Input: "Στους" "τομείς" "που" "εφαρμόζεται" "," "αποτελεί" "ειδική" "έκφανση" "της" "αρχής" "της" "απαγορεύσεως" "των" "διακρίσεων" "λόγω" "φυλετικής" "και" "εθνοτικής" "καταγωγής" "," "η" "οποία" "κατοχυρώνεται" "στο" "άρθρο" "21" "του" "Χάρτη" "(" "14" ")" "."


Input: "Στο" "προοίμιο" "της" "οδηγίας" "," "η" "προστασία" "από" "τις" "διακρίσεις" "ορίζεται" "ως" "οικουμενικό" "δικαίωμα" "και" "για" "τον" "λόγο" "αυτό" "γίνεται" "εκτενής" "αναφορά" "σε" "διεθνείς" "συμβάσεις" "οι" "οποίες" "αναγνωρίζουν" "το" "δικαίωμα" "αυτό" "(" "15" ")" "."


Input: "26" "." "Επιπροσθέτως" "," "στις" "αιτιολογικές" "σκέψεις" "9" "," "12" "και" "13" "," "ο" "νομοθέτης" "της" "Ένωσης" "θέλησε" "να" "καταστήσει" "σαφές" "ότι" ":" "(" "i" ")" "οι" "διακρίσεις" "λόγω" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "καταγωγής" "μπορούν" "να" "υπονομεύσουν" "την" "επίτευξη" "των" "στόχων" "της" "Συνθήκης" "," "ειδικότερα" "δε" "την" "επίτευξη" "υψηλού" "επιπέδου" "απασχόλησης" "και" "κοινωνικής" "προστασίας" "," "την" "άνοδο" "του" "βιοτικού" "επιπέδου" "και" "της" "ποιότητας" "ζωής" "," "την" "οικονομική" "και" "κοινωνική" "συνοχή" "και" "αλληλεγγύη" "," "και" "μπορούν" "επίσης" "να" "υπονομεύσουν" "τον" "στόχο" "αναπτύξεως" "της" "Ευρωπαϊκής" "Ένωσης" "ως" "χώρου" "ελευθερίας" "," "ασφάλειας" "και" "δικαιοσύνης" "·" "(" "ii" ")" "η" "απαγόρευση" "κάθε" "διακρίσεως" "αυτού" "του" "είδους" "έχει" "ως" "σκοπό" "ιδίως" "την" "ανάπτυξη" "δημοκρατικών" "και" "ανεκτικών" "κοινωνιών" "οι" "οποίες" "επιτρέπουν" "τη" "συμμετοχή" "όλων" "," "ασχέτως" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "καταγωγή" "(" "16" ")" "."


Input: "27" "." "Το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "είναι" "ευρύ" "."


Input: "Στο" "προσωπικό" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "εμπίπτουν" "όλα" "τα" "φυσικά" "πρόσωπα" "," "τα" "οποία" "προστατεύονται" "από" "διακρίσεις" "λόγω" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "καταγωγής" "(" "17" ")" "."


Input: "Η" "προστασία" "αυτή" "εφαρμόζεται" "σε" "όλα" "τα" "πρόσωπα" "," "στον" "δημόσιο" "και" "στον" "ιδιωτικό" "τομέα" "," "συμπεριλαμβανόμενων" "των" "δημόσιων" "φορέων" "(" "18" ")" "."


Input: "Το" "καθ" "’" "ύλην" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "," "εκτείνεται" "πέραν" "της" "προσβάσεως" "σε" "δραστηριότητες" "απασχολήσεως" "και" "αυτοαπασχολήσεως" "και" "καλύπτει" "όλους" "τους" "τομείς" "που" "καταγράφονται" "εξαντλητικώς" "στο" "άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "(" "19" ")" "."


Input: "28" "." "Όπως" "επανειλημμένως" "έχει" "κρίνει" "το" "Δικαστήριο" "," "λαμβανομένων" "υπόψη" "του" "σκοπού" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "και" "της" "φύσεως" "των" "δικαιωμάτων" "στην" "προστασία" "των" "οποίων" "αυτή" "αποσκοπεί" "," "το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "εν" "λόγω" "οδηγίας" "δεν" "μπορεί" "να" "ερμηνεύεται" "στενώς" "(" "20" ")" "."


Input: "Το" "συμπέρασμα" "αυτό" "ισχύει" "όσον" "αφορά" "τις" "έννοιες" "της" "οδηγίας" "που" "προσδιορίζουν" "το" "ουσιαστικό" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "," "όπως" "είναι" "η" "απασχόληση" "," "ο" "επαγγελματικός" "προσανατολισμός" "και" "η" "επαγγελματική" "κατάρτιση" "," "οι" "εργασιακές" "συνθήκες" "," "η" "κοινωνική" "προστασία" "και" "οι" "κοινωνικές" "παροχές" "και" "," "ασφαλώς" "," "η" "εκπαίδευση" "(" "21" ")" "."


Input: "29" "." "Περιλαμβάνει" "η" "εν" "λόγω" "ευρεία" "ερμηνεία" "του" "όρου" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "ακόμη" "και" "την" "απονομή" "υποτροφιών" ";"


Input: "30" "." "Η" "απονομή" "υποτροφιών" "καθεαυτή" "δεν" "αντιστοιχεί" "στην" "πνευματική" "διαδικασία" "την" "οποία" "συνιστά" "η" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "Αφορά" "την" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "31" "." "Είμαι" "της" "γνώμης" "," "ωστόσο" "," "ότι" "η" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "αποτελεί" "βασική" "συνιστώσα" "της" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "αυτής" "καθεαυτήν" "," "ιδίως" "στο" "πλαίσιο" "ενός" "νομικού" "μέσου" "για" "την" "καταπολέμηση" "των" "διακρίσεων" "."


Input: "32" "." "Πράγματι" "," "στο" "πλαίσιο" "της" "καταπολεμήσεως" "των" "δυσμενών" "διακρίσεων" "," "τι" "θα" "απέμενε" "από" "την" "έννοια" "της" "«" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "»" "αν" "δεν" "περιλαμβανόταν" "η" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "ίδια" "την" "εκπαίδευση" ";"


Input: "Σε" "μια" "αίθουσα" "διδασκαλίας" "(" "για" "να" "αναφερθώ" "στην" "πολύ" "κλασική" "άποψη" "περί" "εκπαιδεύσεως" ")" "," "ο" "καθένας" "δικαιούται" "να" "καθίσει" "μπροστά" "και" "όλοι" "μπορούν" "να" "κάνουν" "ερωτήσεις" "."


Input: "Στις" "μέρες" "μας" "θα" "ήταν" "αδιανόητο" "μια" "συγκεκριμένη" "εθνοτική" "ομάδα" "να" "είναι" "υποχρεωμένη" "να" "κάθεται" "μόνο" "πίσω" "και" "να" "μην" "της" "επιτρέπεται" "να" "απευθύνεται" "στον" "διδάσκοντα" "."


Input: "Είναι" "εξίσου" "αυτονόητο" "ότι" "όλοι" "οι" "σπουδαστές" "πρέπει" "να" "βαθμολογούνται" "σύμφωνα" "με" "τα" "ίδια" "κριτήρια" "," "αναλόγως" "της" "επιδόσεώς" "τους" "και" "όχι" "με" "βάση" "τη" "φυλή" "ή" "την" "εθνοτική" "καταγωγή" "τους" "·" "όλοι" "δε" "οι" "σπουδαστές" "," "μετά" "την" "επιτυχή" "παρακολούθηση" "των" "ίδιων" "μαθημάτων" "," "πρέπει" "να" "αποκτούν" "το" "ίδιο" "δίπλωμα" "(" "22" ")" "."


Input: "Ωστόσο" "," "η" "δυνατότητα" "να" "γίνει" "κανείς" "δεκτός" "υπό" "τους" "ίδιους" "όρους" "σε" "όλα" "τα" "σχολεία" "και" "σε" "όλες" "τις" "τάξεις" "αντιστοιχεί" "στην" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "Χωρίς" "την" "πρόσβαση" "αυτή" "," "δεν" "υφίσταται" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "Για" "να" "γίνει" "απολύτως" "σαφές" "," "η" "λέξη" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "υπονοεί" "απαραίτητα" "τις" "λέξεις" "«" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "»" "εκπαίδευση" "·" "οι" "όροι" "αυτοί" "συνυπάρχουν" "και" "αλληλεξαρτώνται" "και" "τυχόν" "αποχωρισμός" "τους" "θα" "αποψίλωνε" "την" "οδηγία" "από" "τον" "σκοπό" "της" "που" "είναι" "η" "καταπολέμηση" "των" "διακρίσεων" "που" "σχετίζονται" "με" "την" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "33" "." "Ασφαλώς" "," "η" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "έχει" "πολλές" "επιμέρους" "πτυχές" "."


Input: "Θα" "μπορούσε" "να" "αφορά" "τη" "φυσική" "πρόσβαση" "σε" "ένα" "κτίριο" "·" "τον" "τυχόν" "κλειστό" "αριθμό" "σπουδαστών" "προκειμένου" "να" "είναι" "εφικτός" "ο" "έλεγχός" "τους" "·" "τη" "δυνατότητα" "δανεισμού" "ή" "αγοράς" "βιβλίων" "·" "την" "ικανότητα" "των" "σπουδαστών" "να" "καλύπτουν" "τα" "έξοδα" "διαβιώσεως" "(" "μεταξύ" "πολλών" "άλλων" ")" "."


Input: "Ακολούθως" "," "τα" "σχολεία" "," "τα" "πανεπιστήμια" "και" "τα" "λοιπά" "ιδρύματα" "συχνά" "απονέμουν" "υποτροφίες" "για" "την" "κάλυψη" "των" "διδάκτρων" "των" "εκπαιδευτικών" "προγραμμάτων" "," "των" "εξόδων" "ταξιδίου" "," "όταν" "οι" "σπουδές" "πραγματοποιούνται" "στην" "αλλοδαπή" "," "ή" "των" "δαπανών" "διαβιώσεως" "(" "είτε" "σε" "χρήμα" "είτε" "σε" "είδος" "," "όπως" "η" "δωρεάν" "διαμονή" "ή" "σίτιση" ")" "."


Input: "34" "." "Η" "χρηματοδότηση" "αποτελεί" "ουσιώδη" "πτυχή" "της" "προσβάσεως" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "Ο" "αποκλεισμός" "μιας" "συγκεκριμένης" "εθνοτικής" "ομάδας" "από" "αυτά" "τα" "μέσα" "χρηματοδοτήσεως" "," "ιδίως" "για" "εκπαιδευτικά" "προγράμματα" "των" "οποίων" "τα" "δίδακτρα" "είναι" "πολύ" "υψηλά" "," "σημαίνει" "αποκλεισμό" "της" "ομάδας" "αυτής" "από" "την" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "Τούτο" "διαιωνίζει" "τυχόν" "υφιστάμενες" "διακρίσεις" "σε" "βάρος" "της" "εν" "λόγω" "ομάδας" "."


Input: "Όπως" "εκθέτει" "η" "Επιτροπή" "στην" "πρότασή" "της" "για" "την" "οδηγία" "," "η" "εκπαίδευση" "υψηλής" "ποιότητας" "αποτελεί" "προϋπόθεση" "για" "την" "επιτυχή" "ενσωμάτωση" "στην" "κοινωνία" "και" "για" "τον" "λόγο" "αυτό" "πρέπει" "να" "δίδεται" "προσοχή" "στην" "ίση" "μεταχείριση" "κατά" "τις" "διαδικασίες" "επιλογής" "(" "τουτέστιν" "," "κατά" "την" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" ")" "(" "23" ")" "."


Input: "Μια" "τελολογική" "ερμηνεία" "της" "«" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "»" "συνηγορεί" "σαφώς" "υπέρ" "της" "απόψεως" "ότι" "οι" "πτυχές" "που" "αφορούν" "την" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "εμπίπτουν" "στο" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "οδηγίας" "."


Input: "35" "." "Μια" "ανάλυση" "του" "όρου" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "που" "λαμβάνει" "υπόψη" "της" "το" "γενικότερο" "πλαίσιο" "του" "ενωσιακού" "δικαίου" "οδηγεί" "στο" "ίδιο" "συμπέρασμα" "."


Input: "Το" "δικαίωμα" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "(" "και" "στην" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "επαγγελματική" "κατάρτιση" ")" "καθώς" "και" "η" "προστασία" "από" "δυσμενείς" "διακρίσεις" "για" "λόγους" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "καταγωγής" "αποτελούν" "θεμελιώδη" "δικαιώματα" "που" "αναγνωρίζονται" "στα" "άρθρα" "14" "και" "21" "του" "Χάρτη" "αντιστοίχως" "."


Input: "Κατά" "την" "επιλογή" "του" "τρόπου" "ερμηνείας" "του" "όρου" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "στο" "πλαίσιο" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "," "είναι" "σημαντικό" "να" "συνεκτιμάται" "ότι" "το" "ζήτημα" "βρίσκεται" "στο" "σημείο" "τομής" "δύο" "θεμελιωδών" "δικαιωμάτων" "."


Input: "36" "." "Η" "νομολογία" "του" "Δικαστηρίου" "έχει" "ερμηνεύσει" "ευρύτατα" "την" "έννοια" "της" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "σε" "υποθέσεις" "που" "αφορούν" "την" "ίση" "μεταχείριση" "," "ούτως" "ώστε" "να" "περιλάβει" "πτυχές" "που" "αφορούν" "την" "πρόσβαση" "σε" "αυτήν" "."


Input: "Ενδεικτικώς" "," "επί" "των" "προσφυγών" "που" "άσκησαν" "δύο" "Γερμανοί" "σπουδαστές" "τους" "οποίους" "οι" "Κάτω" "Χώρες" "αρνήθηκαν" "να" "εξομοιώσουν" "με" "τους" "Ολλανδούς" "φοιτητές" "όσον" "αφορά" "τα" "σπουδαστικά" "επιδόματα" "," "το" "Δικαστήριο" "έκρινε" "ότι" "η" "κατά" "το" "άρθρο" "12" "του" "κανονισμού" "(" "ΕΟΚ" ")" "1612" "/" "68" "(" "24" ")" "αρχή" "της" "ίσης" "μεταχειρίσεως" "ως" "προς" "τους" "όρους" "υπό" "τους" "οποίους" "γίνονται" "δεκτά" "στα" "μαθήματα" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "τα" "τέκνα" "των" "διακινουμένων" "εργαζομένων" "δεν" "αφορά" "μόνον" "τους" "κανόνες" "για" "την" "κατά" "κυριολεξία" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "," "αλλά" "και" "τα" "γενικά" "μέτρα" "για" "τη" "διευκόλυνση" "της" "φοιτήσεως" "(" "25" ")" "."


Input: "37" "." "Ομοίως" "," "ερμηνεύοντας" "το" "άρθρο" "7" "της" "Συνθήκης" "ΕΟΚ" "(" "νυν" "άρθρο" "21" "," "παράγραφος" "2" "," "ΣΛΕΕ" ")" "," "το" "Δικαστήριο" "έκρινε" "ότι" "η" "ίση" "μεταχείριση" "," "ως" "προς" "τους" "όρους" "προσβάσεως" "στην" "επαγγελματική" "εκπαίδευση" "," "αφορά" "όχι" "μόνο" "τους" "όρους" "που" "επιβάλλονται" "από" "το" "συγκεκριμένο" "εκπαιδευτικό" "ίδρυμα" "," "όπως" "π.χ" "." "τα" "έξοδα" "εγγραφής" "," "αλλά" "και" "κάθε" "μέτρο" "που" "είναι" "δυνατό" "να" "εμποδίσει" "την" "άσκηση" "του" "δικαιώματος" "αυτού" "," "όπως" "το" "δικαίωμα" "διαμονής" "στο" "κράτος" "μέλος" "εντός" "του" "οποίου" "παρέχονται" "τα" "μαθήματα" "αυτά" "(" "26" ")" "."


Input: "38" "." "Στην" "υπόθεση" "Bidar" "," "το" "Δικαστήριο" "διευκρίνισε" "ότι" "," "κατόπιν" "εισαγωγής" "στη" "Συνθήκη" "ΕΚ" "της" "έννοιας" "της" "ιθαγένειας" "της" "Ένωσης" "και" "της" "προσθήκης" "κεφαλαίου" "αφιερωμένου" "," "μεταξύ" "άλλων" "," "στην" "παιδεία" "και" "την" "επαγγελματική" "εκπαίδευση" "," "η" "περίπτωση" "πολίτη" "της" "Ένωσης" "που" "διαμένει" "νομίμως" "σε" "κράτος" "μέλος" "εμπίπτει" "στο" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "απαγορεύσεως" "κάθε" "δυσμενούς" "διακρίσεως" "λόγω" "ιθαγένειας" "," "όσον" "αφορά" "τη" "χορήγηση" "στους" "σπουδαστές" "οικονομικής" "ενισχύσεως" "," "υπό" "τη" "μορφή" "επιδοτούμενου" "δανείου" "ή" "υποτροφίας" "," "για" "την" "κάλυψη" "των" "δαπανών" "τους" "διαβιώσεως" "."


Input: "Το" "Δικαστήριο" "δεν" "διέκρινε" "μεταξύ" "των" "διαφορετικών" "πτυχών" "της" "προσβάσεως" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "που" "καλύπτονται" "από" "την" "οικονομική" "ενίσχυση" "(" "27" ")" "."


Input: "39" "." "Εξάλλου" "," "όπως" "υποστήριξε" "η" "Επιτροπή" "κατά" "την" "επ" "’" "ακροατηρίου" "συζήτηση" "," "μολονότι" "το" "άρθρο" "165" "ΣΛΕΕ" "που" "προσδιορίζει" "την" "αρμοδιότητα" "της" "Ευρωπαϊκής" "Ένωσης" "στον" "τομέα" "της" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "δεν" "αναφέρεται" "ρητώς" "στη" "χρηματοδότηση" "των" "σπουδών" "," "το" "άρθρο" "αυτό" "αποτέλεσε" "τη" "νομική" "βάση" "για" "τη" "θέσπιση" "του" "προγράμματος" "Erasmus" "+" "," "μεταξύ" "άλλων" "," "τη" "χρηματοδότηση" "της" "μαθησιακής" "κινητικότητας" "των" "ατόμων" "(" "28" ")" "."


Input: "Τούτο" "αντανακλά" "," "κατά" "την" "άποψή" "μου" "," "τη" "σπουδαιότητα" "που" "προσδίδει" "ο" "νομοθέτης" "της" "Ένωσης" "στην" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "ως" "βασική" "πτυχή" "της" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "."


Input: "40" "." "Ωστόσο" "," "προκειμένου" "να" "κρίνω" "αν" "η" "απονομή" "υποτροφίας" "ή" "επιχορηγήσεως" "εμπίπτει" "στο" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "του" "άρθρου" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "ζʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "," "δεν" "θα" "αναζητούσα" "λύση" "στο" "άρθρο" "11" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "βʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2003" "/" "109" "/" "ΕΚ" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "(" "μια" "ιδέα" "που" "διερευνήθηκε" "κατά" "την" "επ" "’" "ακροατηρίου" "συζήτηση" ")" "(" "29" ")" "."


Input: "Η" "εν" "λόγω" "διάταξη" "αφορά" "την" "ίση" "μεταχείριση" "των" "επί" "μακρόν" "διαμενόντων" "με" "τους" "υπηκόους" "του" "κράτους" "μέλους" "υποδοχής" "όσον" "αφορά" "«" "την" "εκπαίδευση" "και" "επαγγελματική" "κατάρτιση" "," "περιλαμβανομένων" "και" "υποτροφιών" "σπουδών" "," "σύμφωνα" "με" "το" "εθνικό" "δίκαιο" "»" "."


Input: "Από" "την" "παραπομπή" "στο" "«" "εθνικό" "δίκαιο" "»" "είναι" "προφανές" "ότι" "η" "ερμηνεία" "της" "συγκεκριμένης" "διατάξεως" "," "στο" "μέτρο" "που" "πρόκειται" "για" "«" "υποτροφία" "σπουδών" "»" "," "δεν" "πρέπει" "να" "πραγματοποιείται" "βάσει" "των" "αρχών" "που" "διέπουν" "τις" "αυτόνομες" "έννοιες" "του" "ενωσιακού" "δικαίου" "(" "βλ" "."


Input: "σημεία" "20" "και" "21" "των" "παρουσών" "προτάσεων" ")" "."


Input: "Υπό" "το" "φως" "των" "ανωτέρω" "εκτιμήσεων" "," "και" "δοθέντος" "του" "διαφορετικού" "προσωπικού" "και" "καθ" "’" "ύλην" "πεδίου" "εφαρμογής" "των" "δύο" "οδηγιών" "," "δεν" "θεωρώ" "σκόπιμο" "να" "λάβω" "υπόψη" "την" "οδηγία" "2003" "/" "109" "για" "την" "ερμηνεία" "του" "όρου" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "στο" "πλαίσιο" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "."


Input: "41" "." "Όσον" "αφορά" "το" "ιστορικό" "θεσπίσεως" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "," "το" "άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "ζʹ" "," "της" "προτάσεως" "οδηγίας" "της" "Επιτροπής" "διευκρίνισε" "ότι" "ο" "όρος" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "πρέπει" "να" "ερμηνεύεται" "«" "συμπεριλαμβανομένων" "των" "επιχορηγήσεων" "και" "υποτροφιών" "," "με" "πλήρη" "σεβασμό" "των" "αρμοδιοτήτων" "των" "κρατών" "μελών" "όσον" "αφορά" "το" "περιεχόμενο" "της" "εκπαίδευσης" "και" "την" "οργάνωση" "των" "εκπαιδευτικών" "συστημάτων" "και" "την" "πολιτιστική" "και" "γλωσσική" "τους" "πολυμορφία" "»" "(" "30" ")" "."


Input: "Ωστόσο" "," "οι" "επεξηγήσεις" "αυτές" "απαλείφθηκαν" "από" "το" "τελικό" "κείμενο" "της" "οδηγίας" "που" "εξέδωσε" "το" "Συμβούλιο" "."


Input: "Το" "Ίδρυμα" "και" "η" "Γερμανική" "Κυβέρνηση" "θεωρούν" "ότι" "αυτό" "καταδεικνύει" "ότι" "ο" "νομοθέτης" "της" "Ένωσης" "σκοπίμως" "επέλεξε" "να" "αποκλείσει" "τις" "επιχορηγήσεις" "και" "τις" "υποτροφίες" "από" "το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "διατάξεως" "αυτής" "."


Input: "42" "." "Δεν" "συμφωνώ" "με" "τη" "συγκεκριμένη" "ερμηνεία" "."


Input: "43" "." "Η" "φράση" "η" "οποία" "παραλείφθηκε" "από" "το" "τελικό" "κείμενο" "αναφερόταν" "επίσης" "στην" "υποχρέωση" "σεβασμού" "των" "αρμοδιοτήτων" "των" "κρατών" "μελών" "όσον" "αφορά" "το" "περιεχόμενο" "της" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "και" "την" "οργάνωση" "των" "εκπαιδευτικών" "συστημάτων" "."


Input: "Η" "φράση" "αυτή" "αναπαράγει" "αυτολεξεί" "το" "άρθρο" "165" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "ΣΛΕΕ" "," "το" "οποίο" "προσδιορίζει" "την" "αρμοδιότητα" "της" "Ένωσης" "στον" "τομέα" "της" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "."


Input: "Μολονότι" "το" "άρθρο" "αυτό" "δεν" "συγκαταλέγεται" "μεταξύ" "των" "διατάξεων" "που" "συνιστούν" "τη" "νομική" "βάση" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "," "το" "καθ" "’" "ύλην" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "εν" "λόγω" "οδηγίας" "κείται" "φυσικά" "εντός" "των" "ορίων" "των" "εξουσιών" "που" "απονέμονται" "στην" "Ένωση" "(" "31" ")" "."


Input: "Συνεπώς" "," "η" "βούληση" "του" "νομοθέτη" "," "όταν" "διέγραψε" "τη" "φράση" "«" "με" "πλήρη" "σεβασμό" "των" "αρμοδιοτήτων" "των" "κρατών" "μελών" "όσον" "αφορά" "το" "περιεχόμενο" "της" "εκπαίδευσης" "και" "την" "οργάνωση" "των" "εκπαιδευτικών" "συστημάτων" "και" "την" "πολιτιστική" "και" "γλωσσική" "τους" "πολυμορφία" "»" "από" "το" "άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "ζʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "," "δεν" "μπορεί" "να" "ήταν" "η" "μεταβολή" "του" "πεδίου" "εφαρμογής" "της" "διατάξεως" "."


Input: "Και" "ενώ" "δεν" "υπάρχει" "καμία" "βεβαιότητα" "ως" "προς" "το" "ποια" "ήταν" "βούληση" "του" "νομοθέτη" "όταν" "διέγραψε" "τη" "φράση" "αυτή" "," "η" "απαλοιφή" "μιας" "ταυτολογίας" "συνιστά" "ασφαλώς" "εύλογη" "εξήγηση" "."


Input: "Η" "διαγραφή" "απλουστεύει" "το" "γράμμα" "της" "διατάξεως" "δίχως" "να" "μεταβάλλει" "το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "," "τονίζοντας" "παράλληλα" "τον" "αυτοτελή" "χαρακτήρα" "των" "όρων" "που" "χρησιμοποιούνται" "," "χάρη" "στη" "διαγραφή" "της" "αναφοράς" "στις" "εξουσίες" "των" "κρατών" "μελών" "."


Input: "Ευλόγως" "," "το" "ίδιο" "συμπέρασμα" "συνάγεται" "και" "όσον" "αφορά" "το" "πρώτο" "τμήμα" "της" "φράσεως" "που" "διαγράφηκε" "," "ήτοι" "«" "συμπεριλαμβανομένων" "των" "επιχορηγήσεων" "και" "υποτροφιών" "»" "."


Input: "Το" "Ίδρυμα" "και" "η" "Γερμανική" "Κυβέρνηση" "υποστηρίζουν" "ότι" "οι" "λέξεις" "αυτές" "διαγράφηκαν" "με" "σκοπό" "να" "περιοριστεί" "το" "εύρος" "του" "ορισμού" "."


Input: "Ωστόσο" "," "θα" "μπορούσε" "κάλλιστα" "να" "ισχύει" "το" "ακριβώς" "αντίθετο" ":" "δηλαδή" "," "η" "διαγραφή" "να" "είχε" "ως" "σκοπό" "να" "διασφαλίσει" "έναν" "ευρύ" "ορισμό" "."


Input: "44" "." "Το" "συμπέρασμα" "αυτό" "δεν" "μεταβάλλεται" "από" "το" "γεγονός" "ότι" "άλλοι" "όροι" "που" "καθορίζουν" "επίσης" "το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "οδηγίας" "(" "του" "άρθρου" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχεία" "αʹ" "έως" "εʹ" "και" "ηʹ" ")" "διευκρινίζονται" "περαιτέρω" "με" "μια" "φράση" "που" "αρχίζει" "με" "τη" "λέξη" "«" "συμπεριλαμβανομένων" "»" "."


Input: "Επίσης" "," "δεν" "με" "πείθει" "το" "επιχείρημα" "ότι" "το" "γεγονός" "ότι" "ο" "επαγγελματικός" "προσανατολισμός" "και" "η" "επαγγελματική" "κατάρτιση" "παρατίθενται" "χωριστά" "," "στο" "άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "βʹ" "," "καταδεικνύει" "την" "πρόθεση" "να" "περιοριστεί" "το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "έννοιας" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "."


Input: "45" "." "Τόσο" "ο" "επαγγελματικός" "προσανατολισμός" "όσο" "και" "η" "επαγγελματική" "κατάρτιση" "συνδέονται" "στενά" "με" "την" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "απασχόληση" "και" "για" "τον" "λόγο" "αυτό" "παρατίθενται" "ακριβώς" "μετά" "από" "αυτήν" "."


Input: "Κατά" "τον" "χρόνο" "κατά" "τον" "οποίο" "," "στο" "πλαίσιο" "της" "Συνθήκης" "ΕΟΚ" "," "η" "έννοια" "της" "επαγγελματικής" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "ήταν" "η" "μόνη" "που" "παρέπεμπε" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "," "το" "Δικαστήριο" "διαπίστωσε" "ότι" "," "κατά" "κανόνα" "," "οι" "πανεπιστημιακές" "σπουδές" "συνιστούν" "«" "επαγγελματική" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "κατά" "την" "έννοια" "του" "άρθρου" "128" "της" "Συνθήκης" "ΕΟΚ" "," "και" "για" "τον" "λόγο" "αυτό" "το" "πρόσθετο" "τέλος" "εγγραφής" "που" "επιβάλλεται" "στους" "φοιτητές" "που" "είναι" "υπήκοοι" "άλλων" "κρατών" "μελών" "συνιστά" "δυσμενή" "διάκριση" "λόγω" "ιθαγενείας" "απαγορευόμενη" "από" "το" "άρθρο" "7" "της" "Συνθήκης" "ΕΟΚ" "."


Input: "Είναι" "σαφές" "ότι" "στην" "υπόθεση" "εκείνη" "το" "Δικαστήριο" "ερμήνευσε" "ευρέως" "και" "τελολογικώς" "τον" "όρο" "«" "επαγγελματική" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "με" "σκοπό" "να" "απαγορεύσει" "κάθε" "άνιση" "μεταχείριση" "λόγω" "ιθαγενείας" "στο" "πεδίο" "της" "πανεπιστημιακής" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "."


Input: "Η" "εν" "λόγω" "υπόθεση" "παρουσιάζει" "κάποια" "αναλογία" "με" "την" "υπό" "κρίση" "," "καθό" "μέτρο" "πρέπει" "να" "χρησιμοποιηθούν" "οι" "ίδιες" "μέθοδοι" "ερμηνείας" "προκειμένου" "να" "επιτευχθεί" "ευρύτερη" "εφαρμογή" "του" "υπό" "εξέταση" "κανόνα" "δικαίου" "(" "32" ")" "."


Input: "46" "." "Κατά" "την" "επ" "’" "ακροατηρίου" "συζήτηση" "," "η" "Επιτροπή" "υποστήριξε" "ότι" "η" "απονομή" "υποτροφιών" "μπορεί" "επίσης" "να" "εμπίπτει" "στο" "άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "στʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "(" "κοινωνικές" "παροχές" ")" "."


Input: "Το" "ζήτημα" "αυτό" "ενδέχεται" "να" "είναι" "σημαντικό" "," "αν" "τελικώς" "το" "Δικαστήριο" "κρίνει" "ότι" "η" "απονομή" "υποτροφιών" "δεν" "περιλαμβάνεται" "στο" "περιεχόμενο" "του" "όρου" "εκπαίδευση" "."


Input: "47" "." "Η" "πρόταση" "της" "Επιτροπής" "προβλέπει" "ότι" "τα" "κοινωνικά" "προνόμια" "είναι" "παροχές" "οικονομικής" "ή" "πολιτιστικής" "φύσεως" "," "όπως" "η" "επιδότηση" "των" "εισιτηρίων" "στις" "δημόσιες" "μεταφορές" "και" "τα" "επιδοτούμενα" "γεύματα" "σε" "σχολεία" "για" "παιδιά" "οικογενειών" "με" "χαμηλά" "εισοδήματα" "(" "33" ")" "."


Input: "Το" "Δικαστήριο" "έχει" "κρίνει" "ότι" "ενίσχυση" "που" "χορηγείται" "για" "τη" "διαβίωση" "και" "την" "εκπαίδευση" "με" "σκοπό" "την" "πραγματοποίηση" "πανεπιστημιακών" "σπουδών" "για" "την" "απόκτηση" "επαγγελματικών" "προσόντων" "αποτελεί" "κοινωνικό" "πλεονέκτημα" "κατά" "την" "έννοια" "του" "άρθρου" "7" "," "παράγραφος" "2" "," "του" "κανονισμού" "1612" "/" "68" "(" "34" ")" "."


Input: "Είμαι" "της" "γνώμης" "ότι" "κρίση" "αυτή" "αφορά" "την" "«" "οριζόντια" "»" "χρηματοδότηση" "σπουδών" "–" "τουτέστιν" "," "αυτή" "που" "χορηγείται" "σε" "όλους" "με" "βάση" "κριτήρια" "που" "αφορούν" "," "για" "παράδειγμα" "," "το" "εισόδημα" "ή" "την" "επαγγελματική" "κατάσταση" "των" "σπουδαστών" "ή" "των" "γονέων" "τους" "."


Input: "Θεωρώ" "ότι" "οι" "περιπτώσεις" "αυτές" "συνδέονται" "εξίσου" "με" "την" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "και" "συνιστούν" "ταυτοχρόνως" "«" "κοινωνικό" "προνόμιο" "»" "."


Input: "Τούτο" "σημαίνει" "ότι" "δεν" "μπορεί" "να" "αποκλειστεί" "ότι" "τα" "πεδία" "εφαρμογής" "των" "δύο" "διατάξεων" "αλληλεπικαλύπτονται" "."


Input: "Ωστόσο" "," "όταν" "η" "χρηματοδότηση" "χορηγείται" "σε" "περιορισμένο" "αριθμό" "φοιτητών" "σύμφωνα" "με" "κριτήρια" "που" "σχετίζονται" "με" "τις" "ακαδημαϊκές" "τους" "επιδόσεις" "ή" "άλλα" "προσόντα" "(" "όπως" "φαίνεται" "να" "συμβαίνει" "στην" "υπόθεση" "της" "κύριας" "δίκης" ")" "," "φρονώ" "ότι" "πρέπει" "να" "θεωρηθεί" "ότι" "περιλαμβάνεται" "στο" "περιεχόμενο" "του" "όρου" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "."


Input: "48" "." "Από" "τα" "προεκτεθέντα" "συνάγεται" "ότι" "ο" "όρος" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "στο" "πλαίσιο" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "πρέπει" "να" "ερμηνεύεται" "ευρέως" "και" "ότι" "περιλαμβάνει" "πτυχές" "που" "αφορούν" "την" "πρόσβαση" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "," "όπως" "η" "χρηματοδότηση" "υπό" "τη" "μορφή" "υποτροφίας" "."


Input: "Πάντως" "," "πρέπει" "να" "υπάρχει" "πραγματικός" "δεσμός" "μεταξύ" "χρηματοδοτήσεως" "και" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "."


Input: "Μεταξύ" "υποτροφίας" "και" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "υφίσταται" "τέτοιος" "δεσμός" "όταν" "η" "υποτροφία" "καλύπτει" "," "για" "παράδειγμα" "," "τα" "έξοδα" "εγγραφής" "και" "τα" "δίδακτρα" "," "τα" "έξοδα" "ταξιδίου" "για" "σπουδές" "που" "πραγματοποιούνται" "στην" "αλλοδαπή" "," "ή" "τις" "δαπάνες" "διαβιώσεως" "," "όταν" "ο" "σκοπός" "είναι" "η" "παροχή" "της" "δυνατότητας" "στους" "σπουδαστές" "να" "παρακολουθήσουν" "τις" "σπουδές" "τους" "(" "35" ")" "."


Input: "Στο" "αιτούν" "δικαστήριο" "απόκειται" "να" "αποσαφηνίσει" "τις" "εν" "λόγω" "πτυχές" "."


Input: "49" "." "Κατόπιν" "αυτού" "," "καταλήγω" "ότι" "ο" "όρος" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "κατά" "την" "έννοια" "του" "άρθρου" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "ζʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "καλύπτει" "την" "απονομή" "υποτροφιών" "με" "σκοπό" "την" "προώθηση" "σχεδίων" "ερευνών" "και" "σπουδών" "στην" "αλλοδαπή" "."


Input: "Στο" "εθνικό" "δικαστήριο" "εναπόκειται" "να" "εξακριβώσει" "αν" "υφίσταται" "πραγματικός" "δεσμός" "μεταξύ" "της" "χορηγούμενης" "χρηματοδοτήσεως" "και" "της" "«" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "»" "."


Input: "Πρόταση"


Input: "50" "." "Υπό" "το" "φως" "όλων" "των" "ανωτέρω" "εκτιμήσεων" "," "προτείνω" "στο" "Δικαστήριο" "να" "δώσει" "στο" "ερώτημα" "που" "υπέβαλε" "το" "Bundesverwaltungsgericht" "(" "Ανώτατο" "Ομοσπονδιακό" "Δικαστήριο" "," "Γερμανία" ")" "την" "ακόλουθη" "απάντηση" ":"


Input: "Ο" "όρος" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "κατά" "την" "έννοια" "του" "άρθρου" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "ζʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "/" "ΕΚ" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "29ης" "Ιουνίου" "2000" "," "περί" "εφαρμογής" "της" "αρχής" "της" "ίσης" "μεταχείρισης" "προσώπων" "ασχέτως" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "τους" "καταγωγής" "," "καλύπτει" "την" "απονομή" "υποτροφιών" "με" "σκοπό" "την" "προώθηση" "σχεδίων" "ερευνών" "και" "σπουδών" "στην" "αλλοδαπή" "."


Input: "Στο" "εθνικό" "δικαστήριο" "εναπόκειται" "να" "εξακριβώσει" "αν" "υφίσταται" "πραγματικός" "δεσμός" "μεταξύ" "της" "χορηγούμενης" "χρηματοδοτήσεως" "και" "της" "«" "εκπαιδεύσεως" "»" "."


Input: "1" "Γλώσσα" "του" "πρωτοτύπου" ":" "η" "αγγλική" "."


Input: "2" "Αριστοτέλης" "," "Πολιτικά" "," "Βιβλίο" "Θʹ" "," "1337a" "10" "-" "11" "," "35" "-" "36" "."


Input: "3" "Άρθρο" "14" "του" "Χάρτη" "των" "Θεμελιωδών" "Δικαιωμάτων" "της" "Ευρωπαϊκής" "Ένωσης" "(" "ΕΕ" "2016" "," "C" "202" "," "σ" "." "393" ")" "(" "στο" "εξής" ":" "Χάρτης" ")" "."


Input: "4" "Οδηγία" "της" "29ης" "Ιουνίου" "2000" "," "περί" "εφαρμογής" "της" "αρχής" "της" "ίσης" "μεταχείρισης" "προσώπων" "ασχέτως" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "τους" "καταγωγής" "(" "ΕΕ" "2000" "," "L" "180" "," "σ" "." "22" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "5" "Άρθρο" "1" "."


Input: "6" "Καταστατικός" "σκοπός" "του" "Ιδρύματος" "είναι" "να" "προωθεί" "την" "πανεπιστημιακή" "εκπαίδευση" "των" "νέων" "των" "οποίων" "τα" "υψηλά" "επιστημονικά" "ή" "καλλιτεχνικά" "προσόντα" "και" "η" "προσωπικότητά" "τους" "δημιουργούν" "προσδοκίες" "ιδιαίτερων" "επιτευγμάτων" "προς" "το" "συμφέρον" "του" "κοινωνικού" "συνόλου" "."


Input: "Σκοπός" "δε" "του" "προγράμματος" "«" "Bucerius-Jura" "»" "είναι" "να" "παρέχει" "σε" "όσους" "έχουν" "ολοκληρώσει" "νομικές" "σπουδές" "στη" "Γερμανία" "και" "διαθέτουν" "ιδιαίτερα" "προσόντα" "τη" "δυνατότητα" "να" "γνωρίσουν" "αλλοδαπά" "συστήματα" "δικαίου" "και" "γλώσσες" "καθώς" "και" "να" "αποκτήσουν" "εμπειρία" "διαμονής" "στην" "αλλοδαπή" "."


Input: "7" "Βλ" "." "," "συναφώς" "," "απόφαση" "της" "2ας" "Μαρτίου" "2017" "," "J" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-PERSON" "B-PERSON" "B-PERSON" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "D" "(" "C" "-" "4" "/" "16" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2017" ":" "153" "," "σκέψεις" "23" "και" "24" "και" "εκεί" "παρατιθέμενη" "νομολογία" ")" "."


Input: "8" "Απόφαση" "της" "3ης" "Σεπτεμβρίου" "2014" "," "Deckmyn" "και" "Vrijheidsfonds" "(" "C" "-" "201" "/" "13" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2014" ":" "2132" "," "σκέψη" "19" "και" "εκεί" "παρατιθέμενη" "νομολογία" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "9" "Ο" "ορισμός" "αυτός" "ανευρίσκεται" "στο" "σχετικό" "λήμμα" "του" "Collins" "English" "Dictionary" "."


Input: "Αντιστοίχως" "," "στο" "Oxford" "English" "Dictionary" "," "ως" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "νοείται" "«" "η" "διαδικασία" "κατά" "την" "οποία" "παρέχεται" "ή" "λαμβάνεται" "συστηματική" "διδασκαλία" "," "ιδίως" "σε" "σχολείο" "ή" "Πανεπιστήμιο" "»" "."


Input: "Οι" "δύο" "ορισμοί" "αντιστοιχούν" "," "συνολικώς" "," "στο" "σύνηθες" "νόημα" "της" "λέξεως" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "."


Input: "10" "Στη" "γαλλική" "γλώσσα" "," "ο" "ορισμός" "της" "έννοιας" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "που" "δίνει" "το" "λεξικό" "Petit" "Robert" "μου" "φαίνεται" "ακόμη" "πιο" "ευρύς" ":" "«" "mise" "en" "œuvre" "des" "moyens" "propres" "à" "assurer" "la" "formation" "et" "le" "développement" "d" "’" "un" "être" "humain" "»" "."


Input: "Στη" "γερμανική" "γλώσσα" "," "αντιστοίχως" "," "η" "εν" "λόγω" "έννοια" "προσεγγίζεται" "με" "όρους" "διαδικασίας" "," "καθώς" "υπό" "το" "λήμμα" "«" "Bildung" "»" "το" "Duden" "–" "Deutsches" "Universalwörterbuch" "αναφέρει" ":" "«" "a" ")" "das" "Bilden" "(" "5" ")" "," "Erziehung" ":" "die" "B" "."


Input: "der" "Jugend" ";"


Input: "mehr" "für" "die" "B" "."


Input: "tun" "·" "b" ")" "das" "Gebildetsein" "·" "das" "Ausgebildetsein" "·" "erworbenes" "Allgemeinwissen" ":" "eine" "wissenschaftliche" "," "künstlerische" "," "humanistische" "B" "." "·" "seine" "B" "."


Input: "vervollständigen" "," "vertiefen" "·" "eine" "umfassende" "B" "."


Input: "besitzen" "·" "eine" "vorzügliche" "B" "."


Input: "erhalten" "·" "ein" "Mann" "von" "B" "."


Input: "(" "ein" "gebildeter" "Mann" ")" "·" "das" "gehört" "zur" "allgemeinen" "B" "."


Input: "(" "das" "sollte" "jeder" "Gebildete" "wissen" ")" "·" "c" ")" "(" "seltener" ")" "gutes" "Benehmen" ":" "sie" "hat" "keine" "B" "."


Input: "(" "weiß" "nicht" "," "was" "sich" "schickt" ")" "»" "."


Input: "Από" "ετυμολογικής" "απόψεως" "," "η" "μελέτη" "των" "διαφορετικών" "γλωσσικών" "αποδόσεων" "της" "οδηγίας" "καταδεικνύει" "ότι" "σε" "επτά" "από" "αυτές" "τις" "αποδόσεις" "(" "και" "συγκεκριμένα" "," "στην" "αγγλική" ":" "«" "education" "»" "," "στη" "γαλλική" ":" "«" "éducation" "»" "," "στη" "μαλτεζική" ":" "«" "edukazzjoni" "»" "," "στην" "πολωνική" ":" "«" "edukacji" "»" "," "στην" "πορτογαλική" ":" "«" "educação" "»" "," "στη" "ρουμανική" ":" "«" "educația" "»" "," "και" "στην" "ισπανική" ":" "«" "educación" "»" ")" "χρησιμοποιείται" "παράγωγο" "λέξεως" "από" "το" "λατινικό" "ρήμα" "«" "educare" "»" "το" "οποίο" "σημαίνει" "«" "αναθρέφω" "," "διαπλάττω" "," "παιδαγωγώ" "»" "," "και" "τα" "σχετικά" "με" "το" "ρήμα" "«" "educere" "»" "το" "οποίο" "μεταξύ" "άλλων" "έχει" "την" "έννοια" "του" "«" "εξάγω" "," "άγω" "»" "."


Input: "11" "Η" "Διεθνής" "Τυποποιημένη" "Ταξινόμηση" "της" "Εκπαιδεύσεως" "είναι" "το" "κείμενο" "αναφοράς" "για" "τη" "διεθνή" "ταξινόμηση" "της" "οργανώσεως" "εκπαιδευτικών" "προγραμμάτων" "και" "συναφών" "προσόντων" "ανά" "επίπεδο" "και" "πεδίο" "που" "προτείνονται" "από" "τον" "Εκπαιδευτικό" "," "Επιστημονικό" "και" "Πολιτιστικό" "Οργανισμό" "των" "Ηνωμένων" "Εθνών" "(" "UNESCO" ")" "."


Input: "Ο" "ορισμός" "αυτός" "αναπαράγεται" "εν" "μέρει" "στον" "ορισμό" "της" "έννοιας" "«" "εκπαίδευση" "»" "του" "άρθρου" "2" "," "στοιχείο" "δʹ" "," "του" "κανονισμού" "(" "ΕΚ" ")" "452" "/" "2008" "του" "Ευρωπαϊκού" "Κοινοβουλίου" "και" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "23ης" "Απριλίου" "2008" "," "σχετικά" "με" "την" "παραγωγή" "και" "την" "ανάπτυξη" "στατιστικών" "για" "την" "εκπαίδευση" "και" "τη" "διά" "βίου" "μάθηση" "(" "ΕΕ" "2008" "," "L" "145" "," "σ" "." "227" ")" "."


Input: "12" "Ο" "κανονισμός" "(" "ΕΕ" ")" "1288" "/" "2013" "του" "Ευρωπαϊκού" "Κοινοβουλίου" "και" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "11ης" "Δεκεμβρίου" "2013" "," "για" "τη" "θέσπιση" "του" "προγράμματος" "«" "Erasmus" "+" "»" ":" "το" "πρόγραμμα" "της" "Ένωσης" "για" "την" "εκπαίδευση" "," "την" "κατάρτιση" "," "τη" "νεολαία" "και" "τον" "αθλητισμό" "και" "για" "την" "κατάργηση" "των" "αποφάσεων" "1719" "/" "2006" "/" "ΕΚ" "," "1720" "/" "2006" "/" "ΕΚ" "και" "1298" "/" "2008" "/" "ΕΚ" "(" "ΕΕ" "2013" "," "L" "347" "," "σ" "." "50" ")" "," "ορίζει" "ως" "«" "διά" "βίου" "μάθηση" "»" "«" "όλα" "τα" "είδη" "γενικής" "εκπαίδευσης" "," "επαγγελματικής" "εκπαίδευσης" "και" "κατάρτισης" "," "μη" "τυπικής" "μάθησης" "και" "άτυπης" "μάθησης" "που" "πραγματοποιούνται" "σε" "όλη" "τη" "διάρκεια" "του" "βίου" "και" "έχουν" "ως" "αποτέλεσμα" "τη" "βελτίωση" "των" "γνώσεων" "," "των" "δεξιοτήτων" "και" "των" "ικανοτήτων" "ή" "της" "συμμετοχής" "στην" "κοινωνία" "σε" "μια" "προσωπική" "προοπτική" "," "προοπτική" "του" "πολίτη" "," "πολιτιστική" "προοπτική" "," "κοινωνική" "προοπτική" "ή" "/" "και" "προοπτική" "σχετική" "με" "την" "απασχόληση" "," "συμπεριλαμβανομένης" "της" "παροχής" "υπηρεσιών" "προσανατολισμού" "και" "συμβουλευτικής" "»" "."


Input: "13" "Άρθρο" "1" "."


Input: "14" "Απόφαση" "της" "16ης" "Ιουλίου" "2015" "," "CHEZ" "Razpredelenie" "Bulgaria" "(" "C" "-" "83" "/" "14" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2015" ":" "480" "," "σκέψεις" "58" "και" "72" "και" "εκεί" "παρατιθέμενη" "νομολογία" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "15" "Αιτιολογική" "σκέψη" "3" "."


Input: "16" "Βλ" "." "," "επίσης" "," "απόφαση" "της" "16ης" "Ιουλίου" "2015" "," "CHEZ" "Razpredelenie" "Bulgaria" "(" "C" "‑" "83" "/" "14" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2015" ":" "480" "," "σκέψη" "74" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "17" "Άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "και" "αιτιολογική" "σκέψη" "16" "."


Input: "Η" "παρεχόμενη" "προστασία" "εκτείνεται" "," "όπου" "αυτό" "προσήκει" "," "στα" "νομικά" "πρόσωπα" "όταν" "υφίστανται" "διάκριση" "λόγω" "της" "φυλετικής" "ή" "εθνοτικής" "καταγωγής" "των" "μελών" "τους" "."


Input: "18" "Άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1"


Input: "19" "Βλ" "."


Input: "αιτιολογική" "σκέψη" "12" "της" "οδηγίας" "και" "απόφαση" "της" "12ης" "Μαΐου" "2011" "," "Runevič-Vardyn" "και" "Wardyn" "(" "C" "-" "391" "/" "09" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2011" ":" "291" "," "σκέψεις" "41" "και" "42" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Επ" "’" "αυτού" "," "το" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "είναι" "ευρύτερο" "από" "αυτό" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "78" "/" "ΕΚ" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "27ης" "Νοεμβρίου" "2000" "," "για" "τη" "διαμόρφωση" "γενικού" "πλαισίου" "για" "την" "ίση" "μεταχείριση" "στην" "απασχόληση" "και" "την" "εργασία" "(" "ΕΕ" "2000" "," "L" "303" "," "σ" ".16" ")" "."


Input: "20" "Απόφαση" "της" "16ης" "Ιουλίου" "2015" "," "CHEZ" "Razpredelenie" "Bulgaria" "(" "C" "-" "83" "/" "14" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2015" ":" "480" "," "σκέψη" "42" "και" "εκεί" "παρατιθέμενη" "νομολογία" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "21" "Βλ" "."


Input: "συναφώς" "," "όσον" "αφορά" "την" "πρόσβαση" "σε" "αγαθά" "(" "άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "στοιχείο" "ηʹ" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" ")" "," "απόφαση" "της" "16ης" "Ιουλίου" "2015" "," "CHEZ" "Razpredelenie" "Bulgaria" "(" "C" "-" "83" "/" "14" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2015" ":" "480" "," "σκέψη" "43" ")" "."


Input: "22" "Στο" "σημείο" "αυτό" "," "διακόπτω" "τον" "συλλογισμό" "μου" "για" "να" "επισημάνω" "ότι" "οι" "διακρίσεις" "στην" "εκπαίδευση" "για" "φυλετικούς" "ή" "εθνοτικούς" "λόγους" "ήταν" "ο" "κανόνας" "στο" "καθεστώς" "φυλετικών" "διακρίσεων" "της" "Νότιας" "Αφρικής" "·" "και" "ότι" "οι" "γυναίκες" "," "παρόλο" "που" "υποβάλλονταν" "στις" "ίδιες" "ακριβώς" "εξετάσεις" "με" "τους" "άνδρες" "συμφοιτητές" "τους" "," "δεν" "μπορούσαν" "να" "αποκτήσουν" "πτυχίο" "από" "το" "Πανεπιστήμιο" "του" "Cambridge" "μέχρι" "τον" "Δεκέμβριο" "του" "1947" "."


Input: "23" "Πρόταση" "οδηγίας" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "περί" "της" "εφαρμογής" "της" "αρχής" "της" "ίσης" "μεταχείρισης" "προσώπων" "ανεξάρτητα" "από" "τη" "φυλετική" "ή" "εθν" "[" "οτ" "]" "ική" "τους" "καταγωγή" "," "COM" "(" "1999" ")" "566" "τελικό" "(" "στο" "εξής" ":" "πρόταση" "της" "Επιτροπής" ")" "," "σ" "." "5" "."


Input: "24" "Ο" "κανονισμός" "(" "ΕΟΚ" ")" "1612" "/" "68" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "15ης" "Οκτωβρίου" "1968" "," "περί" "της" "ελεύθερης" "κυκλοφορίας" "των" "εργαζομένων" "στο" "εσωτερικό" "της" "Κοινότητας" "(" "ΕΕ" "ειδ" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "έκδ" "."


Input: "05" "/" "001" "," "σ" "." "33" ")" "," "καταργήθηκε" "με" "τον" "κανονισμό" "(" "ΕΕ" ")" "492" "/" "2011" "του" "Ευρωπαϊκού" "Κοινοβουλίου" "και" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "5ης" "Απριλίου" "2011" "," "που" "αφορά" "την" "ελεύθερη" "κυκλοφορία" "των" "εργαζομένων" "στο" "εσωτερικό" "της" "Ένωσης" "(" "ΕΕ" "2011" "," "L" "141" "," "σ" "." "1" ")" "."


Input: "Σημειωτέον" "ότι" "η" "Επιτροπή" "εμπνεύστηκε" "από" "τον" "κανονισμό" "αυτό" "προκειμένου" "να" "εξηγήσει" "ορισμένες" "από" "τις" "έννοιες" "που" "χρησιμοποιούνται" "στην" "οδηγία" "2000" "/" "43" "·" "πρόταση" "της" "Επιτροπής" "," "σ" "." "7" "."


Input: "25" "Βλ" "."


Input: "απόφαση" "της" "15ης" "Μαρτίου" "1989" "," "Echternach" "και" "Moritz" "(" "389" "/" "87" "και" "390" "/" "87" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "1989" ":" "130" "," "σκέψη" "33" ")" "."

"O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Σε" "προηγούμενη" "υπόθεση" "," "αφορώσα" "επίσης" "το" "άρθρο" "12" "του" "κανονισμού" "1612" "/" "68" "," "το" "Δικαστήριο" "έκρινε" "," "με" "την" "απόφαση" "της" "3ης" "Ιουλίου" "1974" "," "Casagrande" "(" "9" "/" "74" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "1974" ":" "74" "," "σκέψη" "4" ")" "," "ότι" "«" "[" "π" "]" "ροϋπόθεση" "της" "ενσωμάτωσης" "αυτής" "," "στην" "περίπτωση" "τέκνου" "αλλοδαπού" "εργαζομένου" "που" "επιθυμεί" "να" "φοιτήσει" "στη" "μέση" "εκπαίδευση" "," "είναι" "να" "μπορεί" "το" "τέκνο" "αυτό" "να" "απολαμβάνει" "τα" "προνόμια" "[" "…" "]"


Input: "για" "την" "ενθάρρυνση" "της" "μόρφωσης" "υπό" "τους" "ίδιους" "όρους" "που" "ισχύουν" "και" "για" "τους" "ημεδαπούς" "που" "βρίσκονται" "σε" "όμοια" "κατάσταση" "»" "."


Input: "26" "Απόφαση" "της" "26ης" "Φεβρουαρίου" "1992" "," "Raulin" "(" "C" "-" "357" "/" "89" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "1992" ":" "87" "," "σκέψη" "34" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "27" "Απόφαση" "της" "15ης" "Μαρτίου" "2005" "(" "C" "-" "209" "/" "03" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2005" ":" "169" "," "σκέψεις" "39" "έως" "42" ")" "."

"O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Η" "εν" "λόγω" "απόφαση" "σηματοδοτεί" "εξέλιξη" "της" "νομολογίας" "," "καθώς" "στο" "παρελθόν" "το" "Δικαστήριο" "είχε" "κρίνει" "ότι" "," "κατά" "το" "(" "τότε" ")" "στάδιο" "της" "εξελίξεως" "του" "κοινοτικού" "δικαίου" "," "η" "εκπαίδευση" "και" "η" "υποτροφία" "που" "χορηγούνταν" "στους" "σπουδαστές" "για" "την" "κάλυψη" "των" "εξόδων" "διατροφής" "και" "εκπαιδεύσεώς" "τους" "δεν" "ενέπιπταν" "καταρχήν" "στο" "πεδίο" "αρμοδιοτήτων" "της" "ΕΟΚ" "·" "βλ" "."


Input: "απόφαση" "της" "21ης" "Ιουνίου" "1988" "," "Lair" "(" "39" "/" "86" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "1988" ":" "322" "," "σκέψη" "15" ")" "."

"O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "28" "Κανονισμός" "(" "ΕΕ" ")" "1288" "/" "2013" "."


Input: "29" "Οδηγία" "του" "Συμβουλίου" "," "της" "25ης" "Νοεμβρίου" "2003" "," "σχετικά" "με" "το" "καθεστώς" "υπηκόων" "τρίτων" "χωρών" "οι" "οποίοι" "είναι" "επί" "μακρόν" "διαμένοντες" "(" "ΕΕ" "2004" "," "L" "16" "," "σ" "." "44" ")" "."


Input: "30" "Πρόταση" "της" "Επιτροπής" "," "σ" "." "8" "."


Input: "31" "Άρθρο" "3" "," "παράγραφος" "1" "," "της" "οδηγίας" "."


Input: "32" "Βλ" "."


Input: "απόφαση" "της" "2ας" "Φεβρουαρίου" "1988" "," "Blaizot" "κ.λπ" "." "(" "24" "/" "86" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "1988" ":" "43" "," "σκέψεις" "10" "έως" "24" "," "ιδίως" "19" "," "20" "και" "24" ")" "."

"O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "33" "Πρόταση" "της" "Επιτροπής" "," "σ" "." "7" "."


Input: "34" "Βλ" "."


Input: "απόφαση" "της" "15ης" "Δεκεμβρίου" "2016" "," "Depesme" "κ.λπ" "." "(" "C" "-" "401" "/" "15" "έως" "C" "-" "403" "/" "15" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2016" ":" "955" "," "σκέψη" "38" "και" "εκεί" "παρατιθέμενη" "νομολογία" ")" "."

"O" "O" "B-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Η" "πρόταση" "της" "Επιτροπής" "ρητώς" "αναφέρει" "ότι" "εμπνέεται" "(" "βλ" "."


Input: "σ" "." "7" ")" "από" "τον" "κανονισμό" "1612" "/" "68" "όσον" "αφορά" "τον" "όρο" "«" "κοινωνικά" "προνόμια" "»" "."


Input: "35" "Επ" "’" "αυτού" "," "είμαι" "της" "γνώμης" "ότι" "σαφέστατα" "το" "δίκαιο" "της" "Ένωσης" "έχει" "εξελιχθεί" "από" "τότε" "που" "το" "Δικαστήριο" "," "με" "την" "απόφαση" "της" "21ης" "Ιουνίου" "1988" "," "Brown" "(" "197" "/" "86" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "1988" ":" "323" "," "σκέψη" "18" ")" "," "έκρινε" "ότι" "«" "κατά" "το" "παρόν" "στάδιο" "της" "εξελίξεως" "του" "κοινοτικού" "δικαίου" "η" "υποτροφία" "που" "χορηγείται" "στους" "σπουδαστές" "για" "την" "κάλυψη" "των" "εξόδων" "φοιτήσεως" "και" "διατροφής" "τους" "δεν" "εμπίπτει" "καταρχήν" "στο" "πεδίο" "εφαρμογής" "της" "Συνθήκης" "ΕΟΚ" "σε" "σχέση" "με" "το" "άρθρο" "7" "»" "."


Input: "Βλ" "."


Input: "απόφαση" "της" "15ης" "Μαρτίου" "2005" "," "Bidar" "(" "C" "-" "209" "/" "03" "," "EU" ":" "C" ":" "2005" ":" "169" "," "σκέψεις" "39" "έως" "42" ")" "," "μνημονευόμενη" "στο" "σημείο" "38" "των" "παρουσών" "προτάσεων" "."

"O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Τούτο" "ισχύει" "," "κατά" "μείζονα" "λόγο" "," "στο" "πλαίσιο" "της" "οδηγίας" "2000" "/" "43" "," "λαμβανομένου" "υπόψη" "του" "σκοπού" "και" "της" "οικονομίας" "της" "οδηγίας" "," "όπως" "αναλύονται" "στα" "σημεία" "24" "επ" "."


Input: "των" "παρουσών" "προτάσεων" "."


Input: "OPINION" "OF" "ADVOCATE" "GENERAL" "WAHL" "delivered" "on" "11" "September" "2018" "(" "1" ")" "Case" "C" "‑" "378" "/" "17" "The" "Minister" "for" "Justice" "and" "Equality" "," "The" "Commissioner" "of" "An" "Garda" "Síochána" "The" "Workplace" "Relations" "Commission" ";" "notice" "parties" ":" "Ronald" "Boyle" "," "Brian" "Fitzpatrick" "," "Gerard" "Cotter" "(" "Request" "for" "a" "preliminary" "ruling" "from" "the" "Supreme" "Court" "(" "Ireland" ")" ")" "(" "Request" "for" "a" "preliminary" "ruling" "—" "A" "rule" "dividing" "jurisdiction" "between" "two" "bodies" "in" "specific" "cases" "on" "the" "basis" "of" "the" "nature" "of" "the" "complaint" "made" "—" "Complaints" "of" "discrimination" "in" "the" "context" "of" "employment" "—" "Limited" "jurisdiction" "of" "a" "statutory" "body" "—" "No" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "cases" "requiring" "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "in" "conflict" "with" "EU" "law" "—" "Primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "—" "Full" "effectiveness" "—" "Procedural" "autonomy" "of" "Member" "States" "—" "Equivalence" "and" "effectiveness" ")" "1" "."


Input: "Where" "do" "the" "limits" "of" "the" "procedural" "autonomy" "of" "Member" "States" "lie" "?"


Input: "Or" "more" "specifically" ":" "to" "what" "extent" "does" "the" "principle" "of" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "circumscribe" "the" "possibility" "for" "Member" "States" "to" "apply" "(" "constitutional" ")" "rules" "concerning" "the" "attribution" "of" "jurisdiction" "in" "a" "particular" "field" "of" "law" "?"


Input: "That" "is" "," "in" "essence" "," "the" "question" "put" "to" "the" "Court" "by" "the" "Supreme" "Court" "of" "Ireland" "in" "this" "case" "." "2" "."


Input: "More" "concretely" "at" "issue" "is" "the" "compatibility" "with" "the" "principle" "of" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "of" "a" "rule" "dividing" "jurisdiction" "in" "specific" "cases" "between" "the" "High" "Court" "and" "a" "statutory" "body" "," "the" "Workplace" "Relations" "Commission" "(" "‘" "the" "WRC" "’" ")" "." "3" "."


Input: "The" "competent" "body" "to" "hear" "a" "case" "depends" "on" "the" "nature" "of" "the" "complaint" "put" "forward" "."


Input: "While" "the" "WRC" "generally" "enjoys" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "complaints" "in" "employment" "equality" "matters" "based" "on" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "/" "EC" "(" "2" ")" "and" "the" "national" "legislation" "transposing" "that" "directive" "," "that" "body" "has" "no" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "cases" "where" "a" "successful" "outcome" "of" "the" "complaint" "would" "require" "disapplication" "of" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "(" "primary" "or" "secondary" ")" "legislation" "."


Input: "Because" "of" "that" "rule" "," "the" "WRC" "has" "no" "jurisdiction" "to" "consider" "whether" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "is" "in" "breach" "of" "EU" "employment" "equality" "legislation" "."


Input: "Instead" "," "the" "competent" "body" "for" "seeking" "redress" "for" "discrimination" "in" "cases" "requiring" "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "law" "is" "the" "High" "Court" "." "4" "."


Input: "The" "question" "put" "to" "the" "Court" "in" "this" "case" "requires" "consideration" "of" "the" "very" "rationale" "underlying" "the" "line" "of" "case-law" "devolving" "from" "the" "Court" "’" "s" "seminal" "judgment" "in" "Simmenthal" "." "(" "3" ")" "It" "invites" "the" "Court" "to" "examine" "whether" "the" "constitutional" "principle" "of" "primacy" "," "and" "by" "extension" "," "the" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "," "requires" "that" "a" "body" "such" "as" "the" "WRC" "must" "have" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "cases" "potentially" "involving" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "," "even" "though" "there" "is" "an" "alternative" "course" "of" "action" "available" "that" "," "according" "to" "the" "determinations" "made" "by" "the" "referring" "court" "," "complies" "with" "the" "principles" "of" "equivalence" "and" "effectiveness" "."


Input: "I" "."


Input: "Legal" "framework" "A" "."


Input: "EU" "Law" "5" "."


Input: "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "lays" "down" "rules" "regarding" "equal" "treatment" "in" "the" "context" "of" "employment" "and" "occupation" "."


Input: "In" "accordance" "with" "Article" "1" "thereof" "," "it" "seeks" "to" "combat" "discrimination" "and" "to" "put" "into" "effect" "the" "principle" "of" "equal" "treatment" "in" "the" "Member" "States" "." "6" "."


Input: "Article" "3" "defines" "the" "scope" "of" "the" "directive" "."


Input: "It" "states" ":" "Within" "the" "limits" "of" "the" "areas" "of" "competence" "conferred" "on" "the" "Community" "," "this" "Directive" "shall" "apply" "to" "all" "persons" "," "as" "regards" "both" "the" "public" "and" "private" "sectors" "," "including" "public" "bodies" "," "in" "relation" "to" ":" "(" "a" ")" "conditions" "for" "access" "to" "employment" "," "to" "self-employment" "or" "to" "occupation" "," "including" "selection" "criteria" "and" "recruitment" "conditions" "," "whatever" "the" "branch" "of" "activity" "and" "at" "all" "levels" "of" "the" "professional" "hierarchy" "," "including" "promotion" ";" "7" "."


Input: "Chapter" "II" "of" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "deals" "with" "remedies" "and" "enforcement" "."


Input: "Article" "9" "(" "1" ")" "of" "the" "directive" "concerns" "the" "defence" "of" "rights" "."


Input: "It" "provides" ":" "‘" "Member" "States" "shall" "ensure" "that" "judicial" "and" "/" "or" "administrative" "procedures" "," "including" "where" "they" "deem" "it" "appropriate" "conciliation" "procedures" "," "for" "the" "enforcement" "of" "obligations" "under" "this" "Directive" "are" "available" "to" "all" "persons" "who" "consider" "themselves" "wronged" "by" "failure" "to" "apply" "the" "principle" "of" "equal" "treatment" "to" "them" "," "even" "after" "the" "relationship" "in" "which" "the" "discrimination" "is" "alleged" "to" "have" "occurred" "has" "ended" "." "’"


Input: "B" "."


Input: "National" "law" "1" "."


Input: "The" "Constitution" "8" "."


Input: "Article" "34" "of" "Bunreacht" "na" "hÉireann" "(" "Constitution" "of" "Ireland" ")" "(" "‘" "the" "Constitution" "’" ")" "provides" ":" "‘" "1" "Justice" "shall" "be" "administered" "in" "courts" "established" "by" "law" "by" "judges" "appointed" "in" "the" "manner" "provided" "by" "this" "Constitution" "," "and" "," "save" "in" "such" "special" "and" "limited" "cases" "as" "may" "be" "prescribed" "by" "law" "," "shall" "be" "administered" "in" "public" "." "2" "The" "Courts" "shall" "comprise" ":" "i" "Courts" "of" "First" "Instance" ";" "ii" "a" "Court" "of" "Appeal" ";" "and" "iii" "a" "Court" "of" "Final" "Appeal" "." "3" "1" "°" "The" "Courts" "of" "First" "Instance" "shall" "include" "a" "High" "Court" "invested" "with" "full" "original" "jurisdiction" "in" "and" "power" "to" "determine" "all" "matters" "and" "questions" "whether" "of" "law" "or" "fact" "," "civil" "or" "criminal" "." "2" "°" "Save" "as" "otherwise" "provided" "by" "this" "Article" "," "the" "jurisdiction" "of" "the" "High" "Court" "shall" "extend" "to" "the" "question" "of" "the" "validity" "of" "any" "law" "having" "regard" "to" "the" "provisions" "of" "this" "Constitution" "," "and" "no" "such" "question" "shall" "be" "raised" "(" "whether" "by" "pleading" "," "argument" "or" "otherwise" ")" "in" "any" "Court" "established" "under" "this" "or" "any" "other" "Article" "of" "this" "Constitution" "other" "than" "the" "High" "Court" "," "the" "Court" "of" "Appeal" "or" "the" "Supreme" "Court" "." "’" "9" "."


Input: "Article" "37.1" "of" "the" "Constitution" "provides" ":" "‘" "Nothing" "in" "this" "Constitution" "shall" "operate" "to" "invalidate" "the" "exercise" "of" "limited" "functions" "and" "powers" "of" "a" "judicial" "nature" "," "in" "matters" "other" "than" "criminal" "matters" "," "by" "any" "person" "or" "body" "of" "persons" "duly" "authorised" "by" "law" "to" "exercise" "such" "functions" "and" "powers" "," "notwithstanding" "that" "such" "person" "or" "such" "body" "of" "persons" "is" "not" "a" "judge" "or" "a" "court" "appointed" "or" "established" "as" "such" "under" "this" "Constitution" "." "’" "2" "."


Input: "The" "relevant" "employment" "legislation" "10" "."


Input: "In" "Ireland" "," "the" "prohibition" "of" "discrimination" "on" "grounds" "of" "age" "is" "set" "out" "in" "the" "Employment" "Equality" "Acts" "." "(" "4" ")" "11" "."


Input: "The" "WRC" "(" "previously" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" ")" "is" "the" "quasi-judicial" "body" "established" "to" "investigate" "," "hear" "and" "decide" "on" "complaints" "of" "discrimination" "." "(" "5" ")" "Pursuant" "to" "the" "relevant" "provisions" "of" "the" "Employment" "Equality" "Acts" "," "the" "WRC" "is" "entitled" "to" "make" "an" "order" "for" "compensation" "in" "the" "form" "of" "arrears" "of" "remuneration" ";" "an" "order" "for" "equal" "remuneration" ";" "an" "order" "for" "compensation" "for" "discrimination" ";" "an" "order" "for" "equal" "treatment" ";" "an" "order" "of" "an" "injunctive" "kind" ";" "and" "an" "order" "that" "an" "employer" "re-engage" "a" "complainant" "," "with" "or" "without" "compensation" "." "12" "."


Input: "In" "accordance" "with" "the" "Garda" "Síochána" "regulations" "," "(" "6" ")" "a" "person" "is" "not" "admitted" "as" "a" "trainee" "to" "become" "a" "member" "of" "the" "national" "police" "force" "unless" "that" "person" "is" "at" "least" "18" "," "but" "under" "35" "," "years" "of" "age" "on" "the" "first" "day" "of" "the" "month" "in" "which" "an" "advertisement" "of" "the" "vacancy" "to" "which" "the" "admission" "relates" "was" "first" "published" "in" "a" "national" "newspaper" "."


Input: "II" "."


Input: "Facts" "," "procedure" "and" "the" "questions" "referred" "13" "."


Input: "Between" "2005" "and" "2007" "," "Mr" "Ronald" "Boyle" "," "Mr" "Brian" "Fitzpatrick" "and" "Mr" "Gerard" "Cotter" "(" "‘" "the" "notice" "parties" "’" ")" "applied" "for" "entry" "to" "train" "as" "members" "of" "An" "Garda" "Síochána" "(" "national" "police" "force" "," "Ireland" ")" "."

"O" "B-TIME" "O" "B-TIME" "O" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "O" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "O" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "O" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "B-TIME" "O" "B-TIME" "O" "O"

"O" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "O"

"O" "I-DATE" "O" "I-DATE" "O" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O" "I-DATE" "O" "O"

"O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O"

"O" "I-TIME" "O" "I-TIME" "O" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "O" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "O" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "O" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "I-TIME" "O" "I-TIME" "O" "O"

"O" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "O"

"O" "B-DATE" "O" "B-DATE" "O" "B-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "O" "B-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "O" "B-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O"


Input: "Entry" "was" "refused" "on" "the" "basis" "that" "the" "Garda" "Síochána" "regulations" "set" "the" "upper" "age" "limit" "for" "entry" "as" "a" "trainee" "at" "35" "years" "(" "‘" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" "’" ")" "." "14" "."


Input: "The" "notice" "parties" "lodged" "complaints" "against" "those" "refusals" "under" "the" "Employment" "Equality" "Acts" "before" "the" "(" "what" "was" "then" ")" "Equality" "Tribunal" "."


Input: "They" "alleged" "that" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" "constitutes" "discriminatory" "treatment" "in" "the" "context" "of" "employment" "on" "grounds" "of" "age" "." "15" "."


Input: "Contrary" "to" "what" "its" "name" "suggests" "," "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "is" "not" "a" "court" "," "but" "a" "statutory" "body" "."


Input: "It" "was" "competent" "to" "deal" "with" "employment" "equality" "complaints" "until" "2015" "."


Input: "From" "then" "on" "," "the" "WRC" "assumed" "the" "competence" "vested" "in" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "." "16" "."


Input: "According" "to" "the" "referring" "court" "," "Article" "34.3.2" "of" "the" "Constitution" "reserves" "to" "courts" "the" "competence" "to" "disapply" "national" "legislation" "."


Input: "Consequently" "," "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "and" "its" "successor" "," "the" "WRC" "," "have" "," "in" "their" "capacity" "as" "statutory" "bodies" "," "no" "jurisdiction" "to" "deal" "with" "cases" "where" "an" "effective" "remedy" "would" "require" "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "on" "the" "basis" "of" "national" "or" "EU" "law" "." "17" "."


Input: "In" "the" "proceedings" "before" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "," "the" "Minister" "for" "Justice" "and" "Equality" "(" "‘" "the" "Minister" "’" ")" "raised" "the" "issue" "of" "jurisdiction" "."


Input: "Because" "the" "notice" "parties" "considered" "that" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" "was" "contrary" "to" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "and" "the" "Employment" "Equality" "Acts" "," "the" "legislation" "transposing" "that" "directive" "," "the" "complaints" "amounted" "to" "a" "request" "to" "disapply" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" "," "a" "piece" "of" "national" "legislation" "."


Input: "Arguing" "that" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "had" "no" "jurisdiction" "to" "disapply" "national" "legislation" "," "the" "Minister" "requested" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "to" "deal" "with" "the" "jurisdictional" "issue" "as" "a" "preliminary" "issue" "," "before" "dealing" "with" "the" "substance" "." "18" "."


Input: "The" "Equality" "Tribunal" "declined" "to" "do" "so" "."


Input: "Instead" "," "it" "scheduled" "a" "hearing" "for" "11" "June" "2008" "," "at" "which" "both" "the" "issue" "of" "jurisdiction" "and" "the" "substantive" "issues" "regarding" "age" "discrimination" "were" "to" "be" "dealt" "with" "." "19" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Due" "to" "the" "refusal" "of" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "to" "consider" "the" "issue" "of" "jurisdiction" "as" "a" "preliminary" "issue" "," "the" "Minister" "sought" "judicial" "review" "before" "the" "High" "Court" "." "20" "."


Input: "First" "," "the" "Minister" "asked" "the" "High" "Court" "to" "prohibit" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "from" "proceeding" "with" "an" "investigation" "of" "the" "complaints" "of" "the" "notice" "parties" "."


Input: "Second" "," "the" "Minister" "asked" "the" "High" "Court" "to" "declare" "that" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "had" "no" "jurisdiction" "to" "consider" "the" "complaints" "." "21" "."


Input: "The" "High" "Court" "ruled" "on" "17" "February" "2009" "that" "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "was" "not" "empowered" "," "under" "national" "law" "," "to" "proceed" "with" "the" "hearing" "," "which" "implicitly" "assumed" "competence" "to" "overrule" "or" "disapply" "national" "legislation" "such" "as" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" "." "22" "."


Input: "The" "Equality" "Tribunal" "appealed" "that" "decision" "to" "the" "Supreme" "Court" "."


Input: "By" "the" "time" "the" "matter" "came" "to" "be" "considered" "by" "the" "Supreme" "Court" "," "the" "Equality" "Tribunal" "had" "become" "the" "WRC" "." "23" "."


Input: "The" "Supreme" "Court" "delivered" "a" "judgment" "on" "15" "June" "2017" "(" "‘" "the" "judgment" "of" "15" "June" "2017" "’" ")" "." "(" "7" ")" "It" "confirmed" "the" "finding" "of" "the" "High" "Court" "that" "the" "WRC" "does" "not" "have" "jurisdiction" "to" "disapply" "national" "law" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "B-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "The" "Supreme" "Court" "nevertheless" "added" "that" "cases" "which" "would" "ordinarily" "fall" "within" "the" "jurisdiction" "of" "the" "WRC" "," "but" "in" "which" "that" "administrative" "body" "could" "have" "the" "obligation" "under" "national" "or" "EU" "law" "to" "disapply" "national" "legislation" "," "must" "instead" "be" "brought" "before" "the" "High" "Court" "." "24" "."


Input: "Entertaining" "doubts" "as" "to" "whether" "such" "a" "division" "of" "jurisdiction" "between" "a" "statutory" "body" "and" "a" "court" "of" "law" "is" "compatible" "with" "EU" "law" "," "the" "referring" "court" "decided" "to" "stay" "the" "proceedings" "and" "to" "refer" "the" "following" "question" "to" "the" "Court" "for" "a" "preliminary" "ruling" ":" "‘" "Where" "(" "a" ")" "A" "national" "body" "is" "established" "by" "law" "and" "has" "a" "general" "jurisdiction" "conferred" "on" "it" "to" "inter" "alia" "ensure" "enforcement" "of" "[" "EU" "]" "law" "in" "a" "particular" "area" ";" "and" "(" "b" ")" "National" "law" "would" "require" "that" "such" "body" "not" "have" "jurisdiction" "in" "a" "limited" "category" "of" "case" "where" "an" "effective" "remedy" "would" "require" "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "on" "the" "basis" "of" "national" "or" "[" "EU" "]" "law" ";" "and" "(" "c" ")" "Appropriate" "national" "courts" "would" "have" "[" "jurisdiction" "]" "to" "make" "any" "appropriate" "order" "disapplying" "national" "legislation" "which" "was" "required" "to" "ensure" "compliance" "with" "the" "measure" "of" "[" "EU" "]" "law" "in" "question" "," "would" "have" "jurisdiction" "to" "entertain" "cases" "in" "which" "such" "a" "remedy" "was" "necessary" "," "would" "have" "jurisdiction" "in" "such" "cases" "to" "provide" "any" "remedy" "mandated" "by" "[" "EU" "]" "law" "and" "where" "the" "remedy" "provided" "in" "the" "courts" "has" "been" "assessed" "," "in" "accordance" "with" "the" "jurisprudence" "of" "the" "[" "Court" "]" "," "as" "complying" "with" "the" "principles" "of" "equivalence" "and" "effectiveness" "Must" "the" "statutory" "body" "concerned" "nonetheless" "be" "taken" "to" "have" "[" "jurisdiction" "]" "to" "entertain" "a" "complaint" "that" "national" "legislation" "was" "in" "breach" "of" "relevant" "[" "EU" "]" "law" "and" "," "if" "upholding" "that" "complaint" "," "disapply" "that" "legislation" "notwithstanding" "that" "national" "law" "would" "confer" "the" "jurisdiction" "in" "all" "cases" "," "involving" "challenges" "to" "the" "validity" "of" "legislation" "on" "any" "ground" "or" "requiring" "the" "disapplication" "of" "legislation" "," "on" "a" "court" "established" "under" "the" "Constitution" "rather" "than" "the" "body" "in" "question" "?" "’"


Input: "25" "."


Input: "Written" "observations" "have" "been" "submitted" "by" "the" "Minister" "and" "the" "Commissioner" "of" "An" "Garda" "Síochána" "," "Ireland" "," "the" "WRC" "," "the" "first" "and" "third" "notice" "parties" "," "the" "Czech" "Government" "and" "the" "European" "Commission" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "Apart" "from" "the" "Czech" "Government" "," "those" "parties" "also" "presented" "oral" "argument" "at" "the" "hearing" "held" "on" "5" "June" "2018" "."

"O" "O" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "B-AMOUNT" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-PERSON" "B-PERSON" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-PERSON" "B-PERSON" "B-PERSON" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "I-AMOUNT" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "I-ADDRESS" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "B-ADDRESS" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "I-PERSON" "O"

"O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-DATE" "I-DATE" "I-DATE" "O"


Input: "III" "."


Input: "Analysis" "26" "."


Input: "Before" "examining" "the" "question" "referred" "," "I" "shall" "first" "briefly" "address" "an" "admissibility" "issue" "raised" "by" "the" "Czech" "Government" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O"


Input: "A" "."


Input: "Admissibility" "27" "."


Input: "In" "its" "written" "observations" "," "the" "Czech" "Government" "argues" "that" "the" "request" "for" "a" "preliminary" "ruling" "should" "be" "declared" "inadmissible" "."

"O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "B-ORGANISATION" "I-ORGANISATION" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O" "O"


Input: "In" "that" "government" "’" "s" "view" "," "the" "referring" "court" "has" "not" "specified" "the" "provision" "of" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "with" "which" "the" "national" "legislation" "in" "question" "might" "be" "in" "conflict" ":" "rather" "," "the" "wording" "of" "the" "question" "referred" "is" "so" "general" "that" "it" "lacks" "any" "connection" "to" "the" "directive" "or" "other" "provisions" "of" "EU" "law" "." "28" "."


Input: "That" "is" "indeed" "true" "."


Input: "It" "does" "not" "," "however" "," "mean" "that" "the" "request" "is" "inadmissible" "." "29" "."


Input: "The" "Court" "will" "refuse" "to" "answer" "a" "question" "referred" "only" "where" "it" "is" "quite" "obvious" "that" "the" "interpretation" "of" "EU" "law" "sought" "is" "unrelated" "to" "the" "facts" "underlying" "the" "case" "pending" "before" "the" "referring" "court" "," "or" "the" "object" "of" "those" "proceedings" "," "where" "the" "problem" "is" "hypothetical" "," "or" "where" "the" "Court" "does" "not" "have" "before" "it" "the" "factual" "or" "legal" "material" "necessary" "to" "give" "a" "useful" "answer" "to" "the" "questions" "submitted" "to" "it" "." "(" "8" ")" "30" "."


Input: "It" "is" "clear" "from" "the" "order" "for" "reference" "in" "the" "present" "case" "that" "the" "question" "referred" "does" "not" "concern" "the" "compatibility" "of" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" "(" "or" "the" "rule" "of" "jurisdiction" "in" "question" ")" "with" "any" "specific" "provision" "of" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "."


Input: "Rather" "," "the" "Court" "is" "asked" "to" "clarify" "a" "question" "of" "principle" "that" "reaches" "far" "beyond" "the" "individual" "provisions" "of" "the" "directive" "."


Input: "As" "already" "indicated" "," "it" "concerns" "the" "compatibility" "with" "EU" "law" "of" "a" "(" "constitutional" ")" "rule" "that" "divides" "jurisdiction" "between" "a" "statutory" "body" "," "the" "WRC" "," "and" "the" "High" "Court" "in" "specific" "cases" "on" "the" "basis" "of" "the" "nature" "of" "the" "complaint" "made" "." "31" "."


Input: "Moreover" "," "the" "order" "for" "reference" "contains" "both" "the" "factual" "and" "legal" "material" "necessary" "for" "the" "Court" "to" "give" "a" "useful" "answer" "to" "the" "question" "referred" "."


Input: "That" "order" "also" "sets" "out" "clearly" "why" "the" "problem" "is" "neither" "hypothetical" "nor" "unrelated" "to" "the" "facts" "underlying" "the" "case" "pending" "before" "it" "." "32" "."


Input: "Consequently" "," "the" "request" "for" "a" "preliminary" "ruling" "must" "be" "declared" "admissible" "."


Input: "B" "."


Input: "Substance" "33" "."


Input: "In" "determining" "whether" "the" "WRC" "had" "jurisdiction" "in" "cases" "where" "an" "effective" "remedy" "would" "require" "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "on" "the" "basis" "of" "national" "or" "EU" "law" "," "the" "referring" "court" "held" "that" "," "as" "a" "matter" "of" "Irish" "constitutional" "law" "," "the" "prerogative" "of" "disapplying" "or" "setting" "aside" "a" "provision" "of" "primary" "or" "secondary" "legislation" "is" "in" "principle" "confined" "to" "ordinary" "courts" "." "34" "."


Input: "That" "is" "because" "," "unless" "otherwise" "provided" "for" "by" "EU" "law" "," "rules" "of" "jurisdiction" "must" "be" "interpreted" "in" "the" "light" "of" "the" "fundamental" "requirement" "," "set" "out" "in" "Article" "34" "of" "the" "Constitution" "," "that" "justice" "be" "administered" "in" "courts" "established" "under" "the" "terms" "of" "the" "Constitution" "." "35" "."


Input: "In" "that" "regard" "," "the" "referring" "court" "also" "observed" "that" "," "exceptionally" "," "Article" "37.1" "of" "the" "Constitution" "allows" "a" "person" "or" "body" "to" "be" "authorised" "by" "law" "to" "exercise" "‘" "limited" "functions" "and" "powers" "of" "a" "judicial" "nature" "’" "in" "non-criminal" "matters" "."


Input: "Thus" "," "under" "Irish" "law" "," "powers" "of" "a" "judicial" "nature" "may" "be" "conferred" "by" "statute" "on" "a" "statutory" "body" "," "provided" "that" "those" "powers" "are" "limited" "." "36" "."


Input: "The" "WRC" "is" "such" "a" "statutory" "body" "with" "limited" "judicial" "functions" "."


Input: "In" "accordance" "with" "the" "Employment" "Equality" "Acts" "," "complainants" "must" "refer" "to" "the" "WRC" "for" "the" "first" "instance" "adjudication" "of" "a" "complaint" "of" "discrimination" "in" "the" "context" "of" "employment" "." "(" "9" ")" "More" "particularly" "," "the" "WRC" "deals" "with" "complaints" "regarding" "breaches" "(" "by" "employers" "and" "service" "providers" ")" "of" "," "and" "disputes" "as" "to" "entitlements" "under" "," "employment" "," "equality" "and" "equal" "status" "legislation" "."


Input: "Once" "a" "complaint" "is" "brought" "before" "the" "WRC" "," "the" "Director" "General" "of" "the" "WRC" "considers" "at" "the" "outset" "whether" "the" "case" "can" "be" "referred" "to" "a" "mediation" "officer" "for" "mediation" "between" "the" "parties" "involved" "."


Input: "If" "the" "case" "is" "not" "suitable" "for" "mediation" "," "the" "Director" "General" "will" "refer" "the" "complaint" "to" "an" "adjudication" "officer" "for" "adjudication" "." "(" "10" ")" "37" "."


Input: "In" "its" "judgment" "of" "15" "June" "2017" "," "the" "referring" "court" "found" "," "in" "the" "context" "of" "the" "jurisdictional" "issue" "that" "had" "been" "brought" "before" "it" "," "that" "the" "WRC" "has" "no" "authority" "," "as" "a" "matter" "of" "national" "law" "," "to" "disapply" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "legislation" "."


Input: "That" "is" "because" "no" "such" "authority" "had" "been" "conferred" "on" "the" "WRC" "by" "statute" "."


Input: "The" "referring" "court" "also" "found" "that" "no" "such" "authority" "could" "arise" "by" "implication" "." "38" "."


Input: "The" "referring" "court" "thus" "held" "that" "," "in" "the" "light" "of" "the" "constitutional" "requirements" "of" "the" "Irish" "legal" "order" "," "cases" "requiring" "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "fall" "," "as" "a" "general" "rule" "," "outside" "the" "jurisdiction" "of" "the" "WRC" "."


Input: "Instead" "of" "the" "WRC" "," "complainants" "must" "address" "their" "claims" "directly" "to" "the" "High" "Court" "," "which" "does" "have" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "such" "cases" "." "39" "."


Input: "The" "division" "of" "jurisdiction" "between" "the" "WRC" "and" "the" "High" "Court" "is" "based" "on" "the" "potential" "remedy" "required" "to" "cure" "the" "alleged" "discrimination" "."


Input: "More" "specifically" "," "the" "WRC" "does" "not" "have" "jurisdiction" "to" "consider" "a" "complaint" "where" "that" "case" "involves" "(" "if" "the" "complaint" "were" "considered" "to" "be" "successful" ")" "the" "need" "to" "disapply" "a" "measure" "of" "primary" "or" "secondary" "national" "legislation" "." "40" "."


Input: "The" "High" "Court" "has" "exclusive" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "such" "cases" "."


Input: "Therefore" "," "complainants" "," "such" "as" "the" "notice" "parties" "," "who" "consider" "themselves" "wronged" "by" "a" "legislative" "instrument" "(" "or" "whose" "complaint" "would" "otherwise" "require" "disapplication" "of" "national" "law" ")" "must" "instigate" "‘" "judicial" "review" "proceedings" "’" "before" "the" "High" "Court" "in" "order" "to" "obtain" "relief" "through" "disapplication" "of" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "deemed" "contrary" "to" "a" "superior" "norm" "(" "here" ":" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" ")" "." "41" "."


Input: "But" "is" "the" "division" "of" "jurisdiction" "between" "the" "WRC" "and" "the" "High" "Court" "compatible" "with" "EU" "law" "?"


Input: "42" "."


Input: "That" "question" "," "referred" "to" "the" "Court" "for" "a" "preliminary" "ruling" "," "clearly" "touches" "upon" "the" "limits" "of" "the" "procedural" "autonomy" "of" "the" "Member" "States" "."


Input: "However" "," "the" "question" "requires" "first" "and" "foremost" "consideration" "of" "the" "constitutional" "principle" "of" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "," "and" "," "as" "an" "organic" "part" "thereof" "," "the" "obligation" "of" "all" "organs" "of" "the" "Member" "State" "to" "ensure" "," "within" "their" "respective" "jurisdiction" "," "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "." "43" "."


Input: "Before" "addressing" "those" "issues" "," "it" "must" "be" "emphasised" "from" "the" "outset" "that" "the" "question" "referred" "does" "not" "explicitly" "seek" "from" "the" "Court" "an" "interpretation" "of" "the" "principle" "of" "procedural" "autonomy" "and" "of" "the" "corollary" "principles" "of" "equivalence" "and" "effectiveness" "."


Input: "On" "the" "contrary" "," "the" "referring" "court" "states" "that" "it" "has" "already" "determined" "," "in" "the" "light" "of" "the" "Court" "’" "s" "case-law" "," "that" "the" "rule" "of" "jurisdiction" "complies" "with" "those" "principles" "."


Input: "The" "Supreme" "Court" "of" "Ireland" "therefore" "in" "essence" "asks" "the" "Court" "to" "clarify" "whether" "," "despite" "compliance" "with" "those" "principles" "," "the" "rule" "of" "jurisdiction" "is" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" "." "44" "."


Input: "Bearing" "in" "mind" "the" "division" "of" "tasks" "between" "the" "Court" "and" "national" "courts" "in" "the" "preliminary-ruling" "procedure" "under" "Article" "267" "TFEU" "," "it" "is" "(" "first" "and" "foremost" ")" "in" "that" "light" "that" "the" "question" "referred" "should" "in" "my" "view" "be" "examined" "." "1" "."


Input: "The" "interplay" "between" "the" "principle" "of" "primacy" "and" "the" "procedural" "autonomy" "of" "Member" "States" "45" "."


Input: "It" "may" "certainly" "be" "so" "that" "the" "distinction" "between" "the" "act" "of" "leaving" "a" "provision" "unapplied" "and" "that" "of" "setting" "aside" "a" "provision" "is" "sometimes" "merely" "theoretical" "in" "practice" "."


Input: "It" "may" "also" "be" "true" "that" "," "from" "the" "perspective" "of" "a" "specific" "domestic" "legal" "system" "," "no" "real" "distinction" "can" "be" "drawn" "between" "the" "two" "." "(" "11" ")" "Nonetheless" "," "as" "a" "matter" "of" "EU" "law" "," "the" "distinction" "between" "the" "obligation" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "(" "because" "that" "provision" "is" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" ")" "in" "a" "specific" "case" "and" "the" "obligation" "to" "set" "aside" "such" "a" "provision" "," "with" "the" "broader" "effect" "that" "that" "provision" "is" "no" "longer" "valid" "for" "any" "purpose" "(" "ex" "tunc" "or" "ex" "nunc" ")" "," "is" "an" "important" "one" "." "46" "."


Input: "The" "line" "of" "case-law" "devolving" "from" "Simmenthal" "," "establishing" "the" "constitutional" "principle" "of" "primacy" "and" "underscoring" "the" "role" "of" "courts" "and" "administrative" "authorities" "in" "giving" "full" "effect" "to" "EU" "law" "," "builds" "on" "that" "distinction" "." "(" "12" ")" "That" "distinction" "is" "premised" "on" "the" "decentralised" "architecture" "of" "the" "EU" "legal" "system" "that" "leaves" "to" "each" "Member" "State" "the" "task" "of" "defining" "the" "appropriate" "avenues" "for" "seeking" "redress" "for" "breach" "of" "rights" "deriving" "from" "EU" "law" "," "and" "more" "importantly" "," "the" "institutions" "vested" "with" "the" "authority" "to" "set" "aside" "(" "or" "invalidate" ")" "legislation" "."


Input: "(" "a" ")" "The" "need" "to" "ensure" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" ":" "the" "obligation" "of" "all" "organs" "of" "the" "State" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "national" "law" "that" "is" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" "47" "."


Input: "The" "line" "of" "case-law" "devolving" "from" "the" "Court" "’" "s" "judgment" "in" "Simmenthal" "(" "13" ")" "concerns" "the" "disapplication" "of" "legislation" "," "or" "more" "specifically" "," "the" "obligation" "of" "the" "organs" "of" "the" "State" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "provisions" "of" "national" "law" "that" "are" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" "," "an" "inevitable" "corollary" "of" "the" "constitutional" "doctrine" "of" "direct" "effect" "established" "in" "van" "Gend" "en" "Loos" "." "(" "14" ")" "In" "addition" "to" "laying" "the" "groundwork" "for" "a" "network" "of" "EU" "courts" "," "the" "Court" "famously" "held" "in" "Simmenthal" ":" "[" "E" "]" "very" "national" "court" "must" "," "in" "a" "case" "within" "its" "jurisdiction" "," "apply" "Community" "law" "in" "its" "entirety" "and" "protect" "rights" "which" "the" "latter" "confers" "on" "individuals" "and" "must" "accordingly" "set" "aside" "any" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "which" "may" "conflict" "with" "it" "," "whether" "prior" "or" "subsequent" "to" "the" "Community" "rule" "."


Input: "Accordingly" "," "any" "provision" "of" "a" "national" "legal" "system" "and" "any" "legislative" "," "administrative" "or" "judicial" "practice" "which" "might" "impair" "the" "effectiveness" "of" "Community" "law" "by" "withholding" "from" "the" "national" "court" "having" "jurisdiction" "to" "apply" "such" "law" "the" "power" "to" "do" "everything" "necessary" "at" "the" "moment" "of" "its" "application" "to" "set" "aside" "national" "legislative" "provisions" "which" "might" "prevent" "Community" "rules" "from" "having" "full" "force" "and" "effect" "are" "incompatible" "with" "those" "requirements" "which" "are" "the" "very" "essence" "of" "Community" "law" "."


Input: "This" "would" "be" "the" "case" "in" "the" "event" "of" "a" "conflict" "between" "a" "provision" "of" "Community" "law" "and" "a" "subsequent" "national" "law" "if" "the" "solution" "of" "the" "conflict" "were" "to" "be" "reserved" "for" "an" "authority" "with" "a" "discretion" "of" "its" "own" "," "other" "than" "the" "court" "called" "upon" "to" "apply" "Community" "law" "," "even" "if" "such" "an" "impediment" "to" "the" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "Community" "law" "were" "only" "temporary" "." "…" "therefore" "…" "a" "national" "court" "which" "is" "called" "upon" "," "within" "the" "limits" "of" "its" "jurisdiction" "," "to" "apply" "provisions" "of" "Community" "law" "is" "under" "a" "duty" "to" "give" "full" "effect" "to" "those" "provisions" "," "if" "necessary" "refusing" "of" "its" "own" "motion" "to" "apply" "any" "conflicting" "provision" "of" "national" "legislation" "," "even" "if" "adopted" "subsequently" "," "and" "it" "is" "not" "necessary" "for" "the" "court" "to" "request" "or" "await" "the" "prior" "setting" "aside" "of" "such" "provision" "by" "legislative" "or" "other" "constitutional" "means" "." "’" "(" "15" ")" "48" "."


Input: "In" "other" "words" "," "Simmenthal" "concerned" "(" "among" "other" "issues" "of" "fundamental" "constitutional" "importance" ")" "the" "powers" "of" "a" "lower" "court" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" "without" "waiting" "for" "a" "superior" "court" "to" "set" "aside" "that" "provision" "." "(" "16" ")" "49" "."


Input: "The" "subsequent" "case-law" "of" "the" "Court" "has" "," "however" "," "made" "clear" "that" "that" "obligation" "also" "rests" "on" "other" "organs" "of" "the" "State" "," "including" "administrative" "authorities" "."


Input: "In" "Costanzo" "," "(" "17" ")" "the" "Court" "held" "that" "administrative" "authorities" "are" "under" "the" "same" "obligation" "as" "national" "courts" "to" "apply" "the" "provisions" "of" "a" "directive" "having" "direct" "effect" "."


Input: "The" "Court" "considered" "that" "when" "the" "conditions" "under" "which" "individuals" "may" "rely" "on" "the" "provisions" "of" "a" "directive" "before" "national" "courts" "are" "met" "," "all" "organs" "of" "the" "administration" "(" "including" "municipalities" ")" "," "are" "obliged" "to" "apply" "those" "provisions" "and" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "provisions" "of" "national" "law" "which" "conflict" "with" "them" "." "(" "18" ")" "50" "."


Input: "In" "CIF" "," "(" "19" ")" "at" "issue" "was" "inter" "alia" "the" "(" "contested" ")" "jurisdiction" "of" "the" "Italian" "competition" "authority" "to" "disapply" "national" "legislation" "that" "required" "or" "facilitated" "conduct" "contrary" "to" "Article" "81" "(" "1" ")" "EC" "(" "now" "Article" "101" "(" "1" ")" "TFEU" ")" "."


Input: "The" "undertakings" "under" "investigation" "argued" "that" "the" "authority" "was" "under" "an" "obligation" "to" "apply" "such" "national" "legislation" "and" "could" "not" "leave" "it" "unapplied" "."


Input: "The" "competition" "authority" "itself" "argued" "that" "a" "power" "to" "do" "so" "derived" "from" "the" "principles" "of" "direct" "effect" "and" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "." "51" "."


Input: "In" "that" "context" "," "the" "Courtreiterated" "that" "the" "duty" "to" "leave" "national" "legislation" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" "unapplied" "concerns" "all" "organs" "of" "the" "State" "," "including" "administrative" "authorities" "."


Input: "That" "duty" "entails" "," "if" "the" "circumstances" "so" "require" "," "the" "obligation" "to" "take" "all" "appropriate" "measures" "to" "enable" "EU" "law" "to" "be" "fully" "applied" "." "(" "20" ")" "52" "."


Input: "The" "Court" "then" "pointed" "out" "that" "a" "national" "competition" "authority" "was" "responsible" "for" "ensuring" "that" "Article" "81" "EC" "was" "observed" "."


Input: "That" "provision" "," "read" "in" "conjunction" "with" "Article" "10" "EC" "(" "now" "Article" "4" "(" "3" ")" "TEU" ")" "," "imposed" "a" "duty" "on" "Member" "States" "to" "refrain" "from" "introducing" "measures" "contrary" "to" "EU" "competition" "rules" "."


Input: "Those" "rules" "would" "be" "rendered" "less" "effective" "if" "the" "national" "competition" "authority" "was" "not" "able" "to" "declare" "a" "national" "measure" "contrary" "to" "Article" "81" "EC" "(" "and" "Article" "10" "EC" ")" "and" "if" "," "consequently" "," "it" "failed" "to" "disapply" "that" "national" "measure" "." "(" "21" ")" "53" "."


Input: "The" "abovementioned" "case-law" "thus" "makes" "clear" "that" "it" "is" "irrelevant" "whether" "the" "national" "legal" "system" "grants" "the" "organ" "of" "the" "State" "in" "question" "the" "power" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "that" "is" "contrary" "to" "EU" "law" "."


Input: "That" "organ" "must" "nevertheless" "do" "so" "where" "it" "is" "necessary" "in" "order" "to" "give" "full" "effect" "to" "EU" "law" "." "54" "."


Input: "However" "," "it" "must" "be" "emphasised" "that" "," "in" "accordance" "with" "the" "dictum" "of" "the" "Court" "in" "Simmenthal" "," "such" "an" "obligation" "exists" "only" "where" "the" "organ" "in" "question" "is" "acting" "within" "the" "limits" "of" "the" "jurisdiction" "conferred" "upon" "it" "(" "as" "a" "matter" "of" "national" "law" ")" "." "(" "22" ")" "55" "."


Input: "In" "relation" "to" "national" "courts" "in" "particular" "," "the" "Court" "has" "expressly" "held" "that" "the" "obligation" "to" "disapply" "national" "law" "is" "circumscribed" "by" "the" "jurisdiction" "conferred" "upon" "the" "national" "court" "asked" "to" "apply" "provisions" "of" "EU" "law" "."


Input: "That" "statement" "suggests" "," "on" "the" "one" "hand" "," "that" "the" "Court" "is" "mindful" "of" "the" "freedom" "that" "Member" "States" "should" "retain" "in" "defining" "," "in" "accordance" "with" "their" "constitutional" "traditions" "," "their" "judicial" "and" "administrative" "infrastructure" "."


Input: "On" "the" "other" "hand" "," "it" "signals" "deference" "to" "the" "divergent" "constitutional" "systems" "that" "together" "form" "the" "foundation" "of" "the" "EU" "legal" "system" "." "56" "."


Input: "In" "the" "final" "analysis" "," "the" "case-law" "thus" "seeks" "to" "ensure" "that" "an" "organ" "of" "the" "State" "," "acting" "within" "the" "judicial" "and" "/" "or" "administrative" "structure" "of" "the" "Member" "State" "concerned" "," "can" "adequately" "protect" "an" "individual" "’" "s" "rights" "deriving" "from" "EU" "law" "and" "thus" "ensure" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "."


Input: "(" "b" ")" "The" "obligation" "to" "ensure" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "within" "the" "limits" "of" "the" "jurisdiction" "conferred" "upon" "the" "organ" "in" "question" "57" "."


Input: "The" "WRC" "is" "the" "body" "specifically" "designated" "by" "the" "Irish" "legislature" "to" "ensure" "," "in" "accordance" "with" "Article" "9" "(" "1" ")" "of" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "," "that" "the" "obligations" "arising" "from" "the" "directive" "are" "effectively" "enforced" "."


Input: "It" "ordinarily" "has" "jurisdiction" "to" "deal" "with" "complaints" "pertaining" "to" "discrimination" "in" "the" "context" "of" "employment" "." "58" "."


Input: "It" "could" "therefore" "be" "argued" "that" "the" "principle" "of" "primacy" "," "introduced" "by" "the" "Court" "in" "Simmenthal" "in" "an" "," "at" "the" "time" "," "innovative" "manner" "," "requires" "that" "the" "WRC" "must" "be" "able" "to" "disapply" "the" "provisions" "of" "national" "law" "which" "it" "deems" "contrary" "to" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "(" "here" ":" "the" "age" "restriction" "measure" ")" "."


Input: "That" "is" "essentially" "argued" "by" "the" "WRC" "," "the" "first" "and" "third" "named" "notice" "parties" "and" "the" "Commission" "." "59" "."


Input: "Such" "an" "approach" "has" "a" "certain" "appeal" "."


Input: "However" "," "I" "am" "not" "persuaded" "that" "it" "is" "the" "correct" "one" "." "60" "."


Input: "At" "this" "juncture" "," "it" "is" "very" "important" "to" "stress" "that" "the" "constitutional" "importance" "of" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "as" "a" "fundamental" "principle" "of" "the" "sui" "generis" "EU" "legal" "system" "cannot" "be" "overstated" "."


Input: "Because" "of" "its" "fundamental" "importance" "," "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "does" "not" "allow" "for" "exceptions" "."


Input: "Indeed" "," "allowing" "exceptions" "to" "primacy" "would" "be" "detrimental" "to" "the" "very" "bedrock" "on" "which" "the" "EU" "legal" "system" "is" "built" "." "61" "."


Input: "Therefore" "," "it" "is" "clear" "to" "me" "that" "any" "domestic" "rule" "(" "constitutional" "or" "otherwise" ")" "confining" "," "in" "a" "general" "manner" "," "the" "disapplication" "of" "national" "legislation" "to" "courts" "is" "clearly" "contrary" "to" "the" "principle" "of" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "," "as" "established" "by" "the" "Court" "in" "particular" "in" "Simmenthal" "and" "Costanzo" "."


Input: "Indeed" "," "there" "is" "no" "doubt" "that" "such" "a" "rule" "would" "stand" "in" "stark" "contrast" "to" "the" "rule" "established" "by" "the" "Court" "according" "to" "which" "all" "organs" "of" "the" "administration" "are" "obliged" "to" "apply" "the" "provisions" "of" "EU" "law" "having" "direct" "effect" "and" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "provisions" "of" "national" "law" "which" "conflict" "with" "them" "." "(" "23" ")" "62" "."


Input: "On" "a" "closer" "assessment" "," "however" "," "the" "present" "case" "can" "be" "distinguished" "from" "the" "case-law" "devolving" "from" "Simmenthal" "."


Input: "Significantly" "," "the" "rule" "of" "jurisdiction" "at" "issue" "in" "the" "main" "proceedings" "does" "not" "call" "into" "question" "the" "primacy" "of" "EU" "law" "," "nor" "," "by" "extension" "," "the" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "." "63" "."


Input: "This" "case" "is" "about" "whether" "EU" "law" "mandates" "which" "judicial" "body" "ought" "to" "have" "jurisdiction" "to" "deal" "with" "a" "particular" "category" "of" "case" "." "64" "."


Input: "The" "present" "case" "differs" "from" "the" "situation" "in" "which" "a" "court" "having" "substantive" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "a" "case" "," "as" "in" "Simmenthal" "," "or" "in" "which" "an" "authority" "undoubtedly" "having" "exclusive" "competence" "to" "take" "an" "administrative" "decision" "," "as" "in" "Costanzo" "," "are" "limited" "in" "their" "respective" "powers" "to" "give" "full" "effect" "to" "EU" "law" "and" "thus" "," "where" "necessary" "," "to" "provide" "an" "effective" "remedy" "in" "case" "of" "a" "breach" "of" "EU" "law" "." "65" "."


Input: "The" "present" "case" "also" "differs" "from" "the" "situation" "underlying" "CIF" "(" "a" "variation" "of" "the" "situation" "described" "above" ")" ";" "that" "is" "to" "say" "," "a" "situation" "in" "which" "a" "national" "authority" "does" "not" "have" "explicit" "power" "to" "disapply" "national" "legislation" "that" "is" "contrary" "to" "EU" "competition" "rules" "," "the" "observance" "of" "which" "was" "to" "be" "ensured" "by" "that" "very" "authority" "." "66" "."


Input: "It" "should" "be" "emphasised" "that" "the" "situation" "in" "the" "present" "case" "is" "one" "where" "national" "law" "," "as" "interpreted" "by" "the" "referring" "court" "," "divides" "the" "substantive" "jurisdiction" "in" "specific" "cases" "between" "the" "WRC" "and" "the" "High" "Court" "by" "confining" "to" "the" "latter" "exclusive" "jurisdiction" "to" "hear" "cases" "involving" "a" "challenge" "to" "the" "validity" "of" "legislation" "or" "requiring" "the" "disapplication" "of" "legislation" "." "67" "."


Input: "In" "that" "very" "specific" "procedural" "context" "," "caution" "must" "in" "my" "view" "be" "exercised" "in" "drawing" "parallels" "with" "the" "line" "of" "case-law" "devolving" "from" "Simmenthal" "." "68" "."


Input: "As" "already" "mentioned" "," "the" "rationale" "of" "that" "case-law" "lies" "in" "ensuring" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "and" "in" "particular" "in" "enabling" "an" "individual" "to" "obtain" "effective" "protection" "for" "his" "rights" "deriving" "from" "EU" "law" "before" "the" "administrative" "body" "or" "court" "that" "hasjurisdiction" "to" "consider" "the" "case" "."


Input: "To" "ensure" "such" "protection" "," "all" "organs" "of" "the" "State" "must" "also" "have" "the" "power" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "," "even" "where" "the" "national" "legal" "system" "does" "not" "give" "that" "organ" "power" "to" "do" "so" "."


Input: "It" "would" "be" "problematic" "from" "the" "viewpoint" "of" "the" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "if" "it" "were" "first" "necessary" "to" "seek" "a" "declaration" "of" "incompatibility" "with" "EU" "law" "," "or" "indeed" "invalidation" "," "of" "the" "relevant" "provision" "before" "a" "(" "superior" ")" "court" "." "69" "."


Input: "The" "Court" "’" "s" "case-law" "thus" "ensures" "that" "courts" "as" "well" "as" "authorities" "called" "upon" "to" "apply" "EU" "law" "can" "do" "so" "to" "the" "fullest" "extent" "within" "their" "respective" "areas" "of" "competence" "." "70" "."


Input: "By" "contrast" "," "the" "case-law" "does" "not" "in" "my" "view" "seek" "to" "interfere" "with" "the" "attribution" "of" "jurisdiction" "over" "cases" "between" "courts" "(" "and" "/" "or" "administrative" "bodies" ")" "."


Input: "It" "does" "not" "allow" "a" "court" "(" "or" "," "a" "fortiori" "," "an" "administrative" "body" ")" "to" "ignore" "rules" "of" "jurisdiction" "in" "the" "name" "of" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "."


Input: "That" "is" "essentially" "because" "Member" "States" "enjoy" "," "as" "a" "matter" "of" "principle" "," "substantial" "autonomy" "in" "devising" "procedural" "rules" "," "such" "as" "those" "regarding" "the" "designation" "of" "the" "authority" "or" "court" "with" "jurisdiction" "in" "a" "certain" "category" "of" "case" "," "as" "long" "as" "the" "principles" "of" "equivalence" "and" "effectiveness" "are" "respected" "." "(" "24" ")" "71" "."


Input: "As" "I" "see" "it" "," "an" "administrative" "body" "or" "a" "court" "can" "be" "under" "an" "obligation" "to" "refrain" "from" "applying" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "," "in" "order" "to" "give" "full" "effect" "to" "EU" "law" "only" "if" "it" "has" "been" "established" "at" "the" "outset" "that" "that" "organ" "has" "substantive" "jurisdiction" "to" "consider" "the" "case" "(" "or" "indeed" "," "as" "concerns" "more" "broadly" "authorities" "," "to" "take" "a" "decision" "on" "a" "particular" "matter" ")" "." "72" "."


Input: "All" "parties" "seem" "to" "accept" "that" "," "as" "a" "matter" "of" "national" "constitutional" "law" "," "the" "WRC" "has" "no" "such" "jurisdiction" "."


Input: "If" "the" "WRC" "were" "to" "consider" "a" "complaint" "requiring" "the" "disapplication" "of" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "," "it" "would" "no" "longer" "be" "acting" "within" "the" "limits" "of" "its" "jurisdiction" "." "73" "."


Input: "It" "should" "be" "stressed" "that" "," "according" "to" "the" "referring" "court" "," "the" "rule" "at" "issue" "in" "the" "main" "proceedings" "is" "one" "of" "substantive" "jurisdiction" ":" "it" "divides" "the" "jurisdiction" "in" "relation" "to" "first" "instance" "litigation" "in" "specific" "cases" "between" "the" "WRC" "and" "the" "High" "Court" "."


Input: "This" "entails" "that" "," "in" "the" "particular" "category" "of" "case" "in" "which" "a" "successful" "complaint" "pertaining" "to" "discrimination" "in" "the" "context" "of" "employment" "requires" "the" "disapplication" "of" "a" "provision" "of" "national" "law" "," "the" "competent" "judicial" "body" "to" "consider" "such" "a" "case" "is" "the" "High" "Court" "." "74" "."


Input: "It" "is" "true" "that" "," "within" "its" "sphere" "of" "competence" "," "the" "WRC" "is" "required" "to" "ensure" "compliance" "with" "employment" "equality" "legislation" "," "including" "Directive" "2000" "/" "78" "."


Input: "Nonetheless" "," "that" "competence" "is" "circumscribed" "by" "the" "rule" "of" "jurisdiction" "at" "issue" "in" "the" "present" "case" "." "75" "."


Input: "No" "argument" "has" "been" "put" "forward" "in" "these" "proceedings" "that" "the" "WRC" "would" "not" "be" "able" "to" "provide" "an" "effective" "remedy" "," "or" "to" "ensure" "full" "effectiveness" "of" "EU" "law" "," "in" "cases" "in" "which" "it" "has" "jurisdiction" "(" "that" "is" "to" "say" "," "cases" "where" "the" "complaint" "concerns" "," "in" "essence" "," "discrimination" "by" "an" "employer" "," "and" "not" "by" "a" "legislative" "instrument" ")" "."


Input: "It" "simply" "does" "not" "have" "jurisdiction" "at" "all" "in" "cases" "where" "a" "successful" "complaint" "requires" "the" "disapplication" "of" "legislation" "." "76" "."


Input: "That" "circumstance" "distinguishes" "in" "my" "view" "the" "present" "case" "from" "the" "case-law" "referred" "to" "above" ":" "the" "issue" "of" "whether" "the" "organ" "in" "question" "had" "jurisdiction" "to" "consider" "the" "case" "(" "or" "to" "take" "a" "decision" "on" "a" "particular" "matter" ")" "quite" "simply" "did" "not" "arise" "in" "those" "cases" "."


Input: "Rather" "," "the" "common" "denominator" "in" "all" "those" "cases" "is" "that" "the" "competent" "court" "or" "authority" "was" "limited" "," "not" "in" "terms" "of" "jurisdiction" "," "but" "in" "terms" "of" "the" "tools" "which" "it" "had" "at" "its" "disposal" "to" "give" "full" "effect" "to" "EU" "law" "." "77" "."


Input: "Certainly" "," "it" "would" "be" "tempting" "to" "draw" "parallels" "with" "CIF" "."