi eyengeziwe enhliziyweni. Lesi simo singaholela ekushesheni kwezinga lenhliziyo (i-tachycardia, okungukuthi ukusheshelwa kakhulu kwenhliziyo). I-Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome ngenye yezimbangela ezijwayelekile zezinkinga zokusheshelwa kwenhliziyo ezinsaneni nasezinganeni.


Umbuzo:
Ngingumveterani wasoLwandle waseVietnam. Ukwelashwa kwami okujwayelekile kwesitrokhi kuhlulekile ngendlela embi kakhulu.

Impendulo:
Ukuhlinzwa kungasetshenziswa ukuvimbela i-stroke (ukuvaleka kwemithambo yobuchopho), ukwelapha isifo sohlangothi noma ukulungisa umonakalo emithanjeni yegazi noma ukungakheki kahle ngaphakathi nangaseduze kobuchopho. I-Carotid endarterectomy yindlela yokuhlinza lapho udokotela esusa izidudla zamafutha, noma i-plaque, ngaphakathi kwemithambo ye-carotid. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuvimbela  isifo sohlangothi. Imithambo ye-carotid itholakala entanyeni futhi iyona engumsuka omkhulu wegazi eliya ebuchosheni.

Ngaphezu kokuhlinza, kukhona izindlela ezahlukene ezithuthukisiwe ezivumela ukuthi ezinye zezinkinga zemithambo zelashwe ngaphakathi kwemithambo kusetshenziswa ama-catheter akhethekile ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ukuhamba kwegazi. I-catheter yishubhu elincane kakhulu, elithambile elingafakwa kwelinye lama-artery amakhulu emlenzeni noma engalweni bese liqondiswa ngaphakathi kwemithambo yegazi kuze kufike kumthambo ophathekile. Odokotela abaqeqeshelwe i-angiography (ukuhlolwa kwemithambo yegazi) badlula oqeqeshweni olwengeziwe ukwelapha izinkinga emithanjeni yobuchopho noma umgogodla. Laba odokotela babizwa ngokuthi ama-neurointerventionalist (odokotela abaqeqeshelwe ukungenelela kwezobuchopho).

I-Angioplasty isetshenziswa kakhulu ngabelaphi be-angiography ukuvula imithambo yenhliziyo evaliwe, futhi iphinde isetshenziswe ukuvimbela i-stroke. I-Angioplasty yindlela lapho i-catheter ekhethekile ifakwa emthanjweni ovaliwe bese ibhaluni ekugcineni kwe-catheter ivutshelwa ukuvula umthambo ovaliwe. Le ndlela yenza ngcono ukuhamba kwegazi eliya ebuchosheni.

I-Stenting enye indlela esetshenziswa ukuvimbela isifo sohlangothi. Kule ndlela, umelaphi we-angiography ufaka i-catheter emthanjweni osesidlangaleni bese ebeka isihloko se-catheter ngaphakathi komthambo ovaliwe. I-stent yithuluzi elifana nethubhu elenziwe ngendlela efana nenethiwekhi engashelwa endaweni yayo ngaphezulu kwe-catheter. Uma ibekwa ngaphakathi kwendawo evaliwe, i-stent iyakhuliswa ukwandisa umthambo bese i-catheter iyakhishwa. I-Angioplasty noma i-stenting yomthambo we-carotid ingenza ukuthi izingcezu ze-plaque ephathekile zidedele. Ithuluzi elifana nesambulela liqhutshwa okwesikhashana ngaphezulu ukuvimbela lezi zingcezu ukuthi zingayi ebuchosheni.

Abelaphi be-angiography ngezinye izikhathi basebenzisa amathuluzi okususa amahluli ukwelapha iziguli ezinesifo sohlangothi ezisigabeni sokuqala kakhulu. Elinye ithuluzi lifaka i-catheter ngaphakathi komthambo kuze kufike endaweni evimbekile bese kumunyelwa ngaphandle ihluli. Elinye ithuluzi elifana nopende wewayini lingakhishwa ekugcineni kwe-catheter bese lisetshenziswa ukubamba ihluli nokuyikhipha. Imithi ingaphinde ijovwe ngaphandle kwe-catheter ngqo ehluline ukusiza ukuncibilikisa ihluli.


Umbuzo:
Umfowethu udinga ukwelashwa kwesifo sokubuna kwemisipha

Impendulo:
Azikho izindlela ezaziwa zokwelapha izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphela kwamandla emisipha. Inhloso yokwelashwa ukuqapha izimpawu. Ukwelashwa ngokulolonga umzimba kungasiza ukugcina amandla nemisebenzi yemisipha. Izinsiza zokuhamba emilenzeni kanye nesihlalo esinamasondo kungathuthukisa ukuhamba kanye nokunakekela. Kwezinye izimo, ukuhlinzwa komgogodla noma imilenze kungasiza ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Amaphilisi okunciphisa ukuvuvukala ngezinye izikhathi ayachazwa ezinganeni ezine-muscular dystrophy ukuzigcina zihamba isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Umuntu kufanele abe matasatasa kangangokuba engakwazi. Ukungabi namsebenzi nhlobo (njengokucambalala embhedeni) kungenza isifo sibe sibi kakhulu.


Umbuzo:
Sawubona, ngingumfundi webanga le-12 owenza umsebenzi wocwaningo ngezimo zezifo zezinzwa. Ngabe ukholelwa ukuthi kuyoke kube khona ukwelapha okuphelele nokuqinisekisiwe kwe-Multiple Sclerosis? Uma kunjalo, yiluphi uhlelo lwesikhathi ongalubeka kulokhu kwelapha?

Impendulo:
Akukho ukwelapha okwaziwa kwe-MS okwamanje. Kodwa, kukhona ukwelashwa okungahle kunciphise isifo. Inhloso yokwelashwa ukuqapha izimpawu nokukusiza ugcine izinga lempilo eliqondile. Imithi ivame ukuthathwa isikhathi eside. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:- Imithi yokunciphisa isifo- Ama-corticosteroid ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuhlaselwa- Imithi yokulawula izimpawu ezifana nokugwegwezela kwezicubu, izinkinga zokuzikhulula, ukukhathala, noma izinkinga zokuphatheka kwengqondoImithi isebenza kahle kakhulu kuhlobo lwe-MS olubuyayo-luyeke kunezinye izinhlobo ze-MS. Lokhu okulandelayo kungabasiza futhi abantu abane-MS:- Ukwelashwa ngokwenyama, ukwelashwa kokukhuluma, ukwelashwa kokusebenza, namaqembu okusekela- Izinsiza ezisizayo, njengezitulo ezinamasondo, izinsiza zokusiza ukuphakama embhedeni, izitulo zokugeza, izinsiza zokuhamba, nezibambelelo zaseludongeni- Uhlelo lokuzikhulisa oluhleliwe ekuqaleni kwesifo- Indlela yokuphila enempilo, ukulondeka okuphelele nokuphumula okwanele- Ukugwema ukukhathala, ingcindezi, ukushisa nokubanda okukhulu, nokugula- Ukushintsha ukudla noma ukuphuza uma kunezinkinga zokugwinya- Ukwenza izinguquko ekhaya ukuvimbela ukuwa- Abasebenzi bezenhlalakahle noma ezinye izinsizakalo zokwaluleka ukusiza ukumelana nesifo nokuthola usizo- I-Vitamin D noma ezinye izithasiselo (khuluma nodokotela wakho kuqala)- Izindlela ezigcwele nezengeziwe, njengokucindezela ngeminwe noma insangu yezokwelapha, ukusiza ngezinkinga zezicubu


Umbuzo:
Sawubona, ngingumfundi webanga le-12 owenza umsebenzi wocwaningo mayelana nezifo zezinzwa. Ngabe ukholelwa ukuthi kuyoke kube khona ukwelashwa okugcwele nokuqinisekisiwe kwe-Multiple Sclerosis (isifo esithinta izinzwa nemisipha)? Uma kunjalo, ungalinganisa ukuthi kungathatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi lolo kwelashwa lutholakale?

Impendulo:
Akukabibikho ukwelapha i-MS. Abantu abaningi baphila kahle ngaphandle kokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi ngoba imithi eminingi inezingozi ezinkulu futhi eminye inobungozi obukhulu. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ezintathu ze-beta interferon (i-Avonex, i-Betaseron, ne-Rebif) sezivunyiwe yi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukwelashwa kwe-MS ehlehlayo-ephindayo (relapsing-remitting MS). I-Beta interferon iboniswe ukuthi inciphisa inani lokuqubuka kwesifo futhi ingahle icoce ukuqhubeka kokukhubazeka komzimba. Uma kukhona ukuhlasela, kuvame ukuba kufushane futhi kungabi nzima kakhulu. I-FDA iphinde yavuma uhlobo olwenziwe lwe-myelin basic protein, olubizwa ngokuthi i-copolymer I (Copaxone), ukwelashwa kwe-MS ehlehlayo-ephindayo. I-Copolymer I inemiphumela emibi embalwa, futhi izifundo zibonisa ukuthi le nto inganciphisa izinga lokuphinda kuqubuke isifo cishe ngokwesithathu. Eminye imithi evunywe yi-FDA yokwelapha izinhlobo ze-MS ezihlehlayo kubantu abadala ihlanganisa i-teriflunomide ne-dimethyl fumarate. Ukwelashwa ngokucindezela amasosha omzimba, i-Novantrone (mitoxantrone), ivunyiwe yi-FDA ukwelashwa kwe-MS eqhubekayo noma eyisikhathi eside. I-FDA iphinde yavuma i-dalfampridine (Ampyra) ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba kubantu abane-MS. Enye i-monoclonal antibody (umuthi wokwelapha okhethekile), i-natalizumab (Tysabri), yaboniswa ezivivinyweni zokwelapha ukuthi yehlisa kakhulu izinga lokuhlasela kwabantu abane-MS ehlehlayo futhi yavunywa ukuthengiswa yi-FDA ngo-2004. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2005 abakhiqizi bomuthi bayeka ukuthengisa umuthi ngemva kwemibiko embalwa yemiphumela emibi ebalulekile. Ngo-2006, i-FDA yaphinda yavuma ukuthengiswa komuthi we-MS kodwa ngaphansi kwemihlahlandlela yokulapha eqinile ehlanganisa izikhungo zokujova lapho iziguli zingaqashelwa khona odokotela abaqeqeshwe ngokuyisipesheli. Yize ama-steroid engalukhubekisi uhambo lwe-MS ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, anganciphisa ubude nokuqina kokuhlasela kwabanye abantu. I-Spasticity, engenzeka njengokuqina okuqhubekayo okubangelwa ukwanda komfutho wezicubu noma njengamashukumano eza aphinde amuke, ivame ukwelashwa ngezidambisi zezicubu kanye nezidambisi zokukhathazeka ezinjenge-baclofen, i-tizanidine, i-diazepam, i-clonazepam, ne-dantrolene. Ukwelashwa ngokuzivocavoca kanye nokuzilolonga kungasiza ukugcina ukusebenza okusele, futhi iziguli zingathola ukuthi izinsiza ezinhlobonhlobo - ezinjengezibopho zezinyawo, izinduku zokuhamba, nezinsiza zokuhamba - zingabasiza ukuhlala bezimele futhi bekwazi ukuhamba. Ukugwema umsebenzi omningi kakhulu nokugwema ukushisa mhlawumbe yizona zinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu iziguli ezingathatha ukubhekana nokukhathala komzimba. Uma izimpawu zokukhathala kwengqondo ezinjengokudangala noma ukungabi nandaba zibonakala, imithi yokwelapha ukudangala ingasiza. Eminye imithi enganciphisa ukukhathala kwabanye, kodwa hhayi kubo bonke, abantu ihlanganisa i-amantadine (Symmetrel), i-pemoline (Cylert), kanye nomuthi osacwaningwayo i-aminopyridine. Nakuba ukuthuthuka kwezimpawu zamehlo kuvame ukwenzeka ngisho nangaphandle kokwelashwa, ukwelashwa okufushane nge-intravenous methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) okulandelwa ukwelashwa ngama-steroid aphuza ngomlomo kuyasetshenziswa kwesinye isikhathi.


Umbuzo:
Ingabe i-optic atrophy (ukunciphisa kwamehlo) iyinto yofuzo futhi yini eyibangela? Futhi, yini eyibangela?

Impendulo:
Kuningi okubangela ukubhidlika kombhobho wokubona. Okujwayelekile kakhulu ukungahambiseki kahle kwegazi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-ischemic optic neuropathy (ukungasebenzi kahle kombhobho wokubona ngenxa yokweswela igazi). Inkinga ivame ukuthinta abantu abadala. Umbhobho wokubona ungalimala futhi ngenxa yokushayeka, izithi ezingcolisa umzimba, ukukhishwa kwamandla okunobungozi, kanye nokulimala. Izifo zamehlo, njenge-glaucoma (isifo sokwenyuka komfutho emehlweni), nazo zingabanga uhlobo oluthile lokubhidlika kombhobho wokubona. Lesi simo singabangelwa futhi yizifo zengqondo kanye nohlelo oluphakathi lwemizwa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa:  - Isimila engqondweni  - I-cranial arteritis (ukuvuvukala kwemithambo yegazi ekhanda, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa nge-temporal arteritis)  - I-multiple sclerosis (isifo esidla izicubu zomzimba ezivikela imizwa)  - Ukushaywa isifo sohlangothi (i-stroke)

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo ezingajwayelekile zokubhidlika kombhobho wokubona okudluliswa ngofuzo (okudluliselwa ngokwegazi) ezithinta izingane kanye nabantu abasha.


Umbuzo:
Buyini ubudlelwano (uma bukhona) phakathi kwe-Essential Tremor (ukuthuthumela okuyinhloko) nesifo sika-Parkinsons, futhi iyiphi indlela yokwelapha engcono kakhulu ye-Essential Tremor?

Impendulo:
Ukuthuthumela okuyisisekelo kuyona eyinkinga enkulu kakhulu yokungalawuli ukushukuma komzimba. Ikhombisa ukuzamazama okungalawuleki futhi okuphindelela ngokufanayo (ukuthuthumela), ikakhulukazi ezandleni, ngaphandle kwezinye izimpawu. Ihlukile ekuthuthumeleni okuvela kwesinye isifo noma izimbangela ezaziwa, njengokuthuthumela okubonwa ngesifo sokuqhaqhazela (i-Parkinson) noma ukulimala ekhanda. Amacala amaningi okuthuthumela okuyisisekelo adluliselwa ngokofuzo. Kukhona izinhlobo ezinhlanu zokuthuthumela okuyisisekelo ezisekelwe ezimbangelweni ezahlukene zofuzo. Amajini amaningana kanye nendlela yokuphila nezimo zendawo kungadlala indima enkulu engcupheni yomuntu yokuthola lesi simo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ezimweni ezincane, ukwelashwa kungase kungadingeki. Ezimweni lapho izimpawu ziphazamisa ukuphila kwansuku zonke, imithi ingasiza ukwehlisa izimpawu.


Umbuzo:
Uma kukhona, yibuphi ubudlelwano phakathi kwesifo se-Essential Tremor (ukuthuthumela okuyingqayizivele) nesifo se-Parkinsons, futhi yikuphi ukwelashwa okuhamba phambili kwesifo se-Essential Tremor?

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa kungase kungadingeki ngaphandle uma ukuthuthumela (tremors) kuphazamisa imisebenzi yakho yansuku zonke noma kubangele ukuphoxeka. UKUNAKEKELWA EKHAYA

Ngokuthuthumela okwenziwa kube kubi ngokucindezela, zama amasu akusiza ukuthi uphumule. Ngokuthuthumela nganoma yisiphi isizathu, gwema ikofi futhi ulale ngokwanele. Ngokuthuthumela okubangelwa noma okwenziwa kube kubi umuthi, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngokuyeka umuthi, ukunciphisa izinga, noma ukushintsha. Ungashintshi noma uyeke imithi ngokwakho.

Ukuthuthumela okukhulu kwenza kube nzima ukwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ungadinga usizo ngale misebenzi. Izinto ezingasiza:

• Ukuthenga izingubo ezino-Velcro, noma ukusebenzisa amagxathu ezinkinobho
• Ukupheka noma ukudla ngezitsha ezinesihloko esikhulu
• Ukusebenzisa amastro ukuphuza
• Ukugqoka izicathulo ezingafakwa kalula nokusebenzisa izinsizakufaka izicathulo

IMITHI YOKUTHUTHUMELA

Imithi ingasiza ukwehlisa izimpawu. Imithi evame ukusetshenziswa:

• I-Propranolol, umuthi ovimba ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngokweqile (beta blocker)
• I-Primidone, umuthi osetshenziswa ukwelaphwa isifo sokuwa

Le mithi ingaba nemiphumela emibi.

• I-Propranolol ingabangela ukukhathala, ikhala elivalekile, noma inhliziyo encane, futhi ingenza i-asthma ibe mbi kakhulu.
• I-Primidone ingabangela ukozela, izinkinga zokugxila, isicabucabu, nezinkinga zokuhamba, ukuzinza, nokuhlangana.

Eminye imithi enganciphisa ukuthuthumela:

• Imithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa
• Imithi encane yokuthulisa
• Imithi yomfutho wegazi evimba ukungena kwe-calcium emasosheni (calcium-channel blockers)

Ukujova umuthi wokunciphisa ukushukuma kwezicubu (i-Botox) esandleni kungenzeka ukunciphisa ukuthuthumela.

UQHAQHO

Ezimweni ezinzima, uqhaqho lungenzeka. Lokhu kungabandakanya:

• Ukugxilisa imisebe yamandla endaweni encane yobuchopho (ukuhlinzwa ngokusetshenziswa kwemisebe yobuchopho)
• Ukufaka idivayisi evusa endaweni yobuchopho ukuze ikhombise indawo elawula ukuhamba


Umbuzo:
Yini ukuxhumana (uma kukhona) phakathi kokuThuthumela okuBalulekile kanye nesifo sikaParkinson's futhi yini ukwelashwa okuhamba phambili kokuThuthumela okuBalulekile?

Impendulo:
Lezi zinsiza zibhekana nokuhlolelwa noma ukuphathwa kokuthuthumela okubalulekile:
- Irejista Yokuhlolwa Kokuthuthumela Okubalulekile Okudluliselwa Ngokuzalwa: Ukuthuthumela okubalulekile okudluliselwa ngokuzalwa 1
- Isikhungo Sezimo Zokuhamba Okungenziwa zeJohns Hopkins
- I-Encyclopedia yeMedlinePlus: Ukuthuthumela Okubalulekile

Lezi zinsiza ezivela kuMedlinePlus zinikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuhlolelwa nokuphathwa kwezimo ezahlukene zezempilo:
- Ukuhlolwa Kokubheka Isifo
- Ukwelashwa Ngemithi
- Ukuhlinzwa Nokuvuselela
- Ukwelulekwa Ngokuthuthumela Okubalulekile Okudluliselwa Ngokuzalwa
- Ukunakekelwa Kweziguli Ezinesifo Esingenamuthi


Umbuzo:
Bungakanani ubudlelwano phakathi kokushayisana okungapheli (Essential Tremor) nesifo sikaParkinsons (uma bukhona)? Iyiphi indlela yokwelapha esaziwa engcono kakhulu yokushayisana okungapheli?

Impendulo:
Akukho ukwelashwa okugcwele kwe-essential tremor. Ukwelashwa kwezimpawu ngamakhambi kungafaka i-propranolol noma ezinye izivimbi ze-beta (beta blockers) kanye ne-primidone, umuthi we-anticonvulsant. Kuvame ukunconywa ukususa izinto "eziqalisa" ukuthuthumela njengekhofi nezinye izinto ezivuselela emzimbeni. I-physical ne-occupational therapy zingasiza ukunciphisa ukuthuthumela nokuthuthukisa ukuhlangana nokuzilawula kwemisipha kwabanye abantu. I-deep brain stimulation isebenzisa i-neurostimulator, idivayisi yezokwelapha efakwa ngokoqhaqho, esebenza ngebhethri, ukuletha ukuphehla ngogesi ezindaweni ezihlosiwe zobuchopho ezilawula ukuhamba, okuvimba okwesikhashana imiyalezo yemizwa ebanga ukuthuthumela. Ezinye izindlela zoqhaqho ziyasebenza kodwa zingaba nemiphumela engemihle (side effects).


Umbuzo:
Udokotela wami akazi ngomuthi ongasetshenziswa emlonyeni womilile. Ngocwaningo, ngicabanga ukuthi umuthi ukhona, kodwa angikwazi ukuthola igama lawo ukuze udokotela angiyalele wona. Ungangisiza? Ngisebenzisa i-Biotene etholakala ezitolo zomphakathi, kodwa ngifuna into esebenza ngcono kakhulu.

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa Komlomo Omile

Ukwelashwa komlomo omile kuzoya ngokuthi yini imbangela yenkinga. Uma ucabanga ukuthi unomlomo omile, bona udokotela wezinyo noma udokotela wakho. Angakusiza ukuthola ukuthi yini ebangela umlomo wakho ube mile. Uma umlomo wakho omile ubangelwa umuthi, udokotela wakho angase aguqule umuthi wakho noma alungise isikali. Uma izindlala zakho zemate zingasebenzi kahle kodwa zisakhiqiza amathe, udokotela wezinyo noma udokotela wakho angase akunike umuthi osiza izindlala ukuthi zisebenze kangcono. Udokotela wezinyo noma udokotela wakho angase aphakamise ukuthi usebenzise amathe okwenziwa ukugcina umlomo wakho umanzi.

Okumele Kwenziwe Nokungamelwe Kwenziwe

Okumele kwenziwe:
- Phuza amanzi noma iziphuzo ezingenashukela njalo. Lokho kuzokwenza kube lula ukuhlafuna nokugwinya uma udla.
- Hlafuna ishingamu engenashukela noma uncele uswidi oluqinile olungenashukela ukuvuselela ukugeleza kwamathe.
- Sebenzisa umshini wokwenza umswakama ebusuku ukuze kube nomswakama emoyeni ngenkathi ulele.

Okungamelwe kwenziwe:
- Ungaphuzi iziphuzo ezinekhafeini njengekhofi, itiye, namanye amanzi agcwele uswidi. Ikhafeini ingenza umlomo ube mile.
- Ungasebenzisi ugwayi noma utshwala. Kwenza umlomo ube mile.

Ucwaningo Lokwelashwa Ngamajini Okungasebenzi Kahle Kwezindlala Zemathe

Ososayensi be-National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) bacwaninga ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kokwelashwa ngamajini ukwelashwa kokungasebenzi kahle kwezindlala zemathe. Umbono ukudlulisela amajini engeziwe noma okufakwa endaweni yawo ezindlaleni zemathe zabantu abane-Sjögren's syndrome (isifo esibanga umlomo omile) kanye neziguli ezinesifo somdlavuza ezindlala zemathe zazo ezalimala ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngokukhanya. Ithemba wukuthi lawa majini azokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamathe futhi asuse imizwa yokuphela kwamanzi okuhlukumeza abantu abanesimo somlomo omile.

I-NIDCR isanda kuqeda ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, ucwaningo lwezocwaningo kubantu, ngokwelashwa ngamajini kwezindlala zemathe ezilimele ngokukhanya. Ucwaningo lukhombise ukuthi ukwelashwa ngamajini kungenziwa ngokuphepha ezindlaleni zemathe nokuthi kunethuba lokusiza abantu abasinde esiswini somdlavuza ekhanda nentamo abanomlomo omile. Ngokusekelwe kwimiphumela ethembisayo yalolu hlolo, izivivinyo ezifanayo zezokwelapha zihlelwe esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

Ucwaningo Nge-Sjögren's Syndrome Nezinye Izifo Ezithinta Izindlala Zemathe

I-NIDCR iphinde yenze izivivinyo zezokwelapha ukucwaninga izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamathe ezigulini ezine-Sjogren's syndrome. Izifundo ezinjalo zifaka ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwe-monoclonal antibody (uhlobo lwesibulala-magciwane) kanye ne-corticosteroid (uhlobo lwesihlambululi-mzimba) ukubona ukuthi ngabe naluphi lwalolu kwelashwa lusiza ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamathe. Ezinye izifundo zigxile ekufundeni ukuthi izifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela, izifo zokuzivikela komzimba, nezifo ze-granulomatous zibangela kanjani ukungasebenzi kahle kwezindlala zemathe. Izifundo ezinjalo zingase ngelinye ilanga ziholele ezindleleni ezingcono zokuvikela nokwelapha izimo zezindlala zemathe.

Ukuze uhlale usazi ngezifundo ezintsha ngokwelashwa ngamajini nokusebenza kwezindlala zemathe, vakashela i-ClinicalTrials.gov (iwebhusayithi yolimi lwesiNgisi). Le webhusayithi ibala zonke izivivinyo zezokwelapha ezixhaswe nguhulumeni nezixhaswe ngabazimele e-U.S. nakuwo wonke umhlaba; iwebhusayithi ivuselelwa njalo.


Umbuzo:
Udokotela wami akazi ngomuthi womlomo owomile. Ngocwaningo, ngicabanga ukuthi umuthi ukhona, kodwa nje angikwazi ukuthola igama lawo ukuze akwazi ukungikhiphela wona. Ngabe ungangisiza? Ngisebenzisa umuthi i-Biotene otholakala ezitolo zomphakathi kodwa ngifisa okusebenza ngcono kakhulu.

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa komlomo owomile kuzoncika ekutheni yini ebangela inkinga. Uma ucabanga ukuthi unomlomo owomile, bona udokotela wamazinyo noma udokotela. Angakusiza ukuthola ukuthi yini ebangela umlomo wakho owomile. Uma umlomo wakho owomile ubangelwa umuthi, udokotela angase ashintshe umuthi wakho noma alungise isilinganiso. Uma izindlala zakho zamathe zingasebenzi kahle, kodwa zisakwazi ukukhiqiza amathe, udokotela wamazinyo noma udokotela angase akunike umuthi okhethekile osiza izindlala zisebenze kangcono. Angase aphakamise ukuthi usebenzise amathe okwenziwa ngesandla ukugcina umlomo wakho umanzi. (Buka ividiyo ukufunda ukuthi umlomo owomile welashwa kanjani. Ukuze ukhulise ividiyo, chofoza izibonda ezisekhoneni eliphansi kwesokudla. Ukuze unciphise ividiyo, cindezela inkinobho ye-Escape (Esc) ekhibhodini yakho.)


Umbuzo:
Umsebenzi wesikole. Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[IGAMA] futhi ngenza umsebenzi wesikole mayelana nesifo soleukemia, bengifisa ukuthi ungiphendule imibuzo embalwa ngicela. 1. Yini ebangela umdlavuza weleukemia? 2. Kungenzeka ukuthi usinde kuleukemia? 3. Ileukemia iyithinta kanjani umzimba wakho? 4. Ingabe ileukemia iyifa? 5. Yini ileukemia esezingeni eliphezulu ephumelelayo? 6. Umuntu oneleukemia angalindela ukuphila isikhathi esingakanani? 7. Zikhona izimpawu ezingakutshela ukuthi uneleukemia? 8. Yimiphi imishanguzo nokwelashwa okufanele ukuthathe? 9. Yiziphi izimpawu zeleukemia? 10. Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-AML ne-CML?

Impendulo:
Amanye amacala esifo se-chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) ahlobene nokwelashwa komdlavuza, kodwa eziningi izimo imbangela ayaziwa. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ososayensi benze inqubekela phambili ekuqondeni ukuthi izinguquko ezithile ku-DNA (i-molecule ethwala imininingwane yofuzo) yamaseli amathambo engaba yimbangela yokuthuthuka kwe-CMML.

I-DNA iyikhemikhali ethwala imiyalelo yezinto eziningi amaseli ethu azenzayo. Sivame ukufana nabazali bethu ngoba bangumthombo we-DNA yethu. Nokho, i-DNA ithinta okungaphezulu kokubukeka kwethu.

Amanye ama-gene alawula inqubo yokukhula nokwahlukaniswa kwamaseli. Ama-gene akhuthaza ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli abizwa ngama-oncogene (ama-gene avusa umdlavuza). Amanye ama-gene abizwa ngama-tumor suppressor gene (ama-gene acindezela izimila) angacindezela ukwahlukaniswa kwamaseli noma enze amaseli afe ngesikhathi esifanele.

Umdlavuza ungabangelwa izinguquko ze-DNA ezivula ama-oncogene noma zivale ama-tumor suppressor gene. Ezinye izifo, izinguquko zingadluliselwa kumzali. Kodwa izinguquko ezidluliselwayo azibonakali zibangela i-CMML. Esikhundleni salokho, izinguquko zitholakala ngesikhathi sokuba khona komuntu.

Ukuvezwa emishungunweni noma amakhemikhali abanga umdlavuza kungabangela izinguquko ezibangela i-CMML. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinguquko zenzeka ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacile.

Njalo uma iseli lilungiselela ukwahlukaniswa, kufanele likopele i-DNA yalo. Le nqubo ayiphelele, futhi amaphutha angangenzeka. Ngenhlanhla, amaseli ane-enzymes zokulungisa ezifunda futhi zilungise i-DNA. Nokho, amanye amaphutha angadlula, ikakhulukazi uma amaseli ekhula ngokushesha.

I-DNA yomuntu igoqwe amakromozomi angu-23. Cishe kwingxenye yeziguli, amaseli e-CMML aqukethe amakromozomi ashintshiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi ingxenye yekromozomi elilodwa inamathela ekromozomini elihlukile. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi yi-translocation (ukudluliswa kwengxenye yekromozomi).

Ama-translocation angavula ama-oncogene noma avale ama-tumor suppressor gene. Ama-translocation atholakele abonakala kwamanye amacala e-CMML.

Enye inhlekelele yekromozomi engabonakala ku-CMML ibizwa ngokuthi i-deletion (ukulahleka). Lokhu kuquka ukulahleka kwekromozomi lonke noma ingxenye yalo. Olunye uhlobo lwenhlekelele yekromozomi lubizwa ngokuthi yi-duplication (ukuphindaphinda). Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kunokwengeziwe kwekromozomi lonke noma ingxenye yalo.


Umbuzo:
Iphrojekthi. Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[IGAMA] futhi ngenza iphrojekthi yesikole mayelana ne-leukemia futhi bengifisa ukwazi ukuthi ungaphendula eminye yemibuzo yami ngicela.

1. Yini ebanga i-leukemia?
2. Ungaphila ne-leukemia yini?
3. I-leukemia ithinta kanjani umzimba wakho?
4. Ingabe i-leukemia iyadluliseka?
5. Yini i-leukemia esezingeni eliphezulu?
6. Umuntu one-leukemia angaphila isikhathi esingakanani?
7. Ungakwazi ukuthi unayo yini i-leukemia?
8. Yimaphi amakhambi okwelashwa okufanele uwathathe?
9. Yiziphi izimpawu ze-leukemia?
10. Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-AML ne-CML?

Impendulo:
I-Leukemia umdlavuza wegazi. Lolu hlobo olujwayelekile kakhulu lomdlavuza wegazi futhi luthinta izikhathi ezingu-10 abantu abadala kunezingane. Abantu abaningi abatholakala bene-leukemia baneminyaka engaphezu kuka-50 ubudala.

I-Leukemia iqala emsukeni wamathambo (bone marrow) Izinhlobo zamaseli egazi ezenziwa umsuka wamathambo kanye nencazelo yemisebenzi yawo. - Chofoza ukuze ukhulise efasiteleni elisha. Chofoza ukuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe

I-Leukemia ivame ukuqala emsukeni wamathambo, isimo esithambile esiphakathi kwamathambo amaningi lapho kwenziwa khona amaseli egazi. Umsuka wamathambo wenza izinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli egazi, futhi uhlobo ngalunye lunomsebenzi okhethekile.

Amaseli amhlophe egazi alwa nokutheleleka nezifo. Amaseli abomvu egazi athwala i-oxygen emzimbeni wonke. Amapuleti asiza ukulawula ukopha ngokwakha amagaqa egazi.

Kubantu abane-leukemia, umsuka wamathambo ukhiqiza amaseli amhlophe egazi angajwayelekile, abizwa ngokuthi amaseli e-leukemia. Ekuqaleni, amaseli e-leukemia asebenza cishe ngokujwayelekile. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba kukhiqizwa amaseli amaningi e-leukemia, angase acindezele amaseli amhlophe egazi aphilile, amaseli abomvu egazi, namapuleti. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuthi igazi lenze imisebenzi yalo ejwayelekile.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezine ezijwayelekile ze-leukemia yabantu abadala. Ezimbili zihlala isikhathi eside (chronic), okusho ukuthi ziba zibi ngesikhathi eside. Ezinye ezimbili zisheshe zibe zibi (acute), okusho ukuthi ziba zibi ngokushesha.

I-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ileukemia yamaseli amhlophe egazi ehlala isikhathi eside)
I-chronic myeloid leukemia (ileukemia yamaseli omongo ehlala isikhathi eside)
I-acute myeloid leukemia (ileukemia yamaseli omongo esheshe ibe mbi)
I-acute lymphocytic leukemia (ileukemia yamaseli amhlophe egazi esheshe ibe mbi)


Umbuzo:
Iphrojekthi. Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[IGAMA] futhi ngenza iphrojekthi yesikole mayelana nesifo seleukemia futhi bengifisa ukuthi ungiphendulele eminye yemibuzo yami ngicela.1. Yini imbangela yomdlavuza weleukemia?2. Ungaphila yini neleukemia?3. Ileukemia iyithinta kanjani imizimba yakho?4. Ingabe ileukemia idluliselwa ngokuzalwa?5. Yini ileukemia esezingeni eliphezulu?6. Umuntu oneleukemia angalindela ukuphila isikhathi esingakanani?7. Ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi uneleukemia?8. Yiziphi izindlela zokwelashwa okumele uzithathe?9. Yiziphi izimpawu zeleukemia?10. Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-AML ne-CML?

Impendulo:
Ngesinye isikhathi abantu bathola ukuguquka kwe-DNA okuvela kubazali babo okwandisa kakhulu ingozi yokuthola izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Kodwa ukuguquka kwe-DNA okudluliselwa akuvamile ukubanga i-CLL (Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia). Ukuguquka kwe-DNA okuhlobene ne-CLL kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuba khona komuntu, kunokuba kudluliselwe ngaphambi kokuzalwa.


Umbuzo:
Iphrojekthi. Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[IGAMA] futhi ngenza iphrojekthi yesikole mayelana nesifo seleukemia, ngakho-ke bengibuza ukuthi ungaphendula eminye yemibuzo yami ngicela.1. Yini eyenza isifo somdlavuza weleukemia?2. Ungakwazi ukuphila nesifo seleukemia?3. Isifo seleukemia siyithinta kanjani imizimba yethu?4. Ingabe isifo seleukemia sidluliselwa ngokuzalwa?5. Yini ileukemia esigabeni esiphezulu?6. Umuntu onesifo seleukemia angalindela ukuphila isikhathi esingakanani?7. Ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi unesifo seleukemia?8. Yimiphi imishanguzo okumele uyithathe?9. Yiziphi izimpawu zesifo seleukemia?10. Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-AML ne-CML?

Impendulo:
Kunemithi eminingi yokwelapha abantu abane-leukemia (isifo segazi). Ukukhetha ukwelashwa kuncike eminyakeni yakho nempilo yakho ejwayelekile, uhlobo lwe-leukemia onalo, ukuthi lisuselwe yini noma cha ekhanda lomgogodla, kanye nezinye izinto. Uma ukuhlolwa kukhombisa ukuthi une-leukemia, kufanele uxoxe nodokotela wakho futhi uthathe izinqumo zokwelashwa ngokushesha okukhulu, nakuba iziguli eziningi ezine-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (uhlobo lwe-leukemia oluthambile) azidingeki ukwelashwa iminyaka eminingi.

Ukusebenza Neqembu Lochwepheshe
Iqembu lochwepheshe livame ukwelapha abantu abane-leukemia. Leli qembu lizogcina udokotela omkhulu ezweni ngentuthuko yesiguli. Iqembu lingahlanganisa i-hematologist (isazi segazi nemithambo yegazi), i-medical oncologist (isazi sokwelapha umdlavuza), kanye ne-radiation oncologist (isazi sokwelapha ngokukhanya). Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelashwa, ungafuna elinye udokotela ukuba ahlole ukuhlolwa kanye nohlelo lokwelapha. Ezinye izinkampani zomshwalense zidinga umbono wesibili. Ezinye zingakhokhela umbono wesibili uma wena noma udokotela wakho ecela.

Ukuhlolwa Kweziguli Ezine-leukemia
Ezinye iziguli ezine-leukemia ziyingxenye yocwaningo lwezindlela ezintsha zokwelapha. Lolu cwaningo, olubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kweziguli, lwenzelwe ukuthola ukuthi ngabe indlela entsha yokwelapha iphephile futhi isebenza kahle yini futhi ingcono kunezindlela zamanje zokwelapha. Xoxa nodokotela wakho uma ufisa ukuba yingxenye yokuhlolwa kweziguli. I-U.S. National Institutes of Health, ngokusebenzisa i-National Library of Medicine kanye nezinye izikhungo, igcina imininingwane yokuhlolwa kweziguli ku-ClinicalTrials.gov (iwebhusayithi yokuhlola izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha). Cindezela lapha ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa kweziguli kwamanje kwe-leukemia.


Umbuzo:
Iphrojekthi. Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[IGAMA] futhi ngenza iphrojekthi yesikole mayelana nesifo sokuphela kwegazi (leukemia) futhi bengifisa ukwazi ukuthi ungaphendula eminye yemibuzo yami ngicela, ngiyabonga. 1. Yini ebangela umdlavuza wesifo sokuphela kwegazi? 2. Ungasinda yini esifweni sokuphela kwegazi? 3. Siyithinta kanjani imizimba yakho isifo sokuphela kwegazi? 4. Ingabe isifo sokuphela kwegazi sidluliselwa ebantwini? 5. Yini isifo sokuphela kwegazi esithuthukile? 6. Umuntu onesifo sokuphela kwegazi angalindela ukuphila isikhathi esingakanani? 7. Ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi unesifo sokuphela kwegazi? 8. Yimiphi imishanguzo noma ukwelashwa okufanele ukuthathe? 9. Yiziphi izimpawu zesifo sokuphela kwegazi? 10. Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia) ne-CML (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia)?

Impendulo:
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza, i-leukemia (isifo segazi) akuyona itumo elingakhishwa ngokuhlinzwa udokotela. Amaseli e-leukemia akhiqizwa ekhonkweni lomgogodla bese ehamba emzimbeni wonke.

Inhloso Yokwelashwa (Ukuphilisa Isiguli)
Inhloso yokwelashwa kwe-leukemia ukubulala amaseli e-leukemia nokuvumela amaseli ajwayelekile ukuba akheke ekhonkweni lomgogodla. Kuye ngohlobo nokwanda kwesifo, iziguli zingathola i-chemotherapy (ukwelapha ngemithi ebulala amaseli omdlavuza), i-biological therapy (ukwelapha ngezinto zomzimba), i-radiation therapy (ukwelapha ngokukhanya okunamandla), noma ukutshala amaseli okhakhayi. Ezinye iziguli zithola inhlanganisela yokwelashwa. Ukwelashwa kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi uhlobo lwe-leukemia, iminyaka yesiguli nempilo jikelele, ukuthi ngabe amaseli e-leukemia akhona yini esikhuhleni esijikeleze ubuchopho noma umgogodla, nokuthi ngabe i-leukemia ike yelashwa ngaphambilini. Kungancika futhi ezimweni ezithile zamaseli e-leukemia nezimpawu zesiguli.

I-Leukemia Ephuthumayo (Acute Leukemia) noma Eyisikhathi Eside (Chronic Leukemia)?
Uma umuntu ene-leukemia ephuthumayo, uzodinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha. Inhloso yokwelashwa ukumisa ukukhula okusheshayo kwamaseli e-leukemia nokuletha ukushuba, okusho ukuthi umdlavuza ulawulekile. Ezimweni eziningi, umuntu uzoqhubeka nokwelashwa ngemuva kokuba izimpawu zinyamalale ukuvimbela isifo ukuba singabuyi. Abanye abantu abane-leukemia ephuthumayo bangalapheka. Funda kabanzi ngezindlela zokwelapha i-acute myeloid leukemia (i-leukemia ephuthumayo yamathambo). Funda kabanzi ngezindlela zokwelapha i-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (i-leukemia eyisikhathi eside yamaseli amhlophe). I-leukemia eyisikhathi eside ingadinga ukungalashwa kuze kuvele izimpawu. Ukwelashwa kungakwazi ukulawula isifo nezimpawu zaso.

Izinhlobo Zokwelashwa
Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha i-leukemia zifaka phakathi:
- I-chemotherapy (ukwelapha ngemithi ebulala amaseli omdlavuza)
- I-biological therapy (ukwelapha ngezinto zomzimba)
- I-radiation therapy (ukwelapha ngokukhanya okunamandla)

I-Chemotherapy
I-chemotherapy isebenzisa imithi ukubulala amaseli omdlavuza. Lolu wukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwezinye izinhlobo ze-leukemia. I-chemotherapy ingathathwa ngomlomo ngendlela yepilisi, ngokujova ngqo emthanjeni, noma ngokusebenzisa i-catheter (ithubhu elincane). Uma amaseli e-leukemia etholakala esikhuhleni esijikeleze ubuchopho noma umgogodla, udokotela angajova imithi ngqo esikhuhleni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithi iyafika kumaseli e-leukemia ebuchosheni.

I-Biological Therapy
I-biological therapy isebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile ezithuthukisa ukuzivikela kwemvelo komzimba emdlavuzeni. Ezinye iziguli ezine-chronic lymphocytic leukemia zithola ama-monoclonal antibodies (amaphrotheni enziwe ngumuntu okwazi ukubona amaseli e-leukemia). Ama-monoclonal antibodies ancamathelana namaseli bese esiza umzimba ukuwabulala. Yize ama-monoclonal antibodies esetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-leukemia, abacwaningi bafunda izindlela ezintsha zokuwasebenzisa ekwelashweni. Amanye ama-antibodies asetshenziselwa ukuqhubezela uhlelo lokuzivikela ukuba luhlaselele amaseli e-leukemia. Amanye ama-antibodies ancanyatheliswa ezintweni ezingaletha ubuthi kumaseli omdlavuza. La ma-antibodies aguquliwe, abizwa ngokuthi ama-immunotoxins, aletha ubuthi ngqo kumaseli omdlavuza.

Kamuva, ukuvivinya kwezokwelapha okucacile (precision medicine trials) kukhombise ubufakazi bokuthi ukwelashwa okuhlosiwe okuthathwa ngendlela yepilisi kungandisa isikhathi sokuphila.

I-Radiation Therapy
I-radiation therapy isebenzisa ama-X-ray anamandla ukubulala amaseli omdlavuza. Umshini ongaphandle komzimba uqondisa imisebe enamandla esiplenini, ebuchosheni, noma kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba lapho amaseli e-leukemia eqoqene khona. I-radiation therapy isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukulawula isifo ematsheni asengcupheni yokwephuka noma ezindaweni ezibanga ubuhlungu.


Umbuzo:
Umsebenzi wesikole. Sawubona, igama lami ngu-[IGAMA] futhi ngenza umsebenzi wesikole mayelana ne-leukemia futhi bengifisa ukwazi ukuthi ungaphendula eminye yemibuzo yami ngicela.1. Yini eyenza umdlavuza we-leukemia?2. Ungakwazi ukuphila ne-leukemia?3. I-leukemia iyithinta kanjani umzimba wakho?4. Ingabe i-leukemia iyadluliswa ngokuzalwa?5. Yini i-leukemia esezingeni eliphezulu?6. Umuntu one-leukemia angalindela ukuphila isikhathi esingakanani?7. Ungakwazi ukubona izimpawu ze-leukemia?8. Yikuphi ukwelashwa okudingekayo?9. Yiziphi izimpawu ze-leukemia?10. Yini umehluko phakathi kwe-AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia) ne-CML (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia)?

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa kwe-leukemia kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kuhlanganisa uhlobo lwe-leukemia, iminyaka yesiguli kanye nesimo sempilo sakhe sonke, lapho amaseli e-leukemia eqoqene khona emzimbeni, kanye nokuthi i-leukemia yake yelashwa ngaphambilini. Amaphuzu athile amaseli e-leukemia kanye nezimpawu zesiguli nako kunganquma izindlela zokwelapha ezahlukene.


Umbuzo:
Ngibe nezinkinga zesifo sokuzilwa komzimba cishe iminyaka emine manje, ngihlolwe izinto eziningi kodwa odokotela abakwazi ukuthola ukuthi yini ngqo ephazamisekile. Kuqale ngobuhlungu, ukuvuvukala nokugwegwa ezinyaweni zami nasezinzwaneni zami. Ubuhlungu obuningi bubangelwa ukugwegwa kwamalunga nesikhumba sami sizwa sengathi siyashiswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sekufinyelele emadolweni ami futhi. Ngihlale ngikhathele njalo. Kamuva ngibe nobuhlungu esiswini sami futhi ngizwe ngingaphilile. Ngabe lezi zimpawu zifana nesifo iLupus? Ngike ngahlolwa ngaba nemiphumela engenaso lesi sifo ngaphambilini, kodwa uma ngifunda kabanzi ngaso ngizwa sengathi yilokho okungase kube nako. Noma yimiphi imibono ingabongeka kakhulu kakhulu.

Impendulo:
I-Lupus ingaba nezimpawu eziningi, futhi zihluka kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye. Ezinye zezimpawu ezijwayelekile kakhulu zifaka:
• Ubuhlungu noma ukuvuvukala ezihlakaleni
• Ubuhlungu bemisipha
• Umkhuhlane ongenasizathu esaziyo
• Amabala abomvu, ikakhulukazi ebusweni (abizwa ngokuthi "i-butterfly rash")
• Ubuhlungu esifubeni uma uphefumula kanzima
• Ukuwa kwezinwele
• Iminwe yezandla noma yezinyawo ephuzi noma ensomi
• Ukuzwela ilanga
• Ukuvuvukala emilenzeni noma ezungeze amehlo
• Izilonda emlonyeni
• Amaqhubuka avuvukele (izindlala)
• Ukuzizwa ukhathele kakhulu

Izimpawu zingeza bese ziyahamba. Uma unezimpawu, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuqubuka kwesifo. Ukuqubuka kwesifo kungaba okuncane noma okushubile. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi izimpawu ezintsha zingavela noma nini.


Umbuzo:
I-IMEYILI: [I-IMEYILI] IVELA: http://m.medlineplus.gov/medlineplus.htm ISIPHEQULULI: NokiaX2-01/5.0 (07.10) Profile/MIDP-2.1 Configuration/CLDC-1.1 Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/420 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/420 USUKU: 01/06/2014 UMYALEZO: Umbuzo wami: Yini ukwelashwa kwe-gonorrhea engapheli, nokukhula okungokujwayelekile?

Impendulo:
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibiotics zingasetshenziswa ukwelapha lolu hlobo lwesifo.
- Ungathola idozi elikhulu elilodwa lama-antibiotics ngomlomo noma uthathe idozi elincane izinsuku eziyisikhombisa.
- Unganikezwa umjovo we-antibiotic noma isitofu, bese mhlawumbe uthunyelwa ekhaya namaphilisi e-antibiotic.
- Izimo ezinzima ze-PID (isifo esibhebhethekisa isizalo) zingadinga ukuthi uhlale esibhedlela. Ama-antibiotics anikezwa ngomthambo kuqala.
- Ungaze uzilaphele ngaphandle kokubonwa udokotela wakho kuqala. Umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uzonquma ukwelashwa okungcono kakhulu.

Cishe uhhafu wamakhosikazi anegonorrhea aphinde atheleleke ngechlamydia. I-Chlamydia yelashwa ngesikhathi esifanayo nesifo segonorrhea. Uzodinga ukuvakashela kabusha emva kwezinsuku eziyisi-7 uma izimpawu zakho zibandakanya ubuhlungu bokuhlangana kwamathambo, ukuqubuka kwesikhumba, noma ubuhlungu obukhulu besizalo noma besisu. Ukuhlolwa kuzokwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isifo siyaphela.

Abalingani bocansi kufanele bahlolwe futhi belashwe ukuvimbela ukudlulisa isifo phambili nangemuva. Wena nomlingani wakho kufanele niqede wonke ama-antibiotics. Sebenzisa amakhondomu kuze kube niqedile nokuthatha ama-antibiotics enu nobabili.

Bonke abalingani bocansi bomuntu onegonorrhea kufanele bathintwe futhi bahlolwe. Lokhu kusiza ukuvimbela ukusabalala okwengeziwe kwesifo.
- Kwezinye izindawo ungakwazi ukuthatha ulwazi nemithi uye kumlingani wakho wocansi ngokwakho.
- Kwezinye izindawo, umnyango wezempilo uyothinta umlingani wakho.


Umbuzo:
Sisaphephile yini lesi sinqumo?

Impendulo:
Lezi zinsiza zibhekana nokuhlolelwa noma ukuphathwa komdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa:
- I-American College of Radiology: Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa ngokusebenzisa umshini
- I-Genetic Testing Registry: Umdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa wozalo
- I-Genetic Testing Registry: Umdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa, ozuzwe ngefa, 2
- I-MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: I-Brachytherapy yesitho sangasese sowesilisa (uhlobo lokwelashwa komdlavuza)
- I-MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ukuhlela umdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa
- I-MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ukwelashwa komdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa
- I-MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ukuhlolwa kwegazi le-Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- I-MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Ukususa konke isitho sangasese sowesilisa (Radical Prostatectomy)
- I-MedlinePlus Health Topic: Ukuhlolela umdlavuza wesitho sangasese sowesilisa
- I-National Cancer Institute: Ukuhlolwa kwe-Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
- I-U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Lezi zinsiza ezivela ku-MedlinePlus zinikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuhlolelwa nokuphathwa kwezimo ezahlukene zempilo:
- Ukuhlolwa kokuthola isifo
- Ukwelashwa ngomuthi
- Ukuhlinzwa nokubuyiselwa esimweni
- Ukwelulekwa ngezofuzo
- Ukunakekelwa kweziguli ezinesifo esinzima


Umbuzo:
Ingabe lesi sinqumo siphephile yini?

Impendulo:
Uma ukuhlolwa kubonisa ukuthi unesifo somdlavuza, kufanele uxoxe nodokotela wakho ukuze uthathe izinqumo zokwelashwa.

Ukusebenza Neqembu Lochwepheshe

Iqembu lochwepheshe livame ukwelapha abantu abanomdlavuza. Iqembu lizogcina udokotela oyinhloko aziswe ngokuqhubeka kwesiguli. Iqembu lingahlanganisa udokotela womdlavuza (medical oncologist) ongumcwaningi wokwelashwa komdlavuza, udokotela wezokuhlinzwa, udokotela wokwelapha ngemisebe (radiation oncologist) ongumcwaningi wokwelashwa ngokukhanya, nabanye. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelashwa, ungafuna olunye udokotela ukuthi abuyekeze ukuhlolwa nokwelashwa. Ezinye izinkampani zomshwalense zidinga uvo lwesibili lwezokwelapha. Ezinye zingakhokhela uvo lwesibili uma ulucela.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezokwelapha Komdlavuza Wesitho Sangasese (Prostate)

Abanye abaguliswa bomdlavuza wesitho sangasese (prostate) babamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lokwelashwa okusha. Lolu cwaningo - olubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha (clinical trials) - lwenzelwe ukuthola ukuthi ingabe ukwelashwa okusha kuphephile futhi kusebenza ngempumelelo. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha kuqhathanisa ukwelashwa okusha nokujwayelekile ukuze odokotela bakwazi ukufunda ukuthi yikuphi okusebenza kangcono. Amadoda anomdlavuza wesitho sangasese anomdlandla wokubamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwezokwelapha kufanele axoxe nodokotela wawo. I-U.S. National Institutes of Health (Izikhungo Zezempilo zaseUSA), ngokusebenzisa i-National Library of Medicine nezinye Izikhungo, igcina imininingwane yokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ku-ClinicalTrials.gov. Chofoza lapha ukuze ubone uhlu lwamanje lokuhlolwa kwezokwelapha komdlavuza wesitho sangasese. Iwindi elisha lizovuleka. Chofoza uphawu lokuvalwa "x" egumbini eliphezulu kwesokudla lewindi "Clinical Trials" ukuze ubuyele lapha.


Umbuzo:
Ingabe lesi sinqumo siphephile?

Impendulo:
Ngocwaningo, odokotela bazama ukuthola izindlela ezintsha, ezisebenza kangcono zokwelapha umdlavuza wesitho sangasese. I-Cryosurgery (ukuhlinza ngokuqandisa) -- ukubulala umdlavuza wesitho sangasese ngokuwuqandisa -- iyacwaningwa njengendlela ehlukile ekuhlinzweni nasekwelashweni ngemisebe. Ukugwema ukulimaza amatissue aphilile, udokotela ubeka ithuluzi elibizwa nge-cryoprobe (ithuluzi lokuqandisa) liqondane nomdlavuza wesitho sangasese ukuze liwuqandise. Odokotela bacwaninga izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa ukwelashwa ngemisebe kanye nokwelashwa ngamahormoni. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukwelashwa ngamahormoni okunikezwa emva kokwelashwa ngemisebe kungasiza abantu abathile abanesifo somdlavuza wesitho sangasese esisabalele emathisyuni aseduze. Ososayensi baphinde bahlola ukusebenza kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nokwelashwa ngezinto zemvelo (biological therapy) kubantu abesifo somdlavuza wesitho sangasese esingaphenduli noma esiyekile ukuphendula ekwelashweni ngamahormoni. Baphinde baphenye izindlela ezintsha zokuhlela nokuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha ezahlukene. Isibonelo, bacwaninga ukwelashwa ngamahormoni ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukuwasebenzisa ukunciphisa umdlavuza wesitho sangasese ngaphambi kokuthi umuntu ahlinzwe noma athole imisebe kungaba yindlela esebenzayo yini. Baphinde bahlole ukuhlanganisa ukwelashwa ngamahormoni kanye nemigomo ukuvimbela ukubuya komdlavuza wesitho sangasese. Ngo-2010, i-FDA yagunyaza umgomo wokwelapha umdlavuza okhethekile (therapeutic cancer vaccine), i-Provenge, ukusetshenziswa kubantu abathile abanesifo somdlavuza wesitho sangasese esisabalele. Lesi sinqumo sasuselwa emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwezokwelapha (clinical trial) olwakhombisa ukuthuthuka ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezine ekuphileni sonke uma kuqhathaniswa nomgomo weplasebo (umgomo ongenalutho). Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ngemigomo efanayo zisathuthukiswa.


Umbuzo:
I-Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (isifo esihlasela imisipha esibangwa ukufa kwamaseli emisipha). Ngenza umsebenzi wocwaningo ngalesi sifo sofuzo futhi ngingathanda ukwazi kabanzi ngaso kudokotela oqeqeshekile. Ngicwaninga indlela yokudlulisela isifo, izimpawu, ukwelashwa/amaqembu okusekela, kanye nezindleko ezibhekene nomndeni.

Impendulo:
Akukho lapho ukwelapha okwaziyo kokugula kwezinyama okubizwa ngeDuchenne muscular dystrophy (isifo esibulala izinyama). Ukwelashwa kuhlose ukulawula izimpawu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo. Imithi yamasteroyidi (imithi eqinisa izinyama) inganciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla ezinyama. Ingaqalwa uma ingane ithola ukuthi inesifo noma uma amandla ezinyama eqala ukwehla. Okunye ukwelashwa kungafaka:

• I-Albuterol--umuthi osetshenziswa abantu abane-asthma
• Ama-amino acids
• I-Carnitine
• I-Coenzyme Q10
• I-Creatine
• Amafutha ezinhlanzi
• Okukhishwa kutiye oluhlaza
• I-Vitamin E

Nokho, imiphumela yalokhu kwelashwa ayikafakazelwa. Amaseli okhakhayi (stem cells) kanye nokwelashwa kwamajini kungasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Kuyakhuthazwa ukuzivocavoca. Ukunganyakazi (njengokuphumula embhedeni) kungenza isifo sezinyama sibe sibi kakhulu. Ukwelashwa ngokuzivocavoca kungasiza ukugcina amandla ezinyama nokusebenza kwazo. Ukwelashwa kokukhuluma kudingeka kaningi. Okunye ukwelashwa kungafaka:

• Ukusizwa ngokuphefumula (kusetshenziswa emini noma ebusuku)
• Imithi yokusiza ukusebenza kwenhliziyo, njengama-angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, ama-beta-blockers, nama-diuretics
• Izinto zokusiza amathambo (njengamabhreyisi, izitulo ezinamasondo, izinduku zokuhamba, nezinye izinsiza) ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba
• Ama-proton pump inhibitors (imithi evimbela ukuphuma kwesibindi) abantu abane-gastroesophageal reflux (ukuphuma kwesibindi)

Abacwaningi bayaqhubeka nokufunda izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha ezivivinyweni.


Umbuzo:
Ngilashwe ngomdlavuza webele futhi ngithole ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali kanye nomshini wokukhipha imisebe. Ngiphuza imithi eminingi kodwa kusukela ngayeka ukwelashwa manje sengibonakala nginesifo somoya. Ngiphuza i-Letrozole 2.5 mg ukuvimba noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-estrogen emzimbeni wami njengoba isigaxa sami sasibambelela kwi-estrogen. Yiziphi izinhlobo zemithi ezinomthelela ezimpawini zesifo somoya? Ngicela ungeluleke.

Impendulo:
Imbangela eqondile ye-asthma ayaziwa. Abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi ezinye izinto zofuzo kanye nezesimo sendawo ziyahlangana ukubanga i-asthma, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kokuphila. Lezi zinto zibandakanya: Ukuba nendlela yokuthola ama-allergy eyifuzo, ebizwa nge-atopy (AT-o-pe) Abazali abane-asthma Ezinye izifo zomgudu wokuphefumula ngesikhathi sobuntwana Ukuthintana nezinto ezibanga ama-allergy emoyeni noma ukuhlangabezana namanye amagciwane ngesikhathi sokuncela noma ekuqaleni kobuntwana lapho uhlelo lokuvikeleka lomzimba lusakhuliswayo Uma i-asthma noma i-atopy ikhona emndenini wakho, ukuthintana nezinto ezihlupha (isibonelo, intuthu kagwayi) kungenza imithambokazi yakho yokuphefumula ibe nokuphendula kakhulu ezintweni ezisemoyeni. Ezinye izinto zingaba namathuba amaningi okubanga i-asthma kwabanye abantu kunakwabanye. Abacwaningi baqhubeka nokuphenya ukuthi yini ebanga i-asthma. I-"Hygiene Hypothesis" (injulalwazi yokuhlanzeka) Enye injulalwazi abacwaningi abanayo ngokubanga i-asthma yi-"hygiene hypothesis." Bakholelwa ukuthi indlela yethu yokuphila yaseNtshonalanga - eqhakambisa ukuhlanzeka nokugcina indawo ihlanzekile - iphumelelise ukushintsha izimo zethu zokuphila kanye nokwehla okuphelele kwezifo ekuqaleni kobuntwana. Izingane eziningi ezincane azisenayo uhlobo olufanayo lokuhlangabezana nesimo sendawo kanye nezifo njengoba izingane zazinakho esikhathini esidlule. Lokhu kuthinta indlela uhlelo lokuvikeleka lomzimba lwezingane ezincane oluthuthuka ngayo ngesikhathi sokuqala sobuntwana, futhi kungakhuphula ubungozi bazo be-atopy kanye ne-asthma. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinganeni ezinezihlobo eziseduze ezine-asthma noma i-atopy noma zombili lezi zimo.


Umbuzo:
Umhlinzeki wami wezempilo akakwazi ukungisiza (Ngibuze.) Angikwazi ukumelana nawo wonke "amashukhopela" afana ne-maltilol, i-sorbitol, i-xylitol, njll. futhi ngidinga okuthile okuzosiza umlomo owomile obangelwa umuthi okufanele ngiwuphuze. Imikhiqizo ye-Biotene (eyokunciphisa umlomo owomile) isiza nje isikhathi esingangeminithi emibili kuphela.

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa Komlomo Omile

Ukwelashwa komlomo omile kuzoncika ekutheni yini ebangela inkinga. Uma ucabanga ukuthi unomlomo omile, bona udokotela wakho wamazinyo noma udokotela. Angakusiza ukuthola ukuthi yini ebangela umlomo wakho ube mome. Uma umlomo wakho omile ubangelwa umuthi, udokotela wakho angashintsha umuthi wakho noma alungise izinga. Uma amalende akho amathe engasebenzi kahle kodwa esengakwazi ukukhiqiza amanye amathe, udokotela wakho wamazinyo noma udokotela angakunika umuthi osiza amalende asebenze kangcono. Udokotela wakho wamazinyo noma udokotela angaphinda ancome ukuthi usebenzise amathe okwenziwa ukugcina umlomo wakho umanzi.

Okufanele Nokungafanele Kwenziwe

Okufanele Kwenziwe:
• Phuza amanzi noma iziphuzo ezingenashukela njalo. Lokho kuzokwenza kube lula ukuhlafuna nokugwinya uma udla.
• Hlafuna i-gamu engenashukela noma uncele uswidi oluqinile olungenashukela ukuze kukhuthaze ukugeleza kwamathe.
• Sebenzisa umshini wokugcina umoya umanzi ebusuku ukuze kube nomswakama emoyeni ngenkathi ulele.

Okungafanele Kwenziwe:
• Ungaphuzi iziphuzo ezine-caffeine njengekhofi, itiye, namanye amanzi agasayo. I-caffeine ingomisa umlomo.
• Ungasebenzisi ugwayi noma utshwala. Komisa umlomo.

Ucwaningo Lokwelashwa Ngamajini Lokungasebenzi Kahle Kwamalende Amathe

Ososayensi e-NIH's National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) baphenya ukusebenzisa okungenzeka kokwelashwa ngamajini ukwelapha ukungasebenzi kahle kwamalende amathe. Umqondo ukudlulisela amajini engeziwe noma okufakwa endaweni yawo emalende amathe abantu abane-Sjögren's syndrome (isifo esibanga ukopha kwamalende) kanye neziguli ezine-cancer ezilimele amalende azo amathe ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngokukhanya. Ithemba ukuthi lawa majini azokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamathe futhi asuse ukuzwa okungapheli kokomisa okuhlupha abantu abanezimo zomlomo omile.

I-NIDCR isanda kuqeda ucwaningo lwezokwelapha, ucwaningo lokucwaninga kubantu, ngokwelashwa ngamajini kwamalende amathe alimele ngokukhanya. Ucwaningo lukhombise ukuthi ukwelashwa ngamajini kungenziwa ngokuphepha emalende amathe nokuthi kunokwenzeka ukuthi kusize abasinde ekholofini lekhanda nentamo abanomlomo omile. Funda isaziso sezindaba se-NIDCR ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngokutholakele ocwaningweni. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni ethembisayo yalolu vivinyo, kuhlelwe ukuba kwenziwe izivivinyo ezifanayo eziseduze esikhathini esizayo.

Ucwaningo Nge-Sjögren's Syndrome Nezinye Izifo Ezithinta Amalende Amathe

I-NIDCR iphinde yenze izivivinyo zokwelapha ukucwaninga izindlela ezintsha zokuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamathe ezigulini ezine-Sjogren's syndrome. Izifundo ezinjalo zifaka ukuhlola ukusebenza kwesibulala-magciwane esithile (i-monoclonal antibody) kanye nomuthi wokwelapha ukuvuvukala (i-corticosteroid) ukubona ukuthi ngabe noma yiluphi lwalolu kwelashwa kusiza ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamathe.

Ezinye izifundo zigxile ekufundeni ukuthi izifo ezifana nesifo sikashukela, izifo zokuzivikela okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nezifo ezibanga amabuthu emalende zibangela kanjani ukungasebenzi kahle kwamalende amathe. Izifundo ezinjalo zingaholela ngolunye usuku ezindleleni ezingcono zokuvikela nokwelapha izimo zamalende amathe.

Ukuze uhlale wazi nganoma yiziphi izifundo ezintsha ngokwelashwa ngamajini kanye nokusebenza kwamalende amathe, vakashela i-ClinicalTrials.gov. I-ClinicalTrials.gov ibala zonke izivivinyo zokwelapha ezixhaswe nguhulumeni kanye neziningi ezixhaswe ngasese e-U.S. nakulo lonke umhlaba; iwebhusayithi ibuyekezwa njalo.


Umbuzo:
Umhlinzeki wami akakwazi ukungisiza (ngimcelile.) Angivumelani kahle nazo zonke izinhlobo "zotshwala ezinoshukela" ezifana ne-maltilol, i-sorbitol, i-xylitol, njalonjalo futhi ngidinga okuthile komlomo owomile odalwa umuthi okufanele ngiwuthathe. Imikhiqizo ye-Biotene isiza isikhathi esingaba cishe amaminithi amabili kuphela.

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa komlomo owomile kuzoncika ekutheni yini ebangela inkinga. Uma ucabanga ukuthi unomlomo owomile, bona udokotela wakho wamazinyo noma udokotela. Angakusiza ukuthola ukuthi yini ebangela umlomo wakho owomile. Uma umlomo wakho owomile ubangelwa umuthi, udokotela wakho angashintsha umuthi wakho noma alungise isilinganiso. Uma izindlala zakho zamathe zingasebenzi kahle, kodwa zisengakwazi ukukhiqiza amathe, udokotela wakho wamazinyo noma udokotela angakunika umuthi okhethekile osiza izindlala ukuthi zisebenze kangcono. Angaphakamisa ukuthi usebenzise amathe okwenziwe ngokwezesayensi ukugcina umlomo wakho umanzi. (Buka ividiyo ukufunda ukuthi umlomo owomile welashwa kanjani. Ukukhulisa ividiyo, chofoza izimpawu zokuvula nokuvala ezisesandleni sokudla ngezansi. Ukunciphisa ividiyo, cindezela inkinobho ye-Escape (Esc) ekhibhodini yakho.)


Umbuzo:
Umama wami unesifo sokunyuka kwegazi emithanjeni yeziphaphu, ikakhulukazi emithanjeni yeziphaphu, ngaseceleni lobunxele benhliziyo yakhe. Ingabe kukhona okungenzeka ukuthuthukisa impilo yakhe?

Impendulo:
Lezi zinsiza zibhekana nokuhlunga noma ukuphatha i-pulmonary arterial hypertension: - Ukubuyekezwa Kwegene: Ukubuyekezwa Kwegene: I-Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Edluliselwa Ngokuzalwa - Irejista Yokuhlolwa Kwamajini: I-pulmonary hypertension yokuqala - Irejista Yokuhlolwa Kwamajini: I-pulmonary hypertension yokuqala 2 - Irejista Yokuhlolwa Kwamajini: I-pulmonary hypertension yokuqala 3 - Irejista Yokuhlolwa Kwamajini: I-pulmonary hypertension yokuqala 4 - I-Ensayiklophediya ye-MedlinePlus: I-pulmonary hypertension Lezi zinsiza ezivela ku-MedlinePlus zinikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuhlunga nokuphatha izimo ezahlukene zempilo: - Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlunga Izifo - Ukwelashwa Ngemithi - Ukuhlinzwa Nokuvuselela - Ukwelulekwa Ngezofuzo - Ukunakekela Okunciphisa Izinhlungu


Umbuzo:
Yiluphi ulwazi olunalo uMtapo Wezincwadi Wezokwelapha Kazwelonke ezimayelana nezimbangela zokungasebenzi kahle kwemizwa yemithambo yomzimba engaphandle?

Impendulo:
I-Neuropathy ivame kakhulu. Kuneminhlobonhlobo eminingi kanye nezimbangela. Ngokuvamile, akukho mbangela etholakala. Ezinye izifo zemizwa zihamba ngomndeni. Isifo sikashukela siyimbangela evame kakhulu yalolu hlobo lwenkinga yemizwa. Amazinga aphezulu kashukela egazini (okungukuthi igazi elinoshukela omningi) isikhathi eside angalimaza imizwa yakho. Ezinye izimo zempilo ezingabanga i-neuropathy yilezi:

- Izifo ze-autoimmune (lapho umzimba ulwa namaseli awo), njenge-rheumatoid arthritis noma i-lupus
- Isifo sezinso esikhathelelayo
- I-HIV
- Izifo zesibindi
- Amazinga aphansi e-vitamin B12 noma amanye ama-vitamin
- Isifo sokushintsha kokudla emzimbeni
- Ukuhlushwa okubangwa yizinsimbi ezinzima, njengomthofu
- Ukungahambi kahle kwegazi emilenzeni
- Isitshalo sokukhiqiza amahomoni esingasebenzi kahle

Ezinye izinto ezingaholela ekulimazekeni kwemizwa yilezi:

- Ithambo eliphukile elicindezelela umuzwa
- Ukuphuza utshwala kakhulu isikhathi eside
- Ukuhlushwa yi-glue, umthofu, i-mercury, kanye nezinye izinto eziyingozi
- Imithi yokwelapha izifo, umdlavuza, ukuwa, kanye nomfutho ophezulu wegazi
- Ukucindezeleka komuzwa, njengalokhu okwenzeka kwisifo se-carpal tunnel (ukucindezeleka komuzwa esandleni)
- Ukuba sebandeni isikhathi eside
- Ukucindezeleka okuvela kuma-cast, ama-splint, i-brace, noma izinduku zokuhamba ezingalingani kahle


Umbuzo:
Sawubona Dokotela, uma kune-simo sesiguli esine-tshe emathunjini elingango-1.2mm (amamilimitha) x 2.3mm (amamilimitha). Yini engingayenza? Ngicela, ngicela iseluleko sakho.

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa kuncike ekuhlobeni kwetshe kanye nobungako bezimpawu zakho. Amatshe ezinso amancane kakhulu avame ukudlula ngokwawo ohlelweni lwakho.

• Umchamo wakho kufanele uhluziwe ukuze itshe ligcinwe futhi lihlolwe.
• Phuza okungenani amankomishi ayi-6 kuya kwayisi-8 (amagremu angu-1.4 kuya ku-1.9) amanzi ngosuku ukuze ukhiqize umchamo omningi. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuthi itshe lidlule.
• Ubuhlungu bungaba bukhulu kakhulu. Imithi yezinhlungu etholakala ngaphandle kwemishanguzo (isibonelo, i-ibuprofen ne-naproxen), noma yodwa noma ihambisana nezidakamizwa, ingasebenza kahle kakhulu.

Abanye abantu abanezinhlungu ezinzima ezivela ematshe ezinso badinga ukuhlala esibhedlela. Ungadinga ukuthola uketshezi ngomthambo. Kwezinye izinhlobo zamatshe, umdabi wakho angakuyalela ukuthatha imithi ukuvimbela amatshe ukuthi angabumbeki noma usizo ukubhidliza nokususa izinto ezibanga itshe. Le mithi ingabandakanya:

• I-Allopurinol (yamatshe e-uric acid)
• Ama-antibiotics (amatshe e-struvite)
• Amaphilisi okukhipha umchamo
• Izixazululo ze-phosphate
• I-sodium bicarbonate noma i-sodium citrate
• Amaphilisi amanzi (ama-thiazide diuretics)
• I-Tamsulosin ukuphumula i-ureter nokusiza itshe lidlule

Ukuhlinzwa kuvame ukudingeka uma:
• Itshe likhulu kakhulu ukuthi lidlule ngokwalo
• Itshe likhula
• Itshe livimba ukuhamba komchamo futhi libanga isifo noma umonakalo wezinso
• Ubuhlungu abukwazi ukulawuleka

Namuhla, ukwelashwa okuningi akusafaki kakhulu ngaphakathi njengakuqala.

• I-Lithotripsy (ukubhidliza amatshe ngamagagasi) isetshenziselwa ukususa amatshe amancane kancane kunengxenye yezingalo eziyi-12.7 mm elilinganiselwa ezinsweni noma kwi-ureter. Isebenzisa umsindo noma amagagasi okushaya ukubhidliza amatshe. Bese, izingcezu zamatshe ziphuma emzimbeni ngomchamo. Iphinde ibizwe ngokuthi i-extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy noma i-ESWL.

• Izinqubo ezenziwa ngokudlulisa ithuluzi elikhethekile ngokusika okuncane kwesikhumba sakho nokuya ezinsweni zakho noma kwi-ureters zisetshenziswa ematshe amakhulu, noma lapho izinso noma izindawo ezizungezile zakheke ngendlela engafanele. Itshe lisuswa ngombobo (i-endoscope).

• I-Ureteroscopy (ukuhlola i-ureter ngombobo) ingasetshenziswa ematshe angaphansi ohlelweni lomchamo.

• Kwesinye isikhathi, ukuhlinzwa okuvulekile (i-nephrolithotomy) kungadingeka uma ezinye izindlela zingasebenzi noma zingenakwenzeka.

Khuluma nomdabi wakho ngezinketho zokwelashwa ezingasebenza kuwe.


Umbuzo:
i-sepsis (ukutheleleka kwegazi okubucayi). Ingabe i-sepsis kungavinjelwa?

Futhi, ingabe umuntu angayithola lesi sifo esibhedlela?

Impendulo:
Ingozi ye-sepsis (isifo sokosuleleka kwegazi) ingancishiswa ngokuthola zonke izigomo ezinconyelwayo. Esibhedlela, ukugeza izandla kahle ngokucophelela kungasiza ukuvimbela izifo ezingaholela kwi-sepsis. Ukukhishwa ngokushesha kwamakhathethi omchamo namapayipi okufaka umuthi emzimbeni uma engasadingeki nawo kungasiza ukuvimbela izifo ezingaholela kwi-sepsis.


Umbuzo:
Kusukela ngesikhathi ngiqala ukuthatha i-Letrozole (umuthi wokwelapha umdlavuza) ezinyangeni ezingu-4.6 ezedlule, manje sengine-cyst engu-4 cm phambi kwesibeletho sami sokudla okufanele sisuswe. Kungani nginikwa umuthi ophinde unikezwe abesifazane abasha abazama ukukhulelwa? Sengidlule esikhathini futhi ngaba nomdlavuza wesifuba osesigabeni sokuqala ngo-2010. Manje, njengoba sengiphetha iminyaka emihlanu ngisebenzisa lo muthi, nginemiphumela emibi ne-cyst. Ingabe i-cyst iqanda elingakhulelwanga elizalwe ngamashubhu e-Fallopian? Angikwazi ukuqonda le ndlela yokunginika lo muthi?

Impendulo:
I-Letrozole isetshenziselwa ukwelapha umdlavuza webele esigabeni sokuqala kubesifazane abadlule esikhathini sokuma (ukuphela kwezinsuku zokuya esikhathini) nabalashe ngezinye izindlela, njengokusetshenziswa kwemikhanya yokwelapha noma ukuhlinzwa ukususa umhlaza. Iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwelapha umdlavuza webele esigabeni sokuqala kubesifazane abadlule esikhathini sokuma nabasebenzise umuthi obizwa nge-tamoxifen (Nolvadex) iminyaka emihlanu.

I-Letrozole iphinde isetshenziselwe abesifazane abadlule esikhathini sokuma:
1. Njengokwelapha kokuqala komdlavuza webele osusabalele ebeleni noma kwezinye izindawo zomzimba.
2. Kubesifazane umdlavuza wabo webele oye waba mubi ngesikhathi bethatha i-tamoxifen.

I-Letrozole ingumuthi ohlukaniswa ngokuthi i-nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. Isebenza ngokunciphisa inani lohlobo lwehomoni ebizwa nge-estrogen ekhiqizwa umzimba. Lokhu kunganciphisa noma kuvimbe ukukhula kwamasosha omzimba angenampilo adala umdlavuza webele adinga i-estrogen ukuze akhule.


Umbuzo:
Ngabe uma umuntu omile kakhulu ngabe kwesinye isikhathi uzwa ubuhlungu obuqinile obucindezela esifubeni sakhe (ngqo nje ngaphansi kwamabele) ngaphambi kokuba aquleke noma awe phansi?

Impendulo:
Izimpawu zokuncipha kwamanzi okuncane kuya kokuphakathi:
- Ukoma
- Umlomo owomile noma onamathayo
- Ukungachami kakhulu
- Umchamo ophuzi kakhulu kunokujwayelekile
- Isikhumba esomile, nesibandayo
- Ubuhlungu bekhanda
- Amakwanga ezicubu

Izimpawu zokuncipha kwamanzi okuxwayile:
- Ukungachami, noma umchamo ophuzi kakhulu noma onombala wegolide
- Isikhumba esomile, esisongelekile
- Ukucasuka noma ukudideka
- Isiyezi noma ukuzizwa unesiyezi
- Ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngokushesha
- Ukuphefumula ngokushesha
- Amehlo angene phakathi okuxwayile
- Ukungabi namandla
- Ukwehla kakhulu komfutho wegazi
- Ukuphelelwa amandla noma ukudideka okuxwayile


Umbuzo:
Igama: [IGAMA] Usuku Nesikhathi Sokuxhumana: NgLwesine, 1 Januwari 2015 16:10:06 GMT Uhlelo lokusebenza: myncbi I-SessionId: CE9069DE4A56A0A1_0093SID Igama Lomsebenzisi le-MyNCBI: Isiphathimandla: portal205 Isithombe somzuzwana: /projects/MyNCBI/myncbiPortal@2.45 Ikheli le-user agent lesiphequluli sewebhu: Mozilla/4.0 (ihambisana; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; Media Center PC 6.0; InfoPath.2) Isikhathi Sokwakhiwa Kwekhasi Lohlelo Lokusebenza: 2015-01-01T11:03:27-05:00 Ikhasi: recentactivity Umyalezo: Sihlala e-[INDAWO] futhi umyeni wami utholakale ene-insulinoma (isigaxa esakheka ngokweqile segazi). Sidinga ulwazi olwengeziwe ngalolu daba njengoba odokotela bengakaze bayibone lapha. Siyabonga kakhulu kakhulu ngempendulo yakho. Sifisela nonke uNyaka oMusha omuhle futhi sibonga kakhulu kakhulu ngosizo lwenu.

Impendulo:
I-insulinoma ingumhlaza esiswini sempushane okhiqiza i-insulin engaphezu kwesidingo.


Umbuzo:
Ngabe kukhona okusizayo kulokhu ekwelapheni ama-keloid esikhumba? Futhi, yini engasiza ama-keloid?

Impendulo:
Amakeloids avamise ukungadingeki ukwelashwa. Uma ikeloid ikukhathaza, lezi zinto zingenzeka ukunciphisa usayizi wayo:  - Ukujova i-corticosteroid  - Ukuqandisa (i-cryotherapy)  - Ukwelashwa nge-laser  - I-radiation  - Ukususwa ngoqhaqho  - I-silicone gel noma ama-patch esilicone  Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zindlela zokwelapha zingenza isibazi sekeloid sibe sikhulu kakhulu kunasekuqaleni.


Umbuzo:
Mnumzane Othandekayo. Ngingu[NAME] ovela eNdiya esifundazweni saseGujarat. Ubaba wami oneminyaka engu-61 ubudala uhlaselwe umdlavuza wephenkriyasi futhi ususesigabeni sesithathu noma sesine. Bonke odokotela bahlulekile ukusisiza njengoba betshela ubaba wami ukuthi angeke aphile ngaphezulu kwezinyanga ezine. Ngifuna ukuthola iziphakamiso zakho kanye nosizo ngobaba wami onesifo somdlavuza wephenkriyasi. Ngifuna ukusindisa impilo kababa wami. Uma kukhona uhlobo lwanoma yikuphi ukwelashwa okutholakalayo, ngicela ungisize. Ngicela ungithinte kule nombolo yocingo engezansi. [CONTACT]

Impendulo:
Ukwelashwa kwe-adenocarcinoma (uhlobo lomhlaza wesitho sepankreasi) kuncike esigabeni somhlaza wesitho sepankreasi. Ukuhlinzwa kungenzeka uma umhlaza ungakasabalali noma usabalale kancane. Kanye nokuhlinzwa, i-chemotherapy (ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali) noma i-radiation therapy (ukwelashwa ngemisebe) noma kokubili kungasetshenziswa ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuhlinzwa. Inani elincane labantu lingalapheka ngalendlela yokwelashwa.

Uma umhlaza ungakasabalali ngaphandle kwepankreasi kodwa ungeke uhlinzwe, i-chemotherapy ne-radiation therapy ndawonye zinganconywa. Uma umhlaza usabalele kwezinye izitho njengasesibindini, i-chemotherapy yodwa ivame ukusetshenziswa.

Ngomhlaza osuthuthuke kakhulu, inhloso yokwelashwa ukuphatha ubuhlungu nezinye izimpawu. Isibonelo, uma umbhobho othwala inyongo uvinjelwe umhlaza wepankreasi, inqubo yokufaka i-stent (ishubhu elincane lokuvula) ingenziwa ukuvula ukuvinjelwa. Lokhu kungasiza ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa isisu, ukuba phuzi kwesikhumba, nokuluma kwesikhumba.


Umbuzo:
Igama: [IGAMA] Usuku Nesikhathi Sokuxhumana: uMsombuluko, 19 Januwari 2015 19:48:21 GMT Uhlelo: entrez Idathabheyisi: pubmed I-SessionId: 39700B4F4BD5E951_0188SID Igama Lomsebenzisi le-MyNCBI: Imininingwane ye-user agent yebrowser: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10) AppleWebKit/600.1.25 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Safari/600.1.25 Umzimba Womlayezo: Ungaqiniseka ngokuphelele kanjani ukuthi unesifo somoya?

Impendulo:
Umhlinzeki wokunakekelwa kwezempilo uzosebenzisa ithuluzi lokulalela (i-stethoscope) ukulalela amaphaphu akho. Ukuhefuzela noma eminye imisindo ehlobene nesifo somoya (i-asthma) ingezwakala. Ukuhlolwa okungase kufakwe uhlu:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezibanga ukuba nezifo zokwelulama (i-allergy) - ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba noma kwegazi ukubona ukuthi umuntu onesifo somoya unezinto ezithile ezimenza agule

2. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi elivela emithanjeni (i-Arterial blood gas) (ivame ukwenziwa kuphela ezigulini ezinohlaselo olukhulu lwesifo somoya)

3. Ukuthathwa kwesithombe samaphaphu (i-x-ray)

4. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwamaphaphu, kufaka phakathi nokukalwa kwendlela umoya ophuma ngamandla (i-peak flow)