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-{"text": "what is up guys my name is now xvi and\nthank you so much for clicking on this\nvideo there's literally a million videos\nyou could have clicked on instead of\nthis one and watch that instead but\nyou're here right now and I appreciate\nthat\nthank you did I I feel like I've won\nthis shirt like in the last video did I\nI think I did I'm gonna change it\nalright you can never be too sure man\ngotta stay styling you know I'm saying\nthe president could be watching my\nvideos I don't know if that's a good\nthing or a bad thing bad I say he's\ndefinitely watching so shot to NSA\nalright so there's a couple of things\nthat I want to talk about today there\nisn't really much going on I do want to\nmake something clear okay\nthis is not really meant to be like a\nnews channel okay\nit is but it is it isn't you know it\nkind of the topics are obviously\nsomething that's going on in the\ncommunity something that's relevant but\nit's not like this happened this\nhappened and that's that it's more like\nthis happened here's what I think what\ndo you think then this happened and then\nrinse and repeat with that being said\nobviously I might get information wrong\nI might have a certain opinion that\nanother person might not be in line with\nbut I just came to talk about it and you\ncan also discuss it in the comment\nsection so whatever you think about\ntoday's topic just comment down below\nabout it and guarantee someone's gonna\nreply to him like no you're wrong duh\nand I'm a Navy SEAL I I have 3,000\nconfirmed kills oh why am I so thirsty\nobviously a couple of worldwide news\nthere was a hurricane and also a typhoon\nwhich are kind of like the same thing\njust different names in different\nregions but obviously has a lot of\nAmericans no Texas is flooded literally\nflooded right I live in Florida we have\nhurricanes all the time it's not as it's\nnot a big deal\nthere there is some flooding over here I\nhad a flash flood in my area but Yoho\nTexas got pooed on dude I don't know\nwhat God's doing but he's doing\nsomething and like I was like in my mind\nI thought like hey it's not gonna be bad\nright it's just rain dude oh how much\nrank at a cloud hold right and I look\nonline I'm like oh my god dude that is\nso tragic but imagine the possibilities\nyou could literally go out I saw\npictures on like people snapchatting and\nI saw on Instagram people are literally\non flurries like duck floaties are\njumping off their roof and starting like\nswim it's like the hugest Olympic sized\nswimming pool in the world like\nliterally all of Houston but it's\nobviously terrible there's a lot of\npeople that are in need of help and\ndestruction is crazy people are getting\nhurt right so this is very serious and I\nhope everyone I uh\nunfortunately I don't have the means to\ndo anything since I'm kind of a small\nfry and right now nothing I do is\nsignificant at all but there's also a\ntyphoon in Hong Kong that hit I believe\nthis was on the 22nd to hit but not a\nlot of people in this area talk about it\nI think it was like a level 3 typhoon I\nsaid I watched some videos dude it was\ninsane like literally trucks were flying\nacross the air people were holding on to\ndear life to whatever they could hold\nthat's grounded and they're like human\nflags just waving around it's crazy and\nlike the waves it's just it's terrible\nso hopefully everything goes well for\nboth Hong Kong\nTexas and like anyone who is suffering\ndamage from this hopefully they get\nsorted out okay so in some YouTube news\nI guess or something I just want to talk\nabout as well\nJake Paul you guys herb chicken Paul you\nguys know who Jay Paul is it's kind of\nlike kind of underground only like nine\nmillion subscribers he's been on every\nsingle YouTube news channel and plus\nmore basically he dropped this track on\nhimself dude\nhe dropped the diss track on himself no\none expected it I guess\nfrom what I have seen no one really\nexpected it they thought it's gotta be\nlike oh has to be rice gum it has to be\na list of file it has to be phased banks\nit has to be those guys but he released\na diss track on himself and here's my\nreaction while watching it\nI'm a it may look like I'm being a\nlittle bit critical in that clip I did\nlaugh a little bit on some of the lines\ncuz just I just thought it was really\nridiculous but you know what I'm gonna\nI'm gonna try to look at this from a\nvery objective and you know subjective\nobjective subjective view and I'm gonna\nbe like okay let's just kind of break it\ndown a little bit the beat it was pretty\ngood the way it was filmed it was filmed\npretty well as well you know it was good\nof film wise you know the music\nproduction was nice the lyrics you know\nwhat I think it was a little bit of a\nstep up from this everyday bro that's an\nimprovement that's good good\nthere's also he kind of this is\nsomething you get over time right so you\ndon't just jump into it and you're all\nof a sudden like you're spitting some\ncrazy bars your voice is like wow this\nguy's a really a rapper but obviously as\nyou make more songs and more lyrics and\nyou you know vocalize those lyrics you\nhave written down you become better\nright so from his last you know music\nvideo to now improvement okay my mother\nbecause Jake Paul fan but I'm trying to\nlook at in a subjective okay he did this\nhe did that okay he also did have some\nlions that I just like I cringed a\nlittle bit cuz one side of me was\nthinking okay he did this on purpose\nright I think it was kind of like a\nmovie a little bit of a meme but then\nalso like Jake Paul would be stupid\nenough to plagiarize Eminem I feel like\nif anyone was to do that I feel like\nJake Paul would be the prime specimen to\ndo it and basically you talked about\nJake Paul kid or Jake Paul Logan Paul\nkissing his girlfriend and then he like\nsays a line\nfrom Eminem's eighth mile if you've seen\nthe Freestyle he's like oh you know I\nforgot what his name was Clarence or\nsomething like that\noh he kissed my girl but I'm still up\nhere saying fuck the free world and I'm\nlike and when Jake Paul said that I was\nlike stop don't laugh don't laugh\nand I laughed right so it was crazy I\ndon't know kind of tripped me up anyways\nuh yeah\nwhat do you guys think about that music\nvideo did you guys like it you guys like\nwould you like put it on your Spotify\nplaying this and jam out too while\nyou're lifting some cows on it oh wait\nso why don't I just say weights I could\nalso another story Sniper Wolf suing I\nbelieve she's suing sensor right from\nwhat I have gathered from the text I\nseen on dramaalert\nthey're suing I don't exactly know why\nthey're suing is it defamation is it\nlike you said this but this is not the\ncase and you have that is defamation\nactually I don't really think about it\nbut honestly let me give you let me give\nyou my professional opinion as a nobody\nface sensor if the texts are real right\nthere's a list of the text saying like\nyou know Sniper Wolf try to get with\nsensor while she had a boyfriend yada\nyada yada\nand now sausage sniper Wolf's boyfriend\nhe's coming in he's like his texting\nphase sensor he's like yo dude you got\ntwo options man do you either go the\neasy way make it apology video work with\nus or you go to the second option the\nladder and you go through this whole\nlike eight to 18 month process of you\nknow going to court every court every\nsingle month\nso on and so forth kind of a threat if\nthe texts are real if sensor did\nactually like go to the Verizon place\nand Rison was like here you go this is\nwhat there was phase bank's power to\nface Bank they censor power to you\nhopefully this goes in your favor if\nthat's the case okay I am really thirsty\nit must be the news about cyber wolf\njust kidding\nthat being said yeah that's about it how\nwas your guys's day how are you feeling\ncomment down below I read every single\ncomment because I only get like three\ncomments peace\n"}
-{"text": "\nLatvian: \nTranslator: Ilm\u0101rs Me\u017earaups\nReviewer: Ilze Garda\nUz kosmosa ku\u0123a kl\u0101ja\nastronauti iestata taimeri,\niesl\u0113dzas kapsul\u0101s\nun iesl\u012bgst dzi\u013c\u0101 hibern\u0101cij\u0101,\nkas vi\u0146us aizved\u012bs\nvair\u0101ku gadu simtu t\u0101l\u0101 n\u0101kotn\u0113.\n\u0160\u012b ir paz\u012bstama aina daudz\u0101s\nzin\u0101tnisk\u0101s fantastikas film\u0101s,\nbet vai realit\u0101t\u0113 cilv\u0113ki\npatiesi sp\u0113tu hibern\u0113ties?\n\u0160aj\u0101 jaut\u0101jum\u0101 ieinteres\u0113ti p\u0113tnieki\natbildes mekl\u0113 dz\u012bvnieku valst\u012b,\nkur hibern\u0101cija ir ierasta\nun nov\u0113rojama vair\u0101k nek\u0101 200\nmums zin\u0101m\u0101s sug\u0101s.\nApskat\u012bsim pol\u0101ro susliku,\nkas dz\u012bvo Zieme\u013camerikas tundr\u0101\nun Krievijas zieme\u013cos.\n\u0160is dz\u012bvnieks ierokas zem m\u016b\u017e\u012bg\u0101 sasaluma,\nt\u0101 dz\u012bv\u012bbas procesi gandr\u012bz apst\u0101jas,\nun \u0137erme\u0146a temperat\u016bra nokr\u012btas\nl\u012bdz ledusaukstiem -2,9 Celsija gr\u0101diem.\nCiti, piem\u0113ram, melno l\u0101\u010du m\u0101t\u012bte,\nvar dar\u012bt vair\u0101kas lietas vienlaikus \u2013\n\nPortuguese: \nTradutor: Margarida Ferreira\nRevisora: Mafalda Ferreira\nA bordo da nave espacial,\nos astronautas regulam o temporizador,\nfecham-se dentro das c\u00e1psulas\ne caem numa profunda hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o\nque os transportar\u00e1 centenas\nde anos para o futuro.\nIsto \u00e9 uma cena familiar\nem muitos filmes de fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica.\nSer\u00e1 poss\u00edvel que os seres humanos\nhibernem na vida real?\nOs investigadores interessados\nnesta quest\u00e3o viram-se para o reino animal\nonde a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma coisa vulgar\nque ocorre em mais de 200 esp\u00e9cies\nque conhecemos.\nVejam o esquilo-do-\u00c1rtico.\nOriginal da tundra norte-americana\ne do norte da R\u00fassia,\neste animal enterra-se\nsob o permafrost\ne entra num estado\nde anima\u00e7\u00e3o suspensa.\nA temperatura do corpo desce\na uns fr\u00edgidos 2,9 graus negativos Celsius.\nOutros, como a f\u00eamea do urso preto,\nexerce v\u00e1rias fun\u00e7\u00f5es,\n\nPolish: \nT\u0142umaczenie: Magdalena G\u00f3ra\nKorekta: Marta Grochowalska\nNa statku kosmicznym\nastronauci ustawiaj\u0105 timer,\nzamykaj\u0105 si\u0119 w kapsu\u0142ach\ni zapadaj\u0105 w hibernacj\u0119,\nkt\u00f3ra przeniesie ich\nkilkaset lat w przysz\u0142o\u015b\u0107.\nTo scena znana z wielu film\u00f3w sci-fi.\nAle czy naprawd\u0119\nb\u0119dziemy mogli hibernowa\u0107?\nNaukowcy szukaj\u0105 odpowiedzi\nna to pytanie w kr\u00f3lestwie zwierz\u0105t,\ngdzie hibernacja jest powszechna\ni wyst\u0119puje u ponad 200 znanych gatunk\u00f3w.\nWe\u017amy sus\u0142ogona arktycznego.\nTo wyst\u0119puj\u0105ce w p\u00f3\u0142nocnoameryka\u0144skiej\ntundrze i w p\u00f3\u0142nocnej Rosji zwierz\u0119\nzakopuje si\u0119 pod wieczn\u0105 zmarzlin\u0105\ni przechodzi w stan anabiozy,\na temperatura jego cia\u0142a spada\ndo prawie 3 stopni poni\u017cej zera.\nInne, jak samica nied\u017awiedzia czarnego,\nmog\u0105 wykonywa\u0107 wiele zada\u0144,\n\nDutch: \nVertaald door: Tahlia Flora\nNagekeken door: Esther van Driel\nAan boord van het ruimteschip \nactiveren de astronauten de timer,\nsluiten zichzelf op in capsules\nen gaan in een diepe winterslaap\ndie hen enkele honderden jaren \nverder in de toekomst brengt.\nDit is een bekende sc\u00e8ne \nuit vele sci-fi films,\nmaar kunnen mensen ooit werkelijk\neen winterslaap houden?\nOnderzoekers die hier benieuwd naar zijn, \nrichten zich op het dierenrijk,\nwaar winterslaap algemeen voorkomt\nbij meer dan 200 diersoorten \ndie ons bekend zijn.\nZoals bijvoorbeeld\nde Arctische grondeekhoorn.\nInheems aan de Noord-Amerikaanse \ntoendra en Noord-Rusland,\ngraaft dit dier een gangenstelsel\nonder de permafrost\nen raakt in een rusttoestand,\nwaarbij zijn lichaamstemperatuur daalt \nnaar een ijskoude -2,9 graden Celsius.\nAndere dieren, zoals \nde zwarte berin, kunnen multitasken;\n\nChinese: \n\u8b6f\u8005: Marssi Draw\n\u5be9\u8b6f\u8005: Regina Chu\n\u592a\u7a7a\u4eba\u5728\u592a\u7a7a\u8239\u4e0a\u9810\u8a2d\u5b9a\u6642\u5668\n\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u95dc\u9032\u592a\u7a7a\u8259\u88e1\n\u7136\u5f8c\u9677\u5165\u6c89\u7761\u7684\u51ac\u7720\u72c0\u614b\n\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u5e36\u5230\u672a\u4f86\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u5f8c\n\u9019\u662f\u5728\u79d1\u5e7b\u96fb\u5f71\u88e1\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5834\u666f\n\u4f46\u4eba\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u51ac\u7720\u55ce\uff1f\n\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u611f\u8208\u8da3\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\n\u8f49\u800c\u7814\u7a76\u52d5\u7269\u738b\u570b\n\u51ac\u7720\u5728\u52d5\u7269\u754c\u5f88\u666e\u904d\n\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u77e5\u7d04\u6709\u5169\u767e\u7a2e\u7269\u7a2e\u6703\u51ac\u7720\n\u4ee5\u5317\u6975\u5730\u677e\u9f20\u70ba\u4f8b\n\u7260\u5011\u662f\u5317\u7f8e\u51cd\u539f\u548c\u5317\u4fc4\u539f\u751f\u7a2e\n\u9019\u7a2e\u52d5\u7269\u6703\u6316\u5730\u6d1e\u5230\u6c38\u51cd\u5c64\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6f5b\u4f0f\n\u9677\u5165\u66ab\u505c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u72c0\u614b\n\u9ad4\u6eab\u964d\u81f3\u6975\u4f4e\u7684\u651d\u6c0f -2.9 \u5ea6\n\u53e6\u5916\u50cf\u662f\u6bcd\u9ed1\u718a\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u9032\u884c\u591a\u7a2e\u4efb\u52d9\n\nFrench: \nTraducteur: Myriam Chergui\nRelecteur: eric vautier\n\u00c0 bord du vaisseau,\nles astronautes programment l'ordinateur,\ns'enferment dans des capsules,\npour plonger dans une hibernation profonde\nqui les conduira des centaines\nd'ann\u00e9es de l\u00e0 dans le futur.\nC'est une sc\u00e8ne qu'on retrouve\ndans de nombreux films de science-fiction,\nmais les humains pourraient-ils\nun jour vraiment hiberner ?\nLes chercheurs int\u00e9ress\u00e9s par la question\nse tournent vers le r\u00e8gne animal,\ndans lequel l'hibernation est ordinaire,\nse produisant chez plus\nde 200 esp\u00e8ces connues.\nPrenons l'exemple du spermophile arctique.\nOriginaire de la toundra nord-am\u00e9ricaine\net du nord de la Russie,\ncet animal s'enfouit sous le permafrost\net bascule dans un \u00e9tat\nd'animation suspendue,\nsa temp\u00e9rature corporelle\nchutant \u00e0 -2,9 degr\u00e9s Celsius.\nD'autres, telle que l'ourse noire,\nsont multit\u00e2ches,\n\nVietnamese: \nTranslator: Mai Chi\nReviewer: Linh L\u00ea\nB\u00ean trong t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \nphi h\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edd,\nt\u1ef1 kh\u00f3a m\u00ecnh b\u00ean trong khoang t\u00e0u\nv\u00e0 ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 s\u00e2u\ns\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m \nti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.\nM\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh quen thu\u1ed9c\ntrong phim khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng\nnh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng \ncon ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \"ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\"?\nC\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \nn\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt\nn\u01a1i m\u00e0 \"ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\" kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn,\nx\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean 200 lo\u00e0i.\nH\u00e3y l\u1ea5y S\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5,\ns\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh nguy\u00ean\nB\u1eafc M\u0129 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Nga,\nlo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0o hang\ns\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u0103ng\nv\u00e0 ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \"ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\",\nnhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \ngi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n -2.9 \u0111\u1ed9 C.\nM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 g\u1ea5u c\u00e1i \u0111en,\nc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u00fac,\n\nUkrainian: \n\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447: Anna Levchenko\n\u0423\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e: Khrystyna Romashko\n\u041d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\n\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440,\n\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043c\u0456\u0449\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0445,\n\u0456 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043d,\n\u0449\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435 \u0457\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0430 \n\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u043c\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0454.\n\u0426\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\n\u0443 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u0445,\n\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0447\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0456\n\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u0456?\n\u0414\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0446\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c,\n\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u043e \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430,\n\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 - \u0446\u0435 \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0456\u0447,\n\u0449\u043e \u0437\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448, \u043d\u0456\u0436 200 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0432,\n\u043f\u0440\u043e \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043c\u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043e.\n\u041f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u043d\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0443 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0443.\n\u041f\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0442\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0456\n\u0456 \u043f\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0456\u0457,\n\u0446\u044f \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0438\u0454 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u0443\n\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0491\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u0456\n\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0454 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\n\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456,\n\u0457\u0457 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\n\u0434\u043e \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 -2,9 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0456\u0454\u043c.\n\u0406\u043d\u0448\u0456, \u044f\u043a \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044f,\n\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c,\n\nPersian: \nTranslator: sadegh zabihi\nReviewer: Mary Jane\n\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c\n\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u067e\u0633\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0635\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u062f.\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0635\u062d\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0634\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc\n\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0644\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c\n\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0631\u06af\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\n\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u061f\n\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f\n\u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u06cc \u0642\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.\n\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f.\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\n\u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c\n\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0645\u062f \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\n\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646\u0634 \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f \n\u06f2/\u06f9- \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u064f\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.\n\u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647\u060c\n\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\nItalian: \nTraduttore: Alessandra Tadiotto\nRevisore: Cristina Bufi-P\u00f6cksteiner\n\"L'ibernazione \u00e8 un'azione sotto copertura\nper una missione ancora pi\u00f9 segreta.\"\nRalph Ellison, \"L'uomo invisibile\".\nA bordo dell'astronave,\ngli astronauti programmano il timer,\nsi chiudono nella capsule\ne cadono in un profondo \nstato di ibernazione\nche li condurr\u00e0 \na centinaia di anni nel futuro.\nQuesta scena \u00e8 piuttosto familiare\nnei film di fantascienza,\nma nella vita reale, gli uomini\npotrebbero davvero ibernarsi?\nI ricercatori interessati alla questione\nstudiano il regno animale,\ndove l'ibernazione \u00e8 molto comune,\nvisto che pi\u00f9 di 200 specie lo fanno.\nAd esempio,\nlo scoiattolo artico di terra,\noriginario della tundra nordamericana\ne della Russia settentrionale,\nscava gallerie sotto il permafrost\ne cade in uno stato\ndi animazione sospesa,\ncon una temperatura corporea\nche precipita a -2,9 gradi centigradi.\nAltri, come la femmina di orso nero,\nsono mutitasking,\n\nChinese: \n\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4eba\u5458: Zijian Xiao\n\u6821\u5bf9\u4eba\u5458: Junnan Li\n\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u98de\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\n\u5b87\u822a\u5458\u901a\u8fc7\u9884\u8c03\u65f6\u95f4\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\n\u628a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c01\u8fdb\u5bc6\u95ed\u7684\u80f6\u56ca\u4e2d\uff0c\n\u8fdb\u5165\u6df1\u5ea6\u7684\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\n\u7136\u540e\u7a7f\u68ad\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5149\u5230\u8fbe\u672a\u6765\u3002\n\u8fd9\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u79d1\u5e7b\u7535\u5f71\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6865\u6bb5\uff0c\n\u4f46\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\n\u771f\u7684\u80fd\u4f11\u7720\u5417\uff1f\n\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u9976\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u3002\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u52a8\u7269\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\n\u4f11\u7720\u662f\u518d\u6b63\u5e38\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7684\u4e86\uff0c\n\u5149\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u7269\u79cd\n\u5c31\u8d85\u8fc7 200 \u79cd\u3002\n\u62ff\u5317\u7f8e\u82d4\u539f\u5730\u533a\u672c\u571f\u7684\u5317\u6781\u5730\u9f20\uff0c\n\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5317\u6781\u5730\u9f20\u4e3e\u4f8b\uff0c\n\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u7269\u4f1a\u5728\u51bb\u571f\u5c42\u4e0b\u9762\u6316\u6d1e\uff0c\n\u7136\u540e\u8fc5\u901f\u8fdb\u5165\u6682\u505c\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\n\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f53\u6e29\u4f1a\u8fc5\u901f\n\u4e0b\u964d\u81f3\u96f6\u4e0b 2.9 \u6444\u6c0f\u5ea6\u3002\n\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u50cf\u96cc\u9ed1\u718a\u5728\u51ac\u7720\u65f6\n\u8fd8\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\n\nSpanish: \nTraductor: Vanessa M. Vargas Trejo\nRevisor: Paula Motter\n[Hibernar es una preparaci\u00f3n encubierta \npara una acci\u00f3n m\u00e1s patente.]\nA bordo de la nave espacial,\nlos astronautas programan el temporizador,\nse encierran en c\u00e1psulas,\ny caen en una profunda hibernaci\u00f3n\nque los llevar\u00e1 a cientos \nde a\u00f1os en el futuro.\nEsta es una escena conocida\nen muchas pel\u00edculas de ciencia ficci\u00f3n,\npero \u00bfpodr\u00edan los humanos \nhibernar alguna vez en la vida real?\nInvestigadores interesados en el tema\nestudiaron el reino animal,\ndonde la hibernaci\u00f3n\nes una pr\u00e1ctica com\u00fan\npara m\u00e1s de 200 especies conocidas.\nTomemos a la ardilla terrestre del \u00c1rtico.\nNativa de la tundra de Norteam\u00e9rica\ny del norte de Rusia,\neste animal cava debajo del permahielo,\nse sume en un estado\nde animaci\u00f3n suspendida\ny la temperatura de su cuerpo\nse desploma a 2,9 \u00b0C bajo cero.\nOtros, como la osa negra,\npueden hacer varias cosas a la vez:\n\nRomanian: \nTraduc\u0103tor: Maria Pan\u0103\nCorector: Cristina Nicolae\nLa bordul navei,\nastronau\u0163ii seteaz\u0103 cronometrul,\nse \u00eenchid \u00een capsule\n\u015fi intr\u0103 \u00eentr-o stare de hibernare\ncare \u00eei va purta\nc\u00e2teva sute de ani \u00een viitor.\nAceasta este o scen\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103\n\u00een multe filme SF,\ndar oare pot oamenii\ns\u0103 hiberneze cu adev\u0103rat?\nCercet\u0103torii interesa\u0163i de aceast\u0103\n\u00eentrebare apeleaz\u0103 la regnul animal,\nunde hibernarea este o banalitate,\nfiind \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103\nla peste 200 de specii cunoscute.\nUn exemplu ar fi pop\u00e2nd\u0103ul arctic.\nOriginar din tundra Americii de Nord\n\u015fi din nordul Rusiei,\nacest animal sap\u0103 sub permafrost\n\u015fi ajunge \u00eentr-o stare\nde \u201esuspendare a vie\u0163ii\",\ntemperatura corpului s\u0103u sc\u0103z\u00e2nd\nla -2,9 grade Celsius.\nAlte animale precum femela baribal\npoate \u00eendeplini sarcini multiple,\n\nIndonesian: \nTranslator: Edward Santoso\nReviewer: Deera Army Pramana\n\"Hibernasi adalah persiapan diam-diam\nuntuk aksi terang-terangan.\"\n- Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man\nDi dalam pesawat ruang angkasa,\npara astronot mengatur pewaktu,\nmembungkus diri mereka di dalam kapsul,\ndan terlelap dalam hibernasi panjang\nyang akan membawa mereka\nbeberapa ratus tahun ke masa depan.\nIni adalah adegan yang sering ada\ndi banyak film fiksi ilmiah,\ntetapi apakah manusia dapat benar-benar\nberhibernasi di kehidupan nyata?\nPara peneliti yang ingin menjawabnya\nmemulainya dengan mempelajari hewan,\nyang lebih banyak melakukan hibernasi,\nyaitu terjadi pada lebih dari 200 spesies\nyang telah diketahui.\nAmbil tupai tanah arktik sebagai contoh.\nSebagai hewan asli habitat tundra\ndi Amerika Utara dan Rusia Utara,\nhewan ini menggali lubang \ndi bawah permafrost\ndan hidup dalam keadaan mati suri,\nsehingga suhu tubuhnya turun drastis\nsampai dengan -2,9 derajat Celsius.\nHewan lain, seperti beruang hitam betina, \nbisa melakukan tugas ganda,\n\nEnglish: \nOnboard the spacecraft, \nthe astronauts preset the timer,\nenclose themselves in capsules,\nand fall into a deep hibernation\nthat\u2019ll carry them several \nhundred years into the future.\nThis is a familiar scene \nin many sci-fi films,\nbut could humans ever actually \nhibernate in real life?\nResearchers interested in this question \nturn to the animal kingdom,\nwhere hibernation is commonplace,\noccurring in over 200 species \nthat we know of.\nTake the Arctic ground squirrel.\nNative to the North American tundra \nand northern Russia,\nthis animal burrows \nbeneath the permafrost\nand slips into a state \nof suspended animation,\nits body temperature plummeting \nto a frigid -2.9 degrees Celsius.\nOthers, like the female black bear, \ncan multitask,\n\nPortuguese: \nTradutor: Sarah Tambur\nRevisor: Maricene Crus\nA bordo da nave espacial,\nastronautas programam o rel\u00f3gio,\nfecham-se em c\u00e1psulas\ne entram em uma hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o profunda\nque os levar\u00e1 a centenas\nde anos no futuro.\nEssa \u00e9 uma cena comum\nem muitos filmes de fic\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfica,\nmas ser\u00e1 que os humanos conseguir\u00e3o\num dia hibernar na vida real?\nPesquisadores interessados nessa pergunta\nrecorreram ao reino animal,\nno qual a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 comum\ne ocorre em mais\nde 200 esp\u00e9cies conhecidas.\nVejamos o esquilo-do-\u00e1rtico.\nOriginal da tundra norte-americana\ne do norte da R\u00fassia,\nesse animal se abriga sob o pergelissolo,\nentra em um estado de anima\u00e7\u00e3o suspensa,\ne sua temperatura corporal\ndespenca a g\u00e9lidos -2,9 \u00baC.\nOutros, como a f\u00eamea do urso-negro,\nrealiza multitarefas,\n\nTurkish: \n\u00c7eviri: G\u00f6zde Z\u00fclal Solak\nG\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irme: Figen Erg\u00fcrb\u00fcz\nBir uzay gemisinde astronotlar \nzamanlay\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nceden ayarlar,\nkaps\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u00e7ine girer\nve kendilerini birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l\ngelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131yacak olan\nderin bir k\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatarlar.\nBu, bilim kurgu filmlerinin\na\u015fina oldu\u011fumuz bir sahnesidir\nancak insanlar ger\u00e7ek hayatta da\nk\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatabilirler mi?\nAra\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu sorunun cevab\u0131 i\u00e7in\nbilinen 200'den fazla t\u00fcr\u00fcn\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi k\u0131\u015f uykusunun\nyayg\u0131n bir \u015fey oldu\u011fu\nhayvanlar alemini incelemektedirler.\nArktika gelengisini ele alal\u0131m.\nKuzey Amerika tundras\u0131 ve\nKuzey Rusya'n\u0131n yerlisi olan bu hayvan,\ndonmu\u015f topra\u011f\u0131n alt\u0131nda bir delik a\u00e7arak\nbir ertelenmi\u015f canland\u0131rma durumuna girer,\nv\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131 dondurucu -2,9 santigrat\ndereceye kadar d\u00fc\u015fer.\nDi\u011ferleri, di\u015fi siyah ay\u0131 gibi,\n\u00e7oklu g\u00f6revleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilir;\n\nRussian: \n\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\n\u0420\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440: Natalia Ost\n\u041d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044f\n\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043c\u0435\u0440,\n\u0443\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044b\n\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443,\n\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f\n\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044f.\n\u0412\u0441\u0451 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u044e\u0436\u0435\u0442\n\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0432,\n\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \n\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438?\n\u0423\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\n\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441,\n\u0438\u0449\u0443\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445,\n\u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f,\n\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\n\u0443 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 200 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432.\n\u0412\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430.\n\u0410\u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\n\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438,\n\u0441\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u044b\n\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b\n\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f,\n\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0445\n\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e -2,9 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0438\u044f.\n\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440,\n\u0447\u0451\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0430-\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0435\n\nGerman: \n\u00dcbersetzung: Barbara Forster\nLektorat: Andrea Hielscher\nIm Raumschiff stellen\ndie Astronauten den Timer,\nverkapseln sich und fallen\nin tiefen Winterschlaf,\nder sie mehrere Jahrhunderte\nin die Zukunft versetzt.\nDas ist eine bekannte Szene\nvieler Sci-Fi-Filme.\nDoch k\u00f6nnten Menschen\ntats\u00e4chlich Winterschlaf halten?\nInteressierte Forscher\nblicken ins Tierreich.\nDort ist Winterschlaf\nbei \u00fcber 200 bekannten Arten \u00fcblich.\nNehmen wir den Arktischen Ziesel.\nEr lebt in Nordrussland\nund der nordamerikanischen Tundra,\nbaut H\u00f6hlen unter dem Dauerfrostboden\nund verf\u00e4llt in toten\u00e4hnliche Starre,\nwobei seine K\u00f6rpertemperatur\nauf eisige -2,9 Grad Celsius absinkt.\nDas Schwarzb\u00e4rweibchen\nist multitaskingf\u00e4hig:\n\niw: \n\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05dd: Ido Dekkers\n\u05e2\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d4: Tal Dekkers\n\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05e8,\n\u05e2\u05d5\u05d8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05dd \u05d1\u05e7\u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4,\n\u05d5\u05e0\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4\n\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05d3.\n\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e1\u05e6\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05ea \u05d1\u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e1\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9 \u05de\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9,\n\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \n\u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05e1 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd?\n\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05de\u05ea\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5 \n\u05e4\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9,\n\u05e9\u05dd \u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05e0\u05e4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d4,\n\u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05e8\u05d7\u05e9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de 200 \u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.\n\u05e7\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e1\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9.\n\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d4 \n\u05e9\u05dc \u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05df \u05e8\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05d4,\n\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5 \u05de\u05ea\u05d7\u05e4\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05db\u05d1\u05ea \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d3\n\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05e4\u05dc\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05e4\u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05e3,\n\u05d8\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d7\u05ea\n\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 2.9 \u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05e4\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea.\n\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e0\u05e7\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8,\n\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea,\n\nJapanese: \n\u7ffb\u8a33: Satya Srk\n\u6821\u6b63: Tomoyuki Suzuki\n\u5b87\u5b99\u8239\u306b\u4e57\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u5b87\u5b99\u98db\u884c\u58eb\u305f\u3061\u306f\n\u30bf\u30a4\u30de\u30fc\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\n\u30ab\u30d7\u30bb\u30eb\u306b\u81ea\u3089\u3092\u5c01\u3058\u8fbc\u3081\n\u6df1\u3044\u51ac\u7720\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\n\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u5148\u306e\u672a\u6765\u3078\u3068\u5411\u304b\u3044\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u308c\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306eSF\u6620\u753b\u3067\n\u304a\u99b4\u67d3\u307f\u306e\u5834\u9762\u3067\u3059\u304c\n\u4eba\u985e\u306f\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\n\u51ac\u7720\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\n\u3053\u306e\u8cea\u554f\u306b\u8208\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9054\u306f\n\u52d5\u7269\u754c\u306b\u76ee\u3092\u5411\u3051\u307e\u3059\n\u52d5\u7269\u754c\u3067\u306f\u51ac\u7720\u306f\u5f53\u305f\u308a\u524d\n\u5206\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067200\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\n\u7a2e\u306b\u8d77\u304d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\n\u30db\u30c3\u30ad\u30e7\u30af\u30b8\u30ea\u30b9\u3092\n\u4f8b\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\n\u5317\u7c73\u306e\u30c4\u30f3\u30c9\u30e9\u3068\n\u30ed\u30b7\u30a2\u5317\u90e8\u304c\u539f\u7523\u306e\u3053\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u306f\n\u6c38\u4e45\u51cd\u571f\u5c64\u4e0b\u306b\u7a74\u3092\u6398\u308a\n\u4eee\u6b7b\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u5165\u308a\u307e\u3059\n\u4f53\u6e29\u306f\u6442\u6c0f \u30fc2.9\u5ea6\u307e\u3067\u4e0b\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3059\n\u30af\u30ed\u30af\u30de\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7a2e\u306e\u30e1\u30b9\u306f\n\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u30bf\u30b9\u30af\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3059\n\nArabic: \n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645: Esraa Khalid\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0651\u0642: Omar Essam\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \n- \u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u064a\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c\n\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c\n\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c\n\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\n\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u061f\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\n\u064a\u0644\u062c\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\n\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u060c\n\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\n\u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\n\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u062c\u062d\u0631\u0647\u060c \n\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u0629\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a\n\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649\n2.9 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\n\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f\u060c\n\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\n\nKorean: \n\ubc88\uc5ed: Kwon Yeonhee\n\uac80\ud1a0: Jihyeon J. Kim\n\uc6b0\uc8fc\uc120\uc5d0 \ud0c0\uba74, \uc6b0\uc8fc\ube44\ud589\uc0ac\ub4e4\uc740 \n\ud0c0\uc774\uba38\ub97c \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc870\uc815\ud574\ub193\uace0\n\ucea1\uc290 \uc548\uc5d0 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00\uc11c\n\uadf8\ub4e4\uc744 \uba87\ubc31 \ub144 \ud6c4\uc758 \ubbf8\ub798\ub85c \ub370\ub824\ub2e4 \uc904\n\uae4a\uc740 \ub3d9\uba74\uc5d0 \ube60\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774\ub294 \ub9ce\uc740 \uacf5\uc0c1\uacfc\ud559 \uc601\ud654\uc5d0\uc11c \n\uc790\uc8fc \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uce5c\uc219\ud55c \uc7a5\uba74\uc774\uc8e0.\n\uadf8\ub7f0\ub370 \uc778\uac04\ub4e4\uc740 \ud604\uc2e4\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \n\uc815\ub9d0 \ub3d9\uba74\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uae4c\uc694?\n\uc774 \uc9c8\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud638\uae30\uc2ec\uc744 \uac16\uac8c\ub41c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740\n\uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc544\ub294 \uac83\ub9cc \ud574\ub3c4 \ub3d9\uba74\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774\n200\uc885\uc774 \ub118\uc744 \uc815\ub3c4\ub85c \ub3d9\uba74\uc774 \ud754\ud55c\n\ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \uc655\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c \n\ub208\uc744 \ub3cc\ub9ac\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubd81\uadf9 \uc5bc\ub8e9\ub2e4\ub78c\uc950\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \n\ud55c\ubc88 \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.\n\ubd81\uc544\uba54\ub9ac\uce74 \ud230\ub4dc\ub77c\uc640 \n\ubd81\ubd80 \ub7ec\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ub294 \uc774 \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc740\n\uc601\uad6c \ub3d9\ud1a0\uce35\uc5d0 \uad74\uc744 \ud30c\uace0\n\uac00\uc0ac\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0 \ube60\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \uccb4\uc628\uc740 \uc12d\uc528 \n\uc601\ud558 2.9\ub3c4\uae4c\uc9c0 \uae09\ub77d\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc8e0.\n\ub2e4\ub978 \uc885\uc744 \ubcf4\uba74, \ud751\uacf0 \uc554\ucef7\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\n\uaca8\uc6b8\ub3d9\uc548 \ub3d9\uba74\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\uc911\uc5d0\n\nEnglish: \ngiving birth and lactating while they\u2019re\nhibernating through the winter.\nThe fat-tailed dwarf lemur prepares \nfor its long dormancy\nby gorging on food and storing the \nmajority of its fat reserves in its tail,\ndoubling its body weight.\nAfter hibernation, it emerges looking \nas svelte as ever.\nSo why do these animals \ngo to such extremes?\nHibernation is a necessity,\na survival tactic for making it \nthrough the harsh winter months\nwhen dwindling food \nand water reserves threaten survival.\nFor many years, experts believed \nhibernation happened\nonly in arctic and temperate environments.\nBut more recently, they\u2019ve discovered \nanimals hibernating\neven in arid deserts \nand tropical rainforests.\nAs hibernation kicks in,\nanimals\u2019 heartbeats usually slow to\nabout 1 to 3% of their original speed,\nlike the dwarf lemur\u2019s,\nwhich drops from its usual \nroughly 180 beats per minute\nto just around four.\nBreathing also declines dramatically\n\nJapanese: \n\u51ac\u306e\u9593\u4e2d \u51ac\u7720\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\n\u51fa\u7523\u3084\u6388\u4e73\u3092\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\n\u30d5\u30c8\u30aa\u30b3\u30d3\u30c8\u30ad\u30c4\u30cd\u30b6\u30eb\u306f\n\u305f\u3089\u3075\u304f\u98df\u3079\u3066\u9577\u3044\u4f11\u7720\u306b\u5099\u3048\u307e\u3059\n\u98df\u3079\u305f\u8102\u80aa\u5206\u306e\u5927\u534a\u3092\u5c3b\u5c3e\u306b\u8caf\u3081\u8fbc\u3080\u305f\u3081\n\u4f53\u91cd\u306f\uff12\u500d\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\n\u51ac\u7720\u5f8c\u306f \u3044\u3064\u3082\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n\u3059\u3089\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u4f53\u3067\u51fa\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3067\u306f\u306a\u305c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u9054\u306f\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\n\u51ac\u7720\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3059\n\u98df\u6599\u3084\u6c34\u306e\u84c4\u3048\u304c\u6e1b\u3063\u3066\u3086\u304d\n\u751f\u547d\u304c\u8105\u304b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u51ac\u3092\n\u4e57\u308a\u8d8a\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\n\u30b5\u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30eb\u6226\u8853\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\n\u9577\u5e74 \u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u9054\u306f \u51ac\u7720\u304c\u8d77\u304d\u308b\u306e\u306f\n\u6975\u5730\u65b9\u3068\u6e29\u5e2f\u306e\u307f\u3060\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\n\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3054\u304f\u6700\u8fd1\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\n\u52d5\u7269\u304c\n\u4e0d\u6bdb\u306e\u7802\u6f20\u3084\u71b1\u5e2f\u96e8\u6797\u3067\u3082\n\u51ac\u7720\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u767a\u898b\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\n\u51ac\u7720\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3068\n\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u5fc3\u62cd\u6570\u306f\n\u5e73\u5e38\u6642\u306e\uff11\uff5e\uff13\uff05\u307b\u3069\u306b\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3059\n\u30b3\u30d3\u30c8\u30ad\u30c4\u30cd\u30b6\u30eb\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\n\u901a\u5e38\u3067\u306f\uff11\u5206\u9593\u306b180\u62cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306a\u306e\u304c\n\u308f\u305a\u304b\uff14\u62cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306b\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\n\u547c\u5438\u3082\u5287\u7684\u306b\u6e1b\u5c11\u3057\u307e\u3059\n\nDutch: \njongen baren en voeden \nterwijl ze een winterrust houden.\nDe vetstaartkatmaki bereidt \nzich voor op zijn lange winterslaap\ndoor voedsel te schranzen en grote \nvetreserves in zijn staart te bewaren,\nwaardoor zijn gewicht verdubbelt.\nNa de winterslaap verschijnt \nhij zo slank als ooit tevoren.\nWaarom gaan deze dieren \nzo tot het uiterste?\nWinterslaap is\neen noodzakelijke behoefte,\neen overlevingstactiek om \nstrenge wintermaanden door te komen\nwanneer afnemende voedsel- en \nwaterreserves hun voortbestaan bedreigt.\nJarenlang dachten \ndeskundigen dat winterslaap\nalleen in arctische en gematigde \nklimaatzones plaatsvond.\nMaar onlangs ontdekten ze \nzelfs winterslapende dieren\nin dorre woestijnen \nen tropische regenwouden.\nZodra winterslaap optreedt\nvertraagt de hartslag van dieren\nnaar circa een tot drie procent \nvan hun normale snelheid.\nZoals die van de katmaki's,\nwelke afneemt van grofweg \n180 slagen per minuut\nnaar circa vier slagen.\nDe ademhaling vermindert ook drastisch\n\nPortuguese: \ndando \u00e0 luz e amamentando\nenquanto hiberna durante o inverno.\nO l\u00e9mure an\u00e3o Cheirogaleus medius\nprepara-se para a sua longa hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o\ningerindo alimentos e armazenando na cauda\na maior parte das reservas de gordura,\nduplicando o peso do corpo.\nDepois da hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o, aparece\ncom um ar t\u00e3o esbelto como sempre.\nEnt\u00e3o, porque \u00e9 que estes animais\nchegam a tais extremos?\nA hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma necessidade,\numa t\u00e1tica de sobreviv\u00eancia\npara superar os duros meses de inverno\nquando a comida e as reservas de \u00e1gua\ns\u00e3o escassas e amea\u00e7am a sobreviv\u00eancia.\nDurante anos, os especialistas\npensavam que a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o\nocorria apenas no \u00c1rtico\ne em temperaturas temperadas.\nMais recentemente, descobriram\nque havia animais a hibernar\nmesmo em desertos \u00e1ridos\ne em florestas tropicais.\nNa hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o,\no ritmo card\u00edaco dos animais\nnormalmente abranda para cerca de 1 a 3%\nda sua velocidade habitual,\ncomo nos l\u00e9mures an\u00f5es\nem que passa das normais\n180 batidas por minuto\npara cerca de quatro.\nA respira\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m diminui drasticamente\n\nTurkish: \nk\u0131\u015f uykusu esnas\u0131nda\ndo\u011fum yapabilir ve s\u00fct verebilir.\nHalka kuyruklu c\u00fcce lemur,\nya\u011f sto\u011funu kuyru\u011funda\ndepolayarak k\u0131\u015f uykusuna haz\u0131rlan\u0131r,\nbu da v\u00fccut a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ikiye katlar.\nK\u0131\u015f uykusundan sonra,\nince ve zarif bir h\u00e2lde uyan\u0131r.\nPeki bu hayvanlar\nneden b\u00f6yle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ya ka\u00e7\u0131yorlar?\nK\u0131\u015f uykusu bir gereksinimdir,\nazalan yemek ve su stoklar\u0131\nya\u015fam\u0131 tehdit etti\u011finde,\nsert k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131 boyunca\nhayatta kalabilme takti\u011fidir.\nUzmanlar y\u0131llar boyunca\nk\u0131\u015f uykusunun yaln\u0131zca arktikte\nve \u0131l\u0131man ortamlarda \nger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine inand\u0131lar.\nFakat son zamanlarda, kurak \u00e7\u00f6ller\nve tropik ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131nda da\nbaz\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n k\u0131\u015f uykusuna\nyatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler.\nK\u0131\u015f uykusu etkisini g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde\nhayvanlar\u0131n kalp at\u0131\u015flar\u0131 genelde normal \nh\u0131zlar\u0131ndan %1 ila 3 oran\u0131nda yava\u015flar;\nt\u0131pk\u0131 normalde\nkalp at\u0131\u015flar\u0131, dakikada 180'den \nyaln\u0131zca dakikada 4'e d\u00fc\u015fen\nc\u00fcce lemur gibi.\nNefes de \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde azal\u0131r;\n\nArabic: \n\u0641\u062a\u0644\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621\n\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0644 \n\u064a\u062c\u0647\u0632 \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\n\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c\n\u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u064a\u0644\u0647\n\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647\n\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \n\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \n\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647\u061f\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\n\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c\n\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621\n\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \n\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0642\u0637\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \n\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0629\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0626\n\u0644\u0645\u06461 \u0625\u0644\u0649 3% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\n\u0643\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\n\u0648\u0647\u0648 180 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\n\nKorean: \n\uc544\uc774\ub97c \ub0b3\uace0 \uc816\uc744 \uba39\uc774\ub294 \ub4f1\n\ub2e4\uc911\uc791\uc5c5\uc774 \uac00\ub2a5\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uaf2c\ub9c8\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc774\ub294 \uc74c\uc2dd\uc744 \uc2e4\ucef7 \uba39\uace0\n\ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc744 \uadf8\uc758 \uaf2c\ub9ac\uc5d0 \uc800\uc7a5\ud558\uc5ec\n\uccb4\uc911\uc744 2\ubc30\ub85c \ub298\ub9bc\uc73c\ub85c\uc368\n\uae34 \ud734\uba74\uc744 \uc900\ube44\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub3d9\uba74 \ud6c4\uc5d0 \uaf2c\ub9c8\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc774\ub294 \uc804\ucc98\ub7fc\n\ub0a0\uc52c\ud574\uc838\uc11c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0a9\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub807\ub2e4\uba74 \uc65c \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc740 \n\uc774\ub7f0 \uadf9\ub2e8\uc801\uc778 \ud589\ub3d9\uc744 \ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc77c\uae4c\uc694?\n\ub3d9\uba74\uc740 \ud544\uc218\uc801\uc774\uba70,\n\uc904\uc5b4\ub4dc\ub294 \uc74c\uc2dd\uacfc \ubb3c\uc774 \uc0dd\uc874\uc744 \uc704\ud611\ud558\ub294\n\uac00\ud639\ud55c \uaca8\uc6b8\uc744 \ubc84\ud2f0\uac8c \ud574\uc8fc\ub294 \n\uc0dd\uc874\uc804\ub7b5\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc218\ub144\uac04, \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3d9\uba74\uc774\n\ubd81\uadf9\uc9c0\ubc29\uc774\ub098 \ud55c\ub300\uc9c0\ubc29\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \n\uc77c\uc5b4\ub09c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ucd5c\uadfc\uc5d0, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uac74\uc870\ud55c \uc0ac\ub9c9\uacfc\n\uc5f4\ub300\uc6b0\ub9bc\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ub294 \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\ub3c4\n\ub3d9\uba74\uc744 \ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud558\uc600\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub3d9\uba74\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud560 \ub54c\n\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2ec\ubc15\uc218\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc6d0\ub798 \uc18d\ub3c4\uc758 \n1%\uc5d0\uc11c 3%\uac00\ub7c9\uc73c\ub85c \ub290\ub824\uc9c0\ub294\ub370,\n\uaf2c\ub9c8\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc774\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\n\ud3c9\uc18c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc8fc\ub85c 1\ubd84\ub2f9 \n180\ubc88 \ubc15\ub3d9\ud558\ub358 \uc2ec\ubc15\uc218\uac00\n\uace0\uc791 4\ubc88 \uac00\ub7c9\uc73c\ub85c \uac10\uc18c\ud558\uac8c\ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud638\ud761 \ub610\ud55c \uaf2c\ub9c8\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc774\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\n\niw: \n\u05de\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05e3.\n\u05d4\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05d6\u05e0\u05d1 \u05de\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05df \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\n\u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d1\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\n\u05d5\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e2\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05df \u05d1\u05d6\u05e0\u05d1,\n\u05e9\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e9 \u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05e9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea.\n\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d5\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d6\u05d4 \u05db\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05d3.\n\u05d0\u05d6 \u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd?\n\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7,\n\u05d8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d9\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05e3 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05db\u05e9\u05de\u05d0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05d3\u05dc\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \n\u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea.\n\u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd,\n\u05de\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05e8\u05d7\u05e9\u05ea\n\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.\n\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d4\u05dd \u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea\n\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e6\u05d7\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d9\u05e2\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05e9\u05dd \u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.\n\u05db\u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05e0\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05ea,\n\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea\n\u05dc 1 \u05e2\u05d3 3% \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd,\n\u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d4\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d2\u05de\u05d3\u05d9,\n\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d3 \u05de\u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d1 \u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\n\u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05da 180 \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d3\u05e7\u05d4\n\u05dc\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d0\u05e8\u05d1\u05e2.\n\u05d4\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e4\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea\u05ea \u05d3\u05e8\u05de\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea\n\nRomanian: \nd\u00e2nd na\u015ftere \u015fi al\u0103pt\u00e2nd\n\u00een timp ce hiberneaz\u0103 pe parcursul iernii.\nMaki cu coada groas\u0103 se preg\u0103te\u015fte\npentru lunga sa inactivitate\n\u00eenfulec\u00e2nd m\u00e2ncare \u015fi stoc\u00e2ndu-\u015fi\nmajoritatea gr\u0103simii sale \u00een coad\u0103,\ndubl\u00e2ndu-\u015fi greutatea corpului.\nDup\u0103 hibernare, apare ar\u0103t\u00e2nd\nmai zvelt ca niciodat\u0103.\nA\u015fadar, de ce recurg aceste animale\nla asemenea extreme?\nHibernarea este o necesitate,\no strategie de supravie\u0163uire\npentru a trece peste lunile aspre de iarn\u0103\nc\u00e2nd reducerea resurselor de hran\u0103 \u015fi ap\u0103\nle amenin\u0163\u0103 supravie\u021buirea.\nTimp de mul\u0163i ani, exper\u0163ii credeau\nc\u0103 hibernarea avea loc\ndoar \u00een medii arctice sau temperate,\n\u00eens\u0103 recent au descoperit\nanimale hibern\u00e2nd\nchiar \u015fi \u00een de\u015ferturi aride\nsau p\u0103duri tropicale.\nLa \u00eenceputul hibern\u0103rii,\nviteza b\u0103t\u0103ilor inimilor animalelor\nscade p\u00e2n\u0103 la 1-3% din cea original\u0103,\nprecum \u00een cazul lemurului pitic,\nal c\u0103rui ritm cardiac scade\nde la aproape 180 de b\u0103t\u0103i pe minut\nla doar patru.\nRespira\u0163ia se reduce \u015fi ea dramatic\n\nGerman: \nEs kann w\u00e4hrend des Winterschlafs\ngeb\u00e4ren und stillen.\nDer Mittlere Katzenmaki bereitet sich\nauf die lange Winterruhe vor,\nindem er sich vollfrisst, die meisten\nFettreserven im Schwanz einlagert\nund sein Gewicht verdoppelt.\nNach dem Winterschlaf\nist er wieder gertenschlank.\nWieso verfallen Tiere in solche Extreme ?\nWinterschlaf ist lebensnotwendig,\num die rauen Winter zu \u00fcberstehen,\nwenn schwindende Futter-\nund Wasserreserven an die Substanz gehen.\nLange glaubten Experten,\nWinterschlaf gebe es nur\nin arktischem und gem\u00e4\u00dfigtem Klima.\nDoch k\u00fcrzlich entdeckten sie Tiere,\ndie auch in Trockenw\u00fcsten\nund tropischen Regenw\u00e4ldern \u00fcberwintern.\nZu Beginn des Winterschlafs\nsinkt der Herzschlag von Tieren\nauf 1 bis 3 % der normalen Frequenz.\nBeim Katzenmaki reduziert er sich\nvon rund 180 Schl\u00e4gen\npro Minute auf nur etwa 4.\n\nChinese: \n\u6bd4\u5982\u5206\u5a29\u548c\u54fa\u4e73\uff0c\n\u80a5\u5c3e\u9f20\u72d0\u7334\u5219\u662f\u9760\u6444\u53d6\u5927\u91cf\u98df\u7269\uff0c\n\u548c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c3e\u5df4\u4e2d\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\n\u8eab\u4f53\u91cd\u91cf\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u8102\u80aa\n\u6765\u5ea6\u8fc7\u51ac\u7720\u7684\uff0c\n\u51ac\u7720\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\n\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u53c8\u50cf\u5e73\u65f6\u4e00\u6837\u7626\u5c0f\u3002\n\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u5462\uff1f\n\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f11\u7720\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u8bf4\u592a\u91cd\u8981\u4e86\uff0c\n\u8fd9\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5ea6\u8fc7\n\u4e25\u5bd2\u6570\u6708\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u5b58\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\n\u51ac\u5b63\u91cc\u7a00\u7f3a\u7684\u98df\u7269\n\u548c\u6c34\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c1\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u3002\n\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u4e13\u5bb6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\n\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u4f11\u7720\u53ea\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\n\u6781\u5730\u548c\u6e29\u5e26\u5730\u533a\u3002\n\u4f46\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\n\u52a8\u7269\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5e72\u65f1\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\u4e2d\n\u548c\u70ed\u5e26\u96e8\u6797\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u4f11\u7720\u3002\n\u4e00\u65e6\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u5165\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\n\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5fc3\u7387\u4f1a\u4e0b\u964d\u81f3\n\u6b63\u5e38\u901f\u7387\u7684 1% \u81f3 3%\u3002\n\u62ff\u9f20\u72d0\u7334\u7684\u5fc3\u8df3\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\n\u5fc3\u8df3\u4f1a\u4ece\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u7ea6 180 \u6b21\uff0c\n\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u7ea6\u6bcf\u5206\u949f 4 \u6b21\u3002\n\u547c\u5438\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\n\nChinese: \n\u5728\u51ac\u7720\u6642\u7522\u5b50\u4e26\u54fa\u4e73\n\u7c97\u5c3e\u4f8f\u5112\u72d0\u7334\u6e96\u5099\u51ac\u7720\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\n\u72c2\u5403\u6771\u897f\u4e26\u5c07\u5927\u591a\u8102\u80aa\u5132\u5b58\u5728\u5c3e\u5df4\u88e1\n\u91cd\u91cf\u6bd4\u8eab\u9ad4\u9084\u591a\u4e00\u500d\n\u51ac\u7720\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7260\u5011\u53c8\u6703\u8b8a\u5f97\u7e96\u7d30\u82d7\u689d\n\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9019\u4e9b\u52d5\u7269\n\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u5982\u6b64\u6975\u7aef\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff1f\n\u5c0d\u7260\u5011\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u51ac\u7720\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\n\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c42\u751f\u6280\u80fd\n\u597d\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u5ea6\u904e\u9577\u9054\u6578\u6708\u7684\u56b4\u51ac\n\u56e0\u70ba\u98f2\u98df\u6e1b\u5c11\u53d7\u9650\u6642\n\u6027\u547d\u5c31\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u8105\n\u8a31\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u76f8\u4fe1\u51ac\u7720\u53ea\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\n\u5317\u6975\u548c\u6eab\u5e36\u5730\u5340\n\u4f46\u6700\u8fd1\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\n\u52d5\u7269\u4e5f\u6703\u5728\u4e7e\u71e5\u7684\u6c99\u6f20\n\u548c\u71b1\u5e36\u96e8\u6797\u51ac\u7720\n\u52d5\u7269\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u51ac\u7720\n\u5fc3\u8df3\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u6703\u6e1b\u7de9\u81f3\n\u539f\u4f86\u7684 1% \u5230 3%\n\u50cf\u662f\u4f8f\u5112\u72d0\u7334\n\u539f\u672c\u5fc3\u8df3\u6bcf\u5206\u9418\u7d04 180 \u4e0b\n\u51ac\u7720\u6642\u6703\u6e1b\u81f3\u6bcf\u5206\u9418\u56db\u4e0b\n\u547c\u5438\u4e5f\u6703\u5927\u5e45\u6e1b\u5c11\n\nSpanish: \nparir y amamantar a su cr\u00eda\nmientra hibernan en el invierno.\nEl l\u00e9mur enano de cola gruesa\nse prepara para su larga inactividad\nllen\u00e1ndose de comida y almacenando\nla mayor parte de su grasa en la cola,\nduplicando as\u00ed su peso corporal.\nDespu\u00e9s de la hibernaci\u00f3n,\nsale tan esbelto como siempre.\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 estos animales\nllegan a tales extremos?\nLa hibernaci\u00f3n es una necesidad,\nuna t\u00e1ctica de supervivencia\npara superar los inviernos dif\u00edciles\ncuando la disminuci\u00f3n en las reservas de\ncomida y agua amenazan la supervivencia.\nPor a\u00f1os, los expertos creyeron\nque la hibernaci\u00f3n ocurr\u00eda\nsolo en ambientes \u00e1rticos y templados.\nPero, recientemente, descubrieron\nque algunos animales hibernaban\nincluso en desiertos \u00e1ridos\ny en selvas tropicales.\nCuando los animales\ncomienzan su hibernaci\u00f3n,\nel latido del coraz\u00f3n\nsuele descender entre el 1 % \ny el 3 % de su ritmo original,\ncomo los l\u00e9mures enanos,\ncuyos latidos bajan de los habituales\n180 por minuto a apenas unos 4 por minuto.\nLa respiraci\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n disminuye\ndr\u00e1sticamente a una sola inhalaci\u00f3n\n\nPortuguese: \ndando \u00e0 luz e amamentando\nenquanto hiberna no inverno.\nO l\u00eamure-an\u00e3o-de-cauda-gorda\nse prepara para sua longa dorm\u00eancia\nempanturrando-se de comida\ne estocando a maioria\ndo seu ac\u00famulo de gordura na cauda,\ndobrando seu peso corporal.\nAp\u00f3s a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o, ele emerge\nt\u00e3o esbelto quanto antes.\nMas por que esses animais\nchegam a tais extremos?\nA hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 uma necessidade,\numa t\u00e1tica de sobreviv\u00eancia\npara resistirem ao inverno severo\nquando as reservas reduzidas de alimento\ne \u00e1gua amea\u00e7am a sobreviv\u00eancia.\nDurante anos, especialistas acreditaram\nque a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o acontecia apenas\nem ambientes \u00e1rticos e temperados.\nMas mais recentemente,\ndescobriram animais hibernando\nat\u00e9 mesmo em desertos\ne florestas tropicais.\nQuando a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o entra em a\u00e7\u00e3o,\nos batimentos card\u00edacos dos animais\ndiminuem em velocidade entre 1 e 3%,\ncomo no l\u00eamure-an\u00e3o,\nem que caem das 180 batidas por minuto\npara apenas quatro.\nA respira\u00e7\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m diminui drasticamente\n\nUkrainian: \n\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0456 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438\n\u0432 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0446\u0456 \u0432\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0443.\n\u0422\u043e\u0432\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\n\u0434\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u044e\n\u043e\u0431'\u0457\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438\n\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0436\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0454\u043c\u0443 \u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456,\n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u044e\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430.\n\u041f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0435\n\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u044f\u043a \u0456 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0448\u0435.\n\u0422\u0430\u043a \u0447\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436 \u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\n\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0449\u0456?\n\u0417\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 - \u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c,\n\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \n\u0441\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0456\u0441\u044f\u0446\u044f\u043c\u0438,\n\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0448\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0457\u0436\u0457\n\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0454 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044e.\n\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438,\n\u0449\u043e \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 - \u0446\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435,\n\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445\n\u0456 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0445.\n\u0410\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0449\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438,\n\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443\n\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445\n\u0456 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0456\u0441\u0430\u0445.\n\u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430,\n\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\n\u0434\u043e 1-3% \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0457 \u0448\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456,\n\u044f\u043a \u0443 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0456\u0432,\n\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\n\u0437\u0456 \u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 180 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0445\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0443\n\u0434\u043e \u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044f 4.\n\u0414\u0438\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\n\nPolish: \nrodzi\u0107 i karmi\u0107\npodczas zimowej hibernacji.\nLemur kar\u0142owaty gruboogonowy\nprzygotowuje si\u0119 do d\u0142ugiego snu,\nobjadaj\u0105c si\u0119 i przechowuj\u0105c\nwi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 zapas\u00f3w t\u0142uszczu w ogonie,\npodwajaj\u0105c tym samym wag\u0119 cia\u0142a.\nPo hibernacji wy\u0142ania si\u0119,\nwygl\u0105daj\u0105c smuk\u0142o jak nigdy.\nDlaczego te zwierz\u0119ta\nprzechodz\u0105 w takie skrajno\u015bci?\nHibernacja to konieczno\u015b\u0107,\ntaktyka pozwalaj\u0105ca przetrwa\u0107\ntrudne zimowe miesi\u0105ce,\nkiedy kurcz\u0105ce si\u0119 zapasy jedzenia\ni wody zagra\u017caj\u0105 przetrwaniu.\nEksperci d\u0142ugo wierzyli,\n\u017ce hibernuj\u0105 zwierz\u0119ta tylko\nw klimacie arktycznym i umiarkowanym.\nJednak niedawno odkryli,\n\u017ce zwierz\u0119ta hibernuj\u0105\nnawet na ja\u0142owych pustyniach\ni w tropikalnych lasach deszczowych.\nKiedy zaczyna si\u0119 hibernacja,\nrytm serca zwalnia i stanowi\nod oko\u0142o 1 do 3% zwyk\u0142ego tempa.\nU lemura kar\u0142owatego\nliczba uderze\u0144 spada ze 180 na minut\u0119\ndo oko\u0142o czterech.\nOddech r\u00f3wnie\u017c bardzo zwalnia\n\nItalian: \nriuscendo a partorire e allattare\nmentre sono in letargo durante l'inverno.\nIl chirogaleo dalla coda grossa\nsi prepara per la lunga ibernazione\nabbuffandosi di cibo \ne immagazzinando grasso nella coda,\nraddoppiando cos\u00ec il suo peso corporeo.\nDopo l'ibernazione,\ntorna pi\u00f9 vispo di prima.\nPerch\u00e9 gli animali\nraggiungono tali estremi?\nL'ibernazione \u00e8 necessaria,\n\u00e8 una strategia di sopravvivenza\nper superare i duri inverni\nquando la scarsa disponibilit\u00e0 di cibo\ne acqua minaccia la sopravvivenza.\nPer molti anni si \u00e8 creduto\nche l'ibernazione avvenisse\nsolo nelle zone artiche e temperate.\nTuttavia di recente si \u00e8 scoperto\nche l'ibernazione avviene\nanche tra gli animali dei deserti\ne delle foreste tropicali.\nDurante l'ibernazione,\ni battici cardiaci degli animale\nsi riducono a 1-3% del ritmo normale,\ncome quello del chirogaleo,\nche passa da circa 180 battiti al minuto\na soltanto 4 battiti.\nAnche la respirazione\nsi riduce drasticamente\n\nIndonesian: \nmelahirkan sekaligus menyusui saat\nberhibernasi sepanjang musim dingin.\nLemur kerdil berekor gemuk bersiap\nuntuk dormansi panjangnya\ndengan banyak makan dan menyimpan\nmayoritas cadangan lemak di ekor,\nmenggandakan berat badannya.\nSetelah hibernasi, ia muncul\ndan terlihat sangat ramping.\nJadi mengapa hewan melakukan\nhal ekstrem seperti ini?\nHibernasi adalah suatu keharusan,\nsebuah taktik untuk bertahan hidup\ndan melewati kerasnya musim dingin\nketika berkurangnya makanan dan\npersediaan air mengancam nyawa.\nSelama bertahun-tahun, para ahli yakin\nbahwa hibernasi terjadi\nhanya di arktik\ndan lingkungan beriklim sedang\nTetapi baru-baru ini, mereka menemukan\nhewan berhibernasi\nbahkan di gurun pasir yang kering\ndan di hutan hujan tropis.\nSaat hibernasi dimulai,\ndetak jantung hewan biasanya melambat\njadi sekitar 1-3% dari kecepatan aslinya,\nseperti lemur kerdil itu,\nyang turun dari biasanya\nsekitar 180 kali per menit\nmenjadi hanya sekitar empat per menit.\nPernapasan juga menurun secara drastis\n\nPersian: \n\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\n\u0628\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f.\n\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u0641\u062a\u060c\n\u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\n\u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0686\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u063a\u0630\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u060c\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c\n\u0627\u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.\n\u067e\u0633 \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\n\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u061f\n\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c\n\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0646\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646\n\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\n\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0628 \u0648 \u063a\u0630\u0627\n\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f.\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0644\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c\n\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.\n\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\n\u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0634\u06a9 \u0648 \u062c\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u06af\u0631\u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f.\n\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c\n\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\n\u062a\u0627 \u06f1 \u062a\u0627 \u06f3\u066a \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u062f\u060c\n\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06f1\u06f8\u06f0 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647\n\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f.\n\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f\n\nRussian: \n\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e:\n\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043c\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445.\n\u0422\u043e\u043b\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440 \n\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0435,\n\u043f\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0301\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0443 \n\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0451 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u0432 \u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435,\n\u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0438\u0442 \n\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0430.\n\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0438\n\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0451\u043a \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0441.\n\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \n\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c?\n\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c,\n\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e\n\u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432,\n\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b\n\u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438.\n\u041e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c,\n\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435,\n\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\n\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0441\u0430\u0445.\n\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438,\n\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\n\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0448\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043d\u044c\n\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0436\u0443\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0439.\n\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f,\n\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\n\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e 1\u20133% \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b,\n\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\n\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 180 \n\u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 4 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0443.\n\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f,\n\nFrench: \nelle met bas et s\u00e9cr\u00e8te du lait\npendant son hibernation hivernale.\nLe chirogale moyen,\npour se pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 sa longue dormance,\nse gave et stocke la majorit\u00e9\nde ses r\u00e9serves de graisse dans sa queue,\nmultipliant son poids par deux.\nApr\u00e8s son hibernation, il se r\u00e9veille\naussi svelte que jamais.\nPourquoi ces animaux ont-ils recours\n\u00e0 des mesures aussi extr\u00eames ?\nL'hibernation est une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9,\nune strat\u00e9gie pour survivre\n\u00e0 la rudesse des mois hivernaux,\nquand les r\u00e9serves de nourriture et d'eau\ns'amenuisent jusqu'\u00e0 menacer leur survie.\nLes experts ont longtemps cru\nque l'hibernation se produisait\nuniquement en Arctique\net dans des zones temp\u00e9r\u00e9es.\nMais plus r\u00e9cemment, ils ont d\u00e9couvert\nque des animaux hibernaient\nm\u00eame dans des d\u00e9serts arides\net des for\u00eats tropicales.\nTandis que l'hibernation d\u00e9marre,\nle rythme cardiaque de l'animal perd\n1 \u00e0 3% de sa vitesse initiale,\ncomme pour le l\u00e9mur nain,\nqui passe d'environ\n180 pulsations par minute\n\u00e0 seulement autour de quatre.\nLa respiration d\u00e9cline aussi\nde fa\u00e7on spectaculaire\n\nVietnamese: \nv\u1eeba sinh con v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft s\u1eefa\ntrong khi ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng.\nLo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o l\u00f9n \u0111u\u00f4i b\u00e9o \nchu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u00ec ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\nb\u1eb1ng b\u00e1ch nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef\nph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ee1 v\u00e0o \u0111u\u00f4i,\nt\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.\nSau k\u00ec ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u1edbi\nm\u1ed9t th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh m\u1ea3nh d\u1ebb.\nV\u1eady t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \nl\u1ea1i ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng?\nNg\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft,\n\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t qua\nm\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t\nkhi s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\n\u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n.\nTrong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \ntin r\u1eb1ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra\nch\u1ec9 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi.\nG\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra\nnh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\nngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf hoang m\u1ea1c kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n\nv\u00e0 r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi.\nNgay khi ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra,\nnh\u1ecbp tim c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3m \nkho\u1ea3ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 3% so v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng,\nnh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o l\u00f9n,\ngi\u1ea3m nh\u1ecbp tim th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\nt\u1eeb x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 180 nh\u1ecbp / ph\u00fat\nxu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 4 nh\u1ecbp/ ph\u00fat.\nNh\u1ecbp th\u1edf c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t\n\nLatvian: \nziemas gu\u013cas laik\u0101 t\u0101 sp\u0113j dzemd\u0113t\nun dot pienu mazulim.\nVid\u0113jais pundurlemurs\ngarajai atp\u016btai gatavojas,\nuzbarojoties un liel\u0101ko da\u013cu tauku\nrezervju noglab\u0101jot sav\u0101 ast\u0113,\nDz\u012bvnieka svars \u0161aj\u0101 laik\u0101 dubultojas,\nbet p\u0113c hibern\u0101cijas tas par\u0101d\u0101s\ntikpat slaids k\u0101 agr\u0101k.\nK\u0101d\u0113\u013c dz\u012bvniekiem vajag \u0161\u0101das gal\u0113j\u012bbas?\nHibern\u0101cija ir nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba,\nt\u0101 ir izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas taktika\nskarbajos ziemas m\u0113ne\u0161os,\nkad dz\u012bv\u012bbu apdraud p\u0101rtikas\nun \u016bdens daudzuma samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s.\nIlgus gadus eksperti uzskat\u012bja, \nka hibern\u0101cija notiek\ntikai viet\u0101s ar arktisku\nvai m\u0113renu temperat\u016bru,\nta\u010du v\u0113l\u0101k hibern\u0113jo\u0161i\ndz\u012bvnieki tika atkl\u0101ti\npat sausos tuksne\u0161os un tropu lietusme\u017eos.\nS\u0101koties hibern\u0101cijas procesam,\ndz\u012bvnieku sirdsdarb\u012bba pal\u0113nin\u0101s\nl\u012bdz aptuveni 1\u20133% no s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 \u0101truma.\nPiem\u0113ram, pundurlemura pulss\nnokr\u012btas no ierastajiem\nap 180 sitieniem min\u016bt\u0113\nl\u012bdz aptuveni \u010detriem.\nStrauji pal\u0113nin\u0101s ar\u012b elpo\u0161ana \u2013\n\niw: \n\u05dc\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05db\u05dc 10 \u05e2\u05d3 21 \u05d3\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e8.\n\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea,\n\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e9\u05d7\u05e8\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e6\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4\n\u05db\u05dc \u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea.\n\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05e0\u05e9\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d3\u05dd \u05d5\u05d7\u05de\u05e6\u05df\n\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd.\n\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea\n\u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05df\n\u05db\u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d3\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea.\n\u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05e3 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d4.\n\u05e2\u05d3 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd,\n\u05d1\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e1\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d3\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea,\n\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d6\u05de\u05df.\n\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d7\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05d8\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\n\u05d5\u05d8\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05db\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8.\n\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\n\u05dc\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05d3 \u05d7\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea,\n\u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05df \u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\n\u05dc\u05e7\u05e6\u05d1 \u05de\u05d8\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05e8\u05da 24 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea,\n\u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8.\n\u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e4\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05db\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd,\n\u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05ea\u05e8\u05d7\u05e9\u05ea \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e1\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05df.\n\nSpanish: \ncon espacios de entre 10 y 21 minutos, \ncomo en el caso de los l\u00e9mures.\nY los osos negros,\ncomo muchos hibernantes,\nno orinan ni defecan durante\ntoda la temporada de hibernaci\u00f3n.\nLos animales hibernantes permanecen vivos\ncon solo tener suficiente flujo\nde sangre y ox\u00edgeno en el cuerpo.\nY estudios realizados \nen animales hibernantes\nrevelan que su actividad\ncerebral es casi nula.\nPero la hibernaci\u00f3n no es\nuna larga siesta invernal.\nHasta donde saben los investigadores,\nni los l\u00e9mures ni las marmotas\nse la pasan durmiendo en este proceso.\nEn realidad, la hibernaci\u00f3n se compone\nde episodios regulares\nde reducci\u00f3n en el metabolismo\ny en la temperatura corporal,\nconocidos como \"letargo\".\nLos animales pueden permanecer en letargo\npor pocos d\u00edas o hasta cinco semanas,\ndespu\u00e9s de lo cual reanudan\nsu ritmo metab\u00f3lico y temperatura corporal\npor unas 24 horas,\nantes de sumirse nuevamente en el letargo.\nEste fen\u00f3meno es una fase\nintermedia de actividad,\ny por qu\u00e9 ocurre\nsigue siendo un misterio.\n\nKorean: \n10\ubd84\uc5d0\uc11c 21\ubd84\ub9c8\ub2e4 \n1\ubc88\uc73c\ub85c \uae09\ub77d\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc8e0.\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud751\uacf0\uc740 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ucc98\ub7fc\n\ub3d9\uba74\uae30\uac04\uc5d0\ub294 \uc18c\ubcc0\uc774\ub098 \n\ub300\ubcc0\uc744 \ubcf4\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc740 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ubab8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc21c\ud658\ud560 \ub54c\n\ud544\uc694\ud55c \ub9cc\ud07c\ub9cc\uc758 \ud53c\uc640 \n\uc0b0\uc18c\ub97c \uac16\uace0 \uc0dd\uc874\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub610\ud55c \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294\n\uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \ub1cc\ud30c\uac00\n\ud3c9\ud3c9\ud55c \uc9c1\uc120\uc774 \ub428\uc744 \ubc1d\ud600\ub0c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub3d9\uba74\uc740 \uae34 \uaca8\uc6b8\uc7a0\uc774 \uc544\ub2d9\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc544\ub294 \ud55c\ub3c4\uc5d0\uc11c,\n\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc774\uc640 \uc5bc\ub8e9\ub2e4\ub78c\uc950\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0,\n\uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ub3d9\uba74 \uc911\uc5d0 \n\uc7a0\uc744 \uac70\uc758 \uc790\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub3d9\uba74\uc740 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uae30\uba74\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc778\n\uc815\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uac10\uc18c\ub41c \ub300\uc0ac\uc728\uacfc\n\uccb4\uc628\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc838\uc788\uc8e0.\n\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc740 \uace0\uc791 \uba70\uce60\uc5d0\uc11c 5\uc8fc\uae4c\uc9c0 \n\uae30\uba74\uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0 \ube60\uc838\uc788\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uadf8 \ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc778\n\ub300\uc0ac\uc728\uacfc \uccb4\uc628\uc73c\ub85c\n24\uc2dc\uac04\ub3d9\uc548 \uc720\uc9c0\ud55c \ud6c4\n\ub2e4\uc2dc \uae30\uba74\uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c \ube60\uc838\ub4e4\uc5b4\uac11\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \ud604\uc0c1\uc740 \"interbout arousal \"\ub85c \n\uc54c\ub824\uc838 \uc788\ub294\ub370,\n\uc774 \ud604\uc0c1\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc774\uc720\ub294 \n\uc544\uc9c1 \uc218\uc218\uaed8\ub07c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nFrench: \njusqu'\u00e0 seulement une respiration\ntoutes les 10 \u00e0 20 minutes, pour le l\u00e9mur.\nLes ours noirs,\ncomme la plupart des hibernants,\nn'urinent et ne d\u00e9f\u00e8quent pas\nde toute la saison d'hibernation.\nIl semblerait que les animaux hibernants\nse maintiennent en vie\nen ayant juste assez de sang et d'oxyg\u00e8ne\nen circulation dans le corps.\nDes scanners d'animaux en hibernation\nont r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 que leur activit\u00e9 c\u00e9r\u00e9brale\nest tout bonnement interrompue.\nMais l'hibernation n'est pas\nune longue sieste hivernale.\n\u00c0 la connaissance des chercheurs,\nchez les l\u00e9muriens\net les spermophiles du moins,\nla plupart du temps,\nles animaux ne dorment pas.\nElle se compose de phases r\u00e9guli\u00e8res\nde r\u00e9duction du rythme m\u00e9tabolique\net de la temp\u00e9rature,\nconnues sous le nom de torpeur.\nLes \u00e9pisodes de torpeur peuvent durer\nde quelques jours \u00e0 cinq semaines,\napr\u00e8s quoi l'animal retrouve\nune temp\u00e9rature corporelle\net un rythme m\u00e9tabolique normaux,\npendant pr\u00e8s de 24 heures,\navant de replonger\ndans un \u00e9pisode de torpeur.\nCe ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne est connu sous le nom\nd'\u00e9veil intercyclique,\nla raison pour laquelle il se produit\nreste un myst\u00e8re.\n\nVietnamese: \nxu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp m\u1ed7i 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 21 ph\u00fat\ntrong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o.\nV\u00e0 g\u1ea5u \u0111en, nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \n\u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng,\nkh\u00f4ng \u0111i ti\u1ec3u hay th\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \ntrong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ee7.\nNh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t\nch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e1u v\u00e0 oxi\n\u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.\nNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng \ncho th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o b\u1ed9\ng\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\nNh\u01b0ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\ngi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 su\u1ed1t m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e0i.\nTheo t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u,\nlo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o v\u00e0 S\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea5t B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c,\nth\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7\ntrong su\u1ed1t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y.\nNg\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \n\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t\nv\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3,\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1edd \u0111\u1edd.\nC\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf trong \ntr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1edd \u0111\u1edd t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn 5 tu\u1ea7n.\nsau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 trao \u0111\u1ed5i\nch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\ntrong kho\u1ea3ng 24 gi\u1edd,\ntr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u01a1i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1edd \u0111\u1edd.\nHi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0\ns\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c d\u1eady gi\u1eefa qu\u00e3ng,\nl\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra\nv\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n.\n\nChinese: \n\u5bf9\u72d0\u9f20\u6765\u8bf4\u751a\u81f3\u6bcf 10-21 \u5206\u949f\n\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u547c\u5438\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\n\u800c\u9ed1\u718a\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4f11\u7720\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\n\u6574\u4e2a\u4f11\u7720\u671f\u90fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u6392\u5c3f\u548c\u6392\u4fbf\u3002\n\u5f53\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8840\u548c\u6c27\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u5185\u5faa\u73af\u65f6\uff0c\n\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u82cf\u9192\u8fc7\u6765\u3002\n\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4f11\u7720\u52a8\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u626b\u63cf\u663e\u793a\uff0c\n\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5927\u8111\u6d3b\u52a8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5e73\u7f13\u3002\n\u4f46\u662f\u4f11\u7720\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u51ac\u7720\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\n\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\n\u81f3\u5c11\u5bf9\u72d0\u9f20\u548c\u5730\u677e\u9f20\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u3002\n\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u52a8\u7269\u6765\u8bf4\u751a\u81f3\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7761\u7740\uff0c\n\u4f11\u7720\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8865\u507f\n\u7ecf\u5e38\u6027\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\n\u548c\u4f53\u6e29\u964d\u4f4e\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5026\u6020\u611f\u3002\n\u52a8\u7269\u4eec\u8fd9\u79cd\u975e\u6d3b\u8dc3\u72b6\u6001\n\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u5386\u6570\u5929\u5230\u4e94\u5468\u3002\n\u5728\u8fd9\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53c8\u4f1a\u6062\u590d\u5230\n\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u7387\u548c\u4f53\u6e29\uff0c\n\u76f4\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b21\u5026\u6020\u671f\u6765\u88ad\uff0c\n\u4e2d\u95f4\u5927\u7ea6\u95f4\u9694 24 \u5c0f\u65f6\u3002\n\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u9635\u95f4\u89c9\u9192\u3002\n\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\n\u76ee\u524d\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e2a\u8c1c\u3002\n\nPolish: \ndo jednego wdechu na ka\u017cde\n10 do 20 minut w przypadku lemura.\nNied\u017awiedzie czarne,\njak wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 hibernuj\u0105cych zwierz\u0105t,\nnie oddaj\u0105 moczu ani nie wypr\u00f3\u017cniaj\u0105 si\u0119\nprzez ca\u0142y czas trwania hibernacji.\nHibernuj\u0105ce zwierz\u0119ta pozostaj\u0105 przy \u017cyciu\ndzi\u0119ki wystarczaj\u0105cej ilo\u015bci krwi\ni tlenu kr\u0105\u017c\u0105cych w ich cia\u0142ach.\nSkany ich m\u00f3zg\u00f3w pokazuj\u0105 aktywno\u015b\u0107\nna sta\u0142ym, bardzo niskim poziomie.\nJednak hibernacja to nie tylko\nd\u0142uga zimowa drzemka.\nZgodnie z wiedz\u0105 naukow\u0105,\nprzynajmniej w przypadku lemur\u00f3w i sus\u0142\u00f3w,\nzwierz\u0119ta wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 czasu wcale nie \u015bpi\u0105.\nHibernacja to w rzeczywisto\u015bci regularne\nrzuty zmniejszonego tempa metabolizmu\ni temperatury cia\u0142a zwane torporem.\nZwierz\u0119ta mog\u0105 trwa\u0107 w torporze\nod kilku dni do pi\u0119ciu tygodni,\npo kt\u00f3rych na 24 godziny odzyskuj\u0105\nnormalne tempo metabolizmu\ni temperatur\u0119 cia\u0142a\nprzed ponownym przej\u015bciem w torpor.\nTen fenomen znany\njako przej\u015bciowe pobudzenie\npozostaje zagadk\u0105.\n\nPersian: \n\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\n\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u06f1\u06f0 \u062a\u0627 \u06f2\u06f1 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0633\u062f.\n\u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0633\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.\n\u067e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\n\u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \n\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f.\n\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u062f\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u063a\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627\n\u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0637 \u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.\n\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.\n\u062a\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c\n\u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062a\n\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a.\n\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\n\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u0645\n\u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.\n\u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0632\n\u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0686\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u06a9\u0647\n\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u06af \u06a9\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\n\u0646\u0631\u062e \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u060c\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06f2\u06f4 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f.\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a.\n\nTurkish: \nlemurun durumunda, her 10 ila 21\ndakikada yaln\u0131zca bir nefes gibi.\nSiyah ay\u0131lar da,\nt\u0131pk\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131\u015f uykucusu gibi,\nk\u0131\u015f uykusu d\u00f6nemi boyunca\nk\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya b\u00fcy\u00fck tuvaletini yapmaz.\nK\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatan hayvanlar, \nv\u00fccutlar\u0131nda\nyeterli miktarda kan ve oksijen\nbulundurarak canl\u0131 kal\u0131rlar.\nK\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatan hayvanlar\u0131n\ntaramalar\u0131, beyin eylemlerinin\nneredeyse \u00f6l\u00fc oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.\nAncak k\u0131\u015f uykusu,\nuzun bir k\u0131\u015f uykusu de\u011fildir.\nAra\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bildi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla,\nlemurlarda ve tarla sincaplar\u0131nda,\nhayvanlar k\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu\nuyuyarak ge\u00e7irmezler.\nK\u0131\u015f uykusu asl\u0131nda azalt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f metabolizma\nh\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenli n\u00f6betleri ve hissizlik\nolarak bilinen v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131ndan ibarettir.\nHayvanlar birka\u00e7 g\u00fcnden be\u015f haftaya\nkadar hissizlik durumunda kalabilir,\nsonras\u0131nda da, tekrar hissizli\u011fe\nge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, yakla\u015f\u0131k 24 saat\nnormal metabolizma h\u0131z\u0131\nve v\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131s\u0131na devam ederler.\nBu olgu, n\u00f6betler aras\u0131 canlanma\nolarak bilinmektedir\nve neden ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi de h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir s\u0131rd\u0131r.\n\nEnglish: \nto just one breath every 10 to 21 minutes \nin the lemur\u2019s case.\nAnd black bears, like most hibernators,\ndon\u2019t urinate \nor defecate the entire hibernation season.\nHibernating animals appear to stay alive\nby having just enough blood\nand oxygen moving around their bodies.\nAnd scans of hibernating animals \nreveal that their brain activity\nhas just about flat-lined.\nBut hibernation isn\u2019t a long winter\u2019s nap.\nAs far as researchers know,\nin lemurs and\nground squirrels anyway,\nthe animals aren\u2019t even \nsleeping for most of it.\nHibernation is actually made up of regular\nbouts of reduced metabolic rate\nand body temperature known as torpor.\nAnimals can be in torpor \nfor a few days to five weeks,\nafter which they resume normal \nmetabolic rate and body temperature\nfor about 24 hours,\nbefore going back into torpor again.\nThe phenomenon is known \nas an interbout arousal,\nand why it occurs is still a mystery.\n\nArabic: \n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0644 10 \u0625\u0644\u0649 21 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\n\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\n\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646\n\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\n\u0648\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \n\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645\n\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637.\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\n\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u0647\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\n\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\n\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 24 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0627\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627\n\nDutch: \nnaar slechts een ademhaling elke tien \ntot 21 minuten in geval van de maki's.\nZwarte beren, zoals \nde meeste winterslapers,\nplassen en poepen niet \ntijdens de winterrustperiode.\nWinterslapende dieren \nlijken in leven te blijven\ndoor net genoeg bloed- en\nzuurstofcirculatie in hun lichaam.\nEn scans van winterslapende dieren \nonthullen dat hun hersenactiviteit\nvrij constant blijft.\nMaar winterslaap is \ngeen langdurig winterdutje.\nVoor zover onderzoekers weten,\nin geval van maki\u2019s en grondeekhoorns,\nslapen de dieren vaak niet eens.\nWinterslaap is een staat van regelmatige \nperiodes van tragere stofwisseling\nen lichaamstemperatuur \nbeter bekend als torpor.\nDieren kunnen een paar dagen \ntot wel vijf weken in torpor zijn\nen hervatten hun stofwisselingssnelheid \nen lichaamstemperatuur\nvoor zo'n 24 uur,\nvoordat ze terug in torpor gaan.\nDit verschijnsel staat bekend \nals tussentijds ontwaken\nen waarom dit plaatsvindt \nblijft een mysterie.\n\nGerman: \nAuch seine Atemz\u00fcge nehmen stark ab --\nauf nur einen alle 10 bis 21 Minuten.\nWie die meisten Winterschl\u00e4fer\nscheiden Schwarzb\u00e4ren in Winterruhe\nweder Urin noch Kot aus.\nWinterschl\u00e4fer \u00fcberleben offenbar mit\nminimaler Blut- und Sauerstoffzirkulation.\nCT-Aufnahmen von ihnen\nzeigen so gut wie keine Gehirnaktivit\u00e4t.\nDoch Winterschlaf\nist kein langes Nickerchen.\nDemzufolge, was Forscher zumindest\n\u00fcber Lemuren und Erdh\u00f6rnchen wissen,\nschlafen die Tiere\ndie meiste Zeit nicht einmal.\nWinterruhe bedeutet Phasen der Reduktion\nvon Stoffwechsel und K\u00f6rpertemperatur,\n\"Torpor\" genannt.\nTiere k\u00f6nnen bis zu f\u00fcnf Wochen\nin dieser Starre bleiben.\nDarauf folgen 24 Stunden Normalit\u00e4t\nvon Stoffwechsel und K\u00f6rpertemperatur,\nbevor die Starre wieder einsetzt.\nMan kennt das Ph\u00e4nomen\nals \"kurzzeitige Wachphasen\",\ndoch sein Auftreten ist noch ungekl\u00e4rt.\n\nPortuguese: \npara at\u00e9 uma respira\u00e7\u00e3o a cada 10\nou 21 minutos, no caso do l\u00eamure.\nE os ursos-negros,\ncomo a maioria dos hibernadores,\nn\u00e3o urinam ou defecam\ndurante todo o per\u00edodo de hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o.\nAnimais que hibernam\ndemonstram estar vivos\npor terem sangue e oxig\u00eanio suficientes\ncirculando no corpo.\nExames nesses animais revelam\nque a atividade cerebral deles\nfica estabilizada.\nMas a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9\numa longa soneca de inverno.\nAt\u00e9 onde pesquisadores sabem,\nsobre os l\u00eamures\ne os esquilos, pelo menos,\nos animais nem est\u00e3o dormindo\ndurante a maior parte do tempo.\nA hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o constitui-se de intervalos\nregulares de redu\u00e7\u00e3o nas taxas metab\u00f3licas\ne na temperatura corporal\nconhecidos como torpor.\nOs animais podem ficar em torpor\nde alguns dias at\u00e9 cinco semanas,\ne, em seguida, eles retomam\nsua taxa metab\u00f3lica e temperatura normais\npor cerca de 24 horas,\nantes de voltarem ao torpor.\nO fen\u00f4meno \u00e9 conhecido\ncomo despertar intermedi\u00e1rio\ne ainda n\u00e3o se sabe por que ele ocorre.\n\nUkrainian: \n\u0434\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0445\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0456 10-21 \u0445\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\n\u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430.\n\u0406 \u0447\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u044f\u043a \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \n\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d,\n\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\n\u0432\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0436 \u0432\u0441\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0443.\n\u0421\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0438,\n\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0447\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044c\u043e \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0456\n\u0456 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043d\u044e, \u0449\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0457\u0445 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0443.\n\u0406 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u0438\u043c\u0443\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\n\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0454, \u0449\u043e \u0457\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0437\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c\n\u0454 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0440\u043d\u043e\u044e.\n\u0410\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 - \u0446\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0433\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0456\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0437\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0443.\n\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c,\n\u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0438\n\u0456 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0456 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0438\n\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\n\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0443.\n\u0421\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0456, \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445\n\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043e\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0437\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\n\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430, \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0445 \u044f\u043a \"\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\".\n\u0422\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0456\n\u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0434\u043e \u043f'\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0456\u0432,\n\u043f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0447\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439\n\u0440\u0456\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c\u0443 \u0456 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430\n\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 24 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\n\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u0438\u043c, \u044f\u043a \u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0432\u0432\u0456\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440.\n\u0426\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435\n\u044f\u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\n\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0439\u043e\u0433\u043e \n\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u0454\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u044e.\n\nLatvian: \nhibern\u0113jies lemurs ievelk elpu\ntikai reizi 10 l\u012bdz 21 min\u016bt\u0113.\nMelnie l\u0101\u010di, glu\u017ei k\u0101\nliel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca p\u0101rziemot\u0101ju,\nneurin\u0113 un neizk\u0101rn\u0101s\nvisu hibern\u0101cijas periodu.\nP\u0101rziemojo\u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki izdz\u012bvo,\njo to \u0137ermen\u012b joproj\u0101m cirkul\u0113\npietiekami daudz asi\u0146u un sk\u0101bek\u013ca.\nHibern\u0113jo\u0161o dz\u012bvnieku sken\u0113jumi par\u0101da,\nka to smadzen\u0113s tikpat k\u0101 nav aktivit\u0101tes.\nBet hibern\u0101cija nav\ntikai ilga ziemas snauda.\nCikt\u0101l p\u0113tniekiem zin\u0101ms,\nvismaz lemura un suslika gad\u012bjum\u0101,\ndz\u012bvnieki liel\u0101ko da\u013cu\nhibern\u0101cijas nemaz negu\u013c.\nT\u0101 paties\u012bb\u0101 sast\u0101v\nno regul\u0101riem torpora periodiem,\nkad pal\u0113nin\u0101s vielmai\u0146a\nun pazemin\u0101s \u0137erme\u0146a temperat\u016bra.\nTorpora st\u0101vokl\u012b dz\u012bvnieki var pavad\u012bt\nno da\u017e\u0101m dien\u0101m l\u012bdz pat piec\u0101m ned\u0113\u013c\u0101m,\ntad uz aptuveni 24 stund\u0101m atjaunojas\nnorm\u0101la vielmai\u0146a un \u0137erme\u0146a temperat\u016bra\nbet p\u0113c tam dz\u012bvnieks\natkal iesl\u012bgst torpor\u0101.\n\u0160o fenomenu d\u0113v\u0113\npar starpciklisku uzbudin\u0101jumu,\nun joproj\u0101m nav zin\u0101ms, k\u0101d\u0113\u013c tas notiek.\n\nPortuguese: \npara uma inspira\u00e7\u00e3o cada 10 ou 21 minutos,\nno caso dos l\u00e9mures.\nOs ursos-negros, tal como\nmuitos dos animais que hibernam,\nn\u00e3o urinam nem defecam\ndurante toda a esta\u00e7\u00e3o de hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o.\nOs animais que hibernam\nmant\u00eam-se vivos\ncom o sangue e o oxig\u00e9nio suficiente\na circular pelo corpo.\nAs observa\u00e7\u00f5es a animais a hibernar\nrevelam que a atividade cerebral\nmant\u00e9m-se numa linha plana.\nMas a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9\numa longa sesta de inverno.\nTanto quanto os investigadores sabem,\npelo menos nos l\u00e9mures\ne nos esquilos-do-\u00c1rtico,\nos animais nem sequer \ndormem durante a maior parte do tempo.\nA hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 composta por per\u00edodos\nregulares de ritmo metab\u00f3lico reduzido\ne de temperatura corporal reduzida,\nconhecidos por letargo.\nOs animais podem estar em letargo\ndurante uns dias a cinco semanas,\nap\u00f3s o que retomam o ritmo\nmetab\u00f3lico e a temperatura normais\ndurante cerca de 24 horas,\nantes de mergulharem em torpor outra vez.\nO fen\u00f3meno \u00e9 conhecido\npor vig\u00edlia entre per\u00edodos\ne a raz\u00e3o por que ocorre\n\u00e9 um mist\u00e9rio.\n\nJapanese: \n\u30ad\u30c4\u30cd\u30b6\u30eb\u306e\u5834\u5408 10\uff5e21\u5206\u306b\n\u305f\u3063\u305f\uff11\u56de\u3057\u304b\u547c\u5438\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u30af\u30ed\u30af\u30de\u306f \u51ac\u7720\u3059\u308b\u5927\u534a\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u3068\u540c\u69d8\n\u51ac\u7720\u671f\u9593\u4e2d\u305a\u3063\u3068 \u6392\u5c3f\u3084\u6392\u4fbf\u3092\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u51ac\u7720\u4e2d\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u306f \u4f53\u3092\u52d5\u304b\u305b\u308b\u3060\u3051\u306e\n\u8840\u6db2\u3068\u9178\u7d20\u3067\u547d\u3092\u7e4b\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u307f\u3048\u307e\u3059\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\u51ac\u7720\u4e2d\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u3092\u76e3\u8996\u3057\u3066\n\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\n\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u8133\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\n\u307b\u307c\u505c\u6b62\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\n\u3067\u3059\u304c\u51ac\u7720\u306f\u9577\u3044\u663c\u5bdd\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9054\u304c\u77e5\u308b\u9650\u308a\n\u30ad\u30c4\u30cd\u30b6\u30eb\u3084\u30b8\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\n\u52d5\u7269\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u7720\u3063\u3066\u3059\u3089\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u5b9f\u306f\u51ac\u7720\u306f \u4ee3\u8b1d\u7387\u3068\u4f53\u6e29\u3092\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\n\u898f\u5247\u7684\u306a\u300c\u4f11\u7720\u300d\u671f\u9593\u3067\n\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\n\u52d5\u7269\u306f\u6570\u65e5\u304b\u3089\uff15\u9031\u9593\n\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u51fa\u6765\u307e\u3059\n\u305d\u306e\u5f8c \u7d0424\u6642\u9593\n\u5e73\u5e38\u6642\u306e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7387\u3068\u4f53\u6e29\u306b\u623b\u308a\n\u518d\u3073\u4f11\u7720\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u623b\u308a\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u73fe\u8c61\u306f\u4e2d\u9014\u899a\u9192\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\n\u8d77\u304d\u308b\u7406\u7531\u306f\u672a\u3060\u306b\u8b0e\u3067\u3059\n\nRomanian: \nla un singur suflu\nla fiecare 10-21 de minute, pentru lemur.\nTotodat\u0103, baribalii,\nasemenea majorit\u0103\u0163ii hibernantelor,\nnu urineaz\u0103 \u015fi nu elimin\u0103 materie fecal\u0103\n\u00een timpul \u00eentregii hibern\u0103ri.\nAnimalele care hiberneaz\u0103\npar s\u0103 fie \u00een via\u0163\u0103,\nav\u00e2nd abia suficient s\u00e2nge \u015fi oxigen\ncare s\u0103 le str\u0103bat\u0103 corpurile.\nScan\u0103ri ale hibern\u0103rii animalelor arat\u0103\nc\u0103 activitatea cerebral\u0103\neste aproape inexistent\u0103.\nTotu\u015fi, hibernarea nu este\nun pui de somn lung c\u00e2t iarna.\nDin c\u00e2te \u015ftiu cercet\u0103torii,\ncel pu\u021bin \u00een cazul lemurilor\n\u015fi al pop\u00e2nd\u0103ilor,\nanimalele nici m\u0103car nu dorm\n\u00een timpul majorit\u0103\u021bii procesului.\nHibernarea este de fapt alc\u0103tuit\u0103\ndin runde de reducere a metabolismului\n\u015fi a temperaturii corpului,\ncunoscute drept letargie.\nAnimalele se pot afla \u00een aceast\u0103 stare\nde la c\u00e2teva zile p\u00e2n\u0103 la cinci s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni,\ndup\u0103 care revin la ritmul metabolic\n\u0219i temperatura corpului normale\npentru aproximativ 24 de ore,\n\u00eenainte de a rec\u0103dea \u00een letargie.\nFenomenul este cunoscut\ndrept \u201etrezire spontan\u0103\u201d,\niar motivul pentru care se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103\neste \u00eenc\u0103 un mister.\n\nRussian: \n\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\n1 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0435 10\u201320 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442.\n\u0411\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435,\n\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443,\n\u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438\n\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a.\n\u0412\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435\n\u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438,\n\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \n\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0440\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435.\n\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u0432\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445\n\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \n\u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u0430.\n\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u2014 \n\u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043d \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0439.\n\u041d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u043c,\n\u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0443 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432,\n\u0431\u043e\u0301\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\n\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0430.\n\u0421\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\n\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430,\n\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0437\u00bb.\n\u0416\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\n\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c,\n\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438 \n\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\n\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\n\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f\n\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430,\n\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.\n\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\n\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f,\n\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \n\u0434\u043e \u0441\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439.\n\nItalian: \na un respiro ogni 10 o 21 minuti\nnel caso del chirogaleo.\nE gli orsi neri, come\nmolti animali in letargo,\nnon urinano e defecano\ndurante tutto il periodo di ibernazione.\nSembra che questi animali restino in vita\ngrazie al poco ossigeno e sangue\ncircolanti nei loro corpi.\nE alcune analisi sugli animali in letargo\nrivelano che la loro attivit\u00e0 cerebrale\n\u00e8 praticamente piatta.\nMa il letargo non \u00e8 \nun lungo pisolino invernale.\nCome i ricercatori hanno scoperto,\nalmeno nel caso\ndei chirogalei e degli scoiattoli,\ngli animali non dormono quasi per niente.\nIl letargo consiste in intervalli regolari\ndi attivit\u00e0 metabolica ridotta\ne bassa temperatura corporea,\nil cosiddetto torpore.\nGli animali possono restare in torpore\nper alcuni giorni fino a cinque settimane,\ndopodich\u00e9 tornano al loro stato normale\nper circa 24 ore,\nprima di ricadere nello stato di torpore.\nIl fenomeno \u00e8 noto \ncome risveglio intermedio\ne perch\u00e9 accada \u00e8 ancora un mistero.\n\nChinese: \n\u5230\u6bcf 10 \u5230 21 \u5206\u9418\u547c\u5438\u4e00\u6b21\n\u9ed1\u718a\u8ddf\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u51ac\u7720\u52d5\u7269\u4e00\u6a23\n\u6574\u500b\u51ac\u7720\u671f\u90fd\u4e0d\u6ccc\u5c3f\u6216\u6392\u6cc4\n\u51ac\u7720\u52d5\u7269\u7dad\u6301\u751f\u547d\n\u53ea\u4ef0\u8cf4\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u8840\u6db2\u548c\u6c27\u6c23\n\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u88e1\u6d41\u52d5\n\u900f\u904e\u6383\u63cf\u51ac\u7720\u52d5\u7269\u767c\u73fe\n\u7260\u5011\u7684\u8166\u90e8\u6d3b\u52d5\n\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u975c\u6b62\u4e0d\u52d5\n\u4f46\u51ac\u7720\u4e26\u975e\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u51ac\u65e5\u5348\u89ba\n\u5c31\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u54e1\u6240\u77e5\n\u72d0\u7334\u548c\u5730\u677e\u9f20\n\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u6642\u9593\u90fd\u6c92\u7761\n\u51ac\u7720\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u7531\u9593\u6b47\u6027\u7684\n\u964d\u4f4e\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7387\u548c\u9ad4\u6eab\u7d44\u6210\n\u6b64\u73fe\u8c61\u7a31\u70ba\u87c4\u4f0f\n\u52d5\u7269\u87c4\u4f0f\u53ef\u9577\u9054\u4e94\u5929\u5230\u4e94\u500b\u661f\u671f\u4e4b\u4e45\n\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7260\u5011\u6062\u5fa9\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u8b1d\u7387\u548c\u9ad4\u6eab\n\u5927\u7d04 24 \u5c0f\u6642\n\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u6b21\u9032\u5165\u87c4\u4f0f\n\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u8c61\u7a31\u70ba\u77ed\u66ab\u89ba\u9192\u671f\n\u6210\u56e0\u4ecd\u662f\u500b\u8b0e\n\nIndonesian: \nmenjadi hanya satu napas\nsetiap 10-21 menit pada lemur.\nDan beruang hitam, seperti \nkebanyakan hibernator,\ntidak buang air kecil ataupun\nbuang air besar selama musim hibernasi.\nHewan yang sedang hibernasi\ntampaknya tetap hidup\nhanya dengan memiliki cukup darah dan\noksigen yang beredar di tubuh mereka.\nPemindaian pada hewan yang berhibernasi\nmengungkapkan bahwa\naktivitas otak mereka hampir tidak ada.\nTetapi hibernasi bukanlah\ntidur siang panjang di musim dingin.\nSejauh yang diketahui para peneliti,\npada lemur dan tupai tanah,\nmereka bahkan tidak tidur\ndi sebagian besar waktu hibernasinya.\nHibernasi tersusun atas serangkaian\nperiode pendek penurunan laju metabolisme\ndan suhu tubuh yang dikenal \nsebagai mati suri.\nHewan mengalami mati suri selama\nbeberapa hari hingga 5 minggu,\nsetelah itu tingkat metabolisme dan\nsuhu tubuh mereka kembali normal\nselama sekitar 24 jam,\nsebelum mati suri lagi.\nFenomena itu diketahui sebagai\ninterbout arousal,\ndan penyebabnya masih menjadi\nsebuah misteri.\n\nItalian: \nI comportamenti tipici dell'ibernazione,\ncome non dormire per cinque settimane,\no il vertiginoso calo \ndella temperatura corporea\npotrebbero essere fatali per\nspecie non ibernanti, come la nostra.\nPer capire come alcuni animali\nriescano a ibernarsi,\ni ricercatori hanno rivolto\nl'attenzione ai loro genomi.\nFinora si \u00e8 scoperto che\nl'ibernazione \u00e8 controllata dai geni\nche attivano e disattivano\ndeterminati pattern durante l'anno,\ndeterminando cos\u00ec il comportamento\ne la fisiologia dell'animale.\nStudi sullo scoiattolo artico, \nl'orso e il chirogaleo\nhanno dimostrato che questi animali\nsono in grado di attivare i geni\nresponsabili del metabolismo dei grassi\nproprio quando devono\nusare le loro riserve di grasso\ncome carburante per sopravvivere\na lunghi periodi di digiuno.\nI geni in questione\nsono presenti in tutti i mammiferi,\nil che significa che si potrebbero\nstudiare i mammiferi ibernanti\nper vedere come il loro controllo\nfisiologico possa aiutare l'uomo.\nComprendere come questi animali\nriescano a ridurre il flusso sanguigno\npotrebbe fornire cure migliori\nper il cervello colpito da un ictus.\n\nArabic: \n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0643\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c\n\u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u062f\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 \n\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0646\u0627\n\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u060c\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\n\u062d\u0648\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645 \n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\n\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\n\u0641\u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645\n\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\n\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646\n\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646\n\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629\n\u0643\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0645\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\n\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a\n\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \n\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.\n\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a\n\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\n\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u062a\u0629.\n\niw: \n\u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea,\n\u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d7\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4,\n\u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d3\u05ea \u05dc\u05d8\u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e1\u05e3 \u05e7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d0\u05d5\u05df\n\u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e7\u05d8\u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05d5\u05d8\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\n\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05db\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5.\n\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea\n\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea,\n\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d1 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd\n\u05dc\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5.\n\u05e2\u05d3 \u05db\u05d4, \u05d4\u05dd \u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e9\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05e0\u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05e9\u05e0\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e0\u05d3\u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05ea\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4,\n\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05d6\u05d9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d4.\n\u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e1\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2,\n\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d5\u05d4\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\n\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05e9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d8\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05e7 \u05db\u05e9\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05e9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05df\n\u05db\u05d3\u05dc\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e6\u05d5\u05dd.\n\u05d5\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd,\n\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea\n\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd\n\u05d1\u05e4\u05d9\u05d6\u05d9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e2\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd.\n\u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea\n\u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05e8\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05d3\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d7\u05ea\u05ea\n\nFrench: \nLes ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes inh\u00e9rents \u00e0 l'hibernation,\ncomme \u00eatre priv\u00e9 de sommeil\ndurant cinq semaines\nou subir une chute de temp\u00e9rature\nproche du gel\nseraient potentiellement fatals\n\u00e0 des esp\u00e8ces non-hibernantes comme nous.\nPour d\u00e9couvrir ce qui permet\naux hibernants d'y survivre,\nles chercheurs ont pr\u00eat\u00e9 attention\naux g\u00e9nomes de ces animaux.\n\u00c0 ce jour, ils ont d\u00e9couvert que\nl'hibernation est contr\u00f4l\u00e9e par des g\u00e8nes\nqui s'activent et se d\u00e9sactivent selon\nun rythme unique tout au long de l'ann\u00e9e,\nen r\u00e9glant avec pr\u00e9cision la physiologie\net les comportements de l'hibernant.\nLes \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es sur les spermophiles,\nles ours et les l\u00e9murs nains\nont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que ces animaux\nsont capables d'activer les g\u00e8nes\ncontr\u00f4lant le m\u00e9tabolisme des graisses\nlorsqu'ils doivent utiliser\nleurs r\u00e9serves de graisse\ncomme carburant, pour survivre\n\u00e0 de longues p\u00e9riodes de je\u00fbne.\nLes g\u00e8nes en question\nse trouvant chez tous les mammif\u00e8res,\nles chercheurs pourraient\n\u00e9tudier les mammif\u00e8res hibernants,\net d\u00e9terminer comment leur contr\u00f4le unique\nde la physiologie pourrait aider l'Homme.\nSavoir comment ils inhibent les effets\nd'une circulation sanguine r\u00e9duite\n\nChinese: \n\u51ac\u7720\u6642\u7684\u884c\u70ba\n\u50cf\u662f\u4e94\u9031\u4e0d\u7761\u89ba\n\u6216\u9ad4\u6eab\u964d\u81f3\u51b0\u9ede\n\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u51ac\u7720\u7684\u7269\u7a2e\u4f86\u8aaa\n\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u81f4\u547d\n\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\u70ba\u4e86\u627e\u51fa\u52d5\u7269\u70ba\u4f55\u80fd\u51ac\u7720\n\u5c07\u7126\u9ede\u8f49\u5411\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7d44\n\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u767c\u73fe\n\u51ac\u7720\u662f\u53d7\u57fa\u56e0\u63a7\u5236\n\u8a72\u57fa\u56e0\u6574\u5e74\u6703\u7528\n\u7279\u6b8a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f86\u95dc\u9589\u548c\u958b\u555f\n\u5fae\u8abf\u51ac\u7720\u52d5\u7269\u7684\u751f\u7406\u6a5f\u80fd\u548c\u884c\u70ba\n\u4f8b\u5982\u5730\u677e\u9f20\u3001\u718a\u548c\u4f8f\u5112\u72d0\u7334\u7684\u7814\u7a76\n\u986f\u793a\u9019\u4e9b\u52d5\u7269\u80fd\u5920\u958b\u555f\u57fa\u56e0\n\u63a7\u5236\u8102\u80aa\u4ee3\u8b1d\n\u7cbe\u6e96\u5730\u5728\u7260\u5011\u9700\u8981\u904b\u7528\u5132\u5b58\u7684\u8102\u80aa\n\u505a\u70ba\u71c3\u6599\u6642\uff0c\u8b93\u7260\u5011\u5ea6\u904e\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u7981\u98df\u671f\n\u9019\u500b\u57fa\u56e0\u5b58\u5728\u6240\u6709\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\u4e2d\n\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\u53ef\u4ee5\n\u8abf\u67e5\u51ac\u7720\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52d5\u7269\n\u770b\u7260\u5011\u7368\u7279\u7684\u751f\u7406\u6a5f\u80fd\u63a7\u5236\n\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u4eba\u985e\n\u4e86\u89e3\u51ac\u7720\u52d5\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u61c9\u4ed8\u6e1b\u7de9\u7684\u8840\u6d41\n\nRomanian: \nComportamentele inerente\ndin timpul hibern\u0103rii,\nprecum trecerea a cinci s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2ni\nf\u0103r\u0103 somn\nsau sc\u0103derea temperaturii corpului\naproape de \u00eenghe\u021b\nar putea fi fatale unei specii,\ncare nu hiberneaz\u0103, precum noi.\nPentru a afla\ncum pot hiberna animalele,\ncercet\u0103torii \u0219i-au \u00eendreptat aten\u021bia\nc\u0103tre genomul acestora.\nP\u00e2n\u0103 acum, au descoperit c\u0103 hibernarea\neste controlat\u0103 de gene\ncare genereaz\u0103 sau nu tipare unice\npe parcursul anului,\najust\u00e2nd fiziologia \u0219i comportamentele\nanimalului care hiberneaz\u0103.\nDe exemplu, studii despre pop\u00e2nd\u0103u,\nurs \u0219i maki cu coada groas\u0103\nau dezv\u0103luit c\u0103 aceste animale\npot activa gene\ncare controleaz\u0103 metabolismul\natunci c\u00e2nd folosesc gr\u0103simea \u201edepozitat\u0103\u201d\ndrept combustibil pentru a supravie\u021bui\nperioade lungi de post.\nAceste gene sunt prezente\nla toate mamiferele,\nceea ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 cercet\u0103torii\nar putea studia hibernarea mamiferelor\npentru a vedea cum controlul lor\nfiziologic ar putea ajuta oamenii.\n\u00cen\u021belegerea modului \u00een care hibernantele\nfac fa\u021b\u0103 fluxului sanguin sc\u0103zut\n\nLatvian: \nHibern\u0101cijai rakstur\u012bg\u0101 uzved\u012bba,\npiem\u0113ram, piecas ned\u0113\u013cas bez miega\nvai gandr\u012bz piln\u012bga \u0137erme\u0146a atdzi\u0161ana,\nt\u0101d\u0101m nehibern\u0113jo\u0161\u0101m sug\u0101m k\u0101 cilv\u0113kiem\nvisticam\u0101k b\u016btu let\u0101la.\nLai atkl\u0101tu, k\u0101 ar to tiek gal\u0101\nhibern\u0113jo\u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki,\np\u0113tnieki piev\u0113rs\u0101s \u0161o dz\u012bvnieku genomiem.\nL\u012bdz \u0161im izp\u0113t\u012bts,\nka hibern\u0101ciju kontrol\u0113 g\u0113ni,\nkas izsl\u0113dzas un iesl\u0113dzas\nnoteiktos gada laikos,\npieregul\u0113jot ar\u012b dz\u012bvnieka\nfiziolo\u0123iju un uzved\u012bbu.\nPiem\u0113ram, susliku, l\u0101\u010du\nun pundurlemuru p\u0113t\u012bjumi atkl\u0101j,\nka \u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki sp\u0113j iesl\u0113gt\ntauku vielmai\u0146u kontrol\u0113jo\u0161os g\u0113nus\ntie\u0161i tad, kad tauku rezerves\nj\u0101izmanto k\u0101 degviela,\nlai izdz\u012bvotu garajos bado\u0161an\u0101s periodos.\n\u0160\u0101di g\u0113ni ir visiem z\u012bd\u012bt\u0101jiem,\ntas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka zin\u0101tnieki var\u0113tu\np\u0113t\u012bt hibern\u0113jo\u0161os dz\u012bvniekus,\nlai noskaidrotu, k\u0101 to unik\u0101l\u0101 sp\u0113ja \nkontrol\u0113t savu fiziolo\u0123iju\nvar\u0113tu pal\u012bdz\u0113t cilv\u0113kiem.\nIzpratne par to, k\u0101 hibern\u0113jo\u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki\ntiek gal\u0101 ar pav\u0101jin\u0101tu asinsriti,\n\nUkrainian: \n\u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0446\u0456,\n\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f\n\u043f'\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0456\u0432 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043d\u0443,\n\u0430\u0431\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0430\n\u043c\u0430\u0439\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\n\u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u044e\n\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0432, \u044f\u043a \u043c\u0438.\n\u0429\u043e\u0431 \u0437'\u044f\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u044f\u043a \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\n\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0446\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438,\n\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0433\u0443\n\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d.\n\u041f\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0449\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0449\u043e\n\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438,\n\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0456 \u0432\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\n\u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u044f\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u044c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443,\n\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0443 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0456\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043e\u0457\n\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0456\u043d\u043a\u0443.\n\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434, \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0438,\n\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0434\u044f \u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430\n\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0446\u0456\n\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438,\n\u044f\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0437\u043c \u0436\u0438\u0440\u0443\n\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0434\u0456, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u0457\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0431\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\n\u0457\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\n\u044f\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e, \u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \n\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f.\n\u0406 \u0446\u0456 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0456 \u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u0441\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432,\n\u0449\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0449\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\n\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432,\n\u0449\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0438, \u044f\u043a \u0457\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\n\u0444\u0456\u0437\u0456\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0457 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c.\n\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u043a \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f\n\u0437 \u0437\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c,\n\nPolish: \nZachowania nieod\u0142\u0105czne dla hibernacji,\njak pi\u0119\u0107 tygodni bez snu\nalbo obni\u017canie temperatury\ndo bliskiej zamarzaniu,\nmog\u0142yby by\u0107 potencjalnie \u015bmiertelne\ndla niehibernuj\u0105cych gatunk\u00f3w jak ludzie.\n\u017beby dowiedzie\u0107 si\u0119,\njak zwierz\u0119ta hibernuj\u0105,\nbadacze zwr\u00f3cili uwag\u0119 na ich genomy.\nJak dot\u0105d odkryli,\n\u017ce hibernacj\u0119 kontroluj\u0105 geny,\nkt\u00f3re w\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105 si\u0119 i wy\u0142\u0105czaj\u0105\nwed\u0142ug unikalnego wzoru w ci\u0105gu roku,\nsteruj\u0105c fizjologi\u0105\ni zachowaniem hibernatora.\nNa przyk\u0142ad badania nad sus\u0142em,\nnied\u017awiedziem i lemurem kar\u0142owatym\npokaza\u0142y, \u017ce te zwierz\u0119ta\nmog\u0105 aktywowa\u0107 geny\nkontroluj\u0105ce gospodark\u0119 t\u0142uszczow\u0105\ndok\u0142adnie wtedy, kiedy musz\u0105\nwykorzysta\u0107 zasoby t\u0142uszczu,\njako paliwo potrzebne\ndo prze\u017cycia d\u0142ugich okres\u00f3w postu.\nWspomniane geny wyst\u0119puj\u0105\nu wszystkich ssak\u00f3w,\nco oznacza, \u017ce naukowcy\nmogliby zbada\u0107 hibernuj\u0105ce ssaki,\n\u017ceby sprawdzi\u0107, jak taka kontrola\nfizjologii mog\u0142aby pom\u00f3c ludziom.\nZrozumienie jak zwierz\u0119ta radz\u0105 sobie\nze zmniejszeniem przep\u0142ywu krwi,\n\nChinese: \n\u4f11\u7720\u671f\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\n\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u7406\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\n\u6bd4\u5982\u6301\u7eed\u4e94\u5468\u5de6\u53f3\u4e0d\u7761\u89c9\uff0c\n\u6216\u8005\u4f53\u6e29\u9aa4\u964d\u7b49\uff0c\n\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6ca1\u6709\u4f11\u7720\u884c\u4e3a\n\u7684\u7269\u79cd\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u81f4\u547d\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\n\u4e3a\u4e86\u67e5\u660e\u4f11\u7720\u52a8\u7269\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u7684\uff0c\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u3002\n\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\n\u8d2f\u7a7f\u5168\u5e74\u7684\u4f11\u7720\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5f00\u59cb\u548c\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\n\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u57fa\u56e0\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\n\u57fa\u56e0\u7ec4\u80fd\u5b8c\u7f8e\u534f\u8c03\u4f11\u7720\u52a8\u7269\n\u7684\u751f\u7406\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\n\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5bf9\u5730\u677e\u9f20\uff0c\n\u718a\u548c\u9f20\u72d0\u7334\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\n\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u9700\u8981\u6d88\u8017\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u8102\u80aa\u65f6\uff0c\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u52a8\u57fa\u56e0\n\u6765\u7cbe\u51c6\u63a7\u5236\u8102\u80aa\u4ee3\u8c22\uff0c\n\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u8102\u80aa\u5982\u540c\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\n\u6765\u652f\u6301\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u65ad\u98df\u3002\n\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u56e0\uff0c\n\u5728\u6240\u6709\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\u4f53\u5185\u90fd\u6709\u3002\n\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\n\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u4f11\u7720\u7684\u54fa\u4e73\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\n\u6765\u67e5\u660e\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u751f\u7406\u4e0a\u7684\n\u72ec\u7279\u63a7\u5236\u5982\u4f55\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u798f\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\n\u4e86\u89e3\u4f11\u7720\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u51cf\u7f13\u8840\u6db2\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\n\nRussian: \n\u041f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e\n\u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c,\n\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043d\u0430\n\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\n\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430\n\u0434\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b\n\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432,\n\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b, \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439.\n\u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \n\u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435,\n\u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \n\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b.\n\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0438\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c,\n\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u044b,\n\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \n\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430,\n\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044e \n\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e.\n\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432,\n\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\n\u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\n\u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0435\u043d\u044b,\n\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\n\u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\n\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\n\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441 \u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438,\n\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0430.\n\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0433\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f\n\u0443 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043c\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445,\n\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0443\u0447\u0451\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\n\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445,\n\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\n\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438,\n\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0451\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c.\n\u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0441\u043f\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438\n\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f,\n\nTurkish: \nK\u0131\u015f uykusunda var olan davran\u0131\u015flar,\nuykusuz be\u015f hafta ge\u00e7irmek veya\nneredeyse dondurucu\nv\u00fccut \u0131s\u0131lar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmek gibi;\nbizler gibi k\u0131\u015f uykusuna\nyatmayan t\u00fcrler i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl olabilir.\nAra\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, k\u0131\u015f uykusuna\nyatan hayvanlar\u0131n bunu nas\u0131l\nyapabildi\u011fini bulmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6zlerini\nbu hayvanlar\u0131n genomlar\u0131na \u00e7evirmi\u015flerdir.\n\u015eimdiye dek, k\u0131\u015f uykusunun\nsene boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde\na\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p kapanan genler taraf\u0131ndan\nkontrol edildi\u011fini ve uykuya yatan\u0131n\nfizyolojisini ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na\nince ayar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdir.\n\u00d6rne\u011fin tarla sincab\u0131,\nay\u0131 ve c\u00fcce lemur \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131,\n\u00f6zellikle uzun oru\u00e7 zamanlar\u0131nda\nhayatta kalabilmeleri i\u00e7in ya\u011f depolar\u0131n\u0131\nbenzin olarak kullanmalar\u0131\ngerekti\u011finde bu hayvanlar\u0131n\nya\u011f metabolizmas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eden\ngenleri a\u00e7abildi\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nBu genler t\u00fcm memelilerde\nmevcuttur, yani ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar,\ninsanlara nas\u0131l bir e\u015fsiz fizyoloji\nkontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fini\ng\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in k\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatan\nmemelileri inceleyebilirler.\nK\u0131\u015f uykusuna yatan hayvanlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck\nkan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131yla nas\u0131l ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak,\n\nJapanese: \n\u51ac\u7720\u306b\u4ed8\u304d\u3082\u306e\u306e\u884c\u52d5 \u2015\n\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\uff15\u9031\u9593\u7720\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u304b\n\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u51cd\u308a\u4ed8\u304f\u307e\u3067\u4f53\u6e29\u304c\n\u4e0b\u304c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\n\u79c1\u9054\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u51ac\u7720\u3057\u306a\u3044\u7a2e\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306f\n\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u51ac\u7720\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u7269\u304c\n\u3053\u308c\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u305f\u3081\n\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9054\u306f\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u30b2\u30ce\u30e0\u306b\n\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u5411\u3051\u307e\u3057\u305f\n\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b \u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u304c\u51ac\u7720\u3092\n\u5236\u5fa1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u767a\u898b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\n\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u306e\u4f5c\u7528\u304c\u5e74\u9593\u3092\u901a\u3058\n\u72ec\u7279\u306e\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u3067\u30aa\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30d5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\n\u51ac\u7720\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u7269\u306e\u751f\u7406\u6a5f\u80fd\u3084\u884c\u52d5\u3092\n\u5fae\u8abf\u6574\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\n\u4f8b\u3048\u3070 \u30b8\u30ea\u30b9\u3084\u30af\u30de\u3084\n\u30b3\u30d3\u30c8\u30ad\u30c4\u30cd\u30b6\u30eb\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306f\n\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u304c\u8102\u80aa\u4ee3\u8b1d\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\n\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u3092\u6d3b\u6027\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\n\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\n\u9577\u671f\u9593\u306e\u7d76\u98df\u3092\u751f\u304d\u5ef6\u3073\u308b\u305f\u3081\n\u30a8\u30cd\u30eb\u30ae\u30fc\u6e90\u3068\u3057\u3066\u84c4\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u2015\n\u8102\u80aa\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3079\u304d\u30bf\u30a4\u30df\u30f3\u30b0\u3092\n\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3057\u307e\u3059\n\u305d\u3057\u3066 \u3053\u306e\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u306f\n\u5168\u3066\u306e\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\n\u3064\u307e\u308a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\n\u51ac\u7720\u3059\u308b\u54fa\u4e73\u985e\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u3066\n\u305d\u306e\u72ec\u7279\u306a \u751f\u7406\u6a5f\u80fd\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u304c\n\u4eba\u985e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3064\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u63a2\u308c\u307e\u3059\n\u51ac\u7720\u3059\u308b\u52d5\u7269\u304c\u8840\u6d41\u306e\u6e1b\u5c11\u306b\n\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308c\u3070\n\nIndonesian: \nPerilaku yang melekat dalam hibernasi,\nseperti beraktivitas selama 5 minggu\ntanpa tidur,\natau suhu tubuh yang turun mendekati\ntitik beku\ndapat berakibat fatal kepada spesies\nyang tidak berhibernasi seperti kita.\nUntuk mengetahui bagaimana hibernator\ndapat melakukannya,\npara peneliti mengalihkan perhatiannya\npada genom hewan itu.\nSejauh ini, mereka menemukan bahwa\nhibernasi dikontrol oleh gen-gen\nyang aktif dan mati dalam suatu\npola yang unik sepanjang tahun,\nmengatur secara cermat\nfisiologi dan perilaku pada hibernator.\nContohnya, berbagai studi mengenai \ntupai tanah, beruang, dan lemur kerdil\ntelah mengungkapkan bahwa para hewan ini\ndapat mengaktifkan gen-gen\nyang mengatur metabolisme lemak\ntepat ketika mereka perlu menggunakan\ncadangan lemak\nuntuk sumber energi selama\nperiode puasa yang panjang.\nDan gen-gen yang dimaksud\nterdapat pada semua mamalia,\nyang berarti para peneliti dapat\nmempelajari mamalia yang berhibernasi\nuntuk melihat bagaimana kontrol fisiologi\nyang unik itu dapat membantu manusia.\nMemahami bagaimana hibernator bertahan\nmeski aliran darah berkurang\ndapat mengarah pada cara yang lebih\nbaik untuk melindungi otak saat strok.\n\nDutch: \nHet gedrag dat gepaard \ngaat met winterslaap,\nzoals vijf weken zonder slaap\nof onderkoeling van het lichaam,\nzou levensbedreigend kunnen zijn \nvoor niet-winterslapende types zoals wij.\nOm erachter te komen \nhoe winterslapers dit kunnen,\nhebben onderzoekers aandacht besteed\naan het genoom van deze dieren.\nTot nu toe gaan ze ervan uit\ndat winterslaap bepaald wordt door genen\ndie aan- en uitgaan in unieke \npatronen gedurende het jaar\nom de fysiologie en het gedrag \nvan winterslapers te verfijnen.\nUit onderzoek van bijvoorbeeld \ngrondeekhoorns, beren en katmaki's\nblijkt dat deze dieren in staat zijn \nom de genen aan te zetten\ndie vetstofwisseling controleren\nprecies wanneer ze hun vetreserves\nmoeten gebruiken als brandstof\nom lange vastenperiodes te overleven.\nDe desbetreffende genen \nzijn in alle zoogdieren aanwezig,\nwat betekent dat onderzoekers\ndeze winterslapers kunnen bestuderen\nom te zien hoe hun unieke beheersing \nvan fysiologie mensen zou kunnen helpen.\nBegrip over hoe winterslapers \nverminderde doorbloeding aanpakken,\n\nEnglish: \nThe behaviors inherent in hibernation,\nlike going five weeks without sleep,\nor dropping to \nnear-freezing body temperatures\nwould be potentially fatal \nto non-hibernating species like us.\nTo find out how hibernators \nare able to do this,\nresearchers turned their attention\nto those animal\u2019s genomes.\nSo far, they\u2019ve discovered that\nhibernation is controlled by genes\nthat turn off and on in\nunique patterns throughout the year,\nfine-tuning the hibernator\u2019s physiology \nand behavior.\nFor example, ground squirrel, bear \nand dwarf lemur studies\nhave revealed that these\nanimals are able to turn on the genes\nthat control fat metabolism\nprecisely when they need to use \ntheir fat stores\nas fuel to survive \nlong periods of fasting.\nAnd the genes in question \nare present in all mammals,\nwhich means that researchers could\nstudy hibernating mammals\nto see how their unique control \nof physiology might help humans.\nUnderstanding how hibernators deal \nwith reduced blood flow\n\nGerman: \nTypisches Verhalten bei der Winterruhe\nwie f\u00fcnfw\u00f6chige Schlaflosigkeit oder\nAbsenken der K\u00f6rpertemperatur gegen Null\nw\u00e4re f\u00fcr Arten wie uns Menschen,\ndie keinen Winterschlaf halten, t\u00f6dlich.\nUm dieses Geheimnis zu enth\u00fcllen,,\nuntersuchten Forscher\ndie Genome von Winterschl\u00e4fern.\nDemzufolge wird der Winterschlaf\nvon Genen gesteuert,\ndie sich st\u00e4ndig in einzigartigen\nMustern an- und abschalten\nund Physiologie und Verhalten\ndes Winterschl\u00e4fers regulieren.\nStudien an Erdh\u00f6rnchen, B\u00e4ren\nund Katzenmakis zeigen:\nDiese Tiere k\u00f6nnen die Gene f\u00fcr den\nFettstoffwechsel genau dann anschalten,\nwenn sie ihre Fettreserven brauchen,\num lange Fastenzeiten zu \u00fcberleben.\nAlle S\u00e4ugetiere haben diese Gene.\nForscher k\u00f6nnten also bei\n\u00fcberwinternden S\u00e4ugern untersuchen,\nwie deren einzigartige physiologische\nSteuerung Menschen helfen k\u00f6nnte.\nDas Wissen \u00fcber geringere\nBlutzirkulation bei Winterschl\u00e4fern\nk\u00f6nnte zu besserer Behandlung\nbei Schlaganf\u00e4llen f\u00fchren.\n\nPortuguese: \nO comportamento inerente na hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o,\ncomo passar cinco semanas sem dormir,\nou passar para uma temperatura corporal\nperto do congelamento\nseria fatal para esp\u00e9cies\nque n\u00e3o hibernam, como n\u00f3s.\nPara descobrir como \u00e9 que\nos animais que hibernam o conseguem,\nos investigadores viraram a aten\u00e7\u00e3o\npara os genomas desses animais.\nAt\u00e9 agora, descobriram\nque a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 controlada por genes\nque ativam e desligam\npadr\u00f5es especiais durante o ano,\nafinando a fisiologia e o comportamento\ndo animal que hiberna.\nPor exemplo, os estudos sobre\no esquilo-do-\u00c1rtico, o urso e o l\u00e9mure an\u00e3o\nrevelaram que estes animais\nconseguem ativar os genes\nque controlam o metabolismo da gordura,\nquando precisam de usar\na gordura armazenada\ncomo combust\u00edvel para sobrevive\ndurante longos per\u00edodos de jejum.\nOs genes em causa\nest\u00e3o presentes em todos os mam\u00edferos\no que significa que os investigadores\npodem estudar mam\u00edferos em hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o\npara ver se este controlo especial\nda fisiologia pode ajudar as pessoas.\nSaber como os animais que hibernam\nlidam com um fluxo sangu\u00edneo reduzido\n\nPortuguese: \nOs comportamentos inerentes \u00e0 hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o,\ncomo ficar cinco semanas sem dormir\nou reduzir a uma congelante\ntemperatura corporal,\nseria potencialmente fatal para esp\u00e9cies\nn\u00e3o-hibernadoras, como n\u00f3s.\nPara descobrir como hibernadores\nconseguem fazer isso,\npesquisadores voltaram suas aten\u00e7\u00f5es\nao genoma desses animais.\nAt\u00e9 agora, descobriram que a hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o\n\u00e9 controlada por genes\nque ligam e desligam,\nem um padr\u00e3o \u00fanico, durante o ano,\najustando a fisiologia\ne o comportamento do hibernador.\nPor exemplo, estudos com o esquilo,\no urso e o l\u00eamure-an\u00e3o\nrevelaram que esses animais\nconseguem acionar os genes\nque regulam metabolismo de gordura\nbem quando precisam usar\nseu estoque de gordura\ncomo combust\u00edvel para sobreviverem\na longos per\u00edodos de jejum.\nE esses genes est\u00e3o presentes\nem todos os mam\u00edferos,\nou seja, pesquisadores podem\nestudar mam\u00edferos que hibernam\npara verem como esse controle \u00fanico\nda fisiologia pode ajudar os humanos.\nEntender como os hibernadores\nlidam com fluxo sangu\u00edneo reduzido\npode levar a melhores tratamentos\npara proteger o c\u00e9rebro em um derrame.\n\nPersian: \n\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c\n\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u067e\u0646\u062c \u0647\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u060c\n\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062f\n\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627\n\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \n\u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627\n\u0628\u0647 \u0698\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.\n\u062a\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0698\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\n\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\n\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f.\n\u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\n\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0647\n\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\n\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0698\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\n\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632 \u0686\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\n\u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0642\u0627\n\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0686\u0631\u0628\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\n\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \n\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0647\u200c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.\n\u0648 \u0698\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0644\n\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c\n\u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\n\u0648 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\n\u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.\n\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\n\nSpanish: \nLos comportamientos \ninherentes a la hibernaci\u00f3n,\ncomo no dormir por cinco semanas\no reducir la temperatura corporal\ncasi al punto de congelamiento\npodr\u00edan ser potencialmente fatales para\nespecies no hibernantes como nosotros.\nPara descubrir c\u00f3mo hacen los animales\nhibernantes para lograr esto,\nlos investigadores estudiaron sus genomas.\nHasta ahora, han descubierto \nque la hibernaci\u00f3n es controlada por genes\nque se activan y desactivan\nen patrones \u00fanicos durante el a\u00f1o,\najustando la fisiolog\u00eda \ny el comportamiento de los hibernantes.\nPor ejemplo, estudios en marmotas,\nosos y l\u00e9mures enanos\nhan revelado que estos animales\nson capaces de activar los genes\nque controlan el metabolismo de la grasa\njusto cuando necesitan\nusar sus reservas de grasa\ncomo combustible para sobrevivir\na largos per\u00edodos de ayuno.\nY dichos genes est\u00e1n presentes\nen todos los mam\u00edferos,\nde manera que los investigadores podr\u00edan\nestudiar la hibernaci\u00f3n en mam\u00edferos\npara ver c\u00f3mo ese singular\ncontrol sobre su fisiolog\u00eda\npodr\u00eda ayudar a los humanos.\nComprender c\u00f3mo hacen estos animales\npara reducir el flujo sangu\u00edneo\n\nKorean: \n5\uc8fc \ub3d9\uc548 \uc7a0\uc744 \uc790\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac70\ub098,\n\uc12d\uc528 0\ub3c4 \uadfc\ucc98 \uae4c\uc9c0 \n\uccb4\uc628\uc774 \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ub4f1\n\ub3d9\uba74 \uc911\uc5d0 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\ub294 \uc77c\ub4e4\uc740\n\uc6b0\ub9ac\ucc98\ub7fc \ub3d9\uba74\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc885\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \n\uce58\uba85\uc801\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774 \n\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc77c\uc744 \ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\n\uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \uac8c\ub188\uc73c\ub85c\n\uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \ub3cc\ub838\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc9c0\uae08\uae4c\uc9c0, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \ub3d9\uba74\uc774\n\uc77c\ub144\ub0b4\ub0b4 \ub3c5\ud2b9\ud55c \ud328\ud134\uc73c\ub85c \ucf1c\uc9c0\uac70\ub098 \uaebc\uc9c0\uba70\n\ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\uc758 \uc0dd\ub9ac\uc640 \uc2b5\uc131\uc744\n\uc138\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\uc815\ud558\ub294\n\uc720\uc804\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc870\uc815\ub41c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \n\ubc1c\uacac\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc5bc\ub8e9\ub2e4\ub78c\uc950, \uacf0, \n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uaf2c\ub9c8\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740\n\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc800\uc7a5\uc9c0\ubc29\uc744\n\uba39\uc774\ub97c \uba39\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uae30\uac04\ub3d9\uc548 \n\uc0b4\uc544\ub0a8\uae30 \uc704\ud558\uc5ec \uc5f0\ub8cc\ub85c \uc4f8 \ub54c\n\uc9c0\ubc29 \ub300\uc0ac\ub97c \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \n\uc870\uc808\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub97c\n\uc791\ub3d9\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ubc1d\ud600\ub0c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud654\uc81c\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc774 \uc720\uc804\uc790\ub294\n\ubaa8\ub4e0 \ud3ec\uc720\ub958\uc5d0 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294\ub370\n\uc774\ub294 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc758 \n\ub3c5\ud2b9\ud55c \uc0dd\ub9ac \uc870\uc808\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c\n\uc778\uac04\uc5d0\uac8c \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc744 \uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uc9c0 \n\uc5f0\uad6c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e0 \ud608\ub958\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\n\ub300\ucc98\ud558\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\ub294\n\nVietnamese: \nH\u00e0nh vi v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \ntrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng n\u00e0y\ngi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 5 tu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7,\nhay nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng\ng\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng\ns\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2n ch\u00ed t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\nnh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta.\n\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \nlo\u00e0i ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3,\nc\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd\nsang h\u1ec7 gen c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.\nH\u1ecd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\n\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi gen\nt\u1eaft - m\u1edf theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o\nv\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd \n- h\u00e0nh vi lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.\nNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea5t,\ng\u1ea5u \u0111en v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o\n\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y\nc\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng gen\nki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o\n\u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \ns\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef\nnh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\ntrong th\u1eddi k\u00ec nh\u1ecbn \u0111\u00f3i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.\nV\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 gen n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y\n\u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa,\nngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\nnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lo\u00e0i ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\n\u0111\u1ec3 xem kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ch\u1ee9c \nn\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch g\u00ec cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\nVi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang\n\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u gi\u1ea3m\n\nPolish: \nmog\u0142oby doprowadzi\u0107 do lepszej \nochrony m\u00f3zgu podczas udaru.\nOdkrycie, jak te zwierz\u0119ta\nunikaj\u0105 zaniku mi\u0119\u015bni,\nmog\u0142oby polepszy\u0107 jako\u015b\u0107 \u017cycia\npacjent\u00f3w przykutych do \u0142\u00f3\u017cek.\nPrzestudiowanie, jak hibernuj\u0105ce zwierz\u0119ta\nz \u0142atwo\u015bci\u0105 kontroluj\u0105 wag\u0119,\nmog\u0142oby rozja\u015bni\u0107 zwi\u0105zek metabolizmu\nze wzrostem wagi u ludzi.\nWi\u0119cej bada\u0144 w tej dziedzinie\nmo\u017ce pewnego dnia\numo\u017cliwi\u0107 ludzk\u0105 hibernacj\u0119.\nWyobra\u017acie sobie zdziwienie,\nje\u015bli kluczem do mi\u0119dzygalaktycznych\npodr\u00f3\u017cy oka\u017c\u0105 si\u0119 sus\u0142y, czarne\nnied\u017awiedzie i kar\u0142owate lemury.\n\nJapanese: \n\u5352\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u8133\u3092\u4fdd\u8b77\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\n\u3088\u308a\u3088\u3044\u6cbb\u7642\u6cd5\u3092\u898b\u3064\u3051\u51fa\u305b\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\n\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u304c\u7b4b\u8089\u306e\u9000\u5316\u3092\n\u56de\u907f\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308c\u3070\n\u5bdd\u305f\u304d\u308a\u60a3\u8005\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u3092\n\u6539\u5584\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u305d\u3057\u3066\u51ac\u7720\u4e2d\u306e\u52d5\u7269\u304c\u4f53\u91cd\u3092\n\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308c\u3070\n\u4eba\u985e\u306e\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\u3068\u4f53\u91cd\u5897\u52a0\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\n\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u51fa\u6765\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\n\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3059 \u3053\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3092\n\u3055\u3089\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\n\u3044\u3064\u306e\u65e5\u304b \u4eba\u9593\u306e\u51ac\u7720\u3092\u73fe\u5b9f\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306b\n\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\n\u9a5a\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3088\u306d\n\u9280\u6cb3\u9593\u822a\u884c\u306e\u9375\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304c\n\u30b8\u30ea\u30b9\u3084\u30af\u30ed\u30af\u30de \u305d\u3057\u3066\n\u30b3\u30d3\u30c8\u30ad\u30c4\u30cd\u30b6\u30eb\u3060\u306a\u3093\u3066\n\nPortuguese: \nDescobrir como esses animais\nevitam distrofia muscular\npode melhorar a vida\nde pacientes acamados.\nE estudar como animais que hibernam\ncontrolam seu peso com facilidade\npode esclarecer a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre\nmetabolismo e ganho de peso em humanos.\nMais pesquisas nessa \u00e1rea\npodem um dia tornar poss\u00edvel\na hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o humana.\nImagine nossa surpresa se a resposta\npara a viagem intergal\u00e1tica\nfor o esquilo-do-\u00e1rtico,\no urso-negro e o l\u00eamure-an\u00e3o!\n\nChinese: \n\u4e5f\u8a31\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u4eba\u985e\u5728\u6cbb\u7642\u4e2d\u98a8\u6642\u4fdd\u8b77\u8166\u90e8\n\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u52d5\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d\u808c\u8089\u9000\u5316\n\u6216\u8a31\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u9577\u671f\u81e5\u75c5\u5728\u5e8a\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\n\u7814\u7a76\u51ac\u7720\u52d5\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u8f15\u9b06\u63a7\u5236\u9ad4\u91cd\n\u4e5f\u8a31\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u4e86\u89e3\u4eba\u985e\n\u65b0\u9673\u4ee3\u8b1d\u548c\u589e\u91cd\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\n\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u8d8a\u591a\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\n\u4e5f\u8a31\u67d0\u4e00\u5929\u5c31\u80fd\u8b93\u4eba\u985e\u51ac\u7720\u5be6\u73fe\n\u60f3\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u6703\u6709\u591a\u8a1d\u7570\n\u767c\u73fe\u9280\u6cb3\u4e4b\u65c5\u7684\u95dc\u9375\n\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u5730\u677e\u9f20\u3001\u9ed1\u718a\u548c\u4f8f\u5112\u72d0\u7334\u624b\u4e2d\n\nGerman: \nDas Wissen, wie diese Tiere\nMuskelschw\u00e4che verhindern,\nk\u00f6nnte bettl\u00e4gerigen Patienten helfen.\nErkenntnisse, wie Winterschl\u00e4fer\nihr Gewicht steuern,\nk\u00f6nnten Stoffwechsel und Gewichtszunahme\nbeim Menschen kl\u00e4ren.\nMehr Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet\nk\u00f6nnten sogar irgendwann\nden Winterschlaf f\u00fcr Menschen erm\u00f6glichen.\nWelche \u00dcberraschung, wenn sich\ndas Problem intergalaktischer Reisen\ndurch Erdh\u00f6rnchen, Schwarzb\u00e4ren\nund Katzenmakis l\u00f6sen lie\u00dfe.\n\niw: \n\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\n\u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05e5.\n\u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\n\u05e0\u05de\u05e0\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d4\u05ea\u05d3\u05e8\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e9\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4.\n\u05d5\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05da \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \n\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e7\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05df \u05d1\u05e7\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea\n\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d8\u05d1\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05dd \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e7\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd.\n\u05d5\u05db\u05df, \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd\n\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da \u05ea\u05e8\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea\n\u05dc\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea.\n\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e4\u05ea\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5\n\u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05dc\u05de\u05e1\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d2\u05dc\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\n\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05de\u05e1\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05e7\u05e2,\n\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.\n\nItalian: \nCapire come questi animali\nevitino il deterioramento muscolare\npotrebbe migliorare la vita\ndei pazienti allettati.\nE lo studio su come questi animali\ncontrollano facilmente il loro peso\npotrebbe chiarire la relazione tra\nmetabolismo e aumento di peso nell'uomo.\nE di sicuro, maggiori\nricerche in questo campo\npotrebbero un giorno rendere\npossibile l'ibernazione umana.\nImmaginate la nostra sorpresa\nse la chiave per i viaggi intergalattici\nfosse nascosta negli scoiattoli artici,\nnegli orsi neri e nei chirogalei.\n\nChinese: \n\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u5584\u5927\u8111\u5728\u4e2d\u98ce\u65f6\u7684\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\n\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u52a8\u7269\n\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u808c\u8089\u9000\u5316\u7684\uff0c\n\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u5367\u5e8a\u4e0d\u8d77\n\u7684\u75c5\u60a3\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7387\u3002\n\u7814\u7a76\u4f11\u7720\u52a8\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\n\u653e\u677e\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f53\u91cd\uff0c\n\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u89e3\u6790\u4eba\u4f53\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\n\u548c\u4f53\u91cd\u589e\u957f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u8054\u3002\n\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\n\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6709\u5929\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u8ba9\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fdb\u884c\u4f11\u7720\u3002\n\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4eba\u7c7b\n\u661f\u9645\u65c5\u884c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7ebf\u7d22\u5c31\u85cf\u5728\n\u5730\u677e\u9f20\u3001\u9ed1\u718a\u548c\u9f20\u72d0\u7334\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\n\u7b80\u76f4\u592a\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u5947\u4e86\uff01\n\nLatvian: \nvar\u0113tu pal\u012bdz\u0113t pilnveidot metodes\nsmadze\u0146u aizsardz\u012bbai insulta laik\u0101.\nAtkl\u0101jot, k\u0101 \u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki izvair\u0101s\nno musku\u013cu boj\u0101jumiem,\nvar\u0113tu uzlabot\npie gultas piekaltu pacientu dz\u012bvi.\nUn izp\u0113tot, k\u0101 hibern\u0113jo\u0161ie dz\u012bvnieki\nbez probl\u0113m\u0101m kontrol\u0113 savu svaru,\nvar\u0113tu atkl\u0101t sakar\u012bbas starp vielmai\u0146u\nun svara pieaugumu cilv\u0113kos.\nUn, j\u0101, turpm\u0101ki p\u0113t\u012bjumi \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101\nk\u0101dreiz var\u0113tu padar\u012bt iesp\u0113jamu\nar\u012b cilv\u0113ku hibern\u0101ciju.\nIedom\u0101jies m\u016bsu p\u0101rsteigumu,\nja starpgalaktisko ce\u013cojumu atsl\u0113ga\nizr\u0101d\u012btos pol\u0101rie susliki,\nmelnie l\u0101\u010di un pundurlemuri!\n\nIndonesian: \nMencari tahu bagaimana hewan ini\nmenghindari kerusakan otot\nmungkin bisa mencegah rusaknya otot\npada pasien yang terbaring lama.\nMempelajari bagaimana hewan\nhibernasi menjaga berat dengan mudah\ndapat menguak hubungan antara metabolisme\ndan penambahan berat badan pada manusia.\nDan ya, dengan lebih banyak\npenelitian di bidang ini\nsuatu hari nanti hibernasi pada manusia\ndapat terwujudkan.\nBayangkan betapa terkejutnya kita jika\nkunci pada perjalanan antargalaksi\nternyata adalah tupai tanah,\nberuang hitam, dan lemur kerdil.\n\nPortuguese: \npode levar a melhores tratamentos\npara prote\u00e7\u00e3o do c\u00e9rebro durante um AVC.\nPerceber como estes animais\nevitam a deteriora\u00e7\u00e3o muscular\npode melhorar a vida\nde doentes acamados.\nEstudar como os animais que hibernam\ncontrolam facilmente o seu peso\npode esclarecer a rela\u00e7\u00e3o\nentre o metabolismo\ne o aumento de peso nas pessoas.\nMais investiga\u00e7\u00e3o nesta \u00e1rea\npode um dia tornar poss\u00edvel\na hiberna\u00e7\u00e3o humana.\nImaginem a nossa surpresa\nse a chave para as viagens intergal\u00e1cticas\nforem os esquilos-do-\u00c1rtico,\nos ursos-pretos e os l\u00e9mures an\u00f5es.\n\nUkrainian: \n\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0456\u043a\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \n\u0449\u043e\u0431 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0437\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443.\n\u0414\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u043a \u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442\u044c\n\u0440\u0443\u0439\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c'\u044f\u0437\u0456\u0432\n\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0442\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439,\n\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e \u043b\u0456\u0436\u043a\u0430.\n\u0406 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u043a \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\n\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044e\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0432\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u0437 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e\n\u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0432'\u044f\u0437\u043e\u043a \u043c\u0456\u0436 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043e\u043c \n\u0440\u0435\u0447\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d \u0456 \u0437\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.\n\u0406 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0443 \u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456\n\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438-\u043d\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0437\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438\n\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044e.\n\u0423\u044f\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0437\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u044f\u043a\u0449\u043e \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\n\u043c\u0456\u0436\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u0457\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0438\n\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0456 \u0431\u0456\u043b\u043a\u0438,\n\u0447\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0456 \u0456 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0438.\n\nRussian: \n\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\n\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0433\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435.\n\u0418\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442\n\u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c,\n\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\n\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432.\n\u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \n\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430\n\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0451\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430\n\u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.\n\u0418 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \n\u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.\n\u0422\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044c\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c \n\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\n\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438, \n\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u044b.\n\nRomanian: \nar duce la tratamente mai bune de ap\u0103rare\na creierului pe durata unui infarct.\nAflarea modului \u00een care aceste animale\nevit\u0103 atrofierea mu\u0219chilor\nar putea \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bi\nvia\u021ba pacien\u021bilor imobiliza\u021bi la pat.\nStudierea modului \u00een care animalele\n\u00ee\u0219i controleaz\u0103 lesne greutatea\npoate l\u0103muri rela\u021bia dintre metabolism\n\u0219i c\u00e2\u0219tig \u00een greutate a oamenilor.\n\u0218i, da, cercetarea acestui domeniu\npoate face ca hibernarea uman\u0103\ns\u0103 fie posibil\u0103 \u00eentr-o zi.\nImagina\u021bi-v\u0103 surpriza dac\u0103 solu\u021bia\nc\u0103tre c\u0103l\u0103toria noastr\u0103 intergalactic\u0103\nse dovede\u0219te a fi pop\u00e2nd\u0103ul arctic,\nbaribalii \u0219i maki cu coada groas\u0103.\n\nVietnamese: \nc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t \nh\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o khi \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5.\nVi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \nch\u00fang tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c teo c\u01a1\nc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \nb\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n li\u1ec7t gi\u01b0\u1eddng.\nV\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \nch\u00fang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng\nc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa\ns\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u00e2n \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\nT\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\ntrong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y\nm\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 \"ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\"\n\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.\nS\u1ebd th\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng\nch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 du h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0\nh\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \ns\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea5t, g\u1ea5u \u0111en hay v\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1o.\n\nFrench: \nconduirait \u00e0 de meilleurs traitements\npour prot\u00e9ger le cerveau lors d'un AVC.\nD\u00e9crypter les m\u00e9canismes \u00e9vitant\n\u00e0 leurs muscles de se d\u00e9t\u00e9riorer\nam\u00e9liorerait la vie des patients alit\u00e9s.\n\u00c9tudier comment les animaux hibernants\ncontr\u00f4lent ais\u00e9ment leur poids\npourrait r\u00e9v\u00e9ler le lien entre m\u00e9tabolisme\net prise de poids chez l'Homme.\nEt oui, des \u00e9tudes plus nombreuses\ndans ce domaine\npourrait, un jour, rendre\nl'hibernation humaine possible.\nImaginez notre surprise\nsi la cl\u00e9 du voyage intergalactique\ns'av\u00e9rait \u00eatre les spermophiles,\nles ours noirs et les l\u00e9murs nains.\n\nEnglish: \ncould lead to better treatments \nfor protecting the brain during a stroke.\nFiguring out how these animals avoid\nmuscle deterioration\nmight improve the lives \nof bedridden patients.\nAnd studying how hibernating animals \ncontrol their weight with ease\ncould illuminate the relationship between\nmetabolism and weight gain in humans.\nAnd yes, more research in this area\nmight someday make \nhuman hibernation a real possibility.\nImagine our surprise if the key to\nintergalactic travel\nturns out to be ground squirrels, \nblack bears, and dwarf lemurs.\n\nPersian: \n\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a\n\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u063a\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06a9\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.\n\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631\n\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0686\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\n\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc\n\u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.\n\u0648 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc \n\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\n\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0632\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\n\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\n\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.\n\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\n\u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\n\u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f.\n\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06af\u0641\u062a\u200c\u0632\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u0634\u062f\n\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0647\u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06cc\n\u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u062e\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.\n\nDutch: \nleidt wellicht tot betere behandeling van\nhersenbescherming tijdens een beroerte.\nHet uitvogelen van hoe deze dieren \nspierafbraak voorkomen,\nzou de levens kunnen verbeteren \nvan bedlegerige pati\u00ebnten.\nEen onderzoek naar hoe winterslapers\nhun gewicht met gemak op peil houden,\nkan de verhouding tussen stofwisseling \nen gewichtstoename in mensen ophelderen.\nMeer onderzoek op dit gebied\nzou menselijke winterslaap \nooit mogelijk kunnen maken.\nStel dat tot onze verbazing \nde sleutel naar intergalactisch reizen\ngrondeekhoorns, zwarte beren \nen katmaki's blijken te zijn.\n\nTurkish: \nfel\u00e7 esnas\u0131nda beyni korumak i\u00e7in\ndaha iyi tedavilere yol g\u00f6sterebilir.\nBu hayvanlar\u0131n kas kayb\u0131n\u0131\nnas\u0131l engelledi\u011fini bulmak,\nyatalak hastalar\u0131n\nya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilir.\nBu hayvanlar\u0131n kilolar\u0131n\u0131 kolayca\nnas\u0131l kontrol etti\u011fini incelemek,\ninsanlardaki metabolizma ve kilo al\u0131m\u0131\naras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiyi de ayd\u0131nlatabilir.\nAyr\u0131ca evet, bu alanda\nyap\u0131lacak daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\nbelki bir g\u00fcn insanlar\u0131n k\u0131\u015f uykusunu da\nger\u00e7ek bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrebilir.\nGalaksiler aras\u0131 yolculu\u011fun s\u0131rr\u0131\ntarla sincab\u0131, siyah ay\u0131\nve c\u00fcce lemurlarda bulunursa\nnas\u0131l \u015fa\u015f\u0131raca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn.\n\nKorean: \n\ub1cc\uc878\uc911\uc774 \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\uc744 \ub54c \ub1cc\ub97c \ubcf4\ud638\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \n\ub354 \ub098\uc740 \uce58\ub8cc\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub04c \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774 \uadfc\uc721 \uc545\ud654\ub97c \n\ud53c\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ub0b4\ub294 \uac83\uc740\n\ubab8\uc838 \ub204\uc6cc\uc788\ub294 \ud658\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0b6\uc744 \n\uac1c\uc120\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc774\uace0\uc694.\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub3d9\uba74\ub3d9\ubb3c\ub4e4\uc774\n\uccb4\uc911\uc744 \uc27d\uac8c \uc870\uc808\ud558\ub294\uc9c0 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc740\n\uc778\uac04\uc758 \uc2e0\uc9c4\ub300\uc0ac\uc640 \uccb4\uc911 \uc99d\uac00\uc758 \n\uad00\uacc4\ub97c \uba85\ud655\ud788 \ud574\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubb3c\ub860, \uc774 \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \n\ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294\n\uc5b8\uc820\uac00\ub294 \uc778\uac04\uc758 \ub3d9\uba74\uc744\n\ud604\uc2e4\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\uc744 \uac83\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc740\ud558\uacc4 \uc5ec\ud589\uc758 \uc2e4\ub9c8\ub9ac\uac00\n\uc5bc\ub8e9\ub2e4\ub78c\uc950,\n\ud751\uacf0,\n\uaf2c\ub9c8\uc5ec\uc6b0\uc6d0\uc22d\uc784\uc744\n\uc54c\uc558\uc744 \ub54c\uc758 \ub180\ub77c\uc6c0\uc744 \uc0c1\uc0c1\ud574\ubcf4\uc138\uc694!\n\nSpanish: \npodr\u00eda llevar a mejores tratamientos para\nproteger el cerebro durante una apoplej\u00eda.\nDescubrir c\u00f3mo estos animales\nevitan el deterioro muscular\npodr\u00eda mejorar la vida\nde personas postradas en cama.\nY estudiar c\u00f3mo los animales hibernantes\ncontrolan su peso con facilidad\npodr\u00eda explicar la relaci\u00f3n\nentre el metabolismo y el aumento\nde peso en humanos.\nY, efectivamente, profundizar \nlas investigaciones en este tema\ntal vez podr\u00eda hacer realidad\nla hibernaci\u00f3n en humanos.\nImaginen cu\u00e1n sorprendente ser\u00eda descubrir\nque la clave para viajes intergal\u00e1cticos\nse encuentra en las marmotas,\nlos osos negros y los l\u00e9mures enanos.\n\nArabic: \n\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a\n\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634.\n\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\n\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0636 \n\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.\n\u0648\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\n\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a.\n\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646\n\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a\n\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645\n\u0634\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \n\u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646\n\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\n\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \npatreon.com/teded\n( \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649 )\n"}
-{"text": "\nKorean: \n\uc0bc\uc131 \uac24\ub7ed\uc2dc \ub178\ud2b8 10+ 5G\ubaa8\ub378\uc774 \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc190\uc5d0 \uc654\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc2a4\ub9c8\ud2b8\ud3f0\uc744 \ud1b5\ud2c0\uc5b4\uc11c \ucd5c\uace0\ub098 \ub2e4\ub984\uc5c6\uc8e0.\n\ub124, \ubb50 \uac00\uaca9\uc774 \ud30c\ub9ac\ud589 \uc655\ubcf5\ud56d\uacf5\uad8c\uc744 \ub6f0\uc5b4 \ub118\uc9c0\ub9cc\uc694.\n\uadfc\ub370, \uc81c \ub9d0\uc740, \uc774 \uc798 \ubf51\ud78c \uceec\ub7ec \uc880 \ubcf4\uc138\uc694.\n\uc81c\uac00 \ud56d\uc0c1 \ub9d0\ud588\ub4ef\uc774, \uc0ac\uacfc\ub294 \ub108\ubb34 \uacfc\ub300\ud3c9\uac00\uc8e0.\n\uc624\ub298\uc740 \uc0bc\uc131\uc758 \ucd5c\uc2e0 \ud50c\ub808\uadf8\uc27d \ud3f0\uc774\n\uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ub0b4\uad6c\uc131\uc774 \uac15\ud55c\uc9c0 \uc54c\uc544\ubcfc\uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc2dc\uc791\ud574\ubcf4\uc8e0.\n[Intro]\nSubtitled by Pro_Snape\n\uc77c\ub2e8 \uc774\ubc88 \uac24\ub7ed\uc2dc \ub178\ud2b8 10\uc740 \uc2e0\uae30\ud558\uac8c\ub3c4\n\uc0bc\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c 3\uac00\uc9c0 \ubc84\uc804\uc73c\ub85c \ub0b4\ub1a8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc77c\ubc18 \ub178\ud2b8 10, \ub178\ud2b810+, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub178\ud2b810+ 5G \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\n\uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc\ubb3c\uc774\uc8e0.\n\uc194\uc9c1\ud788 \ub9d0\ud574\uc11c, \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uba87 \uac1c \uc548\ub418\ub294\n5G City\uc5d0 \uc0b4\uace0 \uc788\uace0, 5G\ubaa8\ub380\uc774 \ucc3d\ubb38 \uc55e\uc5d0 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc774\uc0c1,\n40\ub9cc\uc6d0\uc744 \ub354 \ub0b4\uace0 5G \ubaa8\ub378\uc744 \uc0b4 \ud544\uc694\ub294 \uc5c6\uc5b4\ubcf4\uc774\ub124\uc694.\n\uc5ec\ub290 \ud3f0\uacfc \ub2e4\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c,  \uc774 \ud3f0\ub3c4 5G\uac00 \uc0c1\uc6a9\ud654 \ub418\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0\n\uadf8 \uc218\uba85\uc744 \ub2e4\ud560\ud14c\ub2c8\uae4c\uc694.\n\nEnglish: \nThe Samsung Galaxy Note 10+ 5G is here and could\nvery well be the pinnacle of all smart phones.\nYeah, it's priced to complete with a used\nHonda Civic, or a round trip flight to Hawaii.\nBut I mean, look at all these colors. Like\nI always say, groceries are overrated. Today\nwe're going to see how durable Samsung's latest\nflagship really is.\nLet's get started.\n[Intro]\nSo Samsung got a a little crazy and dropped\nthree versions of the same phone this time:\nthe Note 10, the Note 10+, and the Note 10+\n5G. There's absolutely no reason whatsoever\nto buy the 5G version, which costs an extra\n$350, unless of course you already live in\none of the very few 5G cities and have a 5G\nnode right outside your window. This phone\nwill definitely live it's very full and complete\nlife span before 5G networks become a thing.\n\nKorean: \n\uc774 \uc54c\ub85d\ub2ec\ub85d \ubb34\uc9c0\uac1c\uc0c9 \ud3f0\uc774 \uac00\uc9c4 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ucc28\uc774\uc810\uc740\n\ubc14\ub85c \uc774 S\ud39c \uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uc774 \ud3f0\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \uba4b\uc9c4 \uae30\ub2a5 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0\uc694.\n\uc800\ub3c4 2.5\ub144 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc0b0 S8\uc744 \uc774 \ud39c \ud558\ub098\ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0\n\ub178\ud2b8\ub85c \ubc14\uafc0\uae4c \uc2ec\ud788 \uace0\ubbfc\ud574\uc624\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ube44\uc988\ub2c8\uc2a4\uc801 \uad00\uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcf4\uba74, \uac00\ub054 \ud39c\uc73c\ub85c \uc4f0\ub294 \uac8c\n\uadf8\ub0e5 \ud0c0\uc774\ud551 \ud558\ub294 \uac83 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub354 \uc26c\uc6b8 \ub584\uac00 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub7f4 \ub54c \uc774 S\ud39c\uc774 \ube5b\uc744 \ubc1c\ud558\uace0\uc694.\n\ud39c\ucd09\uc740 \uad50\uccb4\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\uae30\uc5d0 \ucd09\uc774 \ub2f3\uac70\ub098 \uad6c\ubd80\ub7ec\uc9c0\uba74 \uc0c8\ub85c \ub07c\uc6cc\uc11c \uc4f0\uba74 \ub429\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud39c\ucd09 \ubd84\ub9ac\uac00 \uaf64\ub098 \uc27d\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0\uc694.\nS\ud39c\uc740 \uc804\uccb4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud50c\ub77c\uc2a4\ud2f1\uc73c\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc84c\uace0,\n\ud30c\ub780\uc0c9\uc73c\ub85c \uce60\ud55c \ud615\ud0dc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uac00\uc7a5 \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc810\uc740,\n\ubc16\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc548\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uac24\ub7ed\uc2dc \ub178\ud2b810\uc5d0 \uc7a5\ucc29\ub41c S\ud39c\uc740\n\uac00\uc18d\ub3c4\uacc4\uc640 \uc790\uc774\ub85c \uc13c\uc11c\uac00 \ub0b4\uc7a5\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ube14\ub8e8\ud22c\uc2a4\ub3c4 \ub0b4\uc7a5\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uace0\uc694.\n\uc989, \uba40\ub9ac\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc81c\uc2a4\uccd0\uc640 \ud39c \uc606\ucabd\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ub9b0\n\uc791\uc740 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc73c\ub85c  \ud3f0\uc744 \uc870\uc885\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc544\ub798\ucabd\uc5d0 \ud544\uc555 \ud39c\ucd09 \uc606\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc774 \ucf54\uc77c\uc740\n\ud39c\uc744 \ucda9\uc804\ud558\ub294\ub370 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0,\nS\ud39c\uc5d0 \uc804\uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc11c \ud3f0 \uc561\uc815 \uc544\ub798\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294\n\nEnglish: \nOne thing that differentiates this Powerpuff\nlooking contraption from other phones is the\ninternal built-in stylus, and it's actually\none of the coolest parts of the phone. I've\nbeen tempting myself into upgrading from my\n2 \u00bd year old Galaxy S8 Plus just for this\nfeature. From a business aspect, sometimes\nit's way easier to communicate with a drawing\nrather than just plain text...which makes\nthis built-in stylus very appealing. The soft\ntips are interchangeable. So if one breaks\nor gets bent or worn down, it's very easy\nto swap them out.\nThe uni-body s-pen is made from blue painted\nplastic. But the most interesting parts are\ninside. The s-pen has internal accelerometers\nand a gyro. Also Bluetooth. All these let\nyou control the phone from a distance with\ngestures and clicking the one little side\nbutton. The coils of wire down here near the\npressure sensitive tip doubles as a way to\ncharge the s-pen and also generates an electromagnetic\nfield of it's own so that the phone, which\n\nKorean: \n\uc804\uc790\uae30\uc7a5\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uc5ec \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \uc9c0\uae08 \ud654\uba74 \uc5b4\ub514\ub97c\n\ub204\ub974\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubb58 \uadf8\ub9ac\ub294\uc9c0 \uac10\uc9c0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc740 \ubc14\ub2f7\uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc774\n\uac00\uc7a5 \ud070 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc774\uc790 \uc815\uc810\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubc18\ub300\ucabd \ub05d\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uac74 \ucf58\ub374\uc11c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774 \ucf58\ub374\uc11c\ub294 6\ubd84 \ucda9\uc804\uc5d0 \ubb34\ub824 10\uc2dc\uac04\ub3d9\uc548\n\uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac\ub97c \ucda9\uc804\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc815\ub9d0 \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc774\ub124\uc694.\n\uc774\uc81c \uc774 \ubb34\uc9c0\uac1c \ub85c\ub4dc\uc758 \ub4b7\uba74\uc744 \ubd05\uc2dc\ub2e4.\n\ubc14\ub85c \uc2a4\ud06c\ub9b0\uc774\uc8e0.\n\uc561\uc815 \ubcf4\ud638\ud544\ub984\uc744 \ubb34\ub8cc \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uac74\n\uc5b8\uc81c\ub098 \ud658\uc601\uc774\uc8e0.\n\uac24\ub7ed\uc2dc \ub178\ud2b8 10+ 5G\ub294 \uc55e \uc2a4\ud06c\ub9b0\uacfc\n\ubc31\uae00\ub77c\uc2a4 \ubaa8\ub450 \uace0\ub9b4\ub77c\uae00\ub77c\uc2a4 6\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uae4c\ub193\uace0 \ub9d0\ud574\uc11c, \ud574\ub9c8\ub2e4 \uac19\uc740 \ubc88\ud638 \uc21c\uc11c\ub85c\n\ube44\uc2b7\ube44\uc2b7\ud55c \ud3f0\uc744 \ub0b4\ub193\uc73c\uba74\uc11c\n\ud601\uc2e0\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub97c \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0 \uc758\ubb38\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \n\ud734\ub300\ud3f0 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \uc8fc\ub825\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubcfc \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc8e0.\n\uc774\ub7f0 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uaca9\ub144\uc5d0 \ud55c \ubc88\uc529 \ubcf4\uc99d\ub41c \uc2e0\uc81c\ud488\uc744 \ub0b4\ub193\ub294 \n\uc5d1\uc2a4\ubc15\uc2a4\uc640 PlayStation\u2122 \uac00 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc88b\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nEnglish: \nalso has an electromagnetic field under the\nscreen, can sense where the pen is located\nand exactly what it's drawing. It's a legit\ndistinguishing feature in a sea of phones\nthat kind of all do the same thing.\nAt the opposite end of the s-pen near the\nclicker is a capacitor. It stores about 10\nhours worth of energy with a 6 minute charge\nup while it's inside the phone. It's a very\nimpressive system. I think it's time we take\na look at the other side of Rainbow Road here\n\u2013 the screen. [Scratching sounds]\nGotta love it when companies give you free\nscreen protectors. The Galaxy Note 10+ 5G\nis using Gorilla Glass 6 on both the front\nand back of the phone. Have you ever noticed\nthat it's really only the cellphone industry\nthat keeps on plopping a new number on basically\nthe same phone year after year, and then calls\nit revolutionary? Thumbs up to Xbox PlayStation\nand Nintendo for being real and only releasing\nnew products when it's actually warranted\n\u2013 every couple years.\n\nEnglish: \nThe Gorilla Glass 6 on this Note 10 5G scratches\nat a level 6, with deeper grooves at a level\n7...just like last year...and the year before.\nI got a cool sapphire video coming up soon\nthough. Don't you worry.\nThe front facing cheerio camera is a 10 megapixel\nlittle guy and sits under the same pane of\nglass as the screen. Interestingly enough\nthough, there doesn't seem to be an earpiece\ngap up at the top. There might be a tiny little\ngap between the glass and the edge of the\nphone, but Samsung could also be using the\nunder display speaker tech that we saw inside\nof the LG G8. We'll have to take a look at\nthat from the inside to be sure though. Make\nsure you're subscribed for the upcoming teardown\nvideo. This no speaker grill aesthetic is\npretty sleek looking. [Scratching sounds]\nThe sides of this phone are made from aluminum.\nSamsung slipped up and said 'stainless steel'\nin one of their own promotional videos. But\nit's since been corrected to 'aluminum' like\n\nKorean: \n\ub178\ud2b810+ 5G\uc5d0 \uc7a5\ucc29\ub41c \uace0\ub9b4\ub77c \uae00\ub77c\uc2a46\ub294\n[\ubaa8\uc2a4 \uad73\uae30\uacc4]\ub97c \uae30\uc900\uc73c\ub85c,\n\uacbd\ub3c4 6\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2a4\ud06c\ub808\uce58\uac00 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\uace0,\n\uacbd\ub3c4 7\uc5d0\uc11c \uae4a\uac8c \ud30c\uc774\ub294 \uac78 \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc800\ubc88 \ub144\ub3c4\uc5d0\ub3c4, \uc800\uc800\ubc88 \ub144\ub3c4\uc5d0\ub3c4\n\ud56d\uc0c1 \uadf8\ub798\uc654\ub4ef\uc774\uc694.\n\uc870\ub9cc\uac04 \uc0ac\ud30c\uc774\uc5b4 \uacbd\ub3c4\ub97c \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub294\n\uc601\uc0c1\uc774 \uc5c5\ub85c\ub4dc\ub418\ub2c8, \uac71\uc815 \ub9c8\uc138\uc694.\n\uc815\uba74\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub11b\uac19\uc774 \uc0dd\uae34 \uc774 \uce74\uba54\ub77c\ub294 \n1000\ub9cc \ud654\uc18c \uce74\uba54\ub77c\uc774\uace0,  \uc2a4\ud06c\ub9b0 \uc561\uc815\uacfc\n\uac19\uc740 \uc720\ub9ac \uc544\ub798\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud574 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud765\ubbf8\ub86d\uac8c\ub3c4, \uc704\ucabd\uc5d0 \ud1b5\ud654\uc6a9 \uc2a4\ud53c\ucee4 \ud640\uc774\n\ubcf4\uc774\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubb3c\ub860 \uc0c1\ub2e8 \uc720\ub9ac\uc640 \ubab8\uccb4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc57d\uac04\uc758\n\uac04\uaca9\uc774 \uc788\uae34 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc,\n\uc0ac\uc2e4 \uc0bc\uc131\uc774 \ub178\ud2b8 10\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 LG G8\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd24\ub358\n\ud654\uba74 \ub0b4\uc7a5 \uc2a4\ud53c\ucee4 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc815\ud655\ud788 \uc54c\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c \ubd84\ud574\ub97c \ud574\ubcf4\uae34 \ud560\uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc81c \ucc44\ub110\uc744 \uad6c\ub3c5\ud558\uc2dc\uace0 \uc774 \uc601\uc0c1 \ub4a4\uc5d0 \uc5c5\ub85c\ub4dc \ub418\ub294\n\ubd84\ud574 \uc601\uc0c1\ub3c4 \ub193\uce58\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc138\uc694.\n\ud1b5\ud654 \uc2a4\ud53c\ucee4\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294 \ub514\uc790\uc778\uc740 \uaf64\ub098 \ub9e4\ub044\ub7ec\uc6cc \ubcf4\uc774\ub124\uc694.\n\ud3f0\uc758 \uc606\uba74\uc740 \uc54c\ub8e8\ubbf8\ub284\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubb3c\ub860 \uc0bc\uc131\uc774 \"\uc2a4\ud14c\uc778\ub9ac\uc2a4 \uae08\uc18d\" \uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uad11\uace0\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc,\n\uadf8 \uc774\ud6c4\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ud50c\ub808\uadf8\uc27d \uc2a4\ub9c8\ud2b8\ud3f0\uacfc \uac19\uc774 \n\"\uc54c\ub8e8\ubbf8\ub284\"\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\uccd0\uc84c\uc8e0.\n\ud3f0\uc758 \uc717\uba74\uc740 \ub9ce\uc740 \uac8c \uc790\ub9ac\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nKorean: \n\ud22c\uba85\ud55c \ubcf4\ud638 \ud544\ub984\uc774 SIM\uce74\ub4dc \ud2b8\ub808\uc774\uae4c\uc9c0 \n\ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc5ec \ubd99\uc5ec\uc838 \uc788\uace0,\nSIM\uce74\ub4dc \ud2b8\ub808\uc774 \uc606\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uc774 \uc791\uc740 \uad6c\uba4d\uc740\n\uc0c1\ub2e8 \uc2a4\ud14c\ub808\uc624 \uc2a4\ud53c\ucee4\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\nSIM\uce74\ub4dc \ud2b8\ub808\uc774\uc5d0\ub294 \ubb34\ub824 1\ud14c\ub77c\ubc14\uc774\ud2b8\uc758\n\uc678\ubd80 \ub9c8\uc774\ud06c\ub85cSD\uce74\ub4dc\ub97c \ub123\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc2ac\ub86f\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud734\ub300\ud3f0\uc774 '\uc2e0\uc0c1'\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub0a0 \ub54c \uae4c\uc9c0\ub3c4\n\ub0a8\uc744 \uc6a9\ub7c9\uc774\uc8e0.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc5ec\ubd84\uc758 \uc800\uc7a5 \uc7a5\uce58\ub97c \ub123\ub294 \uac74 \uc88b\uc740\uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud3f0\uc774 \uc624\ub798\ub420 \uc218\ub85d \ud30c\uc77c\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6b0\uae30 \ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \ucc44\uc6cc\ub123\ub294 \uac8c \ub354 \uc88b\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\uc8e0.\nSIM\uce74\ub4dc \ud2b8\ub808\uc774 \uc811\ud569\ubd80\uc5d0\ub294 \uace0\ubb34\ub9c1\uc774\n\ub450\ub974\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\nIP68\ub4f1\uae09\uc758 \ubc29\uc218 \ubc29\uc9c4\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\uc8e0.\n\uc88c\uce21\uc5d0\ub294 \ub611\uac19\uc774 \uc54c\ub8e8\ubbf8\ub284\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\uc791\ub41c\n\ubcfc\ub968 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc774 \uc804\uc6d0 \ubc84\ud2bc\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc790\ub9ac\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub4dc\ub514\uc5b4 \ube45\uc2a4\ube44 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc744 \uc2e4\uc218\ub85c \ub204\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\uad70\uc694.\n\uc804\uc6d0 \ubc84\ud2bc\uc744 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uae38\uac8c \ub204\ub974\uace0 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\uba74 \ub9d0\uc774\uc8e0;\n\uc774 \ud3f0\uc758 \uceec\ub7ec\ub294 \uc9c4\uc9c0\ubaa8\ub4dc\ub85c \"\ubbf8\ucce4\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\".\n\ud3f0\uc744 \ubcfc \ub54c,  \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uac00\uac00 \uc790\uae30 \uc8fc\uba38\ub2c8\uc5d0\n\ub123\uace0 \ub2e4\ub2d0\ub9cc\ud55c \ud3f0\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \ubcf4\uc774\uae30 \ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294,\n'\uc8fc\uba39\uc655 \ub784\ud504'\uc758 \ud55c \uce90\ub9ad\ud130\uac00\n\uc4f8 \uac83 \uac19\uc740 \ub290\ub08c\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uc5b4\uc694.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc804 \uc544\uc9c1 \ubcc4\ub85c \uae30\ubd84\uc774 \uc88b\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub124\uc694.\n\ud558\ub2e8 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uae08\uc18d\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\uc791\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uace0,\n3.5\ud30c\uc774 \uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0 \ub2e8\uc790\uac00 \uc5c6\ub124\uc694.\n(\uae30\ubd84\uc774 \uc88b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uc774\uc720)\n\uac1c\uc778\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0 \ub2e8\uc790 \uc81c\uac70\ub294 \uc88b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740\n\ubc29\ud5a5\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ud558\uac70\ub4e0\uc694.\n\nEnglish: \nthe rest of their flagships. Up here at the\ntop of the phone we have a lot going on. There\nis a layer of clear protective plastic along\nwith the SIM card tray. The little hole next\nto the SIM card tray is for the top stereo\nspeaker. With an expandable memory SD card\nslot, you can add up to one terabyte of storage,\nwhich you might not need while the phone is\nbrand new, of course, but it's always nice\nto add more storage as your phone gets older\nand fills up instead of having to go delete\nthings. It also has a rubber liner around\nthe base to satisfy the ip68 water resistance\nrating.\nThe left side of the phone has a metal volume\nrocker, along with a single power button.\nFinally Bixby has left the building. Except\nfor if you hold the power button down for\na fraction of a second too long, he comes\nright back.\nThe coloring of this phone is seriously crazy.\nI feel like it belongs in Wreck-it Ralph with\nthe sugar rush racers, instead of a business\nman's pocket. I'm still totally down though.\nThe bottom of the phone is also made from\nmetal. No headphone jack anywhere to be found.\n\nEnglish: \nPersonally I think it's a bad move. I did\na poll on Twitter last month where 60% of\nyou said you've used a headphone jack in the\npast week. And 60% of people on MKBHD's similar\nTwitter poll said a headphone jack would be\na nice bonus, or even a need. Personally,\nI'm all wireless at this point because exercising\nwith corded headphones is super annoying.\nBut watching YouTube or Netflix with a tiny\nBluetooth lag is also slightly annoying. So\nI am sad that Jack is gone on the Note 10.\nAt least the s-pen won't get permanently stuck\nthough in the hole if you put it in backwards.\nThat was an actual problem with the old Note\n5.\nThe USB-C port on the Note 10 is rather awesome.\nIt is fully capable of super fast charging\nthe phone with 45 watts of power. I know that\ndoesn't make a whole lot of sense with just\nthe number. So let me draw out a comparison.\nThe Note 10 can take in a full 45 watts of\npower to super fast charge the battery. You\ndo got to pay a little extra for that 45 watt\ncharger though, as Samsung only includes a\n25 watt charger in the box. 25 watts is still\n\nKorean: \n\uc800\ubc88 \ub2ec\uc5d0 \uc81c\uac00 \ud2b8\uc704\ud130\uc5d0 \uac8c\uc2dc\ud588\ub358 \ud22c\ud45c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4\n\uc544\uc9c1 60%\uc774\uc0c1\uc758 \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc790\uac00\n\uc544\uc9c1 \uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0 \ub2e8\uc790\ub97c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uacb0\uacfc\ub97c\n\ubcf4\uc5ec\uc92c\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0,\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 MKBHD\uc758 \ud22c\ud45c\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc5ed\uc2dc 60% \uc815\ub3c4\uc758\uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc774\n\"\uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0 \ub2e8\uc790\ub294 \ubcf4\ub108\uc2a4, \uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4\ub294 \ud544\uc218\uc774\ub2e4\"\n\uc5d0 \ub2f5\ud588\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0\uc694.\n\ubb50, \uc804 \uc9c0\uae08 \uc6b4\ub3d9\uc744 \ud558\uace0\uc788\uae30\uc5d0 \uc720\uc120 \uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0\uc740\n\ub108\ubb34 \uac78\ub9ac\uc801\uac70\ub824\uc11c \ubaa8\ub450 \ubb34\uc120\uc744 \uc4f0\uace0\uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc..\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc720\ud29c\ube0c, \ub137\ud50c\ub9ad\uc2a4 \ub4f1\uc744 \uad6c\uc9c0 \ube14\ub8e8\ud22c\uc2a4\ub85c \ubcf4\uba74\uc11c\n\ud22d\ud22d \ub04a\uae30\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc880 \uc9dc\uc99d\ub0a9\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0 \ub2e8\uc790\uac00 \ub178\ud2b8 10\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c4 \uac74 \uc2ac\ud504\ub124\uc694.\n\ubb50, \uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 S\ud39c\uc744 \uac70\uafb8\ub85c \ub07c\uc6e0\uc744 \ub54c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub358\n\ub07c\uc784 \ud604\uc0c1\uc740 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud574\uc92c\uad70\uc694.\n\ub178\ud2b8 \uc2dc\ub9ac\uc988\uc5d0\uc11c \ub178\ud2b85\uac00 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \n\uace0\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ubb38\uc81c\uc810\uc774\uc5c8\uc8e0.\n\ud558\ub2e8\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 USB-C\ud3ec\ud2b8\ub294 \uc815\ub9d0 \ub354 \uba4b\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubb34\ub824 45\uc640\ud2b8 \ucd08\uace0\uc18d \ucda9\uc804\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uae30 \ub584\ubb38\uc774\uc8e0.\n'45\uc640\ud2b8'\ub77c\ub294 \uc22b\uc790\ub85c \uac10\uc774 \uc624\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uc2e4 \uac83 \uac19\ub124\uc694.\n\uadf8\ub9bc\uc744 \uadf8\ub824\uc11c \ucc28\uc774\uc810\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ub4dc\ub9ac\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub178\ud2b810\uc740 45\uc640\ud2b8 \uace0\uc18d \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac \ucda9\uc804\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc0bc\uc131\uc774 25\uc640\ud2b8 \ucda9\uc804\uae30\ub97c \ubc88\ub4e4\ub85c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uae30 \ub584\ubb38\uc5d0, \n45\uc640\ud2b8 \ucda9\uc804\uae30 \uc0b4 \ub3c8\uc744 \uc870\uae08 \ub354 \uc368\uc57c \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc\uc694.\n\nEnglish: \namazing though when you compare it to the\ncompetition.\nFor example Apple's newest phone, the iPhone\n10s, can only fast charge with 15 watts of\npower. Yet Apple only includes a 5 watt charger\nin the box. That's right. The 9 watt reverse\nwireless charging capability on the Galaxy\nNote 10 is a faster charger than the wall\nplug Apple includes in the box with their\nnew iPhones. Ouch. Remember, Apple makes the\njokes, I just read the spec sheet.\nTaking a quick look at the rear cameras, the\nNote 10 has the absolute optimal setup on\nthe back with the 16 megapixel ultra wide\nlens up top, and a normal 12 megapixel lens\nin the center. And a 12 megapixel telephoto\nzoom lens on the bottom. The perfect perspective\ntrifecta. The Note 10+ also has an additional\ndepth sensor off to the side, which combined\nwith the bigger screen and bigger battery,\nmakes the 10+ a better purchase than the smaller\nNote 10. Still stay away from the 5G version\nthough.\nThere is an under screen ultrasonic fingerprint\nscanner on the Note 10. It's the same cool\n\nKorean: \n\ubb3c\ub860 25\uc640\ud2b8\ub3c4 \ud0c0 \ud50c\ub798\uadf8\uc27d \ud3f0\uacfc \ube44\uad50\ud574\ubcf4\uba74\n\uc544\uc9c1\uae4c\uc9c0 \uba4b\uc9c4 \uae30\uc220\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc560\ud50c\uc5d0 \ucd5c\uc2e0 \ud50c\ub808\uadf8\uc27d \ud3f0\uc778 \"\uc544\uc774\ud3f0 XS\"\ub294\n15\uc640\ud2b8 \ucda9\uc804\uae4c\uc9c0 \ubc16\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc2ec\uc9c0\uc5b4 \ubc88\ub4e4\ub85c \uc81c\uacf5\ub418\ub294 \ucda9\uc804\uae30\ub294 5\uc640\ud2b8\uc774\uace0\uc694.\n\ub9de\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub178\ud2b810\uc5d0 \ub0b4\uc7a5\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub294\n'9\uc640\ud2b8 \ubb34\uc120 \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac \uacf5\uc720\uae30\ub2a5'\uc774\n\ubcbd\uc5d0 \ubc88\ub4e4 \ucda9\uc804\uae30 \uaf3d\uace0 \uc2e0\ud615 \uc560\ud50c \ud3f0\uc744 \ucda9\uc804\ud558\ub294 \uac83 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ube60\ub985\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc5b4\uc774\ucfe0, \uc624\ud574\ud558\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc138\uc694. \uc560\ud50c\uc774 \uc774 \ub18d\ub2f4\uc744\n\ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub0c8\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc804 \uadf8\ub0e5 \uc2a4\ud329\uc744 \uc77d\uc5c8\uc744 \ubfd0 \uc774\uc5d0\uc694.\n\uc774\uc81c \ud6c4\uba74 \uce74\uba54\ub77c\ub97c \ube60\ub974\uac8c \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\uc790\uba74,\n\ub178\ud2b8 10\uc740 \ub4b7\uba74\uc5d0\n1600\ub9cc \ud654\uc18c\uc758 \ucd08\uad11\uac01 \uce74\uba54\ub77c\uc640,\n1200\ub9cc \ud654\uc18c\uc758 \uad11\uac01\uce74\uba54\ub77c,\n\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 1200\ub9cc \ud654\uc18c\uc758 \ub9dd\uc6d0 \uce74\uba54\ub77c\uac00\n\ud558\ub2e8\uc5d0 \uc790\ub9ac\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc6d0\uadfc \ud45c\ud604\uc774 \uc7a5\ub09c \uc544\ub2c8\uaca0\ub124\uc694.\n\ub178\ud2b810+\ub294 \uc774\uc5d0 \ub354\ud574\uc11c \uce74\uba54\ub77c \uc6b0\uce21\uc5d0\n\uc2ec\ub3c4\uc13c\uc11c\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub178\ud2b8 10+\uac00 \ub354 \ud070 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub9b0, \ub354 \uc624\ub798\uac00\ub294 \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\uace0\uc694. \ub178\ud2b810\uacfc \ube44\uad50\ub418\ub124\uc694.\n\ubb50, 5G \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \ud53c\ud558\uc2dc\uace0\uc694.\n\nKorean: \n\ub178\ud2b810\uc5d0\ub294 \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 S10\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd24\ub358\n'\ud654\uba74 \ub0b4\uc7a5 \ucd08\uc74c\ud30c \uc9c0\ubb38\uc778\uc2dd' \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc778\uc2dd \uc18d\ub3c4\uac00 \ube60\ub974\uace0, \ubd80\ud488\uc774 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\ub294 \uacf5\uac04\ub3c4\n\uadf8\ub9ac \ud06c\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc815\ub9d0 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac74, \ucd08\uc74c\ud30c \uc9c0\ubb38\uc778\uc2dd\uc774\n \uacbd\ub3c47\uc5d0\uc11c \uc785\uc740 \uae4a\uc740 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4\n\uc815\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc815\ub9d0 \ub180\ub78d\ub124\uc694.\n\uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\uac00 \ub098\uc640\uc11c \ub9d0\uc778\ub370, \uc81c\uac00 2.5\ub144 \uc804\uc5d0\n\uc2dc\uc791\ud55c \ud55c \uc2e4\ud5d8\uc744 \uae30\uc5b5\ud558\uc2dc\ub098\uc694?\n\ub178\ud2b8 10\uc758 \uc591\uba74\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc720\ub9ac\ub85c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc838 \uc788\uace0,\n\uc720\ub9ac\ub294 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\uac00 \ub0a9\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc9c0\uae08\ub3c4 \ubcf4\uba74 \ub4b7 \uc720\ub9ac\ub97c \uacbd\ub3c4 7\ub85c \uae01\uc73c\uba74\n\uae4a\uc740 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\uac00 \ub098\uc8e0.\n\uacbd\ub3c4 6\uc73c\ub85c \uae01\uc740 \uc587\uc740 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\ub3c4, \uc544\uc774\ub4e4\uc774\n\ud3f0\uc744 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud560 \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc790\uc8fc \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc6b0\ub9ac \uc8fc\ubcc0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\ub97c \ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\ub4e4\uc774\n\uc815\ub9d0 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc774\uac74 \uc81c 2.5\ub144\ucc28 \uba54\uc778 \ud3f0\uc778\ub370,\n\uc77c\ubd80\ub7ec \uc561\uc815 \ubcf4\ud638\ud544\ub984\uc744 \ubd80\ucc29\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\"\ub9cc\uc57d \uc77c\uc0c1\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uace0, \uc8fc\uba38\ub2c8\uc5d0 \ub123\uc5c8\ub2e4\uac00 \ubec8\ub2e4\uac00  \ud558\uba74 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub420\uae4c?\" \ud558\ub294 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc5d0\uc11c\uc694.\n\uc720\ub9ac\ub294 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ubcf4\ud638\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0\n\ubcfc \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uacbd\ub3c4 6\uc774\uc0c1\uc758  \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc5d0\ub294 \ud1b5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc8e0.\n\uc774\uac78 \ubc29\uc9c0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294, \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc120\ud0dd\uc9c0\uac00 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nEnglish: \ntech we saw inside of the Galaxy S10. Super\nquick and doesn't take up much room inside\nthe phone. But more importantly, the ultrasonic\nfingerprint scanner still functions even after\nthe screen suffers heavy damage with level\n7 deeper groves. Very impressive.\nSpeaking of scratches, do you want to see\nan experiment I started 2 \u00bd years ago? Both\nsides of the Note 10 are made from glass,\nand as we know, glass can scratch. Here are\nsome level 7 deeper grooves on the back next\nto the Samsung logo. And here are even some\nlevel 6 scratches, both of which show up extremely\nwell on this child's kaleidoscope of a phone.\nThere are plenty of things in everyday life\nthat can scratch glass. For example this is\nmy 2 \u00bd year old daily driver that I purposefully\nnever put a screen protector on just to see\nhow it would react and turn out with normal\nevery day use, sliding in and out of my pocket.\nGlass might be scratch resistant, but it's\nstill no match for anything above a level\n6 on Mohs scale of hardness. You really only\nhave two options. You can either cover up\n\nEnglish: \nscratches that are already made, or prevent\nscratches with some kind of protection.\nThanks to dbrand for sponsoring this video.\nDbrand has protective skins that you can combine\ntogether however you want. It changes how\nyour phone looks, along with adding aesthetic\nprotection. You can see what your phone would\nlook like with the link in the description.\nA new skin for your phone is way cheaper than\nbuying a new phone...just saying. I'm digging\nthis copper metal skin. I'll peel it off though\nso we can taste the rainbow and finish off\nthe durability test. Have you ever roasted\nskittles over a campfire? Neither have I,\nbut I couldn't figure out any other way to\nsegue into the burn test.\nThe Note 10+ has a large 6.8 inch 1440p display\nand lasted about 20 seconds before I thought\nit was permanently damaged. But after removing\nthe heat from the dynamic AMOLED screen, the\nwhite marks quickly faded, leaving a pristine\nscreen behind, minus the evaporated oleophobic\n\nKorean: \n\ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\ub97c \uc548\ubcf4\uc774\uac8c \ud558\uac70\ub098, \n\ubcf4\ud638\uc7a5\uce58 \uac19\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc2a4\ud06c\ub798\uce58\ub85c \ubd80\ud130 \ubcf4\ud638\ud558\uac70\ub098.\n[Dbrand \uad11\uace0 \uc2a4\ud3f0\uc11c]\n\uc774 \ube44\ub514\uc624\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc790\ud574\uc900 Dbrand\uc5d0\uac8c \uac10\uc0ac\uc778\uc0ac\ub97c \ubcf4\ub0c5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n[Dbrand \uad11\uace0 \uc2a4\ud3f0\uc11c]\nDbrand\ub294 \uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc2a4\ud0c0\uc77c\uc758 \ubcf4\ud638 \uc2a4\ud0a8\uc744 \uc790\uc2e0\uc774 \uace8\ub77c\n\uac01 \ubd80\ubd84\ub9c8\ub2e4 \ucee4\uc2a4\ud130\ub9c8\uc774\uc988 \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n[Dbrand \uad11\uace0 \uc2a4\ud3f0\uc11c]\n\uc774 \ubcf4\ud638\uc2a4\ud0a8\uc744 \uc7a5\ucc29 \ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368,\n\ud3f0\uc758 \ub514\uc790\uc778\uc744 \ud655\uc5f0\ud558\uac8c \ubc14\uafd4\uc90d\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ubcf4\ud638 \uc2a4\ud0a8\uc744 \ubcf8\uc778\uc758 \uae30\uc885\uc5d0 \ubd80\ucc29\ud55c \uc0ac\uc9c4\uc744\n\ubcf4\uace0\uc2f6\ub2e4\uba74, \uc124\uba85\ub780\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \ub9c1\ud06c\ub85c \uc774\ub3d9\ud558\uc138\uc694.\n[Dbrand \uad11\uace0 \uc2a4\ud3f0\uc11c]\n\uc0c8 \ud3f0 \uc0ac\ub294 \uac83 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc0c8 \ub514\uc790\uc778\uc744 \uc8fc\ub294\n\ubcf4\ud638 \uc2a4\ud0a8\uc744 \uc0ac\ub294 \uac8c \ub354 \uc2f8\uac8c \uba39\ud788\uc796\uc544\uc694... \uadf8\ucd78?\n[Dbrand \uad11\uace0 \uc2a4\ud3f0\uc11c]\n\uc804 \uc774 \uad6c\ub9ac\uae08\uc18d \ub514\uc790\uc778\uc758 \uc2a4\ud0a8\uc774 \ub9c8\uc74c\uc5d0 \ub4dc\ub124\uc694.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 \ubb34\uc9c0\uac1c \uc0c9\uc744 \ubcf4\uace0 \ub0b4\uad6c\uc131 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub97c\n\uc644\ub8cc\ud558\ub824\uba74, \ub54c\uc5b4\ub0b4\uc57c\uaca0\uc8e0.\n\ucea0\ud504\ud30c\uc774\uc5b4\uc5d0 Skittles \uc0ac\ud0d5\uc744 \uad6c\uc6cc\uba39\uc5b4\ubcf8 \uc801 \uc788\ub098\uc694?\n\uc800\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc694 \u314b\u314b\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uac00\uc5f4 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub97c \ube7c\ub193\uc744 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\uaca0\uc8e0.\n\ub178\ud2b8 10+\ub294 6.8\uc778\uce58 1440p \ud574\uc0c1\ub3c4\uc758 \ud070 \ud654\uba74\uc744 \uac00\uc9d1\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n20\ucd08\uac04 \ub77c\uc774\ud130\uc758 \ud654\ub825\uc744 \ubc84\ud2f0\uace0 \uc790\uad6d\uc774 \ub0ac\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774 AMOLED \uc2a4\ud06c\ub9b0\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc5f4\uc744 \uba48\ucd94\uace0,\n\ud770 \uc790\uad6d\uc774 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ube68\ub9ac \ud654\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c0\uace0 \n\uaea0\ub057\ud55c \ud654\uba74\ub9cc \ub0a8\uc558\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nKorean: \n\uc9c0\ubb38 \ubc29\uc9c0 \ucf54\ud305\uc774 \uc99d\ubc1c\ud55c \uac74 \uc870\uae08 \uc544\uc27d\ub124\uc694.\n\uc774\uc678\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc190\uc0c1\uc740 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub0b4\uad6c\uc131 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ubd80\ub9bc \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\uac00 \ube60\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc8e0.\n\uc548\uc5d0 \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac\uac00 \ub4e4\uc5b4\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \ub9cc\ud07c, \n\ud3f0\uc758 \ubb3c\ub9ac\uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ubb34\uacb0\uc131\uc740 \uc911\uc694\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774\uc81c \ub178\ud2b8 10+\uac00 \uc800\uc758 \ud798\uc744 \uacac\ub51c \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0 \ubcfc \uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub4b7\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ubd80\ub9ac\uba74, \ud3f0\uc774 \ud06c\uae30\uac00 \ud07c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0,\n\uc57d\uac04\uc758 \uad6c\ubd80\ub7ec\uc9d0\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc774\uc81c \ub3cc\ub824\uc11c \uc55e\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6c\ubd80\ub824 \ubd24\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uac19\uc740 \uacb0\uacfc\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc190\uc0c1 \uc5c6\uace0, \uae08\ub3c4 \uc548\uac00\uace0, \ud504\ub808\uc784 \uacb0\ud568\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uadf8\ub0e5  \uc0bc\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc628 \ub2e8\ub2e8\ud558\uace0 \uc54c\ub85d\ub2ec\ub85d\ud55c\n\ud50c\ub798\uadf8\uc27d \ud3f0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ubc29\uae08 \ub0b4\uad6c\uc131 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub97c \ud1b5\uacfc\ud588\uace0\uc694.\n\uaf64\ub098 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc778 \ud3f0\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc0dd\uac01\ub418\ub124\uc694.\n\ub124, \uac00\uaca9\uc740 \ubb34\uc12d\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub798\ub3c4 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc88b\uc740 \ud3f0\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ub9cc\uc57d 3.5\ud30c\uc774 \uc774\uc5b4\ud3f0 \ub2e8\uc790\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba74,\n\uc804 \ubc14\ub85c \ub178\ud2b810\uc73c\ub85c \ubc14\uafe8\uc744 \uac81\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc544\uc9c1 \uc81c\uac00 \uc4f0\ub294 \uac24\ub7ed\uc2dc S8\uc774 \uc798 \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\uae30\uc5d0,\n\uc194\uc9c1\ud788 \uace0\ubbfc\ub418\ub124\uc694. \ubc14\uafc0 \uc218\ub3c4, \uc544\ub2d0 \uc218\ub3c4..\n\ub610\ub294 \uc5ec\ub7ec\ubd84\ub4e4\uc774 \uc120\ud0dd\ud574\uc8fc\uc2e4 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc8e0.\n\uc81c \ud2b8\uc704\ud130\uc5d0 \uae00\uc744 \ub0a8\uaca8\ub193\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc81c \ub0b4\uad6c\uc131 \ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\uc5d0\uc11c \ud1b5\uace0\ud588\uc73c\ub2c8,\n\uc774\uc81c \ubd84\ud574\ud574 \ubd10\uc57c\uaca0\uc8e0.\n\uad6c\ub3c5\ud558\uc2dc\uba74 \ub2e4\uc74c \ubd84\ud574 \uc601\uc0c1\uc744 \ubcf4\uc2e4 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\uc778\uc2a4\ud0c0\uadf8\ub7a8\uc774\ub098 \ud2b8\uc704\ud130\uc5d0 \uc624\uc154\uc11c \uc800\ub791\n\uc5b4\uc6b8\ub9ac\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4 \uc78a\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc2dc\uace0\uc694.\nDbrand \ud398\uc774\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uac00\uc154\uc11c \uc2a4\ud0a8 \uc2dc\ucc29 \uc0ac\uc9c4 \ubcf4\ub294 \uac83\ub3c4\n\uc78a\uc9c0 \ub9c8\uc2dc\uace0\uc694.\n\nEnglish: \ncoating of course. There is no other damage.\nNo durability test is complete without a bend\ntest. The physical structural integrity of\na phone is just as important as the power\ninside. It's time to see if the Note 10 is\nas durable as it is cute. Bending from the\nback we get basically no flex, which is rather\nshocking considering how large the phone is.\nI'll flip it around to the front and we get\nbasically the same result. No damage, no cracks,\nand no kinks in the frame. Just a super solid\ncolorful flagship phone from Samsung that\nsurvives my durability test. I think it's\na winner. Expensive, yes, but still a good\nphone.\nIf it had a headphone jack, I'd probably end\nup switching right away. But as of right now,\nmy Galaxy S8 is still working good enough,\nso I don't know. Maybe I'll upgrade. And maybe\nI'll let you guys decide for me over on Twitter.\nI'm not quite sure yet.\nWe should definitely take it apart first,\nso hit that subscribe button if you haven't\nalready. Come hang out with me on Instagram\nand Twitter. And don't forget to see what\nyour phone looks like skinned with the dbrand\nlink in the description. Thanks a ton for\n\nKorean: \n\uc601\uc0c1 \uc2dc\uccad\uc5d0 \uac10\uc0ac\ub4dc\ub9ac\uace0, \ub2e4\uc74c \uc601\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ubd59\uaca0\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\n\nEnglish: \nwatching. I'll see you around.\n"}
-{"text": "\nFrench: \nC\u2019est au lyc\u00e9e que mon r\u00eave\nd'\u00eatre un athl\u00e8te professionnel, \net plus particuli\u00e8rement\ndevenir footballeur professionnel,                                            est devenu un but.\nLorsque j\u2019\u00e9tais \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9, je jouais dans                      l\u2019un des meilleurs programmes du pays\net je me suis li\u00e9 d\u2019amiti\u00e9 avec                   \n    un autre entra\u00eeneur, originaire du Chili.\nIl m'a dit qu'\u00e0 son avis                                  \n           je pouvais jouer dans le style sud-am\u00e9ricain\n, et qu'il pourrait \nm\u00eame m'ouvrir les portes\nparce qu'il connaissait le style                  \nde l\u00e0-bas.\nEt c'est ce qu'il a fait quand j'ai obtenu mon dipl\u00f4me universitaire deux mois plus tard\nJe suis all\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois                                                              au Chili pour faire un essai\nJ\u2019ai d\u00fb me faire une place, \ngagner le respect et montrer que je\nsavais r\u00e9ellement jouer, et cela\n en valait la peine, d'autant\nplus que j'ai en fait obtenu mon      \n       premier  engagement dans\n\nEnglish: \nWhen I was in high school--that's the\nplace where this dream that I had of\nbeing a professional athlete,\nspecifically a professional soccer\nplayer, became a goal.\nWhen I went to college and I was playing\non one of the top programs in the\ncountry,\nI'd befriended another coach who was\nfrom Chile.\nHe told me that he thought that I had\nthe ability to play in the South\nAmerican style, that he could even open\nthe doors for me there because he knew\nthe game there.\nSo he did when I graduated from college\njust two months later. I traveled for the\nfirst time to Chile and had a tryout.\nI had to earn my spot and I had to earn\nrespect and I had to show that I\nactually could play, which made it all\nthe more worthwhile it made it all the\n\nFrench: \nune \u00e9quipe de premi\u00e8re division     \n      appel\u00e9e \u00ab Huachipato \u00bb.\nQuand j'ai d\u00e9m\u00e9nag\u00e9\u2026                               \n    ce fut un \u00e9norme choc culturel\nmes amis \u00e9taient diff\u00e9rents,                    \nma famille n'\u00e9tait plus l\u00e0\net je me suis retrouv\u00e9 \u00e0 m'entra\u00eener   \n deux heures par jour\net \u00e0 rester assis pendant 22 heures   \n dans ma propre maison.\nJ'ai eu beaucoup de temps pour r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \n    o\u00f9 j'en \u00e9tais et o\u00f9 j'allais\net ces questions ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 affluer                                       et \u00e0 p\u00e9n\u00e9trer dans mon c\u0153ur\nj'ai ainsi commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 me demander:                            \"Qui suis-je ? \"Que fais-je ici ? Pourquoi ais-je \u00e9t\u00e9 choisi\npour jouer ici ?\" et \" Est-ce que je crois      \n\u00e0 ces choses auxquelles je dis que\nje crois chaque semaine?\"\nJ'\u00e9tais assis dans une chapelle glaciale \n    au c\u0153ur de l'hiver chilien, qui\nest une saison terriblement pluvieuse et j'\u00e9tais            juste assis l\u00e0, face au tabernacle\nJe me rappelle que c'\u00e9tait un jour o\u00f9 je priais             vraiment pour trouver du r\u00e9confort\nJe n'\u00e9tais pas tr\u00e8s \u00e0 l'aise, je ne me sentais pas                       \"grand\" et j'\u00e9tais all\u00e9 l\u00e0-bas pour \u00eatre\nun athl\u00e8te professionnel : pour \u00eatre \"grand\".                   Mes h\u00e9ros \u00e9taient des athl\u00e8tes professionnels.\n\nEnglish: \nmore worth it when I actually earned my\nstarting job with the first division\nteam called Huachipato.\nWhen I moved...a huge culture shock\n--my friends changed, my family was no longer there\nand here I am practicing for two hours a day\nand sitting for 22 hours in my own\nhouse.\nI had a lot of downtime and a lot of\ntime to think about where my life was\ngoing and all these questions started to\ncome and started crashing in my heart. I\nstarted to ask: \"Who am I?\" \"Why am I here?\" \"Why was I chosen to play here?\" and \"Do I\nbelieve the things that I profess that I\nbelieve on a weekly basis?\"\nI was sitting in an ice-cold chapel in\nthe middle of the Chilean winter, which\nis a terrible rainy season and I just\nsat there before the tabernacle and I\nremember it was one day that I was\njust truly praying for comfort.\nI didn't feel a great level of comfort--I\ndidn't feel \"great\"--and I went there to be\n\nFrench: \nJe pensais que la grandeur \u00e9tait tout ce que je voyais chez les autres athl\u00e8tes professionnels,\net les voir exceller dans leur sport c'\u00e9tait \n \u00e7a \u00eatre grand \u00e0 mes yeux, c'\u00e9tait cela \u00eatre\nun grand homme, \u00eatre respect\u00e9 par les autres,\n\u00eatre reconnu par les autres signifiait \u00eatre grand.                           \n Gagner de l'argent et\navoir une jolie femme \u00e0 ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s \n  signifiait \u00eatre grand.\nMais je n'avais pas l'impression               \n         de vivre comme un \"grand\".\nAjoutez \u00e0 cela la solitude et le choc culturel...          J'\u00e9tais devant le Saint Sacrement dans cette\nchapelle, sachant que J\u00e9sus \u00e9tait pr\u00e9sent, \n   et j'\u00e9tais juste en train\nde prier pour du r\u00e9confort \"Seigneur, apportez-moi        du r\u00e9confort, apportez-moi\ntout ce que je crois \"grand\", faites que cela m'arrive\".          Et ce fut l\u00e0, dans le silence\nde cette chapelle et dans le silence de mon c\u0153ur                 - la voix la plus forte\nque j'aie jamais entendue et                     \n qui ne parle jamais de mani\u00e8re audible.\nC'est \u00e0 ce moment que j'ai entendu :  \n       \"Sois mon pr\u00eatre\" et cela m'a choqu\u00e9 \u00e0 un point\n\nEnglish: \na professional athlete--to be great. My\nheroes were professional athletes.\nI thought greatness was everything that\nI saw other professional athletes being,\nand so seeing them excel at their sport--that was greatness to me, that's what it\nwas to be a great man, to be respected by\nothers, to be known by others was to be\ngreat. To make money was to be great. To\nhave a beautiful woman by your side--\nthat's what it was to be great. I didn't\nfeel that I was living greatness.\nMix that with a loneliness, and the\nculture shock... I was before the Blessed\nSacrament in this Chapel, knowing that\nJesus was present there, and I was just\npraying for comfort: \"Lord bring comfort\ninto my life,\nbring me all the things that I believe\nto be great--make that happen for me.\" And\nit was right there, in the silence of\nthat chapel and in the silence of my\nheart--the loudest voice that I have ever\nheard, that's never audibly spoken. At\nthat moment I heard: \"Be my priest.\" And\nthat shocked me like you wouldn't\n\nEnglish: \nbelieved because it wasn't anything that\nI was thinking about. I immediately\nrejected that thought and that idea and\nit was not something that I was willing\nto live and it wasn't something that I was\nwilling to do for Him.\nI continued to live my life as a\nprofessional athlete, and things actually\nwent very well for me.\nI began to experience greatness in my\ndefinition on the field. I began to\nexperience greatness in every aspect of\nmy life--I had a lot of friends, I was\nbecoming well-known, I had a great\ngirlfriend, and even being named the best\nplayer in my position in the league that\nyear.\nI remember sitting up in my bed at night,\nnot being able to sleep and recognizing:\n\"I don't know that it can get any better\nthan this\" and right there--in a split\nsecond--I recognized that I had nothing\nelse planned for my life. I recognized\n\nFrench: \nque vous ne pouvez pas imaginer car                                je n'y pensais m\u00eame pas.  J'ai imm\u00e9diatement\nrejet\u00e9 cette pens\u00e9e et cette id\u00e9e,              \nce n'\u00e9tait pas quelque que j'\u00e9tais dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 vivre\nni quelque chose j'\u00e9tais dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 faire pour Lui.\nJ'ai continu\u00e9 ma vie d'athl\u00e8te professionnel,         et \u00e0 vrai dire tout ce passait\nbien pour moi.\nJ'ai commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 vivre la grandeur                                sur le terrain selon ma d\u00e9finition\nJ'ai commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 vivre la grandeur dans \n chaque aspect de ma vie. J'avais beaucoup\nd'amis, je commen\u00e7ais \u00e0 \u00eatre connu et \n avais une magnifique petite amie\net j'avais m\u00eame \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 meilleur joueur                         \u00e0 mon poste dans la ligue cette ann\u00e9e l\u00e0.\nJe me rappelle \u00eatre assis sur mon lit, \n incapable de dormir et admettant\n\"Je ne vois pas comment les choses peuvent                   \u00eatre mieux\" et c'est en une seconde\nque j'ai compris que je n'avais rien  \nd'autre de pr\u00e9vu dans ma vie. J'ai compris\n\nFrench: \nqu'il n'y avait plus rien de grand pour moi \n \u00e0 accomplir... et c'est \u00e0 ce moment pr\u00e9cis\nque cet appel au sacerdoce se fit sentir lourdement  dans mon c\u0153ur et j'ai r\u00e9alis\u00e9\nque si Dieu avait v\u00e9ritablement trac\u00e9 un chemin pour moi, c'\u00e9tait peut \u00eatre la pr\u00eatrise, peut-\u00eatre\nque la pr\u00eatrise \u00e9tait ce que je recherchais vraiment pour satisfaire les aspirations de  mon c\u0153ur et\npallier au manque de paix \u00e9prouv\u00e9 continuellement au milieu du\nplus grand bonheur que j'avais v\u00e9cu                                    en tant qu'\u00eatre humain.\nL'\u00c9glise a besoin d'hommes bons. Elle a besoin d'hommes de foi et elle a besoin de quelqu'un\npour retourner la situation ;                     \n    non pas que se soit moi, mais les hommes bons\nqui ont la foi doivent r\u00e9pondre \u00e0                                       l'appel de Dieu dans leur vie et vivre ce qu'il\nce qu'il a projet\u00e9 pour nous, et si nous                                     le faisons, les gens commenceront alors\n\u00e0 parler de l'\u00c9glise catholique d'une autre \n mani\u00e8re ainsi que du christianisme, des\nhommes en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral et de notre culture.\nIl n'y a rien de mieux que d'endosser le r\u00f4le                                    que Dieu a choisi pour vous.\n\nEnglish: \nthat there was maybe nothing greater\nthat I could do... and it was at that very\nmoment this call to priesthood was\nheavily on my heart and I realized that\nif God truly does have a plan for my\nlife, then maybe it is priesthood--maybe\npriesthood is what I'm really seeking to\nsatisfy the longings of my heart and to\nsatisfy the lack of peace that I\ncontinue to have in the midst of the\ngreatest happiness that I've experienced\nas a human.\nThe church does need good men.\nIt needs faithful men and it needs someone\nto turn the tide--not that I'm the one to\ndo that, but\ngood men who are faithful need to respond to the\ncall of God in their life and to live out\nwhatever he has planned for us--and if we\ndo that, then people are going to start\ntalking a different way about the\nCatholic Church, about Christianity, about\nmen in general, and our culture.\nNothing is better than fulfilling the\nrole that God has chosen for you.\n\nEnglish: \nThat is what we are created for, that\nmoves what we are called to do, and truly\nnothing will satisfy us unless we do that.\n\nFrench: \nC'est pour cela que nous sommes cr\u00e9\u00e9s, \n    c'est cela que nous sommes appel\u00e9s \u00e0 faire et\nrien de nous satisfera vraiment                                           tant que nous en le ferons pas.\n"}
-{"text": "So good morning,\nwelcome once again\nand I'm delighted to have\nyou all here for Social\nJustice Remade: the Decline of\nthe European Welfare State in\na Global Context, 1973 to 2009.\nThis is, of course, a very\nunusual time...\nand a difficult\none for many of us.\nAnd so I'm especially\ngrateful to all of you\nfor being here\nfor making the time\nfor somehow finding a way to juggle\nyour child care, elder care\nand other obligations in order to be present\nfor this five-day conference.\nI think I might make a\ntechnical announcement first,\nwhich is if you are not speaking,\nplease mute your microphone.\nYou can find the\nmicrophone icon along\nthe lower bar of your screen\non the left hand side.\nThat will help us avoid\nfeedback issues and will\nmake it easier to\nhear the speakers.\nSo if you could go ahead\nand mute your mic,\nthat would be terrific.\nAnd I think just for\nthis introduction,\nit's just fine for you all\nto keep your videos on as well.\nBut if you'd like to turn off\nyour videos, that's fine.\nThere will be a Q and A\nsession at the\nend of every panel,\nevery day this week.\nAnd if you are interested in\nasking a question during\nthe Q and A session,\nplease open the chat box,\nwhich you can access again by\nclicking along the lower bar,\nthe speech icon and send a\nprivate chat message to me,\nGiuliana Chamedes, to let me\nknow that you'd like to\nbe added to the queue.\nAnd I will go ahead\nand take note of that.\nOkay, so let's get started.\nSo again, hello, greetings.\nWelcome for those\njust joining us.\nMy name is Giuliana Chamedes.\nI'm an associate professor of\nEuropean history at the\nUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison.\nAnd when Matthew Sohm,\nI first began organizing this\nevent almost one year ago.\nWe really never would\nhave guessed how\nits themes would\nhave felt so timely.\nOur present-day public\nhealth, political,\nand economic crisis has\nprompted a set of long\noverdue conversations about\nstate-economy relations and the\npresence or absence\nof social safety nets.\nIt has also simultaneously\nbrought to the fore a series of\npre-existing local and\nglobal inequalities\nthat are the result\nof deep history,\nbut also of a more\nrecent reshuffling of\npower relations that traces\nits roots to the 1970s,\n1980s, and 1990s.\nSo the purpose of\nthis five-day conference\nis to provide a broad,\ndeep transnational and also\ntrans-regional analysis\nof these trends.\nIn particular, the conference\nfocuses on why\nWestern European state welfarism\ndeclined and how this\nfailure was intertwined.\nThe ultimate failure\nof the global north to\ntake up demands for the\ncreation of what some\ncalled a form of global welfarism\nthrough the redistribution of\nwealth from North America and\nWestern Europe to\nthe global south.\nOver the course of\nthe next five days,\nwe have scholars from\n20 different institutions who\nspecialize in African, \nLatin American,\nCaribbean, European and\nNorth American history.\nGuiding us through an attempt\nto engage with these issues\nand also address a series of\nrelated questions\nalong the way.\nSome of the questions\nthat will come up in\nthe papers over the course of\nthe next five days\ninclude the following:\nHow did reactions to\nglobal migratory flows,\nthe oil shocks of 1973 to 1979-1980,\nand the rise of new\nforms of corporate power\ncome to erode\nWestern European state\nwelfarist commitments.\nHow and why did transnational\nleft-wing and labor interests\nreact the way they did?\nAnd why does those reactions\nprove weak or ineffective,\nas others will argue,\nwhat role did the rise of the\nEuropean single market play\nin forcing the hands\nof national leaders\nas they rushed to slash\nsocial spending,\nprivatized public industry,\nand limit support for\nvulnerable categories, from working\nmothers to new immigrants.\nIn addition to broaching\nthese causal issues\nand questions,\nall of the panelists in\nthis five-day have\nconference are engaging with\nrich methodological\nquestions that pertain to\nthe study of transnational\nand global history.\nThey are helping us in this\nproject of studying Europe,\nnot just from the inside out,\nbut from the outside\nin, a project that\nmany scholars like Sebastian\nConrad have called for.\nSo what are the\nrelevant economic,\nenvironmental, intellectual,\nand political vectors\nof influence\nand cross-pollination?\nThat's really a key question\nthat many of you all are grappling with.\nIn particular, how did\nAfrican and Central American\npoliticians and activists,\ngalvanize transnational\nconversations\nabout the role of states rights\nagainst private capital.\nHow did Latin American\ndependency theorists cross\nthe Atlantic to educate\npartners in the global north.\nHow did Caribbean and\nSouth European\nimmigrant activists,\nhighlight the extent to which\napparently neutral\nsocial scientific\nresearch programs were in\nfact reifying categories of\nsupposedly sexually and morally\ndeviant immigrant others,\nwhich were further undeserving\nof state assistance.\nFinally, how did Western\nEuropean citizens,\npoliticians, activists,\nscholars, and civil\nservants respond to\nthe shock of the global which\nemerged from the 1970s forward.\nDid they embrace it?\nDid they sanitize it?\nDid they reject it? Et cetera.\nIn the search for answers,\nour panelists will take us\non a journey that jumps over\ntraditional national and\nregional geographies\nand really challenges\nthose traditional national and\nregional units of analysis.\nThey'll take us to toxic\nwaste dumps in Anatolia,\nto the oil rigs of the North Sea,\nto tourist trap safaris\nin sub-Saharan Africa,\nand into the intimate lives of\nemigre grandmothers\nwho struggled to build\nnew homes in\nnorthern and central\nEuropean countries\non short-term visas.\nBefore I give you a\nquick overview of\nthe logistics of the conference\nand kick off the first panel.\nI'd like to briefly thank\nthose who made this\nevent possible.\nThe biggest thank\nyou goes to Matthew Sohm,\na brilliant PhD student\nat Harvard University\nwho is completing\nan extraordinary dissertation\nthat investigates post-\nindustrial decline in the \n1970s and 1980s.\nAnd argues that policymakers and\nbusinesses in the European\ncore tried to solve a range\nof economic and environmental\nproblems at home by\nusing their influence over\nthe continent's, poor,\nsouthern periphery.\nMatthew is an\nintellectual powerhouse\nand he has helped me, \nexcuse me,\nboth conceptualize the\nconference and come\nup with what I'm sure you'll\nagree is an extraordinary,\nand diverse and\nstimulating program.\nSo a huge thank you\nto Matthew.\nIn addition to thanking Matthew,\nI'd also like to\nextend my gratitude to\nSkye Doney and the\nMosse Program at\nUW-Madison as well as\nUW-Madison's Department of History\nfor making this event possible.\nFinally, a huge thank you to\nall the conference participants,\nwho despite unprecedented\nresponsibilities,\nhave committed to\nthis event and to\nthe broader project of expanding\nthe conversation about\nthe history and future of\nsocial justice and state welfare\nas in a global framework.\nThe conference again is\nspread over five days.\nEach day we will plan\nto engage in discussion\nfrom 12:00 to 01:00 PM,\nEastern Daylight Time.\nThe lines ever will\nremain open until 1:30 PM\nfor more informal conversation\nwith the conference panelists.\nOnce again, if you\njoined us late,\nsome basic technical guidelines.\nPlease mute your microphone\nand turn off your video.\nIf you are not a panelist or\ncommentator on this\nparticular day,\nif you would like to ask\na question during\nthe Q and A session,\nplease open the chat box and\nsend a private message to me,\nletting me know, I will\nadd you to the queue.\nAnd when it's your turn to\nspeak during the Q and A session,\nplease unmute your microphone,\nturn the video on, and introduce\nyourself to us all before\nasking your question.\nOkay, so now without further ado,\nI'm going to get to\ntoday's panel topic\nwhich is reinventing\neconomic development in the\n1960s and 1970s.\nI will briefly introduce\nthe panel members and\nthe commentator and\nthen hand things\nover to our first speaker.\nSo our three\ndistinguished panelists\nfor today are Christy Thornton,\nAmy Offner, and Jessica Pearson.\nYou all are visible.\nSo. Christy Thornton is an\nassistant professor of\nsociology and Latin\nAmerican studies\nat John Hopkins University.\nHer first book is entitled\nRevolution in development,\nMexico and the governance of\nthe global economy, right?\nIt's going to be out in fall of\n2020 with the University\nof California Press.\nSo we're all very\nexcited about that,\ngetting our hands on\nthat book very soon.\nAmy Offner is\nAssociate Professor\nof History at the\nUniversity of Pennsylvania.\nShe has written sorting\nout the mixed economy,\nthe rise and fall of welfare\nand developmental\nstates in the Americas,\nwhich was published\nby Princeton in 2019.\nAnd which won\nthe economic history societies\nfirst monograph price.\nHer current project is\nentitled to the\ndisappearing worker.\nAnd it is a\ntransnational history of\nthe unraveling of employment\nrelationship since 1945.\nJessica Pearson is\nassistant professor\nof history at McAllister College.\nHer first book is called The\ncolonial politics\nof global health,\nFrance and the United\nNations in post-war Africa.\nAnd it was published by Harvard\nUniversity Press in 2018.\nShe coedited with Nicole Eggers\nand Aurora Almeida is Santos.\nThe volume than United\nNations and decolonization,\nwhich came out with\nRutledge and 20-20.\nAnd she is currently working on\na book manuscript\nwhich is entitled\ntraveling to the end of\nempire leisure tourism in the\nera of Decode as the ship.\nAnd this book project explores\nthe global entanglements between\ntravel and the collapse of\nthe French and British\nempires in the 20th century.\nFinally, the commentator for\ntoday's panel is Samuel Moyn,\nwho is Henry R. Luce,\nProfessor of Jurisprudence at\nYale Law School and Professor\nof History at Yale.\nProfessor Moyn has written\nseveral books in his field,\nand including the last\nUtopia human rights in\nhistory from 2020 Christian\nhuman rights from 2015.\nNot enough human rights\nin an unequal world.\nin 2018. He is\ncurrently working on\na new book on the origins\nof the idea of humane war.\nSo a huge welcome to you all.\nAnd I will now hand things\nover to Christy Thornton,\nwho will kick things\noff with a paper\nentitled The United\nStates in opposition,\nMexico, the Third\nWorld and the reform\nof the global economy\nin the 1970s.\nThanks Giuliana. I can\neverybody hear me.\nGreat. So I'll try\nto be brief since we're\nstarting a little bit late.\nBut I'm really excited\nto be here and I\nreally want to commend\nthe organizers for\nworking so hard\nto bite Latin Americanist\nand those of us who\nkind of stick to the\nWestern Hemisphere\ninto this conversation\nbecause I do\nthink there is much to\nbe gained from crossing,\nbut I've terms elsewhere that\ndecolonization divide\nwhen we talk about\nthese conversations\nabout the impact of\ndecolonization on\nquestions of Europe,\nreading Europe from the outside\nin sometimes those of us who are\nLatin Americanist\ngot kinda bracket\nit over into a\nseparate conversation.\nAnd we bracket ourselves frankly.\nAnd so it's really\nto be commended to\nthe organizers for\nputting this all together\nin this way. So thank\nyou for being here.\nIt's a little nerve-racking to\nbe the first person to talk.\nI'll get I'll do my best.\nSo. A paper that I sent for\nthis conference really derives\nfrom the conclusion to my book,\nas Juliana mentioned, that's\ncoming out this fall.\nI actually just sent the copy\nedits back this morning.\nSo it's like really\nactually done.\nAnd so that book,\nRevolution in development,\nMexico and the governance of\nthe global economy\nreads the topic of the,\nof this morning's panel\nand the idea of kind\nof remaking economic\ndevelopment all the way\nback into the interwar\nperiod to make\nan argument about the role of\nMexico and other Latin\nAmerican countries.\nAnd really setting an\nagenda for what becomes\nthe international economic\ndevelopment apparatus.\nGoing all the way back\nto the 1920s,\n1930s, 1940s.\nBut the paper that I sent today,\nas I said, derives\nfrom the conclusion.\nAnd it sort of comes\nfrom a sort of disciplinary\ncoincidence, I guess.\nI'm trained as a historian of\nLatin America, but\nmy current position,\nas Giuliana said, is in\nthe sociology department\nhere at Johns Hopkins.\nAnd so in thinking through\nsome of the kind of\nsociological entanglements\nthat show up here.\nOne important person\nwho shows up at\nthe very end of my book is\nDaniel Patrick Moynihan.\nAnd for those of you\nwho might not be\nfamiliar with US history,\nwith the field of sociology.\nMoynihan is this kind\nof giant figure,\nkey, very long serving\nsenator from New York.\nHe was prior to that actually\nalso the US Ambassador to\nIndia and then for six months\nfor a very short period,\nthe US Ambassador to\nthe United Nations.\nAnd prior to that,\nhe was an official in the\nJohnson administration,\nin the Nixon\nadministration, whose area,\nwhose purview, It was really\nkind of urban policy\nand thinking about\nsort of civil rights era and\npost rights urban policy.\nAnd so he shows up in my\nstory in this kind of\npivotal moments\nafter the passage of\nboth the Declaration on\nthe New International\nEconomic Order\nand much more contentious passage\nat the UN General Assembly,\nthe charter of economic\nrights and duties of states.\nWe tend to forget now\nthe charter of economic\nrights and duties of States.\nHistorians have argued\nthat it's a kind of,\none historian called\nit an augmented\nsequel to the NIO declaration.\nPeople have tended\nto think of it as\njust sort of a\nprocedural document of\nputting in place the New\nInternational Economic Order.\nBut what the research\nthat I've done\nshows and I talk about\nthis in my book,\nis that the charter of\neconomic rights and duties\nof states is actually this long\nemerges out of this very\nlong negotiating process in\nwhich state officials from\nMexico play this really key role.\nThe president of Mexico,\nLuisa Via introduces the charter\nof economic rights\nand duties of states.\nIt's, it's drafted by\nthese Mexican intellectuals\nand diplomats.\nAnd then it's passed at\nthe UN General Assembly\noverwhelmingly,\nbut with a series of very\nkey votes against it\nfrom enriches most\nindustrialized countries.\nIn the process of\nnegotiating this,\nMexican officials\nand US officials\nwork very closely together.\nAnd we have this curious thing\nwhere Henry Kissinger or sort of\ndecides that pass it,\ngetting ahead of\nacceptable charter\nof economic rights\nand duties of states\nthat would be acceptable to\nthe industrialized north and\nalso to the third\nworld countries.\nHe sees that as sort\nof threw his sort of\npractical pragmatic\nwanting to keep\nLatin America and Mexico\nin the purview of\nthe United States.\nHe's trying to find a kind of\nconsensus position\nover this long,\nmore than two-year negotiation.\nBut there's a whole series of\npeople within the United States.\nImportantly, representatives\nof business organizations\nlike the National Association\nof Manufacturers,\nthe National Foreign\nTrade Council,\nvarious chambers of commerce\nand congressional representatives\nwho they were close to,\nwho are really\nagainst this idea of\nthe Charter of economic\ngrowth, the duties of states.\nAnd one of the important\npeople kind of emerges out of\nthis tumult is Daniel\nPatrick Moynihan.\nSo the piece, I sort of\ncompare and contrast in a\npaper or these two pieces\nof writing that Moynihan has\nfixed is a piece that he\npublishes in 1975 and\nCommentary Magazine in\nthe aftermath of the any,\nany IO declaration called\nthe United States position.\nIt's a really remarkable\npiece of writing.\nAnd if you haven't read it,\nit's actually freely available\non the commentary website.\nYou can just go read\nthrough it is really\na kind of remarkable\nmanifesto for\nthe way that it's neo\nconservative foreign,\nforeign policy thinkers\nwould begin to\napproach the role of the\nUnited States and the world.\nNikhil housing has\ncalled it a key document\nin the neo conservative\nforeign policy revolution.\nSo in the piece,\nwhat Moynihan does\nis he basically posits that there\nis a growing particular form\nof third world socialism.\nThat the United\nStates needs not fear\nthe kind of communist takeover,\nbut that there is this\nkind of particular form of\nnationalist third-world\nsocialism that is growing.\nAnd he says that it\noperates on what he calls a\npolitics of resentment\nand an economics of envy.\nAnd so in this way kinda\nputs forward this vision.\nHe says, We're now\noutnumbered at the UN.\nThere are now all\nof these countries\nbecause of decolonization.\nAnd so the United States\nhas to go into opposition.\nSo he sort of puts forward\na manifesto for this.\nAnd some of the things\nhe says in the piece,\nhe calls out Mexico for it's\nsort of hypocrisy and not\ndealing with its own\ninternal inequality when it\nwants to address\ninternational inequality.\nBut the most important part\nof what Moynihan is really\nsaying here is he's\narguing against that\nkind of tyranny\nof the new majority and\nsaying that all of\nthe countries in the\nthird world are going to\nbegin to subscribe to\nthis kind of socialism.\nHe says, has there\never been a conversion\nas complete as that of them?\nAllay the IPO, the Gujarati,\nthe Jamaican, the Australian,\nslippery out the Guyon\nand yet midnight,\nthe Yoruba and the safra,\nthe fella here,\nthis distant creed.\nAnd he argues in fact,\nthat all of these people\nall over the world have\nlearned this form of\nsocialism from\npost-war British Labour and\nFabian socialist politics.\nSo he argues that there's\nkind of a distribution across\nthe world of post-war\nBritish socialism.\nAnd that, that is what\nthe United States\nneeds to be in opposition to.\nAnd so he concludes\nby saying at root,\nthe ideas of exploitation and\ndiscrimination\nrepresented a transfer to\ncolonial populations of\nthe fundamental\nsocialist assertions\nwith respect to the condition of\nthe European working class.\nJust as the idea of independence\nparallels the demands than\nthe phosphate out of\nbonded. Rise to power.\nSo he's sort of making\nthis sort of internal\nclass-based analysis,\nscaling it up to the\nworld and arguing that\nthe United States needs\nto fight against that.\nAnd in fact, that is an\nanalysis that for instance,\nthe actors I study in\nMexico, they themselves use.\nAnd so he argues\nthat the countries of the\nthird world have to be sort of\nforced to embrace liberal\nvalues otherwise and\nreject the kind of\nmanaged economy that\nthey have been championing\nunless they quote,\nbecome permanently dependent\non outside assistance.\nAnd so the whole tone\nof this piece is\nactually remarkable\nwhen you put it in\ncontrast with the\nother document that\nMoynihan is most\nfamously known for,\nwhich is a document\nthat was written\nin 1965 internally within\nthe Johnson administration\nin the aftermath\nof the passage of various\ncivil rights legislation.\nAnd that document is\ncalled The Negro Family,\nthe case for national.\nIn sociology. This is a\nvery emblematic document.\nIt touches off this massive\ndebate over actually the term\nblaming the victim is coined\nin response to this\nMoynihan report.\nAnd here he's arguing about,\nhe sort of puts forward,\namplifies Oscar Lewis's\nculture of poverty influence.\nAnd again, he talks\nabout resentment,\nenvy, and welfare dependence.\nAnd so I think that what I,\nwhat I'm interested in doing in\nthis paper and what I'm\ninterested in doing and\nhaving this broader\nconversation is seeing\nthe extent to which\nCold War liberals,\nof which Moynihan has\nabsolutely apart, right?\nHe is Democrat who serves in\nmultiple administrations,\nbut he thinks of\nhimself in sort of\na core way as a civil\nrights Democrat,\nbut he is arguing for a kind\nof equality of outcomes.\nAnd he wants to find ways to\ndo this in The Negro Family.\nHe calls the black family\na tangle of topologies,\nbut he argues that what's needed\nin the end is a kind of\nnational jobs program that will\ngive black men\nbetter employment opportunities\nso that they can be\nresponsible patriarchal heads of\nhousehold and take care of\nthe disintegrating family.\nAnd that, that then solve\nthis kind of tangle\nof pathologies.\nSo I'm interested\nin kind of putting\nthese two documents together\nand the hands understanding\nof the black family\nin the Civil War,\nin the post-civil rights era act,\nhis understanding\nof the Third World\nand the kind of pathologies\nof the third world.\nPolitics of resentment\nand envy in\nthe New International\nEconomic Order\nto begin to make a connection.\nAnd I, one of the ways\nthat I think about this\nis through the work\nof Amy Offner\nwho's here on the panel.\nAnd Stuart Trader, who I\nhappen to know very well,\nwho have both written about\nthe politics of self-help\nas a kind of key idea in\npost-war Cold War liberalism.\nAnd that's, I think one\nthing that we can see in\nboth of these\ndocuments that we see.\nA kind of neo conservative\nforeign policy\ntaking up the idea\nof self-help Isaac\nagainst the welfare world\nas mirrored all\ncalled it very much\nparalleling the idea\nof a kind of fear of\nwelfare dependence on\nthe part of kind of\nundeserving and deviant people\nwho are racially othered.\nAnd so I think that\nthere's an interesting\nparallel to be drawn here.\nI've just started this\nkind of work research.\nI'll say something that you\ncertainly have my book up yet.\nIt's, so I've just begun to\nthink about how we might consider\nthis connection between the way\nthat somebody like Moynihan\nsteeped in kind of post\nCivil Rights liberal\ndomestic policy.\nBen, transfer that\nunderstanding onto\nthe role of the United States\nvis-a-vis the third world.\nAnd I think that, that kind\nof question can begin to open\nup interesting questions about\nthe neo conservative\nmovement that sees itself\nneo conservative and\nneoliberal movements\nthat see themselves as against\nthe welfare state and against\nstate managed economies and\nagainst welfare provision.\nSo in both cases,\nthe kind of wave,\none of the things that\nI think is really\ninteresting and I'll just finish\nhere is that in both\nof these cases,\nboth Moynihan is understanding\nof the black family and in\nhis rejection of third\nworld US economic policy.\nOne of the things that's\nreally interesting is that the\nright-wing backlash\nthat takes him,\neven if it's not\nnecessarily what he\nhimself is interested in doing.\nThe right wing thinkers at\nthe American\nEnterprise Institute,\net cetera, who could take him up.\nThey, this backlash comes\neven after there are\nattempts by both\ncivil rights leaders\ndomestically ands by countries\nlike Mexico vis-a-vis\nthe third world to actually\nmoderate some of the more\nradical demands, right?\nSo there's a sense in\nwhich demands are\nbeing put forward,\nare being moderated already on\nthe terms that Moynihan\nis putting out.\nAnd yet they're not enough.\nAnd they result in this kind\nof very strong backlash that we\nsee when we have the rise of\nThatcher and Reagan, et cetera.\nAnd so I think that one of\nthe things that really draws\nthis together is in both cases,\nthe United States\nhas kind of been,\nthe white power\nstructure is pitched as\nthe aggrieved minority dominated\narithmetically, as Moynihan says,\nby those who were\npreviously held in\ncheck by colonialism\non the one hand,\nand Jim Crow On the other hand,\nconservatives really take\nup the ideas that Moynihan\nputs out into the world and\ntake the first steps towards,\nI think the politics that today\nreally begin to\nanimate Trump ism.\nSo I think by trying to return to\nthese origin points and try and\nbegin to draw these\npoints of connection.\nWe might get a fuller\npicture of how\nwe got to the mess that\nwe're in today. Thanks.\nThank so much. Crazy.\nThat was brilliant.\nSo we well, I should\nhave made this clear.\nWell here from all three of\nthe panelists and\nfrom the commentator.\nAnd then we will open up\nthe floor for questions.\nAnd so next up is Amy Offner,\nwho is paper is entitled\nremaking the seat,\na view from the Americas.\nOkay. Is my sound working?\nAlright? Yes. Okay, great.\nSo thank you so much,\nGiuliana and Matthew\nfor putting this together.\nThanks, Christy for\ngoing first is so great\nto be on a panel with you\nand to see you virtually.\nMy work, of course deals\nwith the Americas\nand not with Europe.\nSo my comments are going to\nbe primarily methodological and\nhistoriographic.\nBased on the work of\na number of colleagues\nincluding Christy's work,\nas well as my own book\nthat published last fall.\nSo I'll start with\na few words about\nthe book and the historiography\nthat it's a part of.\nAnd then what I want to do\nis suggest three new directions\nthat I think might be\nfruitful for people who are\ntrying to write histories\nacross the north-south divide\nand across the 1970s.\nSorting out the mixed economy\nis it offers a new\nunderstanding of the way that\ngovernments in the\ncapitalist economies\nof the United States and\nColombia first took on\nwidening functions during\nthe decades after 1945.\nAnd then how they're\nfunctions were dismantled,\nreassigned, and redefined\nafterwards in the seventies.\nUltimately, the book\nmakes two central points.\nFirst, it reveals\nthe influence of\nLatin American developmental\nism on the formation\nof the US welfare state and on\nthe intellectual and\npolitical life of Atlantic.\nSecond, the book\nargues that a number\nof practices that\nare regarded today\nas quintessentially\nneoliberal inventions\nhad earlier lives as\ndevelopmentalist phenomena.\nIt finds things\nthat we tend not to\nremember about\nmid-century statecraft,\nincluding austere systems of\nsocial welfare provision,\nevolving methods of steak\ndecentralization and\nnovel forms of for-profit\nprivate delegation\nof state functions.\nThese were in fact state\nbuilding tech for decades\nafter the Great Depression\nand after the 1970s,\nthey were selectively\nappropriated, redeployed,\nand politically we\nsignify to become\nemblematic features of\nneoliberal capitalism.\nSo in that sense, I agree with\nJohn Bachman that\nneoliberal capitalism was\na parasitic formation that owed\nunspoken debts to the\nvery ordered destroyed.\nHistoriographically, my work\nis part of a new wave of\nwriting that looks at\nthe United States as\nan American Society,\nthat is to say as part of\nthe hemisphere entwined\nwith Latin America,\nfor the very simple reason that\nthe United States and\nLatin America are twitting\nproducts of the same\nhistorical processes\nfrom European\ncolonization onward.\nThis work, we situates us\noutside of North Atlantic frame.\nAnd it also re-situates\nLatin America insisting on\nthat reagents influence\non global processes\nof state formation and\npolitical economic change.\nSo I think of my\nbook is something\nthat should be read\nalongside work by\nChristy also Madigan who's\nhere with us this week,\nand many others whose\nwork I discussed in\nsomewhat more depth\nin that paper and\nI'll make me refer\nreference to here,\nbut certainly great brand\nand Daniel Rodriguez,\nCatherine Reno, Tory Olson,\nRosenblatt,\nand many others who\ncollectively make a\nvariety of different art.\nMintzberg, certainly\nin Latin America,\nwas not a receptacle for\nideas about social rights,\nsocial democracy,\nor post-colonial systems\nof global governance,\nbut rather a source\nof those ideas.\nThis work, as I said,\nis pretty diverse,\nbut a few overarching\ninterpretive claims are emerging.\nOne is a general,\nalthough not universal\nretreat from\nthe idea that existence was\nessential dynamic between\nNorth and South are the\nhistorians may easily look to\nLatin America to find\negalitarian roads not taken.\nGreat-grandson and\nCatherine Marino do assign\nLatin America a rather heroic\nbowl in world history,\nbut others find\nmore contradiction\nin Latin Americans\ninternational roles.\nSo Rebecca Herman,\nGranada Keller,\nand Christie Gordon show,\namong other things,\nthat repressive governments in\nLatin America at times\nrelied on foreign policy to\ndemonstrate their progressivism\nwhile they battled\nleft-wing and anti-racist\nmovements at home.\nTory Olson argues\nthat much of what\nwe know is the green\nrevolution owed to\nMexican policymakers who\nadapted the prescriptions of\nthe Rockefeller Foundation\nand in doing so\nmade them much more\npunishing to small farmers.\nMy own research illuminates\nthe deeply\ninegalitarian ideals of\nColumbia capitalists and\neconomists who built that\ncountries developmental\nstate during\nthe 1950s and 1960s.\nI think of their\nrelationship with\nNorth Atlantic powers\nin institutions.\nNot as one of resistance,\nbut really as a quintessentially\nimperial relationship.\nThese Latin American\nelites were engaged in\nclass conflict within\ntheir own society and they\nused relationships in the\nNorth Atlantic to strengthen\ntheir hand in battles that\nthey couldn't otherwise when.\nSo with that brief background,\nI want to discuss a few\npossible directions\nfor future research.\nFirst is new geographies.\nI think historians of welfare and\ndevelopmental states light\nmake more than most of us,\nat least half of\nthe analytic opportunities\nafforded by the Caribbean,\nwhich is of course\na, a crossroads\ncentral to world history.\nTomorrow's paper by\nChelsea Shields.\nI think it's a really\nbrilliant example\nof what this kind of\nresearch can reveal\nand reading it with\nChristy's work\nis especially interesting.\nThe Caribbean, I think offers\nintriguing possibilities to\nhistorians who want to bring\ntogether post-colonial\ninterpretations of\nUS and European welfare states.\nBecause after all, it is not\nonly an international\ninstitutions,\nbut it's also in the\nCaribbean where we can see\nUS and European powers reckoning\nsimultaneously with each other\nand with their own\nimperial subjects.\nMoreover, because\ndecolonization occurred\non multiple timelines\nin the Caribbean,\nIt's a place where we\ncan cross what Christy\nhas termed the\ndecolonization divide.\nIt's a very natural site\nto study connections and\nexchanges among\ncountries and colonies\nthat share no particular\npolitical status.\nBut we're tied together through\npatterns of investment,\nlabor migration,\npolitical mobilization,\nand inter imperial\npolicy exchange.\nA second direction for\nresearch is the study\nof what I think\nof as indirect connections\nbetween societies.\nAnd when I say\nindirect connections,\nbut I mean is that in my\nown research it became\nclear that ideas and practices\ntraveled between the US and\nLatin America in\nways that were far\nmore pervasive than what\nhistorians generally\nassume today.\nThe kind of leading\ntransnational studies\nof public policy and\nintellectual life.\nExplorer direct on\nthe nose exchanges\nbetween weak field of\nactivity and thought.\nSo they show us urban planners\nexchanging ideas across borders.\nThey show us agrarian reforms\nlearning from one another.\nAnd that research\nhas taught us a lot,\nbut it only allows us to see\nconnections in times and\nplaces where societies defined\ntheir problems in similar ways.\nAnd that I think is a really\na significant problem\nbecause we know that\nvery often societies\nconceptualize\ntheir problems in\nquite different ways.\nTo me, a case in\npoint is the problem\nof poverty after 1945.\nAs Christy mentioned\nin the post-war US,\npoverty was very\nrarely recognized as\na systemic product of\npolitical economic order.\nInstead, the country's\nleading social scientists\nand policymakers\nregarded poverty as\nan aberrant feature\nof a growing capitalist economy,\nand they attributed it to\nthe supposedly topologies\nof poor people themselves.\nBy contrast, in Latin America,\npoverty was conventionally\nunderstood first\nand foremost as an\noutgrowth of the structure\nof economy and the project of\ndevelopment was\ncentrally about creating\nnew productive sectors\nand transforming\nthe country's position\nin international trade.\nThose incommensurate\nunderstandings of\npoverty meant that some forms of\nknowledge and\nexperience could never\ntraverse national borders\nin any direct way.\nDevelopment Economics never\nhad much influence on\nscholarly thinking about\npoverty in the United States.\nBut nevertheless, I did find that\nthe training of economists\nin Latin America and\nthe growth of development\neconomics there did\nshape anti-poverty policy\nin the United States.\nBut the connection was a kind of\nchain reaction or an\nindirect connection.\nThe professionalization\nof economics\nin Latin America after\nthe Great Depression generated\na ferocious reaction\nfrom businessmen\nbecause the rise of\neconomists threatened\nto expel managers and\nother businessmen from\neconomic policy making\npositions they had\noccupied for many decades.\nAs a result, Colombian\nmanagers organize\ntheir own rivaled\nprofessionalization project\nwithin post-war universities,\nwhich was founded on the\nidea that management was\na universal technique\nthat could rationalize\nany institution leading\nthe state itself.\nColombian businessman\ninsinuate that the delved into\npublic development agencies\nand public universities,\nturning those emblems\nof developmentalists,\nstatecraft into symbols\nof private capitals,\ncapacity to serve\npublic purposes.\nAnd it's at this\npoint that I found\nconnections to the\nQS welfare state.\nUs business organizations\nwere deeply involved in\nthe professionalization\nof both economists\nand managers in Latin America.\nTheir experience with\nbusiness mobilization in\nthe Third World and their\nexperience also has\ncontractors in\ndevelopment projects\nin the Third World gave them\na distinctive perspective\non the crises\nthat they confronted at\nhome during the 1960s.\nBut of course, the\nCorporation came\nunder your virulence\nattack from the left.\nVeterans of Foreign and\nimperial affairs realize that\nto survive and thrive in an\nage of special upheaval,\nthey needed to enter the state,\nconduct its work and that\ntheir profit-making\nactivities onto\nthe demands of social movements.\nAnd as I show during\nthe war on poverty,\nthese sectors of us\ncapital became pioneers in\nthe invention of for-profit\neducational\ncontracting in the US.\nSomething that was not ord\nof right-wing mobilization,\nbut rather of transferring\na pattern of for profit\ncontracting before in\nan imperial affairs\ninto the welfare state\nas a way of building the welfare\nstate during its heyday.\nThese connections between\nLatin American\ndevelopmental ism and\nUS public education policy\nwere real and consequential,\nbut they were difficult\nto research because\nUS businessmen were transposing\nlessons from one\ndomain to another.\nThey aren't connections\nthat a historian\nof education we easily find,\nor a historian of\neconomic thought.\nBecause they involve\nextensive translation.\nAnd so my point here is simply\nthat historians I think,\nwould do well to look for\nother such forms of\nindirect connection.\nBecause we know that\nvery often societies\ndon't conceptualize their\nproblems in similar ways,\nbut can still be connected\nacross many lines of difference.\nAnd then finally,\nfinal possibility for\nnew research that I want\nto mention is the\nstudy of memory.\nI had no intention of studying\nhistorical memory when\nI started my research,\nbut I've come to see it as\nreally essential to anybody\ntrying to understand\npolitical economy since 1945.\nThe epilogue to my book attempts\nto explain why we don't remember\nthe mid-century\norigins of practices\nlike for-profit\neducational contracting.\nAnd argues that our\nunderstandings of\nthese practices are a\nvery recent vintage.\nThey were forged in the\n1970s, 80s,\nand 90s in the\nvery process of\ndismantling welfare and\ndevelopmental states.\nAnd that's because the work\nof political economic\nrestructuring\ninvolved a great deal of\nstorytelling about what the\nmid-century state a bit.\nSo I find storytellers,\nFrance's among the economists in\nthe Bretton Woods institutions,\nbusinessman as well.\nThese figures crafted\nself-affirming narratives\nthat celebrated the seventies,\neighties, and nineties\nas a time when\nthey turned the\nworld upside down.\nAnd what's interesting\nis that those\ncelebratory narratives have in\nturn come to informed\ncritics of neoliberalism,\nwho I think in a righteous manner\nuntil much the same story,\nbut in a minor key, they invert\nall the sort of normative\nvalues in the storage.\nCritical histories\nof the right have\nin Athens perform really\nvital political work.\nBut they tend to reinforce\nthe central claims of triumphalist\nnarratives presenting\nthe same periodization\nof the 20th century and\nattributing political\neconomic change\nto the same set of actors.\nAnd the result is a form of\nhistorical memory that neither\nof the right or of the left,\nbut is rather a shared way\nof imagining the recent past\nthat is today foundational\nto contemporary\npolitical conflict.\nAnd as historians who are\nliving in this moment,\nwe are just soaking in this\nform of historical memory.\nThis was my\nunderstanding of history\nwhen I started my research.\nAnd I think that that is\na real challenge to those\nof us who are trying to\nwrite about the rise and\nfall of welfare and\ndevelopmental states.\nI think that our task is to\nanalyze the history of\npolitical economy\nand state formation,\nand also to analyze\npopular tellings of\nhistory that shape and often\nconstrain our own\ninquiry in the past.\nSo with that, I'll pass it\nto pass along. Do you, Amy.\nSo next step is Jess Pearson.\nHer paper is entitled\nyour African entanglements and\npost-colonial development,\nthe durability of\nempire in 1960 to 1980.\nRight? Thank you. Can you\nall hear me? Ok, great.\nThanks so much, Giuliana.\nChristy, I really appreciate\nwhat you said about\nbridging the\ndecolonization divided.\nI'm actually in Ecuador\nright now on the,\non the last, last week of\nmy year-long sabbatical,\nand it happens to be Ecuadorian.\nAnd so I'm happy if DSA Agusto.\nSo everyone has over the\nlast ten years I've really\nbeen thinking about\nEuropean decolonization\nthrough the lens of\ndiplomatic history.\nAnd as I'm beginning\nmy new book project on\nthe history of tourism,\nI'm starting to worry\nabout the end of\nempire in relationship to\nquestions of economic\ndevelopment.\nSo I'm really thrilled to have\nthe opportunity to be here\ntoday and to benefit from the\nwisdom of my co panelists.\nSo I'm going to talk\nabout what I call\nyour African entanglements\nin two different development\nsectors, health and tourism.\nIn both cases, development\nserved as a means for\nEuropean diplomatic and\ncommercial interests to\nretain a foothold in\nAfrica after independence.\nWe're kind of health, which is\nconnected to my first book,\nfocuses on the World\nHealth Organization\nand its role in Africa.\nSo I'm going to start by offering\njust a brief glimpse into\nthis organization\nand the years that\nfollowed the\nindependent of most of\nEurope Sub-Saharan colonies\nbeginning around 1960.\nWell theoretically\nthe transition to\nindependent statehood\nalso heralded a new era.\nHealth. European representatives\ncontinue to participate\nin the annual meetings of\nthe WHO's regional\ncommittee for Africa.\nAnd they did so until 1970.\nUnder the rubric of\nmember states still\nhaving responsibility\nin the region,\nboth Britain and France extended\ntheir direct involvement\nin the field of\nAfrican public health through\ntheir participation in the WHO.\nThey're the sowed seeds\nof tension between\nFrancophone and anglophone\nAfrican states.\nThis limiting the\npossibilities for injure\nAfrican cooperation around\nquestions of health.\nThe first meeting of\nthe original committee\nafter the largest wave of\nAfrican independences took\nplace in Bronzeville in 1961.\nAnd it was attended by both\nEuropean and African\nrepresentatives.\nIn the first minutes\nof the program,\nDr. somebody need DO Low,\nwho was the Malayan\nMinister of Public Health,\nacknowledge the potential\nawkwardness of having Africa,\nformer colonizers in\nattendance at the meeting.\nAnd this is how he,\nthis is what he stated.\n21 African states compared\nto only five last year.\nI institutionally able to\ndefend the interests\nof their country\nis in the original committee\nin the sanitary domain.\nHowever, the current\npicture remains\nobscured by the presence\nof a certain number of\npeople who wrongfully claim\na right to represent certain\nAfrican territories.\nI hope that they will\nnot be present in 1962.\nSurprisingly, however,\nAfrican hostility to\nthe European presence\nat the meeting\nsoftened considerably by the end.\nAnd Molly's delegation\nclose the gathering.\nWhat the statement of\nimmense enthusiasm\nabout the possibility for\nongoing collaboration with the\nFrench in the years to come.\nThe magnetic pull of\ncolonial relationships into\nthe post-colonial period has been\nwell documented by historians.\nThis leaves us with the question,\nDid independence producing\nmeaningful shift in the way\nthe health cooperation operated\nin post-colonial Africa.\nWhile I've moved away from\npublic health in my research,\nI can offer a few suggestions for\nother scholars\nexploring this topic,\nespecially in a moment\nwhen a lot of you\nare cart. For COP.\nFirst and foremost,\nwe need to build\na clear picture of how\nboth governments and\nAfrican citizens\nunderstood the shift to\nan independent system of\npublic health when\nthat in theory,\nwould be free from\ncolonial interference with\nthe ongoing involvement\nand former colonial powers\nperceptible to the people who\nrelied on these health systems.\nDid they see ongoing\npolitical drama\nat the regional office\nas a factor that would\npotentially limit their access to\nWHO programs and resources.\nAnd finally, how did\nAfrican medical personnel and\nnavigate these relationships\nas they sought to build\nhealth systems that would\nrespond to local public\nhealth imperatives.\nAs European doctors\nwork to carve out\na more metaphorical space for\nEuropean medicine and\npost-colonial Africa.\nEuropean travel companies,\nairlines and hotel\ndevelopers were\nsticking a claim to\nmore literal space\non the African continent.\nAnd the two decades that\nfollowed independence,\nthey partnered with Africans\nto build the tourism\nindustry that would\ncater almost exclusively\nto white travelers.\nSome African tourism industry\nwiden the divide between\nAfricans, their\nformer colonizers.\nIn others, however, the expansion\nof global travel\noffered Africans and\nopportunity to launch their\nown economic development\non what they saw as\ntheir own terms.\nBeyond the potential\neconomic advantages\nthat post-independence\ntourism offered,\nforeign travel to\nAfrica also presented\na more symbolic\nopportunity to protect\na particular identity\nto a global audience.\nPost-colonial tourism,\nat least on the surface,\nseem to offer a chance\nto attend decade of\ncolonial travel propaganda\nthat had aimed to\njustify European rule and\npaint the colonies as exotic,\nyet backwards fascinations to be\nconsumed by tourists\nfrom the Metropole.\nFor many people living in\nnewly independent nations,\nthe ability to shape a\ntourist's experience\noffered a chance to\nreject the framework of\nthe civilizing mission\nthat had so long\ncharacterized traveled to\nthese regions of the world.\nYet tourism is ability to foster\nnew solidarity is in carve out\nnew national identity\nis, wouldn't,\nit was some limitations as\nunequal partnerships\nwith former colonizers\nwill prove difficult to shake.\nWithin the air travel\nindustry, for example,\nmany independent\nstates continue to\nrely on European loans to buy\nEuropean aircraft and on\nEuropean facilities to\ntrain their crew members.\nEfforts to develop\ninfrastructure for\ntourists often lead\nthese states to\nseek both expertise and\nfinancial support from\ntheir former colonizer.\nStarting in the mid 19\nsixties, for example,\nthe British government\nconsulted on and\ninvested in the construction\nof airports and hotels,\nin the development\nof game reserves\nin former British colonies.\nBeyond this more tangible\nweb of post-colonial\ndependencies was another\nunfortunate reality.\nTravel did not always produce\nmutual comprehension between\ntourists and local communities.\nAnd do your development\nin the travel industry\ndependent on inviting former\ncolonizers to take up\nspace on lab that had\nonly recently become\nsovereign territory as European\nseized upon their\nright to leisure.\nAnd this is where I think there's\nan important connection to\nthis idea of the welfare state.\nThey also began embarking on\nvoyages to new destinations.\nAnd many of them traveled\nwith mentality is held\nover from previous decades of\ncolonial violence and domination.\nStill, for many Africans,\nthe ability to host their\nformer colonizers on\nindependent African soil provided\nan opportunity to rethink\nthese previous relationships.\nAs we continue to\nbuild on a body of\nscholarship about development\nand decolonization.\nI think that it's complicated.\nIt's probably a\nsafe description of\nthe ongoing relationship\nbetween African states, Europe.\nBut rather than write\nDevelopment Office\nand entirely\nneo-colonial project,\nI think that we should\nalso continue to\naccount for African agency.\n1970, a decarbonized\nmagazine entailed Africa,\nran a series of articles about\nhotel construction and on\nthe possibility of\ndeveloping tourism as\na third industry for\nindependent Senegal.\nSo I'm gonna end with a quote\nfrom one of these articles\nthat I think speaks\nreally clearly to\nthis question of\nAfrican agency or as well as\nan economic fields and\nundoubtedly the only one where\nAfricans can compete with\ndeveloped countries on\nan equal playing field.\nOr we could say in full dignity,\nAfrica possesses attributes\nthat these countries do not,\nare no longer possess.\nSon, the job, the new folklore.\nIn fact, we can almost say that\nthe civilization of\nleisure in which\nthe industrialized\nworld is engaged is\na veritable source of luck for\nunderdeveloped\ncountries like Senegal.\nWhat this quote reminds us,\nI think because of these\nongoing entanglements between\nEurope and Africa did in\nsome ways prolong\nAfrican independence,\nsorry, African dependents\non its former colonizers,\nespecially in the\ndomain of economics.\nIn other ways, however,\nthey offered African\nhas a chance to\nrethink their relationship\nto Europe and to\nmobilize changing\nEuropean notions of\nhealth and leisure to\ntheir own advantage.\nAnd I'll stop here\nfor the sake of time.\nBut thank you so much for\nlistening and I'm really\nlooking forward to\nour discussion. And he'd laugh.\nThat fly. Okay. I'm am I audible?\nYeah. Excellent. Well,\nwhat an amazingly\norganized conference and a great\npanel with which to\nbegin because of\nthe unexpected\nperspective the papers\nprovide on, on the\nconference theme.\nI'm going to do the boring\nthing and just make\na few comments and\npose a few questions\nabout how the papers do\nshed light on or raise\nquestions about the\nconference theme.\nSo starting with Amy,\nit's utterly persuasive obviously\nthat USC historians have,\nhave looked too much East and\nnot enough South and\n11 initial question\nis whether scholars\nof the European welfare state\nare guilty of the reverse mistake\nlooking too much a West rather\nthan to their own Southside.\nI doubt that, that mistake\nas S ingrained amongst\nEuropean AES as it is\namongst historians of\nthe United States.\nBut it's, it's still real.\nAnd either way, I infer from\nAmy that you're a pianist,\nneed a lot more\nscholarship that we have\nrelating the rise and decline of\nthe European welfare\nstate to the spaces of\ntheir formal and\ninformal empires in an,\nin an initial stage and\nthe hierarchical policies\nand circulating knowledge in\ncolonial welfare\nschemes and later than\nbetween Europeans and\npostcolonial states.\nObviously, we have a little bit\nof scholarship of this kind.\nJourdan, a bail can't\ntouch Shepherd.\nNot much else I know about.\nBut clearly, all the points\nAimee makes about the limits of\na resistance frame and\nthe importance of of what I'd\ncall a more client holistic.\nOne are pertinent\nin thinking about\ninterrupts and North-South\nrelations and the era of\nthe making of those\nwelfare states and\nindirect connections would also\nbe essential to look into.\nThen in Amy's paper,\nthere's the question\nof continuities\nacross the neoliberal divided.\nAnd she's brilliantly corrupted\na cartoonish or\nstereotypical version\nwhere the welfare state\nand here stereotypically,\na European welfare state\nis perfect and strong.\nAnd then a few\neconomists descend from\nAtlanta and the 19\nseventies. That's false.\nAnd yet you're a\nPNS have not kind\nof told the nuance story in\nthe way that Amy's told it.\nNow for the, the\nother hemisphere,\neven so, you know,\nI still think no\none should minimize\nthe significance of\nthe 19 seventies\nor how radical the change.\nIn fact, that was\nthere was a change.\nAnd European, US or right to\nnot just dwell on\ncontinuities but\nalso discontinuities and that's\nwhat this conference\npresumably is about.\nOkay, So turning to Christy's\npaper in an never have\nenough critical scholarship\nabout Pat Moynihan.\nAnd it then you've\ndone an amazing job\nrelating his critique of the\ndomestic welfare state with,\nwith the New International\nEconomic Order,\nproposals and unrelated things.\nSo three comments, questions.\nFirst, you recall,\nI thought I don't\nthink you mentioned in\nyour comments today that Moynihan\nanalogize as post-colonial\nprojects both at\ntheir national level and\nthen at the global scale to\nEuropean socialism,\nespecially Fabianism.\nSo I think it's worth asking\nwhether he was right about that.\nHave we, as historians,\nsubstantiated or\ncontradicted him?\nSo other people besides\nChristie's Mexican observers like\nGunnar Merkel or Julia scenario,\nunderstood post-colonial\npolitical economy on,\non some kind of analogy with\nEuropean class politics.\nBut, you know, maybe they were\nthe exceptions, not the rule.\nAnd then there are these\ntwo other questions I\nthought about in\nrelation to your paper.\nFirst a word there,\nEuropean hands,\nfor whom turning against\nthe third world and\ntheir own welfare\nstates went together.\nI'm sure there were.\nBut in the vivid example\nraises the question vividly\nfor European cases.\nAnd then secondly, what were\nthe interactions between\nAmerica's neo conservative\nand neoliberal turn,\nwhich was real in\nthe 19 seventies and\nEuropean relations with\ntheir posts colonies.\nAnd I just don't think\nwe know tons about this.\nLast thing on Jessica's paper.\nWhat are what is\nstimulating intervention?\nI guess I, I goofed\nbecause she's said\nit's complicated in\nthere are communists.\nI read it much more\nas, in a sense,\nsaying something\nalmost opposite from\nChristy at that\nneocolonialism proved more\npowerful as a European heritage\nin the post-colony than,\nthan socialism did.\nIncluding in the relation after\ndecolonization between\nEurope and the post-colony.\nSo your, your, your exploration\nof health and tourism,\nwhich are both\nreally interesting.\nI wondered if they force\nus to put the show.\nWe're New International\nEconomic Order in it's place.\nIt's gotten a lot of love\nand recent scholarship.\nAnd yet you're substandard\nexamples helps substantiate\nAmy's insistence that we look\nfor continuities over\nthe postwar period,\ndeeper roots to kneel\nimperial phenomena we might\nassociate to exclusively\nwith two later period.\nBut again, you know,\nyour work shows how much\nexciting scholarship\nis being done on just\nthese intricate questions\nlike the other two\npapers, I'll stop there.\nGreat. Thank you, Sam.\nSo far we have two\npeople on the queue.\nFirst is you can take\nthe make and if you\njust very briefly introduce\nyourself to everyone,\ncan you hear me? Yeah.\nAs we can. Okay. Yeah.\nGreat. Thank you\nfor having invited me to be here.\nI'm currently Professor\nof History in Paris.\nBut I have to confess\nthat I am not at all\nan expert of the issue raised by\nthe three people's\nWestern Europe,\nthe agent to Europe,\nor the absence of transition of\nthe two new reverb Europe in\nthe seventies and eighties.\nAnd actually I have\ntwo questions,\ntwo for Amy and one for Jessica.\nRather mundane questions.\nI have to admit the\nfirst two to Amy.\nIt's about poverty.\nYou mentioned that\nthe definition of\npoverty was different between\nthe US and Latin America\nfor ideological reasons.\nBut I was also wondering\nwhether and to what extent\nthis difference could\nnot also be explained\nby the share difference\nin terms of wealth.\nBecause today, well, I\nguess it is the case today.\nToday if you want to define\npoverty at the UN level,\nat the ward level,\npoverty usually defined\nby in incapacity to\nfulfill basic needs.\nSo you have to earn\nless than $2 a day.\nWhereas in many rich\ncountries it is defined in\nterms of percentage\nof the median income.\nSo for example, in France it is,\nit is roughly \u20ac100 per month\nfor a single individual.\nSo yeah, I would like to know\na little bit more about the deuce\npossible overlaps in terms\nof definition of poverty.\nAnd the second is\nabout very simply\nthe growing role of\nprivate company,\nfor profit company in\ndevelopment policies.\nIn terms of ideological debate,\ncan retrace the growing influence\nof the public school choice.\nThe what you call sometimes\nthe Virginia School,\nwhich criticize\nthe efficiency of,\nof public actors\nin debates or in,\nin, in the academia\narena, in discourse.\nAnd to Jessica.\nAnd I just want to know\nmore about the economics\nand also the strategic\naims of the airline.\nYou use steady air Africa\nbecause supporting\nan airline is not\nalways cost-effective.\nBut it is important\nalso from a political\npoint of view to\na sets the state\nnational sovereignty.\nRemember a paper by\nAlessandro yonder low\nabout Soviet aid to\ngain as two in the same area\nyou, you've studied in,\nwhich explains that Soviet\nexperts were disappointed\nbecause they didn't\nleader secret,\nsecret to lay spent\nmost of the first batch\nof aid to build an airport\nand to buy airplanes to.\nIt means, it means that\nhaving an airline was\nvery important to a set.\nAlso the, the, the newly\nacquired sovereignty of\nthose new, new states.\nSo just a very general\nquestion about\nthe these airline Air\nAfrica. And I'm done.\nSo Amy, I guess either\nI can give an answer\nto the next question.\nSure. Thank you so much.\nAction to both salmon are\nup for these questions.\nI'll try to respond briefly\nto to them. I'll start with R1.\nYou're absolutely right\nthat the reason that\npoverty was conceptualized\ndifferently in\nthe United States\nand Latin America\nin the postwar period is that\nmacroeconomic measures were so\ncentral to the\nunderstanding of poverty.\nAnd for that reason, by\nthe 19 fifties in\nthe United States,\nsocial scientists and\npolicymakers could\nvery easily say the United\nStates is not a country.\nI'm sure looking at GDP growth,\nUnited States is\nnot a poor country.\nAnd of course there were poor\npeople in the United States.\nThere are some number of poor\npeople in poor communities.\nAnd the kind of like kind\nof world altering Fiction.\nThe really important to the myth\nthat guides us policymakers\nthat those pockets of poverty\nare not products of\na growing economy.\nI mean, of course, the\nUS economy we know\nlike produced both wealth\nand poverty, right?\nIt was like poverty was\na systemic outgrowth of\nthe way that growth was\nbeing organized in\nthe United States.\nBut they deny that fact.\nAnd so what they said\nwas that, you know,\nthere's something aberrant\nand outside actually,\nthere's something\nexceptional about\nthese people in these spaces\nthat makes them examples\nof poverty within plenty.\nAnd so as a result,\nknowledge about\npoverty in the United\nStates was not,\nit wasn't a field that\nwas dominated by like\neconomists who were\ninterested in\nmacroeconomic questions.\nIt was that was dominated by\nthe people that they twist.\nHe's talking about a sociologist.\nScientists are just people\nwho were seen to have\nknowledge about poor people and\nabout strategies for\ntransforming them.\nMany of them are psychologists\nseeking kind of personal\ntransformation.\nOthers were people\nwho were trying to do\ncommunity development\nprograms and so on.\nSo you're absolutely\nright, the kind of on\nthe rise of macroeconomic\nmeasurement and\nthe possibility of\nmaking international\ncomparisons in\nthose terms meant that\nin the United States,\nknowledge about poverty\nwas very different\nthan knowledge in Latin\nAmerica where you could say,\nwe are poor country.\nAnd therefore, when\nyou try and understand\nthe situation of a poor\nperson in this country,\nthe ultimate cause is\nthe status of a nation\nwhich needs to be changed.\nYou asked about the role of\nprivate capital in education.\nThe role of private capital\nin development policies\nin general is something of\ngreat interest to me and\nyou see it everywhere.\nAnd I wouldn't say that\nthere's a growing role\nof private capital over time.\nThere are just shifting\nroles for private capital.\nAnd that's why I\nuse the concept of\nthe mixed economy to talk\nabout mid-century\ndevelopmental ism.\nBecause the, the, the\nexplicit detail on which\npolicymakers were working\nwas the idea that\nthey were trying\nto walk a path between\nsocialism and laissez-faire.\nSo they're constantly trying to\narticulate state and capital\nas a way of building\nthe welfare state or the\ndevelopmental state.\nIt's a, it's an ideal and\nnot a kind of retreat.\nIt's there, it's\nthere. Your goal.\nIn terms of education,\nyou're totally right that\nthere are many routes\nto like\ncontemporary prescriptions for\neducational privatisation.\nSo like the Virginia School has\nits own kind of origin stories.\nAnd the difference is\nthis. The Virginia School\nprides itself on that\nbig tell that story.\nThey say that they are\nthe single root of it.\nAnd the guys that I\nlook at race the past.\nAnd that is, I think one of\nthe challenges when Sam says,\nyou know, the seventies\nis a moment of rupture,\nOne of the challenges I think\nbefore us is trying\nto think about\nhow to fit the story\nof the kind of\nself-conscious\ncelebrates worry right?\nInto how do they connect\nthese other origins that are\nfull of aeration basically.\nSo the way that I trace out\nthe connections between\nthese like sixties\nexperiments and\nin for-profit\neducational contracting.\nAnd later is actually through\nthe institutional transformation\nof the companies themselves,\nwhich you can trace straight\nfrom the for-profit\neducational contracting\nexperiments of the War on\nPoverty into let the\nbirth of Pearson and\nstandardized testing\ncompanies that make\nhuge money after\nthe nineties from,\nyou know, basically\nstandardization and\ntesting and the many\ncontracting opportunities\nthat come out of that.\nSo there's multiple kind of\nintersecting groups here and\nyou're right about that.\nAnd just briefly to sort\nof respond to Sam's point.\nI'm not a European as did I. I\nhesitate to sort of\ngeneralize about whether\nEurope pianists have\nmade a mistake of\nthinking of themselves too\nmuch and North Atlantic context,\nI don't think my sense\nis that Europe, yes,\none of the maybe\ncharacteristic features\nof Eurocentrism is that it's\nnot euro is not US centric.\nSo I don't think that the\nUnited States is as much of\na touch point for Europeana\nis the other way.\nAnd I also do think\nthat there are\ndifferent intellectual\nproblems that emerge.\nEuropean is trying to think\nnorth-south than for us\nhistorians trying\nto think herself.\nBecause what's distinctive about\nthe Western Hemisphere is that\nthese societies are products\nof the same offices notes,\nthey were colonized\ncontemporaneously\nthe slave trade and\nthis creation of\nCreole elites that have a sort\nof revolutionary\nconsciousness that\naffirms there on power.\nAnd then I'll post-colonial\ncomplex that come out of that.\nThese are just totally\nidentical processes that play\nout somewhat differently\nobviously within the hemisphere.\nAnd then simultaneously you have\nimperial relationship\nin the hemisphere.\nAnd so the United States has a,\nit has a both a rivalrous\nsibling relationship\nto Latin America that's kind of\nabsent from like the\nEuropean relationship\nto Asia or to Africa.\nAlso as an impure\nrelationship which is not\nunlike the kind of eastern\nhemisphere relationships.\nOne place where I\nthink there might\nbe a similar dynamic though,\nwhere Europeans might take\nsomething western\nhemisphere is this.\nI see Latin America as\nthis workshop of what\nwe think of as like\nneo-liberal kinds of\nsocial welfare provision\nthrough The reason that during\nthe developmentalist era,\nthe terms of\ninternational lending,\ntrade and investment\nwere such that\nnational income was very\nlimited and the understanding\nof development was\nsuch that you had to\nconcentrate they big to\nconcentrate your national\nincome in industrialization,\nin infrastructure and so on.\nSo programs like housing,\nhealth education were\nsystematically start.\nYou've got to provide\nthese things.\nWe have to do it as cheaply as\nyou possibly can in\nthe third world.\nAnd that's the\nreason that you get\nso many really diminutive\nprograms that like costs\nnothing and promised\nto hat was like\nmillions and millions of people\ncoming out of the Third World.\nAnd then I find them sort of\nredeployed in the War on\nPoverty in the United States.\nAnd I suspect that you might find\nsimilar dynamics\nelsewhere because\nthat's a common condition\nfor the third world.\nYou have to meet hugely\nrising expectations\nwith like totally\nnot enough money.\nThanks Amy. So we are going over\nthe one-hour slot that\nthat I promised everyone.\nIf one of the panelists\nneeds to jump\noff for other obligations,\nwe understand.\nBut if you are able\nto stick with us,\nwe have at least\nthree more questions.\nAnd of course, Jess\nand Christy may also\nhave responses to the questions\nthat have been posed so far.\nSo I don't know.\nMaybe just you want to take\nthe mike and then Christy,\nyou'll decide if you'd\nlike the mike or if\nyou want to just hand it\nover to the next person,\ngo ahead. Just okay.\nSure. Thanks so much for\nthat question about the\nstrategic aims of error-free.\nI think one of the things I'm,\nI loved that a lot\nof the sources I looked\nat for my first book,\nwe're just reports of\nhow many people died\nof malaria every year.\nSo I've been really excited\nto get into some of\nthe, the travel-related\nmaterials.\nSo I can say a few things\nabout this question\nof national sovereignty\nand air travel.\nSo one of the things I'm looking\nat is error-free\nin-flight magazine.\nAnd what's really\ninteresting is you see those\nvery stark divide\nbetween what's in\nthe articles and what's\nin the advertisements.\nSo all the articles\nare champions,\nare championing this\nidea of like tourism for\nAfricans by Africans in\nAfrica that's focused on.\nThe post-colonial futures\nand precolonial passed.\nBut it's very interesting\nbecause all of the ads\nare for luxury European goods.\nSo they're adds fresh, fresh\nchampagne and Swiss watches,\nBritish cars, things like that.\nSo it's very interesting\nto just see that divide.\nAnd then also just on\na really basic level\nin terms of who owns the airline,\nhas actually jointly owned by\n13 Francophone African countries.\nCameroon spins off\nfirst and creates\nits own national airline and\nwithdraws from error-free.\nBut it's also jointly\nowned by Air France\nand the share the Air France owns\ngrows over time as the airline is\nan increasing economic\nand financial trouble.\nAnd then the other thing I\njust wanted to say is I'm also\nthinking about the people\nthat work for the airline.\nSo just like one little\nvignette in 1980,\nthe flight attendants that worked\nfor error-free get together.\nAnd what they want to protest is\nthe airlines policy\nthat they're not\nallowed to have more\nthan two children.\nThe idea was that if you\nhave more than two children,\nyou weren't really\nable to commit to\nthis jet setting lifestyle\nof like being in the\nair all the time.\nBut you are going\nto be more devoted\nto motherhood on the grounds.\nAnd so the Pope is going\nto be coming to quote\nin 1980.\nAnd they get together, hold\nthe flight attendants,\nand they write a\nletter to the Pope,\nand they want the Pope to\nintervene on their behalf.\nAnd I haven't actually\nfound out what happened.\nLike I don't know if the\nPope writes them back or if\nthe pope meets with the ever\nlike if anything comes of this,\nI just found sort of like the\nbeginning archival trace to this,\nbut it's definitely\nsomething that\nI want to think about more as a,\nhow are the people that are\nworking for the airline\nis employee's thinking about\nthemselves as working\nfor looking at it\nas a joint African\nEuropean corporation.\nWhat does this mean\nin terms of how\nthey mobilize as labor?\nSo thank you so much\nfor that question.\nI'll just respond very quickly\nbecause I want to get\nto the other questions,\nbut I love Sam's questions\nand I think that\nthey should I would\nhope that they might\nmotivate some of\nthe conversations\nthat we're going to\nhave over the next\ncouple of days.\nBecause as a non-Europeanist,\nI literally don't\nknow the thickness.\nSo I'm very interested\nin the idea of,\nAre there European hands\nsee this parallel\nbetween the kind of\nundeserving domestic\nunderclass and\nthe and the formerly\ncolonized populations.\nI mean, I think that one\nplace you might begin to look\nfor that as in Queens\naudience work and\nparticularly in the new work\nabout sort of racialized\nunderstandings.\nKinda particular\nracialized neoliberalism\nthat emerges particularly\nvis-a-vis Southern Africa.\nThat might be a place to\nbegin to look for that stuff.\nAnd so I hope maybe\ncoin will chime in at\nsome point and help us\nanswer that question.\nAnd on the connection\nbetween the sort of\nneo conservatives and\nliberals in this moment.\nAnd it's, and how the\nrelationship with\nthe developing world is\nkind of key crux there.\nI think that's really important.\nAnd one of the things that you\nsee within the United States,\nand I don't know if they're\nsimilar questions in Europe.\nBut one of the things\nthat you see in\nthe United States is the\nemergence as you go on\nthe 1960s and then in\nthe 1970s , right?\nAre these amend, these various\namendments introduced by\nmembers of Congress to\nnational legislation about\nhow foreign aid can be used.\nAnd they begin to very\nmuch constricts, right?\nIf countries are\nnot. Using the kind\nof appropriate\nself-help measures.\nIf they are seen as\nkind of just wanting\na handout and seen\nas being kind of\nwelfare dependent than\nthe United States is\ngoing to introduce these\nmeasures to make it so that,\nyou know, precious US taxpayer\ndollars can't just be\ngiven freely out to\nthese deviant countries\nin the third world.\nAnd I think Trump ism as\nreally good distillation\nof this as we\nsee sort of very clear parallels\nthat he makes between kind\nof American carnage and\nthe undeserving cities and\nall the things that he said\nvis-a-vis what's\ngoing on the summer.\nAnd then they understand\nthey have, for instance,\ncutting off a to the countries in\nCentral America in the middle\nof the migration crisis, right?\nSo the idea that the\nUnited States purse,\nprecious thing to be guarded\nand giving it to these\nundeserving people,\nboth underclasses,\nwhether the United States\nand in the developing world.\nI think that really is\na tie together here.\nAnd one of the things that\nI'm trying to get at these\nindeed Moynihan and\nmore importantly,\nthe kind of people who\ntake up the mantle.\nAnd I would love to know what\nthe parallels are in the\nEuropean situation to\nthat cost other things,\nChristy and as another preview and\npresent and to whom we might turn\nfor that precise question.\nChelsea Shields, I understand is\nworking on a book on\nMoynihan in Europe.\nSo that'll be really exciting.\nAnd so we have\nthree to four more people on\nthe queue. Stefan, Europe.\nNext. Go ahead. Great. Thank you,\nGiuliana . I think wait.\nI have to permit the\nvideo to come up.\nThere is. Thank you, Julia.\nSober. I'm Stephan ... .\nI did a PhD on Indian history\nand just finished a project\non the new kinds of capitalism in\nIndia that emerged in\nthe post independence\nperiod after 1947.\nAnd my next project is to\nhistoricize the varieties of\ncapitalism debate with\nparticular reference\nto European social capitalism's.\nSo which has Ottawa.\nI'm happy to attend today\nand to speak and listen to\nwhat you're presenting.\nSo I was really fascinated\nby all three presentations.\nInitially I was only commenting,\nthought this comment would go\nto enoughness presentation.\nBut I think it's,\nthere's a larger currency\nbehind the question.\nAnd the question is\nabout economists and\nthe relation US economists\nbeing trained in\nthe US and their work\nin Latin America.\nSo the Chicago Boys are\nthe example I was\nimmediately thinking of,\nof any example of\nChicago was in other\nLatin American countries.\nOr if other Latin\nAmerican countries were\nmore influenced by\ndifferent disciplines,\nsay history, sociology.\nSo Moynihan, for example,\nwas a historian,\ntrained as a historian\nand did this\nreflects in the advice I gave,\nI think when it was part\nof the Ford Foundation.\nSo if you would\nconstructed the Chicago\nBoys were free market guys.\nSo they would not\ndirectly give influence,\nbut they will train people in\nChile to make the reforms.\nI mean, that's something\nwhich I think would\nbe one needs to consider\nin the, in the,\nin the, if you think about this,\nin which groups influence\nwhich trajectories.\nSo the Berkeley Mafia is\nthen becomes important\nfor Indonesia.\nSo there is a global\nhistorical context in\nwhich this comes up in the\nsixties and seventies.\nYep. That's it. Thank you.\nThat's a great question.\nI'll offer a few thoughts.\nCertainly, Chicago's influence\nall around Latin America.\nLatin American economists from\nmany countries went and\nstudied in Chicago.\nOne of the interesting things\nthat, that I tried to,\nthat actually was the fact\nthat until Pinochet\ncame to power,\nthe two lands who had studied at\nChicago had really\nno influence in,\ninto a very marginal\ngroup of academics.\nAnd without reason, sometimes\nthey took they themselves,\npeople who went on to\nbecome really if Ms.\nfigures and she like\nwhen they were nobodies,\nthey took teaching posts in\nother Latin American\ncountries and\ntheir largest deployment\nwas actually to Columbia.\nSo I trace them through columbia.\nWhat was interesting\nto me and really\ndrove a lot of my\nresearch was that they\ndid not have the\ncareers there that\nyou are just waiting\nfor them to have.\nThey do not do the work of\nneoliberal restructuring\nand they know it all.\nAnd what I find is that if you\nwant to look for the roots\nof kind of neoliberal economic\nprescriptions in Latin America.\nThey come from many other places.\nAnd I would sort of identify\ntwo key kind of sources.\nFirst are actually\nnon economists.\nAnd the reason is this,\nEconomists are\nobsessively concerned\nwith generating economic growth.\nAnd there are other\ngroups that I've found,\nespecially like groups like\narchitects and\nrural sociologists,\nr dot oriented to that question.\nAnd they are the ones who will\nbe happy to be told like,\nlook you, you have to\nbuild a lot of housing.\nWe don't have any money for it.\nFigure out await the architect.\nThat's its whole job.\nHe's like, I can take your\nhorrible ridiculous budget and\nlike teach people to like\ngo live themselves\nwith unpaid labour,\nusing like, you know,\nsolidify, like mixtures\nof soil in concrete.\nSo a lot of the\naustere systems of\nsocial welfare provision\nthat are getting like embed,\nthat are actually not being\ninvented by autonomists.\nThe other thing that\nI thought was that\nluck can aid with\nbig wood of their education\nin the United States,\nthey were not easily\nmolded into the image\nof their US professors.\nAnd that doesn't\nnecessarily mean again,\nthat they were great\nfigures of the resistance.\nIt means that they were able to\ncome up with neoliberal\nprescriptions\nall day using all sorts\nof found materials.\nAnd oftentimes what their\nreasoning from is not\nlike a single school\nof economic thought,\nbut they're using, they're\nusing their training.\nBut their reasoning in terms\nof the forms of state craft\nthat they grow up knowing\nin the developmental state,\nwhich turns out because\nit's generating so many.\nYour practices can be\nextrapolated and reason\nfrom to produce prescriptions\nfor structural\nadjustment eventual.\nIf you have questions,\nI'm queens.\nHi everybody. Thanks for that.\nBut I wanted to go a little bit\nabout ways that we\ncan start thinking\nacross the decolonization\ndivide that Christy raised\nand also in pursuit of\nlinking it to the\ntheme of the workshop.\nAnd one question I had\nwas picking up from,\nfrom thaen point which which\nChristy mentioned in that and\nthe written version of it\nthat that Moynihan tend to be\nimplying that part of what the\nNIO was kind of export it.\nBritish Fabian at them.\nAnd I found that I was\nsort of clutched onto\nGadigal drag between the topics\nof the, of the workshop.\nAnd I'm going to, if you could\nsay a bit more about that\nwhether or not Moynihan because\nI have breadth of work,\nthe NIO as we kind of\nendogenous thing to\nthe sort of tribalism\nof the Global South.\nOr if he saw it as\nan export of European\nsocialist or thoughts.\nAdd extra of the two.\nAnd in other words,\nwith beating the NIO,\ncan opposition author attack\non European style socialism?\nOr whether it was\ntypically an attack on\npost-colonial version of\nredistribution of them.\nAnd then my talking point with\njust kind of pick up on something\nthat Amy had mentioned about\nnew work on the Caribbean.\nI really liked the way you dealt\nwith that and the\nwritten version as well.\nIt's like how it's being\ndealt with peculiarity.\nAnd I think that\nworked out people like\nGary Wilder and\nJeremiah Ni, Dan Barry.\nDoctors to think about the\nCaribbean states evolve.\nThey're kind of just on\nsovereigns gestures,\nwhich are actually much\nmore familiar to all of us.\nAnd we probably compact,\nwe'd like to think.\nBecause I think that if we're\nreturning to the theme\nof the conference,\nthey kind of end of\nthe welfare state as\na proud self-declared ideology\nin the 1970s in some way.\nThen the counter-argument of,\nof neoliberalism is really\nthat independent never\nhappen. All right?\nTo say that sovereignty\nis actually\nalways partial and always\nhave been a bit of a fib.\nAnd we need to sort of\nexpose ourselves to\nthe greater forces of\nthe global market.\nAnd I think those\ncountries that never\ndid decolonized formula idea\nrubella and the Martinique,\nNick wildly are actually very\ninteresting circumstance.\nSo I completely agree with,\nwith Amy and Christy that there's\nthis problem of the\ndecolonization divide.\nAnd I think it's\nhelpful if we can find\nlittle hinges or places where\nwe can see in the parts\nof the European dynamic active in\ntheir Latin American\nCaribbean states\nand those overseas territories\nand thaw and they continue to\npersist are sort of obvious\nthing because I think to bring\nthe two faces of\nthe inquiry into conversation\nwith each other.\nThanks Quinn, maybe Chris,\ncan you want to start us off?\nSure. So yeah, I think\nthat at least in,\nin this one piece in\nthe United States,\nan opposition Moynihan\nIts very much\nmaking the argument\nthat there has\nbeen a kind of direct\ntransfer, right?\nThat the NIO comes directly out\nof the kind of export of\nEuropean socialist ideals.\nAnd so I think the way that\nyou put it there at the end,\nthe idea that going after\nthe ANY I0 is also going\nafter European socialism\nis, is important.\nI mean, he says this\ninteresting thing.\nHe says that this\nis in the paper that\nI submitted, right?\nThat the third world ism\nthat has emerged\nis what he calls a\nHegelians synthesis of kind\nof us liberalism on the one hand.\nAnd Soviet totalitarianism\nOn the other hand,\nwhen you put those two together,\nwhat you get is this British\nFabian socialist thing\nthat has been exported\nvia decolonization.\nObviously, there's\nalso some questions\nabout how that might\nactually work.\nWhat the role of former French\nand German and Dutch\ncolonies might be in that.\nAnd the obvious question\nof Latin America, right?\nDoes he believe that the kind\nof mid-century socialism\nof the Latin Americans is also\ntransferable and this way,\ndespite the fact that\nthere is not this kind of\ndirect and obvious relationship.\nSo it obviously, it raises a lot\nof analytical questions because\nhis analysis in this way.\nAnd for me particularly because\none of the things that\nI study is the kind\nof overlooked way in which\nthe Na Yao is this kind\nof is a project\nthat hearkens back\nto a deep\ninternationalists project\nthat Mexico has been pursuing\nover the previous\nfive decades, right?\nThere's a sense in which\nthe Mexicans very much\nunderstand their vision for what\nthey want the world\norder to look like as\nderiving from the experience\nof the Mexican Revolution,\nsort of projected outward, right?\nSo they have a completely\ndifferent narrative\nof how they come\nto these very\nparallel ideas about\nwhat the countries of\nthe third world as\nthe workers eating to\norganize in a kind\nof trade union as,\nas I get a two has,\nhas put it right into a kind of\ntrade union of the poor\nof the Global South.\nAnd so the Mexicans sort of\nself Mary coming to that idea\nbased on the kind of\nparticular exceptionalist\nMexican industry\nthat they bring to the table.\nSo I think it's a it's a\nreally interesting question.\nMoynihan spanking is, at\nleast in this one piece,\nis not especially analytically\ntype on this question.\nBut I think that it is absolutely\nan idea as being sort of\nagainst European socialism and\nthe European welfare\nstate in that way.\nAlthough Moynihan himself\nat home has a kind of\ncomplicated relationship\nvis-a-vis what\nhe thinks the government\nshould be able to do.\nAnd particularly in\nthe negro family,\nhe focuses on this idea and\ncreating this jobs program.\nHe says, basically,\nif we could just\nput black men to work,\nthat would solve these problems.\nAnd so I think it speaks\nto exactly the kind of\naustere social programming that\nAmy talks about in her book.\nI mean, one of the,\nhe's not very clear in this,\nin, in the negro family either.\nBut one of the ways that\nhe hopes that we might\nput more black men back to\nwork in the United States\nis recruiting them\ninto the military\nduring the Vietnam War,\nsending them off to\nget kindled overseas.\nAnd so those questions\nabout what role the\nstation particularly play,\nMoynihan is a more\ncomplicated figure on\nthis and I'm sure Chelsea\nwill speak to this as well.\nThe report itself and because\nit becomes this kind\nof cause cella,\nbut when it comes out,\ngets taken up as this kind of\nneo conservative flag\nand carried around.\nAnd so I think she\nhas a bigger life.\nHis own ideas about this.\nThey take on a bigger life in\nthe neo conservative\nmovement, the opt in.\nAnd it would be a good\nthing to think about it,\na kind of a UK you\ndisappeared at the\ntime considering\nthe Labour government with power\nand with brain, you know.\nGoing off around open a\nbunch of different where\ncould butanoic\nbackground. So thanks.\nThe only thing I'll add\nis just a point about\nsort of the Caribbean as a place\nto study non sovereign futures.\nIt's brilliant and I\nhadn't thought of that,\nbut I really like that idea.\nI'd be interested,\njust to mean as it\nEuropeana is spending a\nyear in Latin America.\nI would just be curious to\nknow how that sort of came to\nbe for you and what connections\nyou're trying to draw.\nAnd given that we have as the\na1b0 touches here and\nalso Chelsea Shields.\nWell, I feel like are\nactually doing this kind\nof research at the intersection\nof the history of political\neconomy in the Caribbean,\nwhich I mean, I, I'm one of\nthe culprits that wasn't\nsmart enough to think of it.\nAnd so I would be interested\nin their insights.\nI'll just add two things.\nWent. So I actually\nspent the first half of\nthe year and you're out,\nbut my spouse is a\nhistorian of Latin America.\nWe spent the second\nhalf of our of\nour sabbatical here because\nwe've given up our\napartment in the US.\nWe didn't go back\nwhen the pandemic\nkit that I actually\njust wanted to echo.\nQuinn's point about the meeting\nnon self-governing\nterritory is I think\nthat this is a really critical\nhinge as you call it.\nI really like that term.\nAnd for me, it's\na really powerful thing to think\nabout because if you think about\nthe places that are\nthe rating non\nself-governing territories\nis considered by the UN.\nThey're almost all places where\nthe primary export as\nit were, is tourism.\nSo thanks for bringing\nthat up with,\nAnd that's really important\nfor cognitive and her.\nFabulous. So we have\nonly five minutes left,\nalthough I will tell you all that\nthe lines are in fact open\nfor another half an hour,\nbut you don't let's\ntry to wrap it up within\nfive to ten minutes.\nAnd then if you'd if you'd like\nto keep chatting\ninformally, that's fine.\nBut we have Chelsea Shields\nand Charlie Mayor unstack.\nI would propose that we bundle\nall their questions and then\nhave all three panelists\ngive us their last word.\nAnd then we can have a little\nbit more of an informal\nback and forth.\nSo Chelsea, why don't you\ngo ahead first and then Charlie,\nyou can jump right\nin and after her.\nThanks for such an\namazing group of papers.\nI'm having quite a moment\nbecause I've never heard\nanybody mention Aruba\nat a conference before.\nI have violated my\nwhole academic career\nfor that. Thank you, Quinn.\nMy first question is for Christy\nand as someone who's\nalso interested\nin the global resonance of when\na handler was really edified\nby your paper or so.\nI was curious about the note\nthat you ended on about how\nthis severe punitive backlash\ncame after attempts to\nmoderate more radical demands,\nnot only in the civil\nrights movement,\nbut also in international\neconomic and development schemes.\nSo I was wondering if you could\nsay a bit more about\nthose efforts.\nAnd perhaps because\nGiuliana raised to\nthe current political conjuncture\nthat we're in right now.\nWoah, what lessons we might\ndraw from that today.\nAnd Amy, thank you so much\nfor your pay-per-view,\nreally given us a\npowerful research agenda.\nAnd I love this idea of\nindirect connections.\nSo this could be\na really impossible\nmethodological question,\nbut I was wondering if\nyou could talk more\nabout what finding\nthose indirect connections\nlooked like for you.\nAnd it kind of practical\narchival sense\nbecause that's something that\nI found quite challenging,\nespecially as you point out when,\nwhen people frame\nproblems differently.\nSo I'd love to hear how you\nhow you navigated that.\nThanks. Thanks, Chelsea.\nSo Charlie,\nyou have the floor and then\nwe'll hand it over\nto the panelists.\nI guess I'm being\nheard. Thank you.\nThis is a great papers and\nreally indebted to them.\nJust a few points which I\nthink really about continuities,\nperhaps from the earlier period.\nFirst on, on Moynihan\nnotion of Fabianism.\nI mean, the whole tradition of\nSecond International is second\ninternational Socialism,\nwhich Murdock was connected with.\nAnd, and broad, of course,\nI think hand was,\nhe was very enclosed in an\nAnglo-American dialogue.\nAnd Myrtle was already,\nI had already provoke\nBritish anger when he was head of\nthe European Economic Commission,\nthe commission, UN Commission\nfor Economic\nCommission for Europe.\nBecause he had been much\ntoo friendly with the,\nwith the Second World\nwas the Soviet Union.\nSo you might look,\nlook back on that.\nThis is a lot of, this is about\nrolling back the 1960s,\nthe global 1960s,\nthe tourism paper I'd\nreally love to hear more,\nread more about that.\nIt seems to me that tour,\ntourism as a project is so\ncommitted to a restoration.\nJust for perspective.\nThis, you might,\nyou might consider\nthe UN World Heritage Sites\nin part of the part of\nthe tourist project.\nWe went when I and my\nfamily went to Mexico and\nGuatemala is the eighties via\nour halo because or interesting\nFrench set of hotels\nthat I was in Mexico\nand I remember being appalled in\nGuatemala by the\nGuatemalan put\ntogether a UN agency that\ndress their tourist\nguides as Incas.\nWhen we stayed in\nthe market towns.\nThey're health\ncontinuities, I think.\nConsider the Rockefeller\nFoundation emphases\nand then in the inter-war period\non extermination and diseases,\nthis certainly fits into\nthe malaria crusade after wiping,\nwithin a big dispute there is\nwhether you wipe\nout or you try and\ncontrol and it's being\nrecapitulated today with\ndiscussions of covid-19.\nAnd I'd like to ask this\nmay all come up in\nsubsequent papers.\nI haven't taken account\nof the full program,\nbut the alternative perspective,\nsort of modified liberalism\nof Albert Hirschman.\nThere's a connection\nthere through.\nFox, Leah, Julie, and note,\nChile and also Colombia.\nI mean, there's just\ntremendous stuff here and\nI just would like widen\nit out when you look\nat these things.\nI think Christy's discussion\nof Moynihan was wonderful.\nThese two papers, but it's\ngreat stuff. Thank you.\n...\nI propose that we go\nreverse order\nto close things out.\nSo maybe just he could get us\nstarted and then Amy\nand then Christy.\nSure. Yeah, I I'm\nactually planning on\nhaving a whole chapter\nabout the United Nations,\nboth in terms of the\nWorld Heritage program,\nbut also the UN,\ndid a lot of investment through\ntechnical assistance in\nbuilding tourism infrastructure\nin former colonies\nof I. I was actually\nsupposed to be in New\nYork this week at\nthe UN archives,\nwhich didn't happen.\nBut it is a, it is on the list\nfor future archive trips.\nBut I'm actually\nreally fascinated,\nespecially about\nWorld Heritage sites\nthat bridge that pre-colonial,\ncolonial and\npost-colonial divide.\nSo for example, I was\ndoing some research and\nMorocco earlier this year.\nAnd the city of robot,\nthe actual, the,\nthe World Heritage\nSite explicitly\nencompasses the colonial city\nand the pre-colonial Medina.\nAnd the, the language\nabout robot as a\nworld heritage site.\nIt's about it being sort of at\nthe crossroads of\nvarious empires.\nAnd so I'm interested\nin sort of how\nthat resonates in the\nPresident today and how\npeople are thinking about\nmorocco both as its own thing,\nbut also the ongoing\nconnection to the French.\nSo we have thank you so\nmuch for that comment.\nI'll say just that Hirschman is\na really fascinating person\nand I'd be happy to discuss him.\nThere's almost too much to say\nfor this period of time, but he,\nin his whole life\nwas just orthogonal\nto everything and\nhe just map easily\nonto any of the kind\nof kind of device that\nwe're discussing.\nAnd I am happy to talk\nfor days and months with\nanybody wants me to\nChelsea's question about how\nto find indirect connections.\nAnd I don't know if my\nexperience it's applicable.\nBut for me it kinda came\nfrom reading in archives,\nlarge archives that crossed\na lot of categories\nin and of themselves.\nAnd for me, those kinds of\narchives weren't that hard.\nBecause for instance, like us\nbusinessmen and advisors or\nUS government agencies\nare themselves\nlike just this insane\nrepositories like their papers.\nYou find stuff on\nlike education and\nalso like a river valley\ndevelopment program.\nAnd it's all like, you know,\nit's not in the same folder.\nBut one of the\nthings that just was\ndifficult for me but\nended up being helpful\nfor me in the end was\nthat as I was reading,\nit was obvious that\nthere were like\nthings that were sort\nof all of the keys,\nbut I couldn't find causal or\nfunctional connections\nbetween them initially,\nI could just see that\nlike the same person.\nHimself in like reading about and\nlike collecting material\non these different things.\nAnd for me it was a matter of\nlike doing research in a very,\nvery large number of archives\nthat helped me get it,\nfill out a sense\nof who worked with\nWHO and the sub\nsequence of events.\nAnd it also was a\nmatter of reading in\nlike pretty widely\ndispersed historiography is\nbecause like the education\nare amazing and I\nlearned a ton from them.\nAnd a lot of what I was\ndoing was trying to sort of\nsubstantiate connections\nbetween separate historiography\nand between separate archives.\nAnd I don't know, it's just a lot\nof writing crazy\ndrafts and workshop.\nWell, thank you and\nthank you to Charlie and\nChelsea for these questions\nand for this great conversation.\nThis is kinda precisely what\nI hope my happened here.\nSo I'm really glad to\nbe a part of this.\nI would just say to\nCharlie's point on,\non mere at all I'm thinking about\nand going back to\nBritish socialism,\nthe Labour government\nat the time,\nputting mirror doll in their,\ntheir relationship with the USSR\nlike yes, that's perfect.\nI will definitely continue\nto consider those things.\nAnd mirror doll appears\nas a kind of foil in a\nnumber of places here.\nSo that's very useful.\nI'm on the question of sort\nof one of the broader\nquestions about sort of how\nwe draw these connections\nand how we might begin to\ntell parallel histories\nand even if what,\nwhere we can't see them overlap,\nre trying to figure out how they\nmight be influencing one another.\nOne of the questions\nthat's really\ninnovated how I have thought\nabout this in the place\nof a country like Mexico\nvis-a-vis the broader\nThird World Movement,\nthe non-aligned\nmovement, the G77,\net cetera, has been to\ntry to ask the question\nabout economic sovereignty and\nwhat the actors in these places\nthought that that meant, right?\nIt's clear that if you\nread Quinn's work,\nbut the idea that the\nneoliberal thing,\nthat's just like a\npreposterous question.\nIn some ways, we\nreceive the notion\nthat it is preposterous through\nour own kind of\nneoliberal filter,\nthe memory that is precisely what\nAmy has talked about, right?\nAnd so, you know, in their,\nin their kind of\nmagisterial history\nof these ideas of the UN,\ntoy and toy say that\nthey, basically,\nwhen they look at the\nclaims that are being\nmade by third world actors,\nthey, they have to\nsort of specify like,\nlook, these are, these are\nreasonable things to say at\nthe time that there might be\nthese kinds of colonial impulses.\nAnd so even our kind of\nreceived understanding\nof the idea\nthat the countries in the\nthird world might have\nparticular conceptions of what\nit means economically sovereign.\nAnd to put, put forward ideas\nabout economic sovereignty,\nbut don't disavow interdependence\nor interconnection.\nBut that's still try to create\nspace for these countries\nto sort of make\ntheir own decisions\nvis-a-vis global capital.\nAnd as we go forward\nin the 20th century,\nmultinational\ncorporations, I think\nthat that's a\nproductive question.\nWhat did the people\nin these places\nmean when they talked about\neconomic sovereignty?\nAnd how similar was\nthat in places that had\nonly recently\ndecolonized advices that\nI decolonize a 150 years before.\nSo that's a productive question\nfor me when I'm\ntrying to think about\nhow weird is Mexico\nvis-a-vis these\nthird-world conversations.\nAnd then to Chelsea's\nquestion about the kind\nof the question of moderating.\nThat's one of the\nthings that I find\nmost interesting in looking\nthrough this is the,\nthe historical\nsociologist Julian go has\nthis idea about\nunderstanding the ways\nthat AES is constituted\nthrough what he calls\ninteractive multiplicity.\nThat is, we have to\nunderstand not only\nhow these things kind\nof moves through time,\nbut how they are iteratively\nshaping how these countries\nthink about how these actors\nthink about things through time.\nAnd so what I,\nwhat I see there is,\nthere is a sense\nin which the ideas\nthat come forward from\nthese countries in\nthe third world and the responses\nfrom these actress in\nthe United States.\nWe have to kind of\ntrace this process of\ninteraction as it goes\nforward through time.\nAnd you see a number of people,\nthe Mexicans in, in my case,\nit during the New\nInternational Economic Order,\nabsolutely trying to play\nthis moderating role there\nspecifically saying,\nyou have the radical\nactors over here,\nyou have the non-aligned,\nyou have the Algerians.\nThey're trying to do this thing.\nWe are trying to\nconciliate, right?\nWe're trying to meet the\nUnited States halfway,\nfind a place where\nwe might moderate\nsome of these more\nradical impulses.\nAnd I think that\nthere's obviously a\nsimilar dynamic at work within\nthe civil rights\nmovement where you have\na kind of more radical\nblack nationalists,\npeople who are arguing, you know,\nyou can't move too fast on\nthe question of how you\nkind of conciliate that.\nThe lesson for me is that\nno matter the impulse\nto moderate on\nthe attempt of the kind of\nmediating force in the\ninternational sphere\nwith asserts Mexico within\nthe civil rights movement.\nThat no matter the attempt\nto kind of mediate\nand meet power on\nits terms, right?\nThere still emerges\na kind of backlash.\nSo there is still a backlash\nthat kind of takes up\nthe kind of crushing impulse\ntoward any small move\nof progress, right?\nAnd I think that the\npolitics that we're\nliving through now is just\nindicative of the way enrich\nthat backlash has\ncontinued to snowball.\nAnd so to me, one of the\nquestions then is about\nthe about how smart\nthe moderating impulse\nis to begin with, right?\nObviously it's something that\nwe should study historically,\nwe should try to understand\nthose forces that attempted to\nmoderate kind of\nmore radical push\nfrom the left in order to,\nto sort of anchor\nit to the center.\nBut if in every case or if\nin the cases that we study,\nwe see the kind of\nright backlash.\nAnyway, what are the\nmoderators doing?\nThat's the big question\nfor me when it comes\nto these things.\nAnd so I think that\nthat's interesting in\nthe case of Moynihan\nBecause you see,\nwith regard to the Third World,\nwith regard to the\ncivil rights movement,\nyou see people trying\nto say like if we\ncould just sort of\nput this on the terrain,\nrespectability, politics.\nIf we can put this in the place\nwhere the United States can come,\nKissinger can be okay with us,\nthen we will make some progress.\nBut what you get in response is\njust an insane right-wing\nbacklash, right?\nSo that, that is\nkind of important\nhistorical question to me,\nvis-a-vis the actors that\nshow up as the moderating forces.\nThanks. Thank you\nso much Christie.\nAnd to everyone else,\nI would propose that we\ndraw things to a close\nand and see one another\nagain tomorrow.\nSo if you could all join me.\nI'm not sure what the best\nway to think everyone,\nmaybe use that chat box.\nAnd as I also noted\nin the chat box,\nfeel free to use that chat\nbox for additional comments,\nquestions, ideas, et\ncetera that you have.\nI would propose I'll say\nthis again tomorrow,\nbut I would propose that we\nlimit use of the chat box.\nSo the session just because\nit can be a little\nbit distraction.\nBut once we get to\nkind of the last leg of\nthe Q and A session,\nI am fine with that.\nOpening that up as\nwell so that we get\nas many voices as\npossible participating.\nThat is clearly very,\nvery important.\nSo thank you so much to\nthe panelists and\nto the commentators.\nAnd I'm looking forward to\nseeing you all tomorrow.\nTomorrow session is entitled\nrecasting the European\nwelfare state.\nAnd we'll have Chelsea shields,\nLama OF lose a and Laura\nand Stokes joining us.\nSo that promises to\nbe really exciting.\nAnd I look forward to seeing you\nall again at the\nsame time tomorrow,\nit looks like we do need\nan hour and a half.\nBut again, if you need to\nrun off after an hour,\nwe understand you'll\nat least have\na chance to listen to\nall of the papers.\nOkay. Thank you so much,\neveryone and have a wonderful,\nwonderful day. See you tomorrow.\n"}
-{"text": "So, a botnet is different than isolated pieces of malware\nin the fact that a botnet is a collection of infected machines\nwhich are coordinated\nthrough command and control by a central server,\nwhich is called a \"command and control server\", or,\nthe C&C server.\nSo the power of botnets is basically\nin the amount of distributed\ncomputation and storage power\nthat is available to a C&C server.\n[Offscreen voice] It's short for robot, is it then, I'm guessing?\nYeah, so the \"bot\" is basically for\nmachines that can operate in an automated fashion,\nwhich refers to the robot,\nthe thing that you mentioned.\n[Offscreen voice] Okay, and a botnet is a collection of these\nthat somebody's using for\nnefarious purposes; would that be right?\n[Offscreen voice] Or does it have to be?\nYeah, usually it is for nefarious purposes,\nso, the main two strengths of a botnet,\nfrom the point of view of a bad guy,\nis:  One, that there is, um, they are, like,\nbots on the order of hundreds and thousands of machines;\nso, there is a lot of distributed computing and storage power available there.\nAnd the other one is a certain delegation of responsibility or deniability,\nwhich the infrastructure affords\nto the person who runs the botnet,\nin terms of, that the person conducts\nall these nefarious activities\nfrom the platform of the bots,\nand not just directly.\nUsually people are not aware;\nand, basically,\nstealth and botnets usually go hand in hand,\nbecause, from the point of view of the C&C server,\nit wants to ensure that the bots remain infected\nand available, and\nstay that way for the longest period of time possible.\nSo, if the user is aware that,\nyou know, it has been infected, then you\ntypically, they would probably\nreinstall the operating system\nor take other measures to clean the machine,\nwhich doesn't work in the favor of the\nbotnet controller.\n[Offscreen voice] I'm assuming this starts from people opening\ndodgy emails, or something.  Is that the sort of thing\nthat starts this off\nfor an innocent user sitting there\nusing their computer?\nSo, every botnet has a propagation mechanism;\nand, nothing stopping it from using\nmultiple propogation vectors.\nSo, for example, a botnet\ncan spread itself in passive ways,\nor in active ways.  So, active ways\nusually involve little or no user intervention;\nbasically no user intervention\nin the sense that, if a machine\nhas been infected, then\nthe bot binary has inherent mechanisms\nto find other hosts on the internet to infect.\nFor example, by scanning for hosts\nthat have known vulnerabilities that can be exploited.\nAnd then, there are passive mechanisms\nthat use -- that require some degree\nof user intervention.\nFor example, drive-by downloads,\nwhich are websites\nthat have, say, some active content\nlike JavaScript, or ActiveX controls.\nSo just a user,\nwhen he or she visits the website,\nthe installation of the malware\ntakes place in an automated fashion.\n[Offscreen voice] So, just because they visited that website,\nthe website might be doing something that they think,\nOh look, Flash, active\nthis, that, or the other, and\nfancy graphics.  But in the background,\nit could be doing something much more serious.\nYeah, and um,\nthere are other passive ways, also.\nI mean, social engineering is a very powerful way\nof spreading malware in general, especially botnets,\nwhich involves some kind of\nhuman interaction to convince\na user to take steps that\nthey would otherwise not do.\nFor example,\na pop-up thing\nthat pops up and says,\nYou have won the lottery.  Click on this link\nto claim the money.  And you click on the link,\nand it initiates the download of the malware\nto your machine.\nAnd then, we also have propagation mechanisms\nlike, uh,\nlike media.  For example, USB sticks.\nWhich is potentially very powerful,\nbecause it allows the infection to spread\nto private networks\nwhich are otherwise inaccessible over the internet.\nI mean, usually the malicious binary\nis in the form of an executable.\nSo, it just starts running, right,\nlike, it doesn't need you to double-click it.\n[Offscreen voice] Where does the command machine come in?\n[Offscreen voice] You know, is that being controlled by someone,\nor is that itself a bot?\nSo, I think we can make use\nof some diagrams here.\n[Offscreen voice] Yeah, yeah, absolutely.\nOkay, so here is the C&C server here.\nAnd, here is the user.\nThe innocent user.\nSay that, through whatever propagation vector,\neither through clicking on some bad links,\nor through some infected media,\nthe user installs the malicious software.\nIf it's associated with a botnet,\nusually it's called a \"bot binary\".\nBinary means the executable code which\ncan be directly run by the machine\nwithout the need to be compiled.\nBy installing the bot binary,\nthe user\nhas got the infection, but\nit is not formally part of the botnet now.\nIt needs to find some way\nto locate the C&C server\nto be able to exchange messages with it.\nSo, it needs some rallying mechanism.\nNow, the rallying mechanism can take place\nin the form of an IP address.\nThat is, the IP address can be hard-coded\ninto the bot binary.  Or the user\ncan obtain a seed list of IP addresses,\nwhich would be basically IP addresses of\nsome other hosts which know\nhow to locate the C&C server.\nSo basically, like stepping stones between\nthe C&C server and the user\nto locate the C&C server.\nApart from IP address, the user could\nalso potentially use some domain name\nrelated to the C&C server, and\nthe domain name could likewise be hard-coded\ninto the bot binary; or the user can\nmake use of some algorithm,\nwhich is known to the user,\nand to the C&C server to generate\npredictable domain names\nwhich are then associated with the C&C server.\nEither way, once the user finds out\nhow to communicate with the C&C server,\nit connects to it.\nNow the user is formally part of the botnet,\nand it has kind of registered itself\nwith the botnet.\nSo typically, the C&C server wants the bots\nto carry out certain nefarious activities\non its behalf.  It is able to access\nthat particular bot.\nNow, the purposes for which these bots can be used\nare different.\nFor example,\nthe bots can be used for the\npurpose of information gathering,\nwhich involves, uh,\nsensitive information like passwords,\ncredit card information,\nor information that is not of a financial nature\nbut's still valuable, for example,\nintellectual property.\nThe other purpose for which the botnet\ncan use its bots is\nfor distributed computing.\nFor example, distributed password cracking,\ngetting bots to solve CAPTCHAs,\nbasically, anything that requires\nproof of work, and is infeasible\nfor, um, for the botmaster,\nthe person who controls the botnet,\nto carry out individually.\nIt can distribute it across\nthe recruited bots\nand get them to do it on its behalf.\n[Offscreen voice] The C&C machine is obviously\nunder the control of the -- whoever the botmaster is.\nYeah.\n[Offscreen voice] Um, is that there usually their own computer,\nor is that again remote from them?\n[Offscreen voice] So is there -- I was wondering if there was a way\nof tracing them?\nYes.  So --\nIt would be very naive of a botmaster to directly\nuse its own machine for the C&C purposes.\nAnd, usually, how it\nevades detection\nis to incorporate\nseveral stepping stones between itself\nand the machine.\nAnd, for example,\nit could login to that machine\nor access that machine using the TOR network.\nSo that way, it is using that machine anonymously\nand remove all traces of its identity,\nand basically be untraceable.\n[Offscreen voice] How many botnets are actually operating on the internet at the moment?\n[Offscreen voice] Is there -- can anyone hazard a guess\nat those numbers, or --\nIt's hard to say, because\num, I mean, how can you count\nthe number of bots that are controlled, right?\nLike, if it's a centralized\nbotnet, and there is, say,\none, or like a limited number\nof C&C servers -- In one specific case,\nthey looked at all the\nincoming connections to the C&C server,\nwhich kind of helped them estimate\nthe footprint of the botnet, which is the number of bots\nthat formed part of the botnet.\nBut, who knows if there are other C&C servers\nrelated to the same botnet?\nBecause, you know, like, looking from the vantage point\nof one C&C server would afford you visibility\ninto only its own footprint.\nSo, there have been academic\nstudies on estimates of\nbotnet footprints.\nUm, but one cannot really\nbe completely accurate about that.\n[Offscreen voice] Is there any way that that kind of technology can be\nused for good?  Or, is it always for nefarious reasons?  [Laughing]\nWell, uh --\nIt's kind of being used for the good,\nin the context of censorship resistance systems,\nwhere good users are trying to access\nsome content which has been banned in their country,\nusing more or less the same evasive measures\nwhich are used by botnets\nor malware to evade security people.\nSo, it's the same model, turned upside-down.\nBy subtracting these frames from each other,\nwe can virtually shroud\n[camera shutter sounds]\nthe influence of daylight.\nSo, we can even eliminate\ncast shadows...\n"}
-{"text": "Welcome to today\u2019s lecture.\nDuring the past few weeks; we had a glimpse\nof the wide\nspectrum of ore deposit types that occur in\nvarious parts of the world in different\ncontinents.\nWe have just had a glimpse of them and that\nwas the initial part of the\nlectures series that we intended to cover;\nintending to obtain the overview, brief idea\nabout the geology, about the principles of\nore deposit formation.\nAnd what we have learned so far, can be called\nas just the alphabets of the subject of ore\ngeology; which has a lot of intricacies.\nAnd many of the ideas that were originally\nproposed on the deposits are constantly getting\nrefined with availability of modern\ntechniques, micro analytical techniques, new\nideas; emanating from using many different\ntechniques like the rare earth elements, the\nstable and radiogenic isotopes, ideas about\nthe sulfur isotopic makeup arising out of\ninorganic and organic reduction of the seawater\nsulfate.\nMany experiments conducted on many systems\nto quantitatively understand the\nprocesses of fractionation of different metals\nin different systems.\nAnd many of the\ndeposits, many of the well known deposit types\nhave witnessed a lot of debate as far as\ntheir origin is concerned.\nFor example, the Paleoplacer deposit at Witwatersrand\nbasin in\nSouth Africa; which was for quite some time\nwas held to be a deposit which are\ngenerated from the mechanical concentration\ntype process; was very strongly debated for\nits origin from a hydrothermal fluid, which\nwas almost taking to the hydrothermal\nsystem that give rise to the lode type gold\ndeposits\nBut later on, again many detailed study have\nrevived the concept; they revived the idea\nabout the origin of such deposits.\nSimilarly, there are many such instances and\nyou will\nall be learning about them in your advanced\nlevel courses on ore geology.\nAnd we have\nseen that this wide spectrum of ore deposits\noccurred throughout the geological history,\nstarting from the early Archaean; till the\nQuaternary and many of the deposit forming\nprocesses seem to have been very restricted\nto certain time period, for example, the\nbanded iron formations; the process was never\nrepeated in the later part of the geological\nhistory after the late Proterozoic.\nSimilar is the situation with the Paleoplacer\ndeposit of uranium and some deposits like\nthe porphyry copper deposits are not found\nto be occurring in any of the older cratonic\nblocks and understood to have been forming\nin the process of the plate tectonic type\nprocess, which is operational at this point\nof time; from the present day global tectonic\nsetup.\nSo, now with this brief background it would\nbe good to see as a component of this course\nand which is usually required by students\nin the Indian context; to have some idea about\nthe deposits that are occurring in the Indian\nsubcontinent; more specifically in the\npeninsular Indian region.\nAnd this discussion cannot be very exhaustive\nbecause the\ndeposit types are so many, so vast and occurring\nin different parts of the peninsular India.\nIt is not possible to give a very detailed\naccount of all such deposits that occur in\nthe\npeninsular India\nSo, we will all be restricting ourselves to\nsome very selected deposit types and most\nof\nthe discussion will not be based on statistics.\nFor example, the quantity of the metal\navailable in such deposits and such kind of\nparameters; which can be obtained from\nmany available resources.\nFor example; the Indian bureau of mines or\nthe information\nfrom the respective mining companies; so,\nI will not be getting into much of the details\nabout the quantity, quality aspect of these\ndeposits.\nAnd we will only be discussing such deposits\nwith an idea as to the potentials of different\nparts of the peninsular India and what could\npossibly look like as the future scenario.\nBecause in the beginning when we were discussing\nabout the mineral deposits in the\ncontext of the Indian economy, we stated that\nthe role of mineral resources in the growth\nof the Indian economy is not that very distinct;\nalthough as a country, we still depend\nheavily on our mineral resources for the growth\nof our industry; falling short on many of\nthe critical and strategic minerals and metals.\nSo, with this we will just have a brief overview\nof the Indian scenario where; so as you\ncould see here, this is a almost like a country\nscale map; geological map of India and\nhere we could see that this peninsular India\nis most part which is basically covered by\nthe\nDeccan traps shown on green here\nThis is the part Deccan trap which covers\nthe substantial part of the peninsular India\nand\njust keeping that aside; we see that this\npeninsular India is basically is an amalgamation\nof a few cratonic blocks; old cratonic blocks,\nPrecambrian cratonic blocks.\nThis is the\nDharwar craton and below is the southern granulite\nbelt; this is the Dharwar craton here,\nthis is the Bastar craton; this is the Singbhum\ncraton and this is the Aravalli craton and\nthis is the Bundelkhand craton.\nSo, these \nfive main cratonic blocks constitute the Indian\nsubcontinent and as we saw\nbefore; , the total area that is covered by\nrocks of Precambrian age is quite substantial\nand we would expect that the mineral resources\nalso would be coming from dominantly\nfrom these broad areas.\nLet us first see the mineral potential of\nthis Dharwar craton; which will be again getting\ninto look you looking at a bit little larger\nscale map., The Dharwar craton \nis essentially\ndivided into the eastern and the western Dharwar\ncraton \nand the Closepet granite which\nis occupying the median region of the craton\nand along with some crustal scalestructural\nfeature like this; Chitradurga shear zone\nover here, it is divided into the eastern\nand the\nwestern Dharwar craton\nNow, what is shown here in this purple color\nbodies these are schist belts of the western\nand eastern Dharwar craton.\nAnd this eastern Dharwar craton and the western\nDharwar\ncraton are quite and out with resources of\ngold.\nIn fact, most of the production gold at the\npresent time in the Indian context comes from\nthe eastern Dharwar craton with some new\ndeposits also coming up from the western Dharwar\ncraton; from the Chitradurga schist\nbelt, which I will be just showing a larger\nscale map.\nSince this Dharwar craton; these schist belts\nessentially are the metamorphosed green\nstone sequences which are the volcano sedimentary\nrift related; volcano sedimentary\nsequences of Archean age which are metamorphosed\nand are exposed in the form of\nschist belts constituting mostly of amphibolites\nand sometimes lower grade chlorotic\nrocks.\nAnd this cratonic block is traversed by parallely\ndisposed number of shear zones and\nthose shear zones have been the locales in\nwhich the major and the rich gold\nmineralization have taken place.\nSince these are the old greenstone belt, as\nwe have seen\nin many of the cases; they are also potentially\nrich in the Algoma type iron formation\nwhich comes from this; the Archaean sediment\nhosted manganese deposits; volcanogenic\nmassive sulphide deposit like the one which\nis deported from Ingaldahl area in Karnataka\nSo, this Dharwar craton which spans the area\nof Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh many of\nthe prominent gold localities come from these\ntwo states; they probably one of the major\ngold locality which produced the maximum amount\nof gold and has the history of gold\nproduction of more than one and a half centuries,\nbut got closed just about a decade back\nis the famous Kolar gold deposit.; Currently\nproducing gold finds mostly in the Hutti Maski\nschist belt and new deposits being discovered\nin the Gadag schist built and also as\nwe saw before in the green stones; there the\nultramafic bodies which we see the\nmetamorphosed ultramafic bodies of the earliest\nvolcanic activity.\nWe also do get some amount of chromium.\nSo, this Dharwar craton actually is can be\nvisualized the huge metallogenic province\ngiving substantial amount of production of\niron, some amount of manganese, major gold\ndeposits in the country.\nSo, coming to the Bastar craton here; one\nthing is very obvious from this very very\nsmall\nscale geological map of India is that in almost\nall the cratonic blocks that we see; we get\nextensive granitic activity which mostly dates\nbetween the late Archaean to early\nproterozoic kind of period and which coincides\nwith a major crust forming; major growth\nis very steep and a very fast rate of growth\nof continents during the time.\nSo, these\nprolific granitic activities also had a lot\nof metallogenic implications.\nAnd in addition to that almost this cratonic\nblocks, they are essentially constituted of\nthe\nbasement gneissic complex.\nIn the Dharwar craton; they are known as the\npeninsular\nnoise in Aravalli craton they are known as\nthe banded gneissic complex and in the\nSingbhum craton also there similarly named\nolder metamorphic gneisses and.\nSo, on and\nin Bastar craton also we do get the basement\ngneiss.\nSo, Bastar craton is also a very interesting\ngeological situation although there is no\nsuch\nprolific development of such greenstone belts,\nbut some very rudimentary greenstone\nbelts have been reported from here; where\nsporadic occurrences of gold has been\nreported.\nBut the major mineral potentials of this Bastar\ncraton is the copper deposit\ncoming associated with granitoid here.\nAnd also some amount of tin associated with\ngranite pegmatite; which will be seeing them\na little details.\nAnd this Bastar craton;\nadjoining Sausar metamorphic belt is the major\nmanganese producing region of the\ncountry.\nAnd coming to the Singbhum craton -\nthese cratonic blocks are also bordered by\nthe\nmobile belts and here this is the eastern\nghats mobile belt.\nAnd also this the Singbhum\ncraton in and also the Bastar craton has been\nthe two major important sources of iron\ndeposit;s which belong to the superior type\nof iron formation in the Singbhum craton\nhere.\nAnd also associated with the Archaean with\nthe same time period, the manganese\ndeposits and as we shall see a little bit\nin a larger scale map; the Singbhum craton\nalso\nhosts one of the major metal otect in the\nform of the Singbhum shear zone, which gives;\nwhich has produced substantial amount of copper\nand in addition to that is also one of\nthe uranium rich areas of the country.\nSo, Aravalli craton has been the major contributor\nof the lead and zinc deposit in the\nform of the sediment hosted massive sulphide\ndeposit or SMS or the SEDEX type of\ndeposit coming mainly from the Aravalli fold\nbelt in the Rajpura Dariba, in Jawar and in\nRampura Agucha; which we will be seeing them\na little detail.\nAnd also the north Delhi fold belt where a\nmajor copper producing zone has produced\nquite substantial amount of copper.\nAnd in addition to that, there are many other\nmineral\ncommodities which are produced from this particular\ncraton; we will be seeing them only\nselectively.\nAnd this is the Bundelkhand craton and also\nin between we do have some\nvery rudimentary or very not so, well developed\ngreenstone belts; coming from the\nMahakoshal belt over here and which also have\nbeen reported to be gold bearing in some\nand certain restricted areas.\nAnd similarly also from the Singbhum craton;\nthere are some\nsuch occurrences which have been reported.\nSo, if we look at the mineral potentials of\nthe Indian peninsula or Indian subcontinent\nas\na whole, we see the statistics a little bit\nover here; there is about 3.28 million square\nkilometer the hardrock is about 2.42 million\nsquare kilometer; what we exclude the\nsubstantial area that is covered by the Deccan\ntraps.\nThe alluvial cover is about 0.6 million square\nkilometer and on the right; the information\nthat we have is that we are the dominant producer\nof the industrial minerals which is\nMica, mostly coming from the Mica the pegmatite\nwe have Mica bearing pegmatite belts\nin Hazaribag district in Bihar.\nBarite, we are second in production of barite,\nwe are third in producing chromite yes\nwhich is basically coming from the Singbhum\ncraton; a little bit from Dharwar craton\nalso along with the old mafic units.\nAnd the major chromite resources come from\nthe\nSingbhum craton which we will just have a\nlook when we see the Singbhum craton map\nin details.\nAnd since we are not covering much of the\nnonmetals and the hydrocarbon hydrocarbon\nresources still as a piece of information,\nwe are also fifth in producing coal and lignite\nand we are sixth in iron ore production and\nbauxite and manganese were sixth and\nseventh respectively.\nIt would be good to see or it would be worthwhile\nto make a correspondence with the\ndifferent genetic deposit types that we just\nwent through and which we go by commodity\nwise; then first consider the most abundant\nof the metal such as iron.\nSo, the iron of\nsedimentary and the magmatic affiliation;\nas you have seen the genetic types the\nsedimentary thermogenic sedimentary deposits\nare the banded iron formation, the iron\nstones and the magnetic type of the Kiruna\ntype and the layered complexes the ones\nwhich are marked in white boxes.\nGenerally that such type of deposits we are\nwe are not considering here and also the iron\nstones are not considered as resources of\niron, which is considered for some separate\nresources.\nComing to the banded iron formation; we have\nthe Algoma type, Superior type\nand Raptian type and we do not have any report\nof occurrence of any Rapitan type\nbanded iron formation in anywhere in the peninsular\nIndia\nAs of now; so, we do have the Algoma type\nwhich I have just mentioned occurring in\nDharwar craton; in the Kudremukh area and\nsome other part in the schist belts of\nDharwar craton; there affiliation may be a\nlittle bit uncertain could be superior type\nassociated with volcanic members.\nAnd the Singbhum and the Bastar crtaon which\nare\ndefinitively of the Superior type; although\nthere are some references of them being\ngreenstones, but the widely held idea is that\nthese deposits which are occurring in the\nSingbhum and the Bastar craton; like the iron\nore craton and the Bailadila formation in\ncentral in the Bastar craton are the superior\ntype our information\u2019s occurring in extensive\nareas of hundreds of square kilometers.\nSo, we will go to that, but magmatic affiliation\ngenerally we see as layered complexes;\nwhat we have seen in case of Boswell complex\noccurring or the layered complexes\noccurring as oxide layers with the intermediate\ntype composition anorthositic - gabbroic\ntype of composition.\nThe only occurrence that we have in the Singbhum\ncraton is the simlipal complex which\ncomes to a near to that; there is certain\non economic occurrences of titanium and\nvanadium bearing iron oxides associated with\nthe Simlipal complex the details of which\nwe will not be discussing here.\nIt is a map; it is a little larger scale map\nof the Singbhum craton; this is a Singbhum,\nthis\nis the Singbhum mobile belt separating the\nNorthern and the Southern Singbhum craton.\nI would like to draw your attention to this\nparticular; the western part of the Singbhum\ncraton which is essentially known as the Noamundi\nbasin.\nAnd which hosts the rich iron\ndeposits and producing the iron ore in good\nquantity for our domestic consumption as\nwell as for exporting.\nAnd in this craton; we have this Noamundi\nbasin and the Gorumahishani and\nBadampahar basin which is also another iron\nore basin in the Singbhum craton.\nAnd the\nDaitari basin which is very close to the Sukinda\nthrust which marks the southern\nboundary of the Singbhum craton.\nAnd if we look at a little bit of a larger\nscale map of\nthis Noamundi basin; which is essentially\nin the form of a which is popularly known\nas\nthe horseshoe synclinorium - ; essentially\nthe synclinal structure and the iron formations\nare shown in this thick black curves and the\npatches here.\nSo, those are the different locations of the\nrich iron occurrences; although this belt\nruns\nfor a few tens of kilometers here.\nThe iron deposits are localized areas that\nthe\nenrichment has taken in different smaller\nlocalities; what is suggested is that this\nparticular synclinorium, the eastern limb\nthe ore deposits are more on the basinal because\nafter the major phase of deformation which\nhas given rise to this synclinorium structure.\nThere has been a cross folding in an east\nwest fold axis and its given rise to this\ncomplicated structure.\nAnd as it looks like the localization of the\nenriched iron ore in this\nparticular region is very much structurally\ncontrolled, where in the eastern limb; the\nmajor ore localities, the mines, are essentially\nbased on the domes that is formed by the\ncross folding and on the eastern limb it is\non the basins.\nAnd \nalso as we discussed about the very close\ngeochemical affinity and the special\ncloseness of occurrence of iron and manganese;\nthat we could see it clearly from here.\nThis is the core of this synclinorium; which\nhosts a number of important manganese\nlocalities; as is shown here.\nAnd what exactly we have when we see these\niron ore deposits and we go by the\nprinciples and the origin that we have discussed\nabout the iron formations; extensive iron\ndeposition from the seawater which was very\nrich in its iron held in plus two state.\nAnd\nthe conditions were favorable with increasing\natmospheric oxygen; they gave rise to the\niron ore formations which originally were\ndeposited as the laminated or the iron ores\nit\nmeso bands of iron rich and silica rich layer.\nBut those could not be directly used as iron\nores because the iron content will hardly\ngo\nto 17, 18 percent; whereas the ore which can\nbe treated for extraction of the metal; would\nrequire to at least 55 percent of iron.\nAnd so, this is understandable that these\nparticular;\nthese deposits must have undergone some enrichment\nprocesses after the formation; after\nthe original deposition.\nHere is an example of what exactly we get\nin an iron ore body which is taken from the\nNoammundi basin; it is a hypothetical reconstruction\nfrom the drill hole data by Beukes\net al recently.\nWhere we see that; in fact, when it occurs\nat as a minable or minable ore there; they\noccur in much more enriched form as occur\nor as lateritic ore, as goetheric ore where\nits\nmostly iron as soft hematitic ore or flaky\nhematitic ore; blue dust which essentially\nare\nthe products of processes enrichment.\nAnd that is the reason why it has been suggested\nthat such basins after; as we see them\ntoday in their deformed state and also have\nundergone variable degrees of metamorphism\nwith reconstitution of the ayers.\nAnd essentially selective leaching of silica\nbecause of\nhydrothermal solution and those hydrothermal\nactivities could be much later than the\nformation of this iron ore basins.\nAnd even the enrichment process which we also\ndiscussed during our discussion on the\nresidual concentration process; we also saw\nthat rich iron ore deposits also occur or\ncan\ncome into existence after they are subjected\nto such kind of enrichment process, which\ncould be even very very late in the geologic\nhistory; almost in the Centrozoic time.\nSo, this exemplifies and such kind of whether\nit is the iron would be seen in the iron ore\ncraton or in the Bailadila basin in central\nIndia.\nThe story is the same that the originally\ndeposited formations in the form of banded\niron formation with the measurements of iron\nrich and silica rich layers.\nThese materials have to undergo enrichment\nthrough processor hydrothermal activity and\nfurther enrichment process; even almost like\nsurface operating meteoric water; because\ndue to prevalence of conducive environment,\nthe iron ore gets further enriched to give\nrich ore bodies.\nSo, we will continue our discussion of the\nIndian ore deposits in the next class.\nThank you.\n"}
-{"text": "We always hear that capitalism is the best\npossible system.\nWe often hear \u201cCommunists killed 70 mill\nppl in china\u201d.\nAnd if you search for it you will find people\non the left claiming that capitalism kills\nmore people than that.\nSo we are going to have a look at the real\nfacts and come to our own conclusion.\nIn this video we will look at how many deaths\ncapitalism causes and in the follow up video\nwe will examine how many deaths communism\ncaused.\nBefore we can really see how many people die\nbecause of capitalism, we have to define what\nit is.\nThe Oxford English dictionary says capitalism\nis \u201can economic system in which a country\u2019s\nbusinesses and industry are controlled and\nrun for profit by private owners rather than\nby the government\u201d This can be summed up\nas the private ownership of industry and land\nas well as the institution of the free market.\nUsing this definition capitalism exists in\nevery country on earth except like\u2026\nNorth Korea so we will treat it as a global\nsystem.\nAll of us know that where there is profit\npeople work and where there is no profit they\ndon\u2019t.\nThat\u2019s a very basic feature of the market.\nOnly work if you can make a profit of it.\nIf, for example, a lot of people need water\nsomeone would set up a shop and supply them\nwith the water they need.\nAnd that\u2019s how it\u2019s supposed to work and\nthat\u2019s how it usually works.\nBut not always.\nSometimes the people who need water have no\nmoney, other times they will be competing\nwith richer people who need the water to shower\nor \u2026like\u2026flush their toilets or whatever.\nSince the person distributing the water will\nfollow the law of the free market he will\nsell the water to the rich people who offer\nmore.\nThis will lead to people who need it having\nno water.\nOf course ideally someone else will set up\nshop and give water to those without but in\nreality that doesn\u2019t always happen, which\nis due to the fact that it\u2019s more profitable\nto take a fraction of the profit in a rich\narea than to supply a poor area.\nSo, if someone dies because the ones who own\nand distribute the water have no incentive,\nor an incentive that is too small, that would\nthen be a death that can legitimately be blamed\non capitalism.\nSince the only way capitalism supplies people\nwith goods is the free market.\nNow let\u2019s look at some numbers, how many\npeople die because of the free market?\nAn interesting one is that it\u2019s estimated\nthat we produce enough food for 10 Billion\npeople each year while there are only 7.5\nBillion people on earth yet one in 8 people\n\u201clack the food to live a healthy life\u201d.\nThis obviously isn\u2019t a problem of production\nbut of distribution.\nThe food gets produced but it\u2019s not profitable\nto send it to the poor regions in Africa so\nthey don\u2019t do it and that leads to hunger,\nstarvation and death.\nI think it\u2019s fair to attribute those deaths\nto capitalism since hypothetically, if we\nhad a system that gives everyone the exact\nsame amount of food everyone would be overweight\nand nobody would have to starve.\nI am not saying that that would be the best\nsystem, but this thought experiment shows\nthat those deaths are very much the fault\nof the free market.\nSo now that we know this let\u2019s look at the\nreal numbers.\nWe begin with the obvious question.\nHow many people starve each year?\nI\u2019ve looked at multiple sources and most\nsay that over 9 Million people are expected\nto starve each year, this number is increasing\nas the effects of climate change increase.\nFurthermore 820 Million lack the food to live\na healthy life as I mentioned before.\nNext let\u2019s look at the people who die from\na lack of water treatment.\nIt\u2019s about 3.5 Million people annually who\nhave to die because it\u2019s too expensive for\nthe free market to supply them.\nAnother 3 Million die of preventable diseases\nbecause they lack healthcare which could be\nsupplied but not for free so the market doesn\u2019t\ndo it.\nJust like with water and food.\nWe are at 15.5 Million each year.\nSince 2000 that\u2019s almost 300 Million (\u202d294.5\nMillion) people who had to die because the\nfree market doesn\u2019t care for them.\nThat\u2019s the holocaust times 50.\nObviously this is way more than you and I\nexpected so I checked the numbers but it\u2019s\ntrue.\nThat\u2019s how many died because the market\neither could not or would not support them.\u202c\n\u202c\u202c\u202c\nThat sure makes you think doesn\u2019t it?\nRemember we didn\u2019t just take random things\nand blamed capitalism.\nI only counted deaths that could be averted\nin an alternative, albeit imaginary, economic\nsystem.\nStarvation, Dehydration and lack of vaccination\ncan be solved, just not by the free market.\nSo I guess this means that if someone says\nthey support capitalism they will have to\nexplain how they justify those deaths.\nCapitalism sure has created many things like\niPhones, cars, banks, billionaires, advertisements,\nendless wars, air travel, computers, wealth\ninequality, roads, highways, cities, mass\nstarvation and plenty of very pretty buildings\nfor the wealthy BUT in the end we have to\nask our self if that justifies 15.5 Million\nlives each year.\nI think it\u2019s strange that there is no conversation\non this, surely everyone should know that\nthe system we use causes so much death.\nI guess that opens the question on why we\nnever talk about the death caused by our economic\nsystem but always just the past ones like\ncommunism and feudalism.\nFeel free to tell me your explanation in the\ncomments.\nIf you want to see my video on the death toll\nof communism click the video on screen or\nif there is none there subscribe so you won\u2019t\nmiss it when I upload it.\nThanks for watching.\nCya\n"}
-{"text": "Hey, this is Donnie Smith\nand welcome to another Q and A video.\nIn this video,\nI'm going to answer a question\nthat I had on YouTube,\nand this question comes from Mike Renza,\nsays, \"I just painted using Eastwood\nEuropean Clear.\nWhen can I wet-sand and buff, and wax?\"\nAnd he also mentions\nit's 50 to 60 degrees.\nNow, this is in reference to\na video where I was spraying\nthe Eastwood European Clear,\nand I'll put a link down\nin the description if you\nwant to watch that video.\nBut as far as wet-sanding and buffing,\non their technical data sheet it says\nwait at least eight hours.\nNow, most technical data sheets\nare somewhere around 70 degrees.\nSo if it's colder, that may\nextend that a little bit.\nAnd if it's hotter, it may\nnot take quite as long.\nBut if you wait overnight,\nyou're probably going to be safe.\nEight, 10, 12 hours, I usually\nbuff things the next day.\nI'm not a production shop\nhere, but production shops\nuse clears that dry even faster,\nand they can buff them really fast.\nBut on this one, if you\nlet it sit overnight,\nyou'll probably be safe.\nNow, I will mention that that is\nthe best time to sand and buff\nbecause it's easier to sand.\nThat clear is still a little bit soft,\nso it's going to sand a little bit easier,\nand it's going to be able to polish,\nbuff and polish easier too.\nThe longer you wait, the\nharder that clear coat\nmakes it a little more\ndifficult to sand and buff.\nNow it can still be done at a later time,\nbut it's just going to be\na little bit more effort\nwith the buffing and the polishing\nto bring that full shine back.\nNow, whenever I'm talking\nabout wet-sanding and buffing,\nthis is talking about using\ncompounds and polishes.\nYou do not want to use\nwaxes on a new paint job.\nThe paint, it's dry in that eight hours.\nI mean, all the solvents\nhave evaporated and it's dry,\nbut it's not fully hardened.\nAnd most paint companies\nsay it takes like 90 days\nfor that clear coat to fully cure,\nand they recommend not\nwaxing it during that time.\nWhenever you do reach that\n90 days, that three months,\nIt is a real good idea to wax it though,\nbecause the wax actually\nputs a coating on it\nthat helps protect the clear coat\nfrom contaminants in the\nair and things like that.\nSo it is a good idea to wax it,\nbut wait until that time is up.\nWhether it really takes 90\ndays or not, I don't know,\nthat's just what is recommended,\nso I just follow the recommendations.\nSo if you've already waited a couple days,\nit wouldn't scare me to go\nahead and wet-sand and buff.\nYou do want to be careful with it.\nWhen you're washing it and\nstuff, make sure your mitts\nare all clean because\nremember, that clear coat\nis still soft and it's easy to scratch.\nThat's why most shops will\ntell you don't wash it\nfor a week or two, just in\ncase you wash it improperly,\nyou don't want to scratch it\nwith dirt in your wash mitt\nor things like that because\nthat paint is more prone\nto get swirl marks and\nscratches from dirt.\nSo you just got to be a lot more careful,\nbut a lot of people think\nyou can't wash the car\nthe next day.\nWell, we do in the shops all the time.\nWe're sanding, buffing, washing,\nbut we just know to be real\ncareful, take our time,\nand make sure everything is super clean.\nSo anyway, I hope that\nhelps answer your question.\nIf not, leave me another comment,\nor if you have other\nquestions, I always appreciate\nthese questions.\nAnd if you like this\nvideo, be sure and give me\na thumbs up, give me a\nlike, and we'll see you\nin the next video.\n"}
-{"text": "I have held the same philosophy I now hold\nfor as far back as I can remember. I have\nlearned a great deal through the years and\nexpanded my knowledge of details, of specific\nissues, of definitions, of applications, and\nI intend to continue expanding it, but I have\nnever had to change any of my fundamentals.\nMy philosophy, in essence, is the concept\nof man as a heroic being, with his own happiness\nas the moral purpose of his life, with productive\nachievement as his noblest activity, and reason\nas his only absolute.\nUniversity of Michigan television presents\nan interview with a challenging critic of\nintellectual life and leadership in America\ntoday, an interview with Ayn Rand, noted American\nnovelist, author of The Fountainhead and Atlas\nShrugged, and philosopher-spokesman for America\u2019s\nnew intellectual. To interview Miss Rand,\nProf. James McConnell of the Department of\nPsychology at the University of Michigan.\nMiss Rand, a moment ago we heard you mention\nthe fundamentals of your philosophy of life.\nI suppose it\u2019s true that, at least in one\nsense, every novelist is a philosopher. But\nI think very few novelists have devoted the\ntime and the energy that you have to the development\nof a consistent philosophical system, so let\nme begin by asking you: Do you consider yourself\nprimarily a novelist or primarily a philosopher?\nI would say I am primarily both, equally,\nand for the same reasons. You see my main\ninterest and purpose, both in literature and\nin philosophy, is to define and present the\nimage of an ideal man, the specific concrete\nimage of what man can be and ought to be,\nand when I started writing, when I approached\nthe task of literature and began to study\nphilosophy, I discovered that I was in profound\ndisagreement with all the existing philosophies,\nparticularly their codes of morality. Therefore,\nI had to do my own thinking. I had to define\nmy own full philosophical system in order\nto discover and present the kind of ideas\nand premises that make an ideal man possible,\nin order to define what kind of convictions\nwould result in the character of an ideal\nman.\nI think your novels show very clearly that\nyou have achieved that sort of fusion of philosophy\nand fiction that I think you aimed for.\nThank you.\nYou know, in several of your novels you\u2019ve\nmade the point that leadership in any culture,\nnot only in art, but in literature, morality,\npolitics and economics, that this sort of\nleadership must be provided by what you call\nthe professional intellectuals.\nThat\u2019s right.\nI wonder if you could tell me just what you\nmean by the term professional intellectuals.\nWho are they for example?\nThe professional intellectuals are, in effect,\nthe field agents of the army whose head or\ncommander in chief is the philosopher. The\nphilosopher, the man who defines the basic,\nfundamental ideas of a culture, is the man\nwho determines history. And professional intellectuals\nare all those whose professions deal with\nthe humanities, the studies of man as against\nthe physical sciences. The professional intellectuals,\nin all their various professions, carry to\nthe rest of the culture, the rest of society,\nthe philosophical premises, the ideas which\nhave been defined by the philosopher. Therefore\nthey are the transmission belts. They are\nthe ones who determine the goals, the values,\nand the direction of a culture.\nIs this true in any culture? Would it be true\nno matter where you found them?\nIt is true in a civilized culture, but historically\nyou must remember this: The new intellectual,\nrather the intellectual is a very recent phenomenon.\nThere were no such phenomenon as a professional\nintellectual prior to the Industrial Revolution\nand the birth of capitalism. Prior to that,\nmen could not make a living, could not make\na profession of intellectual work. The mind,\nthe intellect, reason, had no value in those\nearlier cultures. It is only since the birth\nof capitalism and of a free society that men,\nfor the first time in history, acquired the\nchance to make a living by means of dealing\nwith ideas. Reason became a practical issue\nfor the first time, and the height of it was\nthe 19th century. Today, this is the value\nwhich we are losing, and it is the intellectuals\nwho are betraying it.\nYou think, then, that American intellectual\nleadership has collapsed?\nYes, collapsed and abdicated.\nHow have the intellectuals failed to do the\nthings that they ought to do? How have they\nnot lived up to their responsibility?\nBy betraying the very premise that makes their\nexistence possible: by denying the intellect.\nFor decades now, the intellectuals have been\nprogressively preaching and advocating the\nidea that the intellect is impotent, that\nman can know nothing for certain, that reason\nis unreliable, and that in fact man has no\npower to know the facts of reality. This amounts\nto men who, proclaiming themselves intellectual,\nspend their time denying the validity of the\nintellect. That is a form of committing suicide.\nAnd today, when you see the rise of such openly\nmystical, anti-intellectual philosophies as\nZen Buddhism or existentialism, doctrines\nwhich cannot really properly be called philosophies,\nthis is the admission of intellectual bankruptcy\non the part of those who accept it. If in\na group of men, such a theory as Zen Buddhism,\nwhich is a doctrine originating about the\nfifth century BC, if that becomes the latest\nword of the mind, it isn\u2019t I who am condemning\nthem \u2013 they have condemned themselves by\ntheir own actions. They have given up. They\nhave declared their intellectual bankruptcy\nand have gone back to the mysticism of the\nDark Ages.\nWhy do you think they\u2019ve done this?\nBecause, since philosophers are the ones who\nreally set the basic premises of the whole\nintellectual profession, the philosophies\nof the Western world have been going progressively\nmore and more towards mysticism ever since\nthe Renaissance. The Renaissance was achieved,\nwas the intellectual result, of the Aristotelian\ninfluence, the influence of Aristotle\u2019s\nphilosophy, which in effect destroyed in the\nMiddle Ages and broke the way for the Renaissance.\nBut ever since then, while men, while the\nculture in general, were achieving incredible\nprogress culminating in the 19th century,\non the basis of that Aristotelian influence,\nthe intellectuals, ever since Immanuel Kant,\nwere going progressively more and more against\nreason. The trend started of course before\nKant, but I consider Kant the crucial destroyer\nand the crucial turning point. He was the\nphilosopher who undercut the validity of reason.\nHe did not really succeed, but his is the\nmost skillful system of pushing reason off\nthe philosophical scene altogether, and to\nthe extent to which other philosophers and\nintellectuals accepted his basic premises,\nto that extent they have been moving towards\na noumenal, mystical world ever since.\nYou mentioned Kant. You mentioned Aristotle\nand his influence on the Renaissance. Under\nwhose influence was the world before the Renaissance?\nLet\u2019s go back and look at some of the \u2013\nBefore the Renaissance, the Middle Ages, the\nDark Ages were ruled by mysticism, that is,\nby religion and philosophy. And in those periods,\nphilosophy was considered a handmaiden of\ntheology. The predominant philosophical influence\nwas Plato \u2014 Plato\u2019s through Plotinus and\nAugustine, who were philosophically Platonists.\nAristotle\u2019s triumph in effect began with\nThomas Aquinas, who brought back the philosophy\nof Aristotle, most particularly its most important\npart, epistemology, logic, reason.\nWell, what in particular about Kant\u2019s system\nof philosophy do you think was responsible\nfor the trend that you see today in philosophy?\nVery cumbersome, very complex and very false\nand phony system of dividing man\u2019s intellect,\nman\u2019s mind, from reality, and declaring that what we perceive is only an\nillusion created by some special kind of categories\nand forms of perception in our own mind. By\ndeclaring and allegedly proving, allegedly,\nthat we can never perceive things as they\nare, which simply means that any object which\nis perceived is thereby false. If an object\nis perceived, it means our perception is incorrect.\nIt was in effect an attack on the whole concept\nof consciousness, not only human consciousness\nbut any consciousness. It was the denial of\nthe reality or the validity of our perceptions.\n"}
-{"text": "Director Steven Spielberg changed blockbuster\ncinema forever in 1993 when he released the\ndinosaur-resurrecting epic Jurassic Park,\nwhich remains one of the most successful and\npopular movies ever made.\nThe impressive cast included two unknown child\nactors playing the forever-traumatized grandchildren\nof the park's creator, Jon Hammond.\nDecades after becoming famous for running\nfrom raptors, and with the franchise still\nroaring at five films and counting, where\nare they now?\nAriana Richards\nNow here's something that'll make you feel\nsuper-old: as of the making of this video,\nAriana Richards is only one year younger than\nJeff Goldblum was when he began filming Jurassic\nPark with Richards in 1992.\nRichards was 12 when she played Lex Murphy,\na skilled young hacker \u2026 well, at least\nby '90s cinematic standards \u2026\n\"You got it?\"\n\"Yes!\"\nOver the years, Richards shifted from acting\nto painting, which is now her main professional\nfocus.\nShortly after Jurassic Park's release, Richards\nsent Steven Spielberg a watercolor self-portrait\ninspired by one of the scenes in the film.\nThe painting now hangs in Spielberg's office.\nAlong with her role as the pogo-stick-loving\nMindy Sterngood in the 1990 cult hit Tremors,\nRichards' most well-known on-screen appearances\nwere in the Jurassic Park franchise.\nIn 1997, she briefly appeared in Jurassic\nPark sequel The Lost World, and followed that\ncameo with handful of TV movies over the years.\nIn 2015, she told People,\n\"If some great role or project finds me, absolutely\nthat could be a nice thing to do, for sure.\"\nAt the time of that interview, her latest\nTV movie was 2013's Battledogs, which was\nproduced by The Asylum, the team behind the\nSharknado movies ... and she hasn't acted\nsince.\n\"Chew on this, mother!\"\nRichards did, however, make an appearance\nat the June 2018 premiere of Jurassic World:\nFallen Kingdom, where she reunited with her\nformer co-star Jeff Goldblum.\nJoseph Mazzello\nTalk about friends in high places!\nIn a 2013 interview with People, Joseph Mazzello\nrevealed that Steven Spielberg helped him\nget into the University of Southern California\nby writing him a letter of recommendation.\nMazzello graduated with a degree in cinema\nand television, but has also acted steadily\nsince becoming famous in Jurassic Park for\nhis role as the dino-loving Tim Murphy.\n\"Galluh- Gallimimus!\"\nHis biggest post-Park roles include The Social\nNetwork, in which he played the Harvard student\nwho inspired Mark Zuckerberg to add relationship\nstatuses to Facebook profiles, and a stint\nin the HBO Emmy-winning miniseries, The Pacific.\nIn 2016, he made his directorial debut with\nthe sports comedy-drama Undrafted, starring\nChace Crawford, Jim Belushi, and Mazzello\nhimself.\nThe film is based on Mazzello's brother, a\ncollege baseball star who was scouted to play\nin the majors, but ultimately didn't make\nthe cut.\nMazzello will next appear as Queen's bass\nplayer John Deacon in Bryan Singer's Freddie\nMercury bio-pic Bohemian Rhapsody, which began\nfilming in September 2017.\nWhen filming wrapped in January 2018, he tweeted:\n\"I'm sad.\nEvery moment was a pleasure.\nEvery day was a blessing.\nOne of the all time great experiences of my\nlife.\"\nAnd that's saying a lot, considering his iconic\nrole in one of the most celebrated motion\npictures ever made.\nThanks for watching!\nClick the Looper icon to subscribe to our\nYouTube channel.\nPlus check out all this cool stuff we know\nyou'll love, too!\n"}
-{"text": "\nEnglish: \nDear Fellow Scholars, this is Two Minute Papers\nwith K\u00e1roly Zsolnai-Feh\u00e9r.\nThis episode has been sponsored by Lambda\nLabs.\nNot so long ago, we talked about DeepMind\u2019s\nAlphaStar, an AI that was able to defeat top-tier\nhuman players in Starcraft 2, a complex real-time\nstrategy game.\nOf course, I love talking about AI\u2019s that\nare developed to challenge pro gamers at a\nvariety of difficult games, so this time around,\nwe\u2019ll have a look another major milestone,\nOpenAI Five, which is an AI that plays DOTA2,\na multiplayer online battle arena game with\na huge cult following.\nAs this game requires long-term strategic\nplanning, it is a classic nightmare scenario\nfor any AI.\nBut OpenAI is no stranger to DOTA2, in 2017\nthey showed us an initial version of their\nAI that was able to play 1 versus 1 games\nwith only one hero and was able to reliably\n\nFrench: \n \n \nR\u00e9cemment nous avons parl\u00e9 de l'IA alphaStar de deepMind, une IA capable de battre des joueurs\nde tr\u00e8s haut niveau \u00e0 starcraft 2, une jeu de strat\u00e9gie en temps r\u00e9el tr\u00e8s complexe\nJ'adore \u00e9videmment parler d'IA qui sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es pour jouer contre des joueurs professionels \u00e0\nde nombreux jeux difficiles, so pour aujourd'hui, nous allons regarder un autre pilier du jeu vid\u00e9o,\nOpenAi five qui est une IA qui joue \u00e0 Dota 2, un MOBA avec\nune grande communaut\u00e9e.\nComme ce jeux demande une planification de la strat\u00e9gie \u00e0 long-terme,\nc'est habituellement un cauchemar pour tous les d\u00e9veloppeurs d'IA.\nMais OpenAi n'est pas \u00e9trang\u00e8re \u00e0 dota2, en 2017, ils nous ont montr\u00e9 une premi\u00e8re version de leurs\nAi, capable de jouer 1 contre 1 avec un seul h\u00e9ro, et f\u00fbt capable\n\nFrench: \nde battre dendy, un joueur professionnel.\nc'\u00e9tait une \u00e9tape de franchie, cependant, c'\u00e9tait dans le but d'\u00eatre un tremplin\nafin de jouer \u00e0 la version normale(5 contre 5)\nEn 2018, ils ont d\u00e9voil\u00e9 OpenAi 5, une version am\u00e9ior\u00e9e de cette IA\nqui joue du 5 contre >5, capable de jouer un nombre limit\u00e9 de h\u00e9ro,\ncette \u00e9quipe \u00e9tait capable de battre de bons joueurs, mais n'avait pas encore le niveau\nd'une \u00e9quipe professionnelle.\nDans une longue interview, l'\u00e9quipe de recherche d'OpenAi d\u00eet qu'a cause de la date limite\nde l'\u00e9v\u00e9nement international, il ont d^u faire certaines concessions\nA ce moment, plusieurs choses avaient chang\u00e9es,\nD\u00e9j\u00e0, ils n'ont pas rencontr\u00e9 que des \u00e9quipes locales de tr\u00e8s bon joueurs, ils ont\njou\u00e9s contre OG, l'\u00e9quipe championne du monde.\nUn coup ambitieux,qui montre leur confiance dans ce match.\nEnsuite, ces-temps-ci, il n'y avait pas de date limite vu que la date a \u00e9t\u00e9\n\nEnglish: \nbeat Dendi, a world champion player.\nThat was quite an achievement, however, of\ncourse, this was meant to be a stepping stone\ntowards playing the real DOTA2.\nThen, in 2018, they unveiled OpenAI Five,\nan improved version of this AI that played\n5 versus 5 games with a limited hero pool.\nThis team was able to defeat competent players,\nbut was still not quite at the level of a\nworld champion human team.\nIn a one-hour interview, the OpenAI research\nteam mentioned that due to the deadline of\nThe International event, they had to make\nquite a few concessions.\nAnd this time, several things have changed.\nFirst, they didn\u2019t just challenge some local\nteam of formidable players, no-no, they flat\nout challenged OG, the reigning world champion\nteam.\nAn ambitious move, that exudes confidence\nfrom their side.\nSecond, this time around, there was no tight\ndeadline as the date of the challenge was\n\nEnglish: \nchosen by OpenAI.\nLet\u2019s quickly talk about the rules of the\ncompetition and then \u2026see if OpenAI\u2019s\nconfident move was justified!\nThese learning agents don\u2019t look at the\npixels of the game, and as a result, they\nsee the world as a big bunch of numbers.\nAnd this time around, it was able to play\na pool of 17 heroes, and trained against itself\nfor millions and millions of games.\nAnd now, let\u2019s have a look at what happened\nin this best of 3 series!\nIn match 1, right after picking the roster\nof heroes, the AI estimated its win probability\nto be 67%, so it was quite a surprise that\nearly on it looked like OpenAI\u2019s bots were\nrunning around aimlessly.\nOver time, we found out that it was not at\nall the case - it plays unusually aggressively\nfrom the get-go and uses buybacks quite liberally\nat times when human players don\u2019t really\nconsider it to be a good choice.\n\nFrench: \nchoisie par OpenAi.\nParlons rapidement des r\u00e8gles de la comp\u00e9tition, et enfin, voyons si la confiance d'OpenAi\n\u00e9tait justifi\u00e9e.\nCes ordinateurs ne regardent pas les pixels du jeu, et donc,\nils ne voient l'\u00e9cran que comme des chiffres.\nA \u00e0 ce moment l'IA pouvait jouer 17 h\u00e9ros, et c'est entrain\u00e9e contre elle-m\u00eame\npour des millions de millions de parties.\nMaintenant, regardons le match qui s'est d\u00e9roul\u00e9 en 2 parties gagnantes.\nDans le premier match, Apr\u00e8s la selection des h\u00e9ros, l'IA a estim\u00e9 sa probabilit\u00e9 de gagner\n\u00e0 67%, donc ce f\u00fbt une surprise lorsque les bots d'OpenAi jouaient\ntr\u00e8s agressivement.\nAve le temps, on s'est aper\u00e7u que ce n\u2019\u00e9tait pas du tout le cas.  Ils jouaient sont prendre garde\ndepuis le d\u00e9but de la partie et revendaient leurs \u00e9quipements quand les joueurs humains\nne consid\u00e9raient pas ces actions comme de bons choix.\n\nEnglish: \nThese buybacks resurrect a perished hero quickly\nbut in return, cost money.\nLater, it became clearer that these bots are\nno joke: they know exactly when to engage\nand when to back out from an engagement with\nthe smallest sliver of health left.\nI will show quite a few examples of those\nto you during this video, so stay tuned.\nA little less than 20 minutes in, we had a\nvery even game 1, if anything, OpenAI seemed\na tiny bit behind, and someone noted that\nwe should perhaps ask the bots what they think\nabout their chances.\nAnd then the AI said, yeah, no worries, we\nhave a higher than 95% chance to win the game.\nThis was such a pivotal moment that was very\nsurprising for everyone.\nOf course, if you you call out a win with\nconfidence, you better go all the way and\nindeed win the game.\nRight?\nRight.\nAnd sure enough, they wiped out almost the\nentire world champion team of the human players\n\nFrench: \nCes rachats, ressuscitent un h\u00e9ro mort mais co\u00fbtent cher.\nPlus tard, on se rendit compte que ces bots ne rigolaient pas. , ils savent exactement quand engager\net pouvaient s\u2019\u00e9chapper \u00e0 chaque fois tr\u00e8s proche de la mort.\nJe vais vous en montrer quelque exemples pendant cette vid\u00e9o, regardez bien.\nun peu par\u00e8s 20 minutes, la partie \u00e9tait asser \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e, OpenAi avait l'air\nun peu derri\u00e8re, et quelqu'un demanda si on pouvait savoir \u00e0 combien l'IA\nestimait ses chances de victoire.\nEt l'IA r\u00e9pondit, \"relax, nous avons plus de 95% de chances de gagner la partie\".\nCe fut une surprise pour tout le monde.\nBien sur, si vous annoncez une victoire avec confiance, vous feriez mieux de\ngagner votre partie.\nNon ?\nOui.\nEt bien sur, il ont \u00e9limin\u00e9 presque l'enti\u00e8ret\u00e9 de l'\u00e9quipe championne en titre d'humains,\n\nEnglish: \nimmediately after.\nAnd then noted, you know what, remember that\nwe just said?\nForget that.\nWe estimate our chances to win to be above\n99% now.\nAnd shortly after, they won match number one.\nCan you believe this?\nThis is absolutely amazing.\nInterestingly, one of the developers said\nthat the AI is great at assessing whether\na fight is worth it.\nAs an interesting corollary, if you engage\nwith it and it fights you, it probably means\nyou are going to lose.\nThat must be quite confusing for the players.\nSome mind games for you.\nLove it.\nAt the event, it was also such a joy to see\nsuch a receptive audience that understood\nand appreciated high-level plays.\n\nFrench: \njuste apr\u00e8s.\nVous rendez-vous de nos chances de victoires ?\nOubliez-\u00e7a.\nNous estimons maintenant notre chances de victoire \u00e0 plus de 99%.\nIl gagnerons le match peu de temps apr\u00e8s.\nY croyez-vous ?\nC'est fascinant.\nFait int\u00e9ressant: un des d\u00e9veloppeurs nota que l'IA est bonne pour \u00e9valuer l'issue d'un combat\navant de le lancer.\nUne d\u2019\u00e9coul\u00e9e int\u00e9ressante de cela, est que si vous engagez un combat contre elle, il se pourrait\nque vous perdiez ce combat.\nce peut \u00eatre confus pour les joueurs.\n \n \nA l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement, c'\u00e9tait super de voir une audience si receptive qui compris\net appr\u00e9cia des parties d'un tel niveau.\n\nEnglish: \nOnwards to match number two.\nRight after the draft, which is the process\nof choosing the heroes for each team, the\nAI predicted a win percentage that was much\ncloser this time around, around 60%.\nIn this game, the AI turned up the heat real\nfast, and said just 5 minutes into the game,\nwhich is nothing, that it has an over 80%\nchance to win this game.\nAnd now, watch this.\nEarly in this game, you can see a great example\nof where the AI just gets away with a sliver\nof health.\nLook at this guy.\nLook at that!\n\nFrench: \nVoyons maintenant la deuxi\u00e8me partie.\nApr\u00e8s la s\u00e9lection des h\u00e9ros,\nl'IA, pr\u00e9dit autour de 60% de chances de victoires.\nDans cette partie, l'IA mis le feu tr\u00e8s vite, apr\u00e8s seulement 5 min,\nce qui est tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t, elle estimait d\u00e9j\u00e0 ses chances de victoires \u00e0 80%.\nEt maintenant regardez\nT\u00f4t dans la partie, vous pouvez voir un bel exemple o\u00f9 l'IA s'en sort aux portes\nde la mort.\nRegardez ce personnage.\nregardez \u00e7a !\n\nFrench: \nC'est un accident ou une exceptionnelle clairvoyance de ce bot.\nj'adorerais savoir ce que vous en pensez.\nApr\u00e8s les 9min30, l'IA d\u00eet oui,\ncette partie aussi est pour nous.\nplus de 95\u00f9.\nici, vous pouvez voir que l'IA perd un h\u00e9ro, mais juste apr\u00e8s\ntue \u00e9 des h\u00e9ros humains, et s'en sort favorablement, a ce point on ce demande\nsi c'\u00e9tait un app\u00e2t d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9.\nApr\u00e8s les 15 minutes, les humains ont perdu un objectif important, \u00e9taient en manque de ressources\n\nEnglish: \nThis is either an accident or some unreal-level\nforesight from the side of this agent.\nI\u2019d love to hear your opinion on which one\nyou think it is.\nBy the 9 and a half minute mark, which is\nstill really early, OpenAI Five said yes,\nwe got this one too.\nOver 95%.\nHere you see in interesting scenario where\nthe AI loses one hero, but it almost immediately\nkills two of the human heroes, and comes out\nfavorably, at which point we wonder whether\nthis was a deliberate bait it pulled on the\nhumans.\nBy the 15-minute mark, the human players lost\na barracks and were heavily underfunded and\n\nEnglish: \noutplayed with seemingly no way to come back.\nAnd sure enough, by the 21-minute mark, the\ngame was over.\nThere is no other way to say it, this second\ngame was a one-sided beatdown.\nGame 1 was a strategic back and forth where\nOpenAI Five waited for the right moment to\nwin the game in a big team fight, where here,\nthey pressured human team from the get-go\nand never let them reach the endgame where\nthey might have and advantage with their picks.\nAlso, have a look at this.\nUnreal.\nThe final result is 2 to 0 for OpenAI.\nIn the post match interview, N0tail, one of\nthe human players noted that he is confident\nthat from 5 games, they would take at least\none, and after 15 games, they would start\n\nFrench: \net se gagnaient plus de combats.\n\u00c7a annon\u00e7ait bien la suite, les humains perdirent \u00e0 la 21\u00e8me minute.\nOn ne peut pas le dire autrement, ce match \u00e9tait unilat\u00e9ral.\nLa partie 1 \u00e9tait serr\u00e9e o\u00f9 l'IA attendait le bon moment pour\ngagner la partie dans un grand combat, alors que dans la deuxi\u00e8me, ils ont mis la pression\npour le jamais laisser les humain s'en sortir.\nAussi, regardez-\u00e7a,.\nirr\u00e9el.\nLe r\u00e9sultat \u00e9tait 2 - 0 pour  l'IA.\ndans l\u2019interview d'apr\u00e8s match, n0tail, un des joueurs pro \u00e9tait confiant\nque sur 5 parties, ils ne auraient gagner 1, et apr\u00e8s 15, ils commenceraient\n\nEnglish: \nwinning reliably.\nVery reminiscent of what we have heard from\nplayers playing against DeepMind\u2019s AI in\nStarCraft 2 and I hope this will be tested.\nHowever, in the end, he agreed that it is\ninevitable that this AI will become unbeatable\nat some point.\nIt was also noted that in 5v5 fights, they\nseem better in planning than any human team\nis and there is quite a lot to learn from\nthe AI for us humans.\nThey were also trying to guess the reasoning\nfor all of these early buybacks.\nAccording to the players, initially, they\nflat out seemed like misplays.\nPerhaps the reason for these instant and not\nreally great buybacks might have been the\nfact that the AI knows that if the game goes\non for much longer, statistically, their chances\nwith their given composition to win the game\ndwindles, so it needs to immediately go and\nwin right now, whatever the cost.\nAnd again, an important lesson is that in\nthis project, OpenAI is not spending so much\n\nFrench: \n\u00e0 gagner constamment.\nC'est ce que disaient les joueurs de starcrafts 2\nquand ils jouaient avec l'IA de DeepMind, j'espe\u00e8re que ce sera test\u00e9 un jour.\nPar contre, ils \u00e9tait d'accord pour dire que l'IA deviendrait imbattable\n\u00e0 long terme.\nil a  aussi indiqu\u00e9 que lors des combats 5 contre 5, l'IA \u00e9tait meilleure \u00e0 la gestion que n'importe quelle \u00e9quipe humaine.\nOn peut beaucoup apprendre de l'IA.\nLes joueurs essayaient aussi de comprendre le raisonnement derri\u00e8re tous ces rachats.\nD'apr\u00e8s eux, ils semblaient inappropri\u00e9s,\nCe pourrait \u00eatre que la raison des rachats \u00e9tait que\nl'IA savait que si la partie durait plus longtemps, elle avait moins de chance\nde gagner avec leurs h\u00e9ros, donc elle devait investir vite\net gagner d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but, quel qu\u2019en soit le co\u00fbt.\nEt encore, une le\u00e7on \u00e0 retirer de cette exp\u00e9rience, OpeAi ne d\u00e9pense pas tant\n\nEnglish: \nmoney and resources to just play video games.\nDOTA2 is a wonderful testbed to see how their\nAI compares to humans at complex tasks that\ninvolve strategy and teamwork.\nHowever, the ultimate goal is to reuse parts\nof this system for other complex problems\noutside of video games.\nFor example, the algorithm that you\u2019ve seen\nhere today can also do this.\nBut wait, there\u2019s more.\nPlayers after these showmatches always tend\nto get these messages from others on Twitter\ntelling them what they did wrong and what\nthey should have done instead.\nWell, luckily, these people were able to show\ntheir prowess as OpenAI gave the chance for\nanyone in the world to challenge the OpenAI\nFive competitively and play against them online.\nThis way, not only team OG, but everyone can\nget crushed by the AI.\nHow cool is that?\n\nFrench: \nd'argent  et de ressource pour jouer aux jeux-vid\u00e9os.\nDOTA2 est un super test d'entrainement pour comparer l'IA aux humains dans des t\u00e2ches complexes\nimpliquant strat\u00e9gie et jeux d'\u00e9quipe.\ncependant, le but final,est de r\u00e9utiliser des parties de ce syst\u00e8me dans d'autres probl\u00e8mes complexes\nautre que le jeu vid\u00e9o.\nPar exemple, l'algorithme que vous avez vu peut aussi faire \u00e7a.\nMais attendez, il y a plus.\nLes joueurs apr\u00e8s ces match d'exhibition, peuvent recevoir des messages sur twitter\nleur disant qu'est-ce qu'ils ont mal fait et ce qu'il auraient du faire.\nHeureusement, ces gens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 capable de montrer leurs progr\u00e8s vu que l'OpenAi  donne la chance\n\u00e0 n'importe qui dans le monde de se mesurer \u00e0 elle en ligne.\nGr\u00e2ce \u00e0 \u00e7a, n'importe qui peut se faire battre par l'IA autre que les \u00e9quipe professionnelles.\nA quel point est-ce cool ?\n\nEnglish: \nThis Arena event has concluded with over 15000\ngames played where OpenAI Five had a 99.4%\nwinrate.\nThere are still ways to beat it, but given\nthe rate of progress of this project, likely\nnot for long.\nInsanity.\nAs always, if you are interested in more details,\nI put a link to a reddit AMA in the video\ndescription, and I also can\u2019t wait to pick\nthe algorithm apart for you, but for now,\nwe\u2019ll have to wait for the full paper to\nappear.\nAnd note that what happened here is not to\nbe underestimated.\nHuge respect to the OpenAI team, to OG for\nthe amazing games and congratulations to the\nhumans who were able to beat these beastly\nbots online.\nSo there you go, another long video that\u2019s\nnot two minutes, and it\u2019s not about a paper.\nYet.\nWelcome to Two Minute Papers!\nIf you\u2019re doing deep learning, make sure\nto look into Lambda GPU systems.\nLambda offers workstations, servers, laptops,\nand a GPU cloud for deep learning.\n\nFrench: \nCet \u00e9v\u00e8nement se conclut avec plus de 15 000 parties o\u00f9 l'IA avait 99.4%\nde taux de victoire.\nIl y a encore des moyens de gagner, mais vu le rythme de progr\u00e8s de l'IA,\nca ne va pas durer longtemps.\nInsanity.\nComme toujours, si vous \u00eates int\u00e9ress\u00e9 par plus de d\u00e9tails, je met un lien vers le Reddit AMA dans\nla description de la vid\u00e9o. J'ai aussi h\u00e2te de prendre l'algorithme pour vous l'explique, mais pour l'instant\non devra attendre que le papier complet soit sortit.\nEt notez qu'il ne faut pas sous estimez ce que vous venez de voir.\nGrand respect \u00e0 l'\u00e9quipe OpenAi, l'\u00e9quipe OG, pour ces super parties, et f\u00e9licitations aux\nqui ont su battre l'IA en ligne.\nEncore une vid\u00e9o qui n'a pas dur\u00e9 2 minutes et qui ne parle pas d'un papier.\nencore.\nBienvenue dans  minuts paper !\n \n \n\nFrench: \n \n \n \n \n \nMerci \u00e0 lambda de sponsoriser 2 minuts paper et m'aider \u00e0 faire de meilleures vid\u00e9os.\nmerci d'avoir regard\u00e9 et de me soutenir, on se voit la prochaine fois !!\n\nEnglish: \nYou can save up to 90% over AWS, GCP, and\nAzure GPU instances.\nEvery Lambda GPU system is pre-installed with\nTensorFlow, PyTorch, and Keras.\nJust plug it in and start training.\nLambda customers include Apple, Microsoft,\nand Stanford.\nGo to lambdalabs.com/papers or click the link\nin the description to learn more.\nBig thanks to Lambda for supporting Two Minute\nPapers and helping us make better videos.\nThanks for watching and for your generous\nsupport, and I'll see you next time!\n"}
-{"text": "The driving desire for me in agriculture is the fact that it's really diverse. Agriculture in the United States,\nwe produce the food, fiber, fuel, and pharmaceuticals for the world\nso we we basically provide life.\nI cannot think of a single student that couldn't find a niche somewhere in agriculture.\nYou know the university has a farm so students get hands-on\nfield application of everything that they learned in the classroom and almost every single one of our classes has a lab component to it and\nthose labs then\ngive us an opportunity to give students that exposure. And then we have an equine program\nwhere students don't have to own their own horse if they want to learn how to ride a horse.\nThe University actually provides horses for them. The thing that kept me and has brought me to Southern Utah University is the\necosystems.I can load students up in the van and we can go, in 45 minutes\nwe can be on the Mojave Desert, or I can take them up to 11,000 feet elevation.\nWe can see all the different plants and vegetation in those ecosystems from a desert to alpine.\nSo that's really intriguing to me, and that's really exciting and my students seem to really like that aspect,\nthat it's all field oriented, we're out in the field\nstudying plants in their system.\nWe have work-study positions where students can actually get on hired on to the farm crew,\nwe used to keep four or five students around that help feed the livestock.\nWe have a range club and we have an agriculture club\nwhich is part of the actual Farm Bureau. They learn in the classroom, plus the club activities plus,\nthe stuff out at the farm all gets them inspired. If you're going to study in the BIS degree in Agriculture\nyou're going to be exposed to a huge, diverse, broad\nbreadth of topics- everything from soil science, to animal science,\nto crop science, to economics, to ag business, to\nmarketing, and all that. So an animal scientists could go on to get a graduate degree in animal science,\nstudy nutrition, something along those lines. Somebody that's going to do the crop science can go into\nIFA, work at the local IFA through the agronomic type of things or they can go to\nseed companies or\nfertilizer companies those kinds of things in sell retail\nproducts that way. And then we have the range science natural resources where they can get into\npublic land management, public land agencies\nthat give them an opportunity to get employment in those areas.\nSo there's there's a tremendous broad field of opportunities in agriculture\nthey are leaving our program here qualified for those jobs.\n"}
-{"text": "\nDutch: \n1 2 3\nKOM OP!!!\n1 2\n\nGerman: \n1 2 3\nKOMM SCHON!!!\n1 2\n\nPortuguese: \n1, 2, 3\nVAMOS L\u00c1!!!\n1, 2\n\nFrench: \n1 2 3\nALLONS!!!\n1 2\n\nJapanese: \n1 2 3\n\u3044\u3044\u52a0\u6e1b\u306b\u3057\u3066\uff01\uff01\uff01\n1 2\n\nTurkish: \n1 2 3\nGEL\n1 2\n\nSpanish: \n1 2 3\n\u00a1\u00a1\u00a1VENGA!!!\n1 2\n\nEnglish: \n1 2 3\nCOME ON!!!\n1 2\n\nDanish: \n1 2 3\nKOM NU!!!\n1 2\n\nEnglish: \n1 2 3!!!\nCOME ON!!!\n\nSpanish: \n1 2 3 !!!\n\u00a1\u00a1\u00a1VENGA!!!\n\nJapanese: \n1 2 3 !!!\n\u3044\u3044\u52a0\u6e1b\u306b\u3057\u3066\uff01\uff01\uff01\n\nDanish: \n1 2 3 !!!\nKOM NU!!!\n\nFrench: \n1 2 3 !!!\nALLONS!!!\n\nTurkish: \n1 2 3 !!!\nGEL!!!\n\nDutch: \n1 2 3 !!!\nKOM OP!!!\n\nPortuguese: \n1, 2, 3!!!\nVAMOS L\u00c1!!!\n\nGerman: \n1 2 3 !!!\nKOMM SCHON!!!\n"}
-{"text": "When we detected the very first gravitational\nwave, a new window was opened to the mysteries\nof the universe.\nWe knew we\u2019d see things previously thought\nimpossible.\nAnd we just did - an object on the boundary\nbetween neutron stars and black holes, which\npromises to reveal the secrets of both.\nBy now we\u2019re becoming used to announcements\nthat a new gravitational wave event has been\ndetected.\nAs though it\u2019s no big deal that we regularly\nread the infinitesimal ripples in the fabric\nof spacetime due to a cataclysmic collision\nof black holes billions of light years away.\nAs the LIGO and VIRGO gravitational wave observatories\nspot event after event, the excitement is\nshifting from the holy-crap-we-did-it phase\nto giddy excitement about what we\u2019re actually\nlearning.\nAnd the latest event is one of the most informative\n- and perhaps most surprising so far.\nIt seemed innocuous enough at first glance\n- two compact bodies spiraling together.\nFrom the shape of the gravitational waveform,\nand based on calculations using Einstein\u2019s\ngeneral theory of relativity, the masses of\nthose bodies were calculated.\nOne was a hefty 23 times the mass of our Sun\n- making it definitely a black hole, and pretty\nsimilar to other LIGO mergers.\nIts companion was puny by comparison - a mere\n2.6 solar masses.\nAnd there lies the surprise.\nAt that mass, it\u2019s pushing the limit for\nwhat was thought possible for a neutron star,\nand it\u2019s lighter than what was thought possible for\na black hole.\nSo what exactly is this thing?\nToday on Space Time Journal Club we\u2019re going\nto try to figure it out - and we\u2019ll do that\nby studying the paper that reported this detection,\npublished by the LIGO science collaboration\njust a few weeks ago.\nWe\u2019ve done gravitational wave astronomy\nbefore, but this event is so mysterious we\nhad to cover it.\nBut here\u2019s a quick refresher nonetheless: The LIGO observatories in Washington State and Louisiana\nand the VIRGO observatory in Italy, consist of kilometers-long vacuum tubes set at right angles.\nA laser beam is split, sent down these tubes,\nthen recombined.\nThe passage of a gravitational wave causes\nextremely tiny changes in these arm lengths,\nwhich in turn causes the peaks and valleys\nof the laser\u2019s electromagnetic wave to line\nup differently, and so those changes can be\nmeasured.\nOn August 14 2019, a gravitational wave hit\nthe LIGO and VIRGO observatories one after\nthe other in close succession, consistent\nwith a wave traveling through the entire earth\nat the speed of light.\nFrom the shape of the detected waveform, the\nmasses of the merging objects were figured\nfigured out as 23.2 and 2.59 solar\nmasses - and we\u2019ll get back to why those\nare weird.\nFrom the arrival times at the three observatories,\nthe location of the event could be narrowed\ndown to some small arcs on the sky.\nUnfortunately, there are countless galaxies\nin a region that size, so to start with we\nhave no idea in which galaxy the merger happened.\nNonetheless, MANY telescopes quickly swiveled\nto scan that region, hoping to spot a faint\nflash of light - any indication that the merger\nof these objects may have been accompanied\nby an explosive event.\nNow that\u2019s only been seen once before - with\nthe merger of two neutron stars in 2017 - which\nwe obviously covered back then.\nIn that case it corresponded to an explosion\nobserved across the electromagnetic spectrum\n- energy released as the neutron stars tore\nthemselves apart in their collision before\nthey collapsed into a black hole.\nThat light carried with it an enormous amount\nof information about what happens when neutron\nstars collide - and we\u2019re going to be using\nthat information in just a bit.\nBut there was no such luck with the more recent\nevent.\nNo electromagnetic counterpart was found.\nThat\u2019s not entirely surprising - that event was\n6 times further away than the 2017 neutron\nstar merger, so would probably have been too\nfaint to see anyway.\nAnd besides, there may have been no accompanying\nexplosion at all.\nThat would be the case if both objects were\nblack holes, but even if the smaller object\nwas a neutron star it could well have been\nswallowed whole by the larger black hole\nwithout so much as an electomagnetic peep.\nSo, we get to the mystery.\nWhat was that smaller body?\nAnd why are we all so excited to spot something\nwith this mass at all?\nTo understand that, we have to understand\na bit more about black holes and neutron stars.\nA neutron star is what\u2019s left after some\nmassive stars explode as supernovae.\nOnce it was the burning heart of the star\n- a fusion engine that allowed the star to\nresist the inward crush of gravity.\nBut when it ran out of fuel, gravity took\nover and the entire star collapsed.\nThe innermost part of the core turned into\nan ultradense nugget of matter while the rest\nof the infalling core rebounded causing the\nsupernova explosion.\nSo you end up with at least one and a half\nsuns worth of matter locked in a ball that\nwould fit inside a small city.\nThat insane density gives the neutron star\na surface gravity around 100 billion times\nstronger than the surface of the Earth.\nScientists believe that it would be very difficult\nto get out of bed on the surface\nof a neutron star.\nAnd much more difficult to escape the neutron\nstar - the escape velocity at the surface\nis up to half the speed of light.\nIn fact neutron stars are on the verge of\nbeing black holes, which by definition have\nan escape velocity at the event horizon equal\nto the speed of light.\nIf only you could cram a little more matter\ninto the neutron star, the escape velocity\nwould increase and it would become a black\nhole.\nNow in the case of normal matter, you can\u2019t\njust add mass to make a black hole because\nas you do so the radius of the object increases.\nThat means the surface gets further away from\nthe center, which means you don\u2019t get the\nfull impact of that extra mass.\nBut neutron stars are NOT made of normal matter.\nThat ball of neutrons is a fundamentally quantum\nmechanical object.\nOne of its weird properties is that as you\nadd mass the size does not necessarily increase,\nand at the highest masses the size actually\ngets smaller.\nIf you want to know why, check out the episode\nwe did a while ago.\nSo more mass in a neutron star means higher\nsurface gravity means higher escape velocity.\nFor any given mass, there\u2019s a certain size\nthat if you could crunch an object down below\nthat size it would be a black hole.\nIt\u2019s like a phantom event horizon.\nIn the case of the earth the phantom event\nhorizon is about a centimeter in diameter.\nIn the case of a neutron star it\u2019s several\nkilometers.\nAs you increase a neutron star\u2019s mass, its\nphantom event horizon grows while its actual\nsurface shrinks.\nWhen they overlap you have a black hole.\nThis basic picture is pretty well accepted,\nbut we still aren\u2019t sure just how massive\na neutron star can be before becoming a black\nhole.\nIt\u2019s not because our theories are wrong\n- it\u2019s because the calculations required\nto understand the bizarre states of matter\nin a neutron star are horrendous, and there\u2019s\nstill some stuff that we don\u2019t know.\nThat\u2019s especially true towards the center\nof the neutron star, where the neutrons themselves\nprobably break down into different types of\nquark matter.\nUp and down quarks that comprised the\nneutrons may even transform into strange quarks\n- something we\u2019ve talked about before.\nThe details of the state of matter in the\nneutron star determines how a neuron star\u2019s\nsize changes with mass - and that\u2019s what\ndetermines the maximum possible mass.\nThose models have predicted maximum masses\nin the range 2 to 3 times the mass of the sun.\nNow, we can do better at making this theoretical\nprediction if we can catch a glimpse of the\ninnards of a neutron star.\nAnd we can - when they merge.\nIn the 2017 neutron star merger we learned\na lot about the structure of these objects\nby the way they warped as they spiraled together,\nand by the stuff they spewed out after colliding.\nWe also see the results of these mergers in\ngamma ray bursts - frequent flashes of energetic\nlight from the distant universe.\nWe\u2019ve estimated a maximum neutron star mass\nof between 2.2 to 2.4 solar masses.\nMore direct measurements of neutron star masses\ncome from pulsars - cosmic lighthouses that\nresult from a neutron star\u2019s precessing\njets sweeping past the earth.\nMost pulsars are closer to the minimum neutron\nstar mass of around 1.4 solar masses.\nBut, the most massive so far is around 2.1 Suns.\nAll of these numbers are quite a bit lower\nthe 2.6 solar masses of this new guy.\nAnd that\u2019s what makes it so cool.\nIf it IS a neutron star then it puts us at\nthe theoretical limit, and can tell us a lot\nabout the crazy states of matter inside.\nThat\u2019s if it\u2019s a neutron star at all.\nSo why can\u2019t it just be another black hole?\nWell that would perhaps be even more surprising.\nSo far we\u2019ve never observed a black hole\nwith masses lower than around 5 times\nthat of the Sun.\nWe see those in X-ray binaries - when a black\nhole is orbiting and cannibalizing another\nstar.\nIt may seem weird that there seems to be a\ngap in masses between the biggest neuron stars\nand the smallest black holes, but actually\nwe very much expect this.\nNew black holes are formed when the most massive\nstars die and the core is too big to become\na neutron star.\nBut you don\u2019t get this smooth transition\nfrom neutron stars to black holes.\nLike I said earlier, a neutron star forms\nwhen a star\u2019s core collapses, but most of\nthe material rebounds as a supernova explosion.\nBut if that neutron star then becomes a black\nhole, some of the infalling material just\ngets sucked into the black hole.\nThat increases the black hole\u2019s mass quite\na bit.\nBased on our calculations and simulations\nof how stars die, that minimum black hole\nmass of 5 Suns seems about right.\nA black hole with 2.6 solar masses is difficult\nto explain.\nIf we figure out that this object CAN\u2019T\nbe a neutron star then we\u2019re going to have\nto rework our models of how stars die - or\nfind some other way to make extra-teensie\nblack holes.\nBut if it IS a neutron star then we\u2019ve learned\na ton about the most extreme states of matter\nin the universe.\nThis is just the beginning.\nWith new gravitational wave events coming\nevery week or two, we\u2019re sure to see more\nof these sorts of mergers.\nEach will be rich in information on the nature\nof stars, and gravity, and strange quantum\nstates of matter.\nBillion-year-old secrets carried to us on\nripples in spacetime\nAs always guys, I want to give our deep thanks\nto all of your support.\nSubscribing and tuning in each week goes a long way to keeping the show going.\nAnd special thanks to our Patreon contributors - we know you\u2019d\nget this stuff for free anyway, so it's huge that you'd throw in a bucks each month.\nFor those who don't know we have a very active discord channel available to all patreon tiers.\nAnd finally I want to give an extra extra special thanks to\nAhmad Jodeh, who\u2019s supporting us at the\nbig bang level.\nAhmad, we got you a small gift to show our\nappreciation.\nIt\u2019s a brand new 2.6 solar mass black hole.\nI know, it\u2019s small as far as black holes\ngo - but we hope it adequately reflects our\nthanks.\nWe\u2019re shipping it to you from a little star\ncluster in Sagittarius - made locally from\nhumanely sourced o-giant star of course.\nIt should arrive at your doorstep in the next few million\nyears, sadly destroying the solar system in\nthe process.\nOK, In our last two episodes we talked about\nhow to dissolve a black hole event horizon\nby adding rotation or charge to the black\nhole, and also about experiments at CERN to\nstudy the nature of antimatter.\nLet\u2019s do comments for both.\nRegarding trying to disolve an event horizon\nby throwoing more and more electric charge\ninto it - Ultimantis points out that it would\nbe increasingly difficult to do so as the\nblack hole gain charge.\nThat\u2019s right - and that means we shouldn\u2019t\nexpect highly charaged balck holes in nature.\nHowever it never actually becomes impossible\nto keep charging up a black hole if you can\nput enough energy behind your electron beam.\nSo, you know, still worth trying.\nFabrizio Cimo has a good one: What if I cross\nthe event horizon just for a plank lenght\nand the instant later the black hole shrinks\ndue to evaporation?\nWould I find myself outside again\nand have seen the inside of the black hole?\nFrom your point of view - no, not really.\nHawking evaporation is excrutiatingly slow\n- much slower than your rapid plummet to doom\nfrom your pespective.\nFor someone watching from far away, you appear\nto freeze smeared out at the event horizon\n- and then yes, they would see your energy\nexit again as the black hole shrank - but\nit would itslef be as hopelessly scrambled\nhawking radiation.\nSo, in a sense both happen, but you don\u2019t\nget to report what you saw to anyone.\nA couple of you asked why we think there had\nto be an actual imbalance in the number of\nantimatter versus matter particles in the early universe.\nCouldn\u2019t the two just have become separated\nin the early universe and now occupy different\nparts of the universe?\nSo, maybe then, there are antimatter galaxies\nout there.\nCool thought - but that doesn\u2019t work because\nwhen they are created, each particle - antiparticle\npair is close together.\nMatter and antimatter would have been smoothly\nmixed, and there\u2019s no mechanism to separate\nthem.\nNow there\u2019s no way to directly test if distant\ngalaxies are actually antimatter galaxies\n- they should emit exactly the same light\nas regular galaxies.\nBut if there WAS an antimatter section of\nthe universe, you\u2019d have a great wall thorugh\nthe universe where hydrogen and anti-hydrogen\ncame into contact to explosive effect.\n"}
-{"text": "\nSpanish: \nHola a todos y bienvenidos a la segunda sesi\u00f3n de Dare to Care: Escucha y di\u00e1logo.\nMi nombre es Lourdes H\u00e9rcules y hoy nos acompa\u00f1ar\u00e1n en esta lecci\u00f3n\nAmy Uelmen, docente de la Georgetown Law School de Washington DC\ny Cristina Montoya, colombiana y docente de la universidad Sophia de Loppiano.\n\nFrench: \nBonjour \u00e0 tous et bienvenue \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me le\u00e7on\nde Dare to Care: \u00c9coute et Dialogue.\nBonjour \u00e0 tous et bienvenue \u00e0 la deuxi\u00e8me le\u00e7on\nde Dare to Care: \u00c9coute et Dialogue.\nje m'appelle Lourdes Hercules Aujourd\u2019hui,\nnous serons accompagn\u00e9s dans cette le\u00e7on par\nAmy Uelmen, professeur \n\u00e0 la Georgetown Law School \u00e0 Washington DC,\net Cristina Montoya, colombienne et professeur\n\u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Sophia de Loppiano.\nPartons du commencement...\nComme lorsque vous construisez une maison,\nvous voulez commencer par les fondations.\nLe concept de dialogue est quelque chose\nque l'on retrouve depuis\nl'\u00e9poque de la Gr\u00e8ce antique\net que l'on retrouve\ndans les domaines philosophique,\n\u00e9thique, politique, religieux..\nCristina, par quelle d\u00e9finition pouvons-nous commencer?\n\nPortuguese: \nOl\u00e1 a todos e bem-vindos \u00e0 segunda aula de Dare to Care: escutar e dialogar.\nMeu nome \u00e9 Lourdes Hercules e hoje ir\u00e3o nos acompanhar nesta aula\nAmy Uelmen, professora da Georgetown Law School em Washington DC\ne Cristina Montoya, colombiana e professora da Universidade Sophia de Loppiano, It\u00e1lia.\nVamos come ar...\ncomo quando se constr\u00f3i uma casa\nqueremos come ar pela base.\nO conceito de di\u00e1logo n\u00e3o \u00e9 algo novo\ne podemos encontr\u00e1-lo na Gr\u00e9cia Antiga,\npodemos encontr\u00e1-lo em um contexto filos\u00f3fico\n\u00e9tico, pol\u00edtico, religioso...\nCristina com que defini\u00e7\u00e3o podemos come\u00e7ar?\n\nEnglish: \nHello everybody and welcome to the second Dare to Care lesson: Listen and Dialogue.\nHello everybody and welcome to the second Dare to Care lesson: Listen and Dialogue.\nMy name is Lourdes Hercules and today we will be accompanied, in this lesson, by\nAmy Uelmen, she's a professor at Georgetown Law School in Washington, DC\nand Cristina Montoya, from Colombia, she's a professor at Sophia University, in Loppiano, Italy.\nSo let's start at the very beginning\nLike when you build a house,\nwe want to start from the bottom\nThe concept of dialogue is not something new\nwe find already it in ancient Greece and\nwe can find it in a philosophical\nethical, religious and political context.\nCristina, how can we define it?\n\nItalian: \nSalve a tutti e benvenuti alla seconda lezione di Dare to Care: Ascolto e Dialogo.\nSalve a tutti e benvenuti alla seconda lezione di Dare to Care: Ascolto e Dialogo.\nMi chiamo Lourdes Hercules e oggi saremo accompagnati, in questa lezione, da\nAmy Uelmen, docente alla Georgetown Law School di Washington DC\ne Cristina Montoya, colombiana e docente all\u2019Universit\u00e0 Sophia di Loppiano, in Italia.\nCominciamo dall\u2019inizio\ncome quando si costruisce una casa\nvogliamo iniziare dalle fondamenta\nil concetto di dialogo \u00e8 qualcosa\nche troviamo dai tempi dell'antica Grecia e\nlo troviamo nell\u2019ambito filosofico\netico, politico, religioso\u2026\nCristina con quale definizione possiamo iniziare\n\nItalian: \nBene, grazie Lourdes, ciao a tutti\nPi\u00f9 che definirlo teoricamente,\nvorrei dire come l\u2019ho scoperto e sperimentato\nnella mia vita cosa \u00e8 il dialogo\nil dialogo \u00e8 prima di tutto\nuna parola meravigliosa che vuol dire attraversare\nrischiare di entrare\nmediante la parola\nin un mondo fino adesso a noi sconosciuto,\n\u201cil mondo dell\u2019Altro\u201d\nSignifica andare oltre\ni nostri limiti, per incontrarci nella terra\ndi mezzo, dove vive come direbbe il pedagogo Paulo Freire,\n\u201cl\u2019inedito possibile\u201d, dove possiamo sperare tutto\nl\u00ec dove la verit\u00e0 ci si pu\u00f2 rivelare con un nuovo volto.\n\u00c8 una parola che dice ferita,\nluce, dice molteplicit\u00e0.\n\nFrench: \nMerci, Lourdes, bonjour \u00e0 tous\nPlus que de le d\u00e9finir th\u00e9oriquement,\nje voudrais dire comment je l\u2019ai d\u00e9couvert\net v\u00e9cu dans ma vie : \u00ab dialogue \u00bb\nest un mot merveilleux\nqui signifie traverser,\nrisquer d\u2019entrer\npar la parole\ndans un monde inconnu jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent,\n\u00able monde de l\u2019Autre\u00bb.\nCela signifie aller au-del\u00e0\nl\u00e0 o\u00f9 vit \u00abl\u2019in\u00e9dit possible\u00bb, comme dirait\nle p\u00e9dagogue Paulo Freire,\no\u00f9 il vit, comme le dirait\nle p\u00e9dagogue Paulo Freire,\nl\u00e0 o\u00f9 la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 peut nous \u00eatre\nr\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e avec un nouveau visage.\nC\u2019est un mot qui dit blessure,\nlumi\u00e8re, multiplicit\u00e9.\n\nPortuguese: \nObrigada Lourdes, ol\u00e1 a todos!\nMais do que defini-la teoricamente,\ngostaria de dizer como a descobri\ne vivenciei em minha vida o significado de di\u00e1logo.\nDi\u00e1logo \u00e9, antes de mais nada,\numa palavra maravilhosa que significa cruzar,\nsignifica arriscar,\narriscar entrar - mediante a palavra -\nem um mundo at\u00e9 ent\u00e3o desconhecido para n\u00f3s:\n\u201co mundo do Outro\u201d.\nSignifica ir al\u00e9m dos nossos limites\npara nos encontrarmos na \u201cterra do meio\u201d,\ncomo diria o pedagogo Paulo Freire,\nonde vive \u201co in\u00e9dito vi\u00e1vel\u201d, onde podemos esperar tudo,\nonde a verdade pode nos ser revelada com um novo semblante.\n\u00c9 uma palavra que expressa ferida,\nluz, que expressa multiplicidade.\n\nEnglish: \nGood, thanks Lourdes, hello everyone!\nRather than defining it theoretically\nI would like to say how I discovered\nand experienced it in my life\nDialogue is a wonderful word\nthat means to cross,\nTo risk\nto risk entering through our words into a\nworld really unknown to us before, into\n\"the world of the Other\".\nIt means going beyond our limits,\nto meet in the middle ground,\nwhere \"the unseen possible\" lives, as the pedagogue Paulo Freire\nwould say, where the truth can\nreveal itself with a new face.\nIt is a word that means wounds,\nMeans light, it means multiplicity.\n\nFrench: \nCe n\u2019est donc pas, comme on le pense souvent,\nune conversation sereine\nqui m\u00e8ne au consentement;\nle vrai dialogue est la chose\nla plus d\u00e9stabilisante,\ncr\u00e9ative et g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice qui puisse exister,\nc\u2019est une invitation \u00e0 \u00e9largir,\n\u00e0 repousser au-del\u00e0 de quelques m\u00e8tres\nnotre horizon de compr\u00e9hension et de sens.\nComme vous l\u2019avez dit,\nil existe de nombreuses mani\u00e8res de parler de dialogue,\net je voudrais en souligner\ndeux en particulier:\nLe dialogue comme moyen\nde communication,\nque nous pouvons\nvivre au quotidien,\net le dialogue compris\ncomme chemin de construction\nde la communaut\u00e9 politique.\n\nPortuguese: \nPortanto, n\u00e3o \u00e9, como muitas vezes pensamos\numa conversa serena,\nque leva ao consenso.\nO verdadeiro di\u00e1logo \u00e9 a coisa mais desestabilizadora\nque pode existir, \u00e9 algo que nos p\u00f5e em discuss\u00e3o.\n\u00c9 um convite, antes de mais nada,\nde alargar, ali\u00e1s, de aumentar um pouco mais\no nosso horizonte de compreens\u00e3o\nE do significado da vida e das nossas circunst\u00e2ncias.\nComo voc\u00ea dizia\nexistem muitas formas de falar de di\u00e1logo.\nEu gostaria de sublinhar duas delas.\nPor um lado, o di\u00e1logo como instrumento,\numa forma de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o\nque podemos viver na vida quotidiana.\nE por outro, o di\u00e1logo entendido como caminho de constru\u00e7\u00e3o,\nda comunidade pol\u00edtica.\n\nEnglish: \nIt is not, therefore, as we often think,\na serene conversation that leads\nto consensus;\nNo, true dialogue is the most destabilizing, creative and generative thing\nthat can exist, it is something that puts us in complete question\nit is an invitation to broaden\nindeed, to push a few meters\nfurther our horizon of understanding\nand meaning of life and our circumstances.\nAs you said,\nthere are many ways to talk about dialogue\nand I would like to highlight two in particular:\nDialogue as a way of communicating,\nwhich we can live in everyday life\nand dialogue as a way of building\nthe political community\n\nItalian: \nNon \u00e8 quindi, come spesso pensiamo,\nuna conversazione serena\nche porta al consenso;\nil dialogo vero \u00e8 la cosa pi\u00f9 destabilizzante,\nche possa esistere, qualcosa che ci mette completamente in discussione\n\u00e8 un invito ad allargare,\nanzi, a spingere qualche metro pi\u00f9 in l\u00e0\nil nostro orizzonte di comprensione e di senso.\nCome tu dicevi, ci sono\ntanti modi di parlare di dialogo\ne ne vorrei sottolineare due in particolare:\nIl dialogo come un modo di comunicare,\ncome comunicazione, diciamo\nche possiamo vivere nel quotidiano,\ne il dialogo inteso come cammino di costruzione\ndella comunit\u00e0 politica.\n\nFrench: \nLes deux sont tr\u00e8s, tr\u00e8s exigeants.\nEt d\u00e9j\u00e0 le mot \"besoin\" nous sugg\u00e8re\nqu'il ne s'agit pas d'une route plate\nmais probablement d'un chemin de terre en mont\u00e9e.\nCristina, pourquoi le dialogue\npeut-il sembler si difficile au d\u00e9but ?\nTout d\u2019abord pour quelque chose qui est en fait\nquelque chose de merveilleux:\nJe suis original, unique,\npersonne ne peut voir les choses\ncomme je les vois.\nLe deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9l\u00e9ment est la peur\nnous avons peur de beaucoup de choses\npeur de perdre nos certitudes,\npeur de ne pas pouvoir bien exprimer\nce que l\u2019on veut dire ou\nd\u0550tre incompris,\npeur de ne pas comprendre.\n\nEnglish: \nBoth are very, very demanding.\nAlready the word \"demanding\" helps us\nunderstand that it is not a smooth road,\nbut uphill and probably bumpy.\nCristina, why can dialogue in principle,\nbe presented as something so difficult?\nFirst of all, I would say for something\nthat is actually something so wonderful:\nI am original, unique, and so are you.\nNo one can see things\nThe way that I see them.\nThis is the first element.\nThe second element is fear.\nthe fear of losing our certainties,\nof not being able to express well\nwhat we want to say or\nto be misunderstood, the fear of losing prestige,\nof making a bad impression, and the fear of not understanding.\n\nItalian: \nEntrambi sono molto, molto esigenti.\nE gi\u00e0 la parola \u201cesigenza\u201d ci suggerisce\nche non si tratta di un percorso pianeggainte\nma probabilmente di un percorso sterrato in salita.\nLourdes: Cristina, perch\u00e9 il dialogo\npu\u00f2 sembrare qualcosa di difficile all\u2019inizio?\nBene, io direi che, in primo luogo, per qualcosa\nche in realt\u00e0 \u00e8 qualcosa di meraviglioso.\nIo sono originale, unica; tu sei unico\nnessuno pu\u00f2 vedere le cose come le vedo io.\nquesto \u00e8 il primo motivo e il secondo\nlo sintetizzerei come \u201cpaura\u201d\nnoi abbiamo paura di tante cose\npaura di perdere le nostre sicurezze,\npaura di non riuscire a esprimere bene\nquanto vogliamo dire o\ndi essere fraintesi,\npaura di non capire\u2026\n\nPortuguese: \nAmbos s\u00e3o muito, muito exigentes.\nA palavra \u201cexig\u00eancia\u201d j\u00e1 nos d\u00e1 a entender\nque n\u00e3o se trata de um percurso plano,\nmas de aclive e provavelmente com obst\u00e1culos.\nCristina, por que em princ\u00edpio o di\u00e1logo pode ser\napresentado como algo dif\u00edcil?\nBem, eu dir\u2019a em primeiro lugar\nque \u00e9 realmente maravilhoso.\nEu sou \u00fanica, voc\u00ea \u00e9 \u00fanica.\nNingu\u00e9m pode ver as coisas como as vejo\nda mesma forma.\nEsta \u00e9 a primeira raz\u00e3o. A segunda\neu sintetizaria como medo.\nN\u00f3s temos muito medo\nde perder as nossas certezas;\nmedo de n\u00e3o conseguir expressar bem\no que queremos dizer;\nou de ser mal-entendidos;\nmedo de causar m\u00e1 impress\u00e3o.\n\nItalian: \nE quando ci muove la paura\na rispondere \u00e8 l\u2019istinto,\nil cervello rettile che scatta\ne vuole proteggerci\nda ci\u00f2 che identifica come un pericolo.\nDobbiamo dunque allenarci\nperch\u00e9 non \u00e8 facile\nma come dire, come ho detto prima, \u00e8 affascinante\necco perch\u00e9 propongo\navendolo sperimentato nel quotidiano\nche per fare del dialogo il nostro modo di vivere,\nsarebbero necessarie quattro azioni\nmolto concrete, perch\u00e9 il dialogo\nimplica una decisione.\nAllora, dopo che, dando alla saggezza del cuore\nche \u00e8 quella che illumina le nostre azioni,\nquella che ci fa amare le nostre decisioni,\n\nPortuguese: \nE quando \u00e9 o medo que nos move\n\u00e9 o instinto que responde,\no c\u00e9rebro reptiliano que desponta\ndaquilo que ele identifica como um perigo\ne quer nos proteger.\nPortanto, para dialogar temos que treinar,\nporque n\u00e3o \u00e9 f\u00e1cil.\nMas como eu dizia antes \u00e9 fascinante!\nPor isso eu proponho e penso.\nO que procuro fazer no dia a dia,\npara tornar o di\u00e1logo a nossa forma de vida,\nS\u00e3o necess\u00e1rias 4 palavras,\nA\u00e7\u00f5es muito concretas, porque o di\u00e1logo\nimplica uma decis\u00e3o.\nEnt\u00e3o depois de dar sabedoria ao cora\u00e7\u00e3o,\nque ilumina nossas a\u00e7\u00f5es,\nque torna nossas decis\u00f5es\n\nEnglish: \nAnd when we are driven by fear,\nwe respond with our instincts,\nwith the reptile brain that snaps\nand wants to protect us from what\nit identifies as a danger.\nTo dialogue, we must train ourselves\nBecause it's not easy\nNot easy, but it is fascinating.\nWhat I try to do in daily life\nand what I propose to you\nTo make dialogue a part of our daily lives\ncould be summarized in four concrete actions:\nVery concrete because dialogue\nImplies a decisiveness.\nWith these actions comes the wisdom of the heart\nWhich illuminates our actions\n\nFrench: \nEt quand la peur nous meut,\nc\u2019est l\u2019instinct qui r\u00e9pond,\nle cerveau reptilien qui bondit\net veut prot\u00e9ger\nde ce qu\u2019il identifie comme un danger.\nNous devons donc nous former parce\nque ce n'est pas facile,\nmais comme je l'ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit, c'est fascinant.\nC'est pourquoi je propose,\npour l'avoir v\u00e9cu au quotidien,\nque pour faire du dialogue notre mode de vie,\nquatre actions tr\u00e8s concr\u00e8tes\nsoient n\u00e9cessaires,\ncar le dialogue implique une d\u00e9cision.\nPuis, apr\u00e8s avoir donn\u00e9 la sagesse du c\u0153ur,\nqui est la sagesse qui illumine nos actions,\nla sagesse qui nous fait aimer nos d\u00e9cisions,\n\nFrench: \nla possibilit\u00e9 d'engager le dialogue...\u2026\nPremier mot pour moi :\n\u201cS\u2019arr\u00eater avant l\u2019absurde\u201d\nPuis, \u201cReconna\u00eetre l\u2019Autre\u201d,\ntroisi\u00e8mement,\n\u201cS\u2019ouvrir \u00e0 ce qui \u00e9merge\u201d et enfin, \u201cD\u00e9placer l\u2019horizon\u201d\nce que je veux dire avec ces 4 mots\nDonc, je suppose que \u00e7a vous arrive \u00e0 vous aussi\u2026\nQuand je me trouve face \u00e0 quelqu\u2019un\nqui me semble bien diff\u00e9rent ou qui voit\nles choses d\u2019une mani\u00e8re tr\u00e8s divergente,\nil me vient parfois \u00e0 me dire spontan\u00e9ment:\nmais comment peut-il voir\nles choses de cette mani\u00e8re?\n\u00c7a me semble absurde,\nje ne comprends pas.\nCe \u00abje ne comprends pas\u00bb\nm\u2019appara\u00eet comme un mur,\ncomme une limite.\nEt c\u2019est la premi\u00e8re action:\ns\u2019arr\u00eater,\n\nPortuguese: \numa possibilidade de iniciar um di\u00e1logo,\nent\u00e3o a primeira palavra para mim\n\u00e9 \u201cparar diante do incompreens\u00edvel\u201d.\nAdiante a explico. Depois,\n\u201cReconhecer o outro\u201d.\nEm terceiro lugar: \u201cabrir-nos para o emergente\u201d e \u201calargar o horizonte\u201d.\nO que quero dizer com essas 4 palavras.\nEnt\u00e3o, o que eu penso que aconte\u00e7a tamb\u00e9m com voc\u00eas\n\u00e9 que quando estamos diante de algu\u00e9m\nque parece muito diferente ou que v\u00ea as coisas\nde uma forma para n\u00f3s inconceb\u00edvel,\na primeira coisa que pensamos \u00e9\n\u201cComo pode pensar dessa forma?!?\u201d\n\u201c\u00c9 un absurdo!\u201d\nBom, podemos dizer que\n\u00e9 como se nos encontr\u00e1ssemos diante de um muro.\nEnt\u00e3o \u00e9 ali que se encaixa a primeira palavra:\n\u201cParar\u201d diante daquilo que para n\u00f3s parece um absurdo.\n\nEnglish: \nand makes it possible for us to engage in dialogue\nThe first word is:\nStop in front of the absurd\nThen, Recognize the Other\nThird, Be open to the things that emerge\nFourth, Push further our horizon\nI think you can relate to when\nWhen I find myself in front of\nsomeone who seems very different to me or who sees things\nin a very different way from me,\nsometimes I spontaneously ask myself:\nhow can he see things this way?\nIt seems absurd to me, I don't understand.\nThis \"I don't understand\" presents\nitself to me as a wall, as a limit.\nAnd this is the first action\nto stop, to have a moment\n\nItalian: \nla possibilit\u00e0 di intraprendere il dialogo\u2026\nLa prima parola per me:\n\u201cFermarsi dinanzi all\u2019assurdo\u201d\nPoi, \u201cRiconoscere l\u2019altro\u201d,\nin terzo luogo,\n\u201cAprirsi all\u2019emergente\u201d e, infine, \u201cSpostare l\u2019orizzonte\u201d.\nche cosa voglio dire con queste 4 parole\nAllora, penso che succeda anche a voi ragazzi\u2026\nQuando mi trovo davanti a qualcuno\nche mi sembra molto diverso o che vede le cose\nin un modo molto divergente rispetto a me,\nla prima cosa che ci viene da dire \u00e8:\n\u201cCome si pu\u00f2 pensare in questo modo?\n\u00c8 assurdo\u201d.\nQuesto \u201cnon capisco\u201d mi si presenta come un muro,\ncome un limite.\nE questa \u00e8 la prima azione:\nfermarmi,\n\nEnglish: \nof inner silence, to try to put aside,\nfor a moment, my thoughts.\nAnd remember that behind what looks like a wall,\nthere is a new world that awaits us.\nThe second action is Recognizing the Other:\nthis is a powerful verb,\nbecause when the other person feels\nrecognized for what that other unique person is\nwho can see things as I do not\nBecause this its value in its uniqueness\nWhen this feels recognised\nIt creates a dimension of serenity and security.\nThat generates the conditions of dialogue.\nHe who is in front of me is a unique person.\nI am opening the door of my mind,\n\nItalian: \ncercare di mettere da parte,\nper un momento, i miei pensieri.\nfare un momento di silenzio interiore,\ndavanti all\u2019altro, qui arriva la seconda parola\nche \u00e8 Riconoscere l\u2019Altro\nquesto \u00e8 un verbo potente,\nperch\u00e9 quando l\u2019altra persona si sente\nriconosciuta  - quindi \u00e8 quell\u2019altro essere\nunico che pu\u00f2 vedere le cose come non le vedo io,\nle vede perch\u00e9 questo \u00e8 il suo valore e la sua unicit\u00e0\nquando si sentono riconosciuti come tali\nquesto genera un ambiente di serenit\u00e0 e\ne sicurezza che consente di avviare e creare le condizioni per il dialogo.\nPoi arriva la terza parola che \u00e8 \u201caprire\u201d\nQuando lo guardo, riconosco l'altro,\n\nPortuguese: \nPor um momento, ao menos,\ncolocamos de lado os nossos pensamentos,\nprocurar silenci\u00e1-los para colocar-nos diante do outro.\nE entra a segunda palavra\nque \u00e9 \u201creconhecer o outro\u201d.\n\u201cReconhecer\u201d \u00e9 uma palavra potente, poderosa\nporque quando a outra pessoa se sente\nreconhecida pelo que \u00e9 \u2013 aquele outro ser \u00fanico,\nque pode ver as coisas como eu n\u00e3o posso,\nPorque aquilo \u00e9 o seu valor e a sua unicidade,\nQuando se sente conhecido desta forma,\nIsto cria um ambiente sereno e de confian\u00e7a\nque permite iniciar a criar as condi\u00e7\u00f5es para o di\u00e1logo.\nDepois v\u00eam a terceira palavra que significa \u201cabrir-nos para o emergente\u201d.\nEu quando olho e vejo o outro ou a outra\n\nFrench: \npendant un moment,\nde mettre mes pens\u00e9es de c\u00f4t\u00e9,\nprendre un moment de silence int\u00e9rieur,\ndevant l'autre, voici le deuxi\u00e8me mot\nqui est Reconna\u00eetre l'Autre\nc\u2019est un verbe puissant,\ncar lorsque l'autre personne se sent reconnue\nC'est donc cet autre \u00eatre qui peut voir\nles choses de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on que moi,\nil les voit parce que c'est\nl\u00e0 sa valeur et son caract\u00e8re unique\nlorsqu'ils se sentent reconnus comme tels,\ncela g\u00e9n\u00e8re un environnement\nde s\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9 et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9\nqui leur permet d'engager \net de cr\u00e9er les conditions du dialogue.\nPuis vient le troisi\u00e8me mot qui est \"s\u2019ouvrir\".\nQuand je le regarde, je reconnais l'autre,\n\nFrench: \nje lui dis avec des faits,\nqu'il n'est pas mon adversaire, qu'il est mon fils,\nje lui dis avec des faits,\nque je vais ouvrir mon esprit, mon c\u0153ur,\npour l'\u00e9couter profond\u00e9ment.\nC'est l\u00e0 que nous entrons dans\ncette belle dimension,\nl'\u00e9coute,\nlorsque nous sommes capables de nous \u00e9couter de cette mani\u00e8re,\norsque nous nous exprimons avec cette s\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9,\nen essayant de comprendre,\nil est plus probable qu'un nouvel aspect de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 \u00e9merge,\nque nous soyons capables de comprendre\nde nouvelles choses de ce que\nnous cherchons dans le dialogue.\nAvant tout, le dialogue soul\u00e8ve de nouvelles questions.\nLe physicien David Bohm \u00e9crivait:\n\u00ab Le dialogue est la mani\u00e8re collective de s\u2019ouvrir\nau jugement\nau discernement, \u00e0 l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se \u00bb.\nComme je l'ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit,\nce n'est pas n\u00e9cessairement\nque nous sommes parvenus \u00e0 un consensus tout d'un coup.\n\nItalian: \ngli dico con i fatti,\nche non \u00e8 il mio avversario, che \u00e8 mio figlio,\nli dico che pu\u00f2 essere mio ospite,\nche aprir\u00f2 la mia mente, il mio cuore,\nPer ascoltarlo profondamente.\nL\u00ec entriamo in quella bella dimensione,\nl'ascolto,\nQuando siamo in grado di ascoltarci in questo modo,\nquando ci esprimiamo con questa serenit\u00e0,\ncercando di capire, \u00e8 pi\u00f9 probabile\nche emerga un nuovo aspetto della verit\u00e0,\nche riusciamo a capire cose nuove\ndi ci\u00f2 che cerchiamo nel dialogo.\nSoprattutto, di solito il dialogo\nsolleva nuovi interrogativi.\nScriveva il fisico\nDavid Bohm, che il dialogo \u00e8 il modo collettivo di aprirsi\nal giudizio\nal discernimento, all\u2019ipotesi.\ncome ho detto prima, non \u00e8 detto\nche abbiamo raggiunto un consenso tutto d'un tratto,\n\nPortuguese: \nos reconhe\u00e7o e estou dizendo a eles\nque n\u00e3o s\u00e3o meus advers\u00e1rios ou meus inimigos\nEstou dizendo que podem ser meu h\u00f3spede,\nque vou abrir minha mente e meu cora\u00e7\u00e3o\nPara escut\u00e1-los profundamente.\nEnt\u00e3o entramos nessa dimens\u00e3o\nque \u00e9 a escuta.\nQuando conseguimos escutar dessa forma,\nquando nos expressamos com essa tranquilidade\ntentado compreender\nO mais prov\u00e1vel \u00e9 que surja\num novo aspecto da verdade.\nPodemos compreender coisas novas sobre o que buscamos.\nO di\u00e1logo sobretudo p\u00f5e novas perguntas\nComo diria o f\u00edsico\nDavid Bohm que \u00abO di\u00e1logo \u00e9 o modo coletivo\nde se abrir ao julgamento\nao discernimento, \u00e0 hip\u00f3tese\u00bb\nComo eu dizia n\u00e3o \u00e9 necessariamente\nque de repente chegamos a um consenso.\n\nEnglish: \nof my heart and I tell him, with my acts,\nthat he is not a stranger, he is not an enemy,\nhe is my guest.\nThat I am opening my heart\nTo listen deeply here\nOnly then can we enter\nthe dimension of listening.\nWhen we are able to listen\nand talk like this, by trying to understand,\nthe most likely thing is that\nthe truth will come up unexpectedly\nallowing us to move forward,\nperhaps in the form of new questions.\nThe physicist David Bohm wrote:\ndialogue is the collective way of\nopening up judgements and assumptions\nIf this happens, our takes on things change\n,we feel questioned,\n\nPortuguese: \nAmbos temos novas perguntas\nMas neste momento acontece a quarta palavra\nAlargou-se o nosso horizonte\nSomos capazes de ver al\u00e9m, de entender algo a mais.\nObrigada Cristina. J\u00e1 que mencionaste\na palavra \u201cpol\u00edtica\u201d quero passar ao seguinte t\u00f3pico com Amy.\nPol\u00edtica. Cuidando. Deixe-me perguntar a voc\u00ea, Amy: ser\u00e1 que algum dia conseguiremos colocar esses conceitos na mesma p\u00e1gina,\nou at\u00e9 na mesma frase?\nLourdes essa \u00e9 uma pergunta muito boa.\nE acho que \u00e9 uma pergunta cada vez mais dif\u00edcil.\nComo voc\u00eas sabem, estou em Washington\ne a atmosfera aqui \u00e9 muito tensa\nA pergunta que acredito que muitas pessoas estejam fazendo \u00e9: como conciliar\na gest\u00e3o pol\u00edtica da realidade de injusti\u00e7a em nossas sociedades\n\nItalian: \nabbiamo entrambi nuove domande,\nper\u00f2, in questo momento avviene la quarta parola\nil nostro orizzonte si \u00e8 mosso, siamo\nin grado di vedere pi\u00f9 in l\u00e0, oltre.\nLourdes: Grazie, Cristina, e visto che abbiamo menzionato\nla parola \u201cpolitica\u201d, voglio passare\nal punto successivo, con Amy.\nPolitica. Prendersi cura. Permettimi una domanda, Amy: \u00e8 immaginabile riuscire a mettere questi concetti pagina;\nsu una stessa o addirittura nella stessa frase?\nLourdes questa \u00e8 davvero una buona domanda.\nE penso che sia una domanda sempre pi\u00f9 difficile.\nCome sapete mi trovo a Washington DC,\ne qui l\u2019atmosfera \u00e8 molto tesa,\ne la domanda che credo molte persone si stiano facendo \u00e8:\ncome conciliare la gestione politica della realt\u00e0\ndell\u2019ingiustizia nelle nostre societ\u00e0 con la speranza\n\nEnglish: \nwe have new questions.\nAnd this brings us to the fourth point:\nthat is the moment when our horizon moves a few meters further\nNow we can see beyond.\nThank you Cristina and since you mentioned the word politics, I want to move on to the next point with Amy.\nAmy, Politics, Caring - let me ask you, can we ever get these concepts onto the same page;\nmore or less the same sentence?\nLourdes this is a really good question.\nAnd I think it's an increasingly difficult question.\nSo as you know I'm in Washington\nand here things have really heated up\nI think the question many people are asking is: How can we put together\na political reckoning with the truth about\ninjustice in our societies, with hopes for\n\nSpanish: \nPol\u00edtica. Cuidarla. Amy, perm\u00edteme una pregunta: \u00bfEs concebible lograr poner estos conceptos en una misma p\u00e1gina,\no incluso en una misma oraci\u00f3n?\nLourdes, esta es una muy buena pregunta.\nY creo que es tambi\u00e9n una dif\u00edcil pregunta.\nComo saben, estoy en Washington DC\ny aqu\u00ed el ambiente est\u00e1 muy tenso,\ny la pregunta que creo que muchas personas se est\u00e1n haciendo es: \u00bfC\u00f3mo conciliar\nla gesti\u00f3n pol\u00edtica de la realidad de la injusticia en nuestras sociedades con la esperanza\n\nFrench: \nNous avons tous deux de nouvelles questions,\nmais en ce moment,\nle quatri\u00e8me mot arrive :\nnotre horizon s'est d\u00e9plac\u00e9,\nnous sommes capables de voir\nplus loin, au-del\u00e0.\nMerci, Cristina, et puisque nous avons\nmentionn\u00e9 le mot \"politique\",\nje voudrais passer au point suivant avec Amy.\nPolitique. Prendre soin. Permettez-moi une question, Amy :\nest-il concevable de r\u00e9ussir \u00e0 mettre ces concepts sur la m\u00eame page,\nvoire dans la m\u00eame phrase?\nLourdes, c'est une tr\u00e8s bonne question.\nEt je pense que c'est une question de plus en plus difficile.\nComme vous le savez, je suis \u00e0 Washington DC\nl\u2019atmosph\u00e8re ici est tr\u00e8s tendue.\nLa question, je crois, que beaucoup de gens se posent est: comment conciliar\ncomment concilier la gestion politique de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \nde l\u2019injustice, dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, avec l\u2019espoir\n\nFrench: \nd\u2019un renouveau et plus de soin? Cela ressemble \u00e0 un oxymore,  des mots qui ne peuvent \u00eatre mis ensemble.\nBeaucoup se demandent si le dialogue\nn\u2019est pas simplement un autre moyen de ralentir,\nvoire m\u00eame de bloquer\nle cours de la justice.\nEt cela nous am\u00e8ne \u00e0 une autre question:\npourquoi devrions-nous \u00e9couter\nceux qui pensent diff\u00e9remment ou dialoguer\navec eux, comme l\u2019a illustr\u00e9 Cristina?\nPourquoi devrais-je m\u00eame concevoir l\u2019id\u00e9e\nde perfectionner ma capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 converser\navec des gens qui\nne pensent pas comme moi?\nCristina vous a donn\u00e9 quatre mots, je vous en donne trois raisons: La premi\u00e8re: vous \u00eates une personne en relation\nIl ne vous est pas toujours donn\u00e9 de choisir les personnes avec lesquelles vous interagissez. Votre m\u00e8re est votre m\u00e8re. Vos fr\u00e8res,\n\nEnglish: \nhealing, and even caring? It seems like an oxymoron. Words that don't go together.\nMany ask: isn't dialogue just\nanother way of trying to slow down or shut\ndown the work for justice in our societies?\nThat brings us to another question: WHY should we listen to, dialogue with people\nwho think differently? (like Cristina was just describing)\nWhy should I even entertain\nthe idea of honing my skills to dialogue with\npeople who think differently?\nCristina gave 4 words, I'll give 3 reasons:\nFirst, because you are a person in relationship.\nYou can't always choose the people you interact\nwith. Your mom is your mom. Your siblings,\n\nPortuguese: \ncom a esperan\u00e7a de renova\u00e7\u00e3o e de um cuidado maior? Parece um ox\u00edmoro, palavras que n\u00e3o podem estar juntas.\nMuitos se perguntam se o di\u00e1logo n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas outra maneira para desacelerar ou mesmo bloquear\no curso da justi\u00e7a nas nossas sociedades?\nE isso nos leva a outra pergunta: por que escutar ou dialogar\ncom quem pensa diferente, como a Cristina ilustrou? Por que?\nPor que devo aprimorar minha capacidade de dialogar\ncom as pessoas que n\u00e3o pensam como eu?\nCristina lhes ofereceu quatro palavras, eu lhes ofere\u00e7o tr\u00eas motivos: Primeiro: voc\u00ea \u00e9 uma pessoa que se relaciona.\nNem sempre lhe \u00e9 permitido escolher as pessoas com quem interagir. Estamos vendo isso claramente durante a pandemia. Sua m\u00e3e \u00e9 sua m\u00e3e.\n\nSpanish: \nde una renovaci\u00f3n y de un mayor cuidado? Parece un ox\u00edmoron, palabras que no pueden estar juntas.\nMuchos se preguntan si el di\u00e1logo no es otra forma de frenar\ne incluso de bloquear el curso de la justicia.\nY esto nos lleva a otra pregunta: \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 debemos escuchar\no dialogar con quienes piensan diferente, como lo ilustr\u00f3 Cristina?\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 deber\u00eda de considerar la idea de afinar mi capacidad para comunicarme con\npersonas que no piensan como yo?\nCristina les ha dado cuatro palabras, yo les doy tres motivos: El primero: eres una persona en relaci\u00f3n.\nNo siempre puedes elegir las personas con las cuales interact\u00faas. Tu madre es tu madre, y tus hermanos\n\nItalian: \ndi un rinnovamento e di una maggiore cura? Sembra un ossimoro, parole che non possono stare insieme.\nMolti si chiedono se il dialogo non sia solo\nun altro modo per rallentare o addirittura bloccare\nil corso della giustizia\nE questo ci porta a un\u2019altra domanda: perch\u00e9 dovremmo ascoltare o dialogare con chi\nla pensa diversamente (come Cristina ha illustrato)?\nPerch\u00e9 dovrei anche solo concepire\nl\u2019idea di affinare la mia capacit\u00e0 di dialogare con\npersone che non la pensano come me?\nCristina vi ha dato quattro parole, io vi d\u00f2 tre motivi:\nIl primo: sei una persona in relazione.\nNon ti \u00e8 sempre dato di scegliere le persone con cui interagisci. Tua madre \u00e8 tua madre. I tuoi fratelli,\n\nFrench: \ncousins, oncles\u2026 sont ce qu\u2019ils sont. Et, parfois, de profondes diff\u00e9rence peuvent conduire \u00e0 un choix drastique:\ntrouver un moyen de communiquer ou se condamner \u00e0 l\u2019isolement\net \u00e0 la solitude des relations et amiti\u00e9s superficielles.\nNous adresser uniquement \u00e0 ceux qui pensent comme nous peut \u00eatre r\u00e9confortant au d\u00e9but, mais, souvent, des groupes de ce type se d\u00e9sint\u00e8grent,\nengendrant des factions de plus en plus convaincues\nd\u2019\u00eatre du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la raison. Je l\u2019ai v\u00e9cu.\nMes \u00e9l\u00e8ves disent qu\u2019ils s\u2019ennuient\nm\u00eame lorsqu\u2019ils cr\u00e9ent de tels groupes.\nPour \u00e9viter ces \u00e9cueils, il vaut la peine d\u2019investir du temps et de l\u2019\u00e9nergie dans le d\u00e9veloppement de la capacit\u00e9 de dialogue,\ncar le dialogue est une comp\u00e9tence personnelle essentielle.\n\nEnglish: \ncousins and uncles, they are who they are. Sometimes\ndeep differences lead to a stark choice:\neither find a way to communicate, or be doomed to the\nisolation and loneliness of really superficial\nrelationships and friendships. Echo chambers\ncan be comforting at first, but often they\neventually splinter into increasingly self-righteous\nfactions. That's my experience.\nMy students say we are boring ourselves when we create echo-chambers.\nTo avoid these traps, it is worth\nit to invest time and energy into dialogue skills.\nBecause Dialogue is an essential personal skill.\n\nPortuguese: \nSeus irm\u00e3os, primos, tios, s\u00e3o quem eles s\u00e3o. E, \u00e0s vezes, diferen\u00e7as profundas podem levar a uma escolha dr\u00e1stica:\nencontrar uma maneira para se comunicar ou condenar-se ao isolamento\ne \u00e0 solid\u00e3o de relacionamentos e a amizades superficiais.  Relacionar-se apenas com aqueles que pensam como n\u00f3s pode ser reconfortante no in\u00edcio,\nmas grupos desse tipo se desintegram, gerando fac\u00e7\u00f5es cada vez mais convictas de estar do lado da raz\u00e3o. Essa \u00e9 a minha experi\u00eancia.\nMeus alunos dizem que at\u00e9 ficam entediados quando criam grupos desse tipo.\nPara evitar tais armadilhas, vale a pena investir tempo e energia no desenvolvimento da capacidade de dialogar,\npois o di\u00e1logo \u00e9 uma habilidade essencial para todos.\n\nSpanish: \nprimos, t\u00edos\u2026 son los que son y, a veces, diferencias profundas pueden llevar a elecciones dr\u00e1sticas:\nencontrar la forma de comunicarse o condenarse al aislamiento y a la soledad de las relaciones\ny amistades superficiales. Relacionarse solo con quienes piensan como nosotros puede ser reconfortante al principio,\npero muchas veces se disgregan, generando facciones cada vez m\u00e1s convencidas de estar del lado de la raz\u00f3n. He hecho la experiencia.\nMis alumnos dicen incluso que se aburren cuando crean estos grupos.\nPara evitar estas trampas, vale la pena invertir tiempo y energ\u00eda en desarrollar la capacidad de di\u00e1logo,\nporque el di\u00e1logo es una habilidad personal.\n2. El segundo motivo para invertir en esta capacidad, y lo digo como formadora de futuros abogados,\n\nItalian: \ncugini, zii\u2026 sono quelli che sono. E, a volte, differenze profonde possono portare a una scelta drastica: trovare\nuna via per comunicare o condannarsi all\u2019isolamento e alla solitudine di relazioni e amicizie superficiali.\nRelazionarsi solo con chi la pensa come noi pu\u00f2 essere confortante all\u2019inizio, ma gruppi di questo tipo spesso si\ndisgregano, generando fazioni sempre pi\u00f9 convinte di essere dalla parte della ragione. Ne ho fatto l\u2019esperienza.\nI miei studenti dicono che addirittura si annoiano quando creano gruppi del genere.\nPer evitare queste trappole, vale la pena investire tempo ed energie nello sviluppo della capacit\u00e0 di dialogare,\nperch\u00e9 il dialogo \u00e8 un\u2019abilit\u00e0 personale essenziale.\n\nSpanish: \nes que est\u00e1s desarrollando o desarrollar\u00e1s prontamente un trabajo.\nMuchas o dir\u00eda incluso que todas las profesiones y todos los ambientes de trabajo requieren la capacidad de\nacoger y comprender diferentes puntos de vista y, de comunicarse teniendo en cuenta estas diferencias.\nPor ejemplo, mi trabajo de docente no consiste en convencer a los alumnos de mis ideas, sino ayudarlos\na pensar aut\u00f3nomamente y a desarrollar sus ideas.\nUn abogado debe comprender cu\u00e1les son los objetivos de su cliente, sin manipularlo.\nLa capacidad de resolver problemas a trav\u00e9s del di\u00e1logo,\nes lo que a menudo, distingue una excelente contribuci\u00f3n en el trabajo.\nToma el tiempo que necesites para perfeccionarte en tu \u00e1rea de inter\u00e9s, o en el trabajo que realizas,\n\nEnglish: \nThe second reason to invest: because you\nhave (or will soon have) a job to do. Lots\nLots and I might even say ALL of professions\nand ALL work environments require a capacity to\ntake in and understand differing perspectives,\nand communicate across these differences.\nFor example, my job as a teacher is not to\nindoctrinate students into my ideas, but to\nthem to think for themselves, to develop their\nown ideas. Lawyers need to understand their\nclient's goals, in a non-manipulative way.\nThe capacity to problem solve through dialogue\nis often the distinguishing mark of an amazing\nprofessional contribution.\n\nItalian: \nIl secondo motivo per investire in questa capacit\u00e0\n\u00e8 che stai svolgendo o svolgerai presto un lavoro. Molte,\no direi, addirittura, tutte le professioni\ne tutti gli ambienti di lavoro richiedono la capacit\u00e0 di\ncogliere e comprendere punti di vista diversi,\ne di comunicare tenendo conto di queste differenze.\nAd esempio, il mio lavoro di docente non consiste\nnel convincere gli studenti delle mie idee, ma\nnell\u2019aiutarli a pensare autonomamente e a sviluppare\nle loro idee. Un avvocato deve capire quali\nsono gli obiettivi del suo cliente, senza manipolarlo.\nLa capacit\u00e0 di risolvere i problemi attraverso il dialogo\n\u00e8 spesso ci\u00f2 che distingue un contributo\neccellente nel lavoro.\n\nPortuguese: \nO segundo motivo para investir nesta capacidade, e falo isso como formadora de futuros advogados, \u00e9 que voc\u00ea tem ou ter\u00e1 um trabalho.\nMuitas, ou eu diria at\u00e9 mesmo todas as profiss\u00f5es e todos os ambientes de trabalho exigem a capacidade\nde captar e compreender diferentes pontos de vista e de se comunicar levando em considera\u00e7\u00e3o essas diferen\u00e7as.\nPor exemplo, meu trabalho como professora n\u00e3o consiste em convencer os alunos das minhas ideias,\nmas em ajud\u00e1-los a pensar por si pr\u00f3prios e a desenvolver suas ideias.\nUm advogado deve entender quais s\u00e3o os objetivos de seu cliente, sem manipul\u00e1-lo. \nA capacidade de resolver problemas por meio do di\u00e1logo\ngeralmente \u00e9 o que distingue uma contribui\u00e7\u00e3o de excel\u00eancia no trabalho.\n\nFrench: \nLa deuxi\u00e8me raison d\u2019investir dans cette capacit\u00e9, est que vous \u00eates d\u00e9j\u00e0, ou y serez bient\u00f4t, en train de d\u00e9velopper un travail.\nBeaucoup de professions,  je dirais m\u00eame toutes ! \net tous les environnements de travail requi\u00e8rent la capacit\u00e9\nde saisir et de comprendre des points de vue divers, \net de communiquer en tenant compte de ces diff\u00e9rences.\nPar exemple, mon travail en tant qu\u2019enseignante\nn\u2019est pas de convaincre les \u00e9l\u00e8ves de mes id\u00e9es, mais de\nles aider \u00e0 penser par eux-m\u00eames et \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper\nleurs id\u00e9es. Un avocat doit comprendre\nquels sont les objectifs de son client, sans le manipuler.\nLa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes par le dialogue\nest souvent ce qui marque\nune excellente contribution au travail.\n\nPortuguese: \nTome o tempo necess\u00e1rio para se aperfei\u00e7oar em sua \u00e1rea de interesse, ou no trabalho que voc\u00ea j\u00e1 faz, para pensar no seu projeto de vida,\nqual a contribui\u00e7\u00e3o que voc\u00ea deseja dar para o bem comum, e agregue a isso o di\u00e1logo, como habilidade profissional essencial.\nA terceira raz\u00e3o para investir no di\u00e1logo, \u00e9 que o caminho para uma mudan\u00e7a positiva na sociedade\npassa atrav\u00e9s de uma capacidade de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00f3lida e profunda, apesar das mais variadas diferen\u00e7as.\nPara obter algum movimento pol\u00edtico sobre quest\u00f5es importantes, passos na dire\u00e7\u00e3o da justi\u00e7a\nser\u00e3o sustentados por uma compreens\u00e3o mais profunda do que est\u00e1 em jogo para as pessoas,\nIncluindo gente que pensa diferente de mim. Tens\u00e3o pol\u00edtica e riscos pol\u00edticos decorrem do di\u00e1logo.\n\nEnglish: \nSo pause for a second to fill in the blank on your own work area of interest, your current work, your project\nHow you see your contribution to the good. You can add Dialogue is an essential professional skill.\nThe third reason to invest (last but not least) because the path to positive social change runs through\na strong and deep capacity to communicate\nacross differences of all kinds.\nTo get some political movement on important questions,\nsteps in the direction of justice will be\nsustained by a deeper understanding of what\nis at stake for people, including people who\nthink differently than I think. Political traction and stakes run through dialogue.\n\nFrench: \nPrenez le temps dont vous avez besoin pour vous perfectionner dans votre domaine d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat, ou dans le travail que vous faites d\u00e9j\u00e0, pour r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir \u00e0 votre projet,\n\u00e0 la contribution que vous souhaitez apporter au bien commun,\net ajoutez-y le dialogue, en tant que comp\u00e9tence professionnelle essentielle.\nLa troisi\u00e8me raison d\u2019investir dans le dialogue, la derni\u00e8re mais non la moindre,\nest que le chemin vers un changement positif dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pass\u00e9\npar une capacit\u00e9 solide et profonde \u00e0 communiquer\nmalgr\u00e9 les diff\u00e9rences les plus diverses.\nPour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer une action politique sur des questions importantes, il est n\u00e9cessaire que le chemin de la justice soit\nsoit soutenu par une compr\u00e9hension approfondie\ndes int\u00e9r\u00eats des personnes,\ndes diff\u00e9rentes options disponibles\n\nSpanish: \npara pensar en tu proyecto de vida y a la contribuci\u00f3n que quieres dar al bien com\u00fan y a esto agr\u00e9gale el di\u00e1logo, como habilidad profesional esencial.\n3.  La tercera raz\u00f3n para invertir en el di\u00e1logo, \u00faltima pero no menos importante, es que el camino hacia un cambio positivo en la sociedad\npasa por una s\u00f3lida y profunda capacidad de comunicaci\u00f3n aun en las m\u00e1s variadas diferencias.\nPara generar acci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica sobre temas relevantes es importante que el camino hacia la justicia\nest\u00e9 sustentado por una profunda comprensi\u00f3n de los intereses de las personas,\nde las distintas opciones disponibles para llegar a una meta determinada, de las tensiones entre los distintos objetivos,\n\nItalian: \nPrendi il tempo che ti serve per perfezionarti nel tuo ambito di interesse, o nel lavoro che gi\u00e0 fai, per pensare al tuo progetto di vita,\na quale contributo vuoi dare per il bene comune, e aggiungi a questo il dialogo, come abilit\u00e0 professionale essenziale.\nLa terza ragione per investire nel dialogo (l\u2019ultima ma non la meno importante) \u00e8 che il cammino verso un cambiamento della societ\u00e0 in positivo passa\nattraverso una solida e profonda capacit\u00e0 di comunicare\npur nelle pi\u00f9 svariate differenze.\nPer generare azione politica su questioni importanti \u00e8 necessario che il cammino verso la giustizia sia\nsostenuto da una profonda comprensione\ndegli interessi delle persone, comprese le persone\nche la pensano diversamente da me,\n\nEnglish: \nGetting a sense of the different options,  for arriving to certain goals,\nof the tensions between different goals, the unintended consequences of a program of action, and so on\nDialogue is an essential social\nand political skill.\nDialogue, the art of listening, should not\nbe reduced to being nice. It is not about\nsquishing conflict. It is not about smoothing\nover points of tension.\nIt is about getting the equipment (intellectual, social, communication) we need to step into complexity,\ninto relationships, and, into the hard work of caring for our body politic.\nJust a few ideas of why dialogue is worth it.\n\nItalian: \ndelle diverse opzioni disponibili per arrivare a un dato scopo,\ndelle tensioni tra obiettivi diversi, delle conseguenze involontarie di un programma d\u2019azione, e cos\u00ec via.\nIl dialogo \u00e8 quindi un\u2019abilit\u00e0 sociale\ne politica essenziale.\nIl Dialogo, l\u2019arte di ascoltare, non si riduce\nall\u2019essere gentili gli uni con gli altri:\nnon \u00e8 evitare un conflitto. Non \u00e8 nemmeno appianare\nle divergenze.\nSi tratta di acquisire gli strumenti (intellettuali, sociali e comunicativi) necessari per entrare nella complessit\u00e0,\nnelle relazioni, e nel gravoso impegno di prendersi cura delle nostre societ\u00e0.\nEcco perch\u00e9 ne vale la pena.\n\nSpanish: \nde las consecuencias involuntarias de un programa de acci\u00f3n etc.\nPor tanto, el di\u00e1logo es una habilidad social y pol\u00edtica esencial.\nLa tercera raz\u00f3n por la que el di\u00e1logo es una importante habilidad pol\u00edtica y social.\nEl arte de escuchar, que describi\u00f3 Cristina;\nno se reduce a ser amables unos con otros: no es esto.\nNo es evitar el conflicto, ni siquiera se trata de resolver las diferencias.\nSe trata de adquirir las herramientas intelectuales, sociales y comunicativas necesarias\npara entrar en la complejidad de las relaciones\ny en el oneroso empe\u00f1o de cuidar nuestras sociedades.\nEs por esto que vale la pena.\n\nFrench: \npour atteindre un objectif donn\u00e9,\ndes tensions entre diff\u00e9rents objectifs\ndes cons\u00e9quences involontaires\nd\u2019un programme d\u2019action, et ainsi de suite.\nLe dialogue est donc une comp\u00e9tence\nsociale et politique essentielle.\nL\u2019art d\u2019\u00e9couter, ne se r\u00e9duit pas \u00e0 la gentillesse\ndes uns envers les autres: ce n\u2019est pas \u00e7a.\nIl ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019\u00e9viter les conflits. Il ne s\u2019agit\nm\u00eame pas d\u2019aplanir les diff\u00e9rences.\nIl s\u2019agit d\u2019acqu\u00e9rir les outils intellectuels, sociaux et de communication, n\u00e9cessaires pour entrer dans la complexit\u00e9,\ndans les relations et le lourd engagement \u00e0 prendre soin de nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.\nC\u2019est pourquoi \u00e7a en vaut la peine.\n\nPortuguese: \nTer uma no\u00e7\u00e3o das diferentes op\u00e7\u00f5es para chegar a certos objetivos,\ndas tens\u00f5es entre diferentes objetivos, as consequ\u00eancias n\u00e3o intencionais de um programa de a\u00e7\u00e3o, e assim por diante\nO di\u00e1logo \u00e9 uma habilidade social e uma pol\u00edtica essencial.\nA arte de escutar, que a Cristina descreveu, n\u00e3o se reduz a sermos gentis uns com os outros, n\u00e3o \u00e9 isso.\nN\u00e3o \u00e9 evitar o conflito. N\u00e3o se trata nem mesmo de amenizar as diverg\u00eancias.\nTrata-se de adquirir as ferramentas intelectuais, sociais e comunicativas necess\u00e1rias para entrar na complexidade,\nnas rela\u00e7\u00f5es, bem como no penoso compromisso de \u201ccuidar\u201d das nossas sociedades.\nEssas s\u00e3o apenas algumas ideias do porqu\u00ea o di\u00e1logo vale a pena.\n\nPortuguese: \nGosto de como voc\u00ea evidenciou que o di\u00e1logo n\u00e3o \u00e9 como pegar meia ma\u00e7\u00e3\ne meia laranja e criar uma nova fruta a partir de duas partes incompletas, mas \u00e9 reconhecer que cada uma,\ncom suas diferen\u00e7as, relacionando-se, pode contribuir para um objetivo comum:\na sa\u00fade, por exemplo, ou a sangria.\nEnt\u00e3o Amy um dos pilares fundamentais da democracia \u00e9 a participa\u00e7\u00e3o, e a participa\u00e7\u00e3o deve, em primeiro lugar,\nsignificar a possibilidade para os cidad\u00e3os de dialogar\ncom seus representantes eleitos\u2026 de diversas formas. Mas quando n\u00e3o h\u00e1 espa\u00e7o para o di\u00e1logo\nentre cidad\u00e3os e representantes, os problemas sociais podem aumentar, explodir.\nQual \u00e9 o papel do di\u00e1logo na pol\u00edtica?\nPodemos dizer que a aus\u00eancia de di\u00e1logo \u00e9 a aus\u00eancia do \u201ccuidar\u201d?\n\nEnglish: \nLourdes: I love the way you underline the fact that\ndialogue is not like taking a half of an apple\nand taking a half of an orange to create a\nnew fruit, but more like recognizing that\neach of them, with their differences, into\nrelationship, can contribute to a common benefit:\nhealth for example, or a sangria.\nOne of the fundamental pillars of democracy\nis participation and the first meaning of\nparticipation should be the possibility for\nall citizens to be in constant dialogue with\ntheir own elected representatives' in many\nways. But when there's no space for dialogue\nbetween citizens and representatives, social\nproblems increase, can explode.\nWhat is the role that dialogue plays in politics?\nCan we say that the absence of dialogue is the absence of care?\n\nItalian: \nLourdes: Mi piace come hai evidenziato che il dialogo\nnon \u00e8 come prendere mezza mela\ne mezza arancia e creare\nun nuovo frutto, ma \u00e8 riconoscere\nche ognuna, con le sue differenze,\nin relazione, pu\u00f2 contribuire a un obiettivo comune:\nla salute, ad esempio, o la sangria.\nUno dei pilastri fondamentali della democrazia\n\u00e8 la partecipazione, e partecipazione\ndovrebbe prima di tutto significare possibilit\u00e0\nper i cittadini di dialogare costantemente\ncon i loro rappresentanti eletti\u2026\nin diversi modi. Ma quando non c\u2019\u00e8 spazio per il dialogo\nfra cittadini e rappresentanti,\ni problemi sociali possono aumentare, esplodere.\nChe ruolo gioca il dialogo in politica?\nPossiamo dire che l\u2019assenza di dialogo \u00e8 assenza di cura?\n\nFrench: \nJ\u2019aime la fa\u00e7on dont vous avez soulign\u00e9 que le dialogue\nn\u2019est pas comme prendre une demi-pomme\net une demi-orange et cr\u00e9er un nouveau fruit\n\u00e0 partir de deux parties incompl\u00e8tes, mais il reconna\u00eet que chacune,\navec ses diff\u00e9rences, en relation,\npeut contribuer \u00e0 un objectif commun:\nla sant\u00e9, par exemple, ou la sangria.\nL\u2019un des piliers fondamentaux de la d\u00e9mocratie est la participation, et la participation doit avant tout signifier\nla possibilit\u00e9 pour les citoyens de dialoguer\nen permanence avec leurs \u00e9lus\u2026\nde diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res...\nais lorsqu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de place pour le dialogue\nentre les citoyens et les repr\u00e9sentants,\nles probl\u00e8mes sociaux peuvent s\u2019aggraver, exploser.\nQuel r\u00f4le joue le dialogue en politique?\nPeut-on dire que l\u2019absence de dialogue est l\u2019absence du soin?\n\nSpanish: \nGracias Amy. Me encanta c\u00f3mo has puesto en evidencia que el di\u00e1logo\nno es como juntar media manzana y media naranja\ny crear una nueva fruta a partir de dos partes incompletas,\nsino que es reconocer que cada una con sus diferencias, en relaci\u00f3n,\npuede contribuir a un objetivo com\u00fan: la salud, por ejemplo,\n...o una sangr\u00eda\nUno de los pilares fundamentales de la democracia es la participaci\u00f3n,\ny la participaci\u00f3n debe significar ante todo la posibilidad de que los ciudadanos\ndialoguen constantemente con sus representantes electos \u2026 de diferentes maneras.\nPero cuando no hay espacio para el di\u00e1logo entre ciudadanos y representantes,\nlos problemas sociales pueden aumentar, explotar.\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 papel juega el di\u00e1logo en la pol\u00edtica?\n\u00bfPodr\u00edamos decir que la ausencia de di\u00e1logo, es ausencia del cuidado?\n\nSpanish: \nLourdes, esto es muy cierto, y es visible en los grandes desaf\u00edos de hoy\u2026\nVeo el mundo a mi alrededor que arde con protestas\ncontra el hecho de que el cuidado no est\u00e1 en el coraz\u00f3n de mi sociedad y de mi cultura.\nA muchos les gustar\u00eda que fuera as\u00ed, pero el momento que vivimos revela claramente que no es as\u00ed.\nLas profundas desigualdades en el acceso a la atenci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica y en muchas otras \u00e1reas,\ny la injusticia racial tienen un impacto directo y diario en la capacidad de cuidar,\nrespetar la dignidad humana y las necesidades primarias de muchas personas.\nEntonces, \u00bfQu\u00e9 hacer cuando se da una ruptura en la comunicaci\u00f3n, una ruptura en el sistema pol\u00edtico?\n\nPortuguese: \nIsso \u00e9 bem verdade e \u00e9 vis\u00edvel nos grandes desafios de hoje...\nEu vejo o mundo ao meu redor incendiado por protestos contra o fato de que\no \u201ccuidar\u201d n\u00e3o est\u00e1 no centro da minha sociedade e da minha cultura. Muitos gostariam que estivesse, mas o momento que estamos vivendo\nrevela claramente que n\u00e3o \u00e9 assim.\nDesigualdades no acesso aos cuidados da sa\u00fade e em outras \u00e1reas, como a injusti\u00e7a racial, t\u00eam um impacto direto e di\u00e1rio\nna capacidade de cuidar, de respeitar a dignidade humana e as necessidades b\u00e1sicas de muitas pessoas.\nEnt\u00e3o, o que fazer quando h\u00e1 uma ruptura na comunica\u00e7\u00e3o, uma ruptura no sistema pol\u00edtico?\n\nEnglish: \nAmy: So this is so true, all of these huge challenges that we see\nI see the world directly around me on fire with protest\nfor the many ways in which care is not at\nthe center of my society or my culture. Many people would like it to be but the moment of truth we're facing\nis that it's not. Severe inequality in healthcare and many areas and racial injustice have a direct and daily impact\non the capacity to care: to respect the human dignity and basic needs of many people.\nSo what do we do when there is this kind of breakdown in communication and breakdown in the political system\n\nItalian: \nAmy: Questo \u00e8 molto vero, ed \u00e8 visibile nelle grandi sfide di oggi\nio vedo il mondo intorno a me incendiato dalle proteste\ncontro il fatto che la cura non \u00e8\nal centro della mia societ\u00e0 e della mia cultura. Molti vorrebbero che lo fosse, ma il momento che stiamo vivendo ci rivela chiaramente\nche non \u00e8 cos\u00ec. Le profonde disuguaglianze nell\u2019accesso alle cure sanitarie e in molti altri ambiti, e l\u2019ingiustizia razziale hanno un impatto diretto e quotidiano\nsulla capacit\u00e0 di prendersi cura: di rispettare la dignit\u00e0 umana e i bisogni primari di molte persone.\nCosa fare allora quando avviene una rottura nella comunicazione, una rottura nel sistema politico?\n\nFrench: \nC\u2019est tr\u00e8s vrai, et cela se voit dans les grands d\u00e9fis d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui\u2026\nJe vois le monde qui m\u2019entoure, enflamm\u00e9 de protestations contre le fait que le soin ne soit pas\nau centre de ma soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et de ma culture. Beaucoup aimeraient que ce soit le cas, mais le moment que nous vivons r\u00e9v\u00e8le clairement que ce n\u2019est pas le cas.\nDe profondes in\u00e9galit\u00e9s dans l\u2019acc\u00e8s aux soins de sant\u00e9 et dans de nombreux autres domaines, ainsi que l\u2019injustice raciale, ont un impact direct et quotidien\nsur la capacit\u00e9 de prendre soin, de respecter la dignit\u00e9 humaine et les besoins fondamentaux de nombreuses personnes.\nAlors que faire en cas de rupture dans la communication, de rupture du syst\u00e8me politique?\n\nPortuguese: \n\u00c9 uma realidade que vemos em muitos pa\u00edses do mundo neste momento, por v\u00e1rios motivos,\ne cada comunidade poderia nos dizer o porqu\u00ea.\nCreio que precisamos do protesto, precisamos de formas de comunica \u2039o que tenham a forma de protesto.\nCom sua maneira de soletrar de forma clara o que est\u00e1 errado e de reivindicar o que \u00e9 justo.\nPrecisamos de formas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o que se adaptem a um banner, ou a um cartaz, ou a um post-it, certo?\nFormas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o claras, diretas e fortes.\nPrecisamos abrir nossos ouvidos e cora\u00e7\u00f5es para assimilar essas declara\u00e7\u00f5es, proferidas em termos fortes e at\u00e9 cortantes.\nRepito, n\u00e3o se trata de encontrar maneiras de sermos gentis uns com os outros; precisamos dessas formas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o.\n\nEnglish: \nThat's the reality we are facing in many countries of the world right now, for many reasons\nAnd we can have each community tell their story on what those reasons are.\nSo I think we need protest. We need forms of communication that take the form of protest.\nWith stark declarations about what is wrong and clear demands for what is right. We need that.\nWe need forms of communication that fit onto a poster or placard or a post-it!\nVery strong clear forms of communication.\nWe need to open our ears and hearts to take in these declarations, shouted in strong and even sharp terms.\nAgain this is not about being nice to each other.We need those forms of communication.\n\nFrench: \nC\u2019est une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 que nous observons actuellement\ndans de nombreux pays du monde, pour diverses raisons,\net chaque communaut\u00e9 pourrait nous en dire le pourquoi.\nJe pense que nous avons besoin de la protestation,\navec sa mani\u00e8re de dire ce qui ne va pas\net de r\u00e9clamer ce qui est juste.\nNous avons besoin de formes de communication qui s\u2019adaptent \u00e0 une banderole, \u00e0 une pancarte, \u00e0 un post-it,\nnous avons besoin de cette forme\nde communication forte et claire.\nNous devons ouvrir nos oreilles et nos c\u0153urs pour assimiler ces d\u00e9clarations, \u00e9nonc\u00e9es en termes forts et m\u00eame tranchants.\nEncore une fois, il ne s\u2019agit pas de trouver des moyens d\u2019\u00eatre gentils les uns envers les autres : nous avons besoin de ces formes de communication.\n\nSpanish: \nEs una realidad que, por muchas razones, en este momento, vemos en muchos pa\u00edses del mundo\ny, cada comunidad podr\u00eda decirnos por qu\u00e9.\nCreo que necesitamos la protesta con su forma de explicar claramente lo que no va y reclamar lo justo.\nNecesitamos formas de comunicaci\u00f3n aptas a una pancarta o cartel\u00f3n, o un adhesivo, de forma fuerte y clara.\nNecesitamos abrir nuestros o\u00eddos y corazones para asimilar estas declaraciones,\nenunciarlas en t\u00e9rminos contundentes y hasta mordaces.\nRepito, no se trata de encontrar formas para ser amables unos con otros, necesitamos estas formas de comunicaci\u00f3n.\n\nItalian: \n\u00c8 una realt\u00e0 che vediamo in molti paesi del mondo in questo momento, per vari motivi\ne ogni comunit\u00e0 potrebbe raccontarci il perch\u00e9.\nCredo che abbiamo bisogno della protesta. Abbiamo bisogno di forme di comunicazione che assumano la forma della protesta,\ncon il suo modo di scandire a chiare lettere ci\u00f2 che non va e di reclamare ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 giusto.\nAbbiamo bisogno di forme di comunicazione che si adattino a uno striscione o un cartello, o un post-it\ndi questa forma di comunicazione forte e chiara.\nAbbiamo bisogno di aprire le orecchie e il cuore per assimilare queste dichiarazioni, scandite in termini forti e perfino taglienti.\nLo ripeto, non si tratta di trovare modi per essere gentili gli uni con gli altri: abbiamo bisogno di queste forme di comunicazione.\n\nPortuguese: \nMas o convite a \u201ctomar conta\u201d e a entender exatamente o que significa \u201ccuidar\u201d no contexto pol\u00edtico,\ntamb\u00e9m nos ajuda a compreender que o protesto \u00e9 apenas uma forma de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o pol\u00edtica,\numa forma ret\u00f3rica.  Se limitarmos nossa vis\u00e3o da pol\u00edtica apenas \u00e0 afirma\u00e7\u00e3o de princ\u00edpios,\nn\u00e3o iremos muito longe. N\u00e3o nos d\u00e3o as ferramentas para ir mais longe.\nSim, precisamos de princ\u00edpios claros. Mas para trabalhar em uma mudan\u00e7a na sociedade,\ncriar uma equipe de pessoas que est\u00e3o convencidas de que podem trabalhar juntas para uma mudan\u00e7a positiva, s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios\ndiscursos, an\u00e1lise, aprendizado, debates e at\u00e9 mesmo conversas informais entre amigos:\nao redor de uma mesa de jantar, ou online, em todas as modalidades que hoje nos permitem nos encontrar e conversar.\n\nItalian: \nMa l\u2019invito a prendersi cura, e a capire\ncosa significa con esattezza prendersi cura nel contesto politico,\nci aiuta anche a capire che la protesta\n\u00e8 solo una tra le forme di comunicazione politica,\nuna forma retorica. Se limitiamo la nostra visione\ndella politica soltanto all\u2019affermazione di principi,\nnon andremo molto lontano.\nNon abbiamo gli strumenti per andare oltre.\nS\u00ec, abbiamo bisogno di principi chiari. Ma per lavorare\nad un cambiamento della societ\u00e0, per creare una squadra di persone\nconvinte che si possa lavorare insieme\nper un cambiamento in positivo, servono\nconfronto, analisi, apprendimento, dibattiti, e perfino conversazioni informali\ntra amici: intorno a un tavolo da pranzo, oppure online, in tutte le modalit\u00e0 che oggi ci permettono di incontrarci e conversare.\n\nEnglish: \nBut the invitation to care - and to work out\nexactly what it means to care in a political\nsetting - also helps us to see that protest\nis only one form of political communication,\none rhetorical form. And if we limit our vision\nof politics only to an affirmation of principles,\nat a certain point we are not going to get\nvery far. They don't give us the tools to travel further.\nYes, we need clear principles. But work for\nchange in society - building a team of people\nwho are convinced that we can work together\nfor positive change also requires\nconversation, analysis,\nteaching, debate, and even the easy back and\nforth between friends in all of the ways that we 'chat' the possibility to be around a lunch table or online.\n\nFrench: \nMais l\u2019invitation \u00e0 prendre soin, \u00e0 comprendre exactement ce que signifie prendre soin dans le contexte politique,\nnous aide aussi \u00e0 comprendre que la protestation\nn\u2019est qu\u2019une parmi les formes de communication politique,\nune forme rh\u00e9torique. Si nous limitons notre vision\nde la politique \u00e0 la seule affirmation de principes,\nnous n\u2019irons pas tr\u00e8s loin, nous n\u2019aurons\npas les outils pour aller plus loin.\nOui, nous avons besoin de principes clairs. Mais pour travailler sur un changement\nde soci\u00e9t\u00e9, pour cr\u00e9er une \u00e9quipe de personnes\nconvaincues de la possibilit\u00e9 de travailler\nensemble pour un changement positif,\nnous avons besoin de confrontation, d\u2019analyses, d\u2019apprentissage,\nde d\u00e9bats, de m\u00eame que de conversations informelles entre amis:\nautour d\u2019une table ou en ligne, de toutes les mani\u00e8res\nqui nous permettent aujourd\u2019hui de nous rencontrer et de converser.\n\nSpanish: \nPero la invitaci\u00f3n es a tener cuidado, y a entender exactamente qu\u00e9 significa cuidar en contexto pol\u00edtico,\ntambi\u00e9n nos ayuda a entender que la protesta es solo una forma de comunicaci\u00f3n pol\u00edtica, una forma ret\u00f3rica.\nSi limitamos nuestra visi\u00f3n de la pol\u00edtica solo a la afirmaci\u00f3n de principios, no llegaremos muy lejos.\nNo tenemos las herramientas para ir m\u00e1s lejos.\nS\u00ed, necesitamos principios claros, pero para trabajar en un cambio de sociedad,\npara crear un equipo de personas convencidas de que podemos trabajar juntos para un cambio positivo,\nse necesita confrontaci\u00f3n, an\u00e1lisis, aprendizaje, debates e incluso conversaciones informales entre amigos,\nalrededor de una mesa de comedor, o en l\u00ednea, en todas las formas que hoy nos permiten encontrarnos y conversar.\n\nPortuguese: \nEnt\u00e3o, como podemos proteger a dignidade humana em um determinado contexto pol\u00edtico,\nque traz consigo uma determinada hist\u00f3ria ou sistema econ\u00f4mico?  Como podemos desmantelar as estruturas injustas?\nComo lidar com a tens\u00e3o criativa entre os diferentes valores? Como transformar Dare to Care em uma realidade concreta em um contexto social espec\u00edfico?\nVoltando \u00e0 sua sangria, qual \u00e9 o trabalho criativo que servepara evitar a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de um h\u00edbrido entre duas realidades? Para ilustrar isso, gostaria de citar\num poeta israelense, Yehuda Amichai, com um texto que descobri na \u00faltima parte de uma exposi\u00e7\u00e3o em mem\u00f3ria de Yitzhak Rabin, em Tel Aviv.\n\nFrench: \nComment pouvons-nous alors prot\u00e9ger la dignit\u00e9 humaine dans un contexte politique sp\u00e9cifique, qui a derri\u00e8re\nlui une histoire et un syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique donn\u00e9?\nComment d\u00e9manteler les structures injustes?\nComment g\u00e9rer la tension cr\u00e9ative entre les diff\u00e9rentes valeurs? Comment transformer en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 concr\u00e8te Dare to Care dans un certain contexte social?\nPour en revenir \u00e0 votre sangria, quel est le travail creative dont vous avez besoin pour \u00e9viter de cr\u00e9er\nun hybride entre deux r\u00e9alit\u00e9s?\nPour illustrer cela, je voudrais citer\nun po\u00e8te isra\u00e9lien, Yehuda Amichai, avec un texte que \nj\u2019ai d\u00e9couvert dans une exposition \u00e0 la m\u00e9moire d\u2019Yitzhak Rabin \u00e0 Tel Aviv.\n\nEnglish: \nSo, how we protect human dignity in a given political\nterrain, against the backdrop of a specific\nhistory or economy; how we dismantle unfair\nstructures and navigate the creative tension\nbetween values  -  how we make the 'DareToCare' a reality in a given social setting.\nI want to come back to your sangria, what is the creative work we can do to say,\nit's not just squishing two realities together. The way I'd like to do this is to quote\nAn Israeli Poet, Yehuda Amichai - a poem I discovered at the last station of a memorial exhibit to Yitshak Rabin in\n\nSpanish: \nEntonces, \u00bfC\u00f3mo podemos proteger la dignidad humana en un contexto pol\u00edtico determinado, que tiene su propia historia y su propio sistema econ\u00f3mico?\n\u00bfC\u00f3mo podemos desmantelar las estructuras injustas?\n\u00bfC\u00f3mo afrontar la tensi\u00f3n creativa entre los diferentes valores?\nLo vemos en Dare to Care: \u00bfC\u00f3mo transformar en realidad concreta Dare to Care en un contexto social espec\u00edfico?\nVolviendo a tu sangr\u00eda, \u00bfcu\u00e1l es el trabajo creativo que necesitas para evitar un hibrido entre dos realidades?\nPara ilustrar esto me gustar\u00eda citar a un poeta israel\u00ed, Yehuda Amichai,\ncon un texto que descubr\u00ed en la \u00faltima estaci\u00f3n de una exposici\u00f3n en memoria de Yitzhak Rabin a Tel Aviv.\n\nItalian: \nCome possiamo allora proteggere la dignit\u00e0 umana\nin un determinato contesto politico, che ha alle spalle\nuna certa storia e un dato sistema economico? Come possiamo smantellare le strutture ingiuste? Come affrontare la tensione creativa\nfra i diversi valori? Come trasformare in realt\u00e0 concreta Dare to Care in un determinato contesto sociale?\nRitornando alla tua sangria, qual \u00e8 il lavoro creativo che serve\nper evitare di creare un ibrido fra due realt\u00e0? Per illustrarlo, vorrei citare\nun poeta israeliano, Yehuda Amichai, con un testo che ho scoperto nell\u2019ultima stazione di una mostra in memoria di Yitzhak Rabin\n\nSpanish: \nEl poema se titula \u201cEl lugar donde tenemos raz\u00f3n\u201d\ny es una meditaci\u00f3n sobre c\u00f3mo llegar a un espacio creativo y generativo.\nEscribe: El lugar en que tenemos raz\u00f3n\nnunca florecer\u00e1 en primavera\nel lugar en que tenemos raz\u00f3n est\u00e1 pisoteado y duro como un patio\npero las dudas y los amores\nhacen del mundo tierra f\u00e9rtil\ncomo el oso hormiguero, como el arado\ny un murmullo se escuchar\u00e1 en el lugar\ndonde estaba la casa que fue destruida.\nDar espacio a dudas no significa cuestionar la importancia,\n\nEnglish: \nin Tel Aviv. The poem is called: The Place Where We Are Right. This is a kinda meditation on what it takes\nto get to that more creative and more life-giving space.\nHe writes:  From\nthe place where we are right, flowers will\nnever grow in the spring. The place where\nwe are right is hard and trampled like a yard.\nBut doubts and loves dig up the world like\na mole, a plow. And a whisper will be heard\nin the place where the ruined house once stood.\nSpace for doubt does not mean throwing into question about what matters:\n\nPortuguese: \nO poema \u00e9 intitulado \u201cO lugar onde temos raz\u00e3o\u201d e \u00e9 uma medita\u00e7\u00e3o\nsobre como chegar a um espa\u00e7o criativo e mais generativo.\nEle escreve: \u201cDo lugar onde temos raz\u00e3o, jamais crescer\u00e3o flores na primavera.\nO lugar onde temos raz\u00e3o \u00e9 duro e compacto como um p\u00e1tio\nMas d\u00favidas e amores escavam o mundo como uma toupeira, como um arado. E um sussurro ser\u00e1 ouvido\nnas ru\u00ednas onde um dia houve uma casa\u201d.\nAbrir espa\u00e7o para a d\u00favida n\u00e3o significa colocar em discuss\u00e3o o que realmente importa\n\nItalian: \na Tel Aviv. La poesia si intitola \u201cIl luogo in cui abbiamo ragione\u201d, ed \u00e8 una meditazione su come\narrivare ad uno spazio creativo e generativo.\nScrive: \u201cDal luogo\nin cui abbiamo ragione, i fiori\nnon spunteranno mai in primavera. Il luogo in cui abbiamo ragione \u00e8 duro e a lungo calpestato come un cortile.\nMa i dubbi e gli amori rivoltano il mondo\ncome una talpa, un aratro. E sentiremo un sussurro\ndove la casa in rovina un tempo sorgeva intatta.\u201d\nFare spazio al dubbio non significa mettere in discussione l\u2019importanza:\n\nFrench: \nLe po\u00e8me s\u2019intitule \u00ab L\u2019endroit o\u00f9 nous avons raison \u00bb, il est une meditation\nsur la fa\u00e7on d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 un espace cr\u00e9atif et g\u00e9n\u00e9ratif.\nIl \u00e9crit: \u00ab De l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 nous avons raison,\nles fleurs ne sortiront jamais au printemps.\nL\u2019endroit o\u00f9 nous avons raison est dur\net longtemps pi\u00e9tin\u00e9 comme une cour.\nMais les doutes et les amours bouleversent le monde\ncomme une taupe, comme une charrue.\nEt nous entendrons un murmure l\u00e0 o\u00f9 la maison\nen ruines \u00e9tait autrefois intacte. \u00bb\nFaire place au doute ne signifie pas\nremettre en question l\u2019importance,\n\nEnglish: \nfor example, religious freedom, human dignity, Black Lives. It does not mean throwing that into question.\nBut it does mean (going back to Cristina's reflection) opening the door,\na horizon to an appreciation\nthat there are a variety of paths, strategies,\ntheories, that can lead to those goals.Politics is not only about affirming principles, but how to get there.\nWe can affirm that we need to care, caring is important\n- and we can also affirm that we need to dialogue\nin order to discern among the manifold ways\nto make caring a reality in our society.\n\nSpanish: \npor ejemplo, de la libertad de religi\u00f3n, la dignidad humana, la vida de los negros.\nEn cambio, y aqu\u00ed recuerdo la riqueza de la meditaci\u00f3n de Cristina sobre las cuatro palabras,\nsignifica abrir una puerta, un horizonte, la toma de conciencia que existen distintos caminos,\nestrategias, teor\u00edas, que pueden conducir a esos objetivos.\nLa pol\u00edtica no es s\u00f3lo afirmar principios,\nsino que tambi\u00e9n es hablar de c\u00f3mo realizarlos concretamente.\nAfirmamos que es necesario cuidar y que  el cuidado es importante y,\npodemos afirmar que el di\u00e1logo es necesario para discernir entre las m\u00faltiples formas en que se puede realizar el cuidado en nuestras sociedades.\n\nFrench: \npar exemple, de la libert\u00e9 de religion, de la dignit\u00e9 humaine, de la vie des personnes de couleur.\nRappelant ici la richesse de la m\u00e9ditation de Cristina\nsur les quatre mots, cela signifie en revanche ouvrir une porte,\nun horizon, \u00e0 la prise de conscience qu\u2019il existe diverses voies, strat\u00e9gies,  theories, qui peuvent conduire \u00e0 ces objectifs.\nLa politique, ce n\u2019est pas seulement affirmer des principes,\nmais aussi parler de la mani\u00e8re de les mettre en \u0153uvre concr\u00e8tement.\nNous affirmons qu\u2019il faut prendre soin et que le soin est important,\nde m\u00eame nous pouvons affirmer qu\u2019est n\u00e9cessaire le dialogue pour discerner parmi les nombreuses fa\u00e7ons\ndont le soin peut advenir dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.\n\nPortuguese: \npor exemplo, a import\u00e2ncia da liberdade de religi\u00e3o, da dignidade humana, da vida das pessoas negras. N\u00e3o significa colocar tudo isso discuss\u00e3o.\nAo inv\u00e9s \u2013 e aqui recordo a riqueza da medita\u00e7\u00e3o da Cristina sobre as quatro palavras \u2013significa abrir uma porta,\num horizonte, para a tomada de consci\u00eancia de que existem diversos caminhos, estrat\u00e9gias,\nteorias, que podem levar a diferentes objetivos. A pol\u00edtica n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas afirmar princ\u00edpios, mas \u00e9 falar sobre como realiz\u00e1-los concretamente.\nAfirmamos que \u00e9 preciso cuidar, e que o cuidado \u00e9 importante;\ne podemos afirmar que \u00e9 preciso dialogar para discernir, entre as mult\u00edplices formas,\nPara fazer do \u201ccuidar\u201d uma realidade em nossas sociedades.\n\nItalian: \nad esempio, della libert\u00e0 di religione, della dignit\u00e0 umana, della vita delle persone di colore\nSignifica invece (richiamando la ricchezza della meditazione di Cristina), aprire una porta,\nun orizzonte, alla presa di coscienza\nche esistono diverse strade, strategie,\nteorie, che possono portare a quegli obiettivi. La politica non \u00e8 solo affermare principi, \u00e8 anche parlare di come realizzarli concretamente..\nAffermiamo che c\u2019\u00e8 bisogno di prendersi cura, e che la cura \u00e8 importante,\ne possiamo affermare che c\u2019\u00e8 bisogno del dialogo\nper discernere fra i molteplici modi\nin cui la cura pu\u00f2 attuarsi nelle nostre societ\u00e0.\n\nPortuguese: \nE espero que depois, por meio desse m\u00e9todo, possamos comemorar com a sangria!\nEu tamb\u00e9m espero! Obrigada, Amy. Tenho certeza de que ter a coragem de dialogar \u00e9 ter a coragem de cuidar.\nDialogar \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m ousar fazer uma viagem e, Cristina\ncomo em qualquer viagem\nprecisamos nos preparar bem.\nCristina, o que voc\u00ea pode nos dizer,\nO que precisamos levar na bagagem\nde equipamentos para esta viagem?\nComo dizia Amy,\nn\u00e3o \u00e9 algo que se improvisa,\nestamos falando de coisas muito s\u00e9rias\ne comprometedoras e exigentes, mas fascinantes.\nPorque como diz\u00edamos antes,\nsignifica a possibilidade de fazer uma viagem\nfora dos nossos limites e de nossas fronteiras, das nossas muralhas.\n\nEnglish: \nI hope we get to the celebratory sangria through that method!\nLourdes: I hope as well! Thank you Amy. I am sure that daring to dialogue is also daring to care.\nDialoguing is also daring to take a trip and as in any trip, we need to prepare ourselves.\nCristina, what (could we say) do we need to take with us in our luggage?\nAs Amy said,\nit's not something you improvise\nWe're talking about serious things\nIt requires practice and effort, but it's fascinating\nwhen you think that it opens us up\nto worlds and realities that we could\nnever access within our own walls.\n\nSpanish: \nY espero que luego, a trav\u00e9s de este m\u00e9todo, podamos celebrarlo con sangr\u00eda.\nTambi\u00e9n yo lo espero. Gracias Amy.\nEstoy segura que tener el valor de dialogar, es tambi\u00e9n tener el valor de cuidar.\n\nItalian: \nE spero che poi, attraverso questo metodo, arriveremo a festeggiare con la sangria.\nLourdes: Lo spero anch\u2019io. Grazie Amy. Sono certa che anche avere il coraggio di dialogare \u00e8 avere il coraggio di prendersi cura.\nDialogare \u00e8 anche avere il coraggio di fare un viaggio e, come in ogni viaggio, dobbiamo prepararci.\nDialogare \u00e8 anche osare fare un viaggio,\nCristina, e come in ogni viaggio,\ndobbiamo prepararci.\nBene, Cristina, cosa potremmo dire\nche cosa dobbiamo portare in valigia?\nCristina: Come diceva Amy\nnon \u00e8 una cosa semplice.\nStiamo parlando di cose molto serie\ne di impegni molto impegnativi, ma affascinanti\nPerch\u00e9, come abbiamo detto prima,\npossiamo fare un viaggio\nfuori dai nostri limiti, fuori dai confini delle nostre mura,\n\nFrench: \nJ\u2019esp\u00e8re que plus tard, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 cette m\u00e9thode,\nnous pourrons le c\u00e9l\u00e9brer avec de la sangria.\nJe l\u2019esp\u00e8re aussi. Merci Amy. Je suis convaincu qu\u2019avoir le courage de parler, c\u2019est aussi avoir le courage de prendre soin.\nDialoguer, c'est aussi oser faire un voyage \net comme dans tout voyage, il faut se pr\u00e9parer.\nDialoguer, c'est aussi oser faire\nun voyage de cristina et comme dans tout\nTrip, nous devons nous pr\u00e9parer. D'accord.\nCristina on pourrait dire que\ndevons-nous emporter dans nos bagages ?\ncomme nous l'a dit Amy\nce n'est pas une chose simple que nous sommes\nparler de choses tr\u00e8s s\u00e9rieuses et\nexigeant, mais fascinant\nparce que, comme nous l'avons d\u00e9j\u00e0 dit, cela signifie que la\nnous pouvons faire un voyage\nen dehors de nos fronti\u00e8res,\nen dehors des limites de nos murs,\n\nEnglish: \nIn the complexity of the world in which we live,\ncharacterized by interdependence,\nwhich the pandemic has clearly highlighted\nit is clearer than ever that\nYou can't achieve a community goal\nWithout including a diversity of visions and convictions.\nNone of us are in isolation.\nAs Amy said, dialogue is first of all\na personal skill\nthat can reach a collective construction.\nThe common good requires\nthe participation of all actors.\nThese are the ingredients.\nThese are the instruments I would take on this trip.\nI propose 5 key words.\nPassion\n\nFrench: \ndans la complexit\u00e9 du monde dans lequel nous vivons,\nune complexit\u00e9 qui est devenue\ntr\u00e8s apparente pour tout le monde,\navec cette pand\u00e9mie,\nquelque chose que nous ne pouvons pas\nplus nous discutons de notre interd\u00e9pendance.\nOn ne peut pas chercher ce qu'on peut dire\n\"bon\", comme pour atteindre\nun objectif pour une communaut\u00e9,\nsans tenir compte de la diversit\u00e9 des points de vue,\ndes visions, des croyances.\nAucun d'entre nous ne peut le faire seul,\nComme l'a dit Amy, le dialogue est\nune expertise essentiellement personnelle,\nmais, c'est pour r\u00e9aliser une construction collective\nparce que le bien commun exige\nla participation de tous les acteurs.\nQuels sont donc ces ingr\u00e9dients ?\nles outils que j'emporterais\navec moi lors de ce voyage ?\nJe vous propose cinq mots,\nPASSION puis je l'explique\n\nItalian: \nnella complessit\u00e0 del mondo in cui viviamo,\nuna complessit\u00e0 che \u00e8 diventata molto evidente a tutti,\ncon questa pandemia,\nqualcosa che non possiamo\npi\u00f9 discutere \u00e8 la nostra interdipendenza.\nNon possiamo cercare nulla, che possiamo dire\n\"bene\", come raggiungere un obiettivo per una comunit\u00e0,\nsenza includere la diversit\u00e0 delle prospettive,\ndelle visioni, delle convinzioni.\nNessuno di noi, da solo, pu\u00f2 farlo,\nCome ha detto Amy, il dialogo \u00e8\nuna competenza soprattutto personale,\nma, \u00e8 per raggiungere una costruzione collettiva\nperch\u00e9 il bene comune richiede\nla partecipazione di tutti gli attori.\nQuali sono dunque quegli ingredienti,\ngli strumenti che porterei con me in questo viaggio?\nProporrei cinque parole,\nPASSIONE poi la spiego\n\nPortuguese: \nNa complexidade do mundo que vivemos,\numa complexidade feita para todos,\nMuito evidente com essa Pandemia,\nAlgo que n\u00e3o podemos colocar em discuss\u00e3o\n\u00e9 a nossa interdepend\u00eancia.\n\u00c9 mais claro do que nunca que o bem comum\nn\u00e3o pode ser alcan\u00e7ado por nenhuma das partes isoladamente\nsem incluir diversidade de perspectivas\nde vis\u00f5es ou convic\u00e7\u00f5es.\nNenhum de n\u00f3s estamos isolados.\nE como dizia Amy, o di\u00e1logo\n\u00e9 uma compet\u00eancia, antes de mais nada, pessoal\nPor\u00e9m, \u00e9 para chegar em uma constru\u00e7\u00e3o coletiva\nporque o bem comum requer\na contribui\u00e7\u00e3o de todos os atores envolvidos.\nEnt\u00e3o quais s\u00e3o os ingredientes,\nesses instrumentos que eu levaria para esta viagem?\nEu os colocaria em cinco palavras:\n\u201cPaix\u00e3o\u201d (depois irei explicar)\n\nPortuguese: \n\u201cConsci\u00eancia da Gram\u00e1tica\"\n\u201cGeneratividade\u201d\n\u201cSuspens\u00e3o\u201d\n\u201cResili\u00eancia\u201d\nEntre as tantas defini\u00e7\u00f5es\nde pol\u00edtica que podemos encontrar,\ngosto muito daquela que a descreve como paix\u00e3o,\nou seja, a pol\u00edtica \u00e9 esse amor intenso,\nprofundo, que leva voc\u00ea a apostar tudo\npor uma causa que acredita ser justa,\nimportante para a comunidade,\npelas pessoas que amamos,\naqueles que nos parecem mais fracos,\nmais vulner\u00e1veis dentro do grupo\n\u00c9 que queremos representar.\nNo meu caso, por exemplo,\nForam os que n\u00e3o t\u00eam for\u00e7as para lutar,\nas crian\u00e7as que n\u00e3o t\u00eam acesso a educa\u00e7\u00e3o,\n\nFrench: \nla sensibilisation aux GRAMMAIRE\nG\u00c9N\u00c9RATIVIT\u00c9\nSUSPENSION\nR\u00c9SILIENCE\nParmi les nombreuses d\u00e9finitions\nque nous pourrions trouver politique\nJ'aime beaucoup celle qui le d\u00e9crit comme\nLa politique de la PASSION comme un amour intense\nprofonde, qui vous am\u00e8ne \u00e0 tout miser\npour cette cause que vous estimez juste et importante\net important pour notre communaut\u00e9\npour les personnes que nous aimons\npour ceux qui semblent plus faibles\nvuln\u00e9rables dans le groupe\nque nous voulons repr\u00e9senter\nDans mon cas, par exemple,\ncelle qui lui a donn\u00e9 la force de se battre,\nJe ne sais pas, pour les enfants qui n'ont pas acc\u00e8s...\n\nEnglish: \nGrammar\nGenerativity\nSuspension\nResilience\nAmong the many definitions of politics\nthat we could find\nI really like the one that describes it as\na passion, that is, as an intense, deep love\nthat leads you to offer everything\nfor the cause that you feel right\nJust and important for your community\nFor the people we love\nfor the weaker and vulnerable group\nof people that we want to represent\nIn my case for example\nI find stength and passion\nTo fight for children out of education\n\nItalian: \nconsapevolezza della GRAMMATICA\nGENERATIVIT\u00c0\nSOSPENSIONE\nRESILIENZA\nTra le tante definizioni\nche potremmo trovare di politica\nmi piace moltissimo quella che la descrive come\nPASSIONE la polItica come un amore intenso\nprofondo, che ti porta a giocarti tutto\nper quella causa che senti giusta e importante\nper la  e importante per la nostra comunit\u00e0\nper quelle persone che amiamo\nper quelle che sembrano pi\u00f9 deboli\nvulnerabili nel gruppo\nche vogliamo rappresentare\nNel mio caso specifico, per esempio,\nquello che gli ha dato la forza di combattere,\nnon so, per i bambini che non hanno accesso\n\nPortuguese: \npor pessoas que se viram\nobrigadas a emigrar,\nou que foram expulsas do seu pr\u00f3prio territ\u00f3rio.\nPor culturas que me parecem\nter sua identidade amea\u00e7ada.\nEnt\u00e3o, para poder empenhar-se por todas essas coisas\n\u00e9 preciso uma grande paix\u00e3o.\nE isto \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio para a pol\u00edtica,\nmas logicamente isto implica\nque a outra pessoa com quem nos encontramos,\nas outras pessoas com quem\nqueremos construir este projeto comum\ntamb\u00e9m sejam movidas por uma paix\u00e3o.\nN\u00e3o podem simplesmente expressar\nalgumas ideias com um desprendimento absoluto\nporque s\u00e3o movidas por essa paix\u00e3o, que s\u00e3o,\ndo meu ponto de vista, as paix\u00f5es\nque nos movem, a paix\u00e3o que nos move.\nDuas - a convic\u00e7\u00e3o profunda\n\nItalian: \nall\u2019educazione, per persone che sono state\ncostrette a migrare\no a essere sfollate dai propri territori\no per le culture la cui identit\u00e0\nmi sembra minacciata.\nQuindi, per poter rischiare su queste cose,\nsu queste cose, c'\u00e8 bisogno di molta passione,\ne questo \u00e8 necessario, per la politica.\nMa, logicamente, questo implica che anche\nl'altra persona che abbiamo incontrato,\nle altre persone con cui vogliamo costruire\nquesto progetto comune,\nsono mosse da una passione,\nnon riescono a esprimere semplicemente\nalcune idee, con un distacco assoluto,\nperch\u00e9 sono mosse da quella passione che sono,\ndal mio punto di vista, le passioni\nche ci muovono, la passione che ci muove.\nPrima \u00e8 la profonda, irrevocabile convinzione,\n\nFrench: \n\u00e0 l'\u00e9ducation, pour les personnes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9\nforc\u00e9 \u00e0 migrer\nou d'\u00eatre d\u00e9plac\u00e9s de leur territoire\nou pour les cultures dont l'identit\u00e9\nelle me semble menac\u00e9e.\nDonc, pour prendre un risque sur ces choses,\nsur ces choses, il faut beaucoup de passion,\net cela est n\u00e9cessaire pour la politique.\nMais, logiquement, cela implique aussi\nl'autre personne que nous avons rencontr\u00e9e,\nles autres personnes\navec lesquelles nous voulons construire\nce projet commun,\nsont anim\u00e9s par une passion,\nqu'ils ne peuvent tout simplement pas exprimer\nquelques id\u00e9es, avec un d\u00e9tachement absolu,\nparce qu'ils sont anim\u00e9s par la passion qu'ils sont,\nde mon point de vue, les passions\nqui nous \u00e9meuvent, la passion qui nous anime.\nLa premi\u00e8re est la conviction profonde et irr\u00e9vocable,\n\nEnglish: \nOr people who have been\nforced to migrate or are\ndisplaced from their own countries.\nOr for cultures whose identity is under threat.\nTo work for these things\nTakes a great passion\nand is necessary for our politics\nBut logically this implies\nthe other people with us\nwho want to build this project\nare also driven by the same passion\nbut they can't express their ideas with an absolute detachment\nbecause they are moved by the passion that moves all of us.\nTwo! An unshakeable certainty\n\nPortuguese: \ne irrevog\u00e1vel de que o mundo tende \u00e0 unidade.\ne por isso n\u00e3o pode faltar a nossa contribui\u00e7\u00e3o.\nEm segundo, n\u00e3o menos importante,\na certeza, expressa com palavras fortes\nChiara Lubich,\nde que eu fui criada como um dom de amor para voc\u00ea\ne voc\u00ea foi criado como um dom de amor para mim.\nIsso n\u00e3o \u00e9 algo que simplesmente\ntenha a ver com a nossa rela\u00e7\u00e3o interpessoal,\n\u00e9 tamb\u00e9m na comunidade\ne na fam\u00edlia humana, a certeza\nde que o outro grupo, que a outra sociedade\noutras pessoas tamb\u00e9m foram criadas\ncomo um dom para mim e n\u00f3s fomos criados\ncomo um dom para eles, por isso os necessitamos.\nEnt\u00e3o a primeira palavra\nque se deve incluir nessa viagem:\n\u00c9 a paix\u00e3o! Se n\u00e3o temos essas paix\u00f5es acesas,\ncome\u00e7ar essa estrada do di\u00e1logo\n\u00e9 realmente uma loucura! \u00c9 necess\u00e1ria essa for\u00e7a.\n\nEnglish: \nthat the world tends towards unity\nand therefore cannot miss our contribution;\nand the other is the profound certainty that the other is me.\nThis conviction was expressed by Chiara Lubich\nin powerful words when she said\nthat the person next to me was created as a gift for me\nand I was created as a gift for the person next to me\nAnd that's not just something that has to do\nWithout our interpersonal relationship\nIt has to do with the community\nThe human family, the certainty that\nThe other group or community were created\nAs a gift for us and, we, as a gift for them\nThe first word we then need for this trip is passion\nIf we don't passion on the path of dialogue,\nIt would be crazy\nWe need that strength.\n\nItalian: \nche il mondo tende all'unit\u00e0,\ne per questo il nostro contributo non pu\u00f2 mancare,\ne la seconda, non meno importante,\n\u00e8 la certezza, come Chiara Lubich ha espresso\ncon parole forti,\nche io sono stato creato come un dono d'amore per te,\ne tu sei stato creato come un dono d'amore per me.\nE questo non \u00e8 qualcosa che ha semplicemente\na che fare con il nostro rapporto interpersonale,\nma anche con la comunit\u00e0\nnella famiglia umana, la certezza che\nl'altro gruppo, che l'altra collettivit\u00e0,\nhe le altre persone, sono state create\ncome un dono per me, e noi\nsiamo stati creati come un dono per loro.\nPer questo, secondo me, abbiamo bisogno\nl'uno dell'altro, la prima parola da inserire per questo viaggio,\n\u00e8 questa PASSIONE, se non abbiamo queste passioni addosso\nper iniziare la via del dialogo\n\u00e8 davvero folle, abbiamo bisogno di quella forza.\n\nFrench: \nque le monde tend vers l'unit\u00e9,\nC'est pourquoi nous ne pouvons pas manquer notre contribution,\net le second, non moins important,\nest la certitude, comme l'a exprim\u00e9 Chiara Lubich\navec des mots forts,\nque j'ai \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 comme un cadeau d'amour pour vous,\net tu as \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 comme un cadeau d'amour pour moi.\nEt ce n'est pas quelque chose qui\nen rapport avec nos relations interpersonnelles,\nmais aussi avec la communaut\u00e9\ndans la famille humaine, la certitude que\nl'autre groupe, que l'autre communaut\u00e9,\nque d'autres personnes, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9es\ncomme un cadeau pour moi, et nous\nnous avons \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9s comme un cadeau pour eux.\nC'est pourquoi, \u00e0 mon avis, nous devons\nl'un l'autre, le premier mot de ce voyage,\nc'est cette PASSION, si nous n'avons pas ces passions sur nous.\npour entamer le chemin du dialogue\nC'est vraiment fou, nous avons besoin de cette force.\n\nFrench: \nEt le deuxi\u00e8me mais, et c'est comme je l'ai dit auparavant,\nc'est que nous ne pouvons pas \u00eatre na\u00effs.\nNous ne sommes pas dans le vide,\nnous entrons dans un monde qui a une certaine grammaire,\nc'est-\u00e0-dire qu'elle a certaines r\u00e8gles\net certaines conditions,\nqui influencent la fa\u00e7on dont nous voyons le monde...\net la fa\u00e7on dont nous comprenons\nles choses, qui se passent comme nous le faisons\nde s'exprimer et d'\u00eatre compris.\nDonc, le deuxi\u00e8me instrument,\nle deuxi\u00e8me mot de ce voyage,\npour moi, c'est de prendre conscience\nde ce qu'est la grammaire...\nqui r\u00e9gule notre compr\u00e9hension des \u00e9v\u00e9nements,\nJ'ai mentionn\u00e9 certains d'entre\neux pour aider \u00e0 comprendre les algorithmes.\nAujourd'hui, nous avons tous une vue\nd'ensemble de notre situation financi\u00e8re,\nnous faisons partie du march\u00e9\nqui d\u00e9termine nos caract\u00e9ristiques,\net nous inclut, comme l'a dit Amy,\ndans ces chambres d'\u00e9cho.\n\nEnglish: \nThe second word as I said already\nWe cannot be naive\nWe cannot live in a vacuum.\nWe move in a world with grammar.\nThere are some rules.\nSome conditions.\nThat influence our way of seeing the world\nAnd our way of understanding\nthe things that happen\nTo express ourselves and be understood\nThen the second tool\nThe second word which i would take on this trip\nis to be aware of what the grammar is.\nThere are many grammars, I mention only some of them\nthose dictated by algorithms,\ntoday we are all profiled\nEconomically we are part of a market\nWhich determines our characteristics!\nAs Amy said those echo chambers\n\nPortuguese: \nA segunda, por\u00e9m como disse bem Amy,\n\u00e9 que n\u00e3o podemos ser ing\u00eanuos!\nN\u00e3o estamos no vazio,\nnos movemos em um mundo que estabelece gram\u00e1ticas,\nou seja, tem algumas regras,\ntem alguns condicionamentos\nque influenciam na forma em que vemos o mundo;\nna forma que entendemos os acontecimentos;\nna nossa forma que nos expressamos\ne somos compreendidos.\nEnt\u00e3o a segunda ferramenta,\na segunda palavra para esta viagem,\n\u00e9 ter consci\u00eancia de qual \u00e9 a gram\u00e1tica\nque regra a nossa compreens\u00e3o dos acontecimentos.\nMenciono algumas para que entendamos:\nos algoritmos \u2013 hoje todos n\u00f3s estamos orientados\neconomicamente, fazemos parte do mercado\nque determina as nossas caracter\u00edsticas\nE nos incluem, como dizia Amy,\n\nItalian: \nE il secondo ma, e questo come dicevo prima,\n\u00e8 che non possiamo essere ingenui.\nNon siamo in un vuoto,\nci stiamo muovendo in un mondo che ha alcune grammatiche,\ncio\u00e8 ha alcune regole\ne alcune condizioni,\nche influenzano il nostro modo di vedere il mondo\ne il nostro modo di capire\nle cose, che avvengono nel nostro modo\ndi esprimerci e di essere compresi.\nQuindi, il secondo strumento,\nla seconda parola, per questo viaggio,\nper me \u00e8 di prendere coscienza di quale sia la grammatica\nche regola la nostra comprensione degli eventi,\nne ho accennato alcuni per far capire gli algoritmi.\nOggi siamo tutti economicamente delineati,\nsiamo parte del mercato\nche determina le nostre caratteristiche,\ne ci include, come diceva Amy, in quelle camere dell\u2019eco.\n\nItalian: \nPer esempio, ma in pi\u00f9,\nviviamo nella cultura dell'immagine o,\nper esempio, le nostre interazioni passano\nattraverso gli schermi, sempre pi\u00f9\nattraverso brevi tweet, attraverso le immagini.\nQueste sono grammatiche, ma le nostre culture\nsono cresciute vedendo\nle cose in un certo modo,\ne dobbiamo essere consapevoli che ci sono elementi culturali\nche ci portano a vedere le cose\nin un certo modo, che probabilmente\nnon condizionano l'altra persona.\nIn qualche modo, quindi, dobbiamo esserne consapevoli\ne ce ne sono altri ancora pi\u00f9 complicati.\nAd esempio, se ci muoviamo\nin un ambiente di traffico di droga e di violenza,\nqueste sono le nostre grammatiche forti e pesanti,\ndove, ad esempio, non possiamo esprimerci liberamente,\nperch\u00e9 forse dire il nostro pensiero,\nnon pu\u00f2 semplicemente condurci a un fraintendimento,\n\nFrench: \nPar exemple, mais en plus de cela,\nnous vivons dans la culture de l'image ou,\npar exemple, nos interactions passent\n\u00e0 travers les \u00e9crans, de plus en plus\n\u00e0 travers de courts tweets, \u00e0 travers des images.\nCe sont des grammaires, mais nos cultures\nont grandi en voyant\nles choses d'une certaine mani\u00e8re,\net nous devons \u00eatre conscients\nqu'il y a des \u00e9l\u00e9ments culturels\nqui nous am\u00e8nent \u00e0 voir des choses\nd'une mani\u00e8re qui, probablement\nn'affectent pas l'autre personne.\nD'une mani\u00e8re ou d'une autre,\nnous devons donc \u00eatre conscients de cela...\net il y en a d'autres encore plus compliqu\u00e9es.\nPar exemple, si nous d\u00e9pla\u00e7ons\ndans un environnement de trafic de drogue et de violence,\nCe sont nos grammaires fortes et lourdes,\no\u00f9, par exemple, nous ne pouvons\npas nous exprimer librement,\nparce qu'il faut peut-\u00eatre dire ce que l'on pense,\nne peut pas nous conduire \u00e0 un simple malentendu,\n\nEnglish: \nWe also live in a culture of image\nOur interactions happen more and more through screens or\nshort messages, tweets or images.\nThese are grammars of our cultures.\nWe've grown up seeing these things\nIt is necessary for us\nto be aware that there are\ncultural elements that lead us to see\nthings in a way that probably\ndo not condition the other person in a way we are.\nThere are others even more complicated\nfor example if we move in an environment of drug trafficking and violence\nThese are strong and heavy grammars.\nwhere we cannot for example express ourselves freely because\nmaybe even share our own thoughts\nbecause it can lead to a misunderstanding\n\nPortuguese: \nnesses grupos. Mas tamb\u00e9m\nvivemos na cultura da imagem.\nPor exemplo nossas intera\u00e7\u00f5es acontecem\ncada vez mais atrav\u00e9s de telas,\nde mensagens curtas de chat, tweets ou imagens.\nEssas s\u00e3o as gram\u00e1ticas. Outra \u00e9 a nossa cultura.\nCrescemos vendo as coisas\nde uma certa maneira.\nTemos que ter consci\u00eancia que existem\nelementos culturais que nos levam a enxergar\nas coisas de uma maneira que provavelmente\noutra pessoa n\u00e3o \u00e9 condicionada.\nPortanto, temos que ter essa consci\u00eancia.\nExistem outras ainda mais complicadas.\nPor exemplo, se formos\nem um ambiente de narcotr\u00e1fico e viol\u00eancia,\nessas s\u00e3o gram\u00e1ticas fortes e pesadas\nonde n\u00e3o podemos nos expressar com liberdade,\nporque talvez dizer o nosso o que pensamos.\nn\u00e3o s\u00f3 pode nos levar a um mal desentendido,\n\nFrench: \nmais cela peut mettre notre vie m\u00eame en danger.\nCe serait mon deuxi\u00e8me mot,\ndonc, la passion et la grammaire.\net \u00e0 ce stade, je voudrais vous interrompre,\nCristina, parce que cette semaine seulement,\nJ'ai vu aux nouvelles que l'un des dirigeants\nen Colombie, il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 que les pourparlers de paix\navec le gouvernement n'avancent pas,\nparce qu'ils se sentent d\u00e9savantag\u00e9s.\nQue se passe-t-il, dans ces cas, lorsque\nle dialogue si arena,\nLa voie est-elle bloqu\u00e9e ?\nCristina : Ici, tu me fais penser\n\u00e0 une phrase d'Adela Cortina,\nqui dit que le dialogue implique,\ntout d'abord, que nous ne nous\nreconnaissons pas comme des \u00e9gaux,\ncomme interlocuteurs valables.\nAinsi, il existe des conditions historiques qui\nils nous mettent dans un \u00e9tat asym\u00e9trique.\nDans ces conditions,\nle dialogue n'est pas possible.\nIl existe d'autres formes de communication\net l'interaction, mais le dialogue implique\n\nPortuguese: \ncomo pode colocar em jogo nossa pr\u00f3pria vida.\nEssa seria para mim a segunda palavra.\nEnt\u00e3o paix\u00e3o e gram\u00e1tica.\nNeste ponto te interrompo porque ainda esta semana\nvi no notici\u00e1rio que um dos l\u00edderes colombianos\ndisse que as negocia\u00e7\u00f5es de paz\ncom o governo n\u00e3o est\u00e3o avan\u00e7ando\nporque se sentem em desvantagem.\nO que acontece nesses casos em que o\ndi\u00e1logo provavelmente fica se freia,\no caminho fica obstru\u00eddo?\nBom, me lembro de uma frase de Adela Cortina.\nEla diz que dialogar implica,\nantes de mais nada, que n\u00e3o nos  reconhe\u00e7amos\ncomo iguais, como interlocutores v\u00e1lidos.\nPorque existem condi\u00e7\u00f5es hist\u00f3ricas\nque nos colocam em condi\u00e7\u00f5es desiguais.\nNessas condi\u00e7\u00f5es, onde o di\u00e1logo n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel,\nexistem outras formas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o\ne de intera\u00e7\u00e3o. O di\u00e1logo requer\n\nItalian: \nma pu\u00f2 mettere in gioco la nostra stessa vita.\nQuesta sarebbe per me la seconda parola,\nquindi, passione e grammatica.\ne a questo punto vorrei interromperti Cristina, perch\u00e9 proprio questa settimana,\nho visto al telegiornale che uno dei leader\nin Colombia, ha detto che i colloqui di pace\ncon il governo non stanno avanzando,\nperch\u00e9 si sentono in una posizione di svantaggio.\nCosa succede, in questi casi, in cui\nil dialogo si arena,\nil cammino \u00e8 ostruito?\nCristina: Qui mi fate pensare a una frase di Adela Cortina,\nche dice che il dialogo implica,\nprima di tutto, che non ci riconosciamo come uguali,\ncome interlocutori validi.\nQuindi, ci sono condizioni storiche che\nci mettono in condizioni di asimmetria.\nIn queste condizioni il dialogo non \u00e8 possibile.\nCi sono altre forme di comunicazione\ne di interazione, ma il dialogo implica\n\nEnglish: \nthat can put our life at risk.\nThis would be the second word.\nSo first two: passion and grammar.\nAt this point I am interrupting you because just this week\nI saw on the news that one of the leaders\nin Colombia said that the peace talks\nwith the government are not advancing because\nthey feel in a disadvantageous position\nWhat happens in these cases\nwhere the dialogue is probably slowed down\nthe road is obstructed?\nYou remind me of a phrase of Adela Cortina\nWhich says that dialogue implies\nThat we recognise each other as\nEqual and valid interlocutors.\nIf there are historical conditions that put us in conditions of asymmetry\nThen dialogue isn't possible\nThere are other forms of communication and interaction\n\nPortuguese: \ncondi\u00e7\u00f5es de igualdade como ponto de partida.\nPor\u00e9m n\u00e3o significa que temos que parar diante dessas condi\u00e7\u00f5es,\nPorque, muitas vezes,\npodemos encontrar essas condi\u00e7\u00f5es\nassim\u00e9tricas de desigualdade.\nEnt\u00e3o, o que podemos fazer? \u201cN\u00e3o dialogamos?\u201d N\u00e3o!\nAqui vem a terceira palavra indispens\u00e1vel:\n\u201cGeneratividade\u201d.\nA Generatividade \u00e9 uma palavra\nque me desperta, me encanta,\nporque significa conciliar um ato\nde empreendimento, de criatividade,\nde iniciativa com aquilo que n\u00e3o podemos controlar.\nOu seja, n\u00f3s tomamos uma iniciativa,\nfavorecemos algo que possa acontecer ou n\u00e3o.\nMas que precisa de criatividade e de iniciativa.\nEnt\u00e3o podemos criar v\u00e1rios tipos\nde cen\u00e1rios de confian\u00e7a.\nTemos que usar da nossa imagina\u00e7\u00e3o.\nMenciono algumas.\nIsso implica pensar no lugar f\u00edsico,\nno ambiente, na hora adequada para encontrar com a pessoa,\n\nItalian: \nuna condizione fondamentale di uguaglianza.\nMa, qui non dobbiamo fermarci,\nperch\u00e9 molte volte, ci troveremo\nin queste condizioni di asimmetria, di disuguaglianza.\nQuindi ci\u00f2 che non facciamo nel dialogo\nnon acquisir\u00e0 per noi, per me,\nla terza parola indispensabile\nche \u00e8 generativit\u00e0.\nGenerativit\u00e0 anche, una parola\nche mi eccita, la amo, perch\u00e9 significa,\nsignifica unire un atto\ndella nostra imprenditorialit\u00e0, della fantasia,\ndell'iniziativa, con qualcosa che non possiamo controllare.\nCio\u00e8, prendiamo un'iniziativa,\nfavoriamo qualcosa che pu\u00f2 o non pu\u00f2 accadere,\nma che necessita di questa fantasia e di iniziativa\nCos\u00ec, qui per esempio, possiamo\ncreare scenari di fiducia,\nsono di molti tipi. Intendo la nostra fantasia,\nl'illusione, non solo quella buona,\nper esempio, di pensare a un luogo fisico\nad un ambiente adatto ad incontrare l'altro,\n\nFrench: \nune condition fondamentale de l'\u00e9galit\u00e9.\nMais, nous n'avons pas besoin de nous arr\u00eater l\u00e0,\ncar bien souvent, nous nous retrouverons\ndans ces conditions d'asym\u00e9trie, d'in\u00e9galit\u00e9.\nCe que nous ne faisons pas dans le dialogue\nn'acquerra pas pour nous, pour moi,\nle troisi\u00e8me mot indispensable\nqui est la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration.\nG\u00e9n\u00e9rativit\u00e9 aussi, un mot\nqui m'excite, je l'aime, parce que \u00e7a veut dire,\nmoyens d'unir un acte\nde notre esprit d'entreprise,\nde notre fantaisie,\navec quelque chose que nous ne pouvons pas contr\u00f4ler.\nJe veux dire, prenons une initiative,\nnous favorisons quelque chose\nqui peut ou ne peut pas se produire,\nmais qui a besoin de cette imagination et de cette initiative\nAinsi, ici, par exemple, nous pouvons\ncr\u00e9er des sc\u00e9narios de confiance,\nsont de toutes sortes.\nJe veux dire notre fantaisie,\nl'illusion, et pas seulement la bonne,\npar exemple, pour penser \u00e0 un lieu physique\n\u00e0 un environnement propice\n\u00e0 la rencontre de l'autre,\n\nEnglish: \nhowever, here we can't stop ourselves,\nbecause we will find ourselves\nin these kind of situations,\nunbalanced situations, cases of inequality.\nWhat do we do?\nHere comes the third word, which is essential: Generativity\nGenerativity is a word that I love because\ncombines an act of resourcefulness\nand initiative with something that does not depend solely on us\nGenerativity means to set our creativity in motion\nin order to give life, for example,\nto scenarios that can promote meeting and convergence.\nThis involves thinking about the physical place,\n\nFrench: \nau moment opportun,\npour inventer des opportunit\u00e9s\nde proposer, par exemple,\nun caf\u00e9 r\u00e9fl\u00e9chi, une soir\u00e9e de talent,\nun d\u00e9bat, un d\u00eener, un forum.\nC'est-\u00e0-dire, faire tout ce qui est en notre pouvoir\npour cr\u00e9er un espace qui favorise\net les conditions de confiance\net la s\u00e9r\u00e9nit\u00e9 qui sont pr\u00e9alables au dialogue.\nEt ici, cependant, j'aimerais souligner quelque chose.\nNous avons dit que le dialogue ne signifie pas\nn\u00e9cessairement le consentement,\nmais il ne peut m\u00eame pas pr\u00e9tendre\npour mettre l'autre de notre c\u00f4t\u00e9,\npour rester \u00e0 notre place, souvenons-nous\nque l'approbation n'est pas l'effet du dialogue.\nLe dialogue, au contraire, ouvre\n\u00e0 une multiplicit\u00e9 de visions.\nAinsi, \u00e0 de nombreuses reprises,\nj'ai eu l'exp\u00e9rience\nqui g\u00e9n\u00e8re ces espaces de confiance,\nles conditions le permettent,\n\nEnglish: \nthe environment, about the appropriate time;\nproposing a coffee to talk, or a talent night,\na debate or a dinner.\nIn short, it is about doing everything possible\nwith our imagination to create a space that favours meeting, but not expecting anything\nwith the conditions of trust and of serenity that are necessary to dialogue.\nand here but I would like to emphasize something\nDialogue, in fact, is never instrumental,\nIt does not necessarily want a consensus\nit cannot have the intention of convincing\nor bringing the other on our side,\nTo be in our place. Let's remember\nhomogenization is not the effect of dialogue\nDialogue, in fact, opens up\nto a multiplicity of visions.\nMany times, I have had the experience\nthat these spaces generate trust and serenity\n\nItalian: \nal momento opportuno,\ndi inventare occasioni per proporre, per esempio,\nun caff\u00e8 riflessivo, una serata di talenti,\nun dibattito, una cena, un forum.\nVale a dire, fare tutto ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 in nostro potere\nper creare uno spazio che favorisca\ne condizioni di fiducia\ne di serenit\u00e0 che sono preliminari al dialogo.\nE qui, per\u00f2, vorrei sottolineare una cosa.\nAbbiamo detto che il dialogo non significa\nnecessariamente consenso,\nper\u00f2 non pu\u00f2 nemmeno avere la pretesa\ndi portare l'altro a stare dalla nostra parte,\na stare al nostro posto, ricordiamoci\nhe l\u2019omologazione non \u00e8 l'effetto del dialogo.\nIl dialogo, al contrario, si apre\na una molteplicit\u00e0 di visioni.\nQuindi, molte volte, ho avuto l'esperienza\nche genera questi spazi di fiducia,\nle condizioni lo permettono,\n\nPortuguese: \nem um momento oportuno,\ninventar as oportunidades, propor um caf\u00e9 reflexivo,\numa noite de talentos,\num debate, um jantar, um f\u00f3rum...\nfazendo todo o poss\u00edvel que est\u00e1 ao nosso alcance\npara criar aquele espa o que favorece o encontro,\nque o outro possa ter confian\u00e7a,\num lugar tranquilo, favorecendo o di\u00e1logo.\nEu gostaria de sublinhar uma coisa:\no di\u00e1logo nunca \u00e9 instrumental,\nn\u00e3o pode ter o intuito de convencer\nou ter a pretens\u00e3o\nde trazer o outro para o nosso lado\nLembramos que\na homogeneiza\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o \u00e9 o efeito do di\u00e1logo.\nEntrar em di\u00e1logo nos abre\na diversidade de opini\u00f5es.\nMuitas vezes eu fiz a experi\u00eancia\nde gerar esses espa\u00e7os de confian\u00e7a\ne geralmente oferecem as condi\u00e7\u00f5es,\n\nEnglish: \nand often provide the conditions to begin an authentic dialogue.\nAnd so we arrive to the fourth word.\nWhen we started this journey\nWe said it wasn't easy, fascinating, but not easy\nWe have to take account of the suspension of dialogue.\nEven when everything seems favourable\nif you take the path of dialogue, you need to know\nthat there will come times when converging seems almost impossible,\nand it is not uncommon to feel suspended, failed and betrayed.\nThese are very important moments,\nI dare to say to give us strength\n\nFrench: \nils ne garantissent pas le dialogue,\nmais ils nous ouvrent \u00e0 cette possibilit\u00e9.\net nous entrons dans le quatri\u00e8me mot.\nEt, comme nous l'avons dit lorsque\nnous avons commenc\u00e9 ce voyage,\nce qui n'est pas facile, c'est fascinant,\nmais ce n'est pas facile...\nNous devons \u00e9tablir un budget,\nla suspension du dialogue,\nc'est-\u00e0-dire, m\u00eame lorsque\ntout peut s'arr\u00eater,\net il viendra un moment o\u00f9 la convergence\nsemblera presque impossible,\nEt nous pouvons nous sentir trahis, \u00eatre trahis,\net \u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0,\nnous nous sentons pendus, d\u00e9\u00e7us, rat\u00e9s,\nCe sont des moments tr\u00e8s importants.\nEt j'ose dire,\net nous avons donc la force, et\n\nItalian: \nnon garantiscono il dialogo, ma ci aprono a questa possibilit\u00e0\ne entriamo nella quarta parola.\nE, come abbiamo detto quando abbiamo iniziato questo viaggio,\nche non \u00e8 facile, \u00e8 affascinante, ma non \u00e8 facile\u2026\nDobbiamo mettere in bilancio,\nla sospensione del dialogo,\ncio\u00e8 anche quando tutto pu\u00f2 fermarsi,\ne arriveranno tempi in cui il convergere sembra quasi impossibile,\nE possiamo sentirci traditi, essere traditi,\ne in quel momento ci sentiamo impiccati, delusi, falliti,\nquesti sono momenti molto importanti.\nE oserei dire,\ne cos\u00ec abbiamo la forza, e\n\nPortuguese: \nelas n\u00e3o garantem o di\u00e1logo, mas abrem essa possibilidade.\nEntramos assim na quarta palavra.\nE como diz\u00edamos quando iniciamos esta viagem\nque tudo isso n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00e3o simples, mas \u00e9 fascinante.\nTemos que levar tamb\u00e9m em conta\na \u201cSuspens\u00e3o\u201d do di\u00e1logo.\nMesmo quando tudo parece favor\u00e1vel\nchegar\u00e3o momentos em que a converg\u00eancia parecer\u00e1 quase imposs\u00edvel\ne n\u00e3o \u00e9 incomum sentirmo-nos incertos, tra\u00eddos.\nou sentirmo-nos iludidos, fracassados.\nEsses momentos s\u00e3o important\u00edssimos\ne me atrevo a dizer\nque se conseguirmos ter for\u00e7as para seguir adiante,\n\nEnglish: \nThese are the most fertile and fruitful moments\non the path of dialogue because they testify to\nour authenticity to keep the doors open.\nA particularly difficult moment comes to my mind\nthat we lived during the construction\nof a development plan of a\nmunicipality in the north of Bogot\u00e0 in Colombi\nIt was a colloborative process for the development plan\nthat had taken several years\nand had involved 25% of the population\nof the municipality (which was remarkable!)\nSomeone betrayed us using the trust\nplaced in people for their own interests.\nIt was a tremendous moment.\n\nPortuguese: \ns\u00e3o os momentos mais fecundos\nno caminho do di\u00e1logo, porque d\u00e3o testemunho\nda nossa autenticidade, do nosso desejo de manter as portas abertas.\nMe lembro de uma experi\u00eancia\nmuito particular que eu fiz.\nProcurando construir em conjunto\ncom uma comunidade de um Munic\u00edpio ao norte de Bogot\u00e1 - capital da Col\u00f4mbia -\num processo para a elabora\u00e7\u00e3o participativa\nde um plano de desenvolvimento municipal\nque se desenvolvia j\u00e1 h\u00e1 v\u00e1rios anos\ncom a forte participa\u00e7\u00e3o dos cidad\u00e3os\n- mais de 25% dos habitantes -\nFomos tra\u00eddos por alguns dos membros do grupo de trabalho,\nQue decidiram usar a confian\u00e7a\nrecebida dos cidad\u00e3os\npara os pr\u00f3prios interesses.\nFoi um momento muito dif\u00edcil\n\nFrench: \nles moments les plus fertiles\net les plus fructueux nous attendent\nsur la voie du dialogue. Parce qu'il t\u00e9moigne\nnotre authenticit\u00e9, notre d\u00e9sir\nde garder nos portes ouvertes.\nJe me souviens d'une exp\u00e9rience\ntr\u00e8s particuli\u00e8re dans ce cas,\nque j'ai essay\u00e9 de\nconstruire collectivement,\navec une communaut\u00e9 dans un h\u00f4tel de ville\nau nord de Bogota, la capitale de la Colombie,\ndans un processus de traitement collectif,\nd'un plan d'urbanisme municipal, qui\nil nous avait fallu plusieurs ann\u00e9es, pour venir\nimpliquent 25 % de la population de la commune, ce qui n'est pas peu.\nQuelques-uns des membres de notre groupe de travail,\nils ont d\u00e9cid\u00e9 d'utiliser la confiance\nqu'ils avaient re\u00e7u des citoyens,\npour leurs propres int\u00e9r\u00eats.\nCe fut un moment terrible,\n\nItalian: \nci attendono i momenti pi\u00f9 fecondi e fecondi\nsulla via del dialogo. Perch\u00e9 testimonia\nla nostra autenticit\u00e0, il nostro desiderio di tenere le porte aperte.\nRicordo in questo caso un'esperienza molto particolare,\nche ho fatto cercando di\ncostruire collettivamente,\ncon una comunit\u00e0 in un municipio a nord di Bogot\u00e0, la capitale della Colombia,\nn processo per l'elaborazione collettiva,\ndi un piano urbanistico comunale, che\nci aveva impegnato diversi anni, arrivando\ncoinvolgere il 25 per cento\ndella popolazione del comune, che non \u00e8 poco.\nAlcuni dei membri del nostro gruppo di lavoro,\ndecisero di utilizzare la fiducia\nche avevano ricevuto dai cittadini,\nper i propri interessi.\n\u00c8 stato un momento tremendo,\n\nFrench: \nJe dirais que c'est d\u00e9cevant pour moi.\nHumainement,\nvous dites presque que ce n'est pas possible,\nque \u00e7a n'en vaut pas la peine.\nMais je me souviens que ce fut un moment d\u00e9cisif\nlors de notre r\u00e9union d'affaires,\no\u00f9 je savais que tout le monde allait venir...\ndans la peur, parce que nous \u00e9tions menac\u00e9s\npar l'opposition qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9\ndu trafic de drogue, avec la perte de notre\ntravail et une partie de notre vie.\nQuand j'ai entendu, lors de cette r\u00e9union,\nque nous voulions presque\ntous d\u00e9missionner par peur.\nCe que j'ai fait, c'est que j'ai eu un g\u00e2teau,\nJe ne sais pas comment on appelle \u00e7a dans votre pays,\nmais pour les f\u00eater, et pour leur dire :\nc'est le moment o\u00f9 nous pouvons t\u00e9moigner\nles valeurs auxquelles nous croyons fermement.\nUn moment inoubliable, tr\u00e8s fort,\n\nItalian: \ndirei deludente per me. Umanamente,\nti viene quasi da dire che non \u00e8 possibile, non ne vale la pena.\nMa mi ricordo che fu un momento determinante\nnel nostro incontro di lavoro,\nin cui sapevo che tutti stavano arrivando\nnella paura, perch\u00e9 eravamo minacciati\ndall'opposizione che era pagata\ndal narcotraffico, con la perdita del nostro\nlavoro e alcuni anche delle nostre vite.\nQuando  ho saputo, in quell'incontro,\nche quasi tutti volevamo dimetterci, per paura.\nQuello che ho fatto \u00e8 stato prendere una torta,\nnon so come la chiamano nella vostra terra,\nma, per festeggiare, e raccontare loro:\nquesto \u00e8 il momento in cui possiamo testimoniare\ni valori in cui crediamo fortemente.\nUn momento indimenticabile, molto forte,\n\nPortuguese: \nEu diria que foi uma desilus\u00e3o diante da condi\u00e7\u00e3o humana\nme vinha quase dizer que n\u00e3o \u00e9 poss\u00edvel, que n\u00e3o vale a pena...\nMas lembro que foi um momento de parar\ne na nossa reuni\u00e3o de trabalho\nnaquela que eu sabia que todos viriam\nTamb\u00e9m com medo porque fomos amea\u00e7ados\nPela oposi\u00e7\u00e3o que foi paga\npelo narcotr\u00e1fico\u2026 medo de perder\nNossos trabalhos e alguns inclusive a vida.\nQuando eu soube que quase todos\nQueriam desistir por medo\nO que eu fiz foi levar um bolo, uma torta\nCom esse esp\u00edrito festivo\nPara poder diz\u00ea-los:\n\u201cEste \u00e9s o momento em que podemos testemunhar\nos valores aos quais n\u00f3s realmente acreditamos\u201d\nUm momento inesquec\u00edvel, muito forte\n\nEnglish: \nI would say of disillusionment for me with the human condition\nI would have said it's not worth it anymore\nWe all wanted to leave our place out of fear and dismay.\nEveryone was coming to this meeting threatened with fear.\nWe were threatened by the opposition\nwhich was financed by illegal groups\nOur jobs and our very lives were in danger.\nI remember deciding to start our usual business meeting with a cake,\nI don't know what they call it in your country\nbut to be together and tell them\nThis was the time to reveal the power of social love, our secret.\nFor me this is nourished\nby my faith and testimony\n\nItalian: \nche \u00e8 stato possibile grazie alla fede che ho.\nE perch\u00e9 il modello che mi ispira ad andare avanti\n\u00e8 Ges\u00f9 che sulla croce d\u00e0 la vita per i suoi amici.\nMa non \u00e8 facile\u2026\nma quel momento \u00e8 stato potente,\nlo ricordo perch\u00e9 ci rafforz\u00f2,\ne qui, vorrei dire che \u00e8 possibile per tutti,\nperch\u00e9 la vocazione politica ha un aspetto\nsacrificale, un aspetto di dedizione, tutti\nquelli che decidono di scommettere per una causa politica.\nSi sa di essere disposti a fare il grande sacrifico\nper la sua comunit\u00e0, e qui arriva l'altra parola,\nche in qualche modo chiude il cerchio.\nOra, non so come dire, il processo\u2026\nche \u00e8 la resilienza\npassati questi momenti \u00e8 necessario\nprendere un po 'd'aria, circondarsi bene,\nlasciarci, consigliare e reinventare il processo\ne trovare un nuovo modo di andare avanti,\ne continuare a sedersi di nuovo al tavolo di dialogo\nNon interrompere e questo \u00e8 un momento,\n\nFrench: \nce qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 possible gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la foi que j'ai.\nEt pourquoi le mod\u00e8le\nqui m'inspire \u00e0 aller de l'avant\nc'est J\u00e9sus qui, sur la croix,\ndonne sa vie pour ses amis.\nMais ce n'est pas facile...\nmais ce moment \u00e9tait puissant,\nJe m'en souviens parce\nque cela nous a rendus plus forts,\net ici, je voudrais dire que\nc'est possible pour tout le monde,\nparce que la vocation politique a un aspect\nsacrificiel, un aspect du d\u00e9vouement, tout\nceux qui d\u00e9cident de parier pour une cause politique.\nVous savez que vous \u00eates pr\u00eat \u00e0 faire le grand sacrifice\npour sa communaut\u00e9, et voici l'autre mot,\nqui, d'une certaine mani\u00e8re, ferme le cercle.\nMaintenant, je ne sais pas quoi dire, le proc\u00e8s...\nqui est la r\u00e9silience\nau-del\u00e0 de ces temps, il est n\u00e9cessaire\nPrenez l'air, entourez-vous bien,\nnous quitter, conseiller\net r\u00e9inventer le processus\net trouver une nouvelle voie,\net continuer \u00e0 s'asseoir\n\u00e0 nouveau \u00e0 la table du dialogue\nN'interrompez pas et c'est un moment,\n\nEnglish: \nthat this is possible by the life of a model\nwho inspires me to go forward\nby the life of Jesus who died for his friends\nBut it is not easy\nI remember it as a powerful moment\nbecause it reinforced\nthat the political vocation has an\naspect of sacrifice.\nThose involved in politics decide to make a real sacrifice for their community\nThis brings us to the other word that closes this circle: resilience. After taking a deep breath,\nafter being surrounded by people\nwho can advise and reinvent the process\nWe find new ways for the residents to\nsit back down at the table of dialogue.\nand not lose a moment like this.\n\nPortuguese: \nque foi poss\u00edvel por causa da minha f\u00e9\nE porque o modelo que me inspira para continuar em frente\n\u00e9 Jesus que na cruz d\u00e1 a vida pelos seus amigos.\nMas isso n\u00e3o \u00e9 f\u00e1cil.\nMas foi muito forte esse momento\nE me refor\u00e7ou. Gostaria de dizer\nque isso \u00e9 poss\u00edvel para todos\nporque a voca\u00e7\u00e3o para pol\u00edtica tem esse aspecto\nde sacrif\u00edcio, um aspecto de entrega\nTodos aqueles que decidem lutar por uma causa pol\u00edtica\nsabem que est\u00e3o dispostos a um grande sacrif\u00edcio\npela sua comunidade.\nE ent\u00e3o temos outra palavra\nque fecha o c\u00edrculo desse processo:\na \u201cResili\u00eancia\u201d.\nPassados esses momentos,\nprecisamos respirar fundo, estar rodeados de pessoas que nos fazem bem,\nque podem aconselhar ou ajudar a recuperar as for\u00e7as,\nE encontrar uma nova forma de ir adiante, resiliente.\nE continuar, devemos voltar a sentar na mesa do di\u00e1logo.\nN\u00e3o parar. Este \u00e9 um momento,\n\nFrench: \ncomme nous le disions pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment, o\u00f9 notre horizon\nil se pr\u00e9sente \u00e0 nouveau,\net puis nous sommes pass\u00e9s \u00e0 autre chose. C'est la passion pour moi,\nla connaissance de la grammaire, la g\u00e9n\u00e9rativit\u00e9,\nla suspension et la r\u00e9silience.\nLourdes : merci Cristina pour ces mots qui\nillustrent assez bien comment tout\nil s'agit d'un proc\u00e8s et vous l'avez fait avec les bases.\nmais aussi avec votre exp\u00e9rience,\nalors, merci beaucoup !\nAmy, le dialogue est quelque chose\nqui ne peut \u00eatre d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u2019autres.\nCe n\u2019est pas une faveur, ce n\u2019est pas comme demander \n\u00e0 quelqu\u2019un s\u2019il peut me fermer la porte ou me servir une tasse de caf\u00e9.\nLe dialogue part d'un exercice personnel !\nPourquoi le dialogue nous semble-t-il souvent\nun monde inconnu, dont on parle rarement?\nDe votre point de vue,\npourquoi le dialogue est-il si difficile?\n\nItalian: \ncome dicevamo prima, in cui il nostro orizzonte\n\u00e8 tornato a correre,\ne poi siamo andati avanti. Per me questa \u00e8 passione,\nconsapevolezza della grammatica, generativit\u00e0,\nsospensione e resilienza.\nLourdes: grazie Cristina per queste parole che\nillustrano abbastanza bene come tutto\nriguarda un processo e lo hai fatto con i fondamenti\nma anche con la tua esperienza,\ncos\u00ec, moltissime grazie!\nAmy, il dialogo \u00e8 qualcosa che\nnon si pu\u00f2 delegare ad altri. Non \u00e8\nun favore, non \u00e8 come chiedere a qualcuno se pu\u00f2\nchiudere la porta per me o versarmi una tazza di caff\u00e8.\nIl dialogo parte da un esercizio\npersonale!\nPerch\u00e9 il dialogo ci sembra spesso\nun mondo sconosciuto, di cui si parla\nraramente? Dal tuo punto di vista,\nperch\u00e9 il dialogo \u00e8 cos\u00ec difficile?\n\nEnglish: \nTo go ahead for me, to embrace new horizons,\nWe do it with passion,\nawareness of the grammar, generativity\nsuspension and resilience.\nLourdes: Thank you Cristina for these words that show us just how everything is\nis a process, a process you've lived with your own experience. Many thanks!\nAmy, Dialogue is something that we cannot\ndelegate to someone else. It's not like a\nfavor where I ask someone else to close the\ndoor for me or ask someone to pour me a cup of coffee\nDialogue starts from a personal\nexercise!\nWhy so many times the dialogue seems to us\nas an unknown world, which is perhaps rarely\ntalked about? From your perspective, why is\ndialogue so difficult?\n\nSpanish: \nAmy, el di\u00e1logo es algo que no se puede delegar a los dem\u00e1s.\nNo es un favor, no es como pedirle a alguien si puede cerrarme la puerta o servirme una taza de caf\u00e9.\nEl di\u00e1logo parte de un ejercicio personal\u2026\n\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 a menudo, el di\u00e1logo nos parece un mundo desconocido,\ndel que se habla muy rara vez?\nDesde tu punto de vista, \u00bfpor qu\u00e9 el di\u00e1logo es tan dif\u00edcil?\n\nPortuguese: \ncomo diz\u00edamos antes, em que se alargam\nnovamente os nossos horizontes\nE n\u00f3s avan\u00e7amos. Ent\u00e3o para mim \u00e9 isso: Paix\u00e3o,\nconsci\u00eancia da Gram\u00e1tica, Generatividade,\nSuspens\u00e3o e Resili\u00eancia.\nObrigada Cristina por essas palavras que\nnos ilustram bem\nque tudo se trata de umy processo\nE voc\u00ea nos mostrou isso com fundamentos\ne tamb\u00e9m com a pr\u00f3pria experiencia. Muito obrigada!\nAmy, o di\u00e1logo \u00e9 algo que n\u00e3o se pode delegar a outras pessoas.\nN\u00e3o \u00e9 um favor, n\u00e3o \u00e9 como pedir a algu\u00e9m se pode fechar a porta para mim ou me servir uma x\u00edcara de caf\u00e9.\nO di\u00e1logo parte de um exerc\u00edcio pessoal!\nPor que o di\u00e1logo muitas vezes nos parece um mundo desconhecido, sobre o qual se fala raramente?\nDo seu ponto de vista, por que o di\u00e1logo \u00e9 t\u00e3o dif\u00edcil?\n\nFrench: \nSi je pense au cadre trac\u00e9 par Cristina, si riche et beau,\nqui nous fait comprendre ce qui est en jeu\net combien de mondes il faut r\u00e9concilier,\nalors on pourrait dire \u00aboh ! c\u2019est vraiment un d\u00e9fi\u00bb.\nJ\u2019aime le mot que vous avez utilis\u00e9, \u00abexercice\u00bb:\nlorsque nous commen\u00e7ons \u00e0 faire de l\u2019exercice, nous ressentons souvent des tensions dans les muscles dont nous ne doutions m\u00eame pas de l\u2019existence!\nO\u00f9 se trouve la difficult\u00e9 en d\u00e9butant l\u2019exercice?\nFace \u00e0 cette difficult\u00e9, certaines personnes s\u2019arr\u00eatent.\nPeut-\u00eatre me dis-je \u00abje veux aller \u00e0 la gym deux fois par semaine\u00bb, mais d\u00e8s que je commence, je suis tent\u00e9e de laisser tomber.\nAlors, quelles sont les difficult\u00e9s\nque nous rencontrons dans le dialogue?\n\nSpanish: \nSi pienso al cuadro que nos mostr\u00f3 Cristina, tan rico y bello,\nque nos hace ver lo que hay en juego y cu\u00e1ntos mundos tenemos que reconciliar,\nentonces dir\u00eda: \u201cwahoo, es un desaf\u00edo\u201d.\nMe gusta la palabra que has usado \u201cejercicio\u201d: a menudo, cuando comenzamos a hacer ejercicio f\u00edsico,\na menudo \u00a1sentimos tensi\u00f3n en m\u00fasculos que ni siquiera sab\u00edamos que ten\u00edamos!\n\u00bfD\u00f3nde est\u00e1 la dificultad cuando se inicia a hacer ejercicio f\u00edsico?\nFrente a esta dificultad, algunas personas se detienen.\nA lo mejor digo: \u201cQuiero ir al gimnasio dos veces a la semana\u201d\npero, luego cuando apenas comienzo me viene la tentaci\u00f3n de abandonarlo.\nEntonces, \u00bfCu\u00e1les son las dificultades que encontramos en el di\u00e1logo?\nTomemos, b\u00e1sicamente, un par de ellas:\n\nItalian: \nSe penso al quadro tracciato da Cristina, cos\u00ec ricco e bello, che ci fa capire cosa c\u2019\u00e8 in gioco\ne quanti mondi dobbiamo conciliare.\nallora viene da dire \u201cwow, \u00e8 davvero una sfida\u201d.\nMi piace la parola che hai usato, \u201cesercizio\u201d:\nquando iniziamo a fare esercizio fisico spesso avvertiamo tensione in muscoli che neanche sapevamo di avere!\nDove sta la difficolt\u00e0 quando si inizia a fare esercizio fisico?\nDi fronte a questa difficolt\u00e0 alcune persone si fermano.\nMagari dico \u201cvoglio andare in palestra due volte alla settimana\u201d, ma poi appena inizio sono subito tentata di lasciar perdere.\nQuali sono quindi le difficolt\u00e0 che incontriamo nel dialogare?\n\nEnglish: \nFirst, I think when I respond to Cristina's picture of how rich and how beautiful is the picture of what is at stake\nand all of the worlds I think we need to bring together.\nI think it is not surprising to say WOW this is really a challenge\nI liked the world you used now 'exercise'.\nSometimes when we start to exercise, you feel these muscles that maybe you didn't even know you had\nTaking this idea of what is it that is difficult about beginning to exercise\n- that's maybe where some people stop.\nAw I'm gonna go to the gym a couple of times a week and as soon as you start, maybe not.\nSo what are some of the difficulties that we encounter.\n\nPortuguese: \nSe penso no quadro desenhado pela Cristina, t\u00e3o rico e bonito, que nos faz entender o que est\u00e1 em jogo\ne quantos mundos temos que conciliar,\nAcho que n\u00e3o \u00e9 uma surpresa dizer \u201cNossa! Realmente \u00e9 um desafio\u201d.\nGosto da palavra que voc\u00ea usou, \u201cexerc\u00edcio\u201d;\nquando come\u00e7amos a fazer exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico, muitas vezes sentimos uma tens\u00e3o em m\u00fasculos que nem sab\u00edamos que t\u00ednhamos.\nOnde est\u00e1 a dificuldade quando se come\u00e7a a fazer exerc\u00edcios f\u00edsicos?\nDiante dessa dificuldade, algumas pessoas param.\nTalvez eu diga \"Quero ir \u00e0 academia duas vezes por semana\", mas assim que come\u00e7a, deixa pra l\u00e1.\nEnt\u00e3o, quais s\u00e3o as dificuldades que encontramos no di\u00e1logo?\n\nEnglish: \nlet's just name a couple of them practically. First, the\nsheer amount of information that comes\nat us everyday; for many of us we are inundated with things that come in on the internet. It's overwhelming\nThe second problem is it can be hard to sort through what is grounded in fact, and what is not.\nEven this idea of what is true, what are we talking about? It seems we are seeing completely different realities.\nThen a big challenge for why dialogue is difficult is the pace: I see this when people answer an email and say\nI'm sorry it took me forever to get back to you and it's like 2 days. Since when did 2 days become forever?\nThe pressure of needing to respond immediately.\n\nFrench: \nPrenons-en quelques-unes concr\u00e8tement:\nLa premi\u00e8re est la grande quantit\u00e9 d\u2019informations\nque nous recevons chaque jour; beaucoup d\u2019entre nous sommes inond\u00e9s, d\u00e9bord\u00e9s d\u2019informations provenant d\u2019Internet ou de courriels.\nLe deuxi\u00e8me probl\u00e8me r\u00e9side dans la difficult\u00e9 de distinguer ce qui est bas\u00e9 sur des faits de ce qui ne l\u2019est pas.\nQu\u2019est-ce qui est vrai? De quoi s\u2019agit-il ? Nous nous posons la question quand il nous semble \u00eatre confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s compl\u00e8tement oppos\u00e9es.\nUn autre grand d\u00e9fi pour le dialogue est la rapidit\u00e9. Je remarque cela quand quelqu\u2019un r\u00e9pond \u00e0 un e-mail disant\n\u00ab D\u00e9sol\u00e9, il m\u2019a fallu une \u00e9ternit\u00e9 pour r\u00e9pondre \u00bb, je v\u00e9rifie la date : la r\u00e9ponse est arriv\u00e9e au bout de deux jours. Depuis quand deux jours sont-ils une \u00e9ternit\u00e9?\nIl y a cette pression pour r\u00e9agir imm\u00e9diatement.\n\nPortuguese: \nVamos pin\u00e7ar algumas delas, na pr\u00e1tica:\nA primeira \u00e9 a vasta quantidade de informa\u00e7\u00f5es\nque recebemos todos os dias; muitos de n\u00f3s somos inundados com informa\u00e7\u00f5es pela Internet, pelos e-mails, e ficamos sobrecarregados.\nO segundo problema reside na dificuldade de distinguir o que \u00e9 baseado em fatos daquilo que n\u00e3o \u00e9.\nO que \u00e9 verdadeiro? Sobre o que estamos falando? N\u00f3s nos perguntamos isso quando parece que estamos enfrentando realidades completamente opostas.\nOutro grande desafio para o di\u00e1logo \u00e9 a velocidade. E percebo isso quando algu\u00e9m responde a um e-mail dizendo\n\u201cDesculpe se demorei muito para responder\u201d, verifico a data e a resposta chegou ap\u00f3s dois dias. Desde quando dois dias s\u00e3o uma eternidade?\nH\u00e1 essa press\u00e3o para responder imediatamente.\n\nSpanish: \nLa primera, es la gran cantidad de informaci\u00f3n que recibimos cada d\u00eda;\nmuchos de nosotros estamos inundados de informaci\u00f3n por internet o correos electr\u00f3nicos y nos sentimos abrumados.\nEl segundo problema radica en la dificultad de distinguir lo que se basa en hechos de lo que no \u00bfcu\u00e1l es la verdad?\n\u00bfDe qu\u00e9 estamos hablando? Nos preguntamos esto cuando parece que estamos ante realidades completamente opuestas.\nEs un gran desaf\u00edo para el di\u00e1logo es la rapidez. Y me doy cuenta de esto cuando alguien responde a un email diciendo:\n\u201cPerdona si me tard\u00e9 una eternidad en responder\u201d.\nControlo la fecha y la respuesta lleg\u00f3 dos d\u00edas despu\u00e9s. \u00bfDesde cu\u00e1ndo dos d\u00edas son una eternidad?\nExiste esta presi\u00f3n de responder inmediatamente.\n\nItalian: \nPrendiamone un paio, in pratica. La prima \u00e8 la vastissima quantit\u00e0 di informazioni che riceviamo ogni giorno;\nmolti di noi sono sommersi da informazioni provenienti da internet, o dalle email, e ne siamo sopraffatti.\nIl secondo problema sta nella difficolt\u00e0 a distinguere ci\u00f2 che \u00e8 fondato sui fatti da ci\u00f2 che non lo \u00e8.\nChe cosa \u00e8 vero? Di cosa stiamo parlando? Ce lo chiediamo quando sembra che abbiamo davanti realt\u00e0 completamente opposte\nUn\u2019altra grande sfida per il dialogo \u00e8 la rapidit\u00e0. E mi accorgo di questo quando qualcuno risponde a una mail dicendo\n\u201cScusa se ci ho messo un\u2019eternit\u00e0 a rispondere\u201d, controllo la data e la risposta \u00e8 arrivata dopo due giorni. Da quando due giorni sono un\u2019eternit\u00e0?\nC\u2019\u00e8 questa pressione a rispondere immediatamente.\n\nEnglish: \nThen going back to what Cristina was talking about with social media\nMany of these forms of communication require very very short ways of communicating.\nHow many characters in a tweet?\nSo the exchanges often lack the kind of richness that we get with body language\nwith other ways of reading what is going on. So it can be difficult for that reason.\nSome of the challenges can be addressed by two words I hope everyone remembers\nSLOW DOWN, bring the pace of our interactions WAY DOWN\n\nItalian: \nPoi, ritornando a quello che diceva Cristina a proposito dei social media,\nmolte di queste forme di comunicazione richiedono messaggi molto brevi.\nquanti caratteri in un tweet?\nDi conseguenza all\u2019interazione manca la ricchezza che deriva dal linguaggio del corpo\ne da altri modi per leggere il contesto, ed ecco che sorge una difficolt\u00e0.\ne questa \u00e8 una parola che vorrei che tutti tenessero a mente:\nRALLENTARE. Ridurre notevolmente la velocit\u00e0 delle nostre interazioni.\n\nFrench: \nPuis, pour revenir \u00e0 ce que Cristina a dit \u00e0 propos des r\u00e9seaux sociaux,\nnombre de ces formes de communication requi\u00e8rent des messages tr\u00e8s courts:\ncombien de caract\u00e8res dans un tweet?\nPar cons\u00e9quent, l\u2019interaction n\u2019a pas la richesse qui vient du langage corporel\net d\u2019autres fa\u00e7ons de lire le contexte, et de l\u00e0 surgit la difficult\u00e9.\nIl existe un moyen de surmonter certaines de ces difficult\u00e9s,\net c\u2019est un mot que j\u2019aimerais que\n tout le monde garde \u00e0 l\u2019esprit: ralentir.\n\nPortuguese: \nEnt\u00e3o, voltando ao que a Cristina falou sobre as m\u00eddias sociais,\nmuitas dessas formas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o exigem mensagens muito curtas:\nquantos caracteres em um tweet?\nA intera\u00e7\u00e3o carece da riqueza que deriva da linguagem corporal\ne de outras formas de ler o contexto, e \u00e9 aqui que surge uma dificuldade.\nAlguns desafios podem ser superados com UMA palavra que eu espero que voc\u00eas se lembrem:\nDESACELERAR, Reduzir significativamente a velocidade das nossas intera\u00e7\u00f5es.\n\nSpanish: \nLuego, volviendo a lo que dec\u00eda Cristina, a prop\u00f3sito de los medios de las redes sociales,\nmuchas de estas formas de comunicaci\u00f3n requieren mensajes muy cortos:\n\u00bfCu\u00e1ntos caracteres tiene un tweet?\nPor lo tanto, la interacci\u00f3n carece de la riqueza que proviene del lenguaje corporal y otras formas de leer el contexto,\ny aqu\u00ed ya surge una dificultad.\nHay una forma de superar algunas de estas dificultades,\ny esta es una palabra que me gustar\u00eda que todos mantuvi\u00e9ramos en la mente: desacelerar.\nReducir significativamente la velocidad de nuestras interacciones. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9?\n\nPortuguese: \nMAS Por que? Porque quando desaceleramos encontramos um espa\u00e7o de quietude,\nde calma dentro de n\u00f3s.\nMinha ansiedade em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 comunica\u00e7\u00e3o diminui ou desaparece\nquando reservo um tempo para me desligar e quando reservo um tempo de sil\u00eancio, todo dia,\npara meditar e rezar. Estar ali naquele espa\u00e7o silencioso e vazio.\nParece um paradoxo: como se aprende a dialogar, encontrando tempo para ficar sozinho.. Mas \u00e9 verdade.\n\u00c9 no sil\u00eancio que encontramos a nossa opini\u00e3o, aquilo que queremos doar,\nE tamb\u00e9m aquela raiz profunda que, certamente tamb\u00e9m para muitos que est\u00e3o nos ouvindo, \u00e9 a rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00edntima com Deus.\nMesmo quando dou aulas percebo a mudan\u00e7a que ocorre quando os alunos\n\nSpanish: \nPorque, cuando disminuimos la velocidad, encontramos un espacio de quietud,\nde calma dentro de nosotros.\nMi ansiedad por comunicarme disminuye o desaparece cuando me tomo el tiempo desconectarme cada d\u00eda,\ncuando me tomo un tiempo de silencio para meditar y orar.\nParece una paradoja. \u00bfc\u00f3mo se aprende a dialogar?\nEncontrando el tiempo para estar solos.\nPero es as\u00ed: es en el silencio donde volvemos a encontrar nuestra opini\u00f3n,\nlo que queremos dar, y tambi\u00e9n aquella ra\u00edz profunda que, seguramente tambi\u00e9n\npara muchos de los que nos escuchan, es la relaci\u00f3n \u00edntima con Dios.\nIncluso cuando ense\u00f1o, me doy cuenta del cambio que se produce\n\nItalian: \nPerch\u00e9? Perch\u00e9, quando rallentiamo, troviamo uno spazio di quiete,\ndi calma dentro di noi.\nLa mia ansia nel comunicare diminuisce o scompare,\nquando prendo il tempo di staccare la spina ogni giorno, quando prendo un tempo\ndi silenzio per meditare e pregare.\nSembra un paradosso: come s\u2019impara a dialogare? Trovando il tempo di stare da soli.\nPer\u00f2 \u00e8 cos\u00ec:\n\u00e8 nel silenzio che ritroviamo la nostra opinione, ci\u00f2 che vogliamo donare,\ne anche quella radice profonda che, sicuramente anche per tanti che ci stanno ascoltando, \u00e8 il rapporto intimo con Dio.\nAnche quando insegno mi accorgo del cambiamento che avviene quando gli studenti\n\nFrench: \nR\u00e9duire consid\u00e9rablement la vitesse de nos interactions. Pourquoi ?\nParce que lorsque nous ralentissons,\nnous trouvons un espace de qui\u00e9tude, de calme en nous.\nMon angoisse de communiquer diminue ou dispara\u00eet\nlorsque je prends le temps de chaque jour tirer la prise,\nlorsque je prends un temps de silence pour m\u00e9diter et prier.\nCela semble paradoxal: comment apprend-on \u00e0 dialoguer? En trouvant le temps d\u2019\u00eatre seul.\nOui, c\u2019est ainsi: c\u2019est dans le silence que nous retrouvons notre opinion, ce que nous voulons donner,\nainsi que cette racine profonde qui, pour beaucoup qui nous \u00e9coutent, est certainement, aussi, la relation intime avec Dieu.\nIl en est de m\u00eame lorsque j\u2019enseigne : je remarque le changement qui se produit lorsque les \u00e9l\u00e8ves ont le temps\n\nEnglish: \nNow why is that? When we slow down we can also find that quiet space within\nwhere there's a place of calm.\nI see my own anxieties about communication are often relaxed or quelled,\nwhen I take the time to unplug and each day some quiet time,\nto meditate or to pray. It is there in that quiet space alone.\nIt's seems a paradox, how do you learn to dialogue, by finding time to be alone. But it's true\nThat's the battery pack that's the energy that we need to stay in touch with what we think, what we want to give.\nWhat is that deep root? For many who might be listening, that relationship with God, within.\nThen I notice in teaching a similar shift, that when my students take\n\nSpanish: \ncuando los estudiantes tienen el tiempo de reflexionar antes de una discusi\u00f3n en clase.\nA menudo hay una correlaci\u00f3n entre el tiempo que dedicamos a organizar las ideas\ny nuestra voluntad de acoger el pensamiento de los dem\u00e1s.\nNos ayuda el consejo del Papa Francisco, tomado de la exhortaci\u00f3n \"Gaudete et exsultate\":\nTodo se llena de palabras, de disfrutes superficiales y de ruidos con una velocidad siempre mayor.\nAll\u00ed no reina la alegr\u00eda\nsino la insatisfacci\u00f3n de quien no sabe para qu\u00e9 vive.\n\u00bfC\u00f3mo no reconocer entonces que necesitamos detener esa carrera fren\u00e9tica para recuperar un espacio personal,\n\nPortuguese: \nt\u00eam tempo para refletir antes de uma discuss\u00e3o em sala de aula.\nGeralmente h\u00e1 uma correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre o tempo que levamos para organizar as ideias e a nossa disponibilidade de acolher os pensamentos dos outros.\nSomos ajudados pelo conselho do Papa Francisco,\nextra\u00eddo da exorta\u00e7\u00e3o \u201cGaudete et exsultate\u201d:\n\u201cTudo se enche de palavras, prazeres epid\u00e9rmicos e rumores\na uma velocidade cada vez maior; aqui n\u00e3o reina a alegria, mas a insatisfa\u00e7\u00e3o de quem n\u00e3o sabe para que vive.\nQue verdade!\nEnt\u00e3o, como n\u00e3o reconhecer que precisamos deter esta corrida febril para recuperar um espa\u00e7o pessoal,\n\nFrench: \nde r\u00e9fl\u00e9chir avant une discussion en classe.\nIl y a souvent une corr\u00e9lation\nentre le temps que nous prenons \u00e0 organiser nos id\u00e9es\net notre volont\u00e9 d\u2019accueillir les pens\u00e9es des autres.\nNous sommes aid\u00e9s par les conseils du Pape Fran\u00e7ois,\ntir\u00e9s de son exhortation \u00ab Gaudete et exsultate \u00bb\n\u00ab Tout se remplit de mots, de plaisirs \u00e9pidermiques \net de rumeurs \u00e0 une vitesse toujours croissante.\nL\u00e0 n\u2019y r\u00e8gne pas la joie mais l\u2019insatisfaction \nde qui ne sait pas pourquoi il vit.\n- Comme c\u2019est vrai \u2013\nComment alors ne pas reconna\u00eetre qu\u2019il faut arr\u00eater cette course f\u00e9brile pour retrouver un espace personnel,\n\nItalian: \nhanno il tempo di riflettere prima di una discussione in classe. Spesso c\u2019\u00e8\nuna correlazione tra questo e la loro capacit\u00e0 di dialogare con chi la pensa in maniera diversa.\nCi viene in aiuto il consiglio di Papa Francesco,\ntratto dall\u2019esortazione \u201cGaudete et exsultate\u201d:\nScrive: \u201cTutto si riempie di parole, di piaceri epidermici e di rumori ad una velocit\u00e0 sempre crescente\nL\u00ec non regna la gioia ma l\u2019insoddisfazione\ndi chi non sa per che cosa vive\u201d.\nQuanto \u00e8 vero!\nCome dunque non riconoscere che abbiamo bisogno di fermare questa corsa febbrile per recuperare uno spazio personale,\n\nEnglish: \nthe time to recollect their own thoughts before they come into the classroom space. There is a\ndirect correlation between that and their capacity to dialogue with others who are different.\nHere I'd like to take some good advice from our friend Pope Francis.\nThis is a little excerpt from his letter 'Rejoice and Be Glad'\nHe writes: \"We are overwhelmed by words,\nby superficial pleasures and by an increasing\ndin, filled not by joy but rather by the discontent\nof those whose lives have lost meaning.\nHow true that is.\nHow can we fail to realize the need to stop this\nrat race and recover the personal space needed\n\nSpanish: \na veces doloroso, pero siempre fecundo, donde se entabla el di\u00e1logo sincero con Dios?\nEncontrar ese espacio puede ser doloroso, pero siempre fructuoso.\n-y creo que los que lo han probado pueden dar testimonio-\nEn alg\u00fan momento tendremos que enfrentar la verdad de nosotros mismos,\npara dejar que sea invadida por el Se\u00f1or.\nHablando de velocidad, hay que hacer una distinci\u00f3n,\nporque muchos de los temas de los que estamos hablando hoy son urgentes:\nel desaf\u00edo es cuidar, tener en el coraz\u00f3n los problemas del mundo de hoy que requieren una respuesta urgente.\nNo hay duda de la urgencia de estos problemas.\n\nPortuguese: \n\u00e0s vezes doloroso, mas sempre fecundo,\nno qual se inicia o di\u00e1logo sincero com Deus?\nE creio que quem j\u00e1 experimentou pode testemunhar\nEm certos momentos, devemos encarar a verdade de n\u00f3s mesmos, para a deixar invadir pelo Senhor\u201d.\nPor falar em velocidade,\nprecisamos fazer uma distin\u00e7\u00e3o, porque muitos dos temas de que falamos hoje s\u00e3o urgentes:\no desafio de cuidar, de cuidar profundamente\ndos problemas do mundo de hoje, que exige uma resposta urgente!\nIsso \u00e9 urgente! N\u00e3o h\u00e1 d\u00favidas da urg\u00eancia desses problemas.\n\nEnglish: \nto carry on a heartfelt dialogue with God?\nFinding that space may prove painful but it\nis always fruitful. (those who've tried can be a witness to this)\nSooner or later, we have\nto face our true selves and let the Lord enter.\"\nSo when we think about how fast we need to respond\nlet's make a distinction: there's an urgency to many of the questions we talked about today.\nThe challenge\nto care, and care deeply, about the problems\nour world faces, it does require\nurgent attention. This is an emergency.\nWe need to keep that in mind, none of this takes away from the urgent nature of these problems.\n\nItalian: \na volte doloroso ma sempre fecondo,\nin cui si intavola il dialogo sincero con Dio?\nE credo che chi lo ha provato pu\u00f2 testimoniarlo\nIn qualche momento dovremo guardare in faccia\nla verit\u00e0 di noi stessi, per lasciarla invadere dal Signore.\"\nQuindi, quando pensiamo a quanto velocemente dobbiamo rispondere\ndobbiamo fare una distinzione: c'\u00e8 un'urgenza per molte delle domande di cui abbiamo parlato oggi.\nLa sfida di prendersi cura,\ne di preoccuparsi profondamente, dei problemi\nche il nostro mondo deve affrontare,  richiede un'attenzione urgente. Questa \u00e8 un'emergenza.\nNon si discute sul carattere di urgenza di questi problemi.\n\nFrench: \nparfois douloureux mais toujours f\u00e9cond, \ndans lequel s\u2019instaure un dialogue sinc\u00e8re avec Dieu?\nEt, je crois, qui l\u2019a essay\u00e9 peut en t\u00e9moigner\n\u00c0 un certain moment, nous devrons regarder en face la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de nous-m\u00eames, pour la laisser envahir par le Seigneur.  \u00bb\nEn parlant de vitesse, nous devons faire une distinction,\ncar bon nombre des questions\ndont nous avons parl\u00e9 aujourd\u2019hui sont urgentes:\nle d\u00e9fi de prendre soin des probl\u00e8mes\ndu monde d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui\nn\u00e9cessite une r\u00e9ponse urgente.\nL\u2019urgence de ces probl\u00e8mes ne se discute pas.\n\nItalian: \nMa ci\u00f2 non significa che dobbiamo reagire con tweet o post scritti d\u2019impulso, dicendo qualcosa senza prima pensare.\nOggi pi\u00f9 che mai \u00e8 necessario trovare il tempo\ndi verificare l\u2019esattezza dei fatti e delle supposizioni,\nanche se ci vuole qualche minuto in pi\u00f9.\nPossiamo rallentare quanto basta per rispondere in modo ragionato, senza negare l\u2019urgenza dei problemi.\nSe pensiamo alla vita professionale, pochi lavori di fatto\nrichiedono una risposta immediata e reattiva.\nI vigili del fuoco devono agire in fretta.\nUna pausa di riflessione\n\u00e8 quasi sempre utile per valutare cosa\n\nEnglish: \nBut that does not mean that we need to react with hastily scribbled tweets or posts.\nMore than ever we need to take the time we\nneed to check the accuracy of facts and assumptions\n- and that might take a moment more.\nAnd slow down enough to respond in a reflective\nway, without denying the urgency of the problems.\nGoing back to our reasons for dialogue, thinking about a professional context,\nvery very few roles or jobs actually require an immediate, reactive response\nOkay firefighters, but most jobs have more time than in a fire.\nA substantial pause is\nalmost always helpful in the process of thoughtful\n\nSpanish: \nPero esto no significa que debamos reaccionar con tweets o publicaciones escritas por impulso,\ndiciendo alguna cosa sin antes pensarla.\nHoy m\u00e1s que nunca es importante tomarse el tiempo para verificar la veracidad de los hechos y suposiciones,\naun si se requieren algunos minutos m\u00e1s.\nPodemos reducir la velocidad el tiempo necesario para responder razonablemente,\nsin negar la urgencia de los problemas.\nDe hecho, si pensamos a la vida profesional, pocos trabajos requieren una respuesta inmediata y reactiva.\nLos bomberos deben actuar con rapidez.\nPero la mayor parte de los trabajos requieren su tiempo, no hay fuego que apagar.\n\nPortuguese: \nMas isso n\u00e3o significa que devemos reagir com tweets ou posts escritos por impulso, dizendo algo sem pensar primeiro.\nHoje, mais do que nunca, \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio encontrar tempo para verificar a exatid\u00e3o dos fatos e das suposi\u00e7\u00f5es,\nmesmo que demore mais alguns minutos.\nPodemos desacelerar o suficiente para responder depois de ter raciocinado, sem negar a urg\u00eancia dos problemas.\nVoltando nas raz\u00f5es para dialogar, se pensarmos na vida profissional,\npoucos trabalhos de fato requerem uma resposta imediata e reativa.\nOK, os bombeiros precisam agir rapidamente. Mas na maioria dos trabalhos voc\u00ea tem mais tempo, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 um inc\u00eandio a ser apagado.\nUma pausa para reflex\u00e3o \u00e9 quase sempre \u00fatil\n\nFrench: \nMais cela ne signifie pas que nous devions r\u00e9agir avec des tweets ou des post-it \u00e9crits\nde mani\u00e8re impulsive, en disant quelque chose sans d\u2019abord y avoir pens\u00e9.\nAujourd\u2019hui plus que jamais, il est n\u00e9cessaire de trouver le temps de v\u00e9rifier l\u2019exactitude des faits et des hypoth\u00e8ses,\nm\u00eame si cela prend quelques minutes de plus.\nNous pouvons ralentir juste assez pour r\u00e9pondre de fa\u00e7on raisonn\u00e9e, sans nier l\u2019urgence des probl\u00e8mes.\nSi l\u2019on pense \u00e0 la vie professionnelle,\npeu de travaux n\u00e9cessitent en fait d\u2019une r\u00e9ponse imm\u00e9diate et r\u00e9active.\nLes pompiers doivent agir rapidement.\nMais, pour la plupart des travaux, il y a plus de temps,\nil n\u2019y a pas d\u2019incendie \u00e0 \u00e9teindre.\nUne pause de r\u00e9flexion est\npresque toujours utile pour \u00e9valuer\n\nSpanish: \nUna pausa de reflexi\u00f3n casi siempre es \u00fatil para evaluar qu\u00e9 es bueno para proteger la dignidad de cada persona.\nEstas son solo algunas sugerencias, pero creo que pueden ser \u00fatiles.\nEspero que este periodo de pandemia nos permita una pausa de este tipo, para preguntarnos qu\u00e9 tenemos en el coraz\u00f3n,\nen qu\u00e9 nos queremos comprometer\u2026\nAmy \u00bfpodr\u00edas decirnos algo para concluir?\nLas ideas han sido muchas, intentemos resumir todo en tres puntos:\nEl primero: espero que hayamos logrado argumentar bien todas nuestras reflexiones,\nes que el di\u00e1logo es un esfuerzo pero que vale la pena:\nvale la pena perfeccionar una habilidad que pueda enriquecer enormemente tu vida personal y profesional,\ny apoyar tu compromiso de cambiar el mundo. Vale la pena.\n\nItalian: \n\u00e8 bene fare per proteggere la dignit\u00e0 di ogni persona.\nSono solo pochi suggerimenti, ma credo possano essere utili.\nLourdes: E spero che questo periodo di pandemia\nci permetta una pausa di questo tipo,\nRALLENTARE, per chiederci cosa\nci sta a cuore, in cosa vogliamo impegnarci?\nAmy, potresti dirci qualcosa per concludere?\nCi sono stati molti spunti, proviamo a riassumere tutto in tre punti:\nIl primo, e spero che siamo riuscite ad argomentarlo bene con le nostre riflessioni\u2026\nil dialogo \u00e8 uno sforzo, ma ne vale la pena:\nvale la pena di perfezionare una capacit\u00e0\nche pu\u00f2 notevolmente arricchire la vostra vita personale e professionale, e sostenere il vostro impegno per cambiare il mondo.\nNe vale la pena.\n\nFrench: \nce qu\u2019il est bon de faire pour prot\u00e9ger\nla dignit\u00e9 de chaque personne.\nCe ne sont l\u00e0 que quelques suggestions, \nmais je pense qu\u2019elles peuvent \u00eatre utiles.\nJ\u2019esp\u00e8re que cette p\u00e9riode de pand\u00e9mie\nnous permettra une pause de ce genre,\npour nous demander \u00e0 quoi nous tenons,\n\u00e0 quoi nous voulons nous engager ...\nAmy, pouvez-vous nous dire\nquelque chose pour conclure?\nBeaucoup d\u2019id\u00e9es furent soulev\u00e9es,\nessayons de tout r\u00e9sumer en trois points:\nLe premier - j\u2019esp\u00e8re que nous sommes parvenus\n\u00e0 bien l\u2019argumenter par nos r\u00e9flexions -.\nest que le dialogue repr\u00e9sente un effort,\nmais cela en vaut la peine: de perfectionner une capacit\u00e9\nqui peut grandement enrichir votre vie personnelle et professionnelle, et soutenir votre engagement \u00e0 changer le monde.\n\u00c7a en vaut la peine.\n\nEnglish: \nevaluation of what it means to care for the\nhuman dignity of every person.\nA few tiny suggestions but I think they might be helpful.\nAnd I hope this time of pandemic means also\nthis kind of pause,\nSLOW DOWN, in which we evaluate what\nwe have been caring for. What we commit to\ncare for?\nAmy, would you like to close with a few words?\nI'll just sum up! Three take away thoughts.\nI hope are reflections, make the case, like a lawyer would make.\nDialogue is an effort, but\nit is worth it: honing this skill can greatly\nenrich your personal and professional life,\nand your efforts to make a difference in the world.\nIt's worth it!\n\nPortuguese: \npara avaliar o que \u00e9 bom fazer para proteger a dignidade de cada pessoa.\nEstas s\u00e3o apenas algumas sugest\u00f5es, mas acredito que podem ser \u00fateis.\nE espero que este per\u00edodo de pandemia nos permita uma pausa desse tipo,\nDESACELERAR, para nos perguntarmos\no que est\u00e1 no nosso cora\u00e7\u00e3o, em que queremos nos envolver...\nAmy, voc\u00ea poderia nos dizer algo para concluir?\nForam muitas as ideias, vamos tentar resumir tudo em tr\u00eas pontos:\nPrimeiro, espero que tenhamos conseguido argumentar bem com as nossas reflex\u00f5es,\n\u00e9 que o di\u00e1logo \u00e9 um esfor\u00e7o, mas que vale a pena: vale a pena aperfei\u00e7oar uma capacidade\nque pode enriquecer de forma not\u00e1vel sua vida pessoal e profissional, e dar sustento ao seu compromisso de mudar o mundo.\nVale a pena!\n\nItalian: \nSecondo, il dialogo apre i cuori e le menti alla ricerca creativa\ndel come esattamente possiamo generare un cambiamento, come possiamo attuare la cura nelle nostre societ\u00e0.\nAbbiamo bisogno del dialogo per fare questo, e ne abbiamo bisogno per capire come la cura pu\u00f2 inserirsi nelle strutture sociali.\nTerzo, infine, il consiglio fondamentale:\nRALLENTARE. Trovate il tempo, ogni giorno, di fermarvi\na organizzare i vostri pensieri,\nin questo modo darete il vostro meglio\nnelle discussioni a cui parteciperete\nper realizzare il \u201cprendersi cura\u201d nelle nostre societ\u00e0 e anche in politica.\n\nSpanish: \nSegundo: retomando la riqueza de las reflexiones de Cristina: el dialogo abre los corazones\ny las mentes a la b\u00fasqueda creativa de c\u00f3mo exactamente, podemos generar cambios,\nc\u00f3mo podemos actuar en el cuidado de nuestra sociedad.\nNecesitamos di\u00e1logo para hacer esto, y lo necesitamos para entender c\u00f3mo el cuidado puede encajar en las estructuras sociales.\nTercero, finalmente el consejo fundamental es....\nDES-A-CE-LE-RAR\nencontrar el tiempo, todos los d\u00edas para detenerse y organizar los pensamientos,\nde esta manera dar\u00e1s lo mejor de ti en las discusiones en las que participar\u00e1s\npara lograr el \u201ccuidado\u201d en nuestras sociedades y tambi\u00e9n en la pol\u00edtica.\n\nPortuguese: \nSegundo, retomando a riqueza das reflex\u00f5es da Cristina: o di\u00e1logo abre os cora\u00e7\u00f5es e as mentes\npara a busca criativa de como exatamente podemos gerar uma mudan\u00e7a, como podemos atuar o \u201ccuidar\u201d em nossas sociedades.\nPrecisamos do di\u00e1logo para fazer isso e precisamos entender como o \u201ccuidar\u201d pode se encaixar nas estruturas sociais.\nTerceiro, um GRANDE conselho fundamental:\nDESACELERAR. Encontrem o tempo, todos os dias,\npara dar uma parada e organizar seus pensamentos,\nassim voc\u00eas dar\u00e3o o seu melhor nas discuss\u00f5es das quais participar\u00e3o,\npara realizar o \u201ccuidar\u201d em nossas sociedades e tamb\u00e9m na pol\u00edtica.\n\nEnglish: \nDialogue opens our hearts and minds to creative\nexploration of exactly how we can make a difference, how we can make caring a reality in our polity,\nwe need dialogue to do that. We need it to think how it fits into our social structures.\nBIG BIG BIG take away suggestion is, you know it,\nSLOW DOWN Make time and space\n- each day - to recollect your own thoughts,\nand in this way you will bring your best self\ninto all of your conversations,\nin dare to care and making this a reality in our society and in our politics.\n\nFrench: \nle dialogue ouvre les c\u0153urs et les esprits\n\u00e0 la recherche cr\u00e9ative du\ncomment exactement nous pouvons g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des changements,  comment nous pouvons mettre en \u0153uvre le soin dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s.\nNous avons besoin d\u2019un dialogue pour y parvenir, nous en avons besoin pour comprendre comment le soin peut s\u2019int\u00e9grer dans les structures sociales.\nTroisi\u00e8mement, enfin, le conseil fondamental:\nRALENTIR: Trouvez le temps, chaque jour, \nde vous arr\u00eater et d\u2019organiser vos pens\u00e9es,\nde cette mani\u00e8re vous donnerez\nle meilleur de vous-m\u00eame dans les discussions\nauxquelles vous participerez pour r\u00e9aliser le \u00ab prendre soin \u00bb dans nos soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et en politique.\n\nFrench: \nMerci vraiment, Amy. Much\u00edsimas gracias Cristina\nJe vous rappelle que si vous avez manqu\u00e9 votre premi\u00e8re le\u00e7on Dare to Care, vous pouvez la trouver sur notre cha\u00eene Youtube.\nLe prochain rendez-vous aura lieu en octobre\navec un nouveau Dare to Care in my city.\nMerci, \u00e0 la prochaine !\n\nItalian: \nLOURDES: Grazie davvero Amy! Moltissime grazie Cristina!\nVi ricordo che se avete perso la prima lezione di Dare to Care, potete trovarla sul nostro canale Youtube.\nIl prossimo appuntamento sar\u00e0 ad ottobre con un nuovo Dare to Care in my City.\nGrazie e\u2026 alla prossima!\n\nEnglish: \nLOURDES:Thank you very much Amy. Much\u00edsimas gracias Cristina.\nRemember: if you missed the first dare to care lesson you can find it on our Youtube channel.\nOur next appointment will be in October with the next Dare to Care in my City!\nThank you very much and see you next time!\n\nSpanish: \nGracias de verdad, Amy.\nLes recuerdo que si han perdido la primera lecci\u00f3n de Dare to Care,\npueden encontrarla en nuestro canal Youtube.\n\u00a1La pr\u00f3xima cita ser\u00e1 en octubre con un nuevo Dare to Care en mi ciudad!\nGracias y \u00a1Hasta la pr\u00f3xima!\n\nPortuguese: \nMuito obrigada, Amy. Muito Obrigada Cristina.\nLembrete: se voc\u00eas perderam a primeira aula de Dare to Care, podem encontr\u00e1-la em nosso canal no Youtube.\nO pr\u00f3ximo encontro ser\u00e1 em outubro, com um novo Dare to Care in my City.\nObrigada, at\u00e9 a pr\u00f3xima!\n"}
-{"text": "Our mission at Google Health is to help everybody live their healthiest life.\nI\u2019m David Feinberg and I lead Google Health. \nGoogle has been in health for a long time.\nWhen you think about it, many of our searches are around healthcare.\nWhen you get a diagnosis, a medication, a new symptom, people go to Google.\nSo what we thought we could accomplish\nis take the functionality that we know from organizing information, \nand put it on top of your record.\nSo when your doctor is looking for something,\nYou know, did you have that Pneumovax? Did you have an MRI? \nHow did you have a response to that medicine before? \nWe will pull up all that information from your record,\nso that your doctor can spend more time with you, \nlooking at you instead of looking in the computer.\nNow everybody who\u2019s spent time looking at healthcare data\nknows that it\u2019s incredibly complex.\nWhy? Because healthcare is incredibly complex.\nPatient information is scattered across multiple different silos. \nSo how do you bring those\u2026\nconnect these dots from the patient standpoint?\nDoctors face this every day.\nMany physicians practice in more than just a single system, \nand so they have to log into different electronic health record systems.\nWhen you need to find something about a patient\nand you have the record in the fax and it's sitting in the image in the computer,\nyou want to be able to just search ABX or CXR, \nwhich is how doctors talk about chest x-rays,\nand it should pull up that chest x-ray.\nWe\u2019re fortunate to work with many health systems \nwho are trusting us and putting the data on Google Cloud.\nAt Google, we generally design and build products for billions of people. \nAnd in this case, \nwe build products for millions of doctors and nurses\nto help billions of patients.\nThe technology is mind blowing,\nbut if we don't have the trust of the doctor, the nurse,\nthe mom, the dad, the elderly person, the patient, \nit doesn't matter how good the technology is. \nWe\u2019re not going to mess with this.\nWe\u2019re going to do it the absolute best way possible,\nwe\u2019re going to treat it with the respect that it deserves.\nWe\u2019re all in this together and we all have that same mission.\nWe\u2019re trying to empower doctors to be the best versions of themselves.\nTo me it\u2019s making communities and families healthy\nso they don\u2019t have to think about healthcare.\n"}
-{"text": "Mercato Juventus: Zidane ritorna al Real, altri eventuali sostituti di Allegri\nIl\u00a0Real Madrid\u00a0ha ufficializzato l'esonero di\u00a0Santiago Solari, scegliendo come successore colui che lasci\u00f2 la panchina esattamente 10 mesi fa, ovvero\u00a0Zinedine Zidane. Al tecnico francese, capace di vincere le ultime 3 Champions, \u00e8 stato offerto un contratto fino al\u00a030 giugno 2022.\n\"Felice di tornare a casa, non potevo dire di no a Florentino\" ha dichiarato nella sua prima conferenza da 'figliol prodigo'. Ricostruire una squadra dopo una stagione disastrosa.\nEppure, esattamente 10 mesi fa, Zidane aveva deciso di lasciare la panchina del Real con un \"no\" secco alle proposte di\u00a0Florentino Perez.\nSembrava che non ci fosse pi\u00f9 verso di convincere colui che su 149 partite da allenatore delle merengues ne ha vinte ben 104.\nL'uomo capace di vincere\u00a03 Champions di fila, un filotto record se consideriamo che gli altri allenatori plurivincitori (Carlo Ancelotti e Bob Paisley a quota 3 come Zidane) hanno comunque intervallato i propri successi nel massimo trofeo continentale.\nQuest'anno \u00e8 il\u00a0terzo allenatore\u00a0sulla panchina delle merengues diventata improvvisamente incandescente, Solari aveva infatti sostituito l'ex CT della nazionale,\u00a0Julen Lopetegui.\n'Zizou' arriva per salvare la stagione e l'obiettivo diventa il secondo posto della\u00a0Liga\u00a0alle spalle del\u00a0Barcellona\u00a0che sembra ormai imprendibile, attualmente occupato dai 'cugini' dell'Atletico Madrid.\nIl Real \u00e8 gi\u00e0 fuori da tutte le coppe, compresa la Champions dove ha subito una severa lezione di calcio dall'Ajax.\nZidane si ripromette inoltre di ricompattare un ambiente 'depresso' con numerosi giocatori che venivano dati in partenza proprio per il pessimo rappporto con Solari: il ritorno del francese cambia certamente molte cose. Un ritorno che influenza il mercato degli allenatori.\nQuanto accaduto in Spagna fa probabilmente sentire i suoi effetti anche in Italia dove Zidane era stato ripetutamente accostato alla\u00a0Juventus\u00a0per prendere il posto di\u00a0Massimiliano Allegri, dato per partente a fine stagione.\nSe davvero l'attuale tecnico lascia la vecchia signora, per cercare un sostituto all'altezza si dovr\u00e0 guardare altrove. Magari all'ex della situazione,\u00a0Antonio Conte, anche lui coinvolto in\u00a0possibili intrecci di calciomercato\u00a0che riguardano panchine e tecnici importanti.\nTra questi\u00a0Jos\u00e9 Mourinho\u00a0al centro di indiscrezioni su un possibile ritorno al Real.\nErano state ventilate anche le cifre di un possibile accordo, si era parlato di un contratto fino al 2022 con un ingaggio di 17 milioni a stagione, pi\u00f9 eventuali bonus che si aggiravano tra i 5 e i 6 milioni.\nIl tecnico portoghese ex Inter, a quanto pare, avrebbe gradito questa proposta, ma \u00e8 chiaro che adesso le cose sono cambiate anche per lui.\n"}
-{"text": "\nThai: \n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1f\u0e23\u0e21\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1f\u0e23\u0e21\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\nFilipino: \nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nTumingin at kumanta kasama at alamin natin ngayon\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nMaipakita ko ang bilang 5 bilang isang larawan\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang bilang 5 bilang isang bilang\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa isang limang frame\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa isang sampung frame\nGanito\n5\n\nDutch: \nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nKijk en zing mee en laten we vandaag leren\nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nIk kan nummer 5 als afbeelding tonen\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan het cijfer 5 als cijfer weergeven\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan nummer 5 in een frame met vijf tonen\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan het nummer 5 in een frame van tien tonen\nZoals dit\n5\n\nChinese: \n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u548c\u5531\u6b4c\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5b78\u7fd2\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6578\u5b575\u986f\u793a\u70ba\u5716\u7247\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6578\u5b575\u986f\u793a\u70ba\u6578\u5b57\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u57285\u5e40\u4e2d\u986f\u793a5\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5341\u5e40\u4e2d\u986f\u793a\u6578\u5b575\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\nArabic: \n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0643\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0643\u0631\u0642\u0645\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\nFrench: \nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nRegarde et chante et apprenons aujourd'hui\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 comme une image\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 en chiffres\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 dans un cadre de cinq\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 dans un cadre de dix\nComme \u00e7a\n5\n\nChinese: \n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u548c\u5531\u6b4c\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66\u4e60\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u5b575\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u56fe\u7247\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u5b575\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u57285\u5e27\u4e2d\u663e\u793a5\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5341\u5e27\u4e2d\u663e\u793a\u6570\u5b575\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\nItalian: \nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nGuarda e canta insieme e impariamo oggi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 come una foto\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 come un numero\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in cinque fotogrammi\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in dieci fotogrammi\nCome questo\n5\n\nAfrikaans: \nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nKyk en sing saam en kom ons leer vandag\nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nEk kan die nommer 5 as 'n foto wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die getal 5 as 'n syfer wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 in 'n vyf raam wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 in 'n tien raam wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\n\nSpanish: \nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nMira y canta y aprendamos hoy\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como una imagen\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como un n\u00famero\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en cinco cuadros\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en diez cuadros\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\n\nHindi: \n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0913 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u094b \u0906\u091c \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 5 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0926\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\nSpanish: \nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nMira y canta y aprendamos hoy\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como una imagen\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como un n\u00famero\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en cinco cuadros\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en diez cuadros\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\n\nMalay (macrolanguage): \nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nLihat dan bernyanyi bersama dan mari belajar hari ini\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 sebagai gambar\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya boleh menunjukkan nombor 5 sebagai nombor\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 dalam lima bingkai\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam sepuluh bingkai\nSeperti ini\n5\n\nFrench: \nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nRegarde et chante et apprenons aujourd'hui\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 comme une image\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 en chiffres\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 dans un cadre de cinq\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 dans un cadre de dix\nComme \u00e7a\n5\n\nKorean: \n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\ubcf4\uace0 \ub178\ub798\ud558\uace0 \uc624\ub298 \ubc30\uc6b0\uc790\n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \uadf8\ub9bc\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \uc22b\uc790\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n5 \ud504\ub808\uc784\uc5d0 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n10 \ud504\ub808\uc784\uc5d0 \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\nRussian: \n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u0421\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 5 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0445\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\nGerman: \nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nSchau und singe mit und lass uns heute lernen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 als Bild zeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 als Ziffer anzeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 in einem F\u00fcnf-Frame anzeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 in einem Zehnerrahmen zeigen\nSo was\n5\n\nJapanese: \n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u898b\u3066\u6b4c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u5b66\u3073\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u6570\u5b57\u306e5\u3092\u7d75\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898b\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u6570\u5b57\u3068\u3057\u30665\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n5\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n10\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\nEnglish: \nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nLook and sing along and let's learn today\nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nI can show the number 5 as a picture\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 as a numeral\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 in a five frame\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 in a ten frame\nLike this\n5\n\nVietnamese: \nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nNh\u00ecn v\u00e0 h\u00e1t theo v\u00e0 h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc ngay h\u00f4m nay\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 trong m\u1ed9t khung n\u0103m\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 trong m\u1ed9t khung m\u01b0\u1eddi\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\n\nJapanese: \n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u96c6\u8a08\u30de\u30fc\u30af\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u756a\u53f7\u884c\u306b5\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u6570\u5b57\u306e5\u3092\u5358\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n\u4e94\n\u30b5\u30a4\u30b3\u30ed\u306e5\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u30c9\u30df\u30ce\u306b5\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u6307\u306b5\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\nSpanish: \nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 con marcas de conteo\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en una recta num\u00e9rica\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como una palabra\nMe gusta esto\ncinco\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en dados\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en un domin\u00f3\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en los dedos\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\n\nRussian: \n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0441 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0435\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430\u0445\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\nArabic: \n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0643\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u062f\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\nFrench: \nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 avec des marques de pointage\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le chiffre 5 sur une droite num\u00e9rique\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 comme un mot\nComme \u00e7a\ncinq\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 en d\u00e9s\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nJe peux montrer le chiffre 5 sur un domino\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le chiffre 5 sur les doigts\nComme \u00e7a\n5\n\nSpanish: \nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 con marcas de conteo\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en una recta num\u00e9rica\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como una palabra\nMe gusta esto\ncinco\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en dados\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en un domin\u00f3\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 en los dedos\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\n\nHindi: \n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091f\u0948\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 5 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n\u092a\u093e\u0902\u091a\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0928\u094b\u091c\u093c \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0909\u0902\u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 5 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\nMalay (macrolanguage): \nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 dengan tanda tally\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya boleh menunjukkan nombor 5 pada baris nombor\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 sebagai perkataan\nSeperti ini\nlima\nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 pada dadu\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 pada domino\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya boleh menunjukkan nombor 5 pada jari\nSeperti ini\n5\n\nKorean: \n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\ud0c8\ub9ac \ud45c\uc2dc\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ud45c\uc2dc \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc22b\uc790 5\uc5d0 \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ub2e8\uc5b4\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n\ub2e4\uc12f\n\uc8fc\uc0ac\uc704\uc5d0 \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\ub3c4\ubbf8\ub178\uc5d0 \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc190\uac00\ub77d\uc5d0 \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\nChinese: \n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8a18\u865f\u986f\u793a5\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6578\u5b57\u7dda\u4e0a\u986f\u793a\u6578\u5b575\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6578\u5b575\u986f\u793a\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b57\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n\u4e94\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9ab0\u5b50\u4e0a\u986f\u793a\u6578\u5b575\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u7c73\u8afe\u9aa8\u724c\u4e0a\u986f\u793a\u6578\u5b575\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u624b\u6307\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u6578\u5b575\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\nFrench: \nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 avec des marques de pointage\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le chiffre 5 sur une droite num\u00e9rique\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 comme un mot\nComme \u00e7a\ncinq\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 en d\u00e9s\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nJe peux montrer le chiffre 5 sur un domino\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le chiffre 5 sur les doigts\nComme \u00e7a\n5\n\nFilipino: \nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 na may mga tally mark\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa isang linya ng numero\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang bilang 5 bilang isang salita\nGanito\nlima\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa dice\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa isang domino\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa mga daliri\nGanito\n5\n\nDutch: \nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nIk kan nummer 5 laten zien met telmerken\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan nummer 5 op een getallenlijn weergeven\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan het nummer 5 als een woord weergeven\nZoals dit\nvijf\nIk kan het nummer 5 op dobbelstenen tonen\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nIk kan nummer 5 op een domino tonen\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan het nummer 5 op vingers tonen\nZoals dit\n5\n\nVietnamese: \nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfm\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u1ed1\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\ns\u1ed1 n\u0103m\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 tr\u00ean s\u00fac s\u1eafc\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 tr\u00ean domino\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 tr\u00ean ng\u00f3n tay\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\n\nThai: \n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e43\u0e19\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e17\u0e31\u0e14\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e04\u0e33\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e1a\u0e19\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e4b\u0e32\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e1a\u0e19\u0e42\u0e14\u0e21\u0e34\u0e42\u0e19\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e1a\u0e19\u0e19\u0e34\u0e49\u0e27\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\nChinese: \n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u8bb0\u53f7\u663e\u793a5\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6570\u5b57\u7ebf\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u6570\u5b575\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u5b575\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n\u4e94\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u9ab0\u5b50\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u6570\u5b575\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u591a\u7c73\u8bfa\u9aa8\u724c\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u6570\u5b575\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u624b\u6307\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u6570\u5b575\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\nItalian: \nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 con segni di conteggio\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 su una riga numerica\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 come una parola\nCome questo\ncinque\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 sui dadi\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 su un domino\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 sulle dita\nCome questo\n5\n\nAfrikaans: \nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nEk kan die nommer 5 wys met tellings\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 op 'n getallelyn wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 as 'n woord wys\nSoos hierdie\nvyf\nEk kan die nommer 5 op dobbelstene wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nEk kan die nommer 5 op 'n domino wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 op vingers wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\n\nEnglish: \nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nI can show the number 5 with tally marks\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 on a number line\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 as a word\nLike this\nfive\nI can show the number 5 on dice\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nI can show the number 5 on a domino\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 on fingers\nLike this\n5\n\nGerman: \nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 mit Strichmarkierungen anzeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf einer Zahlenzeile anzeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 als Wort anzeigen\nSo was\nf\u00fcnf\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf W\u00fcrfeln zeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf einem Domino zeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf den Fingern zeigen\nSo was\n5\n\nAfrikaans: \nEk kan die nommer 5 as 'n foto wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die getal 5 as 'n syfer wys\nSoos hierdie\n5\nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nKyk en sing saam en kom ons leer vandag\nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nNou antwoord u voor my hoe ons 5 wys\nwoord\nvyf raam\ngetallelyn\nvingers\ntelmerke\ndomino\n\nSpanish: \nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como una imagen\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como un n\u00famero\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nMira y canta y aprendamos hoy\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nAhora respondes ante m\u00ed c\u00f3mo mostramos 5\npalabra\ncinco cuadros\nnumero de linea\ndedos\nmarcas de conteo\ndomin\u00f3\n\nChinese: \n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u5b575\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u56fe\u7247\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6570\u5b575\u663e\u793a\u4e3a\u6570\u5b57\n\u50cf\u8fd9\u6837\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u548c\u5531\u6b4c\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66\u4e60\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u73b0\u5728\u60a8\u5728\u6211\u9762\u524d\u56de\u7b54\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u663e\u793a5\n\u5b57\n\u4e94\u5e27\n\u6570\u5b57\u7ebf\n\u624b\u6307\n\u8ba1\u6570\u7b26\u53f7\n\u9aa8\u724c\n\nEnglish: \nI can show the number 5 as a picture\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 as a numeral\nLike this\n5\nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nLook and sing along and let's learn today\nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nNow you answer before me how we show 5\nword\nfive frame\nnumber line\nfingers\ntally marks\ndomino\n\nMalay (macrolanguage): \nSaya dapat menunjukkan nombor 5 sebagai gambar\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya boleh menunjukkan nombor 5 sebagai nombor\nSeperti ini\n5\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nLihat dan bernyanyi bersama dan mari belajar hari ini\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nSekarang anda menjawab sebelum saya bagaimana kami menunjukkan 5\nperkataan\nlima bingkai\ngarisan nombor\njari\ntanda tally\ndomino\n\nThai: \n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02\u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\n\u0e41\u0e1a\u0e1a\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n5\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\u0e04\u0e38\u0e13\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e1a\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e01\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e23\u0e32\u0e08\u0e30\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07 5\n\u0e04\u0e33\n\u0e2b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e40\u0e1f\u0e23\u0e21\n\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02\u0e1a\u0e23\u0e23\u0e17\u0e31\u0e14\n\u0e19\u0e34\u0e49\u0e27\u0e21\u0e37\u0e2d\n\u0e19\u0e31\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e04\u0e23\u0e37\u0e48\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\n\u0e42\u0e14\u0e21\u0e34\u0e42\u0e19\n\nJapanese: \n\u6570\u5b57\u306e5\u3092\u7d75\u3068\u3057\u3066\u898b\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u6570\u5b57\u3068\u3057\u30665\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\n5\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u898b\u3066\u6b4c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u5b66\u3073\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u4eca\u3001\u3042\u306a\u305f\u306f\u79c1\u306e\u524d\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u307e\u30595\n\u8a9e\n5\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\n\u30ca\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\n\u6307\n\u96c6\u8a08\u30de\u30fc\u30af\n\u30c9\u30df\u30ce\n\nItalian: \nPosso mostrare il numero 5 come una foto\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 come un numero\nCome questo\n5\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nGuarda e canta insieme e impariamo oggi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nOra rispondi davanti a me come mostriamo 5\nparola\ncinque fotogrammi\nlinea numerica\ndita\nsegni di conteggio\ndomino\n\nSpanish: \nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como una imagen\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 como un n\u00famero\nMe gusta esto\n5 5\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nMira y canta y aprendamos hoy\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nAhora respondes ante m\u00ed c\u00f3mo mostramos 5\npalabra\ncinco cuadros\nnumero de linea\ndedos\nmarcas de conteo\ndomin\u00f3\n\nChinese: \n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6578\u5b575\u986f\u793a\u70ba\u5716\u7247\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6578\u5b575\u986f\u793a\u70ba\u6578\u5b57\n\u50cf\u9019\u6a23\n5\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u548c\u5531\u6b4c\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5b78\u7fd2\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u73fe\u5728\u60a8\u5728\u6211\u9762\u524d\u56de\u7b54\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u986f\u793a5\n\u5b57\n\u4e94\u5e40\n\u6578\u5b57\u7dda\n\u624b\u6307\n\u8a08\u6578\u7b26\u865f\n\u9aa8\u724c\n\nFilipino: \nMaipakita ko ang bilang 5 bilang isang larawan\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang bilang 5 bilang isang bilang\nGanito\n5\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nTumingin at kumanta kasama at alamin natin ngayon\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nNgayon sasagutin mo sa harap ko kung paano kami nagpapakita 5\nsalita\nlimang frame\nlinya ng numero\nmga daliri\nmga marka ng tally\ndomino\n\nFrench: \nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 comme une image\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 en chiffres\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nRegarde et chante et apprenons aujourd'hui\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nMaintenant, vous r\u00e9pondez devant moi comment nous montrons 5\nmot\ncinq cadre\nligne de num\u00e9ro\ndoigts\nmarques de pointage\ndomino\n\nVietnamese: \nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1\nNh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\n5\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nNh\u00ecn v\u00e0 h\u00e1t theo v\u00e0 h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc ngay h\u00f4m nay\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nB\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb 5\nt\u1eeb\nn\u0103m khung\ns\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng\nng\u00f3n tay\nd\u1ea5u ki\u1ec3m\ndomino\n\nArabic: \n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0643\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0643\u0631\u0642\u0645\n\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\n5\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0647\u0631 5\n\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629\n\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\n\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\n\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639\n\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\n\nHindi: \n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e 5 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915 5 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0910\u0936\u0947 \u0939\u0940\n5\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0913 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u094b \u0906\u091c \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0905\u092c \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u0935\u093e\u092c \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u092e 5 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\n\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\n\u092a\u093e\u0901\u091a \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\n\u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\n\u0909\u0902\u0917\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902\n\u0905\u0902\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\n\u092e\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0915\n\nDutch: \nIk kan nummer 5 als afbeelding tonen\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan het nummer 5 als een cijfer weergeven\nZoals dit\n5\nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nKijk en zing mee en laten we vandaag leren\nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nNu antwoord je voor mij hoe we 5 laten zien\nwoord\nvijf frame\ngetallenlijn\nvingers\ntelmerken\ndomino\n\nKorean: \n\uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \uadf8\ub9bc\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \uc22b\uc790\ub85c \ud45c\uc2dc \ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\ub807\uac8c\n5\n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\ubcf4\uace0 \ub178\ub798\ud558\uace0 \uc624\ub298 \ubc30\uc6b0\uc790\n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\uc774\uc81c \uc6b0\ub9ac\uac00 5\ub97c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uc9c0 \ub0b4\uac8c \ub300\ub2f5 \ud574\n\uc6cc\ub4dc\n\ub2e4\uc12f \ud504\ub808\uc784\n\ubc88\ud638 \ub77c\uc778\n\uc190\uac00\ub77d\n\ud0c8\ub9ac \ub9c8\ud06c\n\uac01\uc124\ud0d5\n\nRussian: \n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e 5 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0443\n\u041d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f\n5\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u0421\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c 5\n\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\n\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\n\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\n\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b\n\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438\n\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\n\nFrench: \nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 comme une image\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 en chiffres\nComme \u00e7a\n5\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nRegarde et chante et apprenons aujourd'hui\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nMaintenant, vous r\u00e9pondez devant moi comment nous montrons 5\nmot\ncinq cadre\nligne de num\u00e9ro\ndoigts\nmarques de pointage\ndomino\n\nGerman: \nIch kann die Nummer 5 als Bild zeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 als Ziffer anzeigen\nSo was\n5\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nSchau und singe mit und lass uns heute lernen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nJetzt antwortest du mir, wie wir 5 zeigen\nWort\nf\u00fcnf rahmen\nZahlenreihe\nFinger\nZ\u00e4hlmarken\nDomino\n\nFilipino: \ndais\nnamumuno\nlarawan\nsampung frame\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\nTumingin at kumanta kasama at alamin natin ngayon\nMaaari kong ipakita ang numero 5 sa maraming paraan\n\nDutch: \nDobbelsteen\ncijfer\nafbeelding\ntien frame\nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\nKijk en zing mee en laten we vandaag leren\nIk kan nummer 5 op vele manieren weergeven\n\nAfrikaans: \ndice\nSyfer\nprent\ntien raam\nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\nKyk en sing saam en kom ons leer vandag\nEk kan die nommer 5 op baie maniere wys\n\nThai: \n\u0e25\u0e39\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e4b\u0e32\n\u0e15\u0e31\u0e27\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02\n\u0e20\u0e32\u0e1e\n\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e1a\u0e40\u0e1f\u0e23\u0e21\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\u0e14\u0e39\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e23\u0e49\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e25\u0e07\u0e15\u0e32\u0e21\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e40\u0e23\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e23\u0e39\u0e49\u0e27\u0e31\u0e19\u0e19\u0e35\u0e49\n\u0e09\u0e31\u0e19\u0e2a\u0e32\u0e21\u0e32\u0e23\u0e16\u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e21\u0e32\u0e22\u0e40\u0e25\u0e02 5 \u0e44\u0e14\u0e49\u0e2b\u0e25\u0e32\u0e22\u0e27\u0e34\u0e18\u0e35\n\nGerman: \nW\u00fcrfel\nZiffer\nBild\nzehn Rahmen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\nSchau und singe mit und lass uns heute lernen\nIch kann die Nummer 5 auf viele Arten zeigen\n\nSpanish: \ndado\nn\u00famero\nimagen\nmarco diez\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nMira y canta y aprendamos hoy\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\n\nRussian: \n\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\n\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430\n\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u043d\u043e\u043a\n\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\u0421\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\n\u042f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 5 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445\n\nChinese: \n\u9ab0\u5b50\n\u6570\u5b57\n\u56fe\u7247\n\u5341\u5e27\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u548c\u5531\u6b4c\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66\u4e60\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u663e\u793a5\n\nChinese: \n\u9ab0\u5b50\n\u6578\u5b57\n\u5716\u7247\n\u5341\u5e40\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\u4e00\u8d77\u770b\u548c\u5531\u6b4c\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5b78\u7fd2\n\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u986f\u793a5\n\nVietnamese: \nx\u00fac x\u1eafc\nch\u1eef s\u1ed1\nh\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\nm\u01b0\u1eddi khung\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\nNh\u00ecn v\u00e0 h\u00e1t theo v\u00e0 h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc ngay h\u00f4m nay\nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ed1 5 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\n\nKorean: \n\uc8fc\uc0ac\uc704\n\uc22b\uc790\n\uadf8\ub9bc\n\uc5f4 \ud504\ub808\uc784\n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\ubcf4\uace0 \ub178\ub798\ud558\uace0 \uc624\ub298 \ubc30\uc6b0\uc790\n\uc5ec\ub7ec \uac00\uc9c0 \ubc29\ubc95\uc73c\ub85c \uc22b\uc790 5\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4\n\nMalay (macrolanguage): \ndadu\nangka\ngambar\nsepuluh bingkai\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\nLihat dan bernyanyi bersama dan mari belajar hari ini\nSaya dapat menunjukkan bilangan 5 dalam banyak cara\n\nEnglish: \ndice\nnumeral\npicture\nten frame\nI can show the number 5 in many ways\nLook and sing along and let's learn today\nI can show the number 5 in many ways\n\nHindi: \n\u092a\u093e\u0938\u093e\n\u0905\u0902\u0915\n\u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\n\u0926\u0938 \u092b\u094d\u0930\u0947\u092e\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093e\u0913 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u094b \u0906\u091c \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\n\u092e\u0948\u0902 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930 5 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0908 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0942\u0902\n\nJapanese: \n\u30b5\u30a4\u30b3\u30ed\n\u6570\u5b57\n\u753b\u50cf\n10\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\u898b\u3066\u6b4c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4eca\u65e5\u5b66\u3073\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\n\u591a\u304f\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u30675\u756a\u3092\u8868\u793a\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\n\nFrench: \nd\u00e9\nnum\u00e9ral\nimage\ndix cadre\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nRegarde et chante et apprenons aujourd'hui\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\n\nArabic: \n\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u062f\n\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\n\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\n\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 5 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642\n\nItalian: \ndado\nnumerale\nimmagine\ndieci fotogrammi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\nGuarda e canta insieme e impariamo oggi\nPosso mostrare il numero 5 in molti modi\n\nSpanish: \ndado\nn\u00famero\nimagen\nmarco diez\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\nMira y canta y aprendamos hoy\nPuedo mostrar el n\u00famero 5 de muchas maneras\n\nFrench: \nd\u00e9\nnum\u00e9ral\nimage\ndix cadre\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\nRegarde et chante et apprenons aujourd'hui\nJe peux montrer le nombre 5 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons\n"}
-{"text": "We are the role models.\nWe are the leaders.\nWe are not liars.\nI told all of you, we would win back\nour tag team titles when we wanted to.\nAnd now look at us.\nThese titles represent our friendship.\nBecause we've been and\ndone everything together.\nAnd we're only going to get stronger.\nBecause together we are unstoppable.\n>> [NOISE]\n>> You know what, you're right.\nDon't listen to these people.\nBecause I actually wrote a poem for\nyou that expresses exactly how I feel.\n>> Bring it on, [NOISE] no,\nwe don't wanna hear it.\nYes we do.\n>> If you guys can please\nhave a little bit of respect.\n[MUSIC]\n>> I wanted to hear the poem.\n[MUSIC]\n>> No you didn't.\n[MUSIC]\n>> There are the former champions who\nSasha and Bayley knocked off last week.\n>> Okay, okay.\nSee, I'm totally fine with y'all\ncelebrating your victory and everything.\nThat's cool.\nBut when you start reciting\npoetry to each other,\nthat's where we gotta\nreally draw the line.\n>> No.\nno.\nBack off!\n>> Yoo-hoo!\nHello.\nLadies!\nLadies up here!\nYoo hoo hoo!\nWe interrupt this programming\nwith a very special message.\nSo enough with the tacky celebration\nbecause this Sunday at Backlash,\nyour time as champs ends.\n>> Yeah we are not here to kiss spiders.\n>> No.\n>> And\nI'm about to hit you with some facts.\n>> What you got?\n>> Well, we have both beaten Alexa and\nNikki recently.\n>> And I'm pretty sure we were\nthe ones to end Sasha and\nBayley's first tag title reign.\nAnd we were the ones who\nleft them laying on Raw.\n>> Yeah, and if you don't want\nthe same thing to happen on SmackDown,\nwell, I suggest you don't turn\nyour backs to Alexa and Nikki.\n[INAUDIBLE]\n>> [CROSSTALK] Here we go!\nMelee breaking out on\nFriday Night SmackDown.\nCross and\nBliss taking it to the champions.\n[NOISE]\n>> Sasha Banks was\nknocked out of the ring.\nAnd Bayley's going to join her.\n>> [NOISE]\n>> Come Sunday, Sasha and\nBayley are gonna have to defend the tag\nteams titles in a Triple Threat Match\nagainst Cross and Bliss, and\nalso The Iconics from Monday Night Raw.\n>> Got a bad feeling she won't\nbe Bayley No-Stress much longer.\n>> We'll see you on Sunday.\nThis doesn't mean anything.\n[MUSIC]\n"}
-{"text": "Everybody\nScatman\nScatman\nNEXT COLOR PLANET\nNEXT COLOR PLANET\nVery Good!!\n"}
-{"text": "- [Jimmy] It's really\nhard to listen to someone\nwho is describing decades of abuse,\nphysical abuse, sexual abuse, control.\nIt's not just a woman's issue.\nMen are harming women;\nisn't that a men's issue?\n(pensive music)\n"}
-{"text": "Editor's Note: For the sake of transparency,\nyes, I live in Australia and as such the version\nof the game played was the 'Australian Edition'.\nAs such no hookers were hurt during the making\nof this review.\nExcept that one time I decided to use the\nside-walk as a freeway, but then again who\nhasn't done that?\n*police siren* *door cracking in background*\nI'm sorry officers!\nI was in a rush, please believe me!\nSlipping back in to Grand Theft Auto 3 for\nthe first time in almost a decade was a strange,\nbut certainly not unwelcome experience.\nWhile playing the game old memories would\nlight up and eventually cascade, with the\nsum total being an almost unwilled, but convenient\nguide book existing entirely in my mind.\nThe fact that these knowledge has remained\nso ingrained is a testament to the original\nrelease and if it's any indicator, the iOS\nre-release has got things right on the money.\nHowever, lets first consider what has changed:\nVisually the game has been enhanced (that\nis to say, upscaled to a new resolution),\nbut detailing has been lost even on A5 devices.\nVisual effect overlays are gone, along with\nthe cooler tone and trash blowing in the wind.\nThe upshot is the removal of the unnecessary\n'blur' effect and a framerate that is stable,\nthough the odd moment of choppier performance\ndoes rear its ugly head (if only briefly).\nThe payoff is a game that defined a generation\nof clones that came close, but never quite\ncaptured the same spirit of freedom and fun\nof the original.\nGrand Theft Auto 3 places you in the role\nof Claude, a criminal who finds himself with\na second-chance to climb the ladder of the\nshadowy underworld instead of spending life\nin jail.\nIn order to advance the story and unlock new\nareas (including new weapons and vehicles)\nyou'll need to perform favors for various\nindividuals and organizations around the city\nincluding the Mafia, Yakuza and even the prominent\n'Donald Love'.\nIf this isn't your first time in a sandbox\ntitle on the iOS, you'll slip in to the controls\nwith ease - a responsive virtual stick along\nwith a handful of dynamic buttons make it\neasy to run, jump and smack people around\nthe face.\nSadly the automatic targeting system hasn't\nbeen updated, making some encounters needlessly\ncomplicated, but new-comers and returning\ngenre fans should find themselves tearing\naround corners in vehicles or shooting up\na storm in no time thanks to a handful of\nintroductory missions.\nAside from the high hardware requirements,\nthe only complaints that could be leveled\nat Grand Theft Auto 3 come in the form of\nmissed opportunities that could have helped\nto define this as a strong iOS title - accelerometer\nbased driving and an iTunes based radio station\njust to name a couple.\nThat said, iPhone owners need not fear incoming\ncalls as the game automatically resumes from\nwhere you've left off, removing the fear of\nlosing progress over short bursts of play.\nIf you owned and loved the original Grand\nTheft Auto 3, then this is exactly what you'd\nexpect - a nostalgic and full-featured romp\nwith all the fun that comes from a sandbox\nstyle of game.\nNew-comers may be initially put off by the\ndated aesthetics, but it doesn't mar what\nis otherwise an excellent archetype.\n"}
-{"text": "Oh My God! - It's Gone.\nOk\u00e9, I need to do this really quick, \nI need to answer you really fast.\nI got like a couple of hundred thousand streams on my song\nand then I decided to put it up on Spotify and then suddenly...\n...a lot of people started listening there and then\nlabels and managers and people... \n...oh, there is as a bug here! Hello.\nThey wanted to get in touch with me.\nWhen labels and everyone around me started paying\nattention to me, that's when I was like: 'Okay, so this is happening.' \nThat was september 2017, that's a long time ago.\nI had made that song the same summer and I just thought...\n...it was a good song, so i was like: 'I'm going to post this.'\nSo I did. Then nothing happened and I was really sad.\nI got like five thousand streams on it. \nThen something happened.\nThis YouTube channel reposted it\nand my life has never been the same.\nI found a band in Norway that I really looked up to and they\nsang Norwegian and I was like 'This is so pure, this is so good.' \nI was sort of inspired by them, but my Norwegian music didn't\nreally go anywhere, so I was just like: 'Nope, I'm leaving this.' \nI actually feel like it's a bit awkward, singing in Norwegian now.\nJust because it's my mother tongue and it's so honest and it's...\n...just like every word has a very strong meaning. I feel like there \nis more to write with in English because it's not so close to me.\nI think being an artist can be a very lonely job sometimes.\nYou go on tours and you sleep in hotel rooms all by yourself.\nYou make music all by yourself and you're not waking up to meet\n all your friends at school or in an office or anything like that.\nBut, I like being alone. It's the perfect job for me.\nOh, that was my first record! I got that when I was in Oslo in 2013.\nMy dad had just given me his old record player from like 1988.\nI had just come home from hree weeks of being in the US\nand I had watched The Perks of Being a Wallflower and I...\n...discovered The Smiths and David Bowie and all this new music.\nThen I got the record that I've just seen, just a classic one...\n...with the cover I was like: 'This is probably good.'\nThe I got it and I listened to it and I liked it, obviously.\nBut I mostly just got it because of the cover, because I knew\nthis cover and I knew The Beatles, they where like a big thing.\nThat album, my ex boyfriend he gave it to me for my birthday.\nA lot of people, when I posted that, they were like: \n'Uh boyfriend? I thought you were a lesbian.' That was funny.\nI mean, everyone they need to discover themselves.\nThat was a part of it. But I still love that record. \nIt's a really good record.\nDepression Cherry by Beach House, I bought that record\nthe fall of 2017 and that was also the same fall that I was... \n...super sad and making a lot of music and just posting it \non Soundcloud. That's definitely a break-up/fall album for me.\nThe cover on the actual vinyl is like super furry. I'm not sure\nif anyone of you guys have it, but it's like velvet almost.\nSo that's fun. I listen to that album when I'm sad and I\nwant to be even more sad. I just want to wrap myself in...\n...this feeling like shit. That's so good.\n"}
-{"text": "Filmed by MoLahBeL3Bis\n"}
-{"text": "PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA IS\nGETTING INVOLVED IN A\nLOCAL CONGRESSIONA L RACE.\n17'S EYTAN WALLACE IS HERE TO\nEXPLAIN.\nEYTAN\nWE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE RACE FOR\nTHE 21ST\nCONGRESSIONA L DISTRICT.\nYOU SEE A MAP OF THE DISTRICT\nHERE. IT INCLUDES PARTS\nOF BAKERSFIELD, ARVIN TO THE\nSOUTH, AND\nEXTENDS NORTH TO FRESNO COUNTY.\nINCUMBENT DEMOCRATIC\nCONGRESSMAN TJ COX IS FACING A\nCHALLENGE FROM REPUBLICAN\nFORMER THREE TERM CONGRESSMAN\nDAVID VALADAO. AND TONIGHT --\nAMERICA'S 44TH\nPRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA IS\nSPEAKING OUT IN THIS RACE.\nIT ALL CENTERS AROUND A\nVALADAO CAMPAIGN AD YOU MAY HAVE\nSEEN ON THE\nAIRWAVES.\nHe worked with President Obama\nto bring more water to the\nCentral\nValley, made healthcare more\naccessible, and stood up to his\nown\nparty to reform immigration and\nprotect dreamers.\"\nTHE OFFICE OF FORMER PRESIDENT\nOBAMA RESPONDED TO THE AD. IN A\nSTATEMENT, AN OBAMA SPOKESPERSON\nSAID: \"We strongly condemn David\nValadao for resorting to\ndistortion to falsely suggest\nPresident\nObama's support especially\ngiven\nthat President Obama has\nendorsed his opponent, TJ Cox.\"\n\"Valadao typically opposed\nPresident\nObama's policies, even voting to\nrepeal Obamacare and rip health\ncare\naway from thousands of people in\nthe Central Valley\nwhile turning his back on\nDREAMers.\"\nVO\nWE REACHED OUT TO THE\nVALADAO CAMPAIGN. CAMPAIGN\nMANAGER ANDREW RENTERIA SAID:\n\"David is proud of his\nbipartisan\nrecord in Congress and while he\ndidn't\nalways agree with President\nObama\nor President Trump on every\nissue, he\nalways worked to find common\nground when it was good for the\nValley.\nAs these campaign season attacks\ndemonstrate,\nWashington D.C. suffers from a\nlack\nof compromise, not too much of\nit.\"\nEYTAN ON CAM TODAY MARKS\n62 DAYS UNTIL\nELECTION DAY, NOVEMBER 3RD.\nEYTAN WALLACE, 17\nNEWS.\n"}
-{"text": "Gerhard: Hello, and welcome to the inaugural\nWorld101x Live Stream. I\u2019m Gerhard, your\ncourse director, and with me today on the\npanel are Fern, your course moderator\u2014you\u2019ll\nhave seen her on the discussion board\u2014Professor\nof Anthropology at the University of Queensland,\nDavid Trigger, and research fellow in Anthropology,\nRichard Martin. You\u2019ll remember these two\nfrom episode four when we went into the Gulf\nCountry in Northern Queensland with them.\nWe\u2019ve got a bunch of questions here, but,\nalso, get involved on the live stream, on\nYouTube and the edX platform and ask questions\nthat we\u2019ll try to answer briefly and engagingly\nhere on the panel.\nNow one of the questions that attracted a\nlot of up-voting and interest on the discussion\nforum was a question about the role of women\nin indigenous society. I\u2019d like to start\nwith that one. I\u2019ll read out the question\nfrom Kathleen W., and the question goes, \u201cI\u2019m\ncurious about the role of women in Australian\nindigenous society, both historically and\ncurrently. Do they have the same educational\nopportunity as men, and if so do they return\nto their communities to take up a leadership\nrole?\u201d\nI think the question broadly is looking at\ngender differences in indigenous society,\nand authority and leadership that women are\nor are not taking up at present. Maybe we\u2019ll\njust go around and start with you, Fern.\nFern: Sure. Can I just start by saying it\u2019s\na really good question, and I\u2019m really glad\nthat someone asked it, particularly because\u2014and\nI think that this was pointed out in one of\nthe responses to that question on the discussion\nboard, but in terms of the people that were\ninterviewed as part of that episode that Richard\nand David were involved in, in terms of Aboriginal\nvoices, we\u2019ve heard a lot from Aboriginal\nmen within the MOOC and not a lot from Aboriginal\nwomen, so I think it\u2019s really good to highlight\nthe fact that we\u2019re not seeing the full\nspectrum within the MOOC of the different\ngendered voices that are out there.\nIn terms of responding to the question, it\u2019s\na very complex question to respond to largely\nbecause there are so many different Aboriginal\nsocieties within Australia, so there is no\none Aboriginal culture. There\u2019s no one role\nthat we see Aboriginal women taking up right\nacross Australia. It\u2019s very different and\nparticularly in terms of changes throughout\nhistory. We\u2019re now in a situation where\nthe majority of the indigenous population\nin Australia lives in urban areas, and so\nobviously that\u2019s wrought a lot of cultural\nchanges on many indigenous Australian societies.\nThere were a couple of things that I wanted\nto pick up on in response to the question.\nOne is in terms of the way that anthropologists\ncan form relationships with different societies\nor different gender groups and the fact that\nthat\u2019s a really important thing to take\ninto consideration when we\u2019re doing fieldwork.\nThis is something that takes us right back\nto, for example, the work of Bronislaw Malinowski\nin the Trobriand Islands and something that\nhe was criticized for a lot later down the\ntrack\u2014was the fact that he completely ignored\nthe place of women in that society, and so\nwe see it is very partial, very one-sided\naccount of how that society functioned.\nSo I think that, particularly with indigenous\nAustralian societies, there\u2019s a lot of gender\ndivision of knowledge, for instance. There\u2019s\na lot of bodies of knowledge that are only\navailable to women or only available to men,\nand that aren\u2019t able to be shared with members\nof a different gender. That\u2019s something\nthat we need to be sensitive to as anthropologists\u2014is\nthe fact that we may not be getting a full\npicture or a full understanding of how knowledge\nis held by all members across that society\nbecause of that gender division.\nThat\u2019s something that\u2019s come up in a couple\nof court cases as well. One of the really\nfamous ones is the Hindmarsh Island Bridge\ncase in which there was sacred and highly\ngendered information that was only held by\nwomen that was not necessarily able to be\nshared within a court of law because it would\nhave been exposed to men as well, which was\nsomething really problematic for that particular\nsociety.\nBut I wonder what other people have to say\non that topic as well.\nDavid: Well, perhaps just to add, I think\nit\u2019s a good illustration of attention for\nanthropology, as to whether anthropology tells\nit like it is because what we have in a country\nlike Australia and some other countries with\nindigenous populations is quite a lot of gender\nviolence, I have to say, and this has been\na major issue of public debate. Anthropologists\nare criticized often for always wanting to\nrespect culture and cultural difference because\nof the great tradition of cultural relativism,\nwhich has no doubt been addressed in the courts.\nAnthropologists like me who\u2019ve worked for\na long time in Aboriginal communities sometimes\nask ourselves, \u201cWell, was I really telling\nit like it is,\u201d in terms of all of the dimensions\nof gender relations because in those kinds\nof settings, just as in many settings across\nthe world, gender relations are not equal\nnecessarily and bad things happen.\nI just would add that further point: that\nanthropology in a country like Australia today,\nthe last decade or so, has been pushed to\nask and address the hard questions about what\nmight need to change in gender relations in\nAboriginal communities, perhaps just as in\nwider parts of the society. I think it\u2019s\na good point to raise that issue.\nFern: But there are as well\u2014I know there\nwas a sub question within that broader question\nthat I wanted to respond to, and this ties\ninto what you were just saying, David, now\nas well. There are a lot of Aboriginal women\ntaking up leadership positions and spearheading\ncampaigns. One that comes to mind is a campaign\nagainst what\u2019s called the ongoing Stolen\nGeneration in Australia, for instance, and\nthat campaign is very much spearheaded by\nAboriginal women, particularly older Aboriginal\nwomen. A lot of grandmothers, a lot of mothers,\nare really taking up, I guess, positions of\npolitical prominence, not only within their\nown communities but at a national level. We\nsee a lot of strong women Aboriginal voices.\nFiona Foley comes to mind, as an Aboriginal\nartist who has a big political voice on a\nnational spectrum.\nGerhard: You think there\u2019s a difference\nbetween urban and non-urban communities in\nterms of how leadership positions can be attained?\nMaybe some prominent academics or people who\nare prominent within the national political\ndiscourse, or there may be other people who\nare prominent within specific communities.\nIs there a disparity still in terms of Aboriginal\ncommunities?\nRichard: Yes, I think that there are different\nways in which people have power and exercise\ninfluence\u2014certainly in the Gulf Country\nwhere we were a few months ago. Some of the\nmost influential people with strong knowledge\nthat I\u2019ve worked with are senior\n women who know place names for\nplaces often because they\u2019ve happened to\nlive longer than their contemporary male members\nof their generation. They\u2019ve risen to hold\nand exert influence in their society, and\nknowledge about places, and to be involved\nin other types of community works like getting\ninvolved in the school, for example, or engaging\nwith the wider society on a whole host of\narenas.\nGerhard: Do you have anything else to add\nbefore we\u2026\nDavid: Just one small thing. I think it\u2019s\nimportant, as always, for anthropology professionals\nand students to be cautious about romanticizing.\nIn this case, we\u2019re talking about the other\nor non-Western cultures. There\u2019s the option\nthere to think of these cultures in the past\nor now as somehow embodying a greater degree\nof equality in gender relations, and my own\nview and the view of people I read is that\nthat\u2019s not the case. Again, it\u2019s just\na caution that anthropology needs to take\non the hard questions about other cultures.\nSome aspects of those cultures of course being\ntremendously successful through time, and\nother aspects of culture\u2014and gender relations\nis one of them\u2014may need to be addressed\nhonestly.\nGerhard: Just a short reminder to ask questions\nonline, and we\u2019ll answer them on here.\nWe might move on to another question that\nhad a lot of feedback in the run-up to this\nlive stream, which comes from Tee. Tee\u2019s\nquestion was about data collection: how do\nanthropologists collect data, quantitative,\nqualitative ways, but also how do they use\nit, compare it, and then store it for future\ngenerations? What happens to all the field\nnotes that we may have accrued in the field?\nOnce we may have published on it, but we don\u2019t\npublish on everything, we may move on to other\nprojects, other research interests, what happens\nto that wealth of information?\nLet me start with Richard. What do you do\nwith your field notes?\nRichard: Well, I write them up very carefully\nand I preserve them as best as I\u2019m abled\nso that they\u2019re interpretable by other people.\nIt\u2019s inevitably a partial record, I guess,\nof the kinds of situations you\u2019ve been in,\nand sometimes the kind of experiential nature\nof the situations is meaningful.\nFor example, last week I was back in the Gulf\nat a rodeo. A rodeo is an event in that area\nthat brings white people, Aboriginal people,\nand other tourists and others together. How\ndo you convey that in field notes? It\u2019s\none thing to transcribe an interview. How\ndo you capture the experience of being in\na rodeo in Burketown in 2014? For example,\nI took a lot of photographs, took some video,\nand tried to write up my impressions, and\nthen, coming back to the office, also tried\nto write about it, think about how it might\nreflect on some of issues that you want to\naddress in your research.\nThen, yes, you produce an archive of thoughts,\nso video, some images, audio recordings and\nnotes. Then try to preserve that and make\nit available for yourself but also potentially\nbeing aware of other audiences that might\nhave an interest.\nFor example, in legal context, maybe not,\nwith the tremendous interest in the inter-cultural\ndynamics of a rodeo but in some of the native\ntitle and other applied work that we\u2019ve\ndone, being aware that anthropological field\nnotes and writing, particularly report writing,\npublished writing, has a kind of afterlife\nin that way.\nGerhard: Can you maybe tell us a little bit\nmore about this legal issue because I think\nit\u2019s quite \u2013 it\u2019s not something most\nanthropologists encounter. It\u2019s something\nspecific to people working with Aboriginal\nAustralia, and specifically in native title.\nDavid: Well, these days, yes, there\u2019s a\nlot of applied research in native title which\nhas to do with Aboriginal people seeking to\nget rights in land. This has been paralleled\nin other countries at different times. There\nwas quite a lot of involvement of anthropology\nin Canada and in the US, to a lesser extent\nin New Zealand where it\u2019s been historians\nmore, South African historians perhaps more\nthan anthropologists. But certainly on that\npoint, anthropology\u2019s been very vigorous\nin the last 30, 40 years in applied work,\nas well as academic work. People are engaged\nand commissioned to carry out some research,\nand then their reports and their ethnographic\ndata get looked at by claimants, by Aboriginal\npeople making claims to country, and by their\nlegal representatives, and by the courts,\nand by judges, and so on.\nPerhaps I just add one thing. I think when\nyou move anthropological data into a setting\noutside the discipline, some find it frustrating\nto deal with, and this includes lawyers, but\nit also includes other academic colleagues\nin criminology, or sociology, or less so history,\nbecause like anthropology, history\u2019s data\nis somewhat difficult to tie down. It\u2019s\nnot systematic in the way data are that result\nfrom administering a questionnaire with precise\nquestions, as might be done in a discipline\nlike quantitative sociology.\nI\u2019ve had colleagues over the years genuinely\npuzzled, if I\u2019ve come back from some fieldwork,\nor going on some field work, I\u2019ve had people\nsay to me, \u201cWhat did you do when you went\nthere,\u201d because an anthropologist isn\u2019t\npaying as much attention as some of the social\nscience colleagues to a specifically defined\nquestion and certainly in the form of a hypothesis,\nsay, and also a research instrument which\nis like a questionnaire or a series of questions\nwhich has been taken and will be systematically\nadministered to an identified population,\nsometimes which might be a random sample in\nterms of statistical representativeness.\nEthnographic data and the data that anthropologists\nuse\u2014as Richard was saying, field notes,\nwritings, photographs, videos, visions\u2014notes\nthat the researchers write after an event,\nafter going to the rodeo, which inevitably\nare filtered through their own subjectivity.\nOne of the classic things that\u2019s said about\nmethod and data in anthropology that the researcher\nactually has to use their own subjectivity\nas the research instrument to interpret what\u2019s\ngoing on. We get into interesting discussions\nabout what our objective data and what our\nsubjective data.\nGerhard: We might come back to that in a second,\nbecause two questions have just come in that\nactually related to what we do but also relate\nback to the first question, I guess. One is\nfrom F9 who says, \u201cWhen we talk about Aboriginal\npeople\u2019s education, we only talk in terms\nof our education system. They and their culture\nundergo a very deep ongoing education relative\nto their culture and worldviews. If we certainly\nhad to live in their world\u201d\u2014which is what\nanthropologists do\u2014\u201cour education would\nnot be fully relevant, and we would need to\nbe educated by them\u201d?\nI think that\u2019s what all anthropologists\nundergo: this process of being a child in\nan alien culture, having to start from scratch,\nlearning the language, learning the culture.\nI think it relates to Kurt\u2019s question who\nsays, \u201cAre there any Aboriginal anthropologists\nin Australia that are actively studying and\npublishing on white culture as they interpret\nit?\u201d\nNow, David, you said earlier we shouldn\u2019t\nalways just focus on Aboriginal culture and\nwhat happens there; also think about non-Aboriginal\nthat\u2019ve lived in these places in relationship\nto Aboriginal communities. So is the native\nwriting back?\nDavid: Great question. Some of my colleagues\nwho are Aboriginal people studying anthropology\nand other social sciences\u2014I\u2019ve had discussions\nwith them over the years\u2014to say, \u201cI can\nunderstand your imperative to want to work,\nlet\u2019s say, on the subject of indigenous\ncultures and the experience of Aboriginal\npeople, but would you have any interest in\nwriting about the other, in writing about\nwhite fellows, or in writing about suburbs\nin Australia?\u201d\nI mean, my short answer is to say there is\nsome. I\u2019d like to see more. I think when\nwe have in anthropology that happening is\nreally interesting. I\u2019m reminded of an anthropologist\nfrom Papua New Guinea who went to study city\nculture in America, in American cities, and\nbrought to bear his understanding of family\nlife and family relations from PNG to try\nto work out what\u2019s the nature of family\nlife in America. I recall him trying to work\nout how important family connectedness and\nrelatives and so on is in American society.\nThe process of watching that young anthropologist\ncome to grips with that was very interesting\nindeed. I recall, though he was starting to\ncome to a conclusion that family wasn\u2019t\nas immediate for American citizens perhaps\nas in his home because people move a lot more\nand are more mobile, but then he was reflecting\non how Americans typically leave their property,\nfamily members. There were overlaps, as well\nas differences.\nI think it\u2019s a great question and, yes,\nI would like to encourage more Aboriginal\npeople, and people from other cultures around\nthe world to study others.\nFern: I think something to add to that response\nas well is to take it back to the very first\nepisode of this MOOC where we interviewed\na range of anthropologists about the role\nof anthropology as they envisioned it, and\nhow a lot of the discussion on the discussion\nboard to Daniel Goldstein\u2019s comment that\nanthropology needs to be in service of more\nvulnerable populations.\nI\u2019m not wanting to generalize right across\nAboriginal communities in Australia. Obviously\nthere are really diverse experiences there.\nBut if you look at health statistics, for\ninstance, I mean, life expectancy of Aboriginal\nAustralians is 20 years less than other Australians.\nI think that in terms of using a perspective\nlike Daniel\u2019s to look at who is producing\nanthropological knowledge and about whom,\nin some ways there is that sort of relevance\nthere. In other ways, I\u2019d also like to contest\nthat particular power dynamic. I think that\nit\u2019s also really important to look at anthropologies\nof dominant cultures and to have knowledge\nthat\u2019s produced by a whole range of different\nvoices and a whole range of different actors\nthat occupy different positions in society.\nI think that we\u2019ve seen anthropology looking\nat particular groups or particular populations,\nbut we are starting to see that shift, and\nI think that that shift is really positive,\nyes.\nGerhard: Follow on \nfrom Kurt\u2014we\u2019ll get a reference to that\nPNG work and we\u2019ll put it up, and hopefully\nsome open access materials to relate to that\nbecause that was a really interesting aspect.\nThere\u2019s a long running debate in terms of\nstudying your own society versus studying\nthe other, but the other studying your home\nsociety is something we rarely engage in.\nGoing on from this, I think another, a third\nquestion that had a lot of discussion around\nit in the lead-up to this was really two questions\nthat were brought together, one from Mikey\nBeatman and KateMM65. Together, they\u2019re\nreally asking about the consequences to what\nthey term original cultures or indigenous\ncultures to contact. Most of the contact is\ncolonial times, but how that contact is played\nout over time in terms of often around economic\ndevelopment for land or negotiations of ancestral\nresources such as land in exchange for mining\nrights, for instance.\nIn this example, she was talking about the\nNavajo tribe getting 500 million dollars,\nbut I think it\u2019s something that happens\naround the world where indigenous people who\nmight have a claim over a particular piece\nof land have to negotiate, giving up land\nfor economic development, how, more broadly,\nthat negotiation, that contact plays out,\nwhether their culture\u2019s destroyed, gets\nassimilated by the influx of other people,\nor whether they themselves become isolated\nin reservations, for instance, of their original\nland, and what impacts that has in their cultural\nidentity.\nIt\u2019s a very broad question, but I think\nmaybe if we can just talk about some of the\nexperiences you\u2019ve had in places that you\u2019ve\nworked in and how that\u2019s played out.\nDavid: Well, briefly, I mean, it\u2019s reflecting\nback on that question about education as well,\nwhich we didn\u2019t really answer but it links\nto this. It\u2019s just so important to be aware\nthat following these processes of settlement\nand colonization in different parts of the\nworld, indigenous cultures don\u2019t exist in\na bubble, separate from the wider economy\nand the wider society.\nOf course, over time, there are different\npaces of change, but it\u2019s so important for\npeople studying anthropology to be as much\nalive as to potential desires on the part\nof young people, certainly these days, young\nAboriginal people, indigenous people, whether\nin the US or Canada or Australia, who have\naspirations for careers and for finding ways\nout of poverty, if that\u2019s their circumstances.\nI\u2019m reminded of an indigenous colleague\nwho, some years ago, wrote about what he called\nindigenous capitalism, I think\u2014something\nlike that. He wanted to make the point that\nin a rich country like Australia, young Aboriginal\npeople may well feel very positive about embracing\naspects of the wider society, especially things\nwhich are going to be of material advantage,\njust like any other young people. That\u2019s\nthe qualification.\nI mean, at the same time, of course, as anthropologists,\nwe\u2019re very aware of the desire of the descendants\nof the colonized to feel like to reproduce\nand maintain a sense of separate identity\nand a sense of separate culture, but I always\ntry to encourage students to look realistically\nat the desires to embrace and to mix and to\nmove on and to change. Not all aspects of\ninherited traditions are good for people,\nbut more to the point are things that everybody\nalways want to maintain, and Aboriginal people\nare no different.\nI hope that addresses in part. On the education\nquestion then, yes, there are of course bodies\nof knowledge variously across the world that\nare different and distinct among the descendants\nof those indigenous societies colonized, but\nin a country like Australia in 2014, all Aboriginal\npeople also overlap with and share aspects\nof the wider Australian education system.\nIt is in fact the capacity of children to\nbe able to operate in that system and learn\nto read and write in English and to get on\nin formal education that is as important,\nyou would say, as the inheritance of their\nseparate cultural knowledge.\nGerhard: Fern, did you\u2026\nFern: Well, I was actually just wanting to\ngo back to the idea of continuing indigenous\nrelationships to land and to country and to\nnatural resources, and how that might have\nchanged given these source of changes that\nDavid is outlining, so the fact that indigenous\ncultures don\u2019t exist within a bubble, that\nthere is a wider Australian economy at play\nthat, in Australia, like in many other nations\nlike the US and Canada. There\u2019s a great\nbig mining sector in there. I think that we\ndo need to look at these relationships between\nindigenous communities and mining companies\nand the sorts of power dynamics and ethical\ninterplay that\u2019s formed within those relationships.\nObviously, again, there\u2019s a huge diversity.\nGerhard: And it\u2019s not always, when we talk\nabout indigenous communities or Aboriginal\npeople, that they amongst themselves agree\nover should there be mining on this land,\nfor instance, that you have internal conflicts,\ntoo, often coming out of education and different\npathways that they see or want to see for\ntheir community.\nFern: Yes. I think that really speaks as well\nto David\u2019s point that we need to avoid romanticizing\nindigenous cultures or seeing them as trapped\nwithin a historical bubble and engaged solely\nin what we term traditional economic exchange.\nThat\u2019s simply not the case in Australia\nany more. It is really divisive in Aboriginal\ncommunities. I don\u2019t think that any of us\nhave worked with an Aboriginal community that\u2019s\nentirely united on any particular way of engaging\nwith economic development or using natural\nresources that are found on their land. It\u2019s\na hugely contentious point.\nRichard: Yes, I think the concepts of continuity,\nchange, tradition\u2014they\u2019re rich and meaningful\nto explore, and I think that we need to be\ncareful about using them and avoiding entrapping\npeople within either category, as traditional\npeople or people of change, and start to think\nabout the intercultural context in which traditions\nare reproduced and recreated or created for\nthe first time.\nI think it\u2019s important politically to allow\npeople a bit of wriggle room and not try and\nput them in a place where they need to be\ntraditional to, for example, get recognition\nfrom the state as authentic indigenous people\nor to get rights and interests. We need to\nhave a sophisticated approach to that sorts\nof changes and the sorts of ways which change\noccurs.\nI think if we\u2019re going to do the right thing\nand write honestly and appropriately about\nsociety, even in places like the Gulf Country\nor Arnhem Land or in the desert, we need to\ndeal very carefully with these concepts.\nGerhard: To change tact a little bit, I\u2019ve\ngot a simple question, or it sounds very simple.\nFrom Lovely: \u201cIs anthropology a science?\u201d\nVery simple question that I just throw out\nthere for everyone to have a quick mull over.\nLet\u2019s start with you, David.\nDavid: I\u2019d say yes and no. On the yes side,\nit shares with the other sciences, with the\nnatural sciences, the fundamental idea of\nfinding out about the world empirically, of\nobtaining information which generates conclusions.\nWhere it differs from the natural sciences\nis that people are not predictable in the\nsame way. In anthropology, we can\u2019t formulate\na law like we can a law of gravity. In physics,\nwe know if we hold something up and drop it,\nit will always fall. If it doesn\u2019t fall,\nwe\u2019re in a little bit of trouble, and certainly\nthe scientists would be dealing with that.\nGerhard: We\u2019d be all a little bit disturbed.\nDavid: In anthropology and in the study of\nhuman societies and cultures, we can come\nup with generalizations that are probabilistic.\nWe can do work, and we can say, \u201cLook, on\nthe basis of this, there\u2019s a probability\u2026\u201d\nA simple thing, it\u2019s not only in anthropology,\nbut you might have a probabilistic generalization\nthat people with a certain level of wealth\nmight vote for a certain kind of political\nparty, but of course, it doesn\u2019t always\nhold. It\u2019s not a law. It\u2019s a generalization\nbased on statistical association between lots\nof people with more money voting in a certain\nway.\nI think that it\u2019s important for anthropology\nto identify itself as a social science but\nit\u2019s connected strongly to the humanities\nas well because of what I\u2019ve said before\nabout the inevitable subjectivity of interpretations\nabout what the world means to people.\nIn the end, though\u2014I mean I\u2019m a certain\nkind of anthropologist. There are some who\nmay well say\u2014I\u2019m not sure whether it\u2019s\ncovered in the MOOC so far\u2014that they\u2019re\nquite comfortable with the fact that they\ngo into a certain setting and do a study and\ncome up with conclusions, and another anthropologist\nmight go there afterwards and come up with\ncompletely different conclusions.\nI\u2019m a little worried about that. I would\nlike my conclusions to be sufficiently grounded\nin what I would recall empirical fact, such\nthat the other anthropologist who comes in\nmay differ but there will be sufficient overlap\nfor us to be able to say we\u2019re both doing\nsocial science.\nFern: I\u2019d like to raise a different point\nwhich is\u2026\nDavid: I thought you might.\nFern: Yes, which in part, I think, might contradict\nwhat David\u2019s just said, just in part. I\nthink there will be significant overlap. We\nprobably got some common ground.\nI think, Richard, actually, you put it very\nbeautifully in the interview that you gave\nfor the MOOC, that not even between different\nanthropologists but over the course of one\u2019s\nfieldwork as an anthropologist, we ourselves\nare changed by the relationships that we form\nwith people, that we form with the landscape,\nor whatever it is that we might be interacting\nwith over the course of that fieldwork.\nI\u2019d even argue that not only is it difficult\nfor different anthropologists to see the same\nthing and reach the same conclusions if they\ngo to the same field site, but that one individual\nanthropologist would more than likely come\nup with a slightly different perspective or\ndifferent point of view or different conclusions,\nwhether they\u2019re at the start of their fieldwork\nor the end of their fieldwork or depending\non their own life experiences.\nI think that that relates to what you were\ntalking about, subjectivity being the lens\nor the framework through which we examine\ndata as anthropologists. I think that is inescapable\nand fluid as well.\nDavid: So you\u2019re comfortable in contradicting\nyourself between sets of conclusions. You\nwould go and do a study. You would come up\nwith conclusions, but next year you\u2019d contradict\nthose.\nFern: Well, I think that it would be more\nimportant to revise one\u2019s conclusions if\nyou did start to disagree with your previous\nconclusions, rather than holding to a position\nthat you\u2019ve changed over the course of your\nfieldwork. I don\u2019t think that that would\nbe an honest way of engaging with fieldwork\nor presenting data as an anthropologist. I\nwould be more comfortable with changing than\nI would with holding a static point of view.\nRichard: Well, I think that it\u2019s important\nto also have a way to defend your propositions\nand conclusions. If you say, for example,\n\u201cThis happened because there was this tension\nin this time at this place,\u201d there\u2019s a\nsubstance to it. People could can you out\non that and say, \u201cYes, but have you factored\nin this thing over here?\u201d Certainly, in\nsome of the context that David and I have\nworked where your conclusions or your opinions\nare tested and are confronted and are challenged,\nit\u2019s important to be able to justify them\nwithout, of course, saying that this is a\ndefinitive thing that we can raise above our\nown engagements with people.\nGerhard: I think you\u2019ve just mentioned a\nword that\u2019s a bit of a tagline for the course,\nright? Context is everything, and contexts\nchange, and therefore our estimation or our\nunderstanding of what is happening will change.\nI\u2019m with Fern on this one, I\u2019m afraid.\nIt was interesting in the first week\u2014and\nit\u2019s not about counting votes here\u2014but\nit was in the first couple of videos we had,\nI think that the majority of the anthropologists\nwe interviewed were of the ilk tending towards\nmore towards the humanities: anthropology\u2019s\nnot a science. It\u2019s more about storytelling.\nIt\u2019s about engaging, being active, sometimes\npolitically active.\nThere was one or two who actually said anthropology\nis a science, and we can make these almost\nlaws, who have a more of a quantitative tradition,\npartly coming out of political science or\nthat sort of an overlap of a very robust social\nscience.\nAgain, as anthropologists, I think one of\nthe great things about anthropologists is\nthat we\u2019re open. We\u2019re open to lots of\ndifferent methodologies. We\u2019re open to lots\nof different approaches. There\u2019s always\ngoing to be a large diversity of opinion that\u2019s\njust among the four of us, which is very good.\nWe\u2019ve just had a question come in which\nrelates to this in a way. Antonio25 asks,\n\u201cHow does anthropology deal with political\nideology like right and left?\u201d\nAgain, something that we can probably talk\nabout for a very long time. Very briefly,\nwhat\u2019s your take?\nDavid: Very briefly. Very briefly, my take\nis that anthropologists should not impose\ntheir own political ideology. They can do\nthat in other aspects of their lives, but\nwhen they are carrying out research to investigate\nthe world and come to conclusions about what\npeople believe or how they behave, then it\u2019s\ndangerous and risky, and in fact it comes\nundone if the researcher imposes their own\npolitical position.\nThen, of course, there are political positions\namong those with whom we study, with whom\nwe engage in research, and that\u2019s another\nmatter. We document those to the right or\nthe left or whatever. I think anthropologists\nwould try to do more than just document political\npositions and sort of explain where they come\nfrom.\nThe other thing I\u2019ll just add quickly is\nif we want to be useful in the world outside\nof universities and outside academia and we\nwant to be taken seriously, then we need to\npresent results and conclusions that are both\nnot seen as just being driven by the political\nposition of the researcher, and secondly not\nconclusions that we say, \u201cWell, I\u2019ve come\nup with these conclusions, but it\u2019s not\nreally factual. Somebody else might find something\nelse.\u201d\nIf the anthropologist says that in the court\nof law or in a contested negotiation, then\nwe will find that others, other disciplines,\nothers in the law or so on, will say, \u201cWell,\nthat pretty useless. If you can\u2019t tell us\nwhat exists, if you\u2019re just going to tell\nus that we\u2019re telling a story and somebody\nelse is going to come along and tell another\nstory, they\u2019ll say, \u2018Well, thank you very\nmuch, but we\u2019ll find other kinds of social\nscientists to work with.\u2019\u201d\nGerhard: Going back to that question very\nbriefly, one of the first things we learn\nin anthropology is that we all have cultural\nbaggage. That\u2019s very difficult to\u2014we can\u2019t\nactually go into the field and do our work\nobjectively, 100 percent objectively. We\u2019re\nalways going to have our own cultural baggage,\nand part of that cultural baggage is perhaps\nnot a political ideology, but some form of\npolitics, our own politics. It doesn\u2019t have\nto be left or right. It can be a mixture of\nthose. But our own politics invariably seeps\ninto the work we do. It might be the driver\nof why we do the work at all. How do you overcome\nthat?\nDavid: I think researchers just as much as\npossible need to be aware of what their own\npersonal positions are on things. I\u2019m not\nsure exactly what you mean, but I would say\nthat anthropology is strong on cultural relativism,\nbut actually that doesn\u2019t mean moral relativism\nnecessarily.\nTo add on a little bit more\u2014you know, I\ntalked about gender violence before. I\u2019ve\nasked myself over the years, \u201cOkay I\u2019m\na cultural relativist. I want to be open to\nwhatever\u2019s happening in this situation,\nbut that doesn\u2019t mean I will suspend all\nmoral judgments as a person,\u201d and my moral\njudgments may well seep into my writing an\naccount of what happens.\nIt\u2019s a difficult one. As we\u2019ve said, we\nuse our own subjectivity as a research instrument,\nbut, I guess, to be blunt about it, I\u2019m\nsomewhat critical of colleagues for whom the\nresearch exercise mainly becomes a vehicle\nfor the promotion of their own political position.\nI don\u2019t think that\u2019s right.\nI think, as I said in some of the videoing\nwe did earlier for the MOOC, I\u2019ve been very\naware over the years, working in a lot of\nsettings, that I\u2019m not the one who continues\nto live there afterwards, so I want to be\nvery cautious about imposing my own political\nposition.\nFern: What about\u2014this is a question upon\na question, rather than a response. Although\nI did want to say as a more run-of-the-mill\nresponse to how anthropology deals with political\nideology like right and left, that there were\na couple of anthropologists that we interviewed\nas part of the MOOC\u2014Jeffrey Juris is one\nthat comes to mind; Daniel Goldstein; and\nalso David Graver who we didn\u2019t interview,\nbut they\u2019re examples of anthropologists\nwho specifically look at a particular part\nof the political spectrum, especially social\nmovements of the left, have become the very\nsubject of focus for certain anthropologists.\nSimilarly, with political movements of the\nright. Although I can\u2019t think of any anthropologists\noff the top of my head.\nI did want to ask about a question that engaged\na lot of discussion on the discussion boards\nas part of this course\u2014was about anthropologists\nnot necessarily bringing their own political\nagenda into the field, but whether or not\nit\u2019s morally defensible for anthropologists\nto engage with the political agendas of the\npeople that they\u2019re working with, so anthropologists\nas advocates in a sense or anthropologists\nas social justice workers. That\u2019s a sort\nof a term that got thrown around a bit. I\u2019m\nwondering if any of you have a contribution\nto make on that debate.\nDavid: Well, briefly\u2026\nRichard: Yes, I think that anthropologists\ncan become advocates. I mean, the challenge\nis in advocating without foregoing or compromising\nthe kind of strength and robustness of your\nethnography and your anthropology. In some\nways, you can think of them as separate ways\nin which people live their lives in the field,\ndoing anthropology, doing advocacy work, but\nat the same time, absolutely, your self drives\nin a lot of ways your engagements with other\npeople. Of course it does. You can\u2019t disavow\nthat or resolve from that.\nI think, yes, I sort of lean towards David\u2019s\nview, and I think it\u2019s important to remember\nthat it\u2019s hard to be instrumental about\nwhat anthropologists do or where anthropology\ngoes. I look sometimes at all anthropological\nwriting in the context native title claims\nand land negotiations, and sometimes the work\ndone for a completely different reason becomes\nmeaningful and significant in pursuit of a\nnew agenda.\nWe need to be aware that there are different\naudiences for our work and not to try and\nrestrict that to the fellow-minded on the\npolitical spectrum, for example.\nFern: Well, I think that was something that\none of your interviewees in the Gulf Country\ntouched on, wasn\u2019t it, that there are a\nlot of members of their community that are\nreally appreciative of the work that anthropologists\nhave done there over the decades because they\u2019ve\nhad a role in preserving history, preserving\nstories, and that has become important politically\nin a different way to how people might have\nimagined at the outset of doing that work\u2014which\nis another thing that I wonder about in terms\nof the ethics of becoming involved in a community,\nand that was a point that came up as well.\nCan we morally become engaged within a community\nwithout giving something to that community,\nand often what a community asks for, whether\nor not that\u2019s explicit\u2014and, again, I\u2019m\nthinking of the interview with Daniel Goldstein\nhere\u2014is some kind of advocacy for a political\nagenda. What if those sorts of situations\ncome up where people don\u2019t accept that anthropologists\ncan just be there as neutral observers, that\nthat feels like an imposition on the community\nrather than a fair exchange?\nDavid: Yes. I mean, negotiating a research\nsetting, no matter where it is, is always\ngoing to involve that sort of stuff. I think\nit\u2019s not going to be just with less powerful\ngroups either. If we\u2019re negotiating a research\nproject with the police force, they\u2019re going\nto want to ask us questions about what we\u2019re\ngetting out of it and certainly how our work\nmay impact on their work and their lives.\nI mean, that\u2019s just one example.\nI think people take their baggage in, and\nif a person\u2019s baggage, if you like, is to\nbe a social justice advocate, that\u2019s fine.\nThey just need to be upfront about that. They\nneed make judgments. Anthropologists need\nto make judgments about the usefulness of\ntheir advocacy, and important judgments about\nwhether this is a nice way, say, for the researcher\ncoming in from the outside to feel good about\nthemselves, thinking of themselves as an advocate,\nas against foreshadowing actual practical\noutcomes.\nIf you\u2019re a social justice advocate in Aboriginal\nAustralia, you can do a whole lot of symbolic\nposturing as anthropologist, but you may achieve\nmuch greater by being engaged to do a report\nwhich is presented as independent work of\na social science kind which people can rely\non and which can be used in a negotiation\nover a big mine or something like that.\nWe have to think, in my view, how we want\nto position our work. In my experience, doing\nadvocacy work tends to position ourselves\nwith other advocates, with those parts of\nthe research setting who are interested in\nthe advocacy, but we may distance ourselves\nfrom powerful institutions in the society.\nIf anthropology is not seen by the law courts\nand by politicians as a reliable social science\nbut as a bunch of social justice advocates,\nthen it may distance and diminish our capacity\nfor practical effect.\nI mean, I\u2019m not arguing\u2014I perfectly accept\nthat some anthropologists will believe that\nadvocacy is part of what they do, but I\u2019m\njust saying they need to be upfront about\nit from the beginning in negotiating with\nthe research setting and try to be as clear\nas possible about foreshadowing what it\u2019s\nactually going to achieve.\nGerhard: In my work, I\u2019ve written something\nabout the difficulty of working with, let\u2019s\nsay, Muslim fundamentalists. It was much easier\nworking with Muslim moderates because I agreed\nwith most of what I was hearing. It was much\nmore confronting. I think, for anthropologists,\nyou always come in with a bias, and it\u2019s\nabout negotiating and realizing where you\u2019re\ncoming from and how that is impacting your\nwork and how to be honest about that, I guess,\nin what you write and how to work through\nthose different levels.\nSame with working with refugees. I think there\nis a slight difference in audience. When you\nwrite, you have as an audience the legal establishment\non one level that potentially is always an\naudience. Whereas for me, it rarely ever or\nI don\u2019t think at all, so I don\u2019t write\nwith that in mind. I think it is a factor\nin how we write about things and how we talk\nabout it.\nDavid: Yes, but you can do both. I mean, applied\nanthropologists who work in Aboriginal Australia\u2014or\nthey write for academic journals and an academic\nreadership as well as\u2014not all, but it\u2019s\nperfectly feasible to do more than one thing.\nGerhard: Maybe just one last question from\nthe discussion forums that ties in with what\nwe\u2019ve been talking about, and it\u2019s two\nquestions from Commonman and Cocoline1, about\nopportunities for careers in anthropology\nand who funds anthropological studies. How\ndo we actually get to do what we do? Again,\nwe\u2019ll have different answers to this, with\nquite different setting. We\u2019re also running\nout of time, so I\u2019m conscious of both these\nthings. Very briefly, go through that.\nDavid: Well, I\u2019ll just make a very brief\ncomment. It varies in different countries,\nacross countries where funding comes from.\nIn some countries, there\u2019s government funding.\nFunding for anthropologists is the same source\nfrom government funding for other research\nin the natural sciences, social sciences,\nand the humanities. In countries like Australia\nand, I would add, at certain times, Brazil\nand Canada and so on where there are funds\nfrom other sources because of the practical\nimport potentially of the research that anthropologists\nare engaged to do.\nIn Australia, there are more people calling\nthemselves anthropologists working outside\nthe academy than inside the academy these\ndays. They do somewhat different kinds of\nwork. Although some, like some of us, do both,\nand so we get funding from multiple sources.\nGerhard: Lucky you. I guess it\u2019s the same\nfor you in doing similar work.\nRichard: Yes, I think it\u2019s a challenge to\nput your research and your questions across\nto people who might be interested in paying\nto investigate them and then producing something\nthat\u2019s meaningful to them, as well as hopefully\nacademic partners and not sort of siloing\nyourself in either silo.\nFern: I guess, in my personal experience,\nthere are a lot of different places; there\nare a lot of different sorts of bodies that\nI\u2019ve worked for. I\u2019ve worked as an anthropologist\nfor the state government, for a private cultural\nheritage company. But the anthropological\nwork that I\u2019ve been involved in, that I\nalso feel very passionately about, is also\nself-funded, so I think that\u2019s a thing that\nmight not have been mentioned yet either.\nIndependent freelance anthropological work\nand writing is a thing that I also exists\nas well.\nGerhard: People doing it for the passion\u2014I\nthink that happens, too, with very little\nor no resources coming their way. I think\nthat it\u2019s part of the picture, too. We talked\nin interview with Sarah Kendzior a little\nbit about the US situation in terms of the\nadjunctification where there\u2019s less and\nless jobs at university, which used to be\nthe natural place for people in anthropology\nto find a home and an income, and that\u2019s\nincreasingly not the case. It hasn\u2019t been\nin a while, especially in the US where there\u2019s\npeople working\u2014we talked about this: the\nHuman Terrain System for the military, for\nprivate contractors, for marketing companies,\nand again that\u2019s the majority of anthropology\ngraduates because the universities aren\u2019t\nthere to take every graduate.\nI think anthropology\u2019s one of those careers\nor one of those degrees that actually makes\nstudents or makes graduates able to work in\na range of fields because the tools that they\nacquire during an anthropology degree are\nactually\u2014you can use them in such as wide\nvariety of settings because they\u2019re tools\nfor life, rather than for a specific profession.\nI don\u2019t think anthropologists ever only\neducated people for the profession.\nI think that hopefully that\u2019s a positive\nnote to end on. I\u2019m afraid we have to end\nit here. Thank you very much to everyone out\nthere who joined us on the live stream. We\u2019ll\nhave another live stream at the end of the\ncourse to reflect upon the whole course, but\nalso that third module that\u2019s starting this\nweekend, Life Within Limits, where we\u2019ll\nbe going to Cuba, to Chile, and to Malaysia.\nThank you very much to all of you on the panel\nand all those online, and see you again next\ntime. Thank you very much.\nDavid: Thank you.\nRichard: Thank you.\n"}
-{"text": "Oioi and welcome to This is Genius Science\nin 90 Seconds, here comes the future, right\non time.\nAnd first up the Kepler space telescope has\nenjoyed another bumper haul - with the confirmation\nof a whopping 715 new exoplanets to add to\nthe 1,000 or so already confirmed. Excitingly,\nthe planets orbit just 305 stars, meaning\nall are in multi-planet systems. Not only\nthat, but the planets found are shrinking\n- 95% are smaller than neptune, which is around\n4 times the radius of Earth, whilst four are\nless than 2.5 times the size of Earth and\norbit in their stars' habitable zones.\nNext up and from deep space to a little closer\nto home, a research facility in Germany has\nanalysed the top five possible geoengineering\ntechniques which could be used to slow global\nwarming - and have decided they're all stupid\nand dangerous. The Helmholtz Centre for Ocean\nResearch found that solutions such as pumping\niron filings or lime into the oceans, mass\nirrigation of deserts and reflecting sunlight,\ncould all have devastating effects on the\nworld's weather patterns, but would probably\nnot do much good at cooling it down.\nAnd finally, A dutch University have joined\nHarvard scientists in reporting that they\n*may* have detected dark matter, the so-far\ninvisible substance that makes up some 27%\nof the universe. Independently, the groups\ndetected tiny X-ray spikes coming from various\ngalaxy clusters, which can't be explained\nby any existing model. It's likely to be a\nnew kind of particle, which they've called\nthe sterile neutrino because it has mass,\nbut doesn't interact with anything else.\nThat's it for this week, check out the playlist\nfor more on these stories.\n"}
-{"text": "In the last class, we have studied about elliptic\ncurves and their definitions. So, in today's\nclass, we shall concentrate on how to apply\nelliptic curves to cryptographic operations.\nIn today's class, we shall essentially cover\nthese areas like, what is the relation between\nelliptic curve and cryptography, discus about\nan El Gamal type of encryption algorithm in\ncontext to elliptic curves. The other important\nthing that is needed is how essentially do\nwe take a message and encode that into the\nelliptic curve. So, we will see a very simple\nalgorithm to do so, and also the corresponding\ndecoding, that means, given the corresponding\npoint how we get back the message.\nThen we shall discuss about the Diffie-Hellman\nkey exchange in context to elliptic curves,\nand then, we shall address that why do we\nuse elliptic curves, because we have studied\nRSA and public key ciphers which are based\non discrete logarithm problems. So what is\nthe purpose of elliptic curves and what is\nthe underlying heart problem behind elliptic\ncurves, we shall just discuss certain issues\nin this context.\nSo, first of all to start with public-key\nciphers we have seen there are two important\nrequirements, one is secrecy, and other one\nis authentication of information. As we know\nthat in any public-key cryptosystem these\nare provided by a pair of keys, so if you\nknow that if you want to apply your public-key\ncipher for giving you secrecy, then also you\nuse a pair of public key and private keys.\nSimilarly, if you want to use it for authentication\nyou use another pair of public key and private\nkeys here.\nThe only difference when you are using it\nin context to security, and when you are using\nit in context to authentication is that, how\ndo you use I mean, which key do you use for\nwhat reasons. For example, when you are interested\nin or motivated in the security of or the\nsecrecy of the information then you use the\npublic key. For encrypting, the sender uses\nthe public key, but the receiver decrypts\nit using the private key. Similarly, when\nyou are using it for authentication you can\nuse the same public key, but you have to use\nit in the other way that is, if you want authentication\nthen you have to use the private key for sending\nthe data and use the public key for verifying.\nSo similar to that we can also use, as shown\nin that there is a source A, a destination\nB, and the message source wants to send X\nwhich is a message, and it wants to send it\nto the destination ensuring that both secrecy\nof the information and the authentication\nof the information is maintained. So, for\nsource A chooses a pair of messages I mean\npair of keys, and for encryption algorithm\nthere are two stages of the algorithm, one\nis the public key encryption used for secrecy,\nand other one is used for authentication.\nWhen we are using for encryption then you\nare using the public key because you have\nto encrypt the data. So, you essentially choose\nthe public key and you encrypt the data and\nsend it to the receiver, but for authentication\nyou do just the opposite that is you essentially\nchoose the private key for sending, and similarly\nif you want to verify you use the corresponding\nprivate key. Therefore, if you want to send\nit for authentication then you see that you\nhave essentially chosen the public key, for\nperforming your authentication so that the\nprivate key for performing or signing the\ndata, and for verifying you use the corresponding\npublic key. But if you want to use it for\nsecrecy of the information then you use just\nthe keys but in the same keys or similar pair\nof keys. But in the other way that is what\nyou do is that, you choose the public key\nfor performing your encryption operation,\nand you decrypt the corresponding cipher-text\nby using the corresponding private key right,\nbecause anybody should not be able to decrypt.\nSo therefore, the secrecy of the data is ensured\nbecause you know that the secret key is only\nthat is the assumption there is the secret\nkey only B has the corresponding secret key\ntherefore or the private key and therefore\nit can only decrypt. And similarly, the authentication\nis ensured, because if the verification is\nsuccessful it shows that based on the assumption\nthat only A has the corresponding private\nkey, so he knows that this particular message\ndigest can be only generated by the source\nA. that is since the I mean apart from source\nA nobody has the corresponding private key,\nhence only A can sign this message. Therefore\nthe authentication is also ensured in this\nfashion.\nSo this is the very customary operation of\nhow you basically there are two important\nparts; one is the encryption, and the other\none is the authentication. So, what we understand\nfrom here is that, what we have studied previously\nis that you can use any encryption or any\npublic key encryption algorithm, and we can\nactually achieve this goal of encryption as\nwell as authentication.\nSo, for encryption there is a public key that\nis a public key ring, so if you want to communicate\nwith anybody for example, if you want to communicate\nwith Alice then from the public key ring you\nchoose the corresponding public key for Alice\nand you generate the ciphertext, and the receiver\nsince it has the corresponding private key\ndecrypts the message and obtains the corresponding\nplain text. When you are doing the authentication,\nthen basically you are generating the signature,\nso you take an input and you sign it by your\nown private key and you send it, and if the\nreceiver is expecting the message from Bob\nthen it chooses the corresponding public key\nfrom the public key ring and decrypts it and\nobtains a plain text message.\nSo you see that both these essentially uses\nthe same public key cryptography ring, but\nthe point to be noted here is that when you\nare using it for encryption, and when you\nare using it for authentication the public\nkey ring is, in the first case it is present\nin the sender's part and in the second case\nit is present in the receiver's part. So that\nis the small thing which is to be kept in\nmind. Now there are various arguments about\nwhether you should do the encryption first\nor whether you should do the authentication\nfirst, so that essentially is a matter of\nwe can argue on that. But this is the basic\nway how we can actually choose the public\nkey, and you can actually perform either if\nyou want to use it for the secrecy or you\nwant to use it for the authentication of the\ninformation.\nTherefore what is elliptic curves, we have\nstudied that elliptic curves is essentially\nI mean, elliptic curve is basically a certain\nset of curves that is essentially what we\nhave studied in the last class. Now the question\nis what elliptic curve cryptography is, so\nelliptic curve cryptography is nothing but\na public key cryptosystem just like we have\nstudied RSA and El Gamal. So it also has a\npublic and a private key, and the public key\nis used either for encryption or the signature\nverification, and the private key is used\nfor decryption or for signature generation.\nSo elliptic curves are used as an extension\nto other current cryptosystems therefore,\nyou can also have elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman\nkey exchange, you can have elliptic curve\ndigital signature algorithms. Wherever you\nhave seen the previous applications of public\nkey ciphers, you can have similar applications\nhere also, but these are actually based on\ncertain curves which are known as the elliptic\ncurves which are having cubic curves, which\nwe have studied in the last class.\nNow, we shall study that how do we apply this\nelliptic curves to generate a public-key cipher.\nSo the central part of any cryptosystem which\ninvolves elliptic curves is the elliptic group.\nWe have studied that, if you want to generate\nelliptic groups then for that in order to\ndo that we actually define certain operations,\nthe operations means we take two points on\nthe elliptic curve and we define what is mean\nby addition on these two points. So we define\nwhat is meant by point addition and what is\nmeant by point doubling.\nSo, all public key cryptosystem have some\nunderlying mathematical operations like, if\nyou want to for example, chose RSA then you\nhave exponentiation, you are basically doing\na modular exponentiation, and all public-key\nciphers essentially relies upon certain things\nwhich are assumed to be one way function that\nis, some multiplication easily compute what\nwhich are difficult to invert. So, in context\nto RSA we have seen that the heart problem\nor the one way problem was essentially the\nfactorization problem that is, if I can take\ntwo if there is a large product or if there\nis a large composite number which can be factored\ninto two large prime numbers, then it was\nbelieved that it is difficult to factorize\nthese module. That was the assumption on which\nthe RSA security was derived. So when we studied\nabout the El Gamal cryptosystems which are\nbased upon the finite field for example, F\np or any other finite field for that matter,\nthen it is based on something which is called\nas a discrete log problem. So it was known\nwe leave it is easy to compute given a public\nmodule g, and given a secret module x, it\nis easy to compute g power of x modulo P.\nBut from g power of x modulo p, it is actually\nbelieved to be difficult to compute the value\nof the exponent x, so that was the assumption\non which the El Gamal cryptosystem was based\non. So similarly, here in elliptic curve cryptography\nwe also have something which is then similar\nor analogous to the discrete log problem,\nand which is called as the elliptic curve\ndiscrete log problem. So this essentially\nrelies on how do we do the point addition,\nand how do we do the point doubling. So the\nunderlying mathematical operation on which\nthis public cryptosystems based on elliptic\ncurves are actually something which is called\nas point multiplication, so we take an elliptic\ncurve for example, consider any elliptic curve\nfor that matter.\nSuppose, this is one elliptic curve, we take\na point p on this curve, and we take another\npoint Q on this point and we do a point addition,\nso that is what we have studied in the last\nclass. Therefore, these essentially intersect\nthe curve at the third point and the corresponding\nreflection of that point is the sum O plus\nQ, so this is known as the sum P plus Q. Similarly,\nif this P and Q points converge and there\nis only one single point, we draw a tangent\nat that point and we reflect that point, so\nthat was called the doubling operation. Therefore\nif this P and Q converge at a point call it\nsay W, then this is nothing but twice of w\nbecause that is W plus W, so this is basically\nthe operation of point addition and point\ndoubling. Now, in elliptic curve cryptography\nwhat we essentially do is that we choose a\nscalar quantity say call it lambda, and there\nis a base point which we call as a point P.\nSo the whole point is how do we compute lambda\ninto P, so that is the basic operation on\nwhich elliptic curve cryptography relies that\nis how do we compute these value of lambda\nmultiplied by P. So, one obvious way of computing\nlambda into P is by taking P and by adding\nit lambda times, so we take P and we keep\non adding them lambda number of times. So\nwe can take a point P and P plus P Means,\nit is a doubling operation on P then whatever\noutput we get again we add that with P and\nwe keep on doing that lambda number of times.\nSo that is essentially something which is\ncalled as the scalar multiplication, which\nis central to what is known as elliptic curve\ncryptography. So whether we want to use it\nfor encryption, whether we want to use it\nfor key exchange, this is the most important\nand center operation on which elliptic curve\ncryptography is based on.\nSo, the generic procedure of doing elliptic\ncurve cryptography is that both parties agree\nto some public known items. For example, the\nelliptic curve equation as we have studied,\nare a form of y square equal to x cube plus\na x plus p. Similarly, we have got generalized\nWeierstrass equation, so if I give you the\nvalue that is the values of the constants,\nthen you essentially know the corresponding\ncurve equation. So it is believed that everybody\nis a sender and the receiver, and even the\nadversary knows the curve equation. Now, you\nhave to basically define elliptic group, so\nelliptic group is computed from the elliptic\ncurve equation and a base point B which is\nfrom the elliptic group, and similar to something\nwhich is called as what we have seen as generator\nused in the context of the previous public\nkey ciphers. So similar to that, we have got\na base point B which is again a public domain\ninformation. These are the public domain information,\nthe values of a and b. So what is a and what\nis b, this you will remember from the Weierstrass\nequation y square equal to x cube plus a x\nplus b, therefore those two a and b will be\nimportant in understanding what is the corresponding\ncurve. So based upon that we have got various\nvarieties of curves, we have got random curves,\nand there are other forms of curves.\nSimilarly the prime p, the corresponding elements\nof the elliptic curve is based on some field\ntherefore, that field could be a prime field.\nSo, in this case we are assuming that it is\na prime field, it could be a characteristic\nto field also like g f 2 power of n, and it\ncould be essentially some complex sets also.\nBut if I assume that for all purpose, let\nus assume that the underlying elements on\nthat elliptic curve are chosen from F p that\nis it is chosen from the field which is generated\nout of numbers from 0 to P Minus 1, where\np is a prime number. So the elements on the\ncurves are actually chosen from 0 to P Minus\n1, and already I did not say explicitly all\nthe number of points which are actually there\non the elliptic curves, they are actually\nfinite so that is basically a finite set of\npoints which are there on the elliptic curve.\nTherefore, you have got your F p which is\nyour set of numbers from 0 to P minus 1, where\np is a prime number, and then you have got\nsome points which were actually choosing on\nthe elliptic curve. So those are actually\nordered pairs, like addition points x comma\ny, where X Also belongs to F p, Y Also belongs\nto F p.\nSo, basically it is a subset of the numbers\nfrom z p cross z p, it is a finite set, so\nit is a finite set of numbers and finite set\nof points which actually are there on the\nactual elliptic curve. And by our previous\nconstruction of the addition, and the definition\nof the addition operation on the points, those\nelements x comma Y actually form a mathematical\ngroup along with the point on infinity. Therefore,\nif I take all these points x comma y which\nactually satisfies this Weierstrass equation,\nthose points along with the point on infinity\nform what we call the mathematical poof under\nthe definition of the addition and the doubling\noperation.\nSo therefore, in this case the public known\ndata items are the values of a and b, and\nthe corresponding prime p, these are public\nnumbers. And similarly, there is a base point\nwhich is also a public domain value. Now,\neach user generates their public or private\nkey pair, so what is a private key pair here,\nit could be an integer x which is selected\nfrom the interval from 1 to P minus 1. So\nfrom 1 to P minus 1 the private key is any\ninteger x which is selected at random, and\nthe public key is actually the product of\nX and P B.\nTherefore, if you want to use it you first\nof all choose a corresponding curve equation.\nSo y equal to x cube plus a x plus b, and\nwhenever you are doing it there is a modulo\nP, because this elements x and y are essentially\nchosen from Z p cross Z p, and \nthe corresponding private key which we are\nchoosing is another number. So, although it\nis x it is a different x, actually it is the\nsecret x which is chosen from the set closed\ninterval from 1 to P minus 1. And your public\nkey is actually x multiply by the base, so\nB again another public parameter which is\nthe base point of the curve which is generally\nprovided by a central body. So for example,\nwe have got mixed curves, therefore they essentially\ngives you this values of a and b, I think\nit is better to make this a and b as small\na and small b is generally provided by a central\nbody, it is a chosen curves. So this is the\nway how you choose or calculate this private\nkey and the public key.\nSo, immediately you know that from our previous\ndiscussions if this x number is chosen from\n1 into P minus 1, and this public key value\nis public therefore, everybody knows this\nx into B. So, whenever you are using it for\ncryptography, it is obvious that one should\nnot be able to know this private key. Therefore,\nit becomes immediate that from this x B it\nshould be difficult to get the knowledge of\nx, which is the basic assumption. So, how\ndo you get x into B that is by adding B x\ntimes, repeated additions will give you x\ninto B, and this problem of getting x from\nx B is the basic assumption. again the central\nbelieve to be mathematically difficult problem\non which elliptic curve cryptography relies\nupon.\nSo, anyway I will come to that in more details,\nso at least first of all see that how do we\ndo the basic encryption operation. Suppose\nAlice wants to send to Bob an encrypted message,\nso both agree on a base point B, and creates\na public private key. So what Alice does is\nthat, it chooses a private key a and the corresponding\npublic key is P A, which is a B that is being\nadded a number of times. Similarly, Bob's\nprivate key is again small b and the corresponding\npublic key is b multiplied by B. Now, this\npublic keys are actually available to everybody,\nit is shared in the public key ring, so if\nAlice wants to essentially encrypt a message\nM, then it has to somehow convert this message\nor encode this message into a point onto the\ncurve so you call it P M.\nTherefore, the first thing is that let us\nsay, we can actually assume that it is taking\nthis M, somebody can encode that into the\npoint on the curve. Therefore, obviously one\nmay ask that how do we essentially take this\nmessage M and encode them into the point P\nM, so there are various ways but one very\nsimple technique is shown here. You consider\nthis curve y square equal to x cube plus a\nx plus b, so one way could be like this that\nis the plain text say numbers and English\nor roman characters, whatever you say from\nzero to nine, and from ten to thirty five.\nsuppose therefore if I want to send this character\nB, then this B will be encoded as the number\nn equal to eleven.\nSo, these are very simple way of doing, you\nsee that you choose a public key variable\nsay k equal to twenty, and it start computing\nx which is equal to n into k plus i and it\nvary i from one to k minus one. Therefore,\nwhat I am doing is that, you know that this\nvalue that is k is a public known value, and\nyou want to send the value m \nequal to eleven, that is what my related the\ncharacter b indicates or is encoded. So I\nwill start computing X As m multiplied by\na publicly known value say call it twenty,\nand I start adding some value i to it, and\nI will vary this i from one to k minus one,\nk being equal to twenty is nineteen and I\nkeep on varying this i at one step. So for\nexample, in this case it is eleven into twenty\nplus one. To begin with when i is equal to\none, so first of all in the first iteration\ni is one you get a corresponding value of\nx, you remember that you are always doing\na modulo p. So there is some p on which you\nare doing a modulo p operation, let it be\nsome value essentially.\nSo now, if you get this value of x there is\na corresponding curve equation, so y square\nequal to x cube plus a x plus b. You take\nthis x and you substitute that into y, and\nthis is again a modulo p. Therefore, this\nnumber which we get should be a quadratic\nresidue, because if it is so then there is\nan integral solution for y. So that you can\ncheck by there are techniques that we have\nseen previously, and you know how to check\nwhether a given value is a quadratic residue\nmodulo p or not. Therefore, you can check\nwhether it is a quadrate residue modulo p,\nif it is so then x comma y is corresponding\nencoding, otherwise you again start incrementing\nthis i to the next value two. Now it is quite\neasy, you can check that if I start varying\nfrom one to nineteen at least one of them\nwe ensure that y is a quadratic residue. so\nif I keep on increasing this like this there\nat least one of them will be ensure that it\nis a quadratic residue so that we can just\nthink upon why it is\nTherefore, m is encoded as x comma Y, and\nthe decoding is very simple, you take this\nx you subtract one from it, divide it by k,\nand take the floor of this value so that is\nyour m so x minus 1 divided by k and you take\na floor of this this will give you m. Therefore,\nthis is the way how you can get this value\nof m from this pair of x comma y. So, I will\ngive you an example on this, that is suppose\np is seven hundred and fifty one, a is minus\none, b is one hundred and eighty eight, and\nk is twenty. Let this be some arbitrarily\nchosen values, and here m is again eleven,\nand I choose this X as x equal to m into k\nplus one.\nSo here if I take this value m being eleven\nand k being twenty, if you multiply eleven\ninto twenty and add one you get two hundred\nand twenty two is it correct, I think is a\nmistake, it is twenty into eleven plus one\nthat is two hundred and twenty one. Therefore,\nplease correct it this is two hundred and\ntwenty one, so but correspondingly we can\nsee there is no solution for y. If you take\nthis value of X and plug in to the curve equation,\nthen you will not get an integral value of\ny. So that you can check again, but this we\ncan this you can check offline. Similarly,\nwe continue like this and you keep on incrementing\nthe value of this one, two, three and so on\nand you will find in this case that when this\ni is equal to four your x b equal to two hundred\nand twenty four, and then you will get there\nis a corresponding value y equal to two hundred\nand forty eight, which is an integral solution.\nSo that means that this m equal to eleven\ncan be encoded as 224 comma 248.\nSo, now I want to obtain back the value of\nm, from this I take this two hundred and twenty\nfour subtract out of 1 and divide it by twenty,\nand then take the seal of this when that is\nequal to eleven. So that is essentially how\nyou get back m from the pair x comma y. Now,\nI think this should be to us that is y there\nwill be at least one value for which this\ny is I mean for which this pair is a value\npair so I am leaving that you to think.\nBut these are very simple encoding technique,\nthere could be other principles or other methods\nwhich you can do the encoding also. What is\nthe probability that you will get at least\none such thing, I mean if you try keep on\ntry it will be so on you want to try k number\nof times. there at least one of them will\nbe possible encoding that means the probability\nis one by k, therefore we repeat this k number\nof times. You should get one solution and\nthe decoding is simple, decoding exactly gives\nyou back the starting message m.\nTherefore, we have solved this, that is we\nhave done and obtain this value of P M. So,\nthis P M is the encoded thing, that is we\nhave taken the message M, encoded it on to\nthe elliptic curve it becomes P M. So P M\nis again a point, that is it is a pair of\nx comma y may that it is a is that x comma\ny it is Cartesian point. So, now I want to\napply and generate the cipher text, so in\norder to generate the cipher text I have to\nuse the public key. So what I do or what Alice\ndoes is that, you choose a random integer\nk from the integer one to P Minus one therefore\nit choose the random integer from 1 to P Minus\n1 call it k and multiplies it by Bob's public\nkey. So, it takes Bob's public key as P B\nand multiplies it with k, it multiplies k\nwith P B and adds it with P M, note all these\nadditions are defined on the curve, therefore\nyou chose this, and the other pair is k into\nB. You already had the base point B, you multiply\nit scalarly by the corresponding k which you\nhave chosen, and you are passing this pair\nas a cipher text.\nSo this reminds us of the El Gamal encryption,\nI mean what we have seen previously this is\nexactly similar to that. Therefore, it is\ncalled an elliptic curve cryptosystem which\nis analogous to the El Gamal cryptosystem.\nSo, you choose P M and you add it to k into\nP B, P B was your public key of Bob, here\nmultiplied with k and passed it.\nSo, now you can note that in this particular\nexponent, if you want to obtain P M from this\nP M plus K into P B, then what do you need\nto obtain. So the cipher text has got P M\nplus K into P B, and what is this, this equal\nto P M plus K into the secret b and multiplied\nby the base point B. What was the other corresponding\ncomponent there, the other component was K\nB, so then Bob receives the cipher text \nand Bob has b, because b is the corresponding\nprivate key. So what Bob does is that, Bob\ntakes the first component K B and multiplies\nK B with the corresponding value of b that\nis, if you multiply this K B with b then what\nyou obtain is nothing but K into b into B,\nand that is nothing but K into P B. Therefore,\nBob by using its own private key can actually\nobtain the value of K into P B and after that\nit is simple, because you have to just subtract\nout this value so that you get value of P\nM. That is what is shown in.\nThat is, if you want to do the decryption\nthen you take this b and you apply it over\nk B and then you just do this subtraction\noperation, it will eliminate these two terms\nto obtain back the value of P M. So, P M is\nthe encoded message on the elliptic curve,\nthen again by using the previous decryption\nor the decoding algorithm, rather you can\nactually obtain back the corresponding value\nof m, the message. This is quite analogous\nto what we have seen. So, Bob then decodes\nP M to get the message m, therefore you have\nto do the final decoding to get back the original\nmessage. This is how you are actually doing\nthe operation of encryption and decryption.\nSo, we are obviously extend it for signatures,\nthe authentication that we are not actually\ngoing to and that is quite straight forward,\nrather the other interesting application of\nelliptic curves is in the Diffie-Hellman key\nexchange. If we, just to recap that is what\nwe have seen in context to the finite field\np, there is a there is value of alpha, you\nchoose alpha power of X A modulo q and obtain\nback Y A, and send this Y A to the corresponding\nuser B. So what the user B does is that, the\nuser computes Y B by again choosing alpha\nand raising it to some secret value call it\nX B, and sending it back to the user A. So\nwhat both user A and user B does subsequently\nis that, they uses its own secret value and\nraises Y B to that power. What B does is that,\nit takes Y A which is obtained from user A\nand raises to X B, and what we know is that\nthis value and the output value is same. Therefore,\nthat is a final shared or exchanged key which\nis used for subsequent encryptions.\nSo, we see that the same thing can be done\nin elliptic curves and base points, therefore\nthese are actually the points on the curve.\nSo you want to generate a x y and b x y, and\nthen you want to do some operation on this,\nand the expectation is that the output should\nbe the same and that follows from the elliptic\ncurve definition. So you take b x comma y\nwhich Alice has received, but Alice uses its\nown private key a or randomly chosen value\na and computes a b x y, and similarly Bob\ncomputes b a x y. Since a b and b a are same\nthat is their commutative operations, you\nactually get again another shared key.\nSo details is like this, that is you choose\na private key a for example, Alice has a private\nkey a and a public key as P A, and similarly\nBob has a private key b and a public key as\nP B. So what Alice does is that, Alice obtains\nthese corresponding value of b into B and\nmultiplies it with its own private key a.\nSo that is a into b into B, and that is same\nas what Bob computes, because Bob obtains\na into b from Alice and that it raises it\nor multiplies it with b, and since a into\nb is same as b into a both these two values\nare same. So, this is the final shared key\nof a into b into B so that is basically that\nyou can also apply elliptic curves to perform\nthe original Diffie-Hellman exchange as well\nthis symbol right so this is same I mean what\nwe have seen previously.\nSo now, why do we use ECCs? To understand\nthat, how do we analyze cryptosystems. So\nif I want to say that whether RSA is greater\nthan ECC, then we have to compare the difficulties\nof their underlying problems. For example,\nRSA is based upon the integer factorization,\nyour Diffie-Helman is based on some problems\nwhich is discrete; I mean is actually based\non Diffie-Helman assumption, and similarly\nif you want to see the El Gamal cryptosystem\nthat is based on your discrete logarithm problem,\nand elliptic curve cryptography is again based\non elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.\nTherefore, how do we measure the difficulty,\nwe examine the algorithms which are used to\nsolve these problems.\nFor example, here are some values which shows\nthat elliptic curve cryptosystem results in\nshorter key sizes. Therefore, if you compare\nfor example like 163 bits, you will see that\na 1024 bit RSA key size is equivalent to that\nof a 163 bit elliptic curve key size. So,\nhere you see that there is a significant shortening\nof the key size, the key size is significantly\nshort it is almost one is to six ratio, and\nas we are going down the ratio is actually\nincreasing. So which means that if you want\nto apply or rather develop public key cryptosystems\non resource constant environments, then elliptic\ncurve is actually a more promising public\nkey cipher.\nTherefore, you will find that if the devices\nare small they have limited storage, and they\nhave computational power restrictions where\nactually elliptic curve cryptography is ideal.\nIt is actually trying v program is being adopted\nworldwide, therefore if you want to apply\nfor wireless communications, for smartcards,\ndevelop online transactions web servers that\nis any application where security is needed.\nBut also the place of platform lacks sufficient\npower storage and computational requirement,\ntherefore this is very motivating and very\nuseful for the present day applications.\nSo, the question is why essentially RSA has\ngot such a bigger key size and elliptic curve\ncryptography has a comparatively much smaller\nkey size. In order to answer this, it has\nto what we do with the underlying hardness\nof the problem. That is, what is the corresponding\ndifficulty of solving the inherent internal\nproblem that is how hard is it to solve the\nDiffie-Hellman problem in elliptic curves,\nand how hard it is to solve the Diffie-Hellman\nproblems in F p, so that is the basic question.\nSo your elliptic curve security therefore\nthe question is that, the hard problem is\nanalogous to discrete logs that is Q is equal\nto k into P. So the question is that, there\nis a point P, and there is a point Q, and\nthe question is that given k and P it should\nbe easy to compute Q, but it is hard to find\nthe value of small k that is the scalar. So\nthis problem is known as the elliptic curve\ndiscrete logarithm problem.\nSo in this case, we know that k must be large\nenough that is, if k is small say one or two\nobviously it is not difficult but it becomes\ndifficult when this k is really large. So\nelliptic curve security relies on elliptic\ncurve logarithm problem and it can be compare\nto other problems that we know. So these are\nthe basic definition of elliptic curve discrete\nlogarithm problem more formally.\nSo let E be an elliptic curve over the finite\nfield F p, and let P and Q be points in this\nE F p. Therefore, there is an elliptic curve\nand there are two chosen points P and Q, and\nwe are actually interested in the elliptic\ncurve discrete logarithm problem. So, the\nelliptic curve discrete logarithmic problem\nis the problem of finding an integer n such\nthat Q equal to n P is satisfied that is,\ngiven this value of P and given this value\nof Q, how hard it is to compute this value\nof integer n. So we denote this integer n\nas n is equal to log Q base P, so that is\nthe elliptic curve discrete logarithm of Q\nwith respect to P. that is the elliptic curve\nI mean these are the elliptic curve discrete\nlogarithm of Q with respect to P.\nSo now, we will see certain interesting properties\nof this elliptic curve discrete logarithm\nproblem. One of the thing is that, this log\nQ base P may not be defined that is, you may\nchoose two points Q and P such that this log\nQ base P is actually not defined, because\nit is not necessary that always you will find\nthat Q n P maintains the relation that is\nq is equal to n into p. So it may be that,\nthere are two points for which Q is not equal\nto n into P for any integer n. That is actually\nsomething which is to be kept in mind, but\nthe thing is that we actually are not really\nfaced with any problem because of the nature\nin which we are actually applying our elliptic\ncurve cryptography. Whenever we are applying,\nelliptic curve cryptography is by repeated\nadditions.\nSo the corresponding Q and P that we are generating\nor that we are concerned of actually has got\nthis relation, but it is not true for any\narbitrarily chosen Q and P values. Therefore,\nsince there are fine I mean therefore it is\nimportant to be kept in mind that, it is not\nnecessary that for any Q and P this elliptic\ncurve or this discrete logarithm has to be\ndefined, but none other fashion in which we\nare applying this elliptic curve we do not\nface any significant problem.\nThe other important thing is that, there is\nnot a single value, for which this holds.\nThat is it is not true that this Q equal to\nn into P is true only for one unique value\nof n, there can be multiple solutions to this\nequation. So let us just try to see this because\nthis is quite straightforward, that is suppose\nyou choose any point P there will exist an\ns such that s into P will be equal to O. So\nthat follows from the basic property of the\nunderlying group that is, if you keep on adding\nP then there will exists one such integer\ns for which s into P is equal to the identity\nof that O, and the least such value for which\nthis holds is actually call the order of the\npoint P.\nSo, now the other fact that is also important\nis that, you know that the points on the elliptic\ncurves are actually finite set of points,\nso if you just take any point P and you consider\nP 2P 3P 4P and so on, there must be two such\nvalues i and j for which they are the same\nbecause it is a finite set of points. Therefore,\nif you choose i there must exist some value\ni, there must exist some value of j where\ni is greater than j, say without any loss\nof generality for which i into P is equal\nto j into P. That means if you rearrange,\nthen i minus j into P is equal to O. So if\nyou say that s is equal to i minus j and the\nsmallest of s is called the order of P, so\nthere we know that there must exist some case\nfor which this i into P is equal to j into\nP. Therefore, if n 0 is an integer such that\nQ is equal to n 0 P, there is one such integer\nn 0 for which Q equal to n 0 P is satisfied.\nSo you can actually choose any n by adding\nn 0 with i multiplied by s, then this also\nwill satisfy this equation of Q equal to n\nP, because you know that Q equal to n P is\nnothing but here n 0 plus i integer, the order\ns that is the order of the point P, and you\nare multiplying with P. Therefore, that is\nequal to n 0 into P plus i into s P, and what\nis s P, s P is O. So what you get back is\nas n 0 P, and you know that Q equal to n 0\nP is satisfied, therefore this actually holds.\nSo this logarithm is, actually when you are\nconsidering this logarithm of the point Q\nwith respect to point P, you are obtaining\na corresponding integer value, it is actually\na mapping. Mapping from what to what, mapping\nfrom two points, Q is a point, P is a point.\nSo there are two points on the curve, say\nI call it a point P 1 and point P 2 there\nare two points on the curve to an integer\nn, and this integer you can actually denote\nas Z and you can actually choose it as s Z,\nbecause any such thing will satisfy that is\nany n 0 plus i into s will satisfy. But we\nare actually interested in the least representative\nof this class.\nTherefore, what we choose as the least difference\nof the class is either by this or essentially\nthis is my minimum set, therefore I can actually\nobtain various classes and I am interested\nin this congruence class. Therefore, that\nis the way how we choose this corresponding\nthing, and we are interested in the least\nsuch value .We are interested in actually\nsorry I mean this probably a more customize\nthing z s z. So do you understand this that\nis, essentially there can be more than one\nsolutions to this discrete log problem, but\nwhat we are interested is a least such value.\nTherefore, if we know the order of the point\nP is s, we can actually take any value which\nsatisfies this, and we can actually obtain\nthe corresponding modulus with respect to\ns which should also satisfy this equation.\nSo there are large numbers of solutions, you\ncan actually keep on generating solutions\nlike this.\nNow the question is how hard is the elliptic\ncurve discreet log problem? So we have studied\nin context to the previous algorithms like,\nin context to previous RSA when we have studied\nEl Gamal cryptosystem, we actually need not\ngo much into the crypt analysis of El Gamal\ncryptosystems, but they are actually algorithms\nwhich are better. For example, if you remember\nin context to factorization, we have discussed\nabout algorithm which had a complexity of\nO n to the power of 1 by 4, because if you\nwant to generate, if you remember that algorithms\nlike Pollard's rho algorithm are quite efficient\nalgorithms in order to factorize or rather\nto find the prime factors of a given composite\nnumber. So if that problem is solved then\nRSA problem is also solved.\nNow the question is how hard is the elliptic\ncurve discrete logarithm problem? For example,\njust if you remember the birthday paradox,\nconsider an approach which is similar to the\nbirthday paradox. So if I generate two lists\nl 1 and l 2 based upon say r random choice\nthe values like j 1 to j r and k 1 to k r,\nso what I do is that I just generate j 1 to\nj r randomly, and all these things are actually\nfrom one and P; between one and p you choose\nany arbitrary values.\ni j 1 p j 2 p and so on till j r P i generated.\nSimilarly, another list which is built upon\nlike, k 1 into P plus Q k 2 into P plus Q\nand then k r into P plus Q. So if you find\nthat, in this two list there is a collision,\nso j u P that is for some u is equal to k\nv P plus Q. Therefore, we can immediately\nrearrange or one solution is j u minus k v,\nthat means if I get this list and there are\ntwo such values for which the common term\noccurs, then you can actually solve the elliptic\ncurve discrete log problem.\nNow, how difficult or rather what should be\nthe least value of this value of r for which\nyou get a collision. So actually you know\nthat these values being from one to p there\nare P such values, and if you apply the birthday\nparadox, and if you set your r to be of the\norder of P to the power of half or square\nroot of P you know that we have got a very\ngood chance or very high probability of finding\na collision. That is the customary birthday\nparadox approach. So, if r is the order of\nthe P power of half, then we can actually\nobtain an elliptic curve discrete log solution.\nThis is probably the kind of fastest algorithm\nthat has yet been found to solve a elliptic\ncurve discrete log problem which has got a\ncomplexity of O P power of half.\nSo there are algorithms of the nature of humbling\nwhich are called as index calculus algorithms\nwhich actually have the runtime of the order\nof P power of half. Whereas, for previous\nthings like, for the discrete log problems\nin F p there are more advanced and fastest\nalgorithms. So you may remember that you can\nquite easily find out whether I mean I mean\nnot easily rather but you can find if you\nwant to factorize large composite number.\nAnd if you apply a polar slope kind of algorithm,\nthen you remember that the complexity of that\nwas if the factor of that if n can be factored\nas P into Q, then the complexity of that was\nO P power of root P, and P is of the order\nof root n. Therefore, the complexity was n\nto the power of 1 by 4, so that was a faster\nkind of algorithm.\nSo in the context of this elliptic curve discrete\nlog problem, the fastest algorithm which has\nbeen found to solve this elliptic curve discrete\nlog problem is of the order of P power of\nhalf, and there are actually developments\nof course in the context of elliptic curve\ndiscrete log problem by bringing in a concepts\nof pairings. So first of all, pairings in\ncryptography, we are first actually used to\nsolve the elliptic curve discrete log problem\nthat is they are used in that sense, in a\nsense. But after that, it was actually used\nto a positive sense in developing ciphers,\nbut the first use or usage of parings was\nin the cryptanalysis of elliptic curve discrete\nlog problem. So the general comment that we\ncan make is that, the elliptic curve discrete\nlog problem is probably harder than the discrete\nlog problem in F p star. The discrete log\nproblem in F p has actually got faster algorithms\nthat means actually in elliptic curve discrete\nlog problems we can do with a shorter key\nsize. That is the reason why we can actually\ndo i which shorter key sizes.\nSo I can give one question here, that is which\nyou can take and think upon is that, suppose\nthere is P which is greater than 3, these\nare odd prime and a and b both belongs to\nZ p. So the equation of this will be x cube\nplus a x plus b is equal to zero, modulo P\nhas got three distinct roots in Z p. So one\nquestion is that, prove that a corresponding\ngroup that is G equal to E plus is actually\nnot a cyclic group. it is not a cyclic group\nSo therefore, you remember the definition\nof cyclic group that is, in this case you\ncan actually take any generator, and you can\nimmediately apply the addition operation on\nthat, and you should be able to construct\nthe entire proof. The corresponding curve\ncorresponding or rather corresponding group\nis G equal to E plus, where E is defined as\ny square equal to x cube plus a x plus b,\nand you are doing a modulo p operation. So\nthe question is that, you have to prove that\ncorresponding group here is actually not a\ncyclic group. We have given you some hints\nhere, so first thing is to prove that, if\nyou take a point P 1 call it alpha 1 comma\n0, this has actually on order of two. Order\nof two means that if I take P 1, and if I\nadd P 1 with P 1 I should get O. So this is\nthe first exercise which you can take that\nis if I take P 1, add P 1 with it then I get\nback O.\nSo for that it is very simple, if I want to\nobtain the doubling operation here, then I\nhave to take a differentiation of this. So\nthat is a small catch here, that is you cannot\napply the doubling equation straight forward,\nbecause in doubling if you remember in, the\nradiation we had assumed is that y was not\nequal to zero. But here we have y equal to\nzero of this point, so if I take a differentiation\nhere 2 y d y d x it is 3 x square plus a that\nis a point therefore, the d y d x at the point\nof alpha 1 comma 0 is not defined because\nyou actually dividing by 2 y.\nSo that is a vertical line ,therefore the\nvertical line will intersect in elliptic curve\nand the point O. therefore, two into P 1 is\nactually equal to zero, that is why the order\nis two. Similarly, you can actually derived\npoints like P 2 which is alpha 2 comma 0,\nand P 3 as alpha 3 comma 0, all of them have\ngot order of two. Now, if this alpha 1, alpha\n2 and alpha 3 are distinct roots of these\nthree equations or rather these equation,\nthen you know that alpha 1 plus alpha 2 plus\nalpha 3 is actually equal to zero because\nthere is no term which is an x squared term.\nTherefore, alpha 1 plus alpha 2 plus alpha\n3 is equal to zero. So using this you can\nactually show that this P 1, P 2 and P 3 along\nwith the point at infinity O actually forms\na group, that is it forms a sub group. And\nthe other point to be noted here is that,\nthis subgroup that is consisting of P 1, P\n2, P 3 and O, so sub group means first of\nall we have to define that it is an closed\nset.\nThe other thing is that, this sub group is\nactually not a cyclic subgroup. Here there\nis no generator which will generate all of\nthem, and that is quite simple to check. And\nif the sub group is not cyclic, then the group\nis also not cyclic. So this is actually a\nproblem form Stinson, therefore this is the\nsketch of the solution which you can complete.\nSo these are some of the references along\nwith I am also using the standard Douglas\nStinson's book as reference. So next day's\ntopic will be implementation of elliptic curve\ncryptography.\n"}
-{"text": "[keyboard keys click]\n- Hey guys, today on \"It's Alive\"\nwe're making a little master stock.\nIt's a recipe you can actually\nfind on bonappetit.com,\none that I made, it's a\nversion of a chicken stock\nmeets a pork stock.\nIt's just a master stock, okay.\n[lively music]\n[gasps]\nAndy's got some gnarly\ngoing on bro, look at this.\nYeah, bud.\nLittle sea spiders.\nSome funky crabs, I don't\nknow what Andy's doin'.\nSo, right off the bat we\ngot some turkey wings,\nand some chicken wings.\nRoasted off ahead of time,\nall right, went and did that\nso you guys don't have to sit around\nfor 45 minutes or whatever it took.\nLittle bit of salt, light,\nlittle bit of olive oil,\nand just kinda roasted them.\nGet a little color on there.\nColor's gonna bring to\nyour stock, a, some color,\nobviously, it's gonna bring a darker color\nto the liquid of the broth,\nbut it's also gonna add some flavor.\nAnytime you brown something,\nor cook it like that, searing a steak,\nis where you pick up\nthat Maillard reaction,\nand that's just gonna give it\na little bit more of a depth,\na sense of umami throughout it,\na little bit more richness.\nAll right so that's our meat.\noh, thought you'd never ask,\nthe secret ingredient, let my grab these\nbad boys right here.\nTake them out of the package\nreal quick, all right.\nSmoked ham hocks.\nThese are fantastic on their own\nI love eating these you know,\njust braised with some beans or something.\nSmokey, picky, real\ngelatiginousy, real sticky.\nJust basically if I was a pig leg,\nunless I'm wrong, I believe I'm right.\nSo, it's kind of like the\nlittle jointy ankle so to say.\nAnd this is just a great bang\nfor your buck for stock making.\nLet's start, we got our stock pot,\nwe'll put that on a little medium heat.\nLittle bit of ollie oil, all right.\nSo, look we got some crimini mushrooms.\nYou can use any kind of mushrooms,\nshiitake, button, whatever.\nI wouldn't go using anything too fancy,\ndon't go throwing your\nmatsutakes in this one.\nI mean, you can but just\nmaybe a little unnecessary.\nShiitake actually works great.\nIf you can, I would\nrecommend getting shiitake.\nWe got some crimini 'cause\nit's just what it is, okay.\nWell look, boom.\nRight in the bowl.\nOh, heavens I hate this.\nUgh!\n[lively music]\nNow there was a study about\nwhether or not you need to wash mushrooms.\nOh so, you know the rule\nwas always if you wash 'em,\nthey pick up moisture and\nthey never really brown.\nJust brush it off, you know?\nWhich is cool and that's\nfine and you can do that.\nBut I remember reading somewhere\nthat they did like a side by side study\nwhere they soaked some\nand then brushed some,\nand then they went to go saute them after\nand I guess they both picked up...\nLong story short, is\nthat there was not much\nof a major difference in the ones\nthat were washed versus unwashed, so.\nHope you're learning something here today.\nI think the recipe calls\nfor two medium carrots.\nThis is like a horse carrot,\nthese are kind of medium.\nI'm gonna nip off the little nubbins here,\nthe little tops.\nAnd then that's it, okay, boom.\nMaybe we'll do a little half,\nlittle chunkers like that.\nAnd this is great you know,\nwe all know someone who's got,\n\"I'm gonna cook dinner,\nI'm gonna do whatever.\"\nAnd they use the little half onion,\nand then they'll put it in the fridge\nor they'll put it wherever,\nand eventually it kinda,\nunless you use it,\nsometimes it just shrinks\nup and dies in vain.\nSo what I like to do is, a, use 'em,\nbut then b, this is a\ngreat spot for your stock.\nI nipped that off, I didn't like that.\nSkins and all, skins add a\nlittle flavor and color too.\nBoom, right in there.\nAnd then I got a nice little freshy here,\nlook I'll cut it right in half.\nWhackatow.\nBeautiful huh?\n- Beuatiful\n- Hello, Ryan.\n- Oh you brought me coffee?\nYou shouldn't have.\nWe're gonna make a little master stock.\nIt's turkey, chicken,\nand smoked ham hocks,\nto give it a little bit of smoky flavor,\n- Little bit of porkiness but\nalso like a bit gelatinous.\nBecause it's knuckley, there's a lot of,\n[squeaking]\nthere's a big knuckle in there.\n- What's the next step?\n- Oh, so I cut this onion in half,\nwe're gonna throw it in our mirepoix bin.\n- Okay.\n- And then same with the garlic, okay.\nYou don't need to skin 'em or nothin'.\n- How do you cut your garlic?\n- Well it depends what you're doin'.\nFor this application, I just\ncut right in half like so.\n- [Ryan] Okay.\n- [Brad] See this is boo boo garlic.\nYou see all that green?\n- Yeah.\nDoes that mean it's not good?\n- Well, it's not the best.\n- 'Cause all of my garlic are green!\n- Well most of it you\nget in the supermarket\nis kind of BS because it\nwas picked so long ago.\nAnd what that is, is it's the germs.\nSo, the garlic's trying to grow,\n'cause these are like the seeds, right?\nLook you pop a little clove in the ground,\nbefore I cut it in half,\nboom, right in the ground.\nit grows a shoot and then eventually\nthis is what's under it.\n[upbeat music]\nWell thanks for stopping by.\nCiao for now.\n- [Ryan] Ciao!\n- Oh is there no celery?\nThere is.\nI've gotta go grab a couple stalks\nof celery, okay?\nWell here, come with me.\nLet's take a field trip.\nOh, Gaby!\n- The steamer.\n- Watch your back.\n- Oh, sorry.\n- Yeah.\nLet's hit the road.\nAfter you.\nOh, Rachel Karten!\naward winning social media\nmember from \"Bon Appetit.\"\n- That's me.\nWhoo!\nCelery, huh.\nI got a traumatizing story about celery.\n[laughter]\nSo, that neurotic hang up\nI guess we can label it\nWhere when someone's eating\nsomething crunchy, I tweak out.\nI have a hard time with it, you know?\nYou know what it's called, Matt.\nHow do you say it?\nNo, I don't even [beep] have\nthe triceratopaclosious.\nI don't know.\nCould you give me the first letter?\n- [Matt] M.\n- Oh.\nNo it wasn't o, it was m.\n- [Matt] Misophonia.\n- Misophonia?\nHuh, so I got misophonia.\nYou know, that's if\nsomeone's chewin' something\nand I'm just like, \"Jesus\nChrist, go in the other room.\"\nYou know?\nOr like people who eat in their offices\nwith their noise-canceling\nheadphones on, rude!\nMine was developed as a young lad,\nmy dad always liked to eat celery.\nAnd he had the crunchiest chew man, ever.\nYou could hear it in the other room.\nAnd I used to yell at him all the time.\n\"Jesus, you know, chew\nwith your mouth closed.\"\n\"Oh, my mouth is closed,\nit's my old fillings.\"\n[upbeat music]\nAnyway, we're gonna put\nthat into our stock.\nOh, here we go.\n\"Misophonia.\"\n\"Misophonia may cause a reaction to sounds\nsuch as dripping water,\nchewing or snapping gum.\"\nYeah, it's like real things,\nlike if you were to break a\npencil that don't bother me.\nBut if you were to like chew\non a pencil in your mouth,\nif you were to eat cereal\nin a quiet room with me,\nI have to like, \"It's me, it's\nnot you. I have a problem.\"\nLittle olive oil on there, okay?\nWe got a little sauvignon blanc.\nAnd we're gonna add that\nright to our pot here.\nLet me get this thing crankin'.\nOh, this freakin' thing.\nThis freakin' thing.\nOh, are you going down?\n- I'm going down.\nI need like it's-\n- Oh, here Andy was saving you some\n[beep] rancid crab legs, dude.\n- Why's that there?\n- [laughter] Look at those.\nIt don't stop clickin'.\nYou hear that?\n[steady clicking]\nOh right, 'cause it's on light?\nNo, that's not the case, okay?\nIt just is what it is.\nAnd it ain't what it ain't,\nyou know what I mean?\nSo, I'm just gonna add\na little bit of oil,\nthen add the veg.\nBoom, right in there.\nLet that get hot, we're gonna pick up\na little bit of color on that.\nOh, let's go see if Gaby's\ngot any fresh bay leaves.\n- [Gaby] Wait, Brad explain.\n- It wasn't me.\nIt wasn't me.\n- [Gaby] Brad, you just came in,\ngot the celery, look at the floor.\n- I don't know, roll the security cameras,\nit wasn't me. [laughter]\n- [Gaby] It was you!\n- I'll clean it up, I'm sorry.\n- I know you!\n- I was gonna clean it up.\nI got side tracked.\nAll right get out of here,\nwe're gettin' yelled at.\nI'll be right back with the Zamboni.\nSo, we got some bay leaves,\nthis thing's still clickin'.\n[somber music]\nYou know what you don't want to do,\nyou don't wanna burn at all, okay?\nYou burn things in this state,\nyour vegetable mirepoix,\nthrow it in the garbage,\nrinse the pot out, start over.\nThe little hint of burn\nis just gonna come through\nwhen you add the water\nand everything else.\nAnd all of the sudden it's not gonna be,\n\"Oh this is a lovely balance,\nroasted master stock.\"\nIt's, \"Oh is that, it's got a\nlittle hint flavor of burn.\"\nAnd you don't want that, okay?\nNot at this party, bud.\nSoup party, my kinda party babe.\nHow much wourder does it say to add?\nI just kinda fill it\nup to what feels right,\nyou know what I mean?\nOh, \"Add a pinch of salt\nand two gallons of water.\"\nSo, we're going for four\nsince we did times two.\nAnd this says to reduce by half\nuntil everything's falling\napart and it's nice\nand gelatinousy and yummy yum.\nThree and a half, four\nand a half, five hours.\nWhatever.\nSo, once we get this stuff goin'\nwe'll add the four gallons of water\nand we'll let it simmer for\nthe rest of the freakin' day.\nLook, we got a little\nbit of color pickin' up.\nOkay, and like I said I\ndon't want anything burnin'.\n- [Matt] Could you make more noise?\n- I don't want anything\nburnin', all right?\nSo, now we're throwing in the turkey,\nbigger, more bones than\nthe chicken obviously.\nAlso brings a little big\nof a different flavor.\nTurkey's got a nice flavor.\nHam hocks, boom.\nStock bombs as I like to call them.\nBoom, boom, bomb right in there.\nAll right, parsley right in there.\nSome fresh bay leaves\nlike five or six of 'em\nright in there.\n[somber music]\nThat one didn't work out.\nIf you weren't here, I\nmight have thrown it in.\nThen I'm gonna get some peppercorns\nand then my chicken wings, boom.\nI'm gonna go over to the sink\nand fill this up with\nfour gallons of water.\nRight in there, boom.\nYeah, you guys get in there.\nWhat is with this freakin' thing?\nCan we just get the normal\nsetting for the love of...\n[somber music]\nI noticed in the old reach-in\n'fridgerators over here,\nthere's a few more turkey\nwings that someone bought us\nso we could make this video,\nbut instead of freezing them,\nI'm gonna throw a few more in there raw.\nWe roasted the other ones,\nthese we're gonna put in raw.\nYeah, yeah buddy, get right in there.\nAnd the rest I'll freeze\nfor when we make a batch\nin a couple months.\nWhen Gaby collects enough\nbones and she's like,\n\"Brad, I wish you would make\nstock, I don't feel good.\"\nAll right now we'll bring this back over.\nYeah, that's the stuff.\nI'll put it on high now,\nwe're gonna bring that to\na good bubble, you know?\nA good heavy simmer.\nSo, we got all of our\ningredients simmering away.\nThat's gonna take about\nfour or five hours,\nit's getting a little late in the day.\nAll right Honsey why don't\nyou get out of here all right?\nI'll carry this home, and when I'm done\nI'll pop that in the walk-in,\nwe'll let it hang out.\nAnd when we regroup, 'cause\nwe got a couple things to do\nin the next couple days.\nOnce it's all set up in the walk-in,\nit can sit there for a\ncouple days, no big deal.\nWe'll come back say on\nThursday, today is Monday.\nAnd we'll heat it up, we'll strain it,\nwe'll taste it, we'll talk stock,\nwe'll see ya then.\nGet out!\nEverybody out!\n[upbeat music]\nComin' out, Honsey.\nAnd we're back.\nPulled the stock out of the fridge.\nReally happy with it, come\non, get your eyes in here.\nWe got a nice little jiggle goin', bud.\nWe got a nice little jelly set up nice.\nAll that, collagen and\ngelatin from the pork,\nand from the turkey, even\nthe chicken, that's nice.\nI like stock that sets up into gel, okay?\nThat's a sign of success for me.\nNow there's some fat on there,\nYou could leave that on\nif you want, no big deal.\nI'm just gonna scoop a\nlittle bit of it off.\nIf you wanna like render it down\ninto some kind of weird smoltzy, porky,\nsmoltzy thing, knock yourself out.\nI'm not going to.\nWell because we don't have time.\nAll right?\nBut that's all right, that's\nhow we roll, right Honsey?\nRun and gun, babe.\nWhat do we need?\nBoom, time slots just\nslip 'em in, who cares.\nYeah, I'm just gonna get some of that off.\nAnd there's your product.\n- [Matt] Hold on, hold on.\n[retching]\n- No, we can't show that.\n[laughter]\nJon, what do ya think?\n- What the [beep] is that?\n- Hungry, bud?\n- That looks terrifying.\nOh my god.\n[retching]\nAre you supposed to eat it?\nShould I eat it?\n- No.\n- Oh, okay.\n- It just looks disgusting.\nProbably tastes like turkey.\n- Yeah, it tastes like turkey water.\n- Like turkey water?\n- Look so, this is what we got, Jon.\n- What is that, oh my God Jesus!\n- Little jiggle jiggle, bud.\n- That is terrifying.\n- Yeah.\n- So, we're gonna warm it up, strain it,\nquart it up, pack it up.\n- Oh, very nice.\n- You know?\n- Ooh sounds good.\nOoh, I'd love to see the finished product.\n- Oh, stick around Jonny boy.\n- [Jon] Oh, you know I will!\n- All right, to the heat.\nNow, I'm just gonna let it,\ncome the heat up just a little bit.\nNot hot, but just so\nit's not a jelly anymore.\nWe're gonna strain it,\nwe're gonna quart it up,\npack it up, store it in\nthe freezer, make soup.\nThat's kind of it.\nBut what I like to do,\nfor consumption, you know,\nobviously the soups or the pasta dishes\nor whatever you're doin', I\nlike to just drink it too.\nWhat turned me on to that\nwas old Brian Merkel,\nyou might know him from \"Hot Coal.\"\n[laughter]\nHe's a butcher out in Duluth\nand we go to Montana almost every year.\nOh, and we snowboard\nand we cook and one day,\nand we made this big\nbatch of stock, one time,\nand he brought this vacuum pack thing.\nIt was like turmeric and ginger\nand he had a fermented paste\nand he goes, \"Oh, fermented paste.\"\nAnd in the morning, we would get our mugs\nand we'd fill it with\nthis gelatinousy stock\nand put a dollop of that\nfermented turmeric paste in there.\nI would eat that any\nday, any day of the week.\nWish I had it right now.\nOh, that's what we'll do next all right,\nepisode, coming soon on \"It's Alive.\"\nWe're gonna do turmeric,\ngarlic, ginger paste\nfor enhancing your bone broths.\nWhich I don't like calling it bone broth.\nIt's just stock.\nGood stock.\n[laughter]\nSo, stock enhancer comin' soon.\nOh, you know what I wanna do?\nI was talkin' to old Babbie this morning,\nold Bingey himself, and he was asking me\nif I had a freeze dryer.\nAnd I was like, \"Oh, I thought it was just\nlike liquid nitrogen you dip things in.\"\nApparently not, it's like a vacuum thing,\nwith some type of thing, I don't know,\nbut it got the wheels turnin',\nI love freeze dried fruit.\nI don't know what that\nlittle clever kook's up to,\ncan we get it?\nWe kinda need a freeze drying machine\nso we can make freeze dried anything.\nWe could do freeze dried fruits,\nfreeze dried Kevins.\n[lively music]\nSnackable Kevins, snackable.\nFreeze dry all types of stuff.\nSo comin' soon.\nBreakfast stock enhancers\nand freeze dried everythings.\nOh yeah, and we only\nput a pinch of salt in.\nI like to kinda keep it a\nlittle neutral with the salt,\n'cause you can always add it, you know?\nAnd maybe they don't want\nit, so if you're making soup\nseason to taste.\nYou're gonna do whatever\nelse with your stock,\nseason to taste.\nOh, a little breakfast\nstock, season to taste.\nWhat time do we have 'til?\n1:30?\nOh, we got plenty of time, Dan.\nSo now, you could just go\ndumping this all in the strainer\nbut that's kind of silly.\nWe drew all of the\nnutrients out of it already,\nso now it's just kinda\nlike dead protein, I guess.\nAnd it's like, fiber and I don't know.\nSometimes I eat it, right?\nYou kinda just want to,\ndoesn't that look good?\nBut it's not that good.\nOh yeah, look at those ham hocks.\nThat's the gelatin we\nwere lookin' for, nice.\nBroken down, get it out, let us have it.\nGoop city bub, but that's\nwhat we're lookin' for.\nThis stuff will make you live to be 120.\nNow we can go to the strainer.\n[beep]\n[beep]\nOh, damn it.\nIt's fine.\nCheesecloth, I forgot to hold it.\nYou know, no one's perfect.\nAlls we can do is try\nto be better next time.\nLook at this color, beautiful.\nThis is the stuff, liquid gold.\nHere you know what,\nlet's just try pouring it\nand see how it goes.\nYou know, let's live a little.\nOh, oh yeah that felt right.\nOh yeah, that's the shot.\nOh, it looks so bad.\nWe cleaned out the dishwasher.\nThis is terrible, this is true though.\nWhen the city gets too much rain\nand the drainage systems can't handle it\nthey just open up the\ngates and it all just goes,\nsewage, everything just\ngoes right out to the ocean.\nIt's disgusting.\nIt's true though.\nIt's true, Rhoda.\nRhoda, did you get a hair cut?\n- Yes!\n- [Brad] Looks delightful.\n- Thank you!\n- The lovely Rhoda Boone, everyone.\nPint this stuff up, we'll\nchill it, we'll freeze it.\nGet yourself a little chest freezer.\nStock up.\n[laughter]\nNo pun intended.\nLet's give it a little taste.\nI heated some up, little extra, okay?\nOoh, delightful.\nJon, you wanna try bud?\n- Yeah, oh my god yes!\n- Let me get ya some.\n[playful music]\nYeah, it just needs salt.\nOh it's wonderful.\nNice roastedy flavor, right?\nThank you.\n- Even a little splash of like soy sauce\nwould be so good, right?\nOh, yeah.\n- Right?\n- That did just the trick, I think.\n- Little salt pops right open, right?\n- Yeah, yeah, yeah.\n- Oh my God, big mug of that\nfor breakfast, right, hello?\n- Yeah, I'm gonna take this with me-\n- You take it with ya.\nGaby, get a little cup, come on.\n- Is this master stock?\n- Yeah.\n- I love master stock.\nA lot of turkey?\n- Bam!\n- Ooh.\n- You want some, bud?\nGrab a little bowlski.\n- Oh, delicious.\n- You like?\n- I love it.\n- Come on, give it a\nlittle taste, all right?\nTell me what you think, boom.\nOh you thought you had a cold?\nBoom, not anymore.\n- Ooh, okay, I like that.\n- Little salt?\n- Little salt.\n- Yeah, hit it with a little sodium.\nOh, it's good.\nOh God, it's good.\n- Sorry!\n- Oh, for God's sakes!\nHere's for you Honsey\nfor all your hard work.\nOh, God.\nOh, it's so good!\nAll right so we're all\ndone packaging it up,\ngonna pop it in the walk-in,\nlet it set to a gel.\nThen I'm gonna freeze it,\nand then you're ready to go.\nYou can defrost it, use it for soups,\nuse it for different dishes, brazes.\nDrink it in the morning.\nThat's the thing.\nDrink it in the morning.\nDrink it in the day,\ndrink it in the afternoon,\ndrink if for dinner.\nYou can have pizza bagels anytime.\n[laughter]\nIt's over, we gotta go.\nDan's yellin' at us.\nBon appetit.\nUnderrated, drinkin' out of the saucepan.\nWhy dirty a bowl?\nYou already got a bowl right here\nit's got a freakin' handle on it.\nIt's a bowl with a handle on it,\ncall it whatever you want,\nget creative it's 2025.\n[upbeat music]\n"}
-{"text": "I am not a stranger to the dark\nHide away, they say\n'Cause we don't want your broken parts\nI've learned to be ashamed of all my scars\nRun away, they say\nNo one'll love you as you are\nBut I won't let them break me down to dust\nI know that there's a place for us\nFor we are glorious\nWhen the sharpest words wanna cut me down\nI'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown them out\nI am brave, I am bruised\nI am who I'm meant to be, this is me\nLook out 'cause here I come\nAnd I'm marchin' on to the beat I drum\nI'm not scared to be seen\nI make no apologies, this is me\nAnother round of bullets hits my skin\nWell, fire away\n'Cause today I won't let the shame sink in\nWe are bursting through the barricades and\nReachin' for the sun\nYeah, that's what we've become\nI won't let them break me down to dust\nI know that there's a place for us\nFor we are glorious\nWhen the sharpest words wanna cut me down\nI'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown them out\nI am brave, I am bruised\nI am who I'm meant to be, this is me\nLook out 'cause here I come\nAnd I'm marchin' on to the beat I drum\nI'm not scared to be seen\nI make no apologies, this is me\nWhen the sharpest words wanna cut me down\nI'm gonna send a flood, gonna drown them out\nThis is brave, this is bruised\nThis is who I'm meant to be, this is me\nLook out 'cause here I come\nAnd I'm marchin' on to the beat I drum\nI'm not scared to be seen\nI make no apologies, this is me\nWhenever the words wanna cut me down\nI'll send the flood, to drown 'em out\nI'm gonna send a flood\nGonna drown them out\nOh\nThis is me\n"}
-{"text": "Elvis has entered the building!\nThat\u2019s right, after beating out big names like Miles Teller, Harry Styles and Ansel Elgort, \nAustin Butler has been crowned as the King of Rock and Roll playing Elvis Presley in \nBaz Luhrmann\u2019s upcoming biopic. The film is said to focus on the late entertainer's rise \nto fame, with a major part of the pic being his relationship with his manager, \nColonel Tom Parker. Luhrmann released a statement following the casting news saying \nthat in order to do the role justice they needed someone with the natural movement \nand vocal qualities of the iconic star but also someone with the ability to show the inner \nvulnerability of who Elvis was. \nThe actor has had a relatively low profile thus far, appearing on TV\u2019s 'The Shannara \nChronicles' and a role in Quentin Tarantino's upcoming film 'Once Upon a Time in \nHollywood,' but I\u2019m guessing his star power is only going to grow after playing one of \nthe most iconic musicians of all time. Another star already confirmed for the project \nis none other than Tom Hanks who is set to play Parker, the legendary manager \nwho controlled every aspect of Elvis' life. Luhrmann is also set to produce the feature, \nwhich has been in development since the director wrapped up 'The Great Gatsby.' \nFor more casting updates head to THR.com \nand until next time for The Hollywood Reporter News I\u2019m Neha Joy.\n"}
-{"text": "Hello and welcome to week 4 of a video series\non teaching science during the Covid-19 crisis. I'm Rylee DeVito\nthe Idaho State Department of Education Science Coach and this week we are going to be talking about \nphenomenon and place based learning. A few weeks ago I talked about\nphenomenon, but I feel that it has a real place in\ndigital learning and I wanted to focus on it more today as well as discuss some\nplace based learning since students are truly learning where they are at\nnot just cognitively but now also physically.\nAs we move through the resources today, I want you to think about where you are right now.\nIdaho is such a beautiful place to live, whether you have access to the Boise\nFoothills, the Sawtooth\u2019s, or the Snake River plain, we have some of the most\nunique geology right outside of our doors.  I want to think about\nwhat your students could step out into and experience.  These lessons\nare about an opportunity for students to explore the great state\nthat we live in and really connect with science where they are at.\nSome of you may already be familiar with phenomenon, but I want to provide some background as\na refresher or as an introduction.  This quote is from \u201cThe Wonder of Science\u201d which is one of the \nresources that we will be exploring a little bit more in depth today.  \u201cA phenomenon is simply\nan observable event.  In the science classroom a carefully chosen\nphenomenon can drive student inquiry.  Phenomena add relevance to the \nscience classroom showing students science in their own world.  A good phenomenon\nis observable, interesting, complex and aligned to\nthe appropriate standard.\u201d  Note that phenomenon is an observable\nevent. It is important to distinguish between phenomenon and disciplinary\ncontent.  For example, the disciplinary content would be that trees\nphotosynthesize. The phenomenon would be that a huge tree can\ngrow from a small seed.  I\u2019ve included a picture to the right as an example of this.\nThe plant started out as a small seed and will eventually grow into a\nmuch, much larger plant that the original seed.  That\u2019s something\nthat is observable.  It\u2019s interesting. There\u2019s a lot of things going on.  It\u2019s very\ncomplex and it's aligned to several K-12 standards. I also\nthink the picture captures the idea of plants and seeds in terms of \ncuriosity.  As teachers, we are planting the seeds of curiosity by introducing our students\nto phenomenon and hopefully we can reap the benefits of that as\nstudents grow into observant scientists.  Here are few examples \nof phenomenon that I want to show you today.  The first is a high school physical\nscience standard.  I want to show the phenomenon first and then walk you through how I would\naddress this with my students.  This is steel wool that is on fire\nand this is actually about halfway through the video of lighting it fire and then it is burning.\nAs you can see the mass on the scale is actually increasing,\nwhich definitely makes students scratch their head and wonder what is going on.\nI would likely use this by first asking my students a series of questions.\nsuch as: \u201cWhat happens to the mass when something is burned?\u201d or \u201cWhen wood\nburns it get smaller so where does that mass go? Where does the burning wood go?\u201d\nThis leads student to develop hypotheses about combustion and the process of \nburning. Typically, students will say that things loose mass \nwhen they are burned or that the burning wood goes away as smoke\nor it turns into coal. So after entertaining that discussion,\nI would show them this video, show this phenomenon. As the mass is\nincreasing, I would point that out to students to make sure they are really picking up on that.\nI would probably show this video three or four times and have students write down\nobservations and questions that arise as they watch the video.\nFrom there there's a multitude of standards that we can explore in terms of\natoms, combustion, mass, exchange of mass, those are all\nthings that we can talk about based off of this one phenomenon.\nIt all starts with curiosity.  I also have this phenomenon about a\nwhite blood cell chasing a bacteria which is pretty cool.  I would probably preface this\none by asking students if cells can think and \"How does your body\nkeep you healthy?\" We would probably watch this a couple of times and students again would generate\nthose wondering type questions. That would be good jumping off point to talk about\nabout cell differentiation, signal pathways, or disease depending on what\ndirection you wanted to take it. I got both of these phenomenon\nfrom a website called The Wonder of Science. It is just  thewonderofscience.com\nand it's easy to google and if you click right here on phoneomena\ntab it will take you to a list of K-12 or\nK-5 and Middle/High School and then it breaks out for Life Science, Earth Science, or\nPhysical Science for both Middle School and High School. So if you click on one of these\nfor example Middle Life Science, it will actually break out into\neach of the standards which makes it really, really easy and \nconvenient for you as the teacher where you don't have to hunt down a phenomenon that fits your\nparticular standard. It is all just presented right here for you.  For example,\nwe can click on photosynthesis, I mentioned that earlier with trees, and it will\nyou a host of potential phenomenon that you can use. Some of these are\nvideos, some of them are links to articles that you may consider\nbut they are all fantastic.  For example, we can look on Why do sunflowers \n76\n00:04:59,233 --> 00:05:03,233\nfollow the sun.  There is a video that students that watch that will service as that phenomena \nand the web resource that this is taken from is found right here.\nYou can, as a teacher, click on that for more information and potentially distribute that \nas you feel necessary.  I've talked about Phenomenon for NGSS a little bit\nin the past and I just want to bring it up again. Phenomenon for NGSS is\nshort video clips or pictures that really address phenomenon.\nI love all of these phoneomon on here but I have to say that I\ndo like Wonder of Science a little better because it is more organized by the standards.\nThis is still a great resource for you to use in terms of all kinds of crazy\nphenomenon that students can be exposed to.  So phenomenon just don't\nhave to be those videos or pictures, phenomenon can also be\ndata.  Data has some really funky things that happen, some really interesting things can happen\nwith data.  Presenting students with a graph is a great way to expose them\nto that excitement and get their curiosity flowing.  So, for example \nthis graph we can ask \"Why is it hotter in the summer?\" And \"Is temperature \nrelated to precipitation or are those mutually exclusive?\" And \"Are their places\nin the world where this graph might actually be inverted?\" or really a basic \nquestion might just be \"Where is this graph from and why does it look like that in this\nplace?\"  Another way that you might use phenomenon is by including your\nown personal aspect into their inquiry.\nThis is a picture from my most recent trip to the Redwood Forest; which I am really hoping I\nget to go back to soon.  But this really allows to build a connection with your students by\nproviding them some real world connection and a connection with you as a person.\nIt exposes them what's out there beyond just Idaho or just the United States \nfor that matter. And it really shows students that there is curiosity all around us.\nFor this particular question, students can ask about how water gets\nall the way up to the top of the redwoods, which are huge, tall trees and then in this particular\ntree why the middle is burned out but not the outside and whether the tree is alive\nor not and if is alive, how is still alive even though the entire middle\nof the tree has been burned out.  So, that's just a couple of different ways that you can\nbring phenomenon into teaching.  Another way you may\nbring phenomenon into teaching, is by using some digital labs and I'm specifically\nfocusing on virtual and digital labs right now and simulations because we are in this\nonline teaching format.  These are a great way to continue\naccessing that phenomenon, but I would caution you to make sure that when you are\nchoosing one of the labs or simulations that you are remembering that the phenomenon \nis an observable event and not just pure content.  So make sure\nyou are erring on the side of interesting is happening in the world around them.\nLet's take a look at PhET which is fantastic. \nI use these all the time in class and get so excited when I show people these. If you scroll down just \na little bit here, it shows the different content areas that you\ncan focus on.  I am going to focus on an Earth Science one to start with and it will show you all\nthese different simulations that students can do.  These are cool because\nthey are simulations, not just videos to watch.  An example of that\nis finding something where it is a phenomenon vs just a content would  be this\nBalloons and Static Electricity. That's really a really a phenomenon because that is something that\nis observable and happens and you can even see in the thumbnail here that there's balloons and a sweater\nwhich are real world things that students do experience. Ae can just look at some\nthings like the diffusion or gas intro, those look very conceptual\nand very lab based so these would probably not be your best phenomenon base. \nYou could use these in another context in terms of those digital\nlabs. I also want to show you HHMI's BioInteractive. \nThese are pretty neat because there are a lot of interactives. There are also articles. \nThere are videos, it's kind of a conglomerate of information.  They are probably best \nknown for their lizards labs, which is also\nmy favorite.  If you just type in lizard on the search there you can see that they\nhave all kinds of things that you can do with that.  So we we have Lizards in the Cold, \nHow Lizards Find Their Way Home, Using DNA to Explore Lyzard Phylogeny,\nLizards in Hurricanes, Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree. They do have a virtual lab here if you wanted to\ndo that. This is really easily searchable and for any type of resource that you\nare doing, any type of topic that you are exploring to get those phenomenon\nin a digital way to your students.  Hopefully, you are getting the idea that\nphenomena are everywhere and that they aren't really difficult to find\nand that you don't need  have specific pools in order to create phenomenon.\nThey are really just all around and all over.  Hopefully, you see that as\nwe start talking about the idea of place based learning.  Switching gears\na little bit and talking about place-based learning. Hopefully, you will start to see that connection\nof phenomenon along with the place-based learning.  Here's how\nGetting Smarter describes placed-based learning.  \"It is any\ntime, anywhere learning that leverages that power of place\nand not just the power of technology, to personaliz\nlearning.\"  If that quote does not define the new culture of teaching that we found ourselves\nin, I really don't know what does.  In particular I like that \ntechnology does not have to be a piece in place-based learning.  I am sure many\nof you are with me in the fact that technology has been really essential in this transition, but\na break is really needed.  I know many of my students are looking forward to not learning\ndigitally for quite some time.  And placed-based learning has so much potential\nto be an incredible teaching tool.  You can see that it's not\njust about teaching the content, we are also teaching\nstudents to build autonomy.  We are teaching them to look and the world through ecological,\npolitical, economic, and social lenses.  It's an interdisciplinary model.\nIt's inquiry based. It allows to engage in their communities and appreciate\nthe world around them. Which I feel is really lacking when we have students\njust in the classroom sitting all of the time.  In our current teaching situation,\nI also think that place-based learning provides us with an opportunity to utilize \nthe classroom that is right outside of our doors and hopefully teach students that\nlearning doesn't stop when you enter/exit science classroom, it continues\nthroughout your day-to-day, throughout the world, and it is all around us at all times. \nCombining the idea off phenomenon place-based learning is a\nreally great way to accomplish a couple of things.  First of all, if we can use\nthe two together, we can maximize our time with students and encourage them\nto become active scientists as they move through their environment.  Phenomenon can also\naddress multiple standards at one time which increases the effectiveness of \nour teaching. I have talked about that in the past that if we can combine multiple standards we're really\nbeing effective and that definitely holds true with phenomenon and place-based\nlearning.  Using these two ideas also engages student in their personal\ninterests and allows them improve their mental health by getting outside and experiencing\nIdaho.  It's an easy way to get kids engaged with phenomenon and placed-based lessons,\nbut it is also way for parents to get involved the education.\nFamilies can go on walks together, hikes together. Obviously if young children are going\non walks they should have an adult with them.  Students who are working on farms\ncan now do so not just from that agricultural standpoint, but also from that science based\nstandpoint.  And for students who don't have a lot of reasons or opportunities to\nexplore their communities, this might be great way to initiate or start some of those\nconnections.  And finally, both phenomenon and place-based learning encourage students\nto experience science that truely happens, not just as it is\nin the lab setting. Which is important, but this really mimics that really world science\neducation.  Here is one lesson idea about how you might combine phenomenon\nand place-based learning.  Ask students to go outside, whether it be to a park,\non a hike or a walk, or working on the farm. Advise them to just\n\"be\" in that place and put away their devices and phones.  Have them go with someone\nthey care about if possible.  Then have students find their own phenomenon. Have them\nlook for something they are curious about or that they have questions about.  Depending on what your teaching\nyou may direct this step a little bit more or you might leave it open ended.\nWhile students are in their place and observing, they can complete a notice/wonder table.\nThis is just a two column cable, or t-chart, in which students write what they notice,\ntheir observations, and what they wonder or just the questions that they have.\nFor example, for this particular phenomenon here that I got from The Wonder of Science,\nagain great resource, students might notice that\nthe ants are carrying a worm. That the worm is much, much, much \nlarger than the ants. You might observe that the ants form lines or that some\nants don't seem to be participating.  Then for the wonder side, they might ask\n\"How big is the worm compared to the ants?\" and \"Why are they forming lines?\"\n\"Where in the world is this video taking place?\" and \"What kind of ants or worms are those?\"\nThey can just list those questions out and those wonderings and those noticing's\nas much as you want them to or as much as they comfortable doing\nto really gain access to overserving the place that they are in. Another \nway you might encourage students to process their place and phenomenon is through a question \nformulation technique from the Right Question Institute.  You will see on the left is\nthe procedure which you would typically use in the classroom and on right is an adapted version \nfor digital learning.  This technique starts with students experiencing their phenomenon\nwhich is great because in a place-base they are learning their already there, they're already experiencing\nthat phenomenon.  Have students generate as many questions that they can\nin four minutes.  Preferably, they would still be in the place when they are generating those questions\nnot having returned home.  Then have them categorize open and closed questions.\nOpen meaning, they are open ended with more complex answers\nand closed meaning yes or no type questions.  Have them prioritize\nthree questions that they really think would help them understand that phenomenon.  \nAnd then if you are using discussion boards of any kind or any kind or any type of online\ncommunity, you have students post their questions there and have dialog \nbetween the students through that platform.  If you are not having one of those, then\nI might just skipping this step or having students just create a little board on \ntheir own for these three question.  And then finally, I would have students reflect\nusing the three questions that are presented here or three questions that you feel like would\nbe really good in this particular setting or for the phenomenon that you may have selected \nfor the students.  Another idea is a writing marathon and this\nis really going to incorporate a lot of those ELA aspects.  This is also\ninterdisciplinary in terms of ELA and Science. So I would ask students\nto stop and three different places along that outdoor adventure that they're having\nand at each stop, have them write for ten minutes.  Honestly, it's not important what\nthe kids are writing. What's important is that they are writing and they are experiencing that\nplace.  It doesn't matter if they're writing fiction, whether it is a to-do list, \nor whether they are writing and autobiography, whatever it might be.  Just get them \nwriting for a total of 30 minutes, 10 minutes at those three different spots.\nFinally when they return home, have them reflect on the science element or they can\nstill do it while they are out in the field.  Have them identify phenomenon or make a list of questions\nthat they thought about during their adventure in relation to science. I would encourage my\nstudents to back out the following day and see if they can find some answers to those\nquestions that they are generating.  Hopefully, some of those ideas spark your own curiosity \nwith phenomenon and place-based learning and you will try some of those out with your students.\nAs always, if you need help with questions or concerns or would like to brain storm,\nplease do not hesitate to reach out.  You can email me at divito.idahosciencecoach@gmail.com\nAnd before wrapping up, I want to remind you\nto take care of yourself during this time.  Make sure that you are getting outside\nand staying curious about the world around you.  If you are healthy, that means that you are\nhealthy for your students and you can inspire their curiosity. All of the links in this\npresentation are posted here and in the video description as well. This presentation\nwas brought to you by the Idaho State Department of Education.\n"}
-{"text": "Hey guys, welcome back to Wrestling world!\nIts definitely not the first time we heard\nof this real life heat between Alexa Bliss\nand Sasha Banks\nTension between Alexa Bliss and Sasha Banks\nhas been rumored for many years now\nEven back in 2017, they did admit that they\ndidn\u2019t like each other but still had to\nkeep it professional and protect each other\nin the ring\nRumors of them hating each other and never\nspeaking to each other backstage has been\nat the top of headlines as well\nMany believe that the start to this whole\nbackstage feud was back in 2014, where Alexa\nBliss had her nose broken during a match with\nSasha Banks\nSince that match happened, rumors are that\nthey never quite got along\nAnd now there\u2019s another situation that just\nhappened recently on raw that let\u2019s us know\nthat this tension could very much still be\nthere\nThis happened during the tag team match on\nraw between the teams of Alexa Bliss and Nikki\nCross taking on Sasha Banks and Bayley\nThere was certain point in the match where\nSasha went over to try to punch Alexa on the\nring apron, but Alexa moved out the way, Sasha\nthen moved in closer and gave a hard kick\nat Alexa\u2019s stomach before focusing back\non Nikki Cross\nAlexa was out and winded for a moment, but\nwas ultimately okay in the end\nIt was just a very unusual spot because it\nlooked like a lot of force and impact went\ninto that kick\nA fan even clipped the \u201cdirty kick\u201d and\ncaptioned it with Sasha\u2019s from quotes during\nher recent wwe network chronicle episode and\nsaid this:\n\u201cSasha Banks: I felt so bad about Paige,\nI would never try to intentionally hurt someone\u201d\n\u201cAlso Sasha Banks: cheap shot kick to little\nmiss Alexa Bliss for no reason.\u201d\nThat quote from Sasha comes from her recent\ncomments on how emotional she felt when everyone\nwas blaming her for ending Paige\u2019s career\nduring a live event in 2017\nTo add even more fuel to the fire, the fan\u2019s\ntweet is was retweeted by Nia Jax, so it looks\nlike Nia agrees with the dirty hit as well\nThe latest reports claim that Sasha and Alexa\nhave to be kept apart and separated in the\nlocker room just to prevent anything from\nhappening between the two of them\nFans are also saying that Sasha Banks is a\nheel, so it\u2019s possible to just say that\nit was a over the top heel like move, but\nother fans still believe that the kick was\ndirty\nSo we wanna hear your thoughts on this entire\ndebate?\nDo you think it was a stiff kick or was it\njust a regular heel tactic?\nLeave your comments, don\u2019t forget to subscribe,\nand leave a like if you enjoyed!\nThanks for watching guys and we\u2019ll see you\nin the next one!\n"}