Datasets:
Tasks:
Text Generation
Modalities:
Text
Sub-tasks:
language-modeling
Languages:
English
Size:
10K - 100K
ArXiv:
Tags:
question-generation
License:
File size: 215,940 Bytes
030abe3 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371 3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558 3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564 3565 3566 3567 3568 3569 3570 3571 3572 3573 3574 3575 3576 3577 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596 3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686 3687 3688 3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3695 3696 3697 3698 3699 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719 3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3729 3730 3731 3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3739 3740 3741 3742 3743 3744 3745 3746 3747 3748 3749 3750 3751 3752 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758 3759 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 3765 3766 3767 3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 3849 3850 3851 3852 3853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 3861 3862 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3868 3869 3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875 3876 3877 3878 3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897 3898 3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 3914 3915 3916 3917 3918 3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998 3999 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 4177 4178 4179 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4186 4187 4188 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 4243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4286 4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 4752 4753 4754 4755 4756 4757 4758 4759 4760 4761 4762 4763 4764 4765 4766 4767 4768 4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784 4785 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 4838 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843 4844 4845 4846 4847 4848 4849 4850 4851 4852 4853 4854 4855 4856 4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863 4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4877 4878 4879 4880 4881 4882 4883 4884 4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4890 4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903 4904 4905 4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920 4921 4922 4923 4924 4925 4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937 4938 4939 4940 4941 4942 4943 4944 4945 4946 4947 4948 4949 4950 4951 4952 4953 4954 4955 4956 4957 4958 4959 4960 4961 4962 4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986 4987 4988 4989 4990 4991 4992 4993 4994 4995 4996 4997 4998 4999 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006 5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012 5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018 5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026 5027 5028 5029 5030 5031 5032 5033 5034 5035 5036 5037 5038 5039 5040 5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047 5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062 5063 5064 5065 5066 5067 5068 5069 5070 5071 5072 5073 5074 5075 5076 5077 5078 5079 5080 5081 5082 5083 5084 5085 5086 5087 5088 5089 5090 5091 5092 5093 5094 5095 5096 5097 5098 5099 5100 5101 5102 5103 5104 5105 5106 5107 5108 5109 5110 5111 5112 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117 5118 5119 5120 5121 5122 5123 5124 5125 5126 5127 5128 5129 5130 5131 5132 5133 5134 5135 5136 5137 5138 5139 5140 5141 5142 5143 5144 5145 5146 5147 5148 5149 5150 5151 5152 5153 5154 5155 5156 5157 5158 5159 5160 5161 5162 5163 5164 5165 5166 5167 5168 5169 5170 5171 5172 5173 5174 5175 5176 5177 5178 5179 5180 5181 5182 5183 5184 5185 5186 5187 5188 5189 5190 5191 5192 5193 5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207 5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230 5231 5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242 5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251 5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264 5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270 5271 5272 5273 5274 5275 5276 5277 5278 5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285 5286 5287 5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294 5295 5296 5297 5298 5299 5300 5301 5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313 5314 5315 5316 5317 5318 5319 5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325 5326 5327 5328 5329 5330 5331 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339 5340 5341 5342 5343 5344 5345 5346 5347 5348 5349 5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356 5357 5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370 5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382 5383 5384 5385 5386 5387 5388 5389 5390 5391 5392 5393 5394 5395 5396 5397 5398 5399 5400 5401 5402 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415 5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430 5431 5432 5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438 5439 5440 5441 5442 5443 5444 5445 5446 5447 5448 5449 5450 5451 5452 5453 5454 5455 5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5470 5471 5472 5473 5474 5475 5476 5477 5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487 5488 5489 5490 5491 5492 5493 5494 5495 5496 5497 5498 5499 5500 5501 5502 5503 5504 5505 5506 5507 5508 5509 5510 5511 5512 5513 5514 5515 5516 5517 5518 5519 5520 5521 5522 5523 5524 5525 5526 5527 5528 5529 5530 5531 5532 5533 5534 5535 5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542 5543 5544 5545 5546 5547 5548 5549 5550 5551 5552 5553 5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559 5560 5561 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570 5571 5572 5573 5574 5575 5576 5577 5578 5579 5580 5581 5582 5583 5584 5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591 5592 5593 5594 5595 5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602 5603 5604 5605 5606 5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5614 5615 5616 5617 5618 5619 5620 5621 5622 5623 5624 5625 5626 5627 5628 5629 5630 5631 5632 5633 5634 5635 5636 5637 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5643 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 5649 5650 5651 5652 5653 5654 5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 5661 5662 5663 5664 5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672 5673 5674 5675 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680 5681 5682 5683 5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695 5696 5697 5698 5699 5700 5701 5702 5703 5704 5705 5706 5707 5708 5709 5710 5711 5712 5713 5714 5715 5716 5717 5718 5719 5720 5721 5722 5723 5724 5725 5726 5727 5728 5729 5730 5731 5732 5733 5734 5735 5736 5737 5738 5739 5740 5741 5742 5743 5744 5745 5746 5747 5748 5749 5750 5751 5752 5753 5754 5755 5756 5757 5758 5759 5760 5761 5762 5763 5764 5765 5766 5767 5768 5769 5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783 5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5800 5801 5802 5803 5804 5805 5806 5807 5808 5809 5810 5811 5812 5813 5814 5815 5816 5817 5818 5819 5820 5821 5822 5823 5824 5825 5826 5827 5828 5829 5830 5831 5832 5833 5834 5835 5836 5837 5838 5839 5840 5841 5842 5843 5844 5845 5846 5847 5848 5849 5850 5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882 5883 5884 5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891 5892 5893 5894 5895 5896 5897 5898 5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908 5909 5910 5911 5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920 5921 5922 5923 5924 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932 5933 5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 5939 5940 5941 5942 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947 5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953 5954 5955 5956 5957 5958 5959 5960 5961 5962 5963 5964 5965 5966 5967 5968 5969 5970 5971 5972 5973 5974 5975 5976 5977 5978 5979 5980 5981 5982 5983 5984 5985 5986 5987 5988 5989 5990 5991 5992 5993 5994 5995 5996 5997 5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006 6007 6008 6009 6010 6011 6012 6013 6014 6015 6016 6017 6018 6019 6020 6021 6022 6023 6024 6025 6026 6027 6028 6029 6030 6031 6032 6033 6034 6035 6036 6037 6038 6039 6040 6041 6042 6043 6044 6045 6046 6047 6048 6049 6050 6051 6052 6053 6054 6055 6056 6057 6058 6059 6060 6061 6062 6063 6064 6065 6066 6067 6068 6069 6070 6071 6072 6073 6074 6075 6076 6077 6078 6079 6080 6081 6082 6083 6084 6085 6086 6087 6088 6089 6090 6091 6092 6093 6094 6095 6096 6097 6098 6099 6100 6101 6102 6103 6104 6105 6106 6107 6108 6109 6110 6111 6112 6113 6114 6115 6116 6117 6118 6119 6120 6121 6122 6123 6124 6125 6126 6127 6128 6129 6130 6131 6132 6133 6134 6135 6136 6137 6138 6139 6140 6141 6142 6143 6144 6145 6146 6147 6148 6149 6150 6151 6152 6153 6154 6155 6156 6157 6158 6159 6160 6161 6162 6163 6164 6165 6166 6167 6168 6169 6170 6171 6172 6173 6174 6175 6176 6177 6178 6179 6180 6181 6182 6183 6184 6185 6186 6187 6188 6189 6190 6191 6192 6193 6194 6195 6196 6197 6198 6199 6200 6201 6202 6203 6204 6205 6206 6207 6208 6209 6210 6211 6212 6213 6214 6215 6216 6217 6218 6219 6220 6221 6222 6223 6224 6225 6226 6227 6228 6229 6230 6231 6232 6233 6234 6235 6236 6237 6238 6239 6240 6241 6242 6243 6244 6245 6246 6247 6248 6249 6250 6251 6252 6253 6254 6255 6256 6257 6258 6259 6260 6261 6262 6263 6264 6265 6266 6267 6268 6269 6270 6271 6272 6273 6274 6275 6276 6277 6278 6279 6280 6281 6282 6283 6284 6285 6286 6287 6288 6289 6290 6291 6292 6293 6294 6295 6296 6297 6298 6299 6300 6301 6302 6303 6304 6305 6306 6307 6308 6309 6310 6311 6312 6313 6314 6315 6316 6317 6318 6319 6320 6321 6322 6323 6324 6325 6326 6327 6328 6329 6330 6331 6332 6333 6334 6335 6336 6337 6338 6339 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6348 6349 6350 6351 6352 6353 6354 6355 6356 6357 6358 6359 6360 6361 6362 6363 6364 6365 6366 6367 6368 6369 6370 6371 6372 6373 6374 6375 6376 6377 6378 6379 6380 6381 6382 6383 6384 6385 6386 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6392 6393 6394 6395 6396 6397 6398 6399 6400 6401 6402 6403 6404 6405 6406 6407 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421 6422 6423 6424 6425 6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432 6433 6434 6435 6436 6437 6438 6439 6440 6441 6442 6443 6444 6445 6446 6447 6448 6449 6450 6451 6452 6453 6454 6455 6456 6457 6458 6459 6460 6461 6462 6463 6464 6465 6466 6467 6468 6469 6470 6471 6472 6473 6474 6475 6476 6477 6478 6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488 6489 6490 6491 6492 6493 6494 6495 6496 6497 6498 6499 6500 6501 6502 6503 6504 6505 6506 6507 6508 6509 6510 6511 6512 6513 6514 6515 6516 6517 6518 6519 6520 6521 6522 6523 6524 6525 6526 6527 6528 6529 6530 6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6537 6538 6539 6540 6541 6542 6543 6544 6545 6546 6547 6548 6549 6550 6551 6552 6553 6554 6555 6556 6557 6558 6559 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564 6565 6566 6567 6568 6569 6570 6571 6572 6573 6574 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579 6580 6581 6582 6583 6584 6585 6586 6587 6588 6589 6590 6591 6592 6593 6594 6595 6596 6597 6598 6599 6600 6601 6602 6603 6604 6605 6606 6607 6608 6609 6610 6611 6612 6613 6614 6615 6616 6617 6618 6619 6620 6621 6622 6623 6624 6625 6626 6627 6628 6629 6630 6631 6632 6633 6634 6635 6636 6637 6638 6639 6640 6641 6642 6643 6644 6645 6646 6647 6648 6649 6650 6651 6652 6653 6654 6655 6656 6657 6658 6659 6660 6661 6662 6663 6664 6665 6666 6667 6668 6669 6670 6671 6672 6673 6674 6675 6676 6677 6678 6679 6680 6681 6682 6683 6684 6685 6686 6687 6688 6689 6690 6691 6692 6693 6694 6695 6696 6697 6698 6699 6700 6701 6702 6703 6704 6705 6706 6707 6708 6709 6710 6711 6712 6713 6714 6715 6716 6717 6718 6719 6720 6721 6722 6723 6724 6725 6726 6727 6728 6729 6730 6731 6732 6733 6734 6735 6736 6737 6738 6739 6740 6741 6742 6743 6744 6745 6746 6747 6748 6749 6750 6751 6752 6753 6754 6755 6756 6757 6758 6759 6760 6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766 6767 6768 6769 6770 6771 6772 6773 6774 6775 6776 6777 6778 6779 6780 6781 6782 6783 6784 6785 6786 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792 6793 6794 6795 6796 6797 6798 6799 6800 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6806 6807 6808 6809 6810 6811 6812 6813 6814 6815 6816 6817 6818 6819 6820 6821 6822 6823 6824 6825 6826 6827 6828 6829 6830 6831 6832 6833 6834 6835 6836 6837 6838 6839 6840 6841 6842 6843 6844 6845 6846 6847 6848 6849 6850 6851 6852 6853 6854 6855 6856 6857 6858 6859 6860 6861 6862 6863 6864 6865 6866 6867 6868 6869 6870 6871 6872 6873 6874 6875 6876 6877 6878 6879 6880 6881 6882 6883 6884 6885 6886 6887 6888 6889 6890 6891 6892 6893 6894 6895 6896 6897 6898 6899 6900 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905 6906 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911 6912 6913 6914 6915 6916 6917 6918 6919 6920 6921 6922 6923 6924 6925 6926 6927 6928 6929 6930 6931 6932 6933 6934 6935 6936 6937 6938 6939 6940 6941 6942 6943 6944 6945 6946 6947 6948 6949 6950 6951 6952 6953 6954 6955 6956 6957 6958 6959 6960 6961 6962 6963 6964 6965 6966 6967 6968 6969 6970 6971 6972 6973 6974 6975 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980 6981 6982 6983 6984 6985 6986 6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996 6997 6998 6999 7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016 7017 7018 7019 7020 7021 7022 7023 7024 7025 7026 7027 7028 7029 7030 7031 7032 7033 7034 7035 7036 7037 7038 7039 7040 7041 7042 7043 7044 7045 7046 7047 7048 7049 7050 7051 7052 7053 7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059 7060 7061 7062 7063 7064 7065 7066 7067 7068 7069 7070 7071 7072 7073 7074 7075 7076 7077 7078 7079 7080 7081 7082 7083 7084 7085 7086 7087 7088 7089 7090 7091 7092 7093 7094 7095 7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 7106 7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 7113 7114 7115 7116 7117 7118 7119 7120 7121 7122 7123 7124 7125 7126 7127 7128 7129 7130 7131 7132 7133 7134 7135 7136 7137 7138 7139 7140 7141 7142 7143 7144 7145 7146 7147 7148 7149 7150 7151 7152 7153 7154 7155 7156 7157 7158 7159 7160 7161 7162 7163 7164 7165 7166 7167 7168 7169 7170 7171 7172 7173 7174 7175 7176 7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7186 7187 7188 7189 7190 7191 7192 7193 7194 7195 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201 7202 7203 7204 7205 7206 7207 7208 7209 7210 7211 7212 7213 7214 7215 7216 7217 7218 7219 7220 7221 7222 7223 7224 7225 7226 7227 7228 7229 7230 7231 7232 7233 7234 7235 7236 7237 7238 7239 7240 7241 7242 7243 7244 7245 7246 7247 7248 7249 7250 7251 7252 7253 7254 7255 7256 7257 7258 7259 7260 7261 7262 7263 7264 7265 7266 7267 7268 7269 7270 7271 7272 7273 7274 7275 7276 7277 7278 7279 7280 7281 7282 7283 7284 7285 7286 7287 7288 7289 7290 7291 7292 7293 7294 7295 7296 7297 7298 7299 7300 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308 7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326 7327 7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339 7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358 7359 7360 7361 7362 7363 7364 7365 7366 7367 7368 7369 7370 7371 7372 7373 7374 7375 7376 7377 7378 7379 7380 7381 7382 7383 7384 7385 7386 7387 7388 7389 7390 7391 7392 7393 7394 7395 7396 7397 7398 7399 7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414 7415 7416 7417 7418 7419 7420 7421 7422 7423 7424 7425 7426 7427 7428 7429 7430 7431 7432 7433 7434 7435 7436 7437 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450 7451 7452 7453 7454 7455 7456 7457 7458 7459 7460 7461 7462 7463 7464 7465 7466 7467 7468 7469 7470 7471 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7477 7478 7479 7480 7481 7482 7483 7484 7485 7486 7487 7488 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497 7498 7499 7500 7501 7502 7503 7504 7505 7506 7507 7508 7509 7510 7511 7512 7513 7514 7515 7516 7517 7518 7519 7520 7521 7522 7523 7524 7525 7526 7527 7528 7529 7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536 7537 7538 7539 7540 7541 7542 7543 7544 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551 7552 7553 7554 7555 7556 7557 7558 7559 7560 7561 7562 7563 7564 7565 7566 7567 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572 7573 7574 7575 7576 7577 7578 7579 7580 7581 7582 7583 7584 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 7595 7596 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603 7604 7605 7606 7607 7608 7609 7610 7611 7612 7613 7614 7615 7616 7617 7618 7619 7620 7621 7622 7623 7624 7625 7626 7627 7628 7629 7630 7631 7632 7633 7634 7635 7636 7637 7638 7639 7640 7641 7642 7643 7644 7645 7646 7647 7648 7649 7650 7651 7652 7653 7654 7655 7656 7657 7658 7659 7660 7661 7662 7663 7664 7665 7666 7667 7668 7669 7670 7671 7672 7673 7674 7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687 7688 7689 7690 7691 7692 7693 7694 7695 7696 7697 7698 7699 7700 7701 7702 7703 7704 7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7748 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753 7754 7755 7756 7757 7758 7759 7760 7761 7762 7763 7764 7765 7766 7767 7768 7769 7770 7771 7772 7773 7774 7775 7776 7777 7778 7779 7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785 7786 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 7793 7794 7795 7796 7797 7798 7799 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 7860 7861 7862 7863 7864 7865 7866 7867 7868 7869 7870 7871 7872 7873 7874 7875 7876 7877 7878 7879 7880 7881 7882 7883 7884 7885 7886 7887 7888 7889 7890 7891 7892 7893 7894 7895 7896 7897 7898 7899 7900 7901 7902 7903 7904 7905 7906 7907 7908 7909 7910 7911 7912 7913 7914 7915 7916 7917 7918 7919 7920 7921 7922 7923 7924 7925 7926 7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939 7940 7941 7942 7943 7944 7945 7946 7947 7948 7949 7950 7951 7952 7953 7954 7955 7956 7957 7958 7959 7960 7961 7962 7963 7964 7965 7966 7967 7968 7969 7970 7971 7972 7973 7974 7975 7976 7977 7978 7979 7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985 7986 7987 7988 7989 7990 7991 7992 7993 7994 7995 7996 7997 7998 7999 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 8025 8026 8027 8028 8029 8030 8031 8032 8033 8034 8035 8036 8037 8038 8039 8040 8041 8042 8043 8044 8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050 8051 8052 8053 8054 8055 8056 8057 8058 8059 8060 8061 8062 8063 8064 8065 8066 8067 8068 8069 8070 8071 8072 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083 8084 8085 8086 8087 8088 8089 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8095 8096 8097 8098 8099 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 8105 8106 8107 8108 8109 8110 8111 8112 8113 8114 8115 8116 8117 8118 8119 8120 8121 8122 8123 8124 8125 8126 8127 8128 8129 8130 8131 8132 8133 8134 8135 8136 8137 8138 8139 8140 8141 8142 8143 8144 8145 8146 8147 8148 8149 8150 8151 8152 8153 8154 8155 8156 8157 8158 8159 8160 8161 8162 8163 8164 8165 8166 8167 8168 8169 8170 8171 8172 8173 8174 8175 8176 8177 8178 8179 8180 8181 8182 8183 8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190 8191 8192 8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203 8204 8205 8206 8207 8208 8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 8219 8220 8221 8222 8223 8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231 8232 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254 8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264 8265 8266 8267 8268 8269 8270 8271 8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283 8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294 8295 8296 8297 8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304 8305 8306 8307 8308 8309 8310 8311 8312 8313 8314 8315 8316 8317 8318 8319 8320 8321 8322 8323 8324 8325 8326 8327 8328 8329 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336 8337 8338 8339 8340 8341 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 8349 8350 8351 8352 8353 8354 8355 8356 8357 8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 8369 8370 8371 8372 8373 8374 8375 8376 8377 8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409 8410 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416 8417 8418 8419 8420 8421 8422 8423 8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449 8450 8451 8452 8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471 8472 8473 8474 8475 8476 8477 8478 8479 8480 8481 8482 8483 8484 8485 8486 8487 8488 8489 8490 8491 8492 8493 8494 8495 8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8502 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510 8511 8512 8513 8514 8515 8516 8517 8518 8519 8520 8521 8522 8523 8524 8525 8526 8527 8528 8529 8530 8531 8532 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537 8538 8539 8540 8541 8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550 8551 8552 8553 8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564 8565 8566 8567 8568 8569 8570 8571 8572 8573 8574 8575 8576 8577 8578 8579 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591 8592 8593 8594 8595 8596 8597 8598 8599 8600 8601 8602 8603 8604 8605 8606 8607 8608 8609 8610 8611 8612 8613 8614 8615 8616 8617 8618 8619 8620 8621 8622 8623 8624 8625 8626 8627 8628 8629 8630 8631 8632 8633 8634 8635 8636 8637 8638 8639 8640 8641 8642 8643 8644 8645 8646 8647 8648 8649 8650 8651 8652 8653 8654 8655 8656 8657 8658 8659 8660 8661 8662 8663 8664 8665 8666 8667 8668 8669 8670 8671 8672 8673 8674 8675 8676 8677 8678 8679 8680 8681 8682 8683 8684 8685 8686 8687 8688 8689 8690 8691 8692 8693 8694 8695 8696 8697 8698 8699 8700 8701 8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707 8708 8709 8710 8711 8712 8713 8714 8715 8716 8717 8718 8719 8720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 8729 8730 8731 8732 8733 8734 8735 8736 8737 8738 8739 8740 8741 8742 8743 8744 8745 8746 8747 8748 8749 8750 8751 8752 8753 8754 8755 8756 8757 8758 8759 8760 8761 8762 8763 8764 8765 8766 8767 8768 8769 8770 8771 8772 8773 8774 8775 8776 8777 8778 8779 8780 8781 8782 8783 8784 8785 8786 8787 8788 8789 8790 8791 8792 8793 8794 8795 8796 8797 8798 8799 8800 8801 8802 8803 8804 8805 8806 8807 8808 8809 8810 8811 8812 8813 8814 8815 8816 8817 8818 8819 8820 8821 8822 8823 8824 8825 8826 8827 8828 8829 8830 8831 8832 8833 8834 8835 8836 8837 8838 8839 8840 8841 8842 8843 8844 8845 8846 8847 8848 8849 8850 8851 8852 8853 8854 8855 8856 8857 8858 8859 8860 8861 8862 8863 8864 8865 8866 8867 8868 8869 8870 8871 8872 8873 8874 8875 8876 8877 8878 8879 8880 8881 8882 8883 8884 8885 8886 8887 8888 8889 8890 8891 8892 8893 8894 8895 8896 8897 8898 8899 8900 8901 8902 8903 8904 8905 8906 8907 8908 8909 8910 8911 8912 8913 8914 8915 8916 8917 8918 8919 8920 8921 8922 8923 8924 8925 8926 8927 8928 8929 8930 8931 8932 8933 8934 8935 8936 8937 8938 8939 8940 8941 8942 8943 8944 8945 8946 8947 8948 8949 8950 8951 8952 8953 8954 8955 8956 8957 8958 8959 8960 8961 8962 8963 8964 8965 8966 8967 8968 8969 8970 8971 8972 8973 8974 8975 8976 8977 8978 8979 8980 8981 8982 8983 8984 8985 8986 8987 8988 8989 8990 8991 8992 8993 8994 8995 8996 8997 8998 8999 9000 9001 9002 9003 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 9009 9010 9011 9012 9013 9014 9015 9016 9017 9018 9019 9020 9021 9022 9023 9024 9025 9026 9027 9028 9029 9030 9031 9032 9033 9034 9035 9036 9037 9038 9039 9040 9041 9042 9043 9044 9045 9046 9047 9048 9049 9050 9051 9052 9053 9054 9055 9056 9057 9058 9059 9060 9061 9062 9063 9064 9065 9066 9067 9068 9069 9070 9071 9072 9073 9074 9075 9076 9077 9078 9079 9080 9081 9082 9083 9084 9085 9086 9087 9088 9089 9090 9091 9092 9093 9094 9095 9096 9097 9098 9099 9100 9101 9102 9103 9104 9105 9106 9107 9108 9109 9110 9111 9112 9113 9114 9115 9116 9117 9118 9119 9120 9121 9122 9123 9124 9125 9126 9127 9128 9129 9130 9131 9132 9133 9134 9135 9136 9137 9138 9139 9140 9141 9142 9143 9144 9145 9146 9147 9148 9149 9150 9151 9152 9153 9154 9155 9156 9157 9158 9159 9160 9161 9162 9163 9164 9165 9166 9167 9168 9169 9170 9171 9172 9173 9174 9175 9176 9177 9178 9179 9180 9181 9182 9183 9184 9185 9186 9187 9188 9189 9190 9191 9192 9193 9194 9195 9196 9197 9198 9199 9200 9201 9202 9203 9204 9205 9206 9207 9208 9209 9210 9211 9212 9213 9214 9215 9216 9217 9218 9219 9220 9221 9222 9223 9224 9225 9226 9227 9228 9229 9230 9231 9232 9233 9234 9235 9236 9237 9238 9239 9240 9241 9242 9243 9244 9245 9246 9247 9248 9249 9250 9251 9252 9253 9254 9255 9256 9257 9258 9259 9260 9261 9262 9263 9264 9265 9266 9267 9268 9269 9270 9271 9272 9273 9274 9275 9276 9277 9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286 9287 9288 9289 9290 9291 9292 9293 9294 9295 9296 9297 9298 9299 9300 9301 9302 9303 9304 9305 9306 9307 9308 9309 9310 9311 9312 9313 9314 9315 9316 9317 9318 9319 9320 9321 9322 9323 9324 9325 9326 9327 9328 9329 9330 9331 9332 9333 9334 9335 9336 9337 9338 9339 9340 9341 9342 9343 9344 9345 9346 9347 9348 9349 9350 9351 9352 9353 9354 9355 9356 9357 9358 9359 9360 9361 9362 9363 9364 9365 9366 9367 9368 9369 9370 9371 9372 9373 9374 9375 9376 9377 9378 9379 9380 9381 9382 9383 9384 9385 9386 9387 9388 9389 9390 9391 9392 9393 9394 9395 9396 9397 9398 9399 9400 9401 9402 9403 9404 9405 9406 9407 9408 9409 9410 9411 9412 9413 9414 9415 9416 9417 9418 9419 9420 9421 9422 9423 9424 9425 9426 9427 9428 9429 9430 9431 9432 9433 9434 9435 9436 9437 9438 9439 9440 9441 9442 9443 9444 9445 9446 9447 9448 9449 9450 9451 9452 9453 9454 9455 9456 9457 9458 9459 9460 9461 9462 9463 9464 9465 9466 9467 9468 9469 9470 9471 9472 9473 9474 9475 9476 9477 9478 9479 9480 9481 9482 9483 9484 9485 9486 9487 9488 9489 9490 9491 9492 9493 9494 9495 9496 9497 9498 9499 9500 9501 9502 9503 9504 9505 9506 9507 9508 9509 9510 9511 9512 9513 9514 9515 9516 9517 9518 9519 9520 9521 9522 9523 9524 9525 9526 9527 9528 9529 9530 9531 9532 9533 9534 9535 9536 9537 9538 9539 9540 9541 9542 9543 9544 9545 9546 9547 9548 9549 9550 9551 9552 9553 9554 9555 9556 9557 9558 9559 9560 9561 9562 9563 9564 9565 9566 9567 9568 9569 9570 9571 9572 9573 9574 9575 9576 9577 9578 9579 9580 9581 9582 9583 9584 9585 9586 9587 9588 9589 9590 9591 9592 9593 9594 9595 9596 9597 9598 9599 9600 9601 9602 9603 9604 9605 9606 9607 9608 9609 9610 9611 9612 9613 9614 9615 9616 9617 9618 9619 9620 9621 9622 9623 9624 9625 9626 9627 9628 9629 9630 9631 9632 9633 9634 9635 9636 9637 9638 9639 9640 9641 9642 9643 9644 9645 9646 9647 9648 9649 9650 9651 9652 9653 9654 9655 9656 9657 9658 9659 9660 9661 9662 9663 9664 9665 9666 9667 9668 9669 9670 9671 9672 9673 9674 9675 9676 9677 9678 9679 9680 9681 9682 9683 9684 9685 9686 9687 9688 9689 9690 9691 9692 9693 9694 9695 9696 9697 9698 9699 9700 9701 9702 9703 9704 9705 9706 9707 9708 9709 9710 9711 9712 9713 9714 9715 9716 9717 9718 9719 9720 9721 9722 9723 9724 9725 9726 9727 9728 9729 9730 9731 9732 9733 9734 9735 9736 9737 9738 9739 9740 9741 9742 9743 9744 9745 9746 9747 9748 9749 9750 9751 9752 9753 9754 9755 9756 9757 9758 9759 9760 9761 9762 9763 9764 9765 9766 9767 9768 9769 9770 9771 9772 9773 9774 9775 9776 9777 9778 9779 9780 9781 9782 9783 9784 9785 9786 9787 9788 9789 9790 9791 9792 9793 9794 9795 9796 9797 9798 9799 9800 9801 9802 9803 9804 9805 9806 9807 9808 9809 9810 9811 9812 9813 9814 9815 9816 9817 9818 9819 9820 9821 9822 9823 9824 9825 9826 9827 9828 9829 9830 9831 9832 9833 9834 9835 9836 9837 9838 9839 9840 9841 9842 9843 9844 9845 9846 9847 9848 9849 9850 9851 9852 9853 9854 9855 9856 9857 9858 9859 9860 9861 9862 9863 9864 9865 9866 9867 9868 9869 9870 9871 9872 9873 9874 9875 9876 9877 9878 9879 9880 9881 9882 9883 9884 9885 9886 9887 9888 9889 9890 9891 9892 9893 9894 9895 9896 9897 9898 9899 9900 9901 9902 9903 9904 9905 9906 9907 9908 9909 9910 9911 9912 9913 9914 9915 9916 9917 9918 9919 9920 9921 9922 9923 9924 9925 9926 9927 9928 9929 9930 9931 9932 9933 9934 9935 9936 9937 9938 9939 9940 9941 9942 9943 9944 9945 9946 9947 9948 9949 9950 9951 9952 9953 9954 9955 9956 9957 9958 9959 9960 9961 9962 9963 9964 9965 9966 9967 9968 9969 9970 9971 9972 9973 9974 9975 9976 9977 9978 9979 9980 9981 9982 9983 9984 9985 9986 9987 9988 9989 9990 9991 9992 9993 9994 9995 9996 9997 9998 9999 10000 10001 10002 10003 10004 10005 10006 10007 10008 10009 10010 10011 10012 10013 10014 10015 10016 10017 10018 10019 10020 10021 10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027 10028 10029 10030 10031 10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10038 10039 10040 10041 10042 10043 10044 10045 10046 10047 10048 10049 10050 10051 10052 10053 10054 10055 10056 10057 10058 10059 10060 10061 10062 10063 10064 10065 10066 10067 10068 10069 10070 10071 10072 10073 10074 10075 10076 10077 10078 10079 10080 10081 10082 10083 10084 10085 10086 10087 10088 10089 10090 10091 10092 10093 10094 10095 10096 10097 10098 10099 10100 10101 10102 10103 10104 10105 10106 10107 10108 10109 10110 10111 10112 10113 10114 10115 10116 10117 10118 10119 10120 10121 10122 10123 10124 10125 10126 10127 10128 10129 10130 10131 10132 10133 10134 10135 10136 10137 10138 10139 10140 10141 10142 10143 10144 10145 10146 10147 10148 10149 10150 10151 10152 10153 10154 10155 10156 10157 10158 10159 10160 10161 10162 10163 10164 10165 10166 10167 10168 10169 10170 10171 10172 10173 10174 10175 10176 10177 10178 10179 10180 10181 10182 10183 10184 10185 10186 10187 10188 10189 10190 10191 10192 10193 10194 10195 10196 10197 10198 10199 10200 10201 10202 10203 10204 10205 10206 10207 10208 10209 10210 10211 10212 10213 10214 10215 10216 10217 10218 10219 10220 10221 10222 10223 10224 10225 10226 10227 10228 10229 10230 10231 10232 10233 10234 10235 10236 10237 10238 10239 10240 10241 10242 10243 10244 10245 10246 10247 10248 10249 10250 10251 10252 10253 10254 10255 10256 10257 10258 10259 10260 10261 10262 10263 10264 10265 10266 10267 10268 10269 10270 10271 10272 10273 10274 10275 10276 10277 10278 10279 10280 10281 10282 10283 10284 10285 10286 10287 10288 10289 10290 10291 10292 10293 10294 10295 10296 10297 10298 10299 10300 10301 10302 10303 10304 10305 10306 10307 10308 10309 10310 10311 10312 10313 10314 10315 10316 10317 10318 10319 10320 10321 10322 10323 10324 10325 10326 10327 10328 10329 10330 10331 10332 10333 10334 10335 10336 10337 10338 10339 10340 10341 10342 10343 10344 10345 10346 10347 10348 10349 10350 10351 10352 10353 10354 10355 10356 10357 10358 10359 10360 10361 10362 10363 10364 10365 10366 10367 10368 10369 10370 10371 10372 10373 10374 10375 10376 10377 10378 10379 10380 10381 10382 10383 10384 10385 10386 10387 10388 10389 10390 10391 10392 10393 10394 10395 10396 10397 10398 10399 10400 10401 10402 10403 10404 10405 10406 10407 10408 10409 10410 10411 10412 10413 10414 10415 10416 10417 10418 10419 10420 10421 10422 10423 10424 10425 10426 10427 10428 10429 10430 10431 10432 10433 10434 10435 10436 10437 10438 10439 10440 10441 10442 10443 10444 10445 10446 10447 10448 10449 10450 10451 10452 10453 10454 10455 10456 10457 10458 10459 10460 10461 10462 10463 10464 10465 10466 10467 10468 10469 10470 10471 10472 10473 10474 10475 10476 10477 10478 10479 10480 10481 10482 10483 10484 10485 10486 10487 10488 10489 10490 10491 10492 10493 10494 10495 10496 10497 10498 10499 10500 10501 10502 10503 10504 10505 10506 10507 10508 10509 10510 10511 10512 10513 10514 10515 10516 10517 10518 10519 10520 10521 10522 10523 10524 10525 10526 10527 10528 10529 10530 10531 10532 10533 10534 10535 10536 10537 10538 10539 10540 10541 10542 10543 10544 10545 10546 10547 10548 10549 10550 10551 10552 10553 10554 10555 10556 10557 10558 10559 10560 10561 10562 10563 10564 10565 10566 10567 10568 10569 10570 |
Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Santa Clara, California
Denver Broncos
gold
"golden anniversary"
February 7, 2016
American Football Conference
"golden anniversary"
American Football Conference
February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos
Levi's Stadium
Santa Clara
Super Bowl L
2015
2015
Santa Clara
Levi's Stadium
24–10
February 7, 2016
2015
Denver Broncos
Carolina Panthers
Denver Broncos
2015
Denver Broncos
Santa Clara, California.
Super Bowl
Denver Broncos
Cam Newton
8
1995
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
New England Patriots
New England Patriots
four
Cam Newton
15–1
Cam Newton
12–4
4
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
2
New England Patriots
Cam Newton
New England Patriots
Arizona Cardinals
Cam Newton
Arizona Cardinals
1995.
Von Miller
2
Broncos
linebacker Von Miller
five solo tackles
Newton was limited by Denver's defense
seven
Von Miller
three
two
Von Miller
linebacker
5
2
Von Miller
5
seven
three
a fumble
Von Miller
linebacker
seven
three
Von Miller
five
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVII
CBS
$5 million
Beyoncé
Bruno Mars
Coldplay
CBS
$5 million
Bruno Mars
third
CBS
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
CBS
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Super Bowl XLVII
$5 million
Coldplay
Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
Bruno Mars
Roger Goodell
the 50th Super Bowl
2012
Roger Goodell
early 2012
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
Roger Goodell
spectacular
spectacular
2012
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Miami's Sun Life Stadium
San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
Sun Life Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Levi's Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Sun Life Stadium
New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
three
New Orleans
Sun Life Stadium
San Francisco
Levi's Stadium.
Sun Life Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Levi's Stadium.
October 16, 2012
10
Super Bowl XLIV
2010
1985
Sun Life Stadium
October 16, 2012
Stanford Stadium
May 3, 2013
2010
two
Super Bowl XLIV
two
Florida legislature
1985
New Orleans
October 16, 2012
10.
New Orleans
1985
Florida legislature
May 21, 2013
NFL owners
2014
$1.2 billion
San Diego
Boston
May 21, 2013
$1.2 billion
Super Bowl XXXVII
San Diego
2013
2014
$1.2 billion
1985
Super Bowl XXXVII
May 21, 2013
2014
2003
Boston
May 21, 2013
2014.
$1.2 billion
2003.
John Fox
ten
six
Carolina Panthers
Super Bowl XLVIII
John Fox
eight
ten
Super Bowl XXXVIII
six
number one
number one
Super Bowl XLVIII
Super Bowl XXXVIII.
six
one
four
John Fox
DeAngelo Williams
Kelvin Benjamin
7
1978
Carolina Panthers
Ten
eight
Kelvin Benjamin
1978
2009
2011
torn ACL
Kelvin Benjamin
DeAngelo Williams
1978
Ten
Carolina Panthers
1978.
Carolina Panthers
Ten
six
45
10
27
Greg Olsen
45
99.4
77 passes
receivers
Jonathan Stewart
six
Cam Newton
3,837
45
six
500
3,837
45
99.4.
39
308
136
118
four
Kawann Short
24
Kawann Short
four
four
Kurt Coleman
24
Kony Ealy
Luke Kuechly.
two.
Gary Kubiak
Brock Osweiler
Indianapolis Colts
San Diego Chargers
Wade Phillips
four
Gary Kubiak
Indianapolis Colts
39
plantar fasciitis
Gary Kubiak
Peyton Manning
a plantar fasciitis injury
39
four
John Fox
Peyton Manning
Gary Kubiak
left foot.
Wade Phillips
67.9
17
Demaryius Thomas
C. J. Anderson
10
67.9
2,249
nine
Demaryius Thomas
receiver
67.9
17
Demaryius Thomas
5
67.9
17
Emmanuel Sanders
C. J. Anderson
4.7
4,530
5½
Brandon Marshall
three
Linebacker
Linebacker
Defensive ends
296
Von Miller
Brandon Marshall
three.
Von Miller
Linebacker Brandon Marshall
Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
487
seven
31–24
Seattle Seahawks
31–24
487
Seattle Seahawks
Arizona Cardinals
seven
Seattle Seahawks
49–15
Arizona Cardinals
487
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
New England Patriots
20–18
17 seconds
Broncos
23–16
New England Patriots
17
Manning
Pittsburgh Steelers
11
New England Patriots
Pittsburgh Steelers
New England Patriots
17
Thomas Davis
a broken arm
three
11
ACL tears
arm
11
Super Bowl
three
broken arm
11
Thomas Davis
39
John Elway
38
Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
Broncos
Broncos
John Elway
38
Peyton Manning
two
two
Peyton Manning
John Elway
Super Bowl XXXIII
Peyton Manning
39.
John Elway
1998
2011
26
13 years and 48 days
Von Miller
Manning
Newton
26
quarterback
1998
2011
Von Miller
2011.
26
13 years and 48 days
Super Bowl XX
Chicago Bears
linebacker
Elway
Broncos
linebacker
Elway
Rivera
Super Bowl XX
Justin Tucker
Bermuda 419
Ed Mangan
Baltimore Ravens
kicker
Justin Tucker
kicker
hybrid Bermuda 419 turf
Justin Tucker
a new playing surface
a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
their cleats
Justin Tucker
natural grass
Broncos
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
white
Super Bowl XXXIII
Super Bowl XXXIII
34–19
Atlanta Falcons
white
road white jerseys
Pittsburgh Steelers
Super Bowl XXXIII
blue
orange
black jerseys with silver pants.
San Jose State
Stanford University
San Jose
Santa Clara
San Jose Marriott
Santa Clara Marriott
San Jose State practice facility
Stanford University
San Jose State practice facility
San Jose Marriott.
Stanford University
Santa Clara Marriott.
San Jose
San Jose Marriott.
Stanford University
Santa Clara Marriott.
June 4, 2014
Super Bowl V
Jaime Weston
Super Bowl XLV
Vince Lombardi
2014
Super Bowl LI
L
gold
June 4, 2014
Arabic numerals
L.
gold
Super Bowl LI.
Arabic
LI.
gold
week 7
50
gold
gold
Golden Super Bowl
Gold footballs
the 50-yard line
gold
Moscone Center
San Francisco
Ed Lee
Jane Kim
January 30
1 million
Ed Lee
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Moscone Center
Super Bowl City
Ed Lee
Super Bowl City
More than 1 million
mayor Ed Lee
$5 million.
The annual NFL Experience
Santa Clara University
$2 million
a week
$2 million
pep rally
city council
Bellomy Field
A professional fundraiser
city council
$2 million
city council
Monday
Tuesday
SAP Center
San Jose
the Golden Gate Bridge
Tuesday
Monday
Super Bowl Opening Night
SAP Center
San Jose
the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
the Golden Gate Bridge.
Monday
Super Bowl Opening Night.
SAP Center in San Jose.
Golden Gate Bridge.
February 1, 2016
Business Connect
$40 million
Dignity Health
Gap
Chevron
Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
over $40 million
sponsors
Business Connect
Business Connect
over $40 million
25
the 50 fund
25 percent
50 fund
the most giving Super Bowl ever
25 percent
the 50 fund
25 percent
50 fund
Vince Lombardi
18
66
Tiffany & Co.
Tiffany & Co.
Vince Lombardi Trophy
18-karat gold-plated
Tiffany & Co
the Vince Lombardi Trophy
Tiffany & Co.
CBS
Phil Simms
Tracy Wolfson
36
5K
three
sidelines
360-degree
5K resolution
sidelines
CBS
three
CBS
Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
5K
cameras
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe
Alvaro Martin
December 28, 2015
Spanish
CBS
ESPN Deportes
John Sutcliffe.
ESPN Deportes
Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
John Sutcliffe.
NFL Mobile
WatchESPN
CBSSports.com
Xbox One
10
CBSSports.com
Xbox One
Verizon Wireless customers
NFL Mobile service
Verizon
NFL Mobile service.
digital streams of the game
Verizon
WatchESPN.
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
The Late Late Show with James Corden
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
The Late Late Show with James Corden
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert
late local programming
The Late Late Show with James Corden.
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
20th
$5,000,000
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Nintendo
The Pokémon Company
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Anheuser-Busch InBev
Doritos
Crash the Super Bowl
"Small Business Big Game"
Death Wish Coffee
30-second
nine
Death Wish Coffee
nine
QuickBooks.
Death Wish Coffee
ten
QuickBooks.
Death Wish Coffee
Jason Bourne
Gods of Egypt
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
Resurgence
Gods of Egypt
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
Jason Bourne
Captain America: Civil War
Independence Day
Universal
Fox
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Boomer Esiason
James Lofton
two
Kevin Harlan
Westwood One
Kevin Harlan
Jim Gray
Kevin Harlan
Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
James Lofton and Mark Malone
pre-game and halftime coverage.
North America
KRFX
Dave Logan
1110 AM
Chester, South Carolina
Mick Mixon
Dave Logan
Ed McCaffrey
WBT
Mick Mixon
KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
BBC Radio 5
5 Live Sports Extra
Darren Fletcher
BBC
Greg Brady
Bart Starr
Chuck Howley
Peyton Manning
2001
Peyton Manning
39
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
43
39
Bart Starr
Peyton Manning
Harvey Martin
Six
the national anthem
Academy Award
the national anthem
American Sign Language
Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Lady Gaga
Marlee Matlin
Lady Gaga
Six
Marlee Matlin
December 3
British
Super Bowl XLVII
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Super Bowl XLVIII
Coldplay.
Pepsi
"Hymn for the Weekend"
Coldplay.
Beyoncé
Hymn for the Weekend
Bruno Mars
Denver
Andre Caldwell
Ronnie Hillman
Brandon McManus
C. J. Anderson
18
Shaq Thompson
Brandon McManus
a deficit.
Denver
Owen Daniels
C. J. Anderson
Brandon McManus
a deficit.
Mike Carey
Cam Newton
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Jerricho Cotchery
Mike Carey
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
1993
Mike Carey
Von Miller
Malik Jackson
Super Bowl XXVIII
Jonathan Stewart
Brad Nortman
28
61
33
51
Jonathan Stewart
11:28
Jordan Norwood
33
Jonathan Stewart
field goal
Darian Stewart
linebacker
Kony Ealy
Newton
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Kony Ealy
19
DeMarcus Ware
Mike Tolbert
Danny Trevathan
Kony Ealy
punt
DeMarcus Ware
Ted Ginn Jr.
Graham Gano
44
McManus
T. J. Ward
Ted Ginn Jr.
the uprights
T. J. Ward.
Trevathan
Ted Ginn Jr.
26-yard line
Graham Gano
Emmanuel Sanders
Ealy
39
Devin Funchess
Stewart
41-yard line.
Ealy
50-yard line.
punts.
Ealy
50-yard line.
39-yard
three
24
Newton
Josh Norman
Anderson
Bennie Fowler
Miller
wards
Newton
Josh Norman
3:08
4:51
Miller
wards
three
Anderson
five
zero
four
Thomas Davis
one
one
zero
Anderson
Sanders
Thomas Davis
Sanders
Anderson
all four
one
four
194
11
Baltimore Ravens
Jordan Norwood
Manning
194
11
Chicago Bears
Broncos
21
11
The Broncos
Chicago Bears
two
Nobel Prize
1745
Maria Skłodowska-Curie
Famous musicians
seven months old
100
Krasiński Palace Garden
The Saxon Garden
east end
Łazienki
15 kilometres
otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
13
several
to clean them
city
833,500
around 34%
Jewish
migration and urbanisation
Warsaw University of Technology
2,000
Medical University of Warsaw
1816
Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
1816
over two million
architects
Irena Bajerska
10,000 m2
infrastructure
Three-Year Plan
solid economic growth
improved markedly
Warsaw
Children's Memorial Health Institute
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
700
developed
musical
events and festivals
in the Palace of Culture and Science
Warsaw
festivals
Ogród Saski
Saxon Garden
1870 to 1939
Momus
Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre
Wianki
thousands
Midsummer’s Night
when they would be married
the fern
art posters
60
prestigious
some paintings
arms
Warsaw Uprising Museum
Katyń
stereoscopic
Museum of Independence
60
Royal Ujazdów Castle
about 500
Zachęta National Gallery of Art
Polish and international artists
last weekend of September
Polonia Warsaw
1946
twice
at Konwiktorska Street
disastrous financial situation
syrenka
The mermaid
since at least the mid-14th century
1390
a sword
legend
depths of the oceans and seas
coast of Denmark
Warszowa
captured
Warsaw
1916
the Art Deco style
poet
Isaac Bashevis Singer
Economist Intelligence Unit
2012
wide variety of industries
Stock
Frontex
1313
Kraków
1596
King Sigismund III Vasa
survived many wars, conflicts and invasions
Roman Catholic
Polish Academy of Sciences
a UNESCO World Heritage Site
architectural
luxurious parks and royal gardens
Warszawa
belonging to Warsz
12th/13th-century nobleman
a village
miasto stołeczne Warszawa
Jazdów
The Prince of Płock
1300
1413
1526
General Sejm
1569
religious freedom
Due to its central location
1596
until 1796
Prussia
Napoleon's
1815
1816
from 4 August 1915 until November 1918
areas controlled by Russia in 1914
underground leader Piłsudski
1920
the Red Army
September 1939
a German Nazi colonial administration
some 30% of the city
April 1943
almost a month
the Red Army
Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
August 1944
63 days
between 150,000 and 200,000
"Bricks for Warsaw"
prefabricated
an Eastern Bloc city
Palace of Culture and Science
UNESCO's World Heritage list
John Paul II
growing anti-communist fervor
less than a year
Victory Square
incentive for the democratic changes
about 300
325
Vistula River
452.8 ft
at the right bank of the Vistula
two
Vistula Valley
moraine
Vistula River
Warsaw Escarpment
moraine
former flooded terraces
valleys
plain Vistula terraces
pine
turbulent history of the city
During the Second World War
After liberation
Leopold Kronenberg Palace
typical of Eastern bloc countries
Gothic
14th century
Masovian gothic
Renaissance
mannerist architecture
17th century
1688–1692
rococo
neoclassical architecture
1775–1795
bourgeois
not restored by the communist authorities
socialist realism
Warsaw University of Technology building
the most distinctive buildings
many places
Pawiak
The Warsaw Citadel
children
Warsaw Uprising Monument
green
New Orangery
Pole Mokotowskie
Park Ujazdowski
1927
location of Warsaw
within the borders of Warsaw
Masovian Primeval Forest
Kabaty
two
1,300,000
420,000
1951
as better
residency registration
multi-cultural
711,988
56.2%
2.8%
1944
a commune
counties or powiats
Kraków
Warsaw City Council
60
every four years
committees
30 days
President
Jan Andrzej Menich
1695–1696
the City council
Centrum
Śródmieście
304,016
emerging market
12%
191.766 billion PLN
1817
World War II
April 1991
374
Polish United Workers' Party
1951
Polonez
Daewoo
AvtoZAZ
Chevrolet Aveo
Warszawa
Warsaw
Vistula River
2.666 million residents
9th
Warsaw
Vistula
roughly 260 kilometres
2.666 million
9th
France
10th and 11th centuries
Denmark, Iceland and Norway
Rollo
10th century
William the Conqueror
Richard I
Catholic
Viking
9th century
911
King Charles III
Seine
Rollo
Catholicism
north
fighting horsemen
999
Archangel Michael
Monte Gargano
Drogo
William Iron Arm
Saracens
1130
Squillace
Kitab Rudjdjar
The Book of Roger
meritocratic
Seljuk Turks
1050s
1060s
Alexius Komnenos
Afranji
Oursel
Turkish forces
Norman mercenary
Robert Guiscard
1082
30,000
Deabolis
Bohemond
Deabolis
1185
Dyrrachium
the Adriatic
King Ethelred II
Duke Richard II
Normandy
Sweyn Forkbeard
Harthacnut
1041
Robert of Jumièges
Battle of Hastings
William II
1066
Anglo-Saxons
Modern English
1169
Ireland
Irish
Edgar
King Malcolm III of Scotland
1072
Duncan
Sybilla of Normandy
Norman
Hereford
the Welsh
Edward the Confessor
Wales
1018
William of Montreuil
1097
Tancred
Jerusalem
380 years
a storm
Berengaria
1191
Isaac Komnenos
Conrad of Montferrat
silver
Guy de Lusignan
Richard the Lion-Heart
12 May 1191
double coronation
1489
Knights Templar
Africa
Bethencourt
Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
Maciot de Bethencourt
Channel Islands
two
Romanesque
rounded
Early Gothic
Anglo-Saxon
Sicily
early 11th century
dukes
16th century
embroidery
Bayeux Tapestry
Odo
mosaics
11th
William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
southern Italy
Latin monastery at Sant'Eufemia.
Robert Guiscard
singing
1856
Serbian
1943
1856
1943
Serbian
alternating current
1884
Thomas Edison
George Westinghouse
New York City
War of Currents
1884
Thomas Edison
New York City
George Westinghouse
transformer
1893
high-voltage
mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
Colorado Springs
1893
boat
Wardenclyffe Tower project
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density
New York hotels
mad scientist
patents
1943
SI unit of magnetic flux density
1990s
showmanship
Croatia
priest
eidetic
his mother's genetics
priest
Milutin Tesla
Đuka Tesla
making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
his mother's genetics and influence
four
German
1862
Dane
Milka, Angelina and Marica
killed in a horse-riding accident
Gospić, Austrian Empire
pastor
Martin Sekulić
German
integral calculus
cheating
1873
1870
to attend school
Martin Sekulić
German
1873
cholera
nine months
the best engineering school
enter the priesthood
Smiljan
1873
cholera
nine months
enter the priesthood
to send him to the best engineering school
Tomingaj
Mark Twain
the mountains
1874
hunter's garb
being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army
1874
he explored the mountains in hunter's garb
Mark Twain
1875
Austrian Polytechnic
1879
gambling
no
Graz, Austria
1875
1879
gambled
Tesla would be killed through overwork
left Graz
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
a draftsman
return home
nervous breakdown
1878
that he dropped out of school
His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.
draftsman
nervous breakdown
not having a residence permit
March 1879
60
a stroke
taught
for not having a residence permit.
1879
Higher Real Gymnasium
stroke
Prague
arrived too late
as an auditor
Charles-Ferdinand University
Prague
1880
Charles-Ferdinand University
two of Tesla's uncles
Budapest
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
a telephone repeater or amplifier
draftsman
1881
a telegraph company
Budapest Telephone Exchange
chief electrician
1882
France
New York City
Thomas Edison
Edison Machine Works
Continental Edison Company
France
1884
Thomas Edison
Manhattan's lower east side
fifty thousand dollars
$10 a week raise
months
fifty thousand dollars
American humor.
US$10 a week raise
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla
patents
dynamo electric machine commutators
Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
1886
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
Tesla
forced Tesla out
penniless
ditch digger
1886/1887
assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
ditch digger
various electrical repair jobs
a Western Union superintendent
April 1887
⅓ to Tesla, ⅓ to Peck and Brown, and ⅓ to fund development
Manhattan
1886
Western Union superintendent
Charles F. Peck
89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
Tesla Electric Company
an induction motor
May 1888
a commutator
sparking
self-starting
1887
because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
mechanical brushes
1888
editor of Electrical World magazine
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1888
decided Tesla's patent would probably control the market
Thomas Commerford Martin
Thomas Commerford Martin
George Westinghouse
Galileo Ferraris
physicist
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
1888
$60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
George Westinghouse
consultant
$60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
1888
$2,000
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
system to power the city's streetcars
60-cycle
DC traction motor
to power the city's streetcars.
a DC traction motor
Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
lighting systems
AC development
General Electric
AC
Thomas Edison
1888
financial strain
General Electric
George Westinghouse
Chicago
General Electric
Tesla Polyphase System
Tesla Polyphase System
George Westinghouse
Chicago
1893
AC power
Richard Dean Adams
Niagara Falls
Westinghouse Electric
General Electric
a two-phased system
Richard Dean Adams
1893
two-phased system
most reliable
1896
$216,000
$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
$200,000
J. P. Morgan
an estimated $200,000
$216,000
35
New York
electric lamps
Tesla coil
1891
the Tesla coil.
35
wireless
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1894
vice president
1892 to 1894
the Institute of Radio Engineers
he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895
December 1895
the metal locking screw on the camera lens
1894
X-Rays
lost in the 5th Avenue laboratory fire of March 1895
X-ray image
Mark Twain
X-ray imaging
March 1896
radiography
X-rays
Tesla Coil
1896
Tesla Coil
Roentgen rays
X-rays were longitudinal waves
damage to the skin was not caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin
skin damage
his circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
force-free magnetic fields
ozone generated in contact with the skin
longitudinal waves
force-free magnetic fields
In his many notes
Benjamin Lamme
1893
Westinghouse Electric
Egg of Columbus
Tesla
1934
physically strike him
he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
bits of metal
National Electric Light Association
Tesla Coil
the Franklin Institute
1898
teleautomaton
Madison Square Garden
an electrical exhibition
monkey
1900
Marconi
1901
1943
Supreme Court of the United States
1899
Paris
15 June 1899
five inches
atmospheric
stationary
that the earth had a resonant frequency.
lightning
135 feet
15 miles
glowed even when turned off
Butterflies were electrified
power outage
repeatedly burned out
powerful high frequency currents
destroy
communications from another planet
Mars
Collier's Weekly
intercepted Marconi's European experiments
July 1899
$100,000
for Tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system
to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.
1899
1900
His lab was torn down
1904
sold
Wardenclyffe
trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
near Shoreham, Long Island
Morgan
Panic of 1901
shocked
over 50 letters
to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe.
Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
187 feet
200
16,000 rpm
1906
100–5,000 hp
steam
Houston Street lab
the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
World Today
eventually split the earth in two
application of electricity
saturating them unconsciously with electricity
William H. Maxwell
superintendent of New York City schools
overseas
lost
sold
$20,000
the Edison Medal.
Electrical Experimenter
fluorescent screen
radar
Émile Girardeau
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
announced a winner
animosity toward each other
38
Edison
1937
U.S. Patent 1,655,114
VTOL aircraft
less than $1,000
turbine engines
$125 per month
rent at the Hotel New Yorker
for the rest of Tesla's life
bad publicity
mechanical energy
over any terrestrial distance
minimal
mineral deposits
1935
feed the pigeons
a doctor
broken
early 1938
the fall of 1937
"teleforce" weapon
Van de Graaff generator
infantry
anti-aircraft purposes
death ray
1937
at a luncheon in his honor
tungsten
high voltage
Only a little
charged particle beam weapons
Nikola Tesla Museum archive
Belgrade
millions
all war
steal the invention
in his mind.
his papers
86
7 January 1943
maid Alice Monaghan
"do not disturb" sign
coronary thrombosis
FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings
John G. Trump
nothing
Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia
Louis Adamic
12 January
two thousand
the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
Belgrade
Sava Kosanović
Charlotte Muzar
Belgrade
Nikola Tesla Museum
around 300
26
Canada
patent archives
8:10 p.m
9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
3:00 a.m
headwaiter
between 8 to 10 miles per day
exercise
squished his toes
brain cells
telepathy
newspaper editor
one
pigeons
over $2,000
broken wing and leg
the park
hotel room
142 pounds
6 feet 2 inches
1888 to about 1926
New York City
eight
visions
picture thinking
blinding flashes of light
photographic memory
more than 48 hours
84 hours
Graz
Kenneth Swezey
journalist
chastity
women
toward the end of his life
Dorothy Skerrit
Robert Underwood Johnson
seclude himself
asocial
friend
Mark Twain
lab
late 1920s
overweight people
secretary
her weight
go home and change
electron
ether
transmitted electrical energy
19th
Einstein's
antagonistic
relativity
gravity
1892
curved
81
eugenics
ruthless
pity
1937
women
1926
Queen Bees
post-World War I
Science and Discovery
20 December 1914
League of Nations
Orthodox Christian
fanaticism
Buddhism and Christianity
"A Machine to End War"
uncertain
War
books and articles
magazines and journals
Ben Johnston
the web
1900
Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla.
science fiction
books, films, radio, TV, music, live theater, comics and video games
several
Time magazine
75th birthday
electrical power generation
Einstein
more than 70
Computational complexity theory
inherent difficulty
computational problems
if its solution requires significant resources
mathematical models of computation
time and storage
number of gates in a circuit
determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
analysis of algorithms and computability theory
analysis of algorithms
computational complexity theory
computability theory
problem instance
the problem
concrete
instances
solution
2000
round trip through all sites in Milan
computational problems
problem instance
binary alphabet
bitstrings
binary notation
adjacency matrices
Decision problems
yes or no
1 or 0
yes
yes
arbitrary graph
formal language
how graphs are encoded as binary strings
a computational problem
a single output
A function problem
the integer factorization problem
complex
decision problems
set of triples
how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
the instance
as a function of the size of the instance
bits
an increase in the input size
Cobham's thesis
the time taken
worst-case time complexity
T(n)
polynomial time algorithm
A Turing machine
an algorithm
the Turing machine
symbols
A deterministic Turing machine
rules
A probabilistic Turing machine
A non-deterministic Turing machine
randomized algorithms
complexity classes
time or space
probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
random access machines
computational power
time and memory
the machines operate deterministically
non-deterministic
unusual resources
mathematical models
time
state transitions
difficulty
DTIME(f(n))
time
complexity resources
computational resource
Blum complexity axioms
Complexity measures
Complexity measures
best, worst and average
complexity measure
time
inputs
deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
worst-case
O(n2)
the most efficient algorithm
analysis of algorithms
lower bounds
upper bound
all possible algorithms
big O notation
constant factors and smaller terms
T(n) = O(n2)
the computational model
complexity classes
framework
complicated definitions
chosen machine model
linear time
single-tape Turing machines
Cobham-Edmonds thesis
complexity class P
time or space
bounding
complexity classes
BPP, ZPP and RP
Boolean
quantum
#P
Interactive
computation time
DTIME(n2)
time and space hierarchy theorems
a proper hierarchy on the classes defined
quantitative statements
time and space hierarchy theorems
EXPTIME
PSPACE
reduction
another problem
reduces
Karp reductions and Levin reductions
the bound on the complexity of reductions
polynomial-time reduction
multiplying two integers
polynomial time
input
multiplication
the type of reduction being used
if every problem in C can be reduced to X
solve any problem in C
NP-hard
NP-complete
NP
there is no known polynomial-time solution
NP
P
Cobham–Edmonds thesis
NP
Boolean satisfiability problem
Turing machines
more efficient solutions
protein structure prediction
$1,000,000
Ladner
NP-intermediate problems
graph isomorphism problem
The graph isomorphism problem
NP-complete
polynomial time hierarchy
second level
Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
The integer factorization problem
k
modern cryptographic systems
the general number field sieve
suspected to be unequal
P ⊆ NP ⊆ PP ⊆ PSPACE
between P and PSPACE
Proving that any of these classes are unequal
co-NP
reversed
not equal
P is not equal to NP
L
strictly contained in P or equal to P
complexity classes
NL and NC
if they are distinct or equal classes
intractable problems
exponential-time algorithms
NP-complete problems
Presburger arithmetic
algorithms have been written
NP-complete knapsack problem
in less than quadratic time
NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
foundations were laid out
Alan Turing
Turing machines
1936
a computer
On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
1965
time and space
1965
John Myhill
1961
Hisao Yamada
input encoding
encoding
Manuel Blum
speed-up theorem
"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
21
the curriculum.
pedagogy
university or college.
lesson plan
school
cultures
numeracy
craftsmanship
life skills
family member
home schooling
formal
transient
knowledge or skills
spiritual
religious
the Quran, Torah or Bible
Religious and spiritual teachers
homeschooling
paid professionals.
Chartered
the wider community
paid professionals.
school functions
extracurricular
study halls
teachers
teacher's colleges
to serve and protect the public interest
the public
teachers
standards of practice
members
allegations of professional misconduct
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
teacher's colleges
outdoors
tutor
academy
facilitate student learning
informal
pedagogy
field trips
increasing use of technology
the internet
skill
the relevant authority
learning
infants
standardized
particular skills
self-study and problem solving
encourage
deflate
a coach
the relationship between teachers and children
the whole curriculum
different subject specialists
primary school
surrogate
alternative
platoon
staying with the same group of peers for all classes
knowledgeable
United States
Co-teaching
two or more
learning
harmoniously
social networking support
corporal punishment
substitute parent
all the normal forms of parental discipline
the most common
While a child was in school
one of the most common
Most Western countries
United States
Supreme Court
physical pain
30
the South
declining
a specially made wooden paddle
privately in the principal's office
caning
some Asian, African and Caribbean countries
see School corporal punishment.
detention
detention
in schools
quietly
lines or a punishment essay
assertive
immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
firm, clear boundaries
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
respect
some teachers and parents
East Asia
weakness in school discipline
a more assertive and confrontational style
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
40 to 50 students
instruction
motivated students
attention-seeking and disruptive students
motivated students
popularly based authority
governments
persuasion and negotiation
easier and more efficient
good, clear laws
enthusiasm
passion
teach by rote
higher
teacher enthusiasm
read lecture material
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
Controlled, experimental studies
higher
self-determined
enthusiasm
emotional contagion
Teacher enthusiasm
student-teacher relationships
beneficial
the goals he receives from his superior.
aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
student motivation and attitudes towards school
friendly and supportive
friendly and supportive
interacting and working directly with students
effective
enthusiasm about the students
enthusiastic
in the student
very influential
teaching
sexual misconduct
9.6%
United States
sometime during their educational career.
American Association of University Women
England
priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
2,869
The AAUW study
United States
increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
Chris Keates
child protection and parental rights groups
a shortage of male teachers
the sex offenders register
occupational stress
long hours
occupational burnout
stress
occupational stress
42%
UK
twice the figure for the average profession
2012
average workers
several
Organizational interventions
Individual-level interventions
occupational stress among teachers
Organizational interventions
a university or college
certification by a recognized body
elementary school education certificate
a background check and psychiatric evaluation
US
the individual states and territories
three
tertiary education
universities and/or TAFE colleges
primary
a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree
a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education
the private sector, businesses and sponsors
civil servants
Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
Grundschule
civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
Gymnasium
Extra pay
27,814
53,423
90,000
the Teaching Council
Section 30
2001
Oireachtas funds
2006
new entrants to the teaching profession
on a phased basis
those who refuse vetting
41,004
experience and extra responsibilities
20,980
a bachelor's degree
September 2007
alternative licensing programs
hard-to-fill positions
vary
Excellent job opportunities
secondary school teachers
the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
Teaching
seven
Provisional Registration
after a year
April 2008
20,427
32,583
earn Chartered Teacher Status
trade unions
Wales
Welsh
until the age of 16
22
all age groups
trade unions
falling
between 2005 and 2010
trade unions
concern
each state
ten years
a bachelor's degree
charter schools
No Child Left Behind
relatively low salaries
average teacher salaries
more experience and higher education
elementary school teachers
TeachersPayTeachers.com
many
Protestant
not always
(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
LDS Church
many individuals
spiritual
the husband and father
the father of the house
guru
extremely high
their disciples
the West
a Lama
be reborn
Tulku
often many times
through phowa and siddhi
ulemas
ulemas
Sufism
actions-oriented
Qutb
German
18 February 1546
Catholic Church.
God's punishment
excommunication
gift of God's grace
faith in Jesus Christ
the Pope
Bible
holy priesthood
Bible
standard version
Tyndale Bible
singing in churches
Protestant clergy to marry.
10 November 1483
Eisleben, Saxony
Holy Roman Empire
Catholic
lawyer
University of Erfurt
beerhouse and whorehouse
at four
rote learning
1505
law
uncertainty
theology and philosophy
by experience
God
death and divine judgment,
2 July 1505
Augustinian cloister in Erfurt
deaths of two friends
Luther's education
Augustinian order
deep spiritual despair
jailer and hangman
Johann von Staupitz
a change of heart
1507
von Staupitz
1508
9 March 1508
Sentences by Peter Lombard
19 October 1512
21 October 1512
Doctor in Bible
University of Wittenberg
Doctor of Theology
1516
rebuild St. Peter's Basilica
Roman Catholic
charity and good works
charity and good works
31 October 1517
Albert of Mainz
The Ninety-Five Theses
Hans Hillerbrand
Thesis 86
Johann Tetzel
coin in the coffer
Luther
Johann Tetzel
God
salvation
punishments
false assurances
Christ
Tetzel
capacity to exaggerate
indulgences for the dead,
indulgences for the living
the posting on the door
posting on the door
Philipp Melanchthon
not in Wittenberg
little foundation in truth
January 1518
printing press
friends of Luther
two weeks
two months
1519
Students
early part
1520
On the Freedom of a Christian
lectured
penance and righteousness
corrupt in its ways
central truths of Christianity
doctrine of justification
God
1525
gift from God
Smalcald Articles
lives by faith
Christ and His salvation
Christ and His salvation
sale of indulgences
two points
Archbishop Albrecht
Rome
papal dispensation
one half
December 1517
Pope Leo X
papal theologians and envoys
October 1518
papacy was the Antichrist
arrest Luther
January 1519
remain silent
Johann Eck
Matthew 16:18
new Jan Hus
15 June 1520
recanted 41 sentences
60 days
Karl von Miltitz
3 January 1521
secular authorities
18 April 1521
estates of the Holy Roman Empire
Emperor Charles V
Prince Frederick III
Johann Eck
Archbishop of Trier
stood by their contents
next day
confirmed
raised his arm
knight winning a bout
Michael Mullett
epoch-making oratory
recant his writings
Luther
not recorded
more dramatic form
private conferences
25 May 1521
Emperor
his arrest
kill Luther
Luther's disappearance
Wartburg Castle
my Patmos
New Testament
shamed
a sin
cannot be earned
1 August 1521
trust in Christ
justice
summer of 1521
condemned as idolatry
a gift
private confession and absolution
break their vows
prophetic faith
1521
Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
the Little Horn
antichrist
Gabriel Zwilling
June 1521
disturbances
Zwickau prophets
town council
6 March 1522
personal presence
preached eight sermons
Invocavit Sermons
trust God's word
immediate
Jerome Schurf
After the sixth sermon
joy
misguided
public order
conservative
Zwickau prophets
unrest and violence.
established Church
Zwickau prophet
German Peasants' War
1524–25
support an attack
upper classes
temporal authorities
tour of Thuringia
mad dogs
the devil's work
the nobles
on three grounds
ignoring Christ's counsel
God
Divine Right of Kings
in body and soul
backing for the uprising
Swabian League
15 May 1525
Müntzer's execution
the secular powers
Katharina von Bora
in herring barrels
26 years old
41 years old
April 1523
13 June 1525
evening
wedding banquet
27 June
Johannes Bugenhagen
seal of approval
clerical marriage
on Biblical grounds
death of a heretic
reckless
The Black Cloister
former monastery
six children
riches of Croesus
farming the land
choosing their own ministers
supervisory church body
new form
two catechisms
revolutionary
extreme change
Electorate of Saxony
adviser
John the Steadfast
under the temporal sovereign
early 1526
1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass
simple people
sacrifice
freedom of ceremony
1527
visitation of the Electorate
Christian education
Christian doctrine
incapable of teaching
catechism
1529
pastors and teachers
the people
questions and answers
The catechism
writings in volumes
the Catechism
Small Catechism
the Bible
Small Catechism
Larger Catechism
German vernacular
as persons
with the Father
1522
1534
the translation
alone
Faith alone
Saxon chancellery
northern and southern
everyday Germans
read it without hindrance
impediments and difficulties
German-language publications
Bible translation
evolution of the German language
Lucas Cranach
William Tyndale
authoring hymns
high art and folk music
singing of German hymns
lute
waldzither
events in his life
for Lutheran views
Ein neues Lied wir heben an
John C. Messenger
Flung to the Heedless Winds
1524
Apostles' Creed
Small Catechism
German creedal hymn
difficulty of its tune
1538
Small Catechism
specific catechism questions
multiple revisions
Luther's tune
1523
Psalm 130
write psalm-hymns
Achtliederbuch
Reformation doctrine
Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
Veni redemptor gentium
main hymn
two hymns
German Te Deum
baptism
Johann Walter
prayer for grace
J. S. Bach
Halle
early Lutheran hymnals
four
18
24
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
Johann Sebastian Bach
chorale cantatas
1707
1724 to 1725
1735
sleeps
idea of torments
sleep in peace
rejected the existence
Smalcald Articles
Franz Pieper
Johann Gerhard
Gerhard. Lessing
1755
Commentary on Genesis
Francis Blackburne
1765
Gottfried Fritschel
dreams
October 1529
Landgrave of Hesse
doctrinal unity
fourteen points
nature of the Eucharist
words spoken by Jesus
body and blood of Christ
sacramental union
symbolically present
confrontational
1530
Marburg Colloquy
Schmalkaldic League
The Swiss cities
George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
antithetical
reason
no way contributes
reason
different epistemological spheres.
Jesus Christ was born a Jew
Jewish conversion to Christianity
Jews
Anabaptists
1543
as a scourge
to punish Christians
destroy the antichrist
the papacy
secular war
Qur'an
critical pamphlets on Islam
Islam
tool of the devil
exposed to scrutiny.
God's wrath to Christians
Johannes Agricola
city hall
theses against Agricola
On the Councils and the Church
second use of the law
work sorrow over sin
everything
eliminate the accusing law
essentially holy people
ought to live
Ten Commandments
third use of the law
illustration of the Ten Commandments
Ten Commandments
baptism
Ten Commandments
service to the neighbor
wanted to marry
bigamy
one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
holds Luther accountable
lasting damage
expelled Jews
Jews
murder of Christ
divinity of Jesus
convert them to Christianity.
Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen
1543
three years before
the devil's people
sanction for murder
the Jews
Martin Luther
doomed to perdition
Luther's anti-Jewish works
Throughout the 1580s
Luther
anti-Jewish rhetoric
attacks on Jews
Luther
radically anti-Semitic
17 December 1941
Luther
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Bishop Martin Sasse
greatest antisemite
opportunistic
misguided agitation
modern hatred of the Jews
18th and 19th centuries
religious and in no respect racial
violence
Ronald Berger
hysterical and demonizing mentality
Lutheran clergy and theologians
Luther's hostile publications
declining state of mind
his health
vulgarity and violence
Muslims) and Catholics
Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46
Since the 1980s
least prejudiced
Richard (Dick) Geary
1928-1933
his health deteriorated
bigamy of the Philip of Hesse
kidney and bladder stones
arthritis, and an ear infection
angina
poor physical health
writings and comments
harsher
His wife Katharina
three times
Eisleben
15 February 1546
Jews
all German territory
that they convert
Mansfeld
negotiations
late 1545
early 1546
his siblings' families
17 February 1546
chest pains
Ps. 31:5
prayer of the dying
1 a.m
apoplectic stroke
2:45 a.m
18 February 1546
in the Castle Church
Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
his last statement
Latin
"We are beggars,"
monumental
frail Catholic saints
physically imposing
religious orders
1530s and 1540s
18 February
Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
31 October
Church of England's Calendar of Saints
Luther is honoured
SoCal
10 counties
economic center
demographics and economic ties
historical political divisions
Southern California Megaregion
11
Nevada
Mexican
Tijuana
Pacific
seven
12 million
San Diego
17.5 million
Colorado River
Colorado Desert
Mojave Desert
Mexico–United States border
California
3,792,621
Los Angeles
San Diego
south
Los Angeles
United States
counties
15
counties
Hollywood
Los Angeles
The Walt Disney Company
music
Sony
skateboard
Tony Hawk
Shaun White
Oahu
Transpac
Palm Springs
beaches
southern
open spaces
37° 9' 58.23"
11
ten
Tehachapi Mountains
northern
Mexico
Alta California
Monterey
the Missouri Compromise
free
inequitable taxes
Cow Counties
three
75
Milton Latham
Los Angeles Times
1900
1999
Imperial
seven
regional tourism groups
California State Automobile Association
three-region
Tehachapis
southern
third
vast areas
suburban
highways
international metropolitan
Camp Pendleton
Inland Empire
United States Census Bureau
Orange
1990s
Mediterranean
infrequent rain
60's
very rare
70
Pacific Ocean
varied
topographic
Peninsular
valleys
10,000
small
6.7
property damage
$20 billion
San Andreas
6.7
Puente Hills
USGS
occurrence
economically
global
economic
2010
high growth rates
10.0%
tech-oriented
Greater Sacramento
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
two
five million
Southern Border Region
17,786,419
Los Angeles
1.3 million
twelve
100,000
Riverside
petroleum
Hollywood
the housing bubble
diverse
heavily impacted
1920s
richest
citrus
cattle
aerospace
business
Central business districts
South Coast Metro
business
Los Angeles Area
San Fernando Valley
Los Angeles
business
Riverside
Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
Orange
University of California, Irvine
West Irvine
South Coast Metro
rapidly
Downtown San Diego
Northern San Diego
North County
San Diego
Los Angeles International Airport
passenger volume
third
San Diego International Airport
Van Nuys Airport
Metrolink
seven
Six
Orange
Port of Los Angeles
Port of San Diego
Southern
The Tech Coast
research
private
5
12
NFL
NBA
MLB
Los Angeles Kings
LA Galaxy
Chivas USA
two
2014
StubHub Center
2018
College
UCLA
Trojans
Pac-12
Division I
Rugby
high school
an official school sport
BSkyB
BSkyB
2014
Sky plc
Sky UK Limited
2006
two
Sky
£1.3bn
ONdigital
Freeview
three
Sky Three
Pick TV
Sky+ PVR
September 2007
monthly fee
January 2010
Sky+HD Box
VideoGuard
NDS
Cisco Systems
BSkyB
Sky+
basic channels
2007
substantially increased the asking price
Video On Demand
HD channels
July 2013
2013
OneDrive
OneDrive for Business
cloud storage
Sam Chisholm
Astra
27 September 2001
Sky Digital
3.5 million
BSkyB
telecommunications
11 million
Freeview
Sky Q Hub
Sky Q Silver set top boxes
share recordings
2016
2016
DVB-compliant MPEG-2
Dolby Digital
MPEG-4
OpenTV
DVB-S2
1998
Astra 2A
Eutelsat's Eurobird 1
hundreds
28.5°E
22 May 2006
40,000
Thomson
17,000
4,222,000
8 February 2007
March
digital terrestrial
Virgin Media
English Premier League Football
free-to-view
monthly subscription
VideoGuard UK
Ku band
Sky
1991
ITV
£34m
BBC
£304m
Ofcom
£15–100,000
no
not
not
1 October 1998
Sky Digital
Sky Active
ONdigital
100,000
2007
Virgin Media
Video On Demand
BBC HD
Channel 4 HD
10 million
25m
August 2004
36%
flattened
Welfare Cash Card
essentials
often damaging
Sky TV bills
a man's presence
£30m
no
Virgin Media
BSkyB
basic channels
diversified
second
fourth
Melbourne
Melbourne Cricket Ground
Bendigo
New South Wales
Buckland Valley
over 1,000
cramped and unsanitary
multi-member proportional
eight
five
four years
every four years
Australian Labor Party
Liberal Party
National Party
The Greens
Labor
61.1%
26.7%
Buddhism
168,637
20%
south-east
most densely populated
second
Melbourne
second-largest
Koori
1788
New South Wales
Sullivan Bay
1803
26,000 square kilometres
50%
6,000 square kilometres
90%
270,000
1975
1855 colonial constitution
Parliament of Victoria
"entrenched" provisions
Victoria Constitution Act 1855
warmest regions
32 °C
15 °C
48.8 °C
2009
state or government
Victoria Department of Education
some extra costs
Roman Catholic Church
curriculum
major car brands
2017
May 2013
October 2016
Ford
2,000 m
Mount Bogong
1,986 m
river systems
helmeted honeyeater
Victorian Alps
Great Dividing Range
east-west
below 0 °C
−11.7 °C
government-owned
Metro Trains Melbourne
Victorian Government
freight services
passenger
37
12
Legislative Assembly
Legislative Council
Linda Dessau
1 July 1851
1851
gold rush
sevenfold
20 million ounces
1,548
489
540,800
63,519
61
Victoria
3 million
60%
two-thirds
Asia
1,600 mm
1,435 mm
760 mm
mountainous areas
five
1788
New South Wales
New Holland
Sydney
1854
British troops
Eureka Stockade
mining licence fees
Colony of Victoria Act
most seats
Premier
representatives
Daniel Andrews
elected
$8.7 billion
17%
32,463
136,000 square kilometres
60%
tourism
sports
Melbourne
regional cities
SurfClassic
the southern and central parts of France
about one-eighth the number
from 1562 to 1598
the Edict of Nantes
granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy
derision
Geneva
Besançon Hugues
Amboise plot
1560
availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
Around 1294
Guyard de Moulin
1487
Paris
villes de sûreté
Montpellier
Edict of Alès
1622
1629
at the Cape of Good Hope
Cape Town
Maria de la Queillerie
Dutch East India Company
1700
1624
Jessé de Forest
L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
Brooklyn
the Charleston Orange district
the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
Pons
1697
Charleston, South Carolina
William III of Orange
King of England
League of Augsburg
Dutch Republic
1672
Edict of Fontainebleau
1685
Louis XIV
500,000
Catholic Church in France
St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
5,000 to 30,000
their own militia
some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
between 1621 and 1629
southwestern France
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Huguenot rebellions
one million
2%
Alsace
Cévennes
Australia
New Rochelle
New Paltz
"Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz
the oldest street in the United States of America
Staten Island
the Dutch Republic
an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people
ca. 2 million
Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Tours
Huguon
the ghost of le roi Huguet
prétendus réformés
night
Canterbury
The Weavers
economic separation
Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
a restaurant
Cork City
Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
Dublin
a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland
1696
brain drain
New France
non-Catholics
Seven Years' War
1759-60
Henry of Navarre
1598
granted the Protestants equality with Catholics
the founding of new Protestant churches
Protestantism
education of children as Catholics
prohibited emigration
Four thousand
"new converts"
Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
Switzerland and the Netherlands
1555
France Antarctique
1560
the Guanabara Confession of Faith
Afrikaans
wine industry
Western Cape province
surnames
Paul Revere
Henry Laurens
Charleston, South Carolina
Manakin Episcopal Church
Texas
lace
'Bucks Point'
twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
first half of the eighteenth century
Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
one-fifth
in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
1806-07
Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
Prussia
Cévennes
Camisards
the Catholic Church in the region
1702 and 1709
Jacksonville
Jean Ribault
Fort Caroline
Spanish
1565
Charlesfort
Parris Island
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1562
The Wars of Religion
Virginia
Lower Norfolk County
Manakin Town
390
12 May 1705
1568–1609
Spain
"Apologie"
William the Silent
Calvinist
Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
1708
50,000
Andrew Lortie
the doctrine of transubstantiation
Williamite war
William of Orange
Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
flax cultivation
Irish linen industry
Prince Louis de Condé
Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
glass-making
1890s
1604
Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
Protestant
Quebec
Dutch Cape Colony
they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
Hugues Capet
The "Hugues hypothesis"
Janet Gray
little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
double or triple non-French linguistic origins
Jacques Lefevre
University of Paris
1530
William Farel
Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
24 August – 3 October 1572
Catholics
Nearly 3,000
1573
almost 25,000
Louis XIV
acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert
he sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts
closed Huguenot schools
dragonnades
Westchester
"Bauffet's Point"
John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
La Rochelle
Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
affiliated with other Protestant denominations
married outside their immediate French communities
E.I. du Pont
into the nineteenth century
Eleutherian gunpowder mills
Pierre Bayle
Rotterdam
Historical and Critical Dictionary
US Library of Congress
Saint Nicolas
The French Protestant Church of London
1550
Soho Square
Shoreditch
1724
Lutheran and Reformed
Germany and Scandinavia
Edict of Potsdam
Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
Huguenots furnished two new regiments
Frederick William
Theodor Fontane
Adolf Galland
Lothar de Maizière
Federal Minister of the Interior
solar
Rankine
steam
high
external combustion
atmospheric engine
Thomas Newcomen
1712
steam pump
Papin
United Kingdom
21 February 1804
Abercynon
Wales
south
water pump
multi-stage centrifugal
1850s
steam locomotives
lower-pressure boiler feed water
three
quadruple expansion engines
19th
marine triple expansion
Olympic
Corliss
Joy
lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
Lead fusible plugs
melts
steam escapes
manually suppress the fire
dampening the fire
James Watt
rotary
ten
1883
Industrial Revolution
first
Hero of Alexandria
Greek
Giovanni Branca
1606
compound
expansions
shipping
internal combustion engines
coal
steam turbines
late
several hundred
90
electric
burning combustible materials
combustion chamber
solar
electric
steam engine indicator
1851
Charles Porter
Charles Richard
London Exhibition
90
180
90
counterflow
two
one
four
expansion
Quasiturbine
counterflow
port
oscillating cylinder
trunnion
models
ships
recycled continuously
open loop
Mercury
water
working fluid
565
stainless steel
63%
30 °C
Steam engines
steamboats
Stanley Steamer
factories
increase in the land available for cultivation
Catch Me Who Can
Matthew Murray
twin-cylinder
Middleton Railway
Stockton and Darlington
Arthur Woolf
British
torque variability
cylinder volume
90
reciprocating steam engines
gas turbines
steam turbines
reduction
Rankine cycle
removed in a condenser
1990s
biomass
Scottish
duty
17
7 million
94
Watt
steam turbines
Reciprocating piston
turbine
internal combustion
Thomas Savery
water pump
1698
Bento de Moura Portugal
John Smeaton
Richard Trevithick
Oliver Evans
1802
transport
power
Energiprojekt AB
Sweden
5
8.8
27-30
surface condensers
automobile radiator
where water is costly
wet
3600
centrifugal governor
Boulton
flour mill
cotton spinning
hold a set speed
1880
railway locomotives
complicated
1930
road engines
shortening the cutoff
kick back
evacuate the cylinder
fixed
Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
Spanish
1606
1698
1712
rotating discs
drive shaft
static discs
turbine casing
3600 revolutions per minute
lower
electric motors
steam turbine
Advanced Steam
pollution
Wankel
cylinders and valve gear
thermal expansion
1775
condenser
half
Newcomen's
piston
two
plug valve
adjustable spring-loaded
seal
more power
Corliss steam engine
1849
30%
four
Rumford medal
thermodynamic
Watt
condenser
Joseph Black
latent heat
during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
liquid
1% to 3%
1500 °C
injector
recover the latent heat of vaporisation
superheaters
bunker
stoking
feed water
British
dreadnought battleships
ocean liners
1905
water
turbine
electrical generator
turbo-electric transmission
Britain
practical Carnot cycle
in the condenser
constant pressure
isothermal
liquid
8
helium
two atoms
almost half
Diatomic oxygen
20.8%
Oxygen
8
monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend
By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium
8
chalcogen
oxides
third
dioxygen
photosynthesis
sunlight
high-altitude ozone layer
oxygen
water
photosynthesis
water
ozone
Robert Boyle
John Mayow
nitroaereus
1679
Robert Boyle
nitroaereus
17th century
respiration
John Mayow
Joseph Priestley
clergyman
HgO
mercuric oxide (HgO)
mercuric oxide
dephlogisticated air
1775
published his findings first
active
Leonardo da Vinci
Philo of Byzantium
2nd century BCE
incorrectly
Philo of Byzantium
fire
Pneumatica
Leonardo da Vinci
air
heat or a spark
Oxygen is the oxidant
compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative
Oxygen
ignition event
oxidant
rapid combustion
chemical energy
compounds of oxygen
pure O
oxygen
1⁄3
special training
combustion
storage vessels
special training
Apollo 1 crew
oxides of silicon
carbon dioxide
mantle
carbon dioxide
Earth's crustal rock
Earth's mantle
mantle
complex silicates
monatomic
simplest
HO
hydrogen
Avogadro's law
phlogiston
non-combustible
Air
metals
become lighter
covalent double bond
two
Aufbau
chemically
molecular orbitals
1773
1774
work was published first
Antoine Lavoisier
phlogiston theory
spin triplet state
triplet oxygen
unpaired electrons
spontaneous
antibonding
air
weight
weight
1777
azote
ozone
allotrope
lung tissue
protective radiation shield
UV
dioxygen
O2
major
energy content
cellular respiration
James Dewar
1891
1895
oxyacetylene
Oxygen
temperature
6.04 milliliters
seawater
twice
most abundant
third
0.9%
world's oceans
ultraviolet radiation
late 19th
compressing and cooling
Raoul Pierre Pictet
few drops
March 29, 1883
Sun
oxygen-16
Genesis spacecraft
unknown
Earth
Singlet
organic molecules
photosynthesis
photolysis of ozone
Carotenoids
Paleoclimatologists
climate
12%
oxygen-18
lower global temperatures
687 and 760 nm
carbon cycle
satellite platform
global
remote sensing
paramagnetic
Liquid oxygen
unpaired electrons
magnetic field
powerful magnet
dangerous by-products
destroy invading microbes
pathogen attack
anaerobic
2.5 billion years ago
90.20 K
clear
liquefied air
liquid nitrogen
combustible materials
water
lower
higher oxygen content
algae
biochemical oxygen demand
3.5 billion years ago
Paleoproterozoic
banded iron formations
1.7 billion years ago
3–2.7 billion years ago
oxygen cycle
biogeochemical
three
photosynthesis
oxygen
zeolite molecular sieves
90% to 93%
nitrogen
non-cryogenic
major method
water
oxygen and hydrogen
DC
oxides and oxoacids
Chemical
recreational
mild euphoric
performance
placebo
aerobic
Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine
carbon monoxide
anaerobic bacteria
Decompression sickness
Oxygen therapy
heart
oxygen supplementation
respiration
gaseous oxygen.
electronegativity
oxides
FeO
oxide
corrosion
cabin depressurization
chemical
exothermic
oxygen gas
storage
insulated tankers
liquid
compressed gas
hospitals
organic solvents
organic compounds
feeder materials
Epoxides
important
biomolecules
Only a few
carbohydrates
proteins
bones
Oxygen toxicity
pulmonary fibrosis
160 kPa
Acute oxygen toxicity
seizures
low total pressures
30 kPa
1.4 times normal
no damage
only marginally more
at elevated partial pressures
50 kilopascals
50% oxygen
mechanical ventilators
30%–50%
October 1973
nearly $12
1979
first oil shock
members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
to avoid being targeted by the boycott
They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
January 18, 1974,
March 1974
On August 15, 1971
to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
industrialized nations increased their reserves
In September 1971
oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
risen by less than two percent per year
After 1971
1973–1974
Until the oil shock
On October 6, 1973
Iran
ten times more
Iran
renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict
In response to American aid to Israel
October 16, 1973,
until their economic and political objectives were met
$2.2 billion
American aid to Israel
over 100 billion dollars
Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
Middle East
shrinking Western demand
Wahhabism
distribution and price disruptions
USSR
1973
Kissinger
The embargo
automobiles
Macroeconomic problems
Arctic
five to ten years
Netherlands
America
UK
Israel
Ted Heath
UK
a series of strikes
winter of 1973–74
Germany
Sweden
Price controls
encourage investment
Price controls
rationing
William E. Simon
In 1973
coordinate the response to the embargo
last week of February 1974,
55 mph
Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
Bill Clinton
November 28, 1995
1977
energy crisis
market and technology realities
congresses and presidents
U.S
British Prime Minister Edward Heath
10 years
Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
Japan
71%
5% production cut
November 22
December 25
USSR's invasion
Saudi Arabia and Iran
Saudi Arabia
January 1979
November 1979
large cars
Japanese imports
V8 and six cylinder engines
Japan
A decade after the 1973
Toyota Corona Mark II
power steering
Lexus
Toyota Hilux
Dodge D-50
Ford, Chrysler, and GM
captive import policy
An increase in imported cars
at least four passengers
1985
Lincoln Continental,
Chevrolet Bel Air
1979
1981
Mustang I
1981
1980s
recover market share
nearly $40 per barrel
Project Mercury
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1968
Dwight D. Eisenhower
two
1961 to 1972
Gemini program
Soviet Union
Skylab
1967
prelaunch test
Budget cuts
Five
oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
Apollo 8
Apollo 17
382 kg
avionics, telecommunications, and computers
one
three
Abe Silverstein
manned lunar landings
early 1960
1960
Maxime Faget
three
Hugh L. Dryden
John F. Kennedy
Soviet Union
massive financial commitment
James E. Webb
missile gap
Yuri Gagarin
Soviet Union
one day
refusing to make a commitment
April 20
Lyndon B. Johnson
approximately one week
neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
Robert R. Gilruth
NASA's Langley Research Center
Houston, Texas
Rice University
Florida
Merritt Island
Kurt H. Debus
Director
Kennedy
three
Apollo spacecraft
250,000 feet
130 million cubic foot
Dr. George E. Mueller
July 23, 1963
D. Brainerd Holmes
Mueller
Air Force missile projects
United States Air Force
General Samuel C. Phillips
January 1964, until it achieved the first manned landing in July 1969
Apollo Program Director
a rendezvous —let alone a docking
1961
Robert Seamans
Nicholas E. Golovin
July 1961
Manned Spacecraft Center
Joseph Shea
Marshall Space Flight Center
Jerome Wiesner
Golovin
NASA
July 11, 1962
Wiesner
"No, that's no good"
Lunar Excursion Module
Grumman
spacecraft to be used as a "lifeboat"
Apollo 13
propulsion, electrical power and life support
1964
cone-shaped
Command/Service Module
two
three
ocean
ablative heat shield
Parachutes
5,560 kg
Service Module (SM)
high-gain S-band antenna
discarded
51,300 pounds
orbital scientific instrument package
North American Aviation
twice the thrust
1964
Saturn V
two
Not
15,100 kg
3 days
Wernher von Braun
Army
June 11, 1962
dummy upper stages filled with water
1964 and 1965
Pegasus satellites
frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
Saturn IB
200,000 lbf
third stage
40,000 pounds
three-stage Saturn V
33 feet
three
burned liquid hydrogen
Mercury and Gemini
All missions
Dr. Harrison Schmitt
Apollo 17
last mission
32
Distinguished Service Medal
1969
discipline problems
Apollo 8
1966
265.7 nautical miles
25,700 km
heat shield
unmanned
new Apollo spacesuit
traditional visor helmet
a water-cooled undergarment
Lunar Module Pilot
Deke Slayton
Mercury
1966
Donn F. Eisele
AS-205
canceled
August 1967
AS-205/208
Apollo 1 backup crew
Samuel Phillips
"tiger team"
1967
George Mueller
altitude chamber
Grissom, White, and Chaffee
launch countdown
North American
strange odor in their spacesuits
January 27, 1967
electrical fire
asphyxiated
100% oxygen
both houses of Congress
deficiencies
George Low
immediately
nitrogen/oxygen mixture
flammable cabin and space suit materials
quick-release, outward opening door
discontinued
fire-resistant Block II
sequence
successful
letters
AS-501
heat shield
April 4, 1968
third unmanned test
Apollo 5
pad 37
Grumman
success
"fire-in-the-hole"
two Saturn IBs
Zond 5
Christmas Eve
orbit the Moon
human cosmonauts
Gemini
July 1969
black-and-white television
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
July 24
Apollo 12
Surveyor 3
returned to Earth
the Sun
Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)
Block II spacesuit
eight
over three days
mass
liquid oxygen tank exploded
rookies
grounded
oxygen tank
April 1970
Apollo 20
began to shrink
museum exhibits
1971
extremely old
4.6 billion years
KREEP
Genesis Rock
micrometeoroid impact craters
impact process effects
materials melted near an impact crater.
$170 billion
15
$20.4 billion
Apollo X
Apollo Applications Program
Venus
1973
on the ground
February 8, 1974
Apollo Telescope Mount
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Apollo 11
unknown
Apollo 8
Book of Genesis
one-quarter
inspiring end
special Apollo TV camera
incompatible
magnetic tape shortage
newer satellite data
Stan Lebar
Nafzger
without destroying historical legitimacy
kinescope recordings
Lowry Digital
black and white
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
a body of treaties and legislation
Treaties establishing the European Union
regulations and directives
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
a body of treaties and legislation
direct effect or indirect effect
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
the Treaties establishing the European Union
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
three
courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
courts of member states
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
international law
courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
The European Court of Justice
international law
the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
the courts of member states
The European Court of Justice
case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
The European Commission
citizens
The European Court of Justice
The "European Council"
Treaty on European Union (TEU)
the Faroe Islands
can interpret the Treaties, but it cannot rule on their validity
if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional.
as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
Gibraltar and the Åland islands
Treaties apply as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
1985
in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
Greenland
common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
1992
1986
1972
1985
Following the Nice Treaty
referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
very similar
an amending treaty
altered the existing treaties
there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
this would have also produced a single constitutional document
the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
the Lisbon Treaty
The European Commission
the Commission
The Commission's President
one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
Federica Mogherini
Article 17(3)
The Commission's President
simple majority vote
Ireland
Commissioners
the Santer Commission
did in fact not break any law
Committee of Independent Experts
European Council
do not have voting rights
1999
Commission v Edith Cresson
a Committee of Independent Experts
the European Anti-fraud Office
2012
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
every five years
two-thirds majority
the Commission and Council
the Commission
the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
1979
every five years
the conservative European People's Party
different ministers of the member states
Donald Tusk
inversely
352
260
the Council
each six months
352
at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU
a majority
qualified majority
harder
TEU articles 4 and 5
Court of Justice
TFEU article 294
legislation can be blocked by a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
TEU articles 4 and 5
Conciliation Committee
judicial branch
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
28
member state courts
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
the Court of Justice of the European Union
Civil Service Tribunal
three years
to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
EU law
nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958
1964 and 1968
the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
1964
the Court of Justice
EU law
foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
1972
the ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
administrative law
1986
All actions
constitutional law
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
article 30
a postal company
Treaty provisions
Directives
4 weeks
28 days
early 1990s
the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action
a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company
10 years
British Gas plc
women retire at age 60 and men at 65
national courts
incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
6 million Lira
the European Court of Justice
fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
since the 1950s
in Article 5
the least onerous
since the 1960s
international law and public law
a proper legal basis
the principles of legal certainty and good faith
from the constitutional traditions common to the member states
fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
None
member states
1950
European Court of Human Rights.
1999
2007
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
European Union law
European Court of Justice
1997 Treaty of Amsterdam
1997
1989
30
40
11 of the then 12 member states
The UK
the "Social Chapter"
1992
the election of the UK Labour Party to government
1997
Works Council Directive
1996
workforce consultation in businesses
France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
1951
cartels
article 66
1957
Article 101(1)
the abuse of dominant position
Articles 106 and 107
Article 102
2007
1957
consumer prices
free trade
the Court of Justice
a customs union, and the principle of non-discrimination
parallel importers like Mr Dassonville
private actors
Commission v France
a protest that blocked heavy traffic
25
France
2003
cocoa butter
motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers
Keck and Mithouard
cut throat competition
Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
the European Community
citizenship
Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
articles 1 to 7
Jean-Marc Bosman
Gaelic
Hendrix v Employee
between 3 and 14 hours a week
Citizenship of the EU
the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
Commission v Austria
higher education
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
if they were non-discriminatory
Reyners v Belgium
article 49
Commission v Italy
2006
shipping toxic waste
October 2007
2005
to people who give services "for remuneration"
because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
narcotic drugs
the treatment
the Daily Mail
£1
200,000 Danish krone
creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH
also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle,
5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
This region includes territory belonging to nine nations.
States or departments in four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.
The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
Amazoneregenwoud
The Amazon rainforest
Brazil
over half
16,000
moist broadleaf forest
7,000,000 square kilometres (2,70
nine nations
Brazil
16,000 species
the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
During the Oligocene, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
45
Climate fluctuations
Oligocene
It expanded
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
66–34 Mya
Middle Miocene
last glacial maximum
34 million years
During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.
Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic,
Solimões Basin
Within the last 5–10 million years
joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
During the mid-Eocene
the Atlantic
the Pacific
Amazonas Basin
the Solimões Basin
the mid-Eocene
Purus Arch
the Atlantic
the Pacific
Solimões Basin
Last Glacial Maximum
rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
This debate has proved difficult
explanations are reasonably well supported
21,000
the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
sediment deposits
reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
21,000
sediment deposits
moist tropical vegetation cover
open forest and grassland
data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
CALIPSO
182 million tons
1,600 miles
Amazon basin
132 million tons
NASA's CALIPSO satellite
182 million tons
27.7 million tons
132 million tons
43 million tons
CALIPSO
NASA
182 million tons
1,600 miles
27.7 million tons
Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.52/sq mi
agriculture
anthropological
5 million
the poor soil
Betty Meggers
0.2
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
Betty Meggers
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
5 million people
200,000.
Francisco de Orellana
1540s
diseases from Europe
1970s
AD 0–1250
Francisco de Orellana
1542
AD 0–1250
Ondemar Dias
11,000 years
black earth
large areas
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida
Terra preta (black earth)
agriculture and silviculture
Xingu tribe
Michael Heckenberger and colleagues
roads, bridges and large plazas
2.5 million
One in five
40,000
one in five
96,660 and 128,843
2.5 million
2,000
40,000
378
One in five
62 acres
1,100
90,790
356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
438,000
highest on Earth
1,100
90,790 tonnes
356 ± 47 tonnes
438,000
electric eels
black caiman
piranha
lipophilic alkaloid toxins
Vampire bats
Deforestation
the early 1960s
slash and burn method
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye
415,000
587,000
pasture for cattle
second-largest global producer
91%
soy farmers
increased settlement and deforestation
8,646 sq mi
deforestation has declined
18% higher
loss of biodiversity
destruction of the forest
carbon contained within the vegetation
10% of the carbon stores
1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes
reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
greenhouse gas emissions
2100
though the 21st century
climate change in addition to deforestation
indigenous territories
community-based conservation
deforestation and ecocide
Urarina
lowland South American
remote sensing
Trio Tribe
southern Suriname
to help strengthen their territorial claims
to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
tree growth
carbon related emissions
Tatiana Kuplich
2006
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
2005
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
deforestation
savanna or desert
Woods Hole Research Center
2010
1,160,000
three epicenters
2005
1.5 gigatons
comb jellies
marine waters worldwide.
a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
phylum of animals that live in marine waters
‘combs’ – groups of cilia
water flow through the body cavity
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
‘combs’ – groups of cilia
comb jellies
1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
water flow through the body cavity
κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'carry'
marine waters
ten times their own weight
100–150
possibly another 25
100–150 species
tentilla
ten times their own weight
tentacles
groups of large, stiffened cilia
ten times their own weight
tentilla
groups of large, stiffened cilia
colloblasts
100–150 species
Most species are hermaphrodites
miniature cydippids
In at least some species, juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size
can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
sequential
platyctenids
hermaphroditism and early reproduction
a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
the eggs and sperm mature at different times
platyctenids
beroids
the Black Sea
Mnemiopsis
over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
other ctenophores
Mnemiopsis
fish larvae and organisms
In bays
In bays
planktonic plants
Mnemiopsis
causing fish stocks to collapse
introduction of Beroe
66 million years ago
monophyletic
515 million years
tentacles
515 million years
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
monophyletic
tentacles
cnidarians
by having colloblasts
bilaterians
Ctenophores
colloblasts
cnidarians
colloblasts
colloblasts
ctenophores and cnidarians
bilaterians
mesoglea
diploblastic
sponges and cnidarians, ctenophores
sponges
cilia
method of locomotion
ctenes
comb-bearing
Pleurobrachia
oceanic species
to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
epithelium
bioluminescence
pharynx
a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles; a pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.
the mouth and pharynx;
swimming-plates
also called "ctenes" or "comb plates
supporting function
in the direction in which the mouth is pointing,
2 millimeters (0.079 in)
osmotic pressure
the mesoglea
increase its bulk and decrease its density
pump water out of the mesoglea
aboral organ
at the opposite end from the mouth
a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
a statocyst
a balance sensor
sea gooseberry
a pair of long, slender tentacles
more or less rounded
a sheath
at the narrow end
tentilla
specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
they contain striated muscle,
three types of movement
capturing prey
eight rows
from near the mouth to the opposite end
evenly round the body
ciliary groove
lobes
gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents
four
help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
suspended planktonic prey
by clapping their lobes
jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
nerves
water disturbances created by the cilia
Nuda
The Beroida
zip" the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding,
"zip" the mouth shut
large pharynx
The Cestida
Cestum veneris
belt animals
by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
Velamen parallelum
a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles
cling to and creep on surfaces
comb-rows
on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
via pores in the epidermis
internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
Mnemiopsis
in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
external
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
among the plankton
after dropping to the sea-floor
more like true larvae
Beroe
they produce secretions (ink) that luminesce
are disturbed,
ink
Juveniles will luminesce more brightly
Almost all ctenophores are predators
jellyfish
incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
smaller, weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae.
Lampea
their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
chum salmon
ctenophores
the Red Sea
ctenophores,
ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
via the ballast tanks of ships
by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata,
in the late 1980s
significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
Because of their soft, gelatinous bodies
comb jelly.
Cambrian period.
Three additional putative species
lacked tentacles
515 million years
Cambrian sessile frond-like fossil Stromatoveris
Stromatoveris
Vendobionta
Ediacaran period
all other animals
Porifera
beroids
monophyletic
65.5 million years ago
Richard Harbison
Fresno
220 miles (350 km)
ash tree
ash leaf
(/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh)
1872
the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
1885
47 streetcars
store
2.7%
Chinatown
Pinedale
an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
an assembly center
BankAmericard
BankAmericard
to revolve a balance
1976
Visa Inc.
Bill Aken
Bob Gallion
Madera
The Fresno Barn
Lupe Mayorga
three
Roeding Park
Kearney Park
Shinzen Japanese Gardens
Kearney Park
Between the 1880s and World War II
Fresno County Courthouse (demolished), the Fresno Carnegie Public Library
San Joaquin Light & Power Building
Hughes Hotel
1964
Fulton Mall
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
near their current locations
wide sidewalks
Fresno's far southeast side
Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
1950s through the 1970s
Sunnyside
William P. Bell
Tower Theatre
1939
water tower
Fresno Normal School
one-half mile
late 1970s
second and third run movies, along with classic films
1978
Fresno
Evita and The Wiz
live theater
all within a few hundred feet of each other
Tower District
Tower District
Tower District
early twentieth century homes
Storybook houses
contrasts
in recent decades
Huntington Boulevard
William Stranahan
1914
267
Fresno Traction Company
"Southwest Fresno"
southwest
African-American
Hmong or Laotian
"West Side"
M. Theo Kearney
tall palm trees
Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
Brookhaven
The isolated subdivision
between the 1960s and 1990s
Fresno and B streets
Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
the West Side
very little
Ralph Woodward
300 acres
2,500
22 miles
April through October
1946
William Smilie
Sierra Sky Park
automobiles
there are now numerous such communities across the United States
hot and dry
July
around 11.5 inches
northwest
December, January and February
115 °F
January 6, 1913
1885
2.2 inches
3.55 inches
494,665
49.6%
8,525
30.0%
4,404.5 people
68,511
19.3%
1,388
3.62
3.07
427,652
149,025
8.4%
a third
4,097.9 people per square mile
To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations
KMJ-TV
June 1, 1953
NBC affiliate KSEE
KGPE
State Route 99
the Sierra Freeway
State Route 41
west
Fresno
1950s
99
rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
Amtrak San Joaquins
Downtown Fresno
Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad
San Joaquin Valley Railroad
Fresno
Paul Baran developed the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
This concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
to provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
Davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in Europe
circuit switching
circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time
by a fee per unit of information transmitted
circuit switching
a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth
by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching
survivable communications networks
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks
delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
by store and forward switching
distributed adaptive message block switching
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks, later called packets
independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by Baran
packet switching
proposed to build a nationwide network in the UK
use in the ARPANET
Donald Davies
packet switching
suggested it for use in the ARPANET
each packet includes complete addressing information
individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery
Each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence number
The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number
Routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking
a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
connection-oriented operations. But X.25 does it at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer
supplanted by the Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer, and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and or versions of Multi-Protocol Label Switching
Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs across wide area networks. However, X.25 and well as Frame Relay have been supplanted
A typical configuration is to run IP over ATM or a version of MPLS
1969
Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
In the virtual call system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host
User Datagram Protocol
a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985
that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
a plug-n-play system
CYCLADES packet switching network
to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
later ARPANET architecture
a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
Initially built with three layers, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
were open standards with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for Linux
a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers
the world's first commercial online service
They lost money from the beginning, and Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around
that a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from GE—could be profitable
as a means to help the state's educational and economic development
an interactive host to host connection was made between the IBM mainframe computer systems at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Wayne State
Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
Larry Roberts
making ARPANET technology public
host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29
Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE
an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
connect host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks
private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as DATAPAC and TRANSPAC
DATAPAC was developed by Bell Northern Research
A user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
AUSTPAC was an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra
supporting applications such as on-line betting, financial applications
Access can be via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom
Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines
public PAD service Telepad (using the DNIC 2049
use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
The Computer Science Network
to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET
role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet
a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
The Internet2 community, in partnership with Qwest
Abilene
a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network
Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network
The National Science Foundation Network
advanced research and education networking in the United States
it developed into a major part of the Internet backbone
The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
The network was engineered and operated by MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with DS-3
vBNS installed one of the first ever production OC-48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48c
the arid plains of Central Asia
merchant ships.
30–60% of Europe's total population
the 17th century
until the 19th century
commonly present
dating to 1338–39
China
1331
an estimated 25 million
Genoese traders
Jani Beg
infected corpses
Sicily
war, famine, and weather
northwest across Europe
northwestern Russia
parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours
Germany and Scandinavia
1349
serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
autumn 1347
y through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
The city's residents fled to the north
Gasquet
atra mors
J.I. Pontanus
1823
Scandinavia
the heavens
the king of France
That the plague was caused by bad air
Miasma theory
Yersinia pestis
Hong Kong in 1894
French-Swiss bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin
The mechanism by which Y. pestis was usually transmitted
two populations of rodents
Francis Aidan Gasquet
some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague
1908
rats and fleas
the Justinian plague that was prevalent in the Eastern Roman Empire from 541 to 700 CE.
30–75%
100–106 °F
80 percent
90 to 95 percent
purple skin patches
In October 2010
a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
from the tooth sockets in human skeletons
unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague
genetic branches
Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
through the port of Marseille around November 1347
spring of 1349
confirmed and amended
East Smithfield
may no longer exist
October 2011
British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury
rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
contemporary accounts were exaggerations
the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
epidemiological account of the plague
the lack of reliable statistics from this period
by over 100%
the clergy
between the time of publication of the Domesday Book and the year 1377
the rat population was insufficient
of marginal significance
temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
5 to 15 years
a form of anthrax
a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
(a type of "blood poisoning"
25
about a third.
Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people
at least some pre-planning and Christian burials
as much as 50%
most isolated areas
throughout the 14th to 17th centuries
the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
almost a million people
propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
By the end of 1350
10–15% of the population
1665
40,000
Russia
the Italian Plague of 1629–1631
The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654.
22 times between 1361 and 1528
some 1.7 million victims
about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
reduced the population of Seville by half
Sweden v. Russia and allies
1720 in Marseille.
between 1500 and 1850
30 to 50 thousand inhabitants
until the second quarter of the 19th century.
two-thirds of its population
melt (magma and/or lava)
metamorphic rock
new magma
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
heat and pressure
seafloor spreading
the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
asthenosphere
the convecting mantle
the 1960s
divergent boundaries
convergent boundaries
Transform boundaries
Alfred Wegener
the convecting mantle
seismic waves
crust
the mantle
wave speeds
the outer core and inner core
second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale
Quaternary
The Holocene
the Quaternary period
The principle of cross-cutting relationships
younger than the fault
the key bed
older than the fault
xenoliths
magma or lava flows
clasts
The principle of inclusions and components
gravel
The principle of faunal succession
William Smith
complex
organisms
Charles Darwin
At the beginning of the 20th century
stratigraphic correlation
absolute ages
to one another
fossil sequences
Thermochemical techniques
particular closure temperature
isotope ratios of radioactive elements
Dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
horizontal compression
In the shallow crust
antiforms
synforms
anticlines and synclines
Extension
boudins
within the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
metamorphosed
normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
Dikes
in areas that are being actively deformed
topographic gradients
Continual motion along the fault
Deformational events
layered basaltic lava flows
Acasta gneiss
sedimentary rocks
Cambrian time
Slave craton in northwestern Canada
the study of rocks
the study of sedimentary layers
the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
modern soils
identifying rocks
birefringence, pleochroism, twinning, and interference properties
geochemical evolution of rock units
the laboratory
petrographic microscope
pressure physical experiments
physical experiments
metamorphic processes
Structural geologists
microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections
plot and combine
analog and numerical experiments
orogenic wedges
those involving orogenic wedges
sand
all angles remain the same
Numerical models
stratigraphers
geophysical surveys
well logs
computer programs
water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
biostratigraphers
Magnetic stratigraphers
Geochronologists
Persia
Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
Shen Kuo
Ibn Sina
his observation of fossil animal shells
James Hutton
Theory of the Earth
1795
Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
William Maclure
1809
1807
Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
the American Philosophical Society
Principles of Geology
uniformitarianism
uniformitarianism
catastrophism
Charles Darwin
103 miles
8.5 mi
Eurocities
Northumberland
Geordie
Robert Curthose
wool
coal
16th century
the Great North Run
Pons Aelius
Tyne
2,000
Hadrian's
Pictish
England's
Elizabeth
25-foot
William the Lion
three times
coal
the Hostmen
a pointless pursuit
an eccentric
ruin him
their families
boats
7,000
47%
devastating loss
the King
the Scots
drummes
Triumphing by a brave defence
Charles I
urbanization
the Maling company
electric lighting
prosperity
the steam turbine
medieval
Narrow alleys
Stairs
modern
a restaurant
Tyneside Classical
England's best-looking city
Grey Street
in the 1960s
Shopping Centre
Town Moor
graze
The Hoppings funfair
June
freemen
Large-scale regeneration
Gateshead Council
Norman Foster
tourist promotion
ten
the Grainger Town area
between 1835 and 1842
four stories
244
the Butcher Market
1835
2000
a painting
English Heritage
oceanic
warming
rain
January 1982
the British Isles
2010
Eldon Square Shopping Centre,
Bainbridge's
by department
2007
shopping
suburban
Tesco
the MetroCentre
Gateshead
The Tyneside flat
terraces
the Ouseburn valley
Architects
high density
7.8%
5.9%
overinflated
authorities
Tunbridge Wells.
2001
metropolitan
student
Universities
student populations
37.8
ancestors
Border Reiver
500
1%
Geordie
Anglo-Saxon populations
many elements
strong
stream
Scandinavia
Northern United Kingdom
Scots
Many words
Dutch
a report
noisiest
80.4
negative
a motorway underpass
Collingwood Street
indoor complex
12
'The Pink Triangle'
bars, cafés and clubs
theatre
Stephen Kemble
many celebrated seasons
1788
Grey Street
theatres
the Theatre Royal
Royal Shakespeare
local talent
arts capital of the UK
The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle
8000
Green
lecture theatre
Joseph Swan
The Newcastle Beer Festival
May
biennial
EAT!
2
The Hoppings
every June
Temperance
a cycling festival
The Northern Pride Festival
Newcastle Mela
Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
Design Event festival
East Asian
NewcastleGateshead
folk-rock
1971
Venom
Skyclad
Duran Duran
November 2006 and May 2008
Old Town Hall
three
Classic
roof
Centre for Life
life on Tyneside
shipbuilding
2009
Seven Stories
On the Night of the Fire
Get Carter
gangster
Mike Figgis
Sting
Gosforth Park
the Newcastle Eagles
Newcastle Diamonds
Brough Park
Blaydon Race
6 miles
Metro Light Rail system
20 minutes
over five million
over 90
Victorian architecture
six
Victoria
Robert Stephenson.
Manors
half-hourly
about three
Edinburgh
CrossCountry
Northern Rail
Tyne and Wear Metro
five
deep-level
A bridge
over 37 million
Metro: All Change.'
smart ticketing
tracks, signalling and overhead wires
an entirely new fleet of trains
trams
the A1
the A696
the old "Great North Road"
the roads
the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel
3
two
Stagecoach
the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
Go-Ahead
1998
highlighting the usage of cycling
healthy
one way
national networks
Danish DFDS Seaways
end of October 2006
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
late 2008
Thomson
eleven
seven
the Royal Grammar School
Newcastle College
Catholic
two
Newcastle University
Sunday Times University of the Year award
polytechnics became new universities
Northumbria University
three
1474
Coptic
Thomas
parish churches
The Parish Church of St Andrew
1726
the main porch
ancient churchyards
The church tower
City Road
a new facility
The entrance to studio 5
result of its colouring
BBC Radio Newcastle
NE1fm
Newcastle Student Radio
since 1951
Radio Lollipop
Newcastle University's student's union building
1770
Archbishop of Westminster
George Stephenson
the incandescent light bulb
Thailand
Rutherford Grammar School
international footballers
Nobel Prize
keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
Newcastle
The V&A is located in the Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
It was founded in 1852
named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
1852
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
Department for Culture, Media and Sport
2001
12.5
145
5,000
Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
post-classical sculpture
Great Exhibition of 1851
Henry Cole
Museum of Manufactures
Somerset House
Gottfried Semper
Queen Victoria
22 June 1857
George Wallis
late night openings
1949
between September and November 1946
nearly a million and a half
Festival of Britain (1951)
Festival of Britain
1948
a rock concert
Gryphon
Roy Strong
mediaeval music
Dundee
£76 million
on the city's waterfront
fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
within five years
Brompton Park House
Sheepshanks Gallery
Captain Francis Fowke
Secretariat Wing
offices and board room
Oriental Courts
Italian Renaissance
James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
Isaac Newton
Titian
Philip Webb and William Morris
Edward Burne-Jones
James Gamble
Alfred Stevens
Sir Edward Poynter
Henry Young Darracott Scott
School for Naval Architects
Cadeby stone
prints and architectural drawings
2008
sgraffito
Starkie Gardner
southeast of the garden
Art Library
Reuben Townroe
Aston Webb
red brick and Portland stone
720 feet
a statue of fame
top row of windows
Alfred Drury
four
Alfred Drury
marble
Queen Victoria
Art Library
Henry Cole wing
a new entrance building
Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
the Spiral
main silverware gallery
mosaic floors
FuturePlan
South Kensington
McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
Kim Wilkie
John Madejski Garden
elliptical
receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
American Sweetgum
2004
Royal Institute of British Architects
over 600,000
RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
over 700,000
Andrea Palladio
Zaha Hadid
over 330
Sir Christopher Wren
Sir Edwin Lutyens
Bishopsgate
Great Fire of London
c1600
Montal
Alhambra
over 19,000
2006
Ardabil Carpet
Spain
1909
nearly 60,000
about 10,000
6000
1991
Jawaharlal Nehru
more than 70,000
China, Japan and Korea
The T. T. Tsui Gallery
1991
Ming and Qing
Toshiba
1986
13th
from 1550 to 1900
bronze
from the 14th to the 19th century
Sri Lanka
Hindu and Buddhist sculptures
mother-of-pearl
ivory
Leonardo da Vinci
Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
over 14,000
1869
1876
Charles Dickens
Beatrix Potter
from the 12th to 16th
the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc
Lucas Horenbout
Word and Image Department
MODES
Encoded Archival Description
newly accessioned into the collection
Search the Collections
2007
Factory Project
Andy Warhol
15,000
to catalog everything
British patrons
Asia
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Horace Walpole
porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
increase in tea drinking
increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure
John Ruskin
the growth of mass production
Arts and Crafts
Trajan's Column
cut in half
David
sculptures, friezes and tombs
in a glass case
1731
Frederick II the Great
1762
1909
Chinese and Japanese ceramics
Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
Britain and Holland
ceramic stoves
from the 16th and 17th centuries
Germany and Switzerland
4000
over 6000
Ancient Egypt
René Lalique
Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
1994
Danny Lane
2004
Dale Chihuly
13th
over 10,000
2,000
Dürer
Rembrandt
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
over 14,000
Word and Image department
Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
1913
Harrods
2002
Vivienne Westwood
178
Costiff
modern
Italian and French Renaissance
between 1859 and 1865
French 18th-century art and furnishings
1882
£250,000
1580
Hans Vredeman de Vries
c1750
Germany
Charles and Ray Eames
over 6000
Ancient Egypt
1869
154
William and Judith Bollinger
secular and sacred
1496–97
8
Sir George Gilbert Scott
over 10,000
c1110
gilt bronze
St Thomas Becket
c1180
gilt copper
over 5,100
Bryan Davies
Horniman Museum
35
2010
1130
650
6800
Queen Elizabeth II
Andrés Marzal De Sax
1857
233
forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'
The Hay Wain
British
continental art 1600–1800
Madame de Pompadour
Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
François, Duc d'Alençon
Eadweard Muybridge
1887
781
animals and humans performimg various actions
James Lafayette
post-classical European
22,000
from about 400 AD to 1914
All
National Galleries of Scotland
Neptune and Triton
Chancel Chapel
Giuliano da Sangallo
1493–1500
more than 20
the sculptor
1914
World War I
St John the Baptist
George Frampton
Thomas Brock
Sir Francis Chantrey
Europeans who were based in Britain
Dorothy and Michael Hintze
1950
by theme
Henry Moore and Jacob Epstein
Tate Britain
more than 53,000
all populated continents
from the 1st century AD to the present
western Europe
by technique
Cloth of St Gereon
15th
the Netherlands
hunting of various animals
John Vanderbank's workshop
late 14th-century
William Morris
1887
Marion Dorn
Serge Chermayeff
Theatre Museum
2009
material about live performance
Shakespeare
research, exhibitions and other shows
Conservation
temperature and light
interventive
V&A Museum of Childhood
preventive
The Walt Disney Company
1957
Manhattan
Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
Disney Media Networks
October 12, 1943
radio network
1948
ESPN
Capital Cities Communications
232
Citadel Broadcasting
eight
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Citadel Broadcasting
Radio Corporation of America
NBC Blue and NBC Red
major cities
drama series
NBC Blue
Mutual
1938
1940
NBC Red Network
NBC Blue
Mark Woods
NBC Blue Network
Dillon, Read & Co.
David Sarnoff
$7.5 million
Life Savers candy
October 12, 1943
George B. Storer
president and CEO
June 30, 1951
Magnetophon tape recorder
Paul Whiteman
ABC
Bing Crosby
public service
$155 million
ABC1
September 8, 2007
ABC International
United States
1959
satellite television
Japan and Latin America
legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
Beirut
Mainichi Broadcasting System
flight delays
technical problems
Peanuts
Emmy Awards
1965
the Academy Awards
It's the Great Pumpkin
1974
Ryan Seacrest
1954
Times Square
TLC
General Hospital
1975
The Edge of Night
The View and The Chew
1963
X Games
2006
12:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time
NBA
The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
Frank Marx
channels 2 through 6
1947
VHF channel 7
108
two
DuMont Television Network
CBS and NBC
U.S. Supreme Court
Paramount Pictures
nine
CBS
Prudential Insurance Company of America
Leonard Goldenson
William S. Paley
June 6, 1951
1952
February 9, 1953
American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
the Paramount Building
August 10, 1948
October 1948
Mount Wilson
The Prospect Studios
September 30, 1960
1960s
William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
1960s
1959
NBC
1961
1985
circle logo
Troika Design Group
black-and-yellow
the dot
Pittard Sullivan
2015
"We Love TV" image campaign
ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
1993–94 season
1995–96 season
1983
That Special Feeling
1977
black background
glossy gold
Paul Rand
Bauhaus typeface
Herbert Bayer
1963–64 season
ABC Radio
October 19, 2005
six divisions
2004
Grey's Anatomy
Anne Sweeney
NASCAR
2002
Michael Eisner
The Bachelor
The Bachelorette
Time Warner Cable
ABC
ABC
afternoon of May 2.
2000
The WB
CBS
August 1999
Regis Philbin
Buena Vista Television
Meredith Vieira
July 31, 1995
ABC Inc.
Knight Ridder
Robert Iger
Sports Night
1965–66 season
third place
Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
May 1, 1953
7 West 66th Street
Baltimore
Robert Kintner
DuMont Television Network
ABC-DuMont
$5 million in cash
Paramount Pictures
The Lone Ranger
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
Cheyenne
Sugarfoot
Walt Disney
Warner Bros. Presents
Roy
$500,000
1954
Disneyland
Allen Shaw
Harold L. Neal
LOVE Radio
seven
1969
Duel
1971
$400,000–$450,000
early 1970s
ABC
behavioral and demographic data
Monday Night Football
2006
ESPN
15%–16%
1970
1972
Worldvision Enterprises
cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
January 2, 1971
Henry Plitt
Elton Rule
1966
Happy Days
youth-oriented programming
Paramount Pictures
Fred Pierce
Fred Silverman
S.W.A.T
November 3, 1975
president of NBC's entertainment division
Laverne & Shirley
jiggle TV
Alex Haley
Aaron Spelling
nine seasons
1976–77 season
Soap
Roone Arledge
ABC Sports
7 Lincoln Square
June 1979
June 1978
Hugh Downs
Barbara Walters
MCA Inc.
ABC Cable News
ABC News Now
WJRT-TV
WTVG
Writers Guild of America
Duel
Caris & Co.
ABC Entertainment
ABC Entertainment Group
Citadel Media
iTunes
2010
2004
Fridays
Wednesdays
1970
Worldvision Enterprises
ABC Circle Films
Turner Broadcasting System
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Buena Vista Television
Buena Vista International Television
Selznick library
WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
eight
235 additional television stations
96.26%
1946
the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
1957
2011
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
HD
Litton's Weekend Aventure
720p high definition
1080i HD
11
720p high definition
Body of Proof
Happy Endings
NBC
V
All My Children and One Life to Live
Prospect Park
Hulu
The Revolution
18–49 demographic
2004
CBS
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
The Neighbors
The Middle and Modern Family
Dragon's Den
Sundays
Tim Allen
Daniel Burke
Thomas Murphy
NYPD Blue
Steven Bochco
ten seasons
1993
DIC Entertainment
Time Warner Cable
23.63% of American households
WLS
May 9, 1960
John Bassett
CFTO-TV
Wide World of Sports
Edgar Scherick
Roone Arledge
Sports Programs, Inc.
American Broadcasting Companies
The Dating Game
The Newlywed Game
1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
90%
Dynasty
Mork & Mindy
Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
Getty Oil
The Entertainment Channel
Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
Daniel B. Burke
chairman and CEO
$465 million
America's Funniest Home Videos
Home Improvement
General Hospital
The View and The Chew
7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays
Jimmy Kimmel
New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
WBMA-LD
WBND-LD
WLQP-LP
ABC Circle Films
ABC Studios
ABC Television Center
ABC Television Center, East
Times Square Studios
Good Morning America and Nightline
Peter Jennings
World News Tonight
ABC on Demand
Hulu
July 6, 2009
27% ownership stake
the day after their original broadcast
eight
fast forwarding of accessed content
January 7, 2014
LoyalKaspar
four variants
ABC Modern
ESPN
14
74
All-Channel Receiver Act
UHF tuning
Youngstown
five times lower viewership
WTRF-TV
1980s
Walt Disney Presents
Desilu Productions
its use of violence
April 1959
ABC Sunday Night Movie
$15.5 million
Hanna-Barbera
The Jetsons
April 1, 1963
ITT
Donald F. Turner
Department of Justice
January 1, 1968
Capital Cities Communications
$3.5 billion
Warren Buffett
E. W. Scripps Company
12 television stations
September 5, 1985
Capital Cities/ABC, Inc.
president of ABC's broadcasting division
Michael P. Millardi
Roone Arledge
Laverne & Shirley
Three's Company
NBC
The Love Boat
comedies and family-oriented series
the "TGIF" block
Thank Goodness It's Funny
Miller-Boyett Productions
Warner Bros.
seven radio stations
Charly
Ralph Nelson
1985
Redwood City, California
westerns and detective series
500%
between 10% and 18%
Ollie Treiz
Dick Clark
counterprogramming
Zorro
Life
detective shows
WATCH ABC
New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
Hearst Television
WatchESPN
Sinclair Broadcast Group
WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market
E. W. Scripps Company
28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
15
Start Here
Troika
the entertainment division
ABC News
WFTS-TV and WWSB
KMBC-TV and KQTV
WZZM and WOTV
WTSP
the Mongol Empire
many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia
Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
a substantial portion of Central Asia and China
the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
Ögedei Khan
1227
Western Xia
his sons and grandsons
somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
Delüün Boldog
Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad
1162
a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured
Temülen
Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
Börte
Khongirad
Dai Setsen
Begter
Hoelun
Temüjin and his brother Khasar
during one hunting excursion
the Tayichi'ud
with a cangue, a sort of portable stocks
Chilaun
Jelme and Bo'orchu
a river crevice
arranged marriages
Temüjin's mother Hoelun
the Chinese dynasties to the south
the need for alliances
the Onggirat
the Merkits
Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
Jochi
1185
three
Chagatai
1241
Tolui
six
sworn brother or blood brother
Toghrul
the Keraites
20,000
Jamukha
the traditional Mongolian aristocracy
Kokochu
1186
Battle of Dalan Balzhut
Qara Khitai
the Yassa code
wealth from future possible war spoils
orphans from the conquered tribe
his protection
Jochi
Jamukha
Jamukha
the Keraite
the Naimans
1201
universal ruler
Subutai
1206
his friendship
he did not want disloyal men in his army
a noble death
breaking the back
the Chinese
Jamukha
Khasar
Yam route systems
Wang Khan
1206
Khuruldai
Khagan
Ögedei
a council of Mongol chiefs
the Jin dynasty
Ming-Tan
1215
Kaifeng
Ögedei Khan
Kuchlug
the Liao dynasty
20,000
Jebe
The Arrow
inciting internal revolt
west of Kashgar
Lake Balkhash
Khwarezmid Empire
a Muslim state
Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
Inalchuq
the Muslim
100,000
the Silk Road
Tien Shan
three
the southeast
Tolui
Samarkand
fragmentation
Otrar
silver
fled
Subutai and Jebe
Samarkand
Bukhara
a river
captured enemies
reneged
pyramids of severed heads
opened the gates
a unit of Turkish defenders
artisans and craftsmen
the flail of God
young men who had not fought
1220
Subutai
near the Black Sea
Kalka River
Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
Batu
the Golden Horde
Subutai and Jebe
1225
on the road back to Samarkand
1226
autumn
the Mongols
the Yellow River
a line of five stars arranged in the sky
Ning Hia
Ma Jianlong
arrows
Liupanshan
executed
Jochi
Chagatai
invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire
Ögedei
Chagatai and Jochi
Chagatai
Tolui
Ögedei
1226
Khorasan
Urgench
Sultan Muhammad
Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
Yinchuan
hunting
arrow
Western Xia
Oirads
without markings
Khentii Aimag
Onon River
The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
Edsen Khoroo
Dongshan Dafo Dian
Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining
1954
Red Guards
October 6, 2004
a river
Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
horses
Genghis Khan
Yassa
meritocracy
Genghis Khan and his family
Muhammad Khan
tax exemptions
Ong Khan
a personal concept
Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
Töregene Khatun
the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
the Chinese
legal equality of all individuals, including women
Chu'Tsai
they were nomads
Jin
Khitan rulers
his generals
Karakorum
Muqali
Subutai and Jebe
unwavering loyalty
rivers
Muslim and Chinese
feigned retreat
driving them in front of the army
Sea of Japan
Caspian Sea
Ögedei Khan
1279
the Silk Road
Turkey
tolerant
increased
1990s
uniting warring tribes
Genghis Khan's children
his brutality
unfairly biased
tögrög
Genghis Khan
Chinggis Khaan International Airport
to avoid trivialization
Ulaanbaatar
Ikh Zasag
corruption and bribery
Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
traditional Mongolian script
Inner Mongolia region
5 million
Kublai Khan
Yuan
grandson
Iran
three-fourths
10 to 15 million
Hulagu Khan
the Mamluks of Egypt
Ghazan Khan
1237
Novgorod and Pskov
Mughal emperors
Timur
Nishapur
tenggis
Lake Baikal
"right", "just", or "true"
Zhèng
Chinggis
Chinggis Khaan
Cengiz Han
Tiěmùzhēn
Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
Chéngjísī Hán
its root word pharma
ingredients for medicines, sold tobacco and patent medicines
sorcery or even poison
outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
many other herbs not listed
healthcare professionals
optimal health outcomes
optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
small-business proprietors
specialised education and training
other senior pharmacy technicians
the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
health care professional
manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
writing a five volume book in his native Greek
De Materia Medica
materia medica
Diocles of Carystus
many middle eastern scientists
highly respected
the Taihō Code (701) and re-stated in the Yōrō Code (718)
the pre-Heian Imperial court
status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists
ranked above
botany and chemistry
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
Al-Muwaffaq
sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
1317
Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy
museum
albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs
1221
pharmacy legislation
within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications
automation
patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
a pharmacy practice residency
various disciplines of pharmacy
effectiveness of treatment regimens
pharmacists practicing in hospitals
within the premises of the hospital
unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
The high cost of medications and drug-related technology
Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications
optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention
inside hospitals and clinics
physicians and other healthcare professionals
patient care rounds drug product selection
all health care settings
creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions
full independent prescribing authority
North Carolina and New Mexico
2011
Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
medication regimen review
nursing homes
Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
about the year 2000
brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
online pharmacies
another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
the method by which the medications are requested and received
to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication.
dispensing substandard products
sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
to ensure that the prescription is valid
individual state laws
Vicodin, generically known as hydrocodone
to reduce consumer costs
Canada
international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
There is no known case
to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
pharmacy practice science and applied information science
information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
medication management system development, deployment and optimization
quickly
specialty pharmacies
19
cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
novel medications that need to be properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
separately from physicians
only pharmacists
the American Medical Association (AMA)
7 to 10 percent
form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments
Austria
In some rural areas in the United Kingdom
1.6 kilometres
more than 4 kilometers
the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
the checks and balances system of the U.S. and many other governments.
exaggerating their seriousness
in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
expected to become more integral within the health care system
increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills
clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Alberta and British Columbia
the Australian Government
medicine use reviews
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.)
the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character
The show globe
the Netherlands
Germany and Austria
France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
the neuroimmune system
biological structures and processes within an organism
pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
disease
pathogens
neuroimmune system
blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
pathogens
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
neuroimmune system
Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
eukaryotes
creates immunological memory
bacteriophage
defensins
vaccination
Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
when the immune system is less active than normal
recurring and life-threatening infections
genetic disease
rheumatoid arthritis
Immunodeficiency
autoimmunity
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
plague of Athens in 430 BC
scorpion
Louis Pasteur
Walter Reed
Robert Koch
microorganisms
yellow fever virus
Athens in 430 BC
immunological memory
the innate immune system
the adaptive immune system
Innate immune systems
adaptive immune system
immunological memory
physical barriers
self and non-self
self molecules
non-self molecules
antigens
specific immune receptors
pattern recognition receptors
innate immune system
microorganisms
non-specific
exoskeleton
The waxy cuticle
coughing and sneezing
mucus
tears
β-defensins
lysozyme and phospholipase A2
defensins and zinc
gastric acid and proteases
menarche
commensal flora
fungi
lactobacilli
pH or available iron
Inflammation
increased blood flow into tissue
eicosanoids and cytokines
prostaglandins
interleukins
phagocytes
cytokines
phagosome
phagolysosome
acquiring nutrients
Neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils
50% to 60%
chemotaxis
interleukin 1
Leukocytes
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
adaptive immune system
macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
neuronal dendrites
T cells
T cells
missing self
Natural killer cells
MHC I (major histocompatibility complex)
killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
vertebrates
antigen presentation
pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
killer T cell and the helper T cell
regulatory T cells
Class I MHC molecules
Class II MHC molecules
γδ T cells
Killer T cells
CD8
T cell receptor (TCR)
granulysin
perforin
CD4 co-receptor
around 200–300
a single MHC:antigen molecule
cytokines
CD40 ligand
helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
alternative T cell receptor (TCR)
γδ T cells
receptor diversity
Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells
B cell
proteolysis
lymphokines
long-lived memory cells
adaptive
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
specific pathogen
microbes
IgG
Breast milk or colostrum
passive immunity
immunomodulators
adaptive and innate immune responses
lupus erythematosus
immunosuppressive
NFIL3
heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
sleep deprivation
decline in hormone levels with age
vitamin D
hormones
cholecalciferol
killer T cells
MHC class I molecules
viral antigens
antibodies
phagocytic cells
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
apoptosis
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
RNA silencing mechanisms
autoimmune disorders
self and non-self
thymus and bone marrow
"self" peptides
Immunodeficiencies
the young and the elderly
around 50 years of age
obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
malnutrition
vaccination
immunization
an antigen from a pathogen
natural specificity of the immune system
enzymes
type III secretion system
shut down host defenses
elude host immune responses
Frank Burnet
pathogens, an allograft
histocompatibility
Niels Jerne
Glucocorticoids
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
methotrexate or azathioprine
cyclosporin
cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
cortisol and catecholamines
melatonin
free radical production
a vitamin D receptor
calcitriol
symbiotic relationship
gene CYP27B1
dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
Pattern recognition receptors
defensins
phagocytic cells
RNA interference pathway
immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
the lamprey and hagfish
Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs)
adaptive immune system
lymphocytes
the restriction modification system
bacteriophages
CRISPR
"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
Elie Metchnikoff
phagocytes
Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
soluble components (molecules)
cancers
MHC class I molecules
cytokine TGF-β
macrophages and lymphocytes
Hypersensitivity
four classes (Type I – IV)
Type I
IgE
Type II hypersensitivity
intracellular pathogenesis
Salmonella
Plasmodium falciparum
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
protein A
antigenic variation
HIV
Trypanosoma brucei
antigens
immune surveillance
human papillomavirus
tyrosinase
melanomas
melanocytes
>500 Da
hydrophilic amino acids
Immunoproteomics
B cells
immunoinformatics
leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
APCs
Th1
Th1 immune responses
carbohydrates
disrupting their plasma membrane
signal amplification
catalytic cascade
Civil disobedience
apartheid
Singing Revolution
Ukraine
Georgia
Egyptians
the British
nonviolent resistance
unfair laws
American Civil Rights Movement
Antigone
former King of Thebes
Creon
Oedipus
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
Antigone
Sophocles
Creon, the current King of Thebes
giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
obey her conscience rather than human law
Percy Shelley
nonviolent
Satyagraha
free India
Henry David Thoreau
Percy Shelley
unjust forms of authority
principle of nonviolent protest
doctrine of Satyagraha
Gandhi
muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
Marshall Cohen
ambiguity
utterly debased
become utterly debased
Marshall Cohen
code-word describing the activities of muggers, arsonists, draft evaders
Vice President Agnew
ambiguity
LeGrande
impossible
lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
semantical
specific
LeGrande
voluminous literature
semantical problems and grammatical niceties
nonviolent civil disobedience
violent civil disobedience
constitutional impasse
citizen's
to the state and its laws
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
Civil disobedience
the state and its laws
refuse to enforce a decision
head of government
private citizen
sovereign branches of government
Thoreau
imprisonment
not necessarily right
Resign
elite politicians
The individual
individuals
Thoreau
Resign
not necessarily right
governmental entities
trade unions, banks, and private universities
legal system
international organizations and foreign governments
Brownlee
a larger challenge to the legal system
only justified against governmental entities
universities
civil disobedience
covert lawbreaking
hiding a Jew in their house
(Exodus 1: 15-19)
Shiphrah and Puah
must be publicly announced
rules that conflict with morality
fabricating evidence or committing perjury
the dilemma faced by German citizens
Book of Exodus
non-violence
Black's Law
civil rebellion
tolerance
violence
non-violent
civil rebellion
destructive
help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
Revolutionary civil disobedience
Hungarians
Ferenc Deák
Gandhi's
cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
disobedience of laws
judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
render certain laws ineffective
Revolutionary civil disobedience
Gandhi
during the Roman Empire
gathered in the streets
was not covered in any newspapers
rose to higher political office
after the end of the Mexican War
during the Roman Empire
prevent the installation of pagan images
refuse to sign bail
jail solidarity
until after the end of the Mexican War
illegal
propaganda
Voice in the Wilderness
738 days
successfully preventing it from being cut down
illegal acts
trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
entirely symbolic
social goal
Julia Butterfly Hill
sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors
"Wise up or die."
criminalized behavior
Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
1978
pure speech
broadcasting
Threatening government officials
sending an email
system to function
by padlocking the gates
using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
limited coercion
coercive
refusals to pay taxes
coercion
engage in moral dialogue
padlocking the gates
criminal investigations
not to grant a consent search
suspect's talking to criminal investigators
lack of understanding of the legal ramifications,
use the arrest as an opportunity
accept punishment
validity of the social contract
legitimacy of a particular law
anarchists
does not infringe the rights of others
whether or not to plead guilty
submit to the punishment prescribed by law
I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
Guilt implies wrong-doing
creative plea
Camp Mercury nuclear test site
tempted to enter the test site
arrested
nolo contendere
suspended sentences
a way of continuing their protest
reminding their countrymen of injustice
protest should be maintained all the way
accept jail penitently
plea bargain
no jail time
solidarity tactics
blind plea
Mohandas Gandhi
defiant speech
explaining their actions
lack of remorse
likelihood of repeating
mistreatment from government officials
acquittal and avoid imprisonment
use the proceedings as a forum
inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances
Vietnam War
jury nullification
general disobedience
neither conscientious nor of social benefit
breaking the law for self-gratification
not being a civil disobedient
avoiding attribution
Indirect civil disobedience
direct civil disobedience
Vietnam War
competing harms defense
the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
incapacitation
would do more harm than good
the state
moral reasons to follow this law
Construction
manufacturing
six to nine percent
planning,[citation needed] design, and financing
a known client
An architect
a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or project manager
effective planning
megaprojects
Those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure
buildings, infrastructure and industrial
residential and non-residential
heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
Infrastructure
Industrial
a trade magazine for the construction industry
ENR
2014
transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers
The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
Building construction
small renovations
the owner of the property
structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
Materials readily available in the area
a lot of waste
Cost of construction
3D printing technology
around 20 hours
Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing
2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
designs into reality
the property owner
a quantity surveyor
the most cost efficient bidder
previously separated specialties
entirely separate companies
"one-stop shopping"
"design build" contract
design-build, partnering and construction management
architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
preventable financial problems
when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
Fraud
Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
the mortgage banker
Accountants
identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
Cost engineers and estimators
zoning and building code requirements
the owner
the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad
things that are a matter of custom or expectation
An attorney
A construction project
A contract
that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive
that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
poorly drafted contracts
relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship
Public-Private Partnering
private finance initiatives (PFIs)
co-operation
the architect or engineer
the project coordinator
the architect's client and the main contractor
the main contractor
the building is ready to occupy.
The owner
D&B contractors
The owner
a consortium of several contractors
they design phase 2
contractors
damage
electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
the municipal building inspector
an occupancy permit
$960 billion
$680 billion
667,000 firms
fewer than 10 employees
828,000
£42,090
£26,719
US/Canada
Construction
Falls
electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
independent
academic
tuition
to select their students
$45,000
'tuition-free
Australia
North America
lower sixth
upper sixth
prep schools
peer tuitions
teachers
Roman Catholic
Orthodox Christians
religious
expulsion
blazer
more expensive
Presbyterian
Catholic
Sydney
girls
7
second Gleichschaltung
7.8
11.1
0.5
Sonderungsverbot
Ersatzschulen
very low
Ergänzungsschulen
vocational
tuition
religious
independent
CBSE
30
union government
societies
India
Annual Status of Education Report
evaluates learning levels in rural India
English
scoil phríobháideach
teacher's salaries are paid by the State
€5,000
Society of Jesus
€25,000 per year
1957
Chinese
English
National School
60
aided
fully funded by private parties
Kathmandu
English
Nepali
88
28,000
3.7
Catholic
Auckland
Anglican
Wellington
Presbyterian
Christchurch
Society of St Pius X
7.5
32
80
August 1992
natural science
Education Service Contracting
Tuition Fee Supplement
Private Education Student Financial Assistance
South African Schools Act
1996
independent
traditional private
nineteenth
government schools formerly reserved for white children
better
higher
10
10,000
700
The Knowledge School
voucher
13
public
9
13
£21,000
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
segregation academies
South
white
African-American
endowments
First
Blaine
charter
Massachusetts
1852
1972
268 U.S. 510
McCrary
$40,000
$50,000
Groton School
fundraising
John Harvard
1977
James Bryant Conant
Association of American Universities
Charles W. Eliot
Harvard Library
79 individual libraries
18 million volumes
eight U.S. presidents
150 Nobel laureates
Boston metropolitan area
$37.6 billion
Charles River
eleven separate academic units
Harvard Yard
1636
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1638
1639
1650
Puritan ministers
English university model
It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
1804
Samuel Webber
1805
Louis Agassiz
intuition
Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
Charles W. Eliot
Transcendentalist Unitarian
William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
James Bryant Conant
identify, recruit
1945
about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
1977
the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
3 miles
twelve residential Houses
Charles River
half a mile northwest of the Yard
Allston
The John W. Weeks Bridge
Longwood Medical and Academic Area
approximately fifty percent
new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.
enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible.
2,400
7,200
14,000
1875
1858
$32 billion
30% loss
Allston Science Complex
$4.093 million
$159 million
late 1980s
South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
$230 million
accepted 5.3% of applicants
2007
disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants
2016
core curriculum of seven classes
eight General Education categories
reliance on teaching fellows
beginning in early September and ending in mid-May
four-course rate average
summa cum laude
60%
$38,000
$57,000
nothing for their children to attend, including room and board
$414 million
88%
Widener Library
Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
Pusey Library
18 million volumes
three museums.
Western art from the Middle Ages to the present
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
2003
2011
second most commonly
42
Yale University
every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team
1875
1903
1906
former captain of the Yale football team
Lavietes Pavilion
Malkin Athletic Center
three weight rooms
23 years
Thames River
strong rivalry against Cornell
2003
General Ban Ki-moon
Juan Manuel Santos
José María Figueres
Benjamin Netanyahu
Conan O'Brien
Leonard Bernstein
Yo Yo Ma
W. E. B. Du Bois
Shing-Tung Yau
Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
Stephen Greenblatt
Jacksonville
1,345,596
12th
Duval
1968
St. Johns
340 miles
Fort Caroline
the Timucua
Andrew Jackson
third largest
golf
two
"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
thousands
a University of North Florida team
Timucua
the historical era
Ossachite
Jean Ribault
France
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
San Mateo
Fort Caroline
French and Indian War
constructed the King's Road
cattle were brought across the river there.
Spain
February 9, 1832
Confederate
The Skirmish of the Brick Church
Battle of Olustee
Warfare and the long occupation
Battle of Cedar Creek
Gilded Age
Grover Cleveland
yellow fever outbreaks
extension of the Florida East Coast Railway further south
railroad
Spanish moss
over 2,000
declare martial law
Great Fire of 1901
New York–based filmmakers
silent film
Winter Film Capital of the World
Hollywood
highways
55.1%
"white flight"
Mayor W. Haydon Burns
World War II
Much of the city's tax base dissipated
unincorporated suburbs
annexing outlying communities
Voters outside the city limits
old boy network
11
Jacksonville Consolidation
public high schools lost their accreditation
voters approved the plan
Hans Tanzler
"Bold New City of the South"
Better Jacksonville Plan
authorized a half-penny sales tax
874.3 square miles
The St. Johns River
The Trout River
13.34%
Baldwin
tallest building in Downtown Jacksonville
Barnett Center
617 ft
28
its distinctive flared base
subtropical
May through September
mild
low latitude
104 °F
thunderstorms
high humidity
July
Hurricane Dora
110 mph
Tropical Storm Beryl
Saffir-Simpson Scale
2008
Arab
821,784
largest
Filipino
29.7%
23.9%
females
91.3
40%
about 3.5 billion people
$759,900
the methodology used
a diversion
40%
financial assets
nearly $41 trillion
half
greater tendency to take on debts
400
New York Times
Inherited wealth
grew up in substantial privilege
wealth
richest 1 percent
Inherited wealth
over 60 percent
Institute for Policy Studies
Neoclassical economics
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
different classifications of workers
productivity gap
marginal value added of each economic actor
differences in value added by labor, capital and land
value added by different classifications of workers
wages and profits
worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
reduce costs and maximize profits
less workers are required
increasing unemployment
rising levels of property income
labor inputs
reduce costs and maximize profits
substitute capital equipment
productivity
stagnant
workers wages
supply and demand
business is chronically understaffed
offering a higher wage
unfair
the market
prices
wages
markets
unfair
Competition amongst workers
low demand
high wages
collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
Professional and labor organizations
low wage
competition between workers
expendable nature of the worker
high
employers
entrepreneurship rates
Necessity-based entrepreneurship
push
pull
opportunity-based entrepreneurship
higher economic inequality
necessity
Necessity-based
achievement-oriented
positive
progressive tax
top tax rate
social spending
tax system
the tax rate
level of the top tax rate
steeper tax
the Gini index
access to education
optional education
lower wages
poor
savings and investment
access to education
high wages
lower
lower incomes
education
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
Standard & Poor
2014
2008-2009
increasing access to education
$105 billion
boom-and-bust cycles
1910–1940
increase
decrease
gender inequality in education
period of compression
from 1910–1940
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
Education
gender inequality in education
unions
continental European countries
little
continental European liberalism
economic inequality
social exclusion
CEPR
little
lower
Scandinavia
high inequality
decline of organized labor
technological changes and globalization
Sociologist
University of Washington
decline of organized labor
high
weak labor movements
reduced wages
increased wages
technological innovation
machine labor
global
workers in the poor countries
trade liberalisation
minor
machine labor
53%
-40%
less willing to travel or relocate
males
Gender
males in the labor market
women
Thomas Sowell
a difference
social welfare
relatively equal
more capital
redistribution mechanisms
Economist
levels of economic inequality
more capital
more wealth
lower levels of inequality
1910 to 1940
1970s
service
manufacturing
Kuznets
Kuznets curve
very weak
eventually decrease
effect
Wealth concentration
means to invest
greater return of capital
larger fortunes
the possession of already-wealthy individuals
those who already hold wealth
wealth condensation
Thomas Piketty
higher returns
market
Economist
rare and desired
political power generated by wealth
rent-seeking
inequality
human capital is neglected
life expectancy
inequality
life expectancy is lower
2013
rising inequality
negative
Unemployment
economic
British
higher
lower
23
equality
better health and longer lives
poorer countries
life expectancy
Americans
more equally
income inequality
authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
nine
among states in the US with larger income inequalities
greater equality
inequality
homicides
fifty
differences in the amount of inequality
tenfold
the greatest good
distributive efficiency
a great deal of utility
decreases
higher aggregate utility
consumption
libertarian
2001
Thomas B. Edsall
journalist
economist
systematic economic inequalities
the Financial crisis of 2007–08
easier credit
easier credit
inequality in wealth and income
quality of a country's institutions
declines
higher GDP growth
The poor and the middle class
economists
economic growth
subsequent long-run economic growth
because it is a waste of resources
inequality-associated effects
evidence
by limiting aggregate demand
Economist
increasing importance of human capital in development
widespread education
1993
detrimental
channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
redistributive taxation
politically and socially unstable
reduce
encourage
growth and investment
Harvard
between 1960 and 2000
Kuznets curve hypothesis
first increases
Thomas Piketty
Economist
wars and "violent economic and political shocks"
the 1970s
reduced consumer demand
risen with increased income inequality
several years
more equality in the income distribution
special efforts
existing level of inequality
reduction
the United Nations
reducing poverty
much land and housing
through various associations and other arrangements
extra-legal
200
government land
a shortage of affordable housing
quality rental units
demand for higher quality housing increased
residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
ad valorem property tax policy
by everyone
their finances
aspirational consumption
taking on debt
economic instability
created
emissions per person
environmental degradation
If (as WWF argued), population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
private ownership of the means of production
a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income
wage or salary
socially
reflective
Robert Nozick
taxation
force
forceful taking of property
when they improve society as a whole
capability deprivation
the end itself
to “wid[en] people’s choices and the level of their achieved well-being”
through increasing functionings
the ability to pursue valued goals
deprived of earning as much
earn as much as a healthy young man
gender roles and customs
for fear of their lives
a better relevant income.
BBC
1963
TARDIS
a blue British police box
science-fiction
1963 to 1989
Russell T Davies
K-9 and Company
BBC Wales
Christopher Eccleston
Twelve
Peter Capaldi
The Time of the Doctor
after sustaining an injury
new personality
Gallifrey
Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
Time and Relative Dimension in Space
chameleon circuit
due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
rarely
the Master
regenerate
humans
Time Lord
23 November 1963
The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
Terry Nation
25 minutes of transmission length
26
Jonathan Powell
Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
the series would return
BBC 1
relaunch the show
Philip Segal
the Fox Network
9.1 million
the United States
Rose
2005
2009
Chris Chibnall
Christmas Day specials
1963–1989
The 2005 version
1996
Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
Mission Impossible,
30 November 1963
eighty seconds
ten minutes
the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy
a series of power blackouts across the country
Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
the Museum of the Moving Image
Behind the Sofa
scariest TV show of all time
Digital Spy
Doctor Who
3%
Philip Howard
Monopoly
The Times newspaper
the TARDIS
blue police box
time machine
the Metropolitan Police Authority
2002
26
6 December 1989
12
The Master
Black Guardian Trilogy
2005
60 minutes
Christmas Day
Journey's End
2010
826
25-minute
eight
72 minutes
2009
William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
97
3, 4, & 5
1978
Between about 1964 and 1973
bought prints for broadcast
fans
Mission to the Unknown
8 mm cine film
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
the BBC
Cosgrove Hall
1968
Theta-Sigma
November 2006
regeneration
the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration
William Hartnell's poor health
renewal
change of appearance
12
13
The Time of the Doctor
The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
1996
John Hurt
The Day of the Doctor
Michael Jayston
The Trial of a Time Lord
McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
the War Doctor
The Three Doctors
Peter Davison
The Space Museum
The Day of the Doctor
Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
Zagreus
Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
2003
The Time of the Doctor
The Brain of Morbius
Mawdryn Undead
The Lodger
1983
An Unearthly Child
Susan Foreman
2005
destroyed
Smith and Jones
a human
The Deadly Assassin
his granddaughter Susan Foreman
teachers
Romana
female
Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
The Eleventh
Pearl Mackie as Bill
Catherine Tate
Russell T Davies
series 1
Cybermen
3
Zygons
The Dalek race
Skaro
to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
Davros
their eyestalk
The Master
Time Lord
Eric Roberts
Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
Roger Delgado
Derek Jacobi
Utopia
2014
Missy
Michelle Gomez
Ron Grainer
the BBC Radiophonic Workshop
musique concrète
17
Did I write that?
Peter Howell
Dominic Glynn
Seventh
Murray Gold
The Christmas Invasion
Voyage of the Damned
Classic FM's Hall of Fame
2010
228
Gold
Jon Pertwee
Mankind
number 24
Doctorin' the Tardis
Doctorin' the Tardis
Dudley Simpson
Planet of Giants
the 1960s and 1970s
The Horns of Nimon
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
the BBC National Orchestra of Wales
the BBC National Orchestra of Wales
27 July 2008
Music of the Spheres
Murray Gold and Ben Foster
Six
the first two series
music from the 2008–2010 specials
A Christmas Carol
8 November 2010
The original logo
The logo for the Twelfth Doctor
the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors
The logo from 1973–80
the Eleventh Doctor
the assassination of John F. Kennedy
on the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
the late 1970s
circa 1964–1965
BBC Three
During the ITV network strike of 1979
Its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers
Coronation Street
the most popular show at the time
After the series' revival in 2005
PBS
New Zealand
Edmonton, Canada
15 days
23 November
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
partial funding
SyFy
weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
ABC1
1976
The Three Doctors
Space
The Talons of Weng-Chiang
Judith Merril
Christopher Eccleston
excerpts from the Doctor Who Confidential documentary
The Christmas Invasion
9 October 2006
Thanksgiving
the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
Eight original series serials
The Infinite Quest
Spearhead from Space
from 2009 onwards
Trevor Martin
Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
The Curse of the Daleks
Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday
David Banks
Torchwood
22 October 2006
2008
Children of Earth
Torchwood: Miracle Day
Elisabeth Sladen
24 September 2007
2009
2010
due to the death of Elisabeth Sladen
Dimensions in Time
Children in Need
EastEnders
glasses with one darkened lens
the Pulfrich effect
Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
four
Rowan Atkinson
Joanna Lumley
head writer and executive producer
The Neutral Zone
"Blue Harvest" and "420"
Queer as Folk
Oliver
Brisingr and High Wizardry,
The Chase
21-minute
Doctor Who and the Pescatons
1981
Slipback
the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
Destiny of the Doctor
Big Finish Productions
1999
2012
1991
the mid-sixties
since 1979
Panini
BBC Books
the early 1960s
BBC Television
producers of the show
the BBC
2006
2005–2010
2011
Michelle Gomez
Best Supporting Actress
Guinness World Records
Doctor Who
electronic
2013
50th anniversary special
Season 11
Doctor Who
third
SFX magazine
eight
Best Drama Series
five
25
2009
a Mind Award at the 2010 Mind Mental Health Media Awards
six
over 200
over a hundred
Matt Smith
The Waters of Mars
Spike Milligan
Jon Culshaw
a soap sponge
Doctor Who fandom
BBC Dead Ringers
a private research university
1890
seven
four
5,000
various academic disciplines
Chicago's physics department
beneath the university's Stagg Field
University of Chicago Press
2020
the American Baptist Education Society
John D. Rockefeller
William Rainey Harper
1891
1892
Marshall Field
Silas B. Cobb
Cobb Lecture Hall
$100,000
Charles L. Hutchinson
several regional colleges and universities
1896
made a grade of A for all four years
passed
1910
Robert Maynard Hutchins
the Common Core
to emphasize academics over athletics
24-year tenure
1929
1950s
a result of increasing crime and poverty
after their second year
Hyde Park
allowed very young students to attend college
1962
the university's off-campus rental policies.
1967
a two-page statement
social and political action
mid-2000s
Milton Friedman Institute
around $200 million
the Chicago Theological Seminary
David G. Booth
the Main Quadrangles
six
Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche,
Oxford's Magdalen Tower
Christ Church Hall
the 1940s
Eero Saarinen
School of Social Service Administration
Harris School of Public Policy Studies
2003
Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
Seine
2010
Renmin University
2015
a board of trustees
50
fourteen
Andrew Alper
Robert Zimmer
The Higher Learning Commission
four
seven
50
28
five
the New Collegiate Division
the Common Core
17
the most rigorous, intense
Uni in the USA
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
four
four public charter schools
the University of Chicago campus
six
9.8 million
the Regenstein Library
2011
more than 1.3 million
12
113
the Oriental Institute
Fermilab
Sunspot, New Mexico
shaping ideas about the free market
Chicago Pile-1
Miller–Urey experiment
1953
1933
2000
1996
2002
Several thousand
5,792
3,468
5,984
15,244
international students
the University Athletic Association
NCAA's Division III
the Big Ten Conference
Jay Berwanger
Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics
over 400
Recognized Student Organizations
the University of Chicago College Bowl Team
Doc Films
Off-Off Campus
graduate and undergraduate students
an Executive Committee
two
greater than $2 million
fifteen
seven
Alpha Phi Omega
Alpha Phi Omega
ten
May
1987
Festival of the Arts
Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
Summer Breeze
Satya Nadella
Larry Ellison
Larry Ellison
Jon Corzine
James O. McKinsey
Saul Alinsky
David Axelrod
Robert Bork
Masaaki Shirakawa
Eliot Ness
Allan Bloom
Kurt Vonnegut
Lauren Oliver
Studs Terkel
Philip Roth
Philip Glass
Alex Seropian
Halo
Ed Asner
Mike Nichols
Carl Sagan
John M. Grunsfeld
David Suzuki,
John B. Goodenough
Clair Cameron Patterson
Milton Friedman
George Stigler
Paul Samuelson
Eugene Fama
David Graeber and Donald Johanson
Samuel Reshevsky
Samuel P. Huntington
A. A. Michelson
Arthur H. Compton
Enrico Fermi
Edward Teller
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
James Henry Breasted
Alberto Calderón
Ted Fujita
Yuan T. Lee
Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
Raghuram Rajan
Goldman Sachs
David Bevington
John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
Yuán Cháo
the Great Yuan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
1271
Mongol Empire
Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Genghis Khan
1271
the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching)
Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
Great Mongol State
Great Khan
Mongol and Turkic tribes
1206
Ögedei Khan
1251
nephew
the Jin
Xiao Zhala
Shi Tianze, Liu Heima
10,000
3
Han Chinese
Jin dynasty
between Han and Jurchen
Shi Bingzhi
Song dynasty
Möngke Khan
southern China
1259
Ariq Böke
Zhongtong
Ogedei
south
Wonjong
northeast
1262
preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties
Han Chinese
three, later four
salt and iron
Karakorum
Khanbaliq
1264
Zhongdu
Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
commercial, scientific, and cultural
Mongol peace
southern China
Daidu in the north
Marco Polo
the Song Emperor
1115
1234
Kong Duancao
30,000
northern China
between 1268 and 1273
Yangzi River basin
Hangzhou
drowned
after 1279
an inauspicious typhoon
Annam (Dai Viet)
Battle of Bạch Đằng
1288
1253
his eldest son, Zhenjin
before Kublai in 1285
Emperor Chengzong
1294 to 1307
Buyantu Khan
actively support and adopt mainstream Chinese culture
Li Meng
the Department of State Affairs
1313
Gegeen Khan
1321 to 1323
Baiju
"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
five
Shangdu
the War of the Two Capitals
four days
El Temür
Tugh Temür
his cultural contribution
Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
spring of 1329
Jingshi Dadian
supported Zhu Xi's Neo-Confucianism and also devoted himself in Buddhism
1332
Emperor Ningzong
13
nine
Liao, Jin, and Song
struggle, famine, and bitterness
Mongols beyond the Middle Kingdom saw them as too Chinese
both the army and the populace
Outlaws ravaged the country
administration
From the late 1340s onwards
the Red Turban Rebellion
fear of betrayal
the Red Turban rebels
1368–1644
The political unity of China and much of central Asia
The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
the Ilkhanate
carrots, turnips, new varieties of lemons, eggplants, and melons, high-quality granulated sugar, and cotton
Western
Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
Taoism
Confucian
travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
Marco Polo
Cambaluc
Travels of Marco Polo
Il milione
through contact with Persian traders
Guo Shoujing
26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Beijing
sorghum
non-native Chinese people
the Eternal Heaven
Song
Ming
a period of foreign domination
Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
tripartite
civil, military, and censorial offices
the Privy Council
since the Sui and Tang dynasties
Mongols and Semuren
the Ministry of War
1269
Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well
Tugh Temur
Emperor Wenzong
1290
1291
income from the harvests of their Chinese tenants
painting, mathematics, calligraphy, poetry, and theater
painting, poetry, and calligraphy
Song
the qu
zaju
western
Buddhism, especially the Tibetan variants
Tibetan Buddhism
Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
Sakya
1249
1314
matrices
polynomial algebra
1303
applied mathematics to the construction of calendars
a cubic interpolation formula
Shoushi Li
Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
1281
non-Mongol physicians
herbal remedies
spiritual cures
Imperial Academy of Medicine
it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
four
inherited from the Jin dynasty
Chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the Mongols
acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
1347
Muslim medicine
Jesus the Interpreter
1263
its humoral system
yin-yang and wuxing
through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
Wang Zhen
in the 12th century
Töregene Khatun
1273
chao
bark of mulberry trees
1275
woodblocks
1294
patrimonial feudalism
traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire
colonial
Ilkhanate
Central Asian Muslims
Han Chinese and Khitans
Besh Baliq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
artisans and farmers
a Qara-Khitay (Khitan
restricting Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision
Kosher butchering
Zhu Yuanzhang
thanks
Muslims in the semu class
Frederick W. Mote
degrees of privilege
rich and well socially standing
lived in poverty and were ill treated
Northern
Southern
southern China withstood and fought to the last
The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed
private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
Uighurs
the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
the Korean King
the Uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
The Central Region
the Central Secretariat
Khanbaliq
Beijing
Zhongshu Sheng
in Africa
East African Community
Nairobi
Tanzania
45 million people
a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline
The climate is cooler
Mount Kenya
Somalia and Ethiopia
its safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
Lower Paleolithic period
By the first millennium AD
Bantu and Nilotic
19th century
December 1963
Mount Kenya
Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
God's resting place
both Kenia and Kegnia
a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
Joseph Thompsons
1862
The "Big Five"
lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
Masai Mara
between June and September
2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi)
more than 20 million years ago
in the Pleistocene epoch
Richard Leakey
.6-million-year-old
Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
The Swahili
Mombasa
Duarte Barbosa
the Kenyan Coast
City of Malindi
14th century
August 1914
governors of British East Africa (as the Protectorate was generally known) and German East Africa
Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
effective guerrilla warfare campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated
Northern Rhodesia
The central highlands
as itinerant farmers
banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax, and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
80,000
15 January 1954
the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure
24 April 1954
4,686 Mau Mau
the Swynnerton Plan, which was used to both reward loyalists and punish Mau Mau.
1957
Kenya African National Union (KANU) of Jomo Kenyatta
12 December 1963
1963
Republic of Kenya
where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
agitation for constitutional reform
Daniel arap Moi
a presidential representative democratic republic
the head of state and head of government
exercised by the government
both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
The Judiciary
low
gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
139th out of 176 total countries
the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
Party of National Unity
the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later
Odinga
programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation process
28 February 2008
Prime Minister
both PNU and ODM camps
depending on each party's strength in Parliament
until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
PM will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete
the steps of Nairobi's Harambee House
29 February 2008
the two political parties would share power equally
eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
August 2010
delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
27 August 2010
the Second Republic
December 2014
to guard against armed groups
Opposition politicians, human rights groups, and nine Western countries
it infringed on democratic freedoms
of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
h International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto
US President Barack Obama
China
In July 2015
in peacekeeping missions around the world
violence that subsequently engulfed the country
human rights violations
Kenya’s armed forces
Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers
, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
0.519, ranked 145 out of 186 in the world
Kenya
less than $1.25 a day
a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity
food security
Industry and manufacturing
75% of the labour force
61%
tourism
steady growth
the coastal beaches and the game reserves
Germany and the United Kingdom
24%
tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
Agriculture
weather-related fluctuations
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Pigeon peas are very drought resistant,
by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25%
enabling some farmers to buy assets
the fertile highlands
Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
the semi-arid savanna to the north and east
53% of the population
Kenyans for Kenya
Kenya
14%
Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
2000
hydroelectric stations at dams
Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam
1997
in Turkana
around 10 billion barrels.
Exploration
r 20% to 25%
$474 million
Kenya's largest source of foreign direct investment
support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda
Base Titanium, a subsidiary of Base resources of Australia
environmental and social problems
Vision 2030
an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030
National Climate Change Action Plan
having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in Vision 2030 was an oversight
climate will be a central issue in the renewed Medium Term Plan that will be launched in the coming months
in agriculture
up to 30%
9–18.
poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities
English and Swahili
in commerce, schooling and government
in the country
Christian
Protestant
3 million followers
Nairobi
2.4%
Sixty percent
mostly Christian
around 300,000
Nurses
clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
65,000
7,000 doctors
Diseases of poverty
Half
diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector
15 million
British colonists.
12 December 1963
Ominde Commission
focused on identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted
look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
8–4–4 system
8–4–4 system
1992
January 1985
vocational subjects
the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
January 2003
increased by about 70%.
age six years
eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years
85%
age three to five
a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade)
those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
the Kenya National Library Service
establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
a peoples university
it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin)
Morocco and Ethiopia
six gold
Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics
IAAF Golden League jackpot
the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
economic or financial factors
women's volleyball within Africa
Cricket
2003
Rakep Patel
March 2007
the world famous Safari Rally
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Björn Waldegård, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
three meals in a day
10 o'clock tea (chai ya saa nne) and 4 pm tea
tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
the United Nations
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Resolution 43/53
Hoesung Lee
Korean
Ismail El Gizouli
Bert Bolin
February 2015
representatives appointed by governments and organizations
350
government officials and climate change experts
about seven-eighths
1989
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
United Nations Environment Programme
the Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
World Meteorological Organization
does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
available information about climate change based on published sources
non-peer-reviewed sources
model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
two
ten to fifteen
a somewhat larger number
The coordinating lead authors
the Working Group chairs
substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
additional warming of the Earth's surface
over half
"business as usual" (BAU)
increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C
2001
16 national science academies
Science
at least 90%
between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
Richard Lindzen
does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
John Houghton
a co-chair of TAR WGI
scientific evidence
the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports
2011
2011
requested by governments
the Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
default emission factors
fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
the date
"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
the WWF report
"Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
IPCC chairman
making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
co-chair of the IPCC working group II
Himalayan glaciers
"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
1999
Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
the "hockey stick graph"
Jones et al. 1998, Pollack, Huang & Shen 1998, Crowley & Lowery 2000 and Briffa 2000
between 1000 and 1900
Fred Singer
Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
18 July 2000
United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
Rep. Joe Barton
Ed Whitfield
23 June 2005
Sherwood Boehlert
Sherwood Boehlert
2001
2007
Ten
divergence
14
1 February 2007
temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates
actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given
actual sea level rise was above the top of the range
projected rises in sea levels
9–88 cm
50–140 cm
2001
coordinating lead author of the Fifth Assessment Report
Science Magazine
concurring, smaller assessments of special problems
the Montreal Protocol
Climate Change
states and governments
Sheldon Ungar
varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
regional burden sharing conflicts
the UK government
other scientific bodies
significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
IPCC
five
the journal Nature
turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC
remove government oversight from its processes
to conduct photosynthesis
energy
energy
the Calvin cycle
1
pinch in two
environmental factors like light color and intensity
contain their own DNA
a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
plants and algae
Russian
biologist
1905
Andreas Schimper
Cyanobacteria
prokaryotes
they have two cell membranes
peptidoglycan
blue-green algae
eukaryotic
around a billion years ago
two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
phagosomal
many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
almost the same thing as chloroplast
three
red algal chloroplast
green chloroplast
the green chloroplast lineage
glaucophyte
alga
glaucophyte chloroplasts
a carboxysome
icosahedral
chlorophyll a and phycobilins
phycobilisomes
the phycobilin phycoerytherin
catch more sunlight in deep water
a form of starch
phycobilisomes
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
the peptidoglycan wall
chloroplast division
chlorophyll b
double
additional membranes outside of the original two
a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it
sometimes the eaten alga's cell membrane, and the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
chloroplasts derived from a green alga
common flagellated
stacked in groups of three
Starch
the membrane of the primary endosymbiont
cryptomonads
red-algal derived chloroplast
nucleomorph
in granules found in the periplastid space
stacks of two
helicosproidia
chromalveolates
the malaria parasite
a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
fatty acids, isopentenyl pyrophosphate, iron-sulfur clusters
apicomplexan-related diseases
isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
four
Peridinin
peridinin-type chloroplast
triplet-stacked
the red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
fucoxanthin dinophyte
fucoxanthin dinophyte
four
a six membraned chloroplast
a cryptophyte
its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
a phycobilin-containing chloroplast
a two-membraned chloroplast
heterokontophyte
a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
up to five
the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
the dinophyte nucleus
Lepidodinium
their original peridinin chloroplast
a green algal derived chloroplast
a green algal derived chloroplast
first set of endosymbiotic events
acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
about a million
around 850
three million
ctDNA, or cpDNA
the plastome
1962
1986
two Japanese research teams
The inverted repeat regions
direct repeats
stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
electron microscopy
two
a theta intermediary form
a Cairns replication intermediate
with a rolling circle mechanism
A → G deamination
when it is single stranded
linear
homologous recombination
in branched, linear, or other complex structures
bacteriophage T4
linear
circular
via a D loop mechanism
Endosymbiotic gene transfer
the lost chloroplast's existence
a red algal derived chloroplast
green algal derived chloroplast
nonfunctional pseudogenes
around half
participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
the cell membrane
a ribosome
in the cytosol
helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
keeping it from folding prematurely
lens-shaped
5–8 μm in diameter
1–3 μm
a net
a cup
a double membrane
the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
homologous
the mitochondrial double membrane
run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
generate ATP energy
the internal thylakoid system
the inner chloroplast membrane
Stromules
stroma-containing tubule
to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
1962
in the chloroplasts of C4 plants
in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms
The chloroplast peripheral reticulum
increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
the thylakoids and intermembrane space
synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
17 nm
25 nm
motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
plastoglobulus, sometimes spelled plastoglobule(s)
spherical bubbles
lipids and proteins
45–60 nanometers across
a lipid monolayer
either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
the thylakoid network
singularly, attached directly to their parent thylakoid
In old or stressed chloroplasts
The chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae
roughly spherical
highly refractive
starch
divide to form new pyrenoids, or be produced "de novo"
the helical thylakoid model
flattened circular
anywhere from two to a hundred
10–20
helicoid stromal thylakoids
light energy
light energy
energize electrons
pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
a dam turbine
two
are arranged in grana
are in contact with the stroma
pancake-shaped circular disks
about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
about thirty
help transfer and dissipate excess energy
their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green
a bright red-orange carotenoid
orange-red zeaxanthin
e a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
red
red algae
relatively large protein complexes
about 40 nanometers across
an enzyme called rubisco
it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
at high oxygen concentrations, rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
the Calvin cycle
ATP energy
light reactions
rubisco
normal grana and thylakoids
a four-carbon compound
to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
All green parts
the chlorophyll in them
parenchyma cells
collenchyma tissue
A plant cell which contains chloroplasts
in the stems
concentrated in the leaves
8–15 per cell
half a million
the mesophyll layers
low-light conditions
Under intense light
photooxidative damage
to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
Mitochondria
two
infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
reactive oxygen species
salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
After detecting stress in a cell
pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule
signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
photosynthesis
photosynthesis
food in the form of sugars
Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
sugar and oxygen (O2)
generate ATP energy
into the thylakoid space
up to a thousand times
phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate
adenosine triphosphate
NADP+
cyclic photophosphorylation
in C4 plants
more ATP than NADPH
The Calvin cycle
unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down
three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid
one out of every six
glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together
Under conditions such as high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
distorting the grana and thylakoids
Waterlogged roots
another photosynthesis-depressing factor
add O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP
when the oxygen concentration is too high
it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
in their stroma
cysteine and methionine
it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
Chloroplasts
undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized egg
in an adult plant's apical meristems
the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts
proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
a yellow chlorophyll precursor
Gymnosperms
chromoplasts
pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
chromoplasts
chromoplasts
chloroplasts and other plastids
filaments
proteins
a structure called a Z-ring
within the chloroplast's stroma
The Min system
plastid-dividing rings
two
about 5 nanometers across
6.4 nanometers
chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring
Light
bright white light
large dumbbell-shaped
poor quality green light
transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen
environmental risks
3 in 1,000,000
transplastomic
itself
composite number
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
a product of primes
because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
primality
trial division
the Miller–Rabin primality test
the AKS primality test
22,338,618 decimal digits
infinitely many
Euclid
the statistical behaviour
the prime number theorem
at the end of the 19th century
Goldbach's conjecture
the twin prime conjecture
algebraic aspects
public-key cryptography
prime ideals
2
1, 2, and n
odd prime
9
even numbers
1
Christian Goldbach
Leonhard Euler
10,006,721
its own special category as a "unit"
Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
if 1 were considered a prime
Euler's totient function
the sum of divisors function
only the single number 1
the Rhind papyrus
the Ancient Greeks
Euclid's Elements
Euclid
compute primes
In 1640
Euler
22n + 1
2p − 1
up to n = 4 (or 216 + 1)
trial division
if a complete list of primes up to is known
greater than 1
only three divisions
less than or equal to the square root of n
two main classes
probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo")
deterministic
deterministic
1/(1-p)n
the Fermat primality test,
np≡n (mod p)
composite numbers (the Carmichael numbers)
Baillie-PSW
Solovay-Strassen tests
2p + 1
2p − 1
The Lucas–Lehmer test
primorial primes
Fermat primes
distributed computing
In 2009
US$100,000
The Electronic Frontier Foundation
[256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1) − 1]
the floor function
Chebyshev
any natural number n > 3
n < p < 2n − 2
Wilson's theorem
their greatest common divisor is one
Dirichlet's theorem
1/6
at most one prime number
infinitely many prime numbers
The zeta function
a finite value
diverges
exceeds any given number
identity
1859
s = −2, −4, ...,
random noise
asymptotic distribution
asymptotic distribution
Goldbach's conjecture
1912
all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017
Vinogradov's theorem
Chen's theorem
twin prime conjecture
pairs of primes with difference 2
Polignac's conjecture
n2 + 1
Brocard's conjecture
number theory
G. H. Hardy
the 1970s
hash tables
pseudorandom number generators
a recurring decimal
p − 1
(p − 1)! + 1
(n − 1)!
p is not a prime factor of q
RSA
the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
512-bit
modular exponentiation
1024-bit
cicadas
as grubs underground
17 years
make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators
up to 2% higher
indecomposability
the smallest subfield
as a connected sum of prime knots
any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
commutative ring R
prime elements
irreducible elements
it is neither zero nor a unit
cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
the Gaussian integers Z[i]
a + bi
arbitrary integers
4k + 3
In ring theory
Prime ideals
algebraic number theory
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
a Noetherian commutative ring
Prime ideals
ramification in geometry
ring of integers of quadratic number fields
the solvability of quadratic equations
norm gets smaller
completed (or local) fields
the absolute value
local-global principle
Olivier Messiaen
La Nativité du Seigneur
Quatre études de rythme
the third étude
the movements of nature
Swiss canton
North Sea
Cologne, Germany
Danube
1,230 km (760 mi)
Europe
Netherlands
1,230 km
Gaulish name Rēnos
Rhin
Rīnaz
1st century BC
Gaulish name Rēnos
Rhin
Rijn
Rīnaz
Rhijn
Rhine-kilometers
1939
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
Hoek van Holland
canalisation projects
Rhine-kilometers"
1939
Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
canalisation projects
Hoek van Holland
north
86 km long,
Rhine Valley
Sargans
Austria
Chur
86 km
599 m
Rhine Valley
Switzerland
Lake Constance
Alter Rhein
modern canalized section
Isel
Donkey
Lake Constance
modern canalized section
Alter Rhein
small islands
Isel
Diepoldsau
Fußach
strong sedimentation
parallel to the canalized Rhine
silt
Fußach
constant flooding
Diepoldsau
Dornbirner Ach
continuous input of sediment
three
lower lake
Lake Rhine
Swiss-Austrian border
upper lake
three
Austria
Alps
47°39′N 9°19′E / 47.650°N 9.317°E / 47.650; 9.317.
Baden-Württemberg
greater density of cold water
Lake Überlingen
Rheinbrech
entire length
Lindau
Rheinbrech
Lindau
Lake Überlingen
Rhine Gutter
water level
westward
river Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
Finsteraarhorn
Basel
westward
Aare
1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s),
Finsteraarhorn
German
Basel
Rhine knee
Central Bridge
300 km long
40 km wide
Basel
Rhine knee
North
High Rhine
Central Bridge
19th Century
increased
fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
large compensation pools
Upper Rhine
19th Century
increased
fell significantly
Grand Canal d'Alsace
Germany
300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
Rhine
Moselle
400 m (1,300 ft).
Germany
Germany
Moselle
France
2,290 m3/s (81,000 cu ft/s)
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
erosion
the Romantic Rhine
Middle Rhine
Rhine Gorge
castles
Romantic Rhine
plants and factories
Duisburg
Ruhr
drinking water
Switzerland
pollution
Lower Rhine
Switzerland
Duisburg
Ruhr
tourism
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
Middle Rhine Valley
tourism
UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Rüdesheim am Rhein
Lorelei
Sankt Goarshausen
Duisburg
Wesel-Datteln Canal
Lippe
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m
Lower Rhine
Rhine-Ruhr
Duisport
Emmerich Rhine Bridge
400 m wide
Meuse
Rijn
Two thirds
west
Waal
Meuse
The Oude Maas
Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
Lek
Noord River
Pannerdens Kanaal
Nederrijn
one ninth
Lek
Wijk bij Duurstede
Rijn
draining the surrounding land
Kromme Rijn
Bent Rhine
Old Rhine
Rhine-Meuse
Millingen aan de Rijn,
Rhine Delta
Nederrijn at Angeren
three
Waal
Old Meuse
the Rip
St. Elizabeth's
1421
Merwede-Oude Maas
1421 to 1904
archipelago-like estuary
drainage channels
construction of Delta Works
dammed
20th Century
tidal delta
tidal currents
tear huge areas of land into the sea.
Zaltbommel
Tethys sea
Jurassic Period
Mediterranean geography
Mesozoic Era
Iberia
N–S
Upper Rhine Graben
Miocene
Danube
stream capture
Pliocene period
Vosges Mountains
Ice Ages
six
120 m
northwest
Brest
74,000 (BP
11,600 BP
west
120 m
English Channel
glacier
tundra
22,000–14,000 yr BP
ice-sheets
loess
22,000 years ago
thaw
Rhine
13,000 BP
9000 BP
7500 yr ago
Rates of sea-level rise
last 7000 years
tectonic subsidence
1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) per century
11,700 years ago
8,000 years ago
Late-Glacial valley
Netherlands
3000 yr BP
increased flooding and sedimentation
sediment load
11–13th century
80
North Sea
Meuse estuary
IJsselmeer
freshwater lake
three
1st century BC
Germania
6th century BC
Maurus Servius Honoratus
AD 14
Danube
the empire fell
eastwards
southern
eight
army of Germania Inferior
Ubiorum
threat of war
town of the Ubii
5th century
kingdoms
dragons rock
Siegfried
Hagen
6th century
10th century
Lower Lorraine
Archduke Sigismund
1469
Peace of Westphalia
Establishing "natural borders"
Napoleon
1806
1840
end of World War I
1935
German army
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1936
Arnhem
formidable natural obstacle
September 1944
Ludendorff Bridge
Seven Days to the River Rhine
1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
Knaurs Lexikon
typographical error
1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
2010
Following a referendum in 1997
Scotland Act 1998
in which it can make laws
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Westminster
lack of a Parliament of Scotland
three hundred
First World War.
the late 1960s
directly elected Scottish Assembly
North
"It's Scotland's oil"
1974
not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
1978
Edinburgh
majority
51.6%
failed
32.9%
a Scottish Parliament
the Conservative Party
1989
blueprint
Scottish Parliament Building
Enric Miralles
Spanish
leaf-shaped
Queen Elizabeth II
meeting of the Church's General Assembly
General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
courtyard
University of Aberdeen
former Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
City of Edinburgh Council
Lothian Regional Council
demolished
Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge in Edinburgh
main
one MSP
Tricia Marwick
secret
129
A vote clerk
Presiding Officer
the Parliamentary Bureau
five
The Presiding Officer
hemicycle
encourage consensus amongst elected members
131
2
vote
Scottish rivers
silver
the Queen
Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
a glass case suspended from the lid
April
debating chamber
the public
free
the Official Report
Wednesdays
up to four minutes
Presiding Officer
religious beliefs
nominate speakers
The Presiding Officer
amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
different viewpoints
ministers or party leaders
Gaelic
5 pm
"Decision Time"
vote
electronic consoles on their desks
seconds
votes
political parties
whips
moral
deselected as official party candidates during future elections
Immediately after Decision Time
not a Scottish minister
45 minutes
other members
winds up
committee
stronger
no revising chamber
principal role
other locations throughout Scotland
a small number of MSPs
balance of parties
functions
Mandatory
fourth
beginning of each parliamentary session
one
current Subject Committees
Session
type of committee
large-scale development projects
Scottish Government.
Private Bill
Scotland Act 1998
Queen Elizabeth II
devolved competencies
Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
Scottish Parliament
Schedule 5
Scottish Parliament
automatically devolved
up to 3 pence in the pound
2012 Act
Reserved
Scottish Parliament
Westminster
UK Government ministers
Bills
the Scottish Government
a private member
an outside proposer
in a number of stages
introductory
accompanying documents
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
in the relevant committee or committees
Stage 2
Stage 3
two
final
wrecking
Decision Time
the Monarch
royal assent
a 4-week period
Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
[Date]
hold the majority of seats
Any member
First Minister
elected MSPs
the Sovereign
Thursday
May
the Monarch
supplant it.
28
Several procedures
MSPs
legislative programme for the forthcoming year
issues related to the substance of the statement
Parliamentary time
Thursday
any member of the Scottish Government
issues under their jurisdiction
four
73
2005
one
dispersed population and distance
55,000
proportionally to the number of votes received
the d'Hondt method
quotient
constituency seats
iteratively
a number of qualifications
1981
over the age of 18
police and the armed forces
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
Labour
151 votes
eight
Scottish independence
the Conservatives
Edinburgh Pentlands
five seats
Annabel Goldie
Cameron
able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
West Lothian question
the Conservative
England
Islamism
all spheres of life.
reordering
poles
revolution or invasion
democratic
Palestine
abolish the state of Israel
democracy
religious
major division
Sunni pan-Islamism
sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
democracy
to maintain their legitimacy
political
Islam
its supporters
illiberal Islamic regimes
religion from politics
Muslims
Americans
a historical fluke
between 1945 and 1970
non-political Islam
dangerous enemies
During the 1970s
considerable impact
the mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan
leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
considerable impact
Anwar Sadat
peace
political support
1975
assassinated
conservative
hate
wars
infidels
Saudi
Islamist
incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful
housing
rhetoric
avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands
law and philosophy
the All India Muslim League
the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress
1908
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
secularism and secular nationalism
crowd out
nationalist differences
1930
Pakistan movement
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
1941
through his writing
in a modern context
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
journalism
through his writing
a modern context
Sharia
an Islamic state
unity of God
gradual
an educational process
1928
Ismailiyah, Egypt
Hassan al Banna
the Qur'an
imperialist
violence
1949
Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
1948
Gamal Abdul Nasser
one of the most influential movements
75% of the total seats
"semi-legal"
field candidates
Mohamed Morsi
quick and decisive
a pivotal event
economic
A steep and steady decline
anti-democratic Islamist movements
ideological
Ali Shariati
somewhere between
the Prophet Mohammad
conspiracy
Islamic
Shia terrorist
economic
During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
the Soviet Union
an Islamic rebellion
send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
marginal
16,000 to 35,000
worked to radicalize the Islamist movement
Saddam Hussein
Islamist
Saudi
the west
conservative Muslims
domestic Islamists
in the kingdom
Algeria
Osama bin Laden
Qutb's
1966
the Brotherhood
Fringe or splinter
By the 1970s
Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
1981
apostate
promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
violence
al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
in 2003
unsuccessful
political figures
quiescent
HAMAS
destruction of Israel
alcohol
Palestine
Hamas
542
majority of the seats,
2007
driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
Islamist
Hassan al-Turabi
National Islamic Front
money from foreign Islamist banking systems
university and military academy
1985
with the help of the military
sharia law
Osama bin Laden
American attack on Iraq
staying home
1989
Algeria
Front Islamique de Salut
a military coup d'état
justice and prosperity
vicious and destructive
1992
one of the poorest countries on earth
80%
The Taliban
Pakistan
neofundamentalist
Sharia
Osama bin Laden
July 1977
alcohol and nightclubs
Islamism
his means of seizing power
1988
Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist extremist militant
Sunni Arabs
ten million
recognition
a caliphate
2004
2003
notorious intransigence
March 2011
a terrorist organisation
a different view
7th century
1924
true Islamic
ended the true Islamic system
armed
ideological struggle
elites
Egypt
terrorist groups
over 900,000
strong Islamist
2007
Londonistan
incitement to terrorism
since 2001
State
Christian Whiton
U.S. Defense Secretary
undermining the communist ideology
Latin
military force
Japan
technologies and ideas
influence
"Formal imperialism"
othering
direct
"informal" imperialism
"formal"
aggressiveness
ownership of private industries
informal
distinction
the world systems theory
Lenin
empires
seaborne
colonialism
political focus
ideological
Ottoman
person or group of people
Imperialism and colonialism
taking physical control of another
conquering the other state's lands
exploitation
characteristics
empire-building
imperialism
highest 'social efficiency'
theory of races
whiteness
Germany
Britain
Political
geographical societies in Europe
fund
environmental determinism
temperate
Orientalism
uncivilized
superior
Terra nullius
the eighteenth century
the British Empire
Aboriginal
empty land
an imaginative geography
irrational and backward
inferior
Orientalism
progressive
nineteenth-century maps
blank spaces on contemporary maps
unexplored territory
nineteenth-century cartographic techniques
French
the pre-Columbian era
Genghis Khan
dozens
Ethiopian Empire
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cultural imperialism
soft power
Dallas
Roman
bans
around 1700
colonizing
thousands
middle of the 20th century
Open Door Policy
1919
1999
historians
the world's economy
many imperial powers
economic growth
mid-18th century
colonies
the Mughal state
communication
deadly explosives
the machine gun
arrows, swords, and leather shields
European
British
in the late 1870s
philanthropy
to constantly expand investment
aristocracy
the 1950s
before World War I
disease
taxation
environmental determinism
the environment in which they lived
less civilized
Africa
orientalism and tropicality
geographic scholars
Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
guidance
orientalism
colonizing empires
the sixteenth century
1599
Queen Elizabeth
exploitation
the Portuguese
1830
1850
Catholicism
Africa
when Germany started to build her own
civilize the inferior
assimilation
small numbers of settlers
Christianity and French culture
Algeria
overseas colonies
anti-colonial movements
Vietnam
Algeria
1960
Scandinavia
Muslim Iberia
middle period of classical antiquity
800 CE
central Europe
late 19th century
1862
after the Franco-German War
Napoleon
Europe
the South Pacific
prestige
1884
New Guinea
Hamburg merchants and traders
Japan took part of Sakhalin Island
1894
Thailand
Manchuria
China
1932
Lenin
Eastern Europe
Bolshevik leaders
a world revolution
Lenin
Mao Zedong
Nikita Khrushchev
socialism in one country
mercantilism
1776
free trade
about 1820
1815
The British Empire
pseudo-sciences
The British spirit of imperialism
Middle East
the Monroe Doctrine
interventionism
a war erupted
the Philippines
a "racket"
Isiah Bowman
1917
American delegation from the Paris Peace Conference
U.S authorship of a 'new world'
Wilson's geographer
internal strife
"internal colonialism"
12 to 15 million
the contemporary Orient
1923
Suleiman the Magnificent
32
Europe
During the 16th and 17th centuries
Istanbul
Germany
World War I
Turkey
United Methodist Church
mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
1968
union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
Wesleyan
United Methodist Church
80 million
mainline Protestant denomination
3.6%
mid-18th century
within the Church of England
being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study
1735
colony of Georgia
American Indians
salvation by God's grace
American Revolution
1784
Thomas Coke
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
Lovely Lane Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
St. George's United Methodist Church
1767
sail loft on Dock Street
1784
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
St. George's Church
1784
1830
issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
1844
because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
April 23, 1968
constituting General Conference in Dallas, Texas
Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
holy catholic (or universal) church
The Book of Discipline
meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
result of the American Revolution
Dr. Thomas Coke
Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
1968
John Wesley and Charles Wesley
Albert C. Outler
Albert C. Outler
Prevenient grace
Prevenient grace
the grace that "goes before" us
Prevenient grace
Justifying Grace or Accepting Grace
justifying grace
conversion
conversion
New Birth
grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection
Sanctifying Grace
a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
Christian Perfection
Wesleyan theology
prima scriptura
UMC
Book of Discipline
2008
pro-choice
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
all women
the mother
Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (
2012
Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
temperance movement
2011 and 2012
The Use of Money
unfermented grape juice
capital punishment
John 8:7.
Matthew 5:38-39
The General Conference
same-sex unions
1999
2016
Connectional Table
LGBT
same-gender marriages with resolutions
1987
2005
Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
conscription
the way of military action
all war
Christ's message and teachings
instrument of national foreign policy
general and complete disarmament
The Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church
violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
girls and women
IVF
stem cells
research
Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
The Book of Common Prayer
Africa
Book of Common Prayer
anointing with oil
Methodist institutions
William Booth
John Wesley
United Methodist Church
General Conference
The Book of Discipline
General Conference
every four years
five
seven
to elect and appoint bishops
bishops
Episcopal Areas
Mission Council
church bishops
36
for the George W. Bush Presidential Library
Southern Methodist University
nine
Judicial Council
eight-year term
twice a year
various locations throughout the world
The Annual Conference
geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
their Annual Conference
The Book of Discipline
three
nine
church conference
church conference
one hundred
three hundred sixty
International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
John Wesley
pastors
Annual Conference Order of Elders
Annual Conference Order of Deacons
Annual Conference Cabinet
one year at a time
bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
Elders
the local church
2–3 years
District Superintendents
2–3 years
Deacons
Deacons
granted sacramental authority
1996
The provisional elder/deacon
1996 General Conference
Licensed Local Pastor
licensed local pastor
five
Associate Membership
Baptized Members
confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
transfer from another Christian denomination
Baptism
confirmation and membership preparation classes
The Book of Discipline
Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
lay servants
they must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference, and complete the basic course for lay servant
annually
at least one advanced course every three years
United Methodist Church
observer status
blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
2000
May 2012
1985
11 million
42,000
8 million
34,000
Texas
11.4 million
7.9 million
3.5 million
Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
World Methodist Council
July 18, 2006
1754–1763
colonies of British America and New France
roughly 60,000 European settlers
2 million
primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio
Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754,
1755
disaster; he was defeated in the Battle of the Monongahela
combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
Fort Beauséjour
expulsion of the Acadians
William Pitt
unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war.
Sainte Foy in Quebec
territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain
French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (including New Orleans) to its ally Spain
confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
1740s
Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War
much larger conflict between France and Great Britain
Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763
six years
1760
Battle of Jumonville Glen
about 75,000
heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley, with some also in Acadia
St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds, did business with local tribes, and often married Indian women
20 to 1
from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
along the coast, the settlements were growing into the interior
native tribes
Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
present-day Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
Iroquois rule, and were limited by them in authority to make agreements
Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
western portions of the Great Lakes region
Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee
no French regular army troops were stationed in North America
few British troops
mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained and available only for short periods, to deal with native threats, but did not have any standing forces.
about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave.
informed Céloron that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
village of Pickawillany
threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
ignored the warning.
very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English
proposing that action be taken
British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
1749
Ohio Company of Virginia
Christopher Gist
Treaty of Logstown
mouth of the Monongahela River (the site of present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
King George's War
1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
conflicting territorial claims between British and French
Frontiers from between Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north, to the Ohio Country in the south, were claimed by both sides
Marquis de la Jonquière
300 men, including French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation, including Old Briton
Paul Marin de la Malgue
Fort Presque Isle (near present-day Erie, Pennsylvania
Fort Le Boeuf (present-day Waterford, Pennsylvania
protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
Tanaghrisson
British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
Warraghiggey, meaning "He who does great things."
colonel of the Iroquois
Mohawk Chief Hendrick
Ohio Company
Major George Washington
Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter; Christopher Gist, a company surveyor working in the area; and a few Mingo led by Tanaghrisson
December 12
Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5, 1754
early months of 1754
Fort Duquesne.
with Tanaghrisson and his party, surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen
killed many of the Canadians, including their commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
regain authority over his own people. They had been inclined to support the French, with whom they had long trading relationships
dislodge the French
plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure
dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755
Albany Congress
formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians, since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal
The plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence
Braddock (with George Washington as one of his aides) led about 1,500 army troops
The expedition was a disaster
Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
Washington and Thomas Gage
Shirley and Johnson.
efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience
planned to attack Fort Niagara
garrisons
Marquis de Vaudreuil.
sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
inconclusively, with both sides withdrawing from the field
Fort William Henry
Ticonderoga Point,
Colonel Monckton
deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757
William Shirley
Albany
capture Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne, he proposed attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario
through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec
Major General James Abercrombie
Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
May 18, 1756
Oneida Carry
Battle of Fort Bull
45,000 pounds
hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario, and endangered the Oswego garrison
Abercrombie
Ticonderoga
Oswego
disposition of prisoners' personal effects
attack on New France's capital, Quebec
to distract Montcalm
William Pitt
returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry.
French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians)
Lake George
attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
poor harvest
St. Lawrence, with primary defenses at Carillon, Quebec, and Louisbourg,
British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
Loudoun
three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
Two of the expeditions were successful, with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
3,600
18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies
sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac
recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
invasion of Britain, to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland
The invasion failed both militarily and politically, as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France
Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
James Wolfe
cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
Battle of Sainte-Foy
naval Battle of the Restigouche
Governor Vaudreuil
freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property,
General Amherst.
signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763
Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763
continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
80,000
1755
throughout its North American provinces
New Orleans
King George III
outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
west of the Appalachian Mountains
Most went to Cuba,
military roads to the area by Braddock and Forbes
1769
Choctaw and the Creek
disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion, leading to their ultimate dispossession
force
fundamental error
Sir Isaac Newton
nearly three hundred years
Einstein
Standard Model
gauge bosons
strong
gravitational
electroweak interaction
Aristotle
Aristotelian cosmology
four
on the ground
unnatural
17th century
Galileo Galilei
impetus
Galileo
friction
Newton
lack of net force
Newton
Newton's First
the same
laws of physics
parabolic
at rest
Inertia
inertia
rotational inertia of planet
Albert Einstein
weightlessness
principle of equivalence
Newton's Second Law
kinematic
General relativity
General relativity
fixed
Newton's Third
Newton's Third
unidirectional
magnitude
center of mass
closed
mass of the system
intuitive understanding
standard measurement scale
Newtonian mechanics
experimentation
vector quantities
denoted scalar quantities
Associating forces with vectors
ambiguous
Associating forces with vectors
static equilibrium
magnitude and direction
net force
respective lines of application
parallelogram
independent components
two
the original force
orthogonal
three-dimensional
static friction
static friction
applied
applied force
forces
spring reaction force
gravity
gravity
Isaac Newton
Galileo
rest
Galileo
behind the foot of the mast
foot of the mast
dynamic equilibrium
kinetic friction force
kinetic friction
Aristotle
Schrödinger
Newtonian
classical position variables
quantized
force
spin
Pauli
spin
antiparallel
parallel
mathematical by-product
force
conservation of momentum
Feynman
straight
four
strong and weak
electromagnetic
masses
Pauli exclusion principle
Isaac Newton
20th
unification
self-consistent unification
Isaac Newton
Galileo
about 9.81 meters per second squared
sea level
force of gravity
at larger distances.
the Moon
mass
radius () of the Earth
Newton's Universal Gravitation Constant,
Henry Cavendish
1798
Newton
Mercury
Vulcan
theory of general relativity
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
general relativity
ballistic trajectory
gravitational force
global
electric current
unified electromagnetic
Lorentz's Law
electrostatic force
James Clerk Maxwell
1864
20
4
Maxwell
electromagnetic theory
quantum mechanics
quantum electrodynamics
photons
quantum electrodynamics
repulsion of like charges
the Pauli exclusion principle
energy
as a structural force
repulsion of like charges
the Pauli exclusion principle
energy
as a structural force
elementary particles
residual of the force
nuclear
as gluons
color confinement
weak force
beta decay
radioactivity
1013
approximately 1015 kelvins
normal force
Pauli repulsion
fermionic nature of electrons
normal
ideal strings
ideal pulleys
action-reaction pairs
conservation of mechanical energy
movable pulleys
idealized point particles
three-dimensional objects
extended
other parts
extended structure
stress tensor
pressure terms
pressure terms
formalism
rotational equivalent for position
unbalanced torque
Newton's Second Law of Motion
toward the center of the curving path
perpendicular
centripetal
radial
tangential force
kinetic
potential
net mechanical energy
difference in potential energy
artifact
forces
gradient of potentials
friction
Nonconservative
statistical mechanics
nonconservative forces
nonconservative forces
Second
nonconservative forces
kilogram-force
kilopond
slug
kip
sthène |