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f970b41232638e169ab846bf53ef6d9147d878cc | subsection | 23 | 58 | The slice method | In general, the multiplicity one property (REF ) is not easy to check directly. Several criteria are given in , but these are not sufficient for our purposes. Indeed, the authors in bring attention to the problem of finding a more satisfactory criterion for the multiplicity one property to hold. Although difficult to a... | {
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bac3441de0ab5005d73a67089eb76d3c4ef06abe | subsection | 24 | 58 | The slice method | Here f_1^{*(1)},\dots , f_p^{*(1)} (resp. f_1^{*(2)},\dots ,f_p^{*(2)}) is the dual basis of f_1^{(1)},\dots , f_p^{(1)} (resp. f_1^{(2)},\dots ,f_p^{(2)}) with respect to (REF ). In particular, f^{*(2)}:=f^{*(2)}_1 is a highest weight vector, that is, a B-semi-invariant of weight \lambda \cdot \sigma ^{-1}.Since f^{(1... | {
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8fa93cf9707b7b03f1fc81c81798ae32b40c65de | subsection | 25 | 58 | The slice method | On the other hand, we have (l \cdot f^{(1)})(v)=f^{(1)}(l^{-1} v) = f^{(1)}(v) =1, hence \lambda | _{L_v} = 1. This implies that f_v is an L_v-semi-invariant of weight \sigma |_{L_v}.Now we show that property (REF ) holds. In fact, we prove that the multiplicity in \mathbb {C}[V] of the irreducible corresponding to \la... | {
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424ed89ec1b54fc186e6c250761e5046e7f9097f | subsection | 26 | 58 | The slice method | To see that equation (REF ) gives indeed the local b-function of f at v, we use Lemma REF again and obtain b_{f_v}(s)=b_{f,v}(s).In the case of multiplicity-free tuples as in Definition REF , we can say more about the first factor b_1(s) in Theorem REF :Lemma 2.14
Assume additionally, that \underline{f}=(f_1^{(1)},\do... | {
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3c067a90080f17e143873f684755d21d4bb2ee83 | subsection | 27 | 58 | The slice method | Many prehomogeneous vector spaces are of this form – see Sections and the classification in .We defineH=\operatorname{GL}(m) \times \operatorname{GL}(n-m) \times G^{\prime }to be the the reductive subgroup of \operatorname{GL}(n) \times G^{\prime } \subset G , with the factor \operatorname{GL}(m) \times \operatorname{G... | {
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7ac5085486cae810d3d65a8cd3cada7ee8f05d93 | subsection | 28 | 58 | The slice method | As in Section REF , we consider the map from \mathbb {C}[V] to \mathbb {C}[F] given by h \mapsto h_v, where h\in \mathbb {C}[V], and h_v\in \mathbb {C}[F] is defined by h_v(y)=h(v+y), for y\in F. Fix k\in \mathbb {N} and assume h\in \mathbb {C}[V] is a G-semi-invariant of weight \sigma ^k. As seen in Section REF , h_v\... | {
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2e5c7a3e75b540096b92f8daa603fa904ef9294a | subsection | 29 | 58 | The slice method | Also, f_1^{(1)}(v)=1, while f_i^{(1)}(v) = 0, for i\ne 1, so f^{(2)}_1 = f_v (see the considerations before Theorem REF ). Let P be the parabolic subgroup of G corresponding to \lambda , i.e. the stabilizer of the line \mathbb {C}\cdot f_1^{(1)}, and let L be the corresponding Levi subgroup. Then it is easy to see that... | {
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a6e75f2d030d50bb387fe15d90b0b6ac625bab13 | subsection | 30 | 58 | The slice method | Let f^{\prime } \in \operatorname{SI}(H,F)^U be an H-semi-invariant of weight \det ^{a} \otimes \det ^b \otimes \sigma ^{\prime }, for some a,b\in \mathbb {Z} and character \sigma ^{\prime } of G^{\prime }. Consider the character \sigma of G defined as \sigma = \det ^{b-a} \otimes \det ^b \otimes \sigma ^{\prime }. Con... | {
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a1804ae6e2c385afe7f0c49832347ae9a263d27c | subsection | 31 | 58 | The slice method | Moreover, the b-function of several variables decomposes asb_{\underline{f},\underline{m}}(\underline{s}) = [s]_{n-m,n}^{d_1,\dots ,d_l} \cdot b_{\underline{f}_v,\underline{m}}(\underline{s}),for any tuple \underline{m}=(m_1,\dots ,m_l)\in \mathbb {N}^l, where b_{\underline{f}_v,\underline{m}}(\underline{s}) is the b-f... | {
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71d01fb5ca21a9a9aaf474efdb9c03b70c93bd59 | subsection | 32 | 58 | Semi-invariants of quivers and the slice method | In this section we apply the methods the slice method from Section REF to semi-invariants of quivers. | {
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65cf2c7d8716d2b53b36e3fe2cfa909a7dd0352b | subsection | 33 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | In this section we will introduce some basics of quivers and semi-invariants. For more background material, we refer the reader to , . We follow similar notation to that in .A quiver Q is an oriented graph, i.e. a pair Q=(Q_0,Q_1) formed by the set of vertices Q_0 and the set of arrows Q_1. An arrow a has a head ha, an... | {
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609b44ae8825ccb891412c0970ca8379e1404ddb | subsection | 34 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Under this action, two representations lie in the same orbit if and only if they are isomorphic representations.For any two representations V and W, we have the following exact sequence:\begin{array}{rlc}
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de060523d87dbf782fe9635907a2b6c2a5e69225 | subsection | 35 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | With this convention, we view characters as duals to dimension vectors, namely:\sigma (\beta )=\displaystyle \sum _{x\in Q_0} \sigma (x)\beta _x.We recall the definition of an important class of determinantal semi-invariants, first constructed by Schofield in . Fix two dimension vectors \alpha ,\beta , such that \langl... | {
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a185ef808b420b1b7b5eec65be97f422b4e83d72 | subsection | 36 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Examples of real Schur roots include the dimension vectors of preprojective and preinjective representations (see ).In the case \beta is a prehomogeneous dimension vector, \operatorname{SI}(Q,\beta ) a polynomial ring generated by semi-invariants c^{V_i}, where V_i are the simple objects in an appropriate perpendicular... | {
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812b875b94905bd46dff7d8587f69f59dd4d8782 | subsection | 37 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | However, in some cases we can view a semi-invariant of a quiver as a function on a simpler quiver.Lemma 3.5 ()
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f63e5362348c79552730b49619de0fa2433f2d19 | subsection | 38 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | The slice at the arrow \vec{a} is a representation space \operatorname{Rep}(Q_a,\beta _a) corresponding to the following quiver (where the orientation of \vec{a} is arbitrary):
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b15978e71ccc095d4d6279a8ff52e973c1baa0c4 | subsection | 39 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Since we will be working with generic Schur representations V, we will write only the corresponding dimension vectors (which are real Schur roots).
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e26358098c2dff12b53029c8ea7b6338e5998502 | subsection | 40 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Due to the isomorphism \operatorname{SI}(Q,\beta )\cong \mathbb {C}[\operatorname{Rep}(Q_a,\beta _a)]^{U\rtimes \operatorname{SL}(\beta _a)}, we also have that f_a=c^{V^{\prime }} is irreducible. Since \beta and \beta _a are sincere, V and V^{\prime } are Schur representations by .
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0.02... | |
5fd4e9dbbfc4aac5b827179ba2d709d786d7a137 | subsection | 41 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Slicing at the arrow \vec{a} in the following cases, we obtain the slice (Q_a,\beta _a) and induced semi-invariant f_a with weight \sigma _a=\langle \alpha _a, \cdot \rangle :
(a)
If \vec{a} is a 1-source with \alpha _1=\alpha _2, then
(Q_a,\stackrel{\alpha _a}{\beta _a}): \hspace{14.45377pt} \vbox {@R-2pc@C+0.5pc{
& ... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
] | [
"math.RT"
] | 2,018 | en | Mathematics | [
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810191321a5aca7630e438ec7271d949e590ceae | subsection | 42 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | The isomorphism \operatorname{SI}(Q,\beta )\cong \operatorname{SI}(Q_a,\beta _a)^{U} from Proposition REF gives inductively these inequalities, and they will be encoded in the negativity of the roots of the b-function. For simplicity, we will work with dimension vectors \beta so that these inequalities are strict.
Som... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
] | [
"math.RT"
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346f70e942737617d8c9c7f688e46c39865bafcc | subsection | 43 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Using Proposition REF at each step, we get that the locally semi-simple representation is
A=V_1^{\beta _4-\beta _1}\oplus V_2^{\beta _4-\beta _2} \oplus V_3^{\beta _4-\beta _3},
where the indecomposables are V_1= \begin{matrix} & 1 & \\ 0 & 1 & 1\end{matrix} , V_2 = \begin{matrix} & 0 & \\ 1 & 1 & 1\end{matrix} , V_3 =... | {
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"source_ref_id": "98627be2309a3a2... | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
] | [
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4d075c7d31975e14b7f6c1ea197a2b4ba5a27de2 | subsection | 44 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | By Theorem REF , we get
b_f(s)=b_{f_a}(s)\cdot [s]_{\beta _2-\beta _1,\beta _2}.
Since the dimension of the representation space strictly decreases by slicing, this procedure is finite and stops when we arrive at a constant function.
For some geometric implications of the result above about singularities of the zero se... | {
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"start": 234... | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
] | [
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7b53b48357afc3dc4ddf74301c4128a9ad089fdb | subsection | 45 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Continuing,
[REF (a)][s]3-2,3-1@C+1pc @ >[r]
@C-0.8pc
1n-1 [d] 12-1 @–>[r] 14-1 [r] ...[r] 1n-2-1 [l] 1n
[REF (a)][s]4-2,4-1@C+1pc @ >[r] ...
...[REF (a)][s]n-3-2,n-3-1@C+1pc @ >[r]
1n-1 [d] 12-1 [r] 1n-2-1 [l] 1n
[Example REF]@C+3pc @ >[r]
Hence the b-function is:
b(s)=[s]_{\beta _2-\beta _1,\beta _2}\prod _{... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
] | [
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b6fba46b64aecb619116ae62eff407375aa9a719 | subsection | 46 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | We give an example of a quiver of extended Dynkin type:
Example 3.15 We take \overline{_4 with the dimension vector \beta , with 2\beta _1+\beta _2+\beta _3+\beta _4=3\beta _5, semi-invariant (unique up to constant) f=c^V, where \operatorname{\mathbf {dim}}V=\alpha =(2,1,1,1,2) is a real Schur root:
\vbox {@R-0.5pc{
&... | {
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d9ba6632e65b7592d9263ed08a7839e7b878cdbf | subsection | 47 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | By Proposition \ref {prop:neg} the semi-invariant is not sliceable. However, in order to compute the b-function one can apply the method by reflections from \cite {en}.
Example 3.17 Symmetric quivers.
Examples REF ,REF ,REF are particular cases of semi-invariants of symmetric quivers, see , . In , the b-function of a ... | {
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ae79d2598ad656be26649c87059b9a1d156d71c8 | subsection | 48 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | However, the slice method is not always sufficient to obtain directly the b-functions of several variables for type n quivers (although the method in is). Nevertheless, given the individual b-function (of one variable) of each semi-invariant (see Theorem REF ), one can in principle apply the Structure Theorem of b-func... | {
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447ff17f6e846e2b805c047210c11d9751625606 | subsection | 49 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Take a quiver with underlying graph n and the following labeling:
{
& n & & & \\
1 & 2 @{-}[l][u]@{-}[r] & 3 @{-}[r] & \dots @{-}[r] & n-1
}
Since the generic decomposition of a quiver and its opposite quiver coincide, we will fix without loss of generality the orientation of the arrow 2\rightarrow n. We illustrate the... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
] | [
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9148f49dbab496469499ab6ae5d96032d13b9d88 | subsection | 50 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | The indecomposables outside the horizontal lines will stay the same (there are none in this example). Finally, for each row between the two horizontal lines the dimension vector will have dimension 1 at vertex n. Hence we get in this case
(3,5,6,3,5,4)=(1,1,1,0,0,1)\oplus (1,1,1,1,1,1)\oplus (1,2,2,1,1,1)\oplus (0,1,0... | {
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"András Cristian Lőrincz"
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e2c07dc44d6043a8ec7cea9767617cab0e96f583 | subsection | 51 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Here V_i and W_i are representations of the first and second class, respectively (separated by the horizontal line as in the examples) and Z_i are the representations with dimension 0 at vertex 2. We assume that the order is chosen such that:
(a)
There is a map from V_i to V_j iff j \le i;
(b)
There is a map from W_i t... | {
"cite_spans": []
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"András Cristian Lőrincz"
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bb52e182e13d2da2ed4d7f699905312b68d00285 | subsection | 52 | 58 | Background on quivers and their semi-invariants | Now using the action of U^{\prime }, if two ones are in the same row corresponding to the columns of V_i and W_j, and \operatorname{Hom}_Q(W_j,V_i)\ne 0, then we can cancel the 1 in the column of W_j. This corresponds to stopping under condition (c).
Remark 4.2 The article describes the generic decomposition for an equ... | {
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045db39717f1eef6b53abade85629eb7801b1707 | subsection | 53 | 58 | Generic decomposition for Dynkin quivers of type | Based on slices, we give an easy procedure for determining the generic decomposition for type n quivers.Let Q be a quiver, and \alpha a prehomogeneous dimension vector. Following , we call a decomposition\alpha =\alpha _1 \oplus \alpha _2 \oplus \dots \oplus \alpha _tthe generic decomposition (also called canonical dec... | {
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"source_ref_id": ... | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
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e1b888d6f4b041710a7a6edf0233da86555ae26c | subsection | 54 | 58 | Generic decomposition for Dynkin quivers of type | Take the following n quiver with n=6 and \alpha =(3,5,6,3,5,4):@R-0.5pc{& 4 & & & \\
3 [r] & 5 [u] & 6 [l] [r] & 3 [r] & 5
}First, take the generic decomposition of the \mathbb {A}_{n-1} quiver by dropping the n-th vertex. This was done in the example above. Then, the indecomposables of \mathbb {A}_{n-1} that have 0 di... | {
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} | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
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615cb8123e2a7b91934d79df67f66cf423030d1c | subsection | 55 | 58 | Generic decomposition for Dynkin quivers of type | Hence we get in this case(3,5,6,3,5,4)=(1,1,1,0,0,1)\oplus (1,1,1,1,1,1)\oplus (1,2,2,1,1,1)\oplus (0,1,0,0,0,1)\oplus \\
\oplus (0,0,0,0,1,0)^{\oplus 2} \oplus (0,0,1,1,1,0).We give another example:@R-0.5pc{& 4 & & & \\
3 & 6 [l] [u] & 5 [l] [r] & 3
}The generic decomposition for the \mathbb {A}_4 part is@C-0.4pc@R-1p... | {
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} | 1802.07760 | Decompositions of Bernstein-Sato polynomials and slices | [
"András Cristian Lőrincz"
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3c802de47d5c0bdb708f66fcc942efa0d8a6cfdf | subsection | 56 | 58 | Generic decomposition for Dynkin quivers of type | We assume that the order is chosen such that:(a)
There is a map from V_i to V_j iff j \le i;
(b)
There is a map from W_i to V_j iff j \le i;
(c)
There are no maps from V_i to W_j for all i,j.We note that this can be achieved immediately from the generic decomposition algorithm for \mathbb {A}_{n-1} (after dropping the ... | {
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5833d73becc35e7c7274e8846b415f793ca051b8 | subsection | 57 | 58 | Generic decomposition for Dynkin quivers of type | Now using the action of U^{\prime }, if two ones are in the same row corresponding to the columns of V_i and W_j, and \operatorname{Hom}_Q(W_j,V_i)\ne 0, then we can cancel the 1 in the column of W_j. This corresponds to stopping under condition (c).Remark 4.2 The article describes the generic decomposition for an equi... | {
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ef2ccfc25342d7519e429ce38e3391ec32bc00c6 | abstract | 0 | 239 | Abstract | The biomedical community asked CERN to investigate the possibility to
transform the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerator into a multidisciplinary,
biomedical research facility (BioLEIR) that could provide ample, high-quality
beams of a range of light ions suitable for clinically oriented fundamental
research on cell ... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
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"S. Schuh"
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8e330a3c86a9966f899a2df7d4ab3a0d869effe8 | subsection | 1 | 239 | Executive Summary | The biomedical community has asked CERN
to investigate the possibility to transform the Low Energy Ion Ring (LEIR) accelerator into a multidisciplinary, biomedical research facility (BioLEIR) that could provide ample, high-quality beams of a range of light ions suitable for clinically oriented, fundamental research on ... | {
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9c60f414ff8cbcaa055d8185308127b5172008d8 | subsection | 2 | 239 | Executive Summary | A control irradiator shall be available within the BioLEIR experimental area.During Stage 1, characterization of the new light ion source, together with the design, preparation and construction of LINAC5 and the connecting transfer line to LEIR will take place in preparation of Stage 2.Stage 2 of BioLEIR will have the ... | {
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f8caf24453619017ac2849921116e741016358b9 | subsection | 3 | 239 | Executive Summary | In order to account for the higher cost of a clinical facility, we scale this cost down by about 30% to a level of 100 MCHF needed to establish a centre dedicated to R&D with a scientific outcome comparable to that which can be reached with BioLEIR.Assuming a project start without delay, with funds and experienced reso... | {
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274cc8dfc38106157c5d35277c5373a5c77e17be | subsection | 4 | 239 | BioLEIR: a biomedical research facility hosted at CERN | Cancer is a critical societal issue. Worldwide, in 2012, 14.1 million people were diagnosed with, and 8.2 million had died of cancer. The annual global incidence is expected to rise to as many as 25 million cases in 2035. Worldwide, over 32 million people live with cancer, mostly untreated . Radiation therapy is an ess... | {
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5f9a16313f468705581b5c65022994c9022430b9 | subsection | 5 | 239 | The biomedical motivation | Particle irradiation and the impact in vitro have been reported in a number of publications, resulting in a large range of Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) data from a number of different cell lines and endpoints. These studies have been very useful in confirming to a large extent the hypotheses of the effect of... | {
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327af94157492a9fb9d14a576b84e7cc3e508011 | subsection | 6 | 239 | An overview of the BioLEIR project | The establishment of a multidisciplinary research facility to investigate biomedical applications of high energy ion beams at CERN would require conversion of the LEIR synchrotron. Although LEIR has to be maintained and operated for the Heavy Ion physics programmes, production beams are not continuously delivered to th... | {
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9656ab05ef766f8546578126d1fe7a786c5f1687 | subsection | 7 | 239 | An overview of the BioLEIR project | At a later stage, a 6 MeV control irradiation facility could be provided, as close as possible to the experimental area in the South Hall.At a later stage, the user community might request to upgrade the injector chain to allow interleaved operation of BioLEIR with LHC and North Area ion physics, in order to increase b... | {
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8ccaa6f5e43d72a9133bee4ea6317592714ddc5d | subsection | 8 | 239 | Potential interest for light ions to the CERN research programme and the existing user community | In addition to the necessity of light ions for biomedical research, light ions could also be of interest to the CERN research programme and the existing CERN user community at large. A first, non-comprehensive feedback and interest has been gauged and found to be mainly around the accelerator ion programmes, as well as... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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91a3bf197cc126687437811c5f62a2606ad36652 | subsection | 9 | 239 | Accelerator ion programmes | Although nothing is presently foreseen in the future LHC programme, there has been some interest in the LHC community in, for example, Argon-Argon, proton-Argon and proton-Nitrogen collisions. The availability of deuterons is of potential interest for electron-deuteron collisions at the LHeC. Different types of light i... | {
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bd0a1397836faa988eacac2032b2e3bd85b11458 | subsection | 10 | 239 | Additional potential use cases | A non-exhaustive list of potentially interesting research at the BioLEIR facility beyond biomedical research includes the following areas:Detector development and testing
further development of reliability and accuracy of dosimetry techniques
characterization of particle physics detector technologies in clinical ion ... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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caa40ac9ded27933094947bb11cf21b02d01d3d2 | subsection | 11 | 239 | Strategic importance of the BioLEIR facility | According to the ISC, an international panel of experts in the field, the BioLEIR facility at CERN would address a number of key strategic issues that the biomedical community is facing today. The ISC reckons that the BioLEIR facility is:Urgently required because of increasing use of ion beams in medicine for ablative ... | {
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9c2c7e83f773a9012e8ffff73e3decde03ce85e2 | subsection | 12 | 239 | Strategic importance of the BioLEIR facility | These successes are due to the enormous value for the medical community of the know-how put by CERN at the disposal of the partners through a few key experts. Today, BioLEIR is the opportunity to open new possibilities of research to the biomedical community and have an even larger reach and long-term impact. | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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7dd50191775da24ac2881cbba4b801881acb0fba | subsection | 13 | 239 | Background and approach | The goal of this chapter is to establish the full set of operating parameters for a non-clinical biomedical research facility at CERN. It shall be noted that work on cells (2D and in future possibly 3D) and inert materials (such as detectors and humanoid tissue equivalent phantoms) are envisaged, while work on animals ... | {
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"raw": "Physics for Health in Europe (PHE) workshop 2010, Geneva, Switzerland, February, 2010. http://physics-for-health.web.cern.ch/physics-for-health/.",
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6ff4e3cf40babb4cd9a925da7d682c382ea66551 | subsection | 14 | 239 | Requirements for an ideal, non-clinical, biomedical research facility | The ISC Task Force on BioLEIR requirements The ISC task forces to establish biological and physics requirements for BioLEIR were composed of Philippe Lambin (chair), Kevin Prise, Jorg Pwelke and Wolfgang Dorr for the biology part, and of Alberto Delguerra, Alejandro Mazal, Marco Schippers and Michael Waligorski (chair)... | {
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"raw": "M. Waligorski et. al.. Role of the International Strategy Committee in the LEIR initiative. ENLIGHT Annual Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 2015. https://indico.cern.ch/event/392790/timetable/#20150919",
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a958d79a2acbf513e6c69b8ad7ab6ed4722ee2ba | subsection | 15 | 239 | Irradiation field parameters | The ideal biomedical irradiation laboratory has at least one horizontal and one vertical beamline for biomedical research and possibly one more horizontal beamline for research more related to (micro-)dosimetry development and fragmentation studies. The vertical beamline allows us to treat cells in the growth medium wh... | {
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b2e4c71670a30733172507ddc13408b86d1b9576 | subsection | 16 | 239 | Ion species | There is no need for a complete range of ions of all possible \displaystyle Z numbers, because the range of energies that cover the tissue depths required for human radiotherapy, and their event size, are given by the lighter ions.
The lighter ions suitable for radiobiology and radiotherapy are H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N ... | {
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3c86bbd824ae82c3300a894eea3eab43159a54c3 | subsection | 17 | 239 | Ion species | Title Description Details Priority Comment6rContinued on next pageR0 Beamlines 1 horizontal; 1 vertical HIGHR1 Ion speciesR1.1 light ions H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O suitable for radiobiology & radiotherapy HIGHR1.2 heavy ions Ne, Ar, Fe, Kr, Xe, Pb, U biophysics, dosimetry, medical detector development, radiation protec... | {
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02a188a6a64de412a069ae2c1da50ed70fd6b0e0 | subsection | 18 | 239 | Ion species | Access to heavy ions at clinical energies could be possible elsewhere at CERN; they are extracted to the North Area.R1.3.1 Potential development: mixed ion irradiation with species change within a few minutes. Ad-hoc non obvious implementation, outside the scope of the current study.R1.4 Potential development: radioact... | {
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8274aa4ca4fc4090baa5cce01efaaf90fa82559a | subsection | 19 | 239 | Ion energies | The complete range of energies associated with clinical beams are required, namely up to 250 MeV/u for protons and 440 MeV/u for Carbon ions. Although the radiobiological properties must be tested at all energies (and with mixtures of high and low energies as occurs due to spreading out of Bragg peak positions), the mo... | {
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5ca154be90428317445df3bef9b439e3500518f7 | subsection | 20 | 239 | Beam size | Beam dimensions of the following order would be useful:Broad beams: a cross section of minimum 50\displaystyle \times 50 mm\displaystyle ^2 at a distance of at least 30 cm from the collimating systems is suggested. Further divergence with distance produces larger cross-sectional areas which in clinical situations incre... | {
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d92ea17530f40c35cf8169247fb033535ba24546 | subsection | 21 | 239 | Beam uniformity | Beam uniformity satisfying the following constraints is desired:The typical requirement of delivering a dose with 1% accuracy requires a beam uniformity (flatness and symmetry) of 1-2% over the entire beam dimension.
Online monitoring of beam uniformity at the level of 0.5%.
It is desirable to have the capability of ... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
"G. Roy",
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18aae5d124b820ecf71393d284912696773458a4 | subsection | 22 | 239 | Beam intensity and stability | The beam intensity shall be continuously variable from around 10\displaystyle ^9 ions/s downwards. The higher intensities would be for radiotherapy & detector development, the lower intensities may be required for some radiobiology and radiation protection experiments. However, during a typical radiotherapy spill, the ... | {
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8c2ee5210bd3e83e20cabe09ab8c80109d7f762c | subsection | 23 | 239 | Dose delivery | It is desirable to administer the dose in two ways:Time driven: applying the beam during a pre-calculated duration. This method relies on a constant beam intensity.
Dose driven: applying the beam and irradiating until a pre-set dose is achieved. This method is independent of dose rate, yet dose rate fluctuations shoul... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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7205845419b5aa5cb02049620d4939ed20714e41 | subsection | 24 | 239 | Beam purity | It is desirable to have a primary beam as pure as possible, with a minimal beam purity of 10\displaystyle ^{-4} . Material at the end-user station that could lead to neutron and low energy gamma rays through beam-induced nuclear activation, shall be kept minimal. If needed, the proportion of neutron and \displaystyle \... | {
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d865f8e2541a4a6d2e770a5a33a236f25cd6b722 | subsection | 25 | 239 | Beam-delivery for horizontal and vertical beams | Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP): it can be realized by use of similar techniques as in clinical applications, namely -
passive: wobbler or wedge filters.
active: a commercial scanning head would be useful as long as it remains compatible with other electronics.
Building flat SOBPs:
Ripple filter (3 or 5 mm).
Ridge f... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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4e50edf636081c8760e3283abab17374274f7978 | subsection | 26 | 239 | Requirements for dosimetry and fluence monitoring | Dose measurements must be possible at low and high dose rates, as well as for low and high Low Energy Transfer (LET) particles.Basic dosimetry: ionization chambers and other techniques, solid state, calorimetry and chemical systems, as required in a medical clinic. The standards required by Swiss/French national refere... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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01ef7a064117aa5da6cec326a898984b545f7bb2 | subsection | 27 | 239 | Biomedical infrastructure | An ideal biomedical research facility shall house a state-of-the-art biomedical infrastructure. In particular, a dedicated, on-site tissue culture laboratory with the following basic requirements is desired:Biologically restricted areas.
At least four incubators.
Three flowbenches for handling of sterile samples.
On... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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e3298aa6dfd4b4661146c5f2b4062d47c4188812 | subsection | 28 | 239 | Other equipment and aspects | Non-beam related, essential equipment for a biomedical research facility which tests bioeffectiveness of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations include:Access to a reference radiation source with a variable dose rate 0.5 – 5 Gy/min:
preferably an X-ray reference unit capable of delivering constant dose rates, co... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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36de6819da57a36c0e995b817abd7f7ecd31af3f | subsection | 29 | 239 | Mechanical infrastructure: experimental setup | The experimental setup shall be designed to be modular and flexible, such that it can be easily adapted to incorporate future research topics and technology development. | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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a1b9137b974320989d67e2ea60b1ea7fcbfdff2f | subsection | 30 | 239 | Services & support | A number of general services shall be available in close vicinity of the three irradiation spots:Access to machine shop facilities for:
building custom sample holders.
production of custom phantoms.
These should be agreed upon by a steering committee and obtained separately by order.
Counting hut with ample cabling... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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339c6997780e349b2dbc13968f2e396f98571780 | subsection | 31 | 239 | Discussion of the feasibility of ideal parameters at the BioLEIR facility | In this section, the feasibility of all biomedical irradiation facility parameters are discussed.Table REF shows the desired ion intensities on target for different ion species and their corresponding charge intensities within the LEIR accelerator, as well as the currents required at the ion source output. For this doc... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
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"physics.ins-det",
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5162d5b6e7a4c14be930a6991d769b16f49538e1 | subsection | 32 | 239 | Access to high energy ions ( | Another lower-priority requirement is the access to high ion energies (section REF ), greater than 1 GeV/u. Measurements at higher energies would be useful as a reference to prevent systematic errors due to site specific beam characteristics.This requirement cannot be realized at the BioLEIR facility as it is currently... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
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55fd9d2f5eafd22640eff67222faae8007747bf8 | subsection | 33 | 239 | Energy switching | Another required parameter concerns fast, uncomplicated energy switching in order for Bragg peaks to cover clinically relevant target dimensions. It is considered fast to switch the beam energy within 10 - 15 ms. The energy change shall be achieved with two modalities: directly at the synchrotron level and passively wi... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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9afa32eb0b333b4d4d9a0cd96dca6107abc3debf | subsection | 34 | 239 | Beam purity and beam delivery | In order to maintain the required beam purity at the level of 10\displaystyle ^{-4}, interaction with the beam shall be avoided as much as possible. For those instances where specific beam delivery methods require interaction with the beam, those interactions take place upstream right after the slow extraction, before ... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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36f61bb4aa7b90106434e6ee5000f3e09d963e02 | subsection | 35 | 239 | Operational feasibility aspects on access to heavy ions and high-energy ions | Scenarios could be imagined where all requirements voiced by the biomedical user community are satisfied. However, a number of operational aspects shall be taken into account when discussing meeting the request to have access to heavy ions, as well as access to higher energy ions at the BioLEIR facility:Creation of Bio... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
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0bcd1e3fc95e7d7fc956ba9ddc0a3d6c32c56710 | subsection | 36 | 239 | Summary of the BioLEIR beam parameters | Table REF summarizes the high priority requirements and shows that the planned potential transformation of the LEIR accelerator at CERN could well satisfy all high priority requirements for a non-clinical biomedical research facility.
No detriment to the pre-existing CERN research programmes could be identified.In shor... | {
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"raw": "L. Badano1 et. al. Proton–Ion Medical Machine Study (PIMMS). Technical Report CERN/PS 99–010 (DI), CERN, Geneva, 2014. https://cds.cern.ch/record/385378/files/ps-99-010.pdf.",
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5d46fffb3afad07111de8614e2e5b67e166b33ea | subsection | 37 | 239 | Light Ion Source | Many different ion source types exist for the production of ions from a wide
variety of chemical elements. For multiply charged ions, a handful of suitable
ion sources exist. In particular, the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source
(ECRIS) and the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) are widely adopted in
accelerator faci... | {
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086f78be8e228e3b3d006051450fa6a63de8b901 | subsection | 38 | 239 | Requested beam elements | The proposed biomedical facility requests light ions ranging from protons to Oxygen to be
injected into the LEIR synchrotron. Out of these elements, ion beams of protons, Helium,
Carbon, Nitrogen and
Oxygen are routinely produced in accelerator facilities using ECRIS and EBIS ion sources. The aforementioned
elements ar... | {
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"raw": "S. L. Bogomolov, A. A. Efremov, V. B. Kutner, A. N. Lebedev, V. N. Loginov, and N. Yu. Yazvitsky. Production of ions of metals with an ECR ion sources at FLNR (JINR) cyclotrons. In Proceedings of th... | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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91612d5875d1c9c1ce08a482b69122a8b355ac21 | subsection | 39 | 239 | Beam current, quality and stability | Table REF shows the measured ion beam currents of H2+, H3+, 3He+, 12C4+ and 16O6+ that the ion sources at the HIT facility in Heidelberg are capable to deliver. These values correlate well with the beam currents reported for other ion beam therapy facilities , indicating beam current levels from the ion source that a... | {
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0f3b04336c2ccf82cbb0733f37c7c294c8780e39 | subsection | 40 | 239 | Beam current, quality and stability | For example, MEDEBIS, a prototype ion source for synchrotron injection and ion beam therapy developed in Frankfurt in the 1990's, can deliver \displaystyle 1\times 10^9 particles/s in \displaystyle 5 \displaystyle \mu s pulses at \displaystyle 5 Hz repetition rate. This results in a modest \displaystyle 5\times 10^3 io... | {
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"raw": "O. Kester, R. Becker, and M. Kleinod. The Frankfurt MEDEBIS: a prototype of an injector for a synchrotron dedicated for cancer therapy. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 67:1165–1167, 1996.",
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e47ae4b675ae72213e6d4c9830fe5aca2eb5d736 | subsection | 41 | 239 | Beam current, quality and stability | For the MedAustron Supernanogan (with the same extraction voltage) non-normalized 4-rms emittances of \displaystyle 150 mm.mrad (horizontal) and \displaystyle 197 mm.mrad (vertical) have been measured for a \displaystyle 470 \displaystyle \mu A H3+ beam . Somewhat higher emittance values of \displaystyle 292 mm.mrad (h... | {
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"arxiv_i... | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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2ee53a12560722935eec1ac2f1d36ff0c27dc610 | subsection | 42 | 239 | Beam current, quality and stability | The short-term stability (current fluctuations within the beam pulses) is not critical for operation, even in the case of high intensity current peaks originating from the ion source, as any beam pulse fine structure from the frontend is lost during the acceleration inside the synchrotron. This is valid for all injecto... | {
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"raw": "A. Kitagawa, T. Fujita, M. Muramatsu, S. Biri, and A. G. Drentje. Review on heavy ion radiotherapy facilities and related ion sources. Rev. Sci. Inst... | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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9517e524d7362a010d092f0baf6943786162b222 | subsection | 43 | 239 | The AISHa source | It has been suggested that future hadrontherapy facilities may require better performance in terms of beam current and beam quality than the commercially available all-permanent magnet ECR ion sources can currently provide . To address this, a relatively compact \displaystyle 18 GHz ECR ion source design called AISHa (... | {
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"raw": "L. Celona, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino, L. Andó, and D. Mascali. Design of the AISHa ion source for hadron therapy facilities. In Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Electron Cyclotron Reso... | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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0e80b78bc8e1fe16510e3ce1566bba1f4649f0a2 | subsection | 44 | 239 | Project staging and source operation | It would be beneficial that a source on a test stand would be available as soon as possible after the project start date, but latest during the preparation of Stage 1 of BioLEIR (see section ). It is essential that the source be fully characterized such its characteristics used as input requirements for the design of t... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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22865717e24cd7201de34ccbb27de8f8e99ebc92 | subsection | 45 | 239 | Expected source performance | In order to achieve the required ion intensities on target for the various ion species as specified in the facility requirements, and taking into account the different transmission efficiencies from the ion source to the target area (see table REF ), the Supernanogan source seems capable to deliver all required ion cur... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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a79ea594706d3355dfb209967881e2f990a0f1ef | subsection | 46 | 239 | Power and cooling requirements | The Supernanogan source requires less than 50 kW of electrical power for all subsystems. The cooling system has to provide demineralised water with a cooling power not more than the requested electrical power. For the AISHa source one can expect a higher power consumption (e.g. the GTS-LHC ion source consumes up to 200... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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e3caccbf2d93d47bcbe9d998b633cfc00d5d06f9 | subsection | 47 | 239 | Resource estimate | The cost of a Supernanogan ion source and all related subsystems, additional components required for metal ion beam production, ion beam analysis and extensive beam diagnostics, is estimated at about 1 MCHF. This estimate includes a 4D pepperpot emittance scanner and its software.Commercial compact electron beam ion so... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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e4b0d5939a36e9d798ec96e03018f9925e57fc1d | subsection | 48 | 239 | Resource estimate | This corresponds to about 100 kCHF/year of maintenance cost.The cost estimate for LINAC5 excluding the source is given in table REF . It is based on recent experience with the LINAC4 construction. The preliminary integrated workforce estimates for design, construction and installation of LINAC5 is given in table REF .
... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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ffe887f7a016a404dff922e27bf73d1651959cc6 | subsection | 49 | 239 | Resource estimate | Total cost includes prototyping, whereas installation and one-off tooling costs are not included in the unit cost. The material costs include all non-CERN staff resources such as Field Support Units. Note that Fellows are not included in material cost, but are counted under CERN personnel.No detailed annual material or... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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f29d6513c1fbabad43d910acb550dbe0bea2deef | subsection | 50 | 239 | Resource estimate | Procurement and fabrication.
Controls.
Surface treatment.
Acceptance tests.
Bake-out equipment.
Installation and vacuum commissioning.
Operation.The vacuum design for LINAC5 has been based on the LINAC4 design. As the detailed conceptual design and the related integration drawings are not available at this time, ... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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b8e0ead1b7a70b16728fa918c6f8145c2487a192 | subsection | 51 | 239 | Resource estimate | Any costs associated with the clearance of this equipment is not included in the estimate.
[Table: Staff estimate for the design, construction and installation of the structural elements for the experimental area, given in person-years.]During routine operation, the SPS operation team, working 24/7 in shift-mode, is in... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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61b9322b2b0ae7541b689a91a74a899afc464a9b | subsection | 52 | 239 | Resource estimate | The cost for possible additional measures to cover the chemical and biological risks is also to be covered by team budget codes.The fire detection system to be implemented in LEIR for Stage 2, and possibly in other BioLEIR areas, would cost more than 100 kCHF. The cost could be partially covered by the consolidation bu... | {
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} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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10c63994a30752a61d5ee9ab39a56617ffa10a55 | subsection | 53 | 239 | Light Ion Linac Design Using a Quasi-Alvarez DTL Accelerating Structure | The purpose of LINAC5 is to accelerate the proposed light ion species for BioLEIR from Stage 2 of the facility onward. As described in chapter , all desired ions for biomedical research may be produced with a charge over mass ratio between \displaystyle Q/A = 1/4 and \displaystyle Q/A = 1/3 (relative to protons). The f... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
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8e241f34113344e388d40e59c235407efdeb1d12 | subsection | 54 | 239 | Low energy beam transport | The ions from the source pass into the LEBT section with a kinetic energy of 5.0 keV/u and a maximum nominal beam current of 2 mA. The primary purpose of an ion LEBT is to match the beam from the source to the following accelerating structures, separate the different charge states and to truncate the longitudinal dimen... | {
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"raw": "L. Penescu et. al. Commissioning and Operation of the MEDAUSTRON Injector. Proc. IPAC2014, Dresden, Germany, pages 3202–3204, 2014.",
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9803c2ac8a00a46d4cb935ba0cd485b1ca3fb9f3 | subsection | 55 | 239 | Radio-frequency quadrupole | A preliminary design for the RFQ was completed for the acceleration of ions with \displaystyle Q/A = 1/4 from an energy of approximately 5 keV/u to 1.0 MeV/u, including preliminary RF design and machinability.Two frequencies of 100 MHz and 200 MHz have been considered and, in a final global optimisation, the frequency ... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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8dff4e5ed3de5233bf3cc7c7bf56fe971f8afc57 | subsection | 56 | 239 | Medium energy beam transport | A preliminary MEBT design was carried out to match the beam from the RFQ to the entrance of the Quasi-Alvarez structure and provide space for suitable diagnostics. In order to control the longitudinal phase spread from the exit of the RFQ, two bunching cavities are proposed. Simulations of the different ion species fro... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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3a32da380ed4d55ee75f4e1e72a6921407042616 | subsection | 57 | 239 | Quasi-Alvarez DTL | In order to have an accelerating structure which is shorter than a DTL but has more focusing control and capability that an IH structure, we opted to design a Quasi-Alvarez DTL structure , . A Quasi-Alvarez configuration bares a close resemblance to that of a typical DTL where a series of drift-tubes with nominally zer... | {
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... | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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fdf23b5e893410cfff7d052f2379f5fa2315e61b | subsection | 58 | 239 | Quasi-Alvarez DTL | It has been shown that PMQs can be utilised in light-ion accelerators with small drift-tube sizes, within low-beta accelerating structures and with similar field strengths to those proposed in this document , .
[Figure: Schematic representation of one period of the selected Quasi-Alvarez cell design.]To make the small ... | {
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14c71b81dafc5b4ccf873096e7d0821f0bd5d09d | subsection | 59 | 239 | Longitudinal phase space painting into LEIR | To allow longitudinal phase space painting of the beam into the LEIR machine, a bunch-to-bunch momentum variation of up to \displaystyle \pm 1% over the whole linac pulse is required. This is envisaged by installing a ramping cavity at the end of LINAC5, after the DTL structures, as in LINAC3 . This ramping cavity woul... | {
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2dc302d7d7e841b083ad78a72832b6225090bd17 | subsection | 60 | 239 | Beam dynamics in MEBT and Quasi-Alvarez DTL | The beam dynamics were modeled from the exit of the RFQ to the end of the Quasi-Alvarez DTL module using the multi-particle tracking codes TraceWin and Travel . A beam of 1\displaystyle \times 10^{5} particles was created using a distribution derived from tracking particles through the RFQ as described in section ; sp... | {
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{
"arxiv_id": "",
"doi": "10.18429/jacow-ipac2015-mopwa008",
"end": 161,
"openalex_id": "https://openalex.org/W2558104263",
"raw": "D. Uriot and N. Picho. Status of TraceWin Code. Proc. IPAC2015, Richmond, USA, pages 92–94, 2015.",
"source_ref_id": "2d141b9523... | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
"G. Roy",
"S. Schuh"
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72caa4d226821773325627505db70f78cd70a96f | subsection | 61 | 239 | Transmission estimates | The transmission from the LEBT to the end of the RFQ is estimated to be around 70\displaystyle \%. Multi-particle simulations were used to estimate the transmission though the MEBT and the high-energy accelerating sections of LINAC5. Without using an error study model for the simulations, the transmission was above 99\... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
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"G. Roy",
"S. Schuh"
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bdb7c33d22645e60feed05bafbab39647bb27ec9 | subsection | 62 | 239 | Diagnostics, instrumentation and vacuum | Most of the existing LEIR beam instrumentation can be reused for the BioLEIR facility (figure REF ), except for new machine elements, like the new experimental beamlines as well for the new LINAC5.
[Figure: Existing LEIR beam instrumentation.]It is envisaged that the following diagnostics are used to accurately measure... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
"G. Roy",
"S. Schuh"
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6d774343d634bc747b658569f53546e1798e697a | subsection | 63 | 239 | Power consumption and cooling requirements | The proposed RF power consumption of the Quasi-Alvarez accelerating module can be seen in table REF as roughly 1.3 MW. The quadrupole focusing magnets within the accelerating modules are proposed as PMQs, which need no electrical power or additional cooling beyond that of the RF cavities.We estimate 1.5 MW of RF power ... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
"G. Roy",
"S. Schuh"
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c74b782d8d0d42069b4f092143d3d7eb7f3c18d0 | subsection | 64 | 239 | Conclusions | A linac solution for BioLEIR was developed using a Quasi-Alvarez DTL structure for the high-energy part of the linac. Matching was performed to comfortably meet the magnet and aperture constraints, the emittance growth is small and the transmission is acceptable and comparable to existing facilities. A power consumptio... | {
"cite_spans": []
} | 10.23731/CYRM-2017-001 | 1802.07724 | Feasibility Study for BioLEIR | [
"S. Ghithan",
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"S. Schuh"
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