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572f8332a23a5019007fc6b7
Post-punk
As the initial punk movement dwindled, vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory in their work. Many of these artists drew on backgrounds in art and viewed their music as invested in particular political or aesthetic agendas. British music...
Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era?
{ "text": [ "Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman" ], "answer_start": [ 444 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAs the initial punk movement dwindled, vibrant new scenes began to coalesce out of a variety of bands pursuing experimental sounds and wid...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5705ea4175f01819005e7753
Bird_migration
The timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth's magnetic field, and probably also mental maps.
How do migrating birds navigate?
{ "text": [ "celestial cues from the sun and stars" ], "answer_start": [ 114 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: How do migrating birds navigate?\n\nThe timing of migration seems to be controlled primarily by changes in day ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5acd78c707355d001abf43c0
Aircraft_carrier
As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses const...
What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?\n\nAs \"runways at sea\", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, w...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
570fdf9d80d9841400ab36ed
Dell
Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and Sixty-four percent of its revenu...
What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?
{ "text": [ "U.S" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDespite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporat...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5728f0be3acd2414000e023e
Paris
The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. The banks of the Seine from the Pont de...
What is housed at Les Invalides?
{ "text": [ "the tomb of Napoleon" ], "answer_start": [ 172 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What is housed at Les Invalides?\n\nThe centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathed...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5728c2af3acd2414000dfdca
Apollo
From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of "symbols and omina" (σημεία και τέρατα : semeia kai terata), and of the observation of the omens of the days. The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from Anatolia. The ritualism belonged to Apollo from the beginning. The Greeks created the l...
The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where?
{ "text": [ "Anatolia" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nFrom his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of \"symbols and omina\" (σημεία και τέρατα : semeia kai terata), and ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5728a0da2ca10214002da4e6
Insect
Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse...
In what phylum are insects classified?
{ "text": [ "arthropod" ], "answer_start": [ 128 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: In what phylum are insects classified? \n\nInsects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], \"cut into sec...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5a14a50fa54d4200185292e5
Identity_(social_science)
Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are r...
What are people not ready and willing to do within inclusive boundary?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nBoundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for exa...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
571025e8a58dae1900cd6925
Sexual_orientation
Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of se...
What can being openly gay be hindered by?
{ "text": [ "homophobic/hetereosexist settings." ], "answer_start": [ 174 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What can being openly gay be hindered by?\n\nResearch suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social in...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56bec6763aeaaa14008c93f4
Beyoncé
According to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performing. Her mother co-wrote a book, published in 2002, titled Destiny's Style an account of how fashion had an impact on the trio's success. The B'Day Anthology Video Album showed many instances...
Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?
{ "text": [ "Her mother" ], "answer_start": [ 134 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAccording to Italian fashion designer Roberto Cavalli, Beyoncé uses different fashion styles to work with her music while performi...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5aceb35532bba1001ae4b0c0
Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that th...
Why was Athanasius ordered to continue baptising?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\n Why was Athanasius ordered to continue baptising?\n\nRufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watc...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572a8012be1ee31400cb8045
Madrasa
From around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In particular, many well known women of the time were trained from childhood in music, dancing and poetry. Mahbuba was one of these. Another feminine figure to be remembered for her achievements was Tawaddud...
Where did Shuhda attend school?
{ "text": [ "Baghdad" ], "answer_start": [ 722 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nFrom around 750, during the Abbasid Caliphate, women “became renowned for their brains as well as their beauty”. In pa...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ace6a8532bba1001ae4a62d
Printed_circuit_board
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is recommended since many board materials are very abrasive and drilling must be high RPM and high feed to be cost effective. Drill bits must also remain sharp so as not to mar or tear...
Holes through a PBC are drilled how?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nHoles through a PBC are drilled how?\n\nHoles through a PCB are typically drilled with small-diameter drill bits made of solid coate...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5ad261d7d7d075001a42906f
Emotion
In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "loo...
Who rejected the social bond theory?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Coo...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5706bbd42eaba6190074acbe
Black_people
The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is...
Who are the Siddi?
{ "text": [ "an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThe Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended fro...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad133d5645df0001a2d1123
Renewable_energy_commercialization
According to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic ethanol biorefineries could allow biofuels to play a much bigger role in the future than organizations such as the IEA previously thought. Cellulosic ethanol can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible cellulose fibers that form the stems and bra...
What aren't potential sources of cellulosic biomass?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\n What aren't potential sources of cellulosic biomass?\n\nAccording to the International Energy Agency, cellulosic eth...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a6fd6388abb0b001a675f98
Alsace
This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold th...
How much did the Habsburgs buy Sundgau for?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThis situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
571b5ffb32177014007ea082
Asphalt
Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in...
What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
{ "text": [ "Bitumen" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nBitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5ad17271645df0001a2d1bf7
Military_history_of_the_United_States
The Philippine–American War (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila. The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) un...
Where did the US defeat occupying Irish forces prior to the Philippine American War?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe Philippine–American War (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces followin...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a62c355f8d794001af1c211
Liberia
The Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia. Americo-Liberians, who are descendants of African American and West Indian, mostly Barbadian settlers, make up 2.5%. Congo people, descendants of repatri...
What is the largest ethnic group in Congo?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe Kpelle comprise more than 20% of the population and are the largest ethnic group in Liberia, residing mostly in Bong County and adjace...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
570d5502b3d812140066d6cf
Anti-aircraft_warfare
The basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batteries, particularly with guns, usually deploy in a small area, although batteries may be split; this is usual for some missile systems. SHORAD missile batteries often deploy across an area with ...
How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?
{ "text": [ "2 to 12" ], "answer_start": [ 55 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe basic air defence unit is typically a battery with 2 to 12 guns or missile launchers and fire control elements. These batterie...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5ace918632bba1001ae4aa52
Printed_circuit_board
The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides...
Vertical installation is done by bending the leads what degrees?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Vertical installation is done by bending the leads what degrees?\n\nThe first PCBs used through-hole technology...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a4c50d07a6c4c001a2bbbe4
Sahara
The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea alon...
what is nearly non existent across the Sahara?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: what is nearly non existent across the Sahara?\n\nThe average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and south...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
573077742461fd1900a9ce36
51st_state
During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in re...
How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?
{ "text": [ "$100 million" ], "answer_start": [ 213 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDuring World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields an...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572760715951b619008f88f7
New_Haven,_Connecticut
In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for considerat...
How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?
{ "text": [ "14" ], "answer_start": [ 634 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nHow many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Sup...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ad27ecdd7d075001a429727
Greeks
In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduc...
What group was significant in the expansion of the Catholic faith?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What group was significant in the expansion of the Catholic faith?\n\nIn the religious sphere, this was a period of profoun...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
56e786c937bdd419002c40af
Nanjing
A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived (in various degrees of preservation) in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District. Possibly the best preserved of them is the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (47...
When did Xiao Xiu live?
{ "text": [ "475–518" ], "answer_start": [ 318 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: When did Xiao Xiu live?\n\nA number of sculptural ensembles of that era, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitarie...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ace73cf32bba1001ae4a71c
Asphalt
Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by s...
Other uses of paint or ink include cattle sprays, fence- post treatments and what else?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Other uses of paint or ink include cattle sprays, fence- post treatments and what else?\n\nRoofing shingles account for m...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a820eac31013a001a335165
Humanism
Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein an...
Who burned every copy of the book Humanism: A New Religion?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nActive in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work \"humanism\" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist phi...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56e7b87f00c9c71400d7755b
Nanjing
In the past 20 years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse: there are shopping malls opening late in the Xinjiekou CBD and Hunan Road. The well-established "Nanjing 1912" district hosts a wide variety of recreational facilities ranging from traditional restaurants ...
The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom?
{ "text": [ "international residents of the city" ], "answer_start": [ 511 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn the past 20 years, several commercial streets have been developed, hence the nightlife has become more diverse: there are shoppi...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ad49407ba00c4001a268c60
Windows_8
The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps. The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available ...
How many downloads occured in the first 21 hours?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThe build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a514b8cce860b001aa3fcc7
Sichuan
Sichuan has been historically known as the "Province of Abundance". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes....
What is known as the Bread Basket of China?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nSichuan has been historically known as the \"Province of Abundance\". It is one of the majo...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a32f0a0bd0d7f001aef9521
Central_African_Republic
In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.[citation needed] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistanc...
What did the UN Peacebuliding Commission decide on Jan 8, 2008?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country's northwest were at risk of starvation but this was averted du...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a545001134fea001a0e1712
Muslim_world
Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific res...
By how much has Iran increased its PhDs?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: By how much has Iran increased its PhDs?\n\nSeveral Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publicati...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5726a993dd62a815002e8c53
Edmund_Burke
Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: "England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still someth...
Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?
{ "text": [ "King Louis XVI" ], "answer_start": [ 564 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nInitially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: \"England gazing with astonishment at a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
572fbc0804bcaa1900d76c43
Greeks
The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlie...
What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
{ "text": [ "decided to make Greek the empire's official language." ], "answer_start": [ 225 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?\n\nThe Eastern Roman Empire – today...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
573091be2461fd1900a9ceac
Airport
Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in ...
Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?
{ "text": [ "Tower Control" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?\n\nTower Control controls aircraft on th...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
572842d74b864d1900164835
God
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism hol...
What ways can God interact with the universe?
{ "text": [ "religious experience and the prayers of humans" ], "answer_start": [ 262 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nTheism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustai...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
57324760e17f3d14004227c8
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; many of his friends resigned for high-paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission directed by General Pershing, and with the help of his brother Milt...
What was the office held by George Mosely?
{ "text": [ "Assistant Secretary of War" ], "answer_start": [ 615 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDuring the late 1920s and early 1930s, Eisenhower's career in the post-war army stalled somewhat, as military priorities diminished; ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
57262d97ec44d21400f3dbb0
Incandescent_light_bulb
In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T...
Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?
{ "text": [ "General Electric" ], "answer_start": [ 665 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWho purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?\n\nIn 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp f...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5acd2ad307355d001abf3799
British_Isles
The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative desc...
What does Britian prefer to refer to as the Atlantic Archipelago?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What does Britian prefer to refer to as the Atlantic Archipelago?\n\nThe term British Isles is controversial in...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
56cd6b0562d2951400fa65a6
Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Even though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming court up until the 1430s, the Gelug was not mentioned in the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu. On this, historian Li Tieh-tseng says of Tsongkhapa's refusal of Ming invitations to visit the Yongle Emperor's court:
Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?
{ "text": [ "the Ming court" ], "answer_start": [ 64 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWho did the Gelug exchange gifts with?\n\nEven though the Gelug exchanged gifts with and sent missions to the Ming co...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
571a719310f8ca1400305040
Memory
Interference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information and proactive interference, where prior learning disrupts recall of new information. Although interference can lead to forgetting, it is important to keep in min...
What is retroactive interference?
{ "text": [ "when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information" ], "answer_start": [ 87 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nInterference can hamper memorization and retrieval. There is retroactive interference, when learning new information makes it harder to re...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5726b6995951b619008f7b87
Gothic_architecture
Externally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. In Italy, the tower, if present, is almost always detached from the building, as at Florence Cathedral, and is often from an earlier structure....
What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?
{ "text": [ "towers" ], "answer_start": [ 12 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?\n\nExternally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic c...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
572fb550a23a5019007fc8d5
Greeks
In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexan...
Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
{ "text": [ "cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia." ], "answer_start": [ 609 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and h...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef03
Nutrition
Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including brea...
What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?
{ "text": [ "breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food" ], "answer_start": [ 316 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?\n\nAnimal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5709cfcc4103511400d59453
Animal
Deuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes, the first opening of the gut to appear in embryological development (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, with the anus forming secondarily. In deuterostomes the anus forms f...
What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?
{ "text": [ "enterocoelic pouching" ], "answer_start": [ 568 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nDeuterostomes differ from protostomes in several ways. Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tr...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
57261e08271a42140099d499
Clothing
Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do...
What material doesn't easily wrinkle?
{ "text": [ "knit" ], "answer_start": [ 298 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nMany kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern f...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a653e05c2b11c001a425cdb
Sumer
As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After dr...
What did farmers flood just before the new year?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat did farmers flood just before the new year?\n\nAs is known from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\", after the flood season and a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5a84bb9a7cf838001a46aa80
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives
House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. ...
Where does the President deliver addresses in diverse forums?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nHouse minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5a82180f31013a001a3351d0
Humanism
Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian ...
Who had no interest in discussing Humanism?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Who had no interest in discussing Humanism?\n\nPolemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6208
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s...
Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed?
{ "text": [ "fire on the altar" ], "answer_start": [ 708 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\n The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5734009a4776f41900661695
Punjab,_Pakistan
The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than ...
Where is Saraiki usually spoken?
{ "text": [ "south Punjab" ], "answer_start": [ 827 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Where is Saraiki usually spoken?\n\nThe major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a3abd893ff257001ab84241
Planck_constant
Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angul...
Who reduced the increased Planck constant?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Who reduced the increased Planck constant?\n\nBohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Plan...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
572800cd2ca10214002d9b27
Pope_John_XXIII
On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign ...
Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?
{ "text": [ "Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca" ], "answer_start": [ 97 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nOn 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca b...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56dde56e9a695914005b967f
Canadian_Armed_Forces
Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces duri...
What American war threatened Canada?
{ "text": [ "the American Revolutionary War" ], "answer_start": [ 323 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What American war threatened Canada?\n\nPrior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada serv...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5ace44f632bba1001ae4a13b
Guam
Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungso...
In what year did Captain Juan de Santiago start to pacify Guam?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIntermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645c
Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the...
What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?
{ "text": [ "dark, fertile" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?\n\nChthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi (\"gods below\"), and th...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
56d12ceb17492d1400aabb5c
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess
In 2003, Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the same team that had created the cel-shaded The Wind Waker. At the following year's Game Developers Conference, director Eiji Aonuma unintentionally revealed that the game's sequel was in development under the working...
What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?
{ "text": [ "2003" ], "answer_start": [ 3 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nIn 2003, Nintendo announced that a new The Legend of Zelda game was in the works for the GameCube by the...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
57282afc4b864d1900164647
History_of_science
In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar...
How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?
{ "text": [ "requiring physicians to wash their hands" ], "answer_start": [ 117 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?\n\nIn 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5a8d8836df8bba001a0f9af0
The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess
The game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles. Link navigates these dungeons and fights a boss at the end in order to obtain an item or otherwise advance the plot. The dungeons are connected by a large overworld, across which Link can travel on foo...
What is the name of Link's enemy?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What is the name of Link's enemy?\n\nThe game features nine dungeons—large, contained areas where Link battles enemies, col...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
570d9bebdf2f5219002ed024
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of...
When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
{ "text": [ "1943" ], "answer_start": [ 412 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nSome nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started du...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad221f5d7d075001a4284e9
Antarctica
Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which deri...
Who refered to the South Pole as Antarctic Pole in the 13th century?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the n...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5ad19c8d645df0001a2d2120
Incandescent_light_bulb
In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T...
What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens?\n\nIn 1902, the Siemens company developed a tan...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5724d4c80ba9f01400d97b88
Queen_Victoria
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who c...
What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths?
{ "text": [ "chloroform" ], "answer_start": [ 96 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nIn 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthe...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd3
Sumer
The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh w...
Who invented beer?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWho invented beer?\n\nThe Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key i...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5a32dc6cbd0d7f001aef94b3
Central_African_Republic
In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legislative seat, which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council. Within a year, he dec...
In what year was the French Assembly election?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes, and won every legis...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5730ab9c396df9190009626d
Sumer
Although short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practically all of Sumer, including Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Larsa, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagash. In addition, his realm extended to parts of Elam and along the Persian Gulf. He ...
What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?
{ "text": [ "terror" ], "answer_start": [ 339 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nAlthough short-lived, one of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, who annexed practicall...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772d
Alps
In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the o...
Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?
{ "text": [ "the structure of the Alps" ], "answer_start": [ 16 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nLayers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?\n\nIn simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
57267c9bdd62a815002e86e4
Cotton
During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was...
Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?
{ "text": [ "similarities to wool" ], "answer_start": [ 538 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDuring the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived,...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
56f74522aef2371900625a83
Slavs
Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot...
Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
{ "text": [ "Thessaloniki" ], "answer_start": [ 549 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nOld Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?\n\nProto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Sl...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5ace60dc32bba1001ae4a4a9
Hunting
Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declar...
What law was put in place to protect the right of hunting by Benedict XIV?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nNevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop ca...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
56de48cc4396321400ee276d
Human_Development_Index
The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.
Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
{ "text": [ "high income countries" ], "answer_start": [ 284 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nThe report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fu...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a4ea258755ab9001a10f556
Airport
On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run dow...
What marks the end of the ALS at low-traffic airports?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nOn runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge li...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a6776a5f038b7001ab0c255
Old_English
Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150,...
What language stopped being used in Britain during the 1100's?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nOld English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
57299d4b6aef05140015502a
Appalachian_Mountains
Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and M...
How many provinces are in the mountain range?
{ "text": [ "thirteen provinces" ], "answer_start": [ 181 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDefinitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlan...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
572782b6dd62a815002e9f32
Ann_Arbor,_Michigan
Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974,...
Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?
{ "text": [ "instant-runoff" ], "answer_start": [ 514 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?\n\nLeft-wing politics have been particu...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5a281f37d1a287001a6d0a86
Mali
On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré, a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by...
What is November 19, 1974 celebrated as?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' What is November 19, 1974 celebrated as?\n\nOn 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
56e786e700c9c71400d77242
University_of_Kansas
The University of Kansas is a large, state-sponsored university, with five campuses. KU features the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences, which includes the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration; and the schools of Architecture, Design & Planning; Business; Education; Engineering; Health P...
What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?
{ "text": [ "state-sponsored" ], "answer_start": [ 37 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhat term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?\n\nThe University of Kansas is a large, sta...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
59fb3669ee36d60018400d6f
England_national_football_team
England is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached the semi-final in 1996. England hosted Euro 96 and have appeared in eight UEFA European Championship Finals tournaments, tied for ninth-best. The team has also reached the quarter-final on...
Who hosted the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nEngland is quite a successful nation at the UEFA European Football Championship, having finished in third place in 1968 and reached...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
57316448e6313a140071cecb
Qing_dynasty
Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included s...
What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?
{ "text": [ "Shanghai School and the Lingnan School" ], "answer_start": [ 483 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?\n\nYet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the sch...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
56f8cc9a9b226e1400dd1032
Alps
Farming had been a traditional occupation for centuries, although it became less dominant in the 20th century with the advent of tourism. Grazing and pasture land are limited because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps. In mid-June cows are moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline, where they are w...
When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?
{ "text": [ "mid-June" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nWhen are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?\n\nFarming had been a traditional occupation for c...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
572a36fe3f37b319004787c7
Ottoman_Empire
The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside...
Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?
{ "text": [ "The Russo-Turkish War" ], "answer_start": [ 126 ] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nBulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?\n\nThe Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bul...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
572ea56bcb0c0d14000f13dc
Elevator
In each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be "underslung" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab. The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a...
What reduces the amount of force needed to propel the cab?
{ "text": [ "cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab" ], "answer_start": [ 14 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be \"underslung\" below a cab, and then looped over the...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5a6bb05e4eec6b001a80a4ba
Myocardial_infarction
If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the occluded coronary artery die (chiefly through necrosis) and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in their place. Recent studies indicate that another form of cell death, a...
What is impaired blood flow called?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nIf impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the isc...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Here is a piece of text; answer the following question based on it.
57324c04e17f3d1400422806
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans—a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers ...
What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?
{ "text": [ "civilian casualties" ], "answer_start": [ 997 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nEisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous o...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d
Materialism
In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism...
What school advanced atomism?
{ "text": [ "Nyaya–Vaisesika school" ], "answer_start": [ 233 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nIn Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the propon...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
5a8c8f2afd22b3001a8d8afc
Database
Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types,...
What does database access have no influence on?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nDatabase access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed t...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ad005e077cf76001a686781
Republic_of_the_Congo
Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.
What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What did Sassou sign a ten year friendship pact with?\n\nSassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
57325111e17f3d1400422853
Pacific_War
A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are "comfort women", a euphemism for the 200,000 women, mostly from Korea and China, who served in the Japanese army's camps during World War II. Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948. In 1993, C...
In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.
{ "text": [ "Junichiro Koizumi" ], "answer_start": [ 502 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' \n\nIn 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.\n\nA widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery ar...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5727c707ff5b5019007d94eb
USB
High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub t...
When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?
{ "text": [ "When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?\n\nHigh-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
57100286a58dae1900cd67da
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Ei...
What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?
{ "text": [ "Eighth" ], "answer_start": [ 318 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
56f978fb9b226e1400dd1488
List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street
On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?
{ "text": [ "187th Street" ], "answer_start": [ 25 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nThe many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva Uni...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
56d5fbbd1c85041400946e95
Dog
Most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than a...
People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?
{ "text": [ "particular morphologies and behaviors" ], "answer_start": [ 94 ] }
[ { "content": "Please answer the question using the provided content. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nMost breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Please answer the question using the provided content.
5acfc75377cf76001a685f09
Prime_minister
Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitutio...
What could the Taoiseach due prior to 1922
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Given the document, please answer the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' Question: What could the Taoiseach due prior to 1922\n\nOlder constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. In the United Kingdom, for ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Given the document, please answer the question.
5a5ce7425e8782001a9d5e1a
Computer_security
In July of 2015, a hacker group known as "The Impact Team" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and thre...
When was Established Man taken offline?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nIn July of 2015, a hacker group known as \"The Impact Team\" successfully breached the extramarital relati...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.
570da1ea16d0071400510c24
Anti-aircraft_warfare
Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With t...
A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
{ "text": [ "places where it is not expected" ], "answer_start": [ 802 ] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.' A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?\n\nMost modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
5ad4d96b5b96ef001a10a398
San_Diego
Due to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally unable to support a television station duopoly between two full-power stations under FCC regulations, which disallow duopolies in metropolitan areas with fewer than nine full-power televisi...
What three stations are owned by Azteca?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Using the provided text, answer the following question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nDue to the ratio of U.S. and Mexican-licensed stations, San Diego is the largest media market in the United States that is legally...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Using the provided text, answer the following question.
5ad4fef85b96ef001a10a8cc
Slavs
On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original s...
What percentage of north-eastern Italians have I2a1b1?
{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
[ { "content": "Read the snippet and answer the question that follows. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\n==== document starts ====\nOn the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-He...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Read the snippet and answer the question that follows.
572a4fa81d046914007798fc
CBC_Television
While its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition deadline of August 31, 2011, CBC converted only about half of the analogue transmitters in mandatory areas to digital (15 of 28 markets with CBC Television stations, and 14 of 28 markets ...
How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?
{ "text": [ "only about half" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
[ { "content": "Based on the given passage, respond to the question. If the context does not contain the answer, reply with: 'The question cannot be answered from this context.'\n\nWhile its fellow Canadian broadcasters converted most of their transmitters to digital by the Canadian digital television transition ...
rajpurkar/squad_v2
Based on the given passage, respond to the question.