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Machine translation in China : Machine translation in China is the history of machine translation systems developed in China. China became the fourth country that began machine translation (MT) research following USA, UK, and the Soviet Union. In 1957, the Language Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences took the init... |
Machine translation in China : Baidu Fanyi Translators Association of China |
Machine translation in China : Berlin, Springer. Hutchins, W. J. 1986. Machine translation: past, present, future. Chichester (UK), Ellis Horwood; New York, Wiley. |
MedSLT : MedSLT is a medium-ranged open source spoken language translator developed by the University of Geneva. It is funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The system has been designed for the medical domain. It currently covers the doctor-patient diagnosis dialogues for the domains of headache, chest and a... |
MedSLT : With more than 6000 languages worldwide, language barriers become an increasing problem for healthcare. The lack of medical interpreters can lead to disastrous consequences. These range from prolonged hospital stays to wrong diagnosis and medication. A study found that only about half of the 23 million people ... |
MedSLT : The biggest challenge is and was to develop an ideal system, though it is not possible to do so at this moment. This system would fit the needs of doctors and the patients alike, and would provide accurate and flexible translation. A realisation of an ideal translation tool is impossible without the use of unr... |
MedSLT : The system's speech recognition is based on the Nuance 8.5 platform that supports grammar-based language models. All grammars used for recognition, analysis and generation are compiled from a small set of unification grammars. These core grammars are created by the open-source Regulus Grammar Compiler and are ... |
MedSLT : As a response to demands from healthcare professionals, a mobile version of MedSLT was developed. The hand-held platform uses the same architecture as the normal one. The heavy processing necessary for translation is done on a remote machine. Apart from a wireless connection, a good microphone is needed to rea... |
MedSLT : MedSLT on Sourceforge.net |
METEO System : The METEO System is a machine translation system specifically designed for the translation of the weather forecasts issued daily by Environment Canada. The system was used from 1981 to 30 September 2001 by Environment Canada to translate forecasts issued in French in the province of Quebec into English a... |
METEO System : The METEO System was in operational use at Environment Canada from 1982 to 2001. It stems from a prototype developed in 1975–76 by the TAUM Group, known as TAUM-METEO. The initial motivation to develop that prototype was that a junior translator came to TAUM to ask for help in translating weather bulleti... |
Phraselator : The Phraselator is a weatherproof handheld language translation device developed by Applied Data Systems and VoxTec, a former division of the military contractor Marine Acoustics, located in Annapolis, Maryland, USA. It was designed to serve as a handheld computer device that translates English into one o... |
Phraselator : The Phraselator is a small speech translation PDA-sized device designed to aid in interpretation. The device does not produce synthesized speech like that utilized by Stephen Hawking; instead, it plays pre-recorded foreign language MP3 files. Users can select the phrase they wish to convey from an English... |
Phraselator : The original idea for the device came from Lee Morin, a Navy doctor in Operation Desert Storm. To communicate with patients, he played Arabic audio files from his laptop. He informed Ace Sarich, the vice president of VoxTec, about the idea. VoxTec won a DARPA Small Business Innovation Research grant in ea... |
Phraselator : The handheld translator was recently used by U.S. troops while providing relief to tsunami victims in early 2005. About 500 prototypes of the device were provided to U.S. military forces in Operation Enduring Freedom. Units loaded with Haitian dialects have been provided to U.S. troops in Haiti. Army mili... |
Phraselator : In March 2004, DARPA director Dr. Tony Tether presented the Small Business Innovative Research Award to the VoxTec division of Marine Acoustics at DARPATech 2004 in Anaheim, CA. The device was recently listed as one of "Ten Emerging Technologies That Will Change Your World" in MIT's Technology Review. |
Phraselator : Software developer Jack Buchanan believes that building a device similar to the fictional universal translator seen in Star Trek would be harder than building the Enterprise. The device was mentioned in a list of "Top 10 Star Trek Tech" on Space.com. |
Phraselator : Phraselator official site Voxtec official site Marine Acoustics official site SRI International official site IraqComm official site SRI DynaSpeak web page DARPA-Developed Device Bridges Language Divides Helping Troops in Iraq & Afghanistan Connect with Locals InHand Electronics P2 case study |
Postediting : Post-editing (or postediting) is the process whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an acceptable final product. A person who post-edits is called a post-editor. The concept of post-editing is linked to that of pre-editing. In the process of translating a text via machine translatio... |
Postediting : Machine translation left the labs to start being used for its actual purpose in the late seventies at some big institutions such as the European Commission and the Pan-American Health Organization, and then, later, at some corporations such as Caterpillar and General Motors. First studies on post-editing ... |
Postediting : For many years, no widely accepted, standardized post-editing guidelines existed; however, in 2017, ISO standard 18587:2017: Translation services — Post-editing of machine translation output — Requirements was published. Studies in the eighties distinguished between degrees of post-editing which, in the c... |
Postediting : Post-editing is used when raw machine translation is not good enough and human translation not required. Industry advises post-editing to be used when it can at least double the productivity of manual translation, even fourfold it in the case of light post-editing (1000 words per hour vs. 250 wph). Howeve... |
Postediting : After some thirty years, post-editing is still "a nascent profession". What the right profile of the post-editor is, has not yet been fully studied. Post-editing overlaps with translating and editing, but only partially. Most think the ideal post-editor will be a translator keen to be trained on the speci... |
Postediting : Machine translation Controlled language Translation memory Editing Proofreading Computer-assisted translation Pre-editing |
Postediting : ISO 18587:2017: Translation services – Post-editing of machine translation output – Requirements (Preview + table of contents) Ilona Wallberg: ISO 18587—A standard for the post-editing process. In: Jörg Porsiel (Ed.): Machine Translation—What Language Professionals Need to Know. BDÜ Weiterbildungs- und Fa... |
Postediting : Translation Automation Users Society (TAUS) |
Project Bergamot : Project Bergamot is a joint project between several European universities and Mozilla for the development of machine translation software based on artificial neural networks, which is intended for local execution on end-user devices. The software library that was created and the associated language m... |
Project Bergamot : Mozilla used the Bergamot Translator to expand its web browser Firefox with a feature for translating web pages, which was previously considered an important gap in Firefox' feature set. It is often compared to the much older corresponding feature in Google Chrome, which utilizes a cloud-based backgr... |
Project Bergamot : Mozilla had already tried to get a (cloud-based) web content translation feature into Firefox a few years before Project Bergamot, but had failed because of the financial challenge. Microsoft had already delivered offline capabilities for its translation software in 2018. Google soon followed suit, A... |
Project Bergamot : Cimpanu, Catalin (2019-10-20). "Firefox to get page translation feature, like Chrome". ZDNET. Retrieved 2024-08-29. Coldewey, Devin (2022-06-02). "Mozilla brings free, offline translation to Firefox". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-08-29. |
PROMT : ProMT is a lead Russian developer of language translation software for businesses and private users since 1991. The company provides on-premises software based on neural technologies. |
PROMT : On March 6, 1998, ProMT launched a free online translation services, which is now known as PROMT.One. In 1997, ProMT and the French company Softissimo developed a line of products for the European company Reverso. |
PROMT : Historically, ProMT systems used rule-based machine translation (RBMT) technology. In 2011 a hybrid approach which combined rule-based and statistical MT was implemented. In 2019, ProMT introduced its new neural technology and flagship solution - PROMT Neural Translation Server. Since then all MT systems develo... |
PROMT : Comparison of machine translation applications DeepL Translator Babylon Google Translate Systran vidby Yandex Translate == References == |
List of research laboratories for machine translation : The following is a list of research laboratories that focus on machine translation. |
List of research laboratories for machine translation : Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation Association for Machine Translation in the Americas European Association for Machine Translation == References == |
Round-trip translation : Round-trip translation (RTT), also known as back-and-forth translation, recursive translation and bi-directional translation, is the process of translating a word, phrase or text into another language (forward translation), then translating the result back into the original language (back trans... |
Round-trip translation : To compare the quality of different machine translation systems, users perform RTT and compare the resulting text to the original. The theory is that the closer the result of the RTT is to the original text, the higher the quality of the machine translation system. One of the problems with this... |
Round-trip translation : It is also suggested that RTT can be used to determine whether a text is suitable for machine translation. The idea being that if RTT results in a text that is close to the original, the text is suitable for MT. If after using RTT, the resulting text is inaccurate, the source text can then be e... |
Round-trip translation : Although the use of RTT for assessing MT system quality or the suitability of a text for MT is in doubt, it is a way to have fun with machine translation. The text produced from an RTT can be comically bad. At one time websites existed for the sole purpose of performing RTT for fun. Other varia... |
Round-trip translation : Evaluation of machine translation Humour in translation – Translation mistakes amusing to native speakers Language Grid – Linguistics website Paraphrasing (computational linguistics) – Automatic generation or recognition of paraphrased text Translation-quality standards – Minimum quality standa... |
Round-trip translation : Gaspari, F. (2006) "Look Who's Translating. Impersonations, Chinese Whispers and Fun with Machine Translation on the Internet" in Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the European Association of Machine Translation |
SDL plc : SDL plc was a multinational professional services company headquartered in Maidenhead, United Kingdom. SDL specialized in language translation software and services (including interpretation services). It was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by RWS Group in November 2020. |
SDL plc : SDL is an abbreviation for "Software and Documentation Localization". |
SDL plc : The company was founded by Mark Lancaster with nine employees in 1992. It opened its first overseas office in France in 1996 and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1999. The company grew organically and via acquisitions. SDL acquired Polylang Multimedia in 1998, International Translation & Publi... |
SDL plc : SDL provided software for language translation purposes. == References == |
Machine translation of sign languages : The machine translation of sign languages has been possible, albeit in a limited fashion, since 1977. When a research project successfully matched English letters from a keyboard to ASL manual alphabet letters which were simulated on a robotic hand. These technologies translate s... |
Machine translation of sign languages : Sign language translation technologies are limited in the same way as spoken language translation. None can translate with 100% accuracy. In fact, sign language translation technologies are far behind their spoken language counterparts. This is, in no trivial way, due to the fact... |
Machine translation of sign languages : The history of automatic sign language translation started with the development of hardware such as finger-spelling robotic hands. In 1977, a finger-spelling hand project called RALPH (short for "Robotic Alphabet") created a robotic hand that can translate alphabets into finger-s... |
StarDict : StarDict, developed by Hu Zheng (胡正), is a free GUI released under the GPL-3.0-or-later license for accessing StarDict dictionary files (a dictionary shell). It is the successor of StarDic, developed by Ma Su'an (馬蘇安), continuing its version numbers. According to StarDict's earlier homepage on SourceForge, t... |
StarDict : StarDict runs under Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Maemo and Solaris. Dictionaries of the user's choice are installed separately. Dictionary files can be created by converting dict files. Several programs compatible with the StarDict dictionary format are available for different platforms. For the iPhone, iPod Tou... |
StarDict : One can find here the partial list of FreeDict dictionaries which can be converted to the StarDict format. These include, in particular, some older versions of Webster's dictionary and many dictionaries for various languages. |
StarDict : While StarDict is in scan mode, results are displayed in a tooltip, allowing easy dictionary lookup. When combined with Freedict, StarDict will quickly provide rough translations of foreign language websites. On September 25, 2006, an online version of Stardict began operation. This online version includes a... |
StarDict : Machine translation sdcv |
StarDict : Stardict project Github page, Sourceforge page, Google Code archived page RPM resource stardict-dictionary How to install StarDict on Linux maemo os2008 (in Russian) |
SYSTRAN : SYSTRAN, founded by Dr. Peter Toma in 1968, is one of the oldest machine translation companies. SYSTRAN has done extensive work for the United States Department of Defense and the European Commission. SYSTRAN provided the technology for Yahoo! Babel Fish until May 30, 2012, among others. It was used by Google... |
SYSTRAN : With its origin in the Georgetown machine translation effort, SYSTRAN was one of the few machine translation systems to survive the major decrease of funding after the ALPAC Report of the mid-1960s. The company was established in La Jolla in California to work on translation of Russian to English text for the... |
SYSTRAN : Most of SYSTRAN's revenue comes from a few customers. 57.1% comes from the 10 main customers and the three largest customers account for 10.9%, 8.9%, and 8.9% of its revenues, respectively. Revenues had been declining in the early 2000s: 10.2 million euros in 2004, 10.1 million euros in 2005, 9.3 million euro... |
SYSTRAN : The following is a list of the languages in which SYSTRAN translate from and to English: Russian into English in 1968 and English into Russian in 1973 for the Apollo–Soyuz project. |
SYSTRAN : Bilingual dictionary Bing Translator Comparison of machine translation applications Google Translate PROMT Reverso |
SYSTRAN : Official website |
Talkman : Talkman is an edutainment video game developed and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation Portable. It utilizes voice-activated translation software that operates in four languages, Japanese, English, Korean, and Mandarin Chinese. The name "Talkman" is a reference to Sony's Walkman line ... |
Talkman : Following the success of the Asian version of Talkman, a version designed for translating European languages was developed and released on June 16, 2006. Talkman Euro is available in two versions. The Japanese version contains support for English, Italian, Spanish, German, French, and Japanese, while the Chin... |
Talkman : Talkman is also released as a UMD-only package, so users who already have the USB mic or camera can choose to purchase this standalone version. The Sony PSP Headset and the built-in microphone on later model PSPs have also been confirmed to work with Talkman. |
Talkman : Talkman GameSpot review of European version Pocket Gamer review of European version Talkman Official site |
TAUM system : TAUM (Traduction Automatique à l'Université de Montréal) is the name of a research group which was set up at the Université de Montréal in 1965. Most of its research was done between 1968 and 1980. It gave birth to the TAUM-73 and TAUM-METEO machine translation prototypes, using the Q-Systems programming ... |
TAUM system : www.chin.gc.ca, Canadian Heritage Information Network, CHIN, 2003 Archived 2004-06-22 at the Wayback Machine |
Timeline of machine translation : This is a timeline of machine translation. For a more detailed qualitative account, see the history of machine translation page. |
Timeline of machine translation : Timeline of machine learning == References == |
Transfer-based machine translation : Transfer-based machine translation is a type of machine translation (MT). It is currently one of the most widely used methods of machine translation. In contrast to the simpler direct model of MT, transfer MT breaks translation into three steps: analysis of the source language text ... |
Transfer-based machine translation : Both transfer-based and interlingua-based machine translation have the same idea: to make a translation it is necessary to have an intermediate representation that captures the "meaning" of the original sentence in order to generate the correct translation. In interlingua-based MT t... |
Transfer-based machine translation : In a rule-based machine translation system the original text is first analysed morphologically and syntactically in order to obtain a syntactic representation. This representation can then be refined to a more abstract level putting emphasis on the parts relevant for translation and... |
Transfer-based machine translation : Various methods of analysis and transformation can be used before obtaining the final result. Along with these statistical approaches may be augmented generating hybrid systems. The methods which are chosen and the emphasis depends largely on the design of the system, however, most ... |
Transfer-based machine translation : One of the main features of transfer-based machine translation systems is a phase that "transfers" an intermediate representation of the text in the original language to an intermediate representation of text in the target language. This can work at one of two levels of linguistic a... |
Translation unit : In the field of translation, a translation unit is a segment of a text which the translator treats as a single cognitive unit for the purposes of establishing an equivalence. It may be a single word, a phrase, one or more sentences, or even a larger unit. When a translator segments a text into transl... |
Translation unit : Vinay and Darbelnet took to Saussure's original concepts of the linguistic sign when beginning to discuss the idea of a single word as a translation unit. According to Saussure, the sign is naturally arbitrary, so it can only derive meaning from contrast in other signs in that same system. However, R... |
Universal Networking Language : Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a declarative formal language specifically designed to represent semantic data extracted from natural language texts. It can be used as a pivot language in interlingual machine translation systems or as a knowledge representation language in informa... |
Universal Networking Language : In UNL, the information conveyed by the natural language is represented sentence by sentence as a hypergraph composed of a set of directed binary labeled links between nodes or hypernodes. As an example, the English sentence "The sky was blue?!" can be represented in UNL as follows: In t... |
Universal Networking Language : The UNL program started in 1996 as an initiative of the Institute of Advanced Studies (IAS) of the United Nations University (UNU) in Tokyo, Japan. In January 2001, the United Nations University set up an autonomous and non-profit organization, the UNDL Foundation, to be responsible for ... |
Universal Networking Language : Semantic network Abstract semantic graph Semantic translation Semantic unification Abstract Meaning Representation |
Universal Networking Language : UNLweb, the UNLweb portal UNDL Foundation where UNL development is coordinated. Online book on UNL UNL system description |
Universal translator : A universal translator is a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television. First described in Murray Leinster's 1945 novella "First Contact", the translator's purpose is to offer an instant translation of any language. As a convention, it is used to remove the problem of t... |
Universal translator : As a rule, a universal translator is instantaneous, but if that language has never been recorded, there is sometimes a time delay until the translator can properly work out a translation, as is true of Star Trek. The operation of these translators is often explained as using some form of telepath... |
Universal translator : Microsoft is developing its own translation technology, for incorporation into many of their software products and services. Most notably this includes real-time translation of video calls with Skype Translator. As of July 2019, Microsoft Translator supports over 65 languages and can translate vi... |
Universal translator : Interlingual machine translation List of language interpreters in fiction Mobile translation Pivot language Phraselator Speech translation Universal language See speech recognition, machine translation and speech synthesis for discussions of real-world natural language processing technologies. |
Universal translator : Universal translator at Memory Alpha Reverse-engineering the universal translator |
Verbmobil : Verbmobil was a long-term interdisciplinary Language Technology (esp. Machine Translation) research project with the aim of developing a system that could recognize, translate and produce natural utterances and thus "translate spontaneous speech robustly and bidirectionally for German/English and German/Jap... |
Verbmobil : DFKI Verbmobil Overview German Artificial Intelligence Research Institute - Verbmobil overview (in English) DFKI Verbmobil Portal German Artificial Intelligence Research Institute - Verbmobil portal page (in German) |
Weidner Multi-Lingual Word Processing System : The Weidner Multi-Lingual Word Processing System was an early machine translation technology released in 1977 by Weidner Communications. |
Weidner Multi-Lingual Word Processing System : After its introduction to the market in 1977, the Weidner Multi-Lingual Word Processing System was reported in 1978 in the Wall Street Journal as "Quadrupling Translation Volume" and the Deseret News as "halving translation costs and of increasing output by at least 400 pe... |
Weidner Multi-Lingual Word Processing System : In 1982, Stephen Weidner began to have financial problems over a Research and Development Tax Shelter he had created, as a result Weidner Communications Inc. suffered, disputes over Weidner's assets were taken to court. In 1984 Stephen Weidner's original Company was purcha... |
Word error rate : Word error rate (WER) is a common metric of the performance of a speech recognition or machine translation system. The WER metric typically ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that the compared pieces of text are exactly identical, and 1 (or larger) indicates that they are completely different with ... |
Word error rate : It is commonly believed that a lower word error rate shows superior accuracy in recognition of speech, compared with a higher word error rate. However, at least one study has shown that this may not be true. In a Microsoft Research experiment, it was shown that, if people were trained under "that matc... |
Word error rate : One problem with using a generic formula such as the one above, however, is that no account is taken of the effect that different types of error may have on the likelihood of successful outcome, e.g. some errors may be more disruptive than others and some may be corrected more easily than others. Thes... |
Word error rate : The word error rate may also be referred to as the length normalized edit distance. The normalized edit distance between X and Y, d( X, Y ) is defined as the minimum of W( P ) / L ( P ), where P is an editing path between X and Y, W ( P ) is the sum of the weights of the elementary edit operations of ... |
Word error rate : BLEU F-Measure METEOR NIST (metric) ROUGE (metric) |
Finite-state machine : A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA, plural: automata), finite automaton, or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation. It is an abstract machine that can be in exactly one of a finite number of states at any given time. The FSM can change from one sta... |
Finite-state machine : An example of a simple mechanism that can be modeled by a state machine is a turnstile. A turnstile, used to control access to subways and amusement park rides, is a gate with three rotating arms at waist height, one across the entryway. Initially the arms are locked, blocking the entry, preventi... |
Finite-state machine : A state is a description of the status of a system that is waiting to execute a transition. A transition is a set of actions to be executed when a condition is fulfilled or when an event is received. For example, when using an audio system to listen to the radio (the system is in the "radio" stat... |
Finite-state machine : In addition to their use in modeling reactive systems presented here, finite-state machines are significant in many different areas, including electrical engineering, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, biology, mathematics, video game programming, and logic. Finite-state machines are a cl... |
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