book,display_name,page_number,page_count,sheet_png,figure_ids,titles
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",1,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_001.png,00021|00024|00025|00026|00027|00028,Voltage and current || Voltage and current || Voltage and current || Voltage and current || Resistance || Resistance
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",2,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_002.png,00029|00030|00438|00439|00440|00441,Resistance || Voltage and current in a practical circuit || Conventional versus electron flow || Conventional versus electron flow || Conventional versus electron flow || Conventional versus electron flow
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",3,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_003.png,00442|00443|00261|00264|00265|00266,Conventional versus electron flow || Conventional versus electron flow || Battery construction || Battery construction || Battery construction || Battery ratings
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",4,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_004.png,00267|00268|00269|00273|00274|00275,Battery ratings || Battery ratings || Battery ratings || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",5,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_005.png,00276|00354|00291|00292|00293|00294,Practical considerations || Electric fields and capacitance || Electric fields and capacitance || Electric fields and capacitance || Electric fields and capacitance || Electric fields and capacitance
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",6,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_006.png,00396|00397|00400|00403|00298|00299,Capacitors and calculus || Capacitors and calculus || Capacitors and calculus || Capacitors and calculus || Series and parallel capacitors || Series and parallel capacitors
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",7,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_007.png,00300|00277|00282|00283|00284|00285,Practical considerations || Introduction || Fuses || Fuses || Fuses || Fuses
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",8,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_008.png,00286|00287|00288|00289|00151|00153,Fuses || Specific resistance || Specific resistance || Temperature coefficient of resistance || Voltmeter design || Voltmeter design
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",9,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_009.png,00154|00155|00156|00157|00158|00370,Voltmeter design || Voltmeter design || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",10,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_010.png,00159|00424|00160|00161|00162|00163,Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Voltmeter impact on measured circuit || Ammeter design || Ammeter design
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",11,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_011.png,00164|00166|00167|00168|00169|00170,Ammeter design || Ammeter design || Ammeter design || Ammeter design || Ammeter impact on measured circuit || Ammeter impact on measured circuit
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",12,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_012.png,00171|00174|00175|00176|00417|00418,Ammeter impact on measured circuit || Ohmmeter design || Ohmmeter design || Ohmmeter design || Multimeters || Multimeters
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",13,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_013.png,00474|00475|00476|00477|00479|00481,Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement || Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement || Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement || Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement || Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement || Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",14,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_014.png,00502|00179|00180|00419|00420|00421,Kelvin (4-wire) resistance measurement || Bridge circuits || Bridge circuits || Bridge circuits || Bridge circuits || Bridge circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",15,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_015.png,00422|00423|00415|00416|00206|00207,Bridge circuits || Bridge circuits || Creating custom calibration resistances || Creating custom calibration resistances || What is network analysis? || What is network analysis?
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",16,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_016.png,00208|00209|00210|00211|00212|00384,What is network analysis? || Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",17,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_017.png,00385|00386|00388|00389|00390|00391,Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method || Branch current method
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",18,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_018.png,00213|00214|00215|00216|00217|00218,Branch current method || Branch current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",19,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_019.png,00219|00220|00221|00222|00485|00486,Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",20,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_020.png,00487|00488|00489|00490|00491|00494,Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",21,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_021.png,00501|00495|00496|00497|00498|00499,Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Mesh current method || Node voltage method || Node voltage method || Node voltage method
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",22,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_022.png,00500|00223|00224|00226|00227|00228,Node voltage method || Millman's Theorem || Millman's Theorem || Millman's Theorem || Superposition Theorem || Superposition Theorem
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",23,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_023.png,00229|00230|00231|00232|00233|00234,Superposition Theorem || Superposition Theorem || Superposition Theorem || Superposition Theorem || Superposition Theorem || Superposition Theorem
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",24,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_024.png,00235|00236|00237|00238|00239|00240,Thevenin's Theorem || Thevenin's Theorem || Thevenin's Theorem || Thevenin's Theorem || Thevenin's Theorem || Thevenin's Theorem
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",25,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_025.png,00241|00242|00243|00244|00245|00246,Thevenin's Theorem || Norton's Theorem || Norton's Theorem || Norton's Theorem || Norton's Theorem || Millman's Theorem revisited
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",26,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_026.png,00247|00248|00249|00250|00251|00252,Millman's Theorem revisited || Millman's Theorem revisited || Maximum Power Transfer Theorem || -Y and Y- conversions || -Y and Y- conversions || -Y and Y- conversions
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",27,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_027.png,00253|00254|00255|00256|00392|00184,-Y and Y- conversions || -Y and Y- conversions || -Y and Y- conversions || -Y and Y- conversions || -Y and Y- conversions || Analog and digital signals
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",28,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_028.png,00185|00186|00187|00188|00189|00190,Voltage signal systems || Voltage signal systems || Current signal systems || Current signal systems || Current signal systems || Current signal systems
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",29,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_029.png,00197|00198|00205|00432|00433|00427,Thermocouples || Thermocouples || Strain gauges || Strain gauges || Strain gauges || Strain gauges
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",30,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_030.png,00434|00428|00431|00106|00107|00108,Strain gauges || Strain gauges || Strain gauges || Voltage divider circuits || Voltage divider circuits || Voltage divider circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",31,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_031.png,00109|00363|00364|00110|00436|00111,Voltage divider circuits || Voltage divider circuits || Voltage divider circuits || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",32,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_032.png,00112|00113|00114|00116|00358|00359,Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",33,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_033.png,00360|00361|00117|00437|00118|00119,Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) || Current divider circuits || Current divider circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",34,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_034.png,00120|00121|00122|00355|00320|00321,Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) || Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) || Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) || Magnetic fields and inductance || Magnetic fields and inductance || Magnetic fields and inductance
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",35,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_035.png,00322|00323|00404|00406|00409|00410,Magnetic fields and inductance || Magnetic fields and inductance || Inductors and calculus || Inductors and calculus || Inductors and calculus || Inductors and calculus
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",36,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_036.png,00411|00412|00324|00325|00326|00327,Inductors and calculus || Inductors and calculus || Factors affecting inductance || Factors affecting inductance || Factors affecting inductance || Factors affecting inductance
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",37,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_037.png,00328|00329|00307|00308|00394|00319,Series and parallel inductors || Series and parallel inductors || Electromagnetism || Electromagnetism || Electromagnetism || Mutual inductance
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",38,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_038.png,00032|00033|00034|00035|00040|00041,"How voltage, current, and resistance relate || How voltage, current, and resistance relate || How voltage, current, and resistance relate || How voltage, current, and resistance relate || Calculating electric power || Calculating electric power"
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",39,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_039.png,00042|00043|00339|00044|00045|00049,Resistors || Resistors || Resistors || Resistors || Nonlinear conduction || Circuit wiring
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",40,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_040.png,00050|00051|00052|00053|00054|00082,"Circuit wiring || Circuit wiring || Polarity of voltage drops || Computer simulation of electric circuits || Computer simulation of electric circuits || What are ""series"" and ""parallel"" circuits?"
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",41,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_041.png,00083|00084|00085|00086|00087|00088,"What are ""series"" and ""parallel"" circuits? || What are ""series"" and ""parallel"" circuits? || What are ""series"" and ""parallel"" circuits? || What are ""series"" and ""parallel"" circuits? || Simple series circuits || Simple series circuits"
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",42,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_042.png,00089|00091|00092|00093|00094|00095,Simple series circuits || Simple series circuits || Simple parallel circuits || Simple parallel circuits || Simple parallel circuits || Simple parallel circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",43,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_043.png,00096|00097|00098|00099|00100|00101,Conductance || Conductance || Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",44,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_044.png,00102|00357|00103|00104|00105|00444,Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis || Component failure analysis || Building simple resistor circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",45,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_045.png,00445|00446|00447|00448|00449|00450,Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",46,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_046.png,00451|00452|00453|00454|00455|00456,Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits || Building simple resistor circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",47,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_047.png,00457|00123|00124|00125|00126|00127,Building simple resistor circuits || What is a series-parallel circuit? || Analysis technique || Analysis technique || Analysis technique || Analysis technique
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",48,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_048.png,00128|00129|00130|00131|00132|00133,Analysis technique || Analysis technique || Analysis technique || Analysis technique || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",49,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_049.png,00134|00135|00136|00137|00138|00139,Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",50,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_050.png,00140|00141|00142|00143|00144|00145,Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics || Re-drawing complex schematics
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",51,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_051.png,00458|00459|00460|00461|00462|00463,Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",52,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_052.png,00464|00465|00466|00467|00468|00469,Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",53,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_053.png,00470|00471|00472|00473|00492|00493,Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits || Building series-parallel resistor circuits
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",54,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_054.png,00055|00056|00057|00058|00059|00060,Shock current path || Shock current path || Shock current path || Shock current path || Shock current path || Shock current path
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",55,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_055.png,00061|00062|00063|00064|00065|00066,Shock current path || Ohm's Law (again!) || Ohm's Law (again!) || Safe practices || Safe practices || Safe practices
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",56,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_056.png,00067|00068|00069|00070|00071|00072,Common sources of hazard || Common sources of hazard || Common sources of hazard || Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",57,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_057.png,00073|00074|00075|00076|00077|00078,Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design || Safe circuit design
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",58,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_058.png,00079|00080|00081|00330|00332|00365,Scientific notation in SPICE || Scientific notation in SPICE || Scientific notation in SPICE || Capacitor transient response || Inductor transient response || Why L/R and not LR?
DC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I – DC",59,59,original/DC/DC_sheet_059.png,00334|00335|00336|00337|00338,Complex voltage and current calculations || Complex circuits || Complex circuits || Complex circuits || Complex circuits
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",1,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_001.png,02226|02248|02228|02236|02237|02240,"(CT) Current transformer scales current down. (PT) Potential transformer scales voltage down. || Vibrating reed frequency meter diagram. || Quartz crystal equivalent circuit. || Hall effect: Voltage is proportional to current and strength of the perpendicular magnetic field. || Hall effect power sensor measures instantaneous power. || A balanced bridge shows a ``null'', or minimum reading, on the indicator."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",2,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_002.png,02299|02241|02242|02243|02244|02245,Bridge with sensitive AC null detector. || Generalized AC impedance bridge: Z = nonspecific complex impedance. || Symmetrical bridge measures unknown inductor by comparison to a standard inductor. || Symmetrical bridge measures unknown capacitor by comparison to a standard capacitor. || Wein Bridge measures both capacitive Cx and resistive Rx components of ``real'' capacitor. || Maxwell-Wein bridge measures an inductor in terms of a capacitor standard.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",3,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_003.png,02318|02319|02320|02321|02251|02252,Stray capacitance to ground may introduce errors into the bridge. || Stray capacitance errors are more severe if one side of the AC supply is grounded. || Wagner ground for AC supply minimizes the effects of stray capacitance to ground on the bridge. || Switch-up position allows adjustment of the Wagner ground. || Potentiometer tap voltage indicates position of an object slaved to the shaft. || AC output of linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) indicates core position.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",4,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_004.png,02253|02254|02255|02256|02518|02259,"A synchro is wound with a three-phase stator winding, and a rotating field. A resolver has a two-phase stator. || Synchro shafts are slaved to each other. Rotating one moves the other. || AC voltmeter registers voltage if the receiver rotor is not rotated exactly 90 or 270 degrees from the transmitter rotor. || Full rotation of the rotor will smoothly shift the phase from 0o all the way to 360o (back to 0o). || Inductosyn: (a) Fixed serpentine winding, (b) movable slider 2-phase windings. Adapted from Figure 6.16 WAK || Differential capacitive transducer bridge measurement circuit."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",5,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_005.png,02337|02338|02339|02422|02436|02442,"Differential capacitive transducer ``Twin-T'' measurement circuit. || Differential capacitor transducer ``Twin-T'' measurement circuit redrawn as a bridge.Output is across Rload. || Addition of low-pass filter to ``twin-T'' feeds pure DC to measurement indicator. || Eddy currents in iron cores. || Variable reluctance motor, over-simplified operation. || Three phase and four phase variable reluctance stepper motors."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",6,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_006.png,02443|02447|02448|02459|02462|02477,Stepping sequence for variable reluctance stepper. || Waveforms: bipolar wave drive. || Waveforms: unipolar wave drive. || Hall effect sensors commutate 3- brushless DC motor. || Brushless DC motor 2- push-pull drive. || Autotransformer induction motor starter.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",7,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_007.png,02519|02478|02480|02481|02512|02513,Starting a three-phase motor on single phase. || Multiple fields allow speed change. || Electronic variable speed drive. || Wound rotor induction motor. || Rotor resistance allows over-speed of doubly-fed induction generator. || Converter recovers energy from rotor of doubly-fed induction generator.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",8,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_008.png,02514|02484|02486|02488|02489|02490,"Converter borrows energy from power line for rotor of doubly fed induction generator, allowing it to function well under synchronous speed. || 3-motor runs from 1- power, but does not start. || Permanent-split capacitor induction motor. || Capacitor-start induction motor. || Capacitor-run motor induction motor. || Resistance split-phase induction motor."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",9,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_009.png,02493|02494|02495|02496|02498|02499,High acceleration 2- AC servo motor. || Starting wound rotor induction motors from common resistors. || Selsyns without starting resistance. || Synchros have single phase powered rotors. || Torque differential transmitter (TDX). || Torque differential transmitter application: angular addition.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",10,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_010.png,02500|02501|02502|02503|02504|02505,TDX subtraction. || TDX Addition. || TDR subtraction. || TDR addition. || Control transformer (CT) detects servo null. || Servo uses CT to sense antenna position null
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",11,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_011.png,02506|02507|02211|02215|02216|02217,"Resolver converts shaft angle to sine and cosine of angle. || Scott-T converts 3- to 2- enabling TX to perform resolver function. || Ac source drives a purely resistive load. || True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely resistive load. || True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a purely reactive load. || True power, reactive power, and apparent power for a resistive/reactive load."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",12,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_012.png,02219|02220|02222|02001|02002|02003,"Parallel capacitor corrects lagging power factor of inductive load. V2 and node numbers: 0, 1, 2, and 3 are SPICE related, and may be ignored for the moment. || Wattmeter reads true power; product of voltmeter and ammeter readings yields appearant power. || Parallel capacitor corrects lagging (inductive) load. || Direct vs alternating current || Alternator operation || DC generator operation"
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",13,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_013.png,02004|02005|02006|02007|02013|02015,Transformer ``transforms'' AC voltage and current. || Speed multiplication gear train steps torque down and speed up. Step-down transformer steps voltage down and current up. || Speed reduction gear train steps torque up and speed down. Step-up transformer steps voltage up and current down. || Transformers enable efficient long distance high voltage transmission of electric energy. || A square wave produces a greater heating effect than the same peak voltage triangle wave. || An RMS voltage produces the same heating effect as a the same DC voltage
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",14,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_014.png,02018|02034|02036|02267|02348|02349,AC circuit calculations for resistive circuits are the same as for DC. || ``In phase'' AC voltages add like DC battery voltages. || Opposing AC voltages subtract like opposing battery voltages. || Opposing voltages in spite of equal phase angles. || Conventional battery polarity. || Decidedly unconventional polarity marking.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",15,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_015.png,02268|02271|02272|02273|02274|02046,Test lead colors provide a frame of reference for interpreting the sign (+ or -) of the meter's indication. || 24V source is polarized (-) to (+). || 17V source is polarized (+) to (-) || Phase angle substitutes for sign. || Reversing the voltmeter leads on the 6V source changes the phase angle by 180o. || KVL allows addition of complex voltages.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",16,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_016.png,02049|02050|02116|02117|02300|02301,"Spice circuit schematic. || Polarity of E2 (12V) is reversed. || Inductive low-pass filter || Capacitive low-pass filter. || Noise is coupled by stray capacitance and mutual inductance into ``clean'' DC power. || Decoupling capacitor, applied to load, filters noise from DC power supply."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",17,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_017.png,02118|02119|02120|02121|02122|02123,"Capacitive high-pass filter. || Inductive high-pass filter. || High-pass filter routes high frequencies to tweeter, while low-pass filter routes lows to woofer. || Capacitive band-pass filter. || Inductive band-pass filter. || ``Twin-T'' band-stop filter."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",18,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_018.png,02124|02125|02126|02127|02128|02517,Series resonant LC band-pass filter. || Parallel resonant band-pass filter. || Series resonant band-stop filter. || Parallel resonant band-stop filter. || Capacitive Inductive low-pass filter. || Circuit of source and load matched L-C low-pass filter.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",19,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_019.png,02129|02352|02353|02356|02359|02357,"AC/DC power suppply filter provides ``ripple free'' DC power. || Lamp appears to immediately respond to switch. || At the speed of light, lamp responds after 1 second. || Driving an infinite transmission line. || Equivalent circuit showing stray capacitance between conductors. || Equivalent circuit showing stray capacitance and inductance."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",20,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_020.png,02358|02360|02361|02362|02363|02367,"Voltage charges capacitance, current charges inductance. || Uncharged transmission line. || Begin wave propagation. || Continue wave propagation. || Propagate at speed of light. || Infinite transmission line looks like resistor."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",21,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_021.png,02368|02369|02370|02378|02379|02381,"One mile transmission. || Shorted transmission line. || Line terminated in characteristic impedance. || Perfectly matched transmission line. || Open ended transmission line. || At f=0: input: V=1, I=0; end: V=1, I=0."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",22,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_022.png,02382|02383|02384|02385|02386|02380,"At f=250 KHz: input: V=0, I=13.33 mA; end: V=1 I=0. || Open end of transmission line shows current node, voltage antinode at open end. || Full standing wave on half wave open transmission line. || 1 1/2 standing waves on 3/4 wave open transmission line. || Double standing waves on full wave open transmission line. || Shorted transmission line."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",23,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_023.png,02388|02389|02390|02391|02392|02387,"At f=0 Hz: input: V=0, I=13.33 mA; end: V=0, I=13.33 mA. || Half wave standing wave pattern on 1/4 wave shorted transmission line. || Full wave standing wave pattern on half wave shorted transmission line. || 1 1/2 standing wavepattern on 3/4 wave shorted transmission line. || Double standing waves on full wave shorted transmission line. || Transmission line terminated in a mismatch"
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",24,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_024.png,02394|02395|02396|02397|02398|02400,"At f=0 Hz: input: V=0.57.14, I=5.715 mA; end: V=0.5714, I=5.715 mA. || At f=250 KHz: input: V=0.4286, I=7.619 mA; end: V=0.5714, I=7.619 mA. || At f=500 KHz: input: V=0.5714, I=5.715 mA; end: V=5.714, I=5.715 mA. || At f=750 KHz: input: V=0.4286, I=7.619 mA; end: V=0.5714, I=7.619 mA. || At f=1 MHz: input: V=0.5714, I=5.715 mA; end: V=0.5714, I=0.5715 mA. || Source sees 100 reflected from 100 load at end of half wavelength line."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",25,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_025.png,02401|02402|02403|02408|02302|02303,Source sees 56.25 reflected from 100 load at end of three-quarter wavelength line (same as quarter wavelength). || Source sees 56.25 reflected from 100 load at end of full-wavelength line (same as half-wavelength). || Quarter wave section of 150 transmission line matches 75 source to 300 load. || Klystron inductive output tube. || Stray inductance and capacitance couple stray AC into desired DC signal. || Shielded twisted pair minimized noise.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",26,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_026.png,02304|02109|02110|02111|02112|02113,Coupling of AC signals between parallel conductors. || Series connection of voltage sources mixes signals. || A square wave is approximated by the sum of harmonics. || Half-wave rectifier. || Full-wave rectifier circuit. || Circuit driven by a combination of frequencies: 60 Hz and 90 Hz.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",27,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_027.png,02114|02115|02164|02165|02166|02167,"Circuit for solving 60 Hz. || Circuit of solving 90 Hz. || Single phase power system schematic diagram shows little about the wiring of a practical power circuit. || As a practical matter, the wiring for the 20 kW loads at 120 Vac is rather substantial (167 A). || Same 10 kW loads at 240 Vac requires less substantial wiring than at 120 Vac (83 A). || Series connected 120 Vac loads, driven by 240 Vac source at 83.3 A total current."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",28,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_028.png,02168|02169|02170|02171|02172|02173,"Addition of neutral conductor allows loads to be individually driven. || American 120/240 Vac power is derived from a center tapped utility transformer. || Split phase 120/240 Vac source is equivalent to two series aiding 120 Vac sources. || Pair of 120 Vac sources phased 120o, similar to split-phase. || Neutral wire carries a current in the case of a pair of 120o phased sources. || With a third load phased 120o to the other two, the currents are the same as for two loads."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",29,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_029.png,02174|02175|02176|02177|02178|02179,"SPICE circuit: Three 3- loads phased at 120o. || SPICE circuit annotated with simulation results: Three 3- loads phased at 120o. || For comparison, three 10 Kw loads on a 120 Vac system draw 250 A. || Split phase system draws half the current of 125 A at 240 Vac compared to 120 Vac system. || (a) Single-phase alternator, (b) Three-phase alternator. || Alternator ""Y"" configuration."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",30,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_030.png,02180|02183|02184|02185|02186|02187,Three-phase alternator || Phase sequence detector compares brightness of two lamps. || SPICE circuit for phase sequence detector. || All possibilities of swapping any two wires. || Clockwise AC motor operation. || Counterclockwise AC motor operation.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",31,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_031.png,02188|02189|02193|02194|02195|02196,"Unidirectional-starting AC two-phase motor. || Capacitor phase shift adds second phase. || Three-phase AC motor: A phase sequence of 1-2-3 spins the magnet clockwise, 3-2-1 spins the magnet counterclockwise. || Three-phase ``Y'' connection has three voltage sources connected to a common point. || Three-phase, four-wire ``Y'' connection uses a ""common"" fourth wire. || Three-phase, three-wire ``Y'' connection does not use the neutral wire."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",32,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_032.png,02197|02198|02199|02200|02201|02202,"Three-phase, three-wire connection has no common. || Voltage across open should be zero. || The load on the source is wired in a . || Even with a source winding failure, the line voltage is still 120 V, and load phase voltage is still 120 V. The only difference is extra current in the remaining functional source windings. || Open ``Y'' source winding halves the voltage on two loads of a connected load. || Open source winding of a ""Y-Y"" system halves the voltage on two loads, and looses one load entirely."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",33,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_033.png,02203|02204|02205|02206|02207|02208,"Three phase transformer core has three sets of windings. || (Y) The center point of the ``Y'' must tie either all the ``-'' or all the ``+'' winding points together. () The winding polarities must stack together in a complementary manner ( + to -). || Inputs A1, B1, C1 may be wired either ``'' or ``Y'', as may outputs A2, B2, C2. || Phase wiring for ``Y-Y'' transformer. || Phase wiring for ``Y-'' transformer. || Phase wiring for ``-Y'' transformer."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",34,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_034.png,02209|02210|02323|02324|02325|02328,"Phase wiring for ``-'' transformer. || ``V'' or ``open-'' provides 2- power with only two transformers. || SPICE circuit: 60 Hz source with 3rd harmonic added. || Nonlinear load: 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th harmonics present. || SPICE circuit: analysis of ``line current'' and ``neutral current'', Y-Y source/load 4-wire system with harmonics. || ``Y-Y''Triplen source/load: Harmonic currents add in neutral conductor."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",35,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_035.png,02330|02329|02331|02332|02333|02086,"Three-wire ``Y-Y'' (no neutral) system: Triplen voltages appear between ``Y'' centers. Triplen voltages appear across load phases. Non-triplen currents appear in line conductors. || Delta-Y source/load with harmonics || ``-Y'' source/load: Triplen voltages appear across load phases. Non-triplen currents appear in line conductors and in source phase windings. || Delta-Delta source/load with harmonics. || - source/load: Load phases receive undistorted sinewave voltages. Triplen currents are confined to circulate within load phases. Non-triplen currents apprear in line conductors and in source phase windings. || Capacitor charged: voltage at (+) peak, inductor discharged: zero current."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",36,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_036.png,02087|02088|02089|02090|02091|02092,"Capacitor discharging: voltage decreasing, Inductor charging: current increasing. || Capacitor fully discharged: zero voltage, inductor fully charged: maximum current. || Capacitor charging: voltage increasing (in opposite polarity), inductor discharging: current decreasing. || Capacitor fully charged: voltage at (-) peak, inductor fully discharged: zero current. || Capacitor discharging: voltage decreasing, inductor charging: current increasing. || Capacitor fully discharged: zero voltage, inductor fully charged: current at (-) peak."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",37,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_037.png,02093|02094|02096|02097|02098|02099,"Capacitor charging: voltage increasing, inductor discharging: current decreasing. || Capacitor fully charged: voltage at (+) peak, inductor fully discharged: zero current. || Simple parallel resonant circuit (tank circuit). || Resonant circuit sutitable for SPICE simulation. || Simple series resonant circuit. || Series resonant circuit suitable for SPICE."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",38,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_038.png,02100|02101|02102|02103|02104|02105,Resonant circuit serves as stable frequency source. || Resonant circuit serves as filter. || Parallel LC circuit with resistance in series with L. || Parallel LC with resistance in serieis with C. || Series LC resonant circuit with resistance in parallel with L. || Series LC resonant circuit with rsistance in parallel with C.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",39,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_039.png,02106|02107|02305|02308|02310|02311,"Series LC with resistance in series. || L/R time delay circuit || Insulated winding on ferromagnetic loop has inductive reactance, limiting AC current. || Ferromagnetic core with primary coil (AC driven) and secondary coil. || Resistive load on secondary has voltage and current in-phase. || Flux remains constant with application of a load. However, a counteracting mmf is produced by the loaded secondary."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",40,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_040.png,02131|02132|02312|02313|02133|02134,"Schematic symbol for transformer consists of two inductor symbols, separated by lines indicating a ferromagnetic core. || Spice circuit for coupled inductors. || Leakage inductance is due to magnetic flux not cutting both windings. || Equivalent circuit models leakage inductance as series inductors independent of the ``ideal transformer''. || Turns ratio of 10:1 yields 10:1 primary:secondary voltage ratio and 1:10 primary:secondary current ratio. || Step-down transformer: (many turns :few turns)."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",41,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_041.png,02136|02137|02138|02139|02140|02141,"Transformer isolates 10 Vac at V1 from 250 VDC at V2. || As a practical matter, the polarity of a transformer can be ambiguous. || A pair of dots indicates like polarity. || Out of phase: primary red to dot, secondary black to dot. || In phase: primary red to dot, secondary red to dot. || Transformer with multiple secondaries, provides multiple output voltages."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",42,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_042.png,02142|02143|02144|02145|02146|02147,"A single tapped secondary provides multiple voltages. || A tapped secondary using a switch to select one of many possible voltages. || A sliding contact on the secondary continuously varies the secondary voltage. || This autotransformer steps voltage up with a single tapped winding, saving copper, sacrificing isolation. || This auto transformer steps voltage down with a single copper-saving tapped winding. || Ordinary transformer wired as an autotransformer to boost the line voltage."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",43,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_043.png,02148|02149|02278|02151|02150|02153,"Ordinary transformer wired as an autotransformer to buck the line voltage down. || A variac is an autotransformer with a sliding tap. || Ferroresonant transformer provides voltage regulation of the output. || Heating elements dissipate 1000 watts, at different voltage and current ratings. || Step-up transformer operates 1000 watt 250 V heater from 125 V power source || Amplifier with impedance of 500 drives 8 at much less than maximum power."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",44,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_044.png,02152|02154|02155|02156|02334|02158,"Impedance matching transformer matches 500 amplifier to 8 speaker for maximum efficiency. || Direct measurement of high voltage by a voltmeter is a potential safety hazard. || Instrumentation application:``Potential transformer'' precisely scales dangerous high voltage to a safe value applicable to a conventional voltmeter. || Instrumentation application: ``Current transformer'' steps high current down to a value applicable to a conventional ammeter. || Air core transformers may be wound on cylindrical (a) or toroidal (b) forms. Center tapped primary with secondary (a). Bifilar winding on toroidal form (b). || Tesla Coil: A few heavy primary turns, many secondary turns."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",45,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_045.png,02159|02160|02161|02162|02415|02417,"System level diagram of Tesla coil with spark gap drive. || If L changes in inductance, ZL will correspondingly change, thus changing the circuit current. || DC, via the control winding, saturates the core. Thus, modulating the power winding inductance, impedance, and current. || Out of phase DC control windings allow symmetrical of control AC. || Scott-T transformer 2- to 3- conversion equations. || LVDT: linear variable differential transformer."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",46,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_046.png,02053|02072|02074|02076|02516|02263,"Pure resistive AC circuit: voltage and current are in phase.02053a.png If we were to plot the current and voltage for a very simple AC circuit consisting of a source and a resistor, (Figure02053a.png above) split for double ref it would look something like this: (Figure02054a.png below) 02054.pngVoltage and current ``in phase'' for resistive circuit.02054a.png Value, instantaneous Instantaneous value e, symbol for instantaneous voltage i, symbol for instantaneous current Because the resistor allows an amount of current directly proportional to the voltage across it at all periods of time, the waveform for the current is exactly in phase with the waveform for the voltage. We can look at any point in time along the horizontal axis of the plot and compare those values of current and voltage with each other (any ``snapshot'' look at the values of a wave are referred to as instantaneous values, meaning the values at that instant in time). When the instantaneous value for voltage is zero, the instantaneous current through the resistor is also zero. Likewise, at the moment in time where the voltage across the resistor is at its positive peak, the current through the resistor is also at its positive peak, and so on. At any given point in time along the waves, Ohm's Law holds true for the instantaneous values of voltage and current. We can also calculate the power dissipated by this resistor, and plot those values on the same graph: (Figure02055a.png below) 02055.pngInstantaneous AC power in a resistive circuit is always positive.02055a.png p, symbol for instantaneous power Note that the power is never a negative value. When the current is positive (above the line), the voltage is also positive, resulting in a power (p=ie) of a positive value. Conversely, when the current is negative (below the line), the voltage is also negative, which results in a positive value for power (a negative number multiplied by a negative number equals a positive number). This consistent ``polarity'' of power tells us that the resistor is always dissipating power, taking it from the source and releasing it in the form of heat energy. Whether the current is positive or negative, a resistor still dissipates energy. AC capacitor circuits Capacitor Capacitive reactance Reactance, capacitive Capacitors do not behave the same as resistors. Whereas resistors allow a flow of electrons through them directly proportional to the voltage drop, capacitors oppose changes in voltage by drawing or supplying current as they charge or discharge to the new voltage level. The flow of electrons ``through'' a capacitor is directly proportional to the rate of change of voltage across the capacitor. This opposition to voltage change is another form of reactance, but one that is precisely opposite to the kind exhibited by inductors. Expressed mathematically, the relationship between the current ``through'' the capacitor and rate of voltage change across the capacitor is as such: 12041.png Capacitance Farad Unit, farad Calculus C, symbol for capacitance e, symbol for instantaneous voltage v, symbol for instantaneous voltage i, symbol for instantaneous current The expression de/dt is one from calculus, meaning the rate of change of instantaneous voltage (e) over time, in volts per second. The capacitance (C) is in Farads, and the instantaneous current (i), of course, is in amps. Sometimes you will find the rate of instantaneous voltage change over time expressed as dv/dt instead of de/dt: using the lower-case letter ``v'' instead or ``e'' to represent voltage, but it means the exact same thing. To show what happens with alternating current, let's analyze a simple capacitor circuit: (Figure02068.png below) 02068.pngPure capacitive circuit: capacitor voltage lags capacitor current by 90o || Capacitive reactance. || Series capacitor circuit: voltage lags current by 0o to 90o. || Spice circuit: R-C. || Series: R-C circuit Impedance phasor diagram. || Parallel R-C circuit."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",47,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_047.png,02077|02056|02060|02062|02064|02515,Real capacitor has both series and parallel resistance. || Pure inductive circuit: Inductor current lags inductor voltage by 90o. || Inductive reactance || Series resistor inductor circuit: Current lags applied voltage by 0o to 90o. || Spice circuit: R-L. || Series: R-L circuit Impedance phasor diagram.
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",48,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_048.png,02262|02065|02066|02347|02078|02079,"Parallel R-L circuit. || Inductor Equivalent circuit of a real inductor. || Equivalent circuit of a real inductor with skin-effect, radiation, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. || Perfect resistor, inductor, and capacitor. || Example series R, L, and C circuit. || Example series R, L, and C circuit with component values replaced by impedances."
AC,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II – AC",49,49,original/AC/AC_sheet_049.png,02080|02081|02082|02083|02084|02085,"Example series R, L, and C SPICE circuit. || Example R, L, and C parallel circuit. || Example R, L, and C parallel circuit with impedances replacing component values. || Example parallel R, L, and C SPICE circuit. Battery symbols are ``dummy'' voltage sources for SPICE to use as current measurement points. All are set to 0 volts. || Example series-parallel R, L, and C circuit. || Example series-parallel R, L, C SPICE circuit."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",1,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_001.png,03515|03168|03376|03377|03378|03379,"(a) 10Khz Low-pass filter. (b) 100Hz cutoff high-pass filter || While an amplifier can scale a small input signal to large output, its energy source is an external power supply. || Constant impedance attenuator is matched to source impedance ZI and load impedance ZO. For radio frequency equipment Z is 50 . || T section and section attenuators are common forms. || Formulas for T-section attenuator resistors, given K, the voltage attenuation ratio, and ZI = ZO = 50 . || 10 dB T-section attenuator for insertion between a 50 source and load."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",2,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_002.png,03380|03381|03382|03383|03384|03385,"Formulas for -section attenuator resistors, given K, the voltage attenuation ratio, and ZI = ZO = 50 . || 10 dB -section attenuator example for matching a 50 source and load. || L-section attenuator table for 50 source and load impedance. || Alternate form L-section attenuator table for 50 source and load impedance. || Formulas and abbreviated table for bridged-T attenuator section, Z = 50 . || Cascaded attenuator sections: dB attenuation is additive."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",3,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_003.png,03386|03513|03514|03475|03473|03457,"Switched attenuator: attenuation is variable in discrete steps. || Resistor divider power supply || Zener Divder Power Supply || Direct coupled complementary symmetry 3 w audio amplifier. After Mullard. MUL || Phase shift oscillator. R1C1, R2C2, and R3C3 each provide 60o of phase shift. || Varactor diode, having a nonlinear capacitance vs voltage characteristic, serves in frequency multiplier."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",4,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_004.png,03442|03454|03453|03476|03477|03480,"(a) Crystal radio. (b) Modulated RF at antenna. (c) Rectified RF at diode cathode, without C2 filter capacitor. (d) Demodualted audio to headphones. || Regency TR1: First mass produced transistor radio, 1954. || Regency TR1: First mass produced transistor radio, 1954. || IC radio, After Signetics SIG || IC radio comparison of (a) mechanical tuning to (b) electronic varicap diode tuning.SIG || Compact IC radio eliminates external IF filters. After Sony SNE"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",5,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_005.png,03491|03478|03479|03503|03464|03465,"IC FM radio, signal strength circuit not shown. After NXP Wireless Figure 5. NXP || Class C common-base 750 mW RF power amplifier. L1 = #10 Cu wire 1/2 turn, 5/8 in. ID by 3/4 in. high. L2 = #14 tinned Cu wire 1 1/2 turns, 1/2 in. ID by 1/3 in. spacing. After Texas Instruments TX1 || Class A common-base small-signal high gain amplifier. After Texas Instruments TX2 || Class A cascode small-signal high gain amplifier. || PIN diode T/R switch disconnects receiver from antenna during transmit. || PIN diode antenna switch for direction finder receiver."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",6,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_006.png,03466|03333|03334|03335|03336|03337,PIN diode attenuator: PIN diodes function as voltage variable resistors. After Lin LCC. || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",7,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_007.png,03338|03342|03340|03339|03341|03347,Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",8,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_008.png,03349|03350|03351|03355|03359|03362,Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",9,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_009.png,03360|03361|03374|03455|03071|03073,"Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Computational circuits || Photodiode amplifier. || BJT transistor: (a) PNP schematic symbol, (b) physical layout (c) NPN symbol, (d) layout. || Small Base-Emitter current controls large Collector-Emitter current flowing against emitter arrow."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",10,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_010.png,03079|03080|03081|03077|03086|03087,"Solar cell serves as light sensor. || A single thermocouple provides less than 40 mV. Many in series could produce in excess of the 0.7 V transistor VBE to cause base current flow and consequent collector current to the lamp. || Amplified microphone signal is rectified to DC to bias the base of the transistor providing a larger collector current. || PNP transistor meter check: (a) forward B-E, B-C, resistance is low; (b) reverse B-E, B-C, resistance is . || A small base current flowing in the forward biased base-emitter junction allows a large current flow through the reverse biased base-collector junction. || A pair of back-to-back diodes don't act like a transistor!"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",11,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_011.png,03090|03091|03092|03094|03095|03098,Elementary diode resistor transistor model. || Current source model of transistor. || Active mode operation || Cell current must be amplified for low intensity light. || Common emitter amplifier develops voltage output due to current through load resistor. || SPICE version of common emitter audio amplifier.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",12,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_012.png,03110|03112|03100|03101|03103|03104,Input is biased upward at base. Output is inverted. || PNP version of common emitter amplifier. || Common collector amplifier has collector common to both input and output. || Common collector: Input is applied to base and collector. Output is from emitter-collector circuit. || Common collector amplifier for SPICE. || Emitter follower: Emitter voltage follows base voltage (less a 0.7 V VBE drop.)
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",13,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_013.png,03111|03113|03106|03107|03108|03109,Common collector non-inverting voltage gain is 1. || PNP version of the common-collector amplifier. || Zener diode voltage regulator. || Common collector application: voltage regulator. || An NPN darlington pair. || Darlington pair based common-collector amplifier loses two VBE diode drops.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",14,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_014.png,03114|03115|03116|03117|03118|03119,"Common-base amplifier || Common-base amplifier: Input between emitter and base, output between collector and base. || Common-base circuit for DC SPICE analysis. || Common-base circuit for SPICE AC analysis. || Phase relationships and offsets for NPN common base amplifier. || Phase relationships and offsets for PNP common base amplifier."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",15,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_015.png,03500|03124|03125|03126|03127|03128,The cascode amplifier is combined common-emitter and common-base. This is an AC circuit equivalent with batteries and capacitors replaced by short circuits. || Class A: The amplifier output is a faithful reproduction of the input. || Class B: Bias is such that half (180o) of the waveform is reproduced. || Class B push pull amplifier: Each transistor reproduces half of the waveform. Combining the halves produces a faithful reproduction of the whole wave. || Class C: Conduction is for less than a half cycle ( 180o). || Class C amplifier driving a resonant circuit.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",16,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_016.png,03099|03131|03133|03134|03132|03135,"Impractical base battery bias.03099a.png That 2.3 volt ``Vbias'' battery would not be practical to include in a real amplifier circuit. A far more practical method of obtaining bias voltage for this amplifier would be to develop the necessary 2.3 volts using a voltage divider network connected across the 15 volt battery. After all, the 15 volt battery is already there by necessity, and voltage divider circuits are easy to design and build. Let's see how this might look in Figure03130.png below. 03130.pngVoltage divider bias. || Coupling capacitor prevents voltage divider bias from flowing into signal generator. || Due to the coupling capacitor's very low impedance at the signal frequency, it behaves much like a piece of wire, thus can be omitted for this step in superposition analysis. || The capacitor appears to be an open circuit as far at the DC analysis is concerned || Combined AC and DC circuit. || Diode transistor model shows loading of voltage divider."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",17,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_017.png,03487|03490|03499|03496|03501|03498,Base-bias || Collector-feedback bias. || Cbypass is required to prevent AC gain reduction. || Emitter-bias example converted to voltage divider bias. || Bias for a cascode amplifier. || Biasing equations summary.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",18,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_018.png,03136|03138|03140|03141|03142|03143,Capacitively coupled low frequency square-wave shows distortion. || Direct coupled amplifier: direct coupling to speaker. || Transformer coupling isolates DC from the load (speaker). || Capacitor coupling isolates DC from the load. || Capacitor coupled three stage common-emitter amplifier. || Three stage tuned RF amplifier illustrates transformer coupling.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",19,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_019.png,03474|03311|03312|03313|03314|03317,"(a) Transformer coupled push-pull amplifier. (b) Direct coupled complementary-pair amplifier replaces transformers with transistors. || Common-emitter amplifier without feedback. || Common-emitter amplifier, no feedback, with reference waveforms for comparison. || Negative feedback, collector feedback, decreases the output signal. || Emitter feedback: A different method of introducing negative feedback into a circuit. || Common collector (emitter follower) amplifier."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",20,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_020.png,03318|03321|03486|03279|03280|03129,"High AC voltage gain reestablished by adding Cbypass in parallel with Rfeedback || Feedback around an ``odd'' number of direct coupled stages produce negative feedback. || Amplifier characteristics, adapted from GE Transistor Manual, Figure 1.21.GET || Constant VBE gives constant IB, constant IE, and constant IC. || Diode junction 0.7 V maintains constant base voltage, and constant base current. || Multiple current mirrors may be slaved from a single (Q1 - Rbias) voltage source."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",21,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_021.png,03484|03481|03246|03247|03248|03249,(a) single ended CE amplifier vs (b) differential amplifier with VBE cancellation. || Transistors paralleled for increased power require emitter ballast resistors || Semiconductor diode schematic symbol: Arrows indicate the direction of electron current flow. || Diode operation: (a) Current flow is permitted; the diode is forward biased. (b) Current flow is prohibited; the diode is reversed biased. || Hydraulic check valve analogy: (a) Electron current flow permitted. (b) Current flow prohibited. || Diode circuit voltage measurements: (a) Forward biased. (b) Reverse biased.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",22,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_022.png,03251|03252|03254|03256|03257|03258,"Depletion region expands with reverse bias. || Inceasing forward bias from (a) to (b) decreases depletion region thickness. || Determination of diode polarity: (a) Low resistance indicates forward bias, black lead is cathode and red lead anode (for most meters) (b) Reversing leads shows high resistance indicating reverse bias. || Meter with a ``Diode check'' function displays the forward voltage drop of 0.548 volts instead of a low resistance. || Measuring forward voltage of a diode without``diode check'' meter function: (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Pictorial diagram. || Half-wave rectifier circuit."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",23,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_023.png,03259|03260|03261|03262|03444|03263,"Half-wave rectifier application: Two level lamp dimmer. || Full-wave rectifier, center-tapped design. || Full-wave center-tap rectifier: Top half of secondary winding conducts during positive half-cycle of input, delivering positive half-cycle to load.. || Full-wave center-tap rectifier: During negative input half-cycle, bottom half of secondary winding conducts, delivering a positive half-cycle to the load. || Dual polarity full-wave center tap rectifier || Full-wave bridge rectifier."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",24,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_024.png,03264|03265|03266|03267|03268|03270,Full-wave bridge rectifier: Electron flow for positive half-cycles. || Full-wave bridge rectifier: Electron flow for negative half=cycles. || Alternative layout style for Full-wave bridge rectifier. || Three-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit. || Six-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit. || Polyphase rectifier circuit: 3-phase 2-way 12-pulse (3Ph2W12P)
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",25,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_025.png,03443|03255|03274|03283|03286|03288,"Clampers: (a) Positive peak clamped to 0 V. (b) Negative peak clamped to 0 V. (c) Negative peak clamped to 5 V. || Half-wave voltage doubler (a) is composed of (b) a clamper and (c) a half-wave rectifier. || Full-wave doubler: (a) Pair of doublers, (b) redrawn, (c) sharing the ground, (d) share the same voltage source. (e) move the ground point. || Voltage tripler composed of doubler stacked atop a single stage rectifier. || Voltage quadrupler, composed of two doublers stacked in series, with output at node 2. || Cockcroft-Walton x8 voltage multiplier; output at v(8)."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",26,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_026.png,03271|03272|03275|03461|03462|03463,"Inductive kickback: (a) Switch open. (b) Switch closed, electron current flows from battery through coil which has polarity matching battery. Magnetic field stores energy. (c) Switch open, Current still flows in coil due to collapsing magnetic field. Note polarity change on coil. (d) Coil voltage vs time. || Inductive kickback with protection: (a) Switch open. (b)Switch closed, storing energy in magnetic field. (c) Switch open, inductive kickback is shorted by diode. || (a) Commutating diode with series resistor. (b) Voltage waveform. (c) Level with no diode. (d) Level with diode, no resistor. (e) Compromise level with diode and resistor. || Diode AND gate || OR gate: (a) First line, truth table (TT). (b) Third line TT. (d) Logical OR of power line supply and back-up battery. || Diode switch: A digital control signal (low) selects a resonator capacitor by forward biasing the switching diode."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",27,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_027.png,03284|03285|03287|03289|03290|03291,"Forward biased Si reference: (a) single diode, 0.7V, (b) 10-diodes in series 7.0V. || (a) Reverse biased Si small-signal diode breaks down at about 100V. (b) Symbol for Zener diode. || Zener diode regulator circuit, Zener voltage = 12.6V). || (a) Zener Voltage regulator with 1000 resistor. (b) Calculation of voltage drops and current. || Zener regulator with 100 k resistor. || Zener regulator with 1000 series resistor and 500 load."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",28,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_028.png,03292|03293|03278|03294|03295|03296,"Zener non-regulator with 100 K series resistor with 500 load.> || Non-regulator with Zener removed. || Tunnel diode (a) Schematic symbol. (b) Current vs voltage plot (c) Oscillator. || LED, Light Emitting Diode: (a) schematic symbol. (b) Flat side and short lead of device correspond to cathode, as well as the internal arrangement of the cathode. (c) Cross section of Led die. || Setting LED current at 20 ma. (a) for a 6 V source, (b) for a 24 V source. || Multiple LEDs: (a) In parallel, (b) in series, (c) series-parallel"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",29,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_029.png,03298|03456|03460|03458|03459|03299,"Driving an LED with AC || Varicap diode: Capacitance varies with reverse bias. This varies the frequency of a resonant network. || Pin diode: Cross section aligned with schematic symbol. || IMPATT diode: Oscillator circuit and heavily doped P and N layers. || Gunn diode: Oscillator circuit and cross section of only N-type semiconductor diode. || Constant current diode: (a) Test circuit, (b) current vs voltage characteristic."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",30,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_030.png,03300|03468|03074|03151|03152|03153,"Constant current diode application: driving laser diode. || SPICE circuit for comparison of manufacturer model (D1), calculated datasheet model (D2), and default model (D3). || The transistor as a switch || The transistor as a switch || The transistor as a switch || The transistor as a switch"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",31,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_031.png,03154|03155|03159|03161|03164|03180,The transistor as a switch || The transistor as a switch || Active-mode operation || Active-mode operation || Active-mode operation || Depletion-type IGFETs
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",32,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_032.png,03181|03182|03183|03184|03185|03186,Depletion-type IGFETs || Depletion-type IGFETs || Depletion-type IGFETs || Depletion-type IGFETs || Depletion-type IGFETs || Depletion-type IGFETs
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",33,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_033.png,03187|03308|03309|03310|03023|03024,Depletion-type IGFETs || IGBTs || IGBTs || IGBTs || Single-ended and differential amplifiers || Single-ended and differential amplifiers
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",34,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_034.png,03025|03231|03026|03027|03028|03245,"Single-ended and differential amplifiers || Single-ended and differential amplifiers || Single-ended and differential amplifiers || Single-ended and differential amplifiers || The ""operational"" amplifier || The ""operational"" amplifier"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",35,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_035.png,03030|03031|03032|03033|03034|03035,"The ""operational"" amplifier || The ""operational"" amplifier || The ""operational"" amplifier || The ""operational"" amplifier || Negative feedback || Negative feedback"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",36,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_036.png,03036|03232|03037|03233|03038|03236,Negative feedback || Negative feedback || Divided feedback || Divided feedback || Divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",37,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_037.png,03237|03238|03239|03240|03241|03242,An analogy for divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",38,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_038.png,03243|03244|03039|03040|03041|03042,An analogy for divided feedback || An analogy for divided feedback || Voltage-to-current signal conversion || Averager and summer circuits || Averager and summer circuits || Averager and summer circuits
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",39,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_039.png,03043|03044|03045|03046|03047|03048,Averager and summer circuits || Building a differential amplifier || Building a differential amplifier || The instrumentation amplifier || Differentiator and integrator circuits || Differentiator and integrator circuits
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",40,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_040.png,03049|03051|03052|03053|03054|03055,Differentiator and integrator circuits || Positive feedback || Positive feedback || Positive feedback || Positive feedback || Positive feedback
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",41,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_041.png,03056|03058|03059|03060|03061|03062,Positive feedback || Positive feedback || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",42,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_042.png,03063|03064|03065|03066|03067|03068,Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",43,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_043.png,03069|03070|03363|03364|03235|03322,Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Practical considerations || Operational amplifier models || A simple operational amplifier made from discrete components.
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",44,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_044.png,03323|03390|03301|03302|03415|03416,"Schematic diagram of a model 741 op-amp. || Bohr hydrogen atom (with orbits drawn to scale) only allows electrons to inhabit discrete orbitals. Electrons falling from n=3,4,5, or 6 to n=2 accounts for Balmer series of spectral lines. || Silicon diode cross-section: (a) point contact diode, (b) junction diode, (c) schematic symbol, (d) small signal diode package. || Bipolar junction transistor: (a) discrete device cross-section, (b) schematic symbol, (c) integrated circuit cross-section. || Junction field effect transistor cross-section. || N-channel JFET: (a) Depletion at gate diode. (b) Reverse biased gate diode increases depletion region. (c) Increasing reverse bias enlarges depletion region. (d) Increasing reverse bias pinches-off the S-D channel."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",45,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_045.png,03303|03422|03423|03306|03424|03307,"Junction field effect transistor: (a) Discrete device cross-section, (b) schematic symbol, (c) integrated circuit device cross-section. || N-channel MOS capacitor: (a) no charge, (b) charged. || N-channel MOSFET (enhancement type): (a) 0 V gate bias, (b) positive gate bias. || N-channel ``V-MOS'' transistor: (a) Cross-section, (b) schematic symbol. || Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR): (a) doping profile, (b) BJT equivalent circuit. || Thyristors: (a) Cross-section, (b) silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) symbol, (c) gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) symbol."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",46,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_046.png,03430|03189|03018|03191|03194|03195,"Superconduction quantum interference device (SQUID): Josephson junction pair within a superconducting ring. A change in flux produces a voltage variation across the JJ pair. || Simple relaxation oscillator || Simple thyratron control circuit || Voltage controlled thyratron relaxation oscillator || Shockley diode: physical diagram, equivalent schematic diagram, and schematic symbol. || Powered Shockley diode equivalent circuit."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",47,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_047.png,03196|03197|03198|03199|03200|03201,"Zero applied voltage; zero current || Some applied voltage; still no current || More voltage applied; lower transistor breaks down || Transistors are now fully conducting. || Current maintained even when voltage is reduced || If voltage drops too low, both transistors shut off."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",48,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_048.png,03203|03206|03276|03207|03324|03208,Both the series inductor and parallel resistor-capacitor ``snubber'' circuit help minimize the Shockley diode's exposure to excessively rising voltage. || The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) || The Gate Turn-Off thyristor (GTO) || Rudimentary test of SCR || Larger SCRs have gate to cathode resistor. || SCR testing circuit
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",49,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_049.png,03209|03210|03212|03213|03214|03215,"DC motor start/stop control circuit || Crowbar circuit used in DC power supply || Gate connected directly to anode through a diode; nearly complete half-wave current through load. || Resistance inserted in gate circuit; less than half-wave current through load. || Increasing the resistance raises the threshold level, causing less power to be delivered to the load. Decreasing the resistance lowers the threshold level, causing more power to be delivered to the load. || Circuit at minimum power setting"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",50,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_050.png,03216|03217|03218|03219|03220|03221,Addition of a phase-shifting capacitor to the circuit || Phase-shifted signal triggers SCR into conduction. || Transformer coupling of trigger signal provides isolation. || Controlled bridge rectifier || This strategy will not work for triggering SCR2 and SCR4 as a pair. || Transformer coupling of the gates allows triggering of SCR2 and SCR4 .
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",51,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_051.png,03222|03223|03224|03225|03226|03227,"Three-phase bridge SCR control of load || The TRIAC SCR equivalent and, TRIAC schematic symbol || TRIAC phase-control of power || DIAC improves symmetry of control || This circuit with the gate to MT2 does function. || With the gate swapped to MT1, this circuit does not function."
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",52,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_052.png,03228|03504|03508|03506|03509|03505,"Light activated SCR || Unijunction transistor: (a) Construction, (b) Model, (c) Symbol || Unijunction transistor: (a) emitter characteristic curve, (b) model for VP . || Unijunction transistor relaxation oscillator and waveforms. Oscillator drives SCR. || PUT equivalent of unijunction transistor || PUT relaxation oscillator"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",53,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_053.png,03510|03319|03320|03331|03332|03001,"PUT relaxation oscillator with component values. PUT drives SCR lamp dimmer. || The Silicon-Controlled Switch(SCS) || SCS: Motor start/stop circuit, equivalent circuit with two transistors. || MOS-gated thyristor equivalent circuit || MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) equivalent circuit || Early tube history"
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",54,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_054.png,03002|03003|03004|03005|03008|03009,Early tube history || Early tube history || Early tube history || Early tube history || The triode || The triode
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",55,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_055.png,03010|03172|03013|03325|03326|03327,The tetrode || Beam power tubes || The pentode || Combination tubes || Combination tubes || Combination tubes
SEMI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III – Semiconductors",56,56,original/SEMI/SEMI_sheet_056.png,03328|03017|03020|03173|03174|03176,Combination tubes || Ionization (gas-filled) tubes || Display tubes || Microwave tubes || Microwave tubes || Microwave tubes
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",1,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_001.png,04249|04250|04251|04269|04270|04271,Introduction || Introduction || Introduction || The R/2nR DAC || The R/2nR DAC || The R/2nR DAC
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",2,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_002.png,04272|04273|04274|04275|04256|04257,The R/2nR DAC || The R/2nR DAC || The R/2R DAC || The R/2R DAC || Flash ADC || Flash ADC
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",3,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_003.png,04258|04259|04262|04264|04267|04276,Flash ADC || Digital ramp ADC || Successive approximation ADC || Tracking ADC || Slope (integrating) ADC || Delta-Sigma () ADC
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",4,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_004.png,14009|14010|14011|14012|14013|14014,Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",5,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_005.png,14015|14016|14017|14018|14019|14020,Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean arithmetic || Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic identities
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",6,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_006.png,14021|14022|14023|14024|14025|14026,Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic identities
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",7,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_007.png,14033|14028|14029|14030|14031|14032,Boolean algebraic identities || Boolean algebraic properties || Boolean algebraic properties || Boolean algebraic properties || Boolean algebraic properties || Boolean algebraic properties
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",8,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_008.png,14035|14037|14039|04287|04288|04289,Boolean rules for simplification || Boolean rules for simplification || Boolean rules for simplification || Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",9,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_009.png,04290|04291|04292|04293|04294|04295,Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples || Circuit simplification examples
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",10,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_010.png,04296|04298|04299|04300|04301|04302,Circuit simplification examples || The Exclusive-OR function || DeMorgan's Theorems || DeMorgan's Theorems || DeMorgan's Theorems || DeMorgan's Theorems
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",11,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_011.png,04303|04304|04305|04306|04361|04362,DeMorgan's Theorems || DeMorgan's Theorems || DeMorgan's Theorems || DeMorgan's Theorems || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",12,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_012.png,04363|04364|04365|04366|04367|04368,Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",13,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_013.png,04369|04370|04451|04452|04453|04454,Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Converting truth tables into Boolean expressions || Introduction || Introduction || Introduction || A Half-Adder
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",14,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_014.png,04475|04476|04456|04461|04480|04462,A Half-Adder || A Full-Adder || A Full-Adder || Decoder || Decoder || Decoder
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",15,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_015.png,04481|04463|04482|04466|04484|04467,Decoder || Decoder || Decoder || Demultiplexers || Demultiplexers || Demultiplexers
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",16,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_016.png,04485|04469|04471|04486|04472|04473,Demultiplexers || Demultiplexers || Multiplexers || Multiplexers || Multiplexers || Using multiple combinational circuits
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",17,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_017.png,04224|04227|04229|04235|04236|04239,Introduction || Introduction || Networks and busses || Electrical signal types || Electrical signal types || Optical data communication
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",18,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_018.png,04240|04241|04242|04243|04244|04213,Optical data communication || Optical data communication || Optical data communication || Optical data communication || Optical data communication || A binary adder
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",19,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_019.png,04214|04220|04221|04222|04223|04345,A binary adder || Finite-state machines || Finite-state machines || Finite-state machines || Finite-state machines || Binary count sequence
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",20,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_020.png,04346|04347|04348|04349|04350|04351,Asynchronous counters || Asynchronous counters || Asynchronous counters || Asynchronous counters || Asynchronous counters || Synchronous counters
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",21,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_021.png,04352|04353|04354|04355|04356|04357,Synchronous counters || Synchronous counters || Synchronous counters || Synchronous counters || Synchronous counters || Synchronous counters
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",22,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_022.png,04358|04359|04068|04069|04070|04071,Synchronous counters || Synchronous counters || Digital signals and gates || Digital signals and gates || Digital signals and gates || Digital signals and gates
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",23,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_023.png,04072|14003|04073|04074|04075|04164,Digital signals and gates || Digital signals and gates || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",24,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_024.png,04165|04166|04167|04076|04077|04078,The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",25,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_025.png,04079|04081|04080|04082|04083|04084,The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",26,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_026.png,04085|04168|04086|04319|04087|04089,"The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The NOT gate || The ""buffer"" gate || The ""buffer"" gate"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",27,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_027.png,04090|04091|04092|04093|04100|04101,"The ""buffer"" gate || The ""buffer"" gate || The ""buffer"" gate || The ""buffer"" gate || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",28,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_028.png,04102|04103|04104|04105|04106|04107,Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",29,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_029.png,04108|04109|04110|04111|04112|04113,Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",30,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_030.png,04114|04115|04117|04118|04119|04094,Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || Multiple-input gates || TTL NAND and AND gates
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",31,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_031.png,04095|04120|04121|04122|04123|04124,TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NAND and AND gates
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",32,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_032.png,04125|04126|04127|04128|04130|04131,TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NAND and AND gates || TTL NOR and OR gates || TTL NOR and OR gates || TTL NOR and OR gates || TTL NOR and OR gates
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",33,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_033.png,04132|04133|04134|04135|04136|04137,CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",34,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_034.png,04138|04139|04140|04141|04142|04143,CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",35,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_035.png,04144|04145|04146|04147|04148|04308,CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry || CMOS gate circuitry
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",36,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_036.png,04309|04149|04150|04151|04154|04155,CMOS gate circuitry || Special-output gates || Special-output gates || Special-output gates || Gate universality || Gate universality
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",37,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_037.png,04156|04157|04158|04159|04312|04314,Gate universality || Gate universality || Gate universality || Gate universality || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",38,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_038.png,04317|04318|04325|04326|04327|04328,Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",39,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_039.png,04320|04321|04322|04323|04324|04329,Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels || Logic signal voltage levels
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",40,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_040.png,04160|04161|14094|14105|14115|14138,"DIP gate packaging || DIP gate packaging || Karnaugh maps, truth tables, and Boolean expressions || Karnaugh maps, truth tables, and Boolean expressions || Logic simplification with Karnaugh maps || Minterm vs maxterm solution"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",41,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_041.png,14139|14140|14142|14145|14146|14147,Minterm vs maxterm solution || Minterm vs maxterm solution || Minterm vs maxterm solution || Minterm vs maxterm solution || Minterm vs maxterm solution || Minterm vs maxterm solution
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",42,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_042.png,14148|14149|14158|04002|04003|04004,"Minterm vs maxterm solution || Minterm vs maxterm solution || Don't care cells in the Karnaugh map || ""Ladder"" diagrams || ""Ladder"" diagrams || ""Ladder"" diagrams"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",43,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_043.png,04005|04006|04007|04008|04009|04010,"""Ladder"" diagrams || ""Ladder"" diagrams || ""Ladder"" diagrams || ""Ladder"" diagrams || Digital logic functions || Digital logic functions"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",44,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_044.png,04011|04012|04013|04014|04055|04056,Digital logic functions || Digital logic functions || Digital logic functions || Digital logic functions || Digital logic functions || Digital logic functions
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",45,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_045.png,04057|04058|04059|04060|04061|04062,Permissive and interlock circuits || Permissive and interlock circuits || Permissive and interlock circuits || Permissive and interlock circuits || Motor control circuits || Motor control circuits
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",46,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_046.png,04063|04064|04067|04331|04333|04334,Motor control circuits || Motor control circuits || Fail-safe design || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",47,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_047.png,04335|04336|04337|04338|04339|04340,Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",48,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_048.png,04341|04342|04371|04343|04344|04208,Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Programmable logic controllers || Modern nonmechanical memory
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",49,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_049.png,04209|04212|04169|04170|04171|04172,"Modern nonmechanical memory || Historical, nonmechanical memory technologies || Digital logic with feedback || Digital logic with feedback || Digital logic with feedback || Digital logic with feedback"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",50,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_050.png,04173|04174|04175|04176|04178|04179,The S-R latch || The S-R latch || The S-R latch || The S-R latch || The gated S-R latch || The gated S-R latch
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",51,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_051.png,04181|04182|04184|04188|04189|04190,The D latch || The D latch || The D latch || Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops || Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops || Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",52,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_052.png,04191|04192|04193|04196|04197|04202,Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops || Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops || Edge-triggered latches: Flip-Flops || The J-K flip-flop || The J-K flip-flop || Monostable multivibrators
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",53,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_053.png,04203|04205|04206|04040|04041|04042,Monostable multivibrators || Monostable multivibrators || Monostable multivibrators || Relay construction || Relay construction || Contactors
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",54,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_054.png,04316|04054|04381|04383|04384|04385,Contactors || Solid-state relays || Serial-in/serial-out shift register || Serial-in/serial-out shift register || Serial-in/serial-out shift register || Serial-in/serial-out shift register
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",55,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_055.png,04386|04387|04389|04390|04391|04394,"Serial-in/serial-out shift register || Serial-in/serial-out shift register || Serial-in/serial-out shift register || Parallel-in, serial-out shift register || Parallel-in, serial-out shift register || Parallel-in, serial-out shift register"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",56,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_056.png,04396|04397|04402|04403|04405|04407,"Parallel-in, serial-out shift register || Parallel-in, serial-out shift register || Parallel-in, serial-out shift register || Serial-in, parallel-out shift register || Serial-in, parallel-out shift register || Serial-in, parallel-out shift register"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",57,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_057.png,04409|04412|04413|04419|04420|04421,"Serial-in, parallel-out shift register || Serial-in, parallel-out shift register || Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register || Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register || Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register || Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",58,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_058.png,04424|04427|04431|04432|04434|04436,"Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register || Parallel-in, parallel-out, universal shift register || Ring counters || Ring counters || Ring counters || Ring counters"
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",59,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_059.png,04438|04440|04441|04443|04446|04448,Ring counters || Ring counters || Ring counters || Ring counters || Ring counters || Ring counters
DIGI,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital",60,60,original/DIGI/DIGI_sheet_060.png,04015|04029|04283|04286,"Switch contact design || Contact ""normal"" state and make/break sequence || Contact ""bounce"" || Contact ""bounce"""
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",1,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_001.png,01004|01005|01006|01007|01008|01009,Fundamentals of SPICE programming || Quirks || Quirks || Quirks || Quirks || Quirks
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",2,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_002.png,01010|01011|01012|01013|01014|01015,Quirks || Quirks || Quirks || Quirks || Quirks || Quirks
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",3,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_003.png,01016|01017|01018|01019|01021|01022,Quirks || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",4,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_004.png,01023|01024|01025|01040|01026|01027,Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",5,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_005.png,01028|01029|01030|01031|01032|01033,Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists || Example circuits and netlists
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",6,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_006.png,01047|01048|01045|01046|01049|01051,Wires and connections || Wires and connections || Power sources || Resistors || Capacitors || Mutual inductors
REF,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume V – Reference",7,7,original/REF/REF_sheet_007.png,01054|01057|01061|01063|01062|01034,"Switches, electrically actuated (relays) || Transistors, bipolar || Thyristors || Integrated circuits || Electron tubes || Specific troubleshooting techniques"
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",1,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_001.png,05205|05206|05207|05208|05209|05210,Voltage comparator || Voltage comparator || Voltage comparator || Voltage comparator || Precision voltage follower || Precision voltage follower
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",2,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_002.png,05211|05219|05220|05221|05273|05276,Precision voltage follower || Noninverting amplifier || Noninverting amplifier || Noninverting amplifier || High-impedance voltmeter || High-impedance voltmeter
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",3,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_003.png,05274|05275|05212|05213|05214|05215,High-impedance voltmeter || High-impedance voltmeter || Integrator || Integrator || Integrator || Integrator
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",4,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_004.png,05216|05217|05218|05259|05260|05261,Integrator || Integrator || Integrator || 555 audio oscillator || 555 audio oscillator || 555 ramp generator
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",5,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_005.png,05262|05264|05265|05266|05320|05321,555 ramp generator || PWM power controller || PWM power controller || PWM power controller || Class B audio amplifier || Class B audio amplifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",6,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_006.png,05311|05326|05327|05328|05329|05330,Class B audio amplifier || Class B audio amplifier || Class B audio amplifier || Class B audio amplifier || Class B audio amplifier || Class B audio amplifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",7,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_007.png,05331|05001|05003|05004|05006|05009,Class B audio amplifier || Transformer -- power supply || Transformer -- power supply || Build a transformer || Variable inductor || Sensitive audio detector
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",8,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_008.png,05010|05012|05014|05015|05017|05019,Sensitive audio detector || Sensitive audio detector || Sensitive audio detector || Sensing AC magnetic fields || Sensing AC electric fields || Automotive alternator
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",9,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_009.png,05022|05023|05333|05335|05025|05026,"Automotive alternator || Automotive alternator || Induction motor || Induction motor, large || Phase shift || Phase shift"
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",10,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_010.png,05027|05231|05232|05028|05030|05031,Phase shift || Sound cancellation || Sound cancellation || Musical keyboard as a signal generator || PC Oscilloscope || PC Oscilloscope
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",11,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_011.png,05032|05033|05034|05176|05177|05178,"Inductor-capacitor ""tank"" circuit || Inductor-capacitor ""tank"" circuit || Inductor-capacitor ""tank"" circuit || Signal coupling || Signal coupling || Signal coupling"
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",12,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_012.png,05179|05180|05181|05182|05183|05184,Signal coupling || Signal coupling || Signal coupling || Signal coupling || Signal coupling || Signal coupling
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",13,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_013.png,05037|05039|05041|05042|05040|05045,Voltmeter usage || Ohmmeter usage || Ohmmeter usage || Ohmmeter usage || Ohmmeter usage || A very simple circuit
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",14,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_014.png,05046|05047|05048|05049|05050|05051,A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",15,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_015.png,05052|05053|05054|05055|05056|05057,A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || A very simple circuit || Ammeter usage || Ammeter usage
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",16,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_016.png,05058|05060|05061|05062|05063|05064,Ammeter usage || Ammeter usage || Ammeter usage || Ohm's Law || Ohm's Law || Nonlinear resistance
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",17,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_017.png,05065|05122|05123|05124|05125|05066,Nonlinear resistance || Power dissipation || Power dissipation || Power dissipation || Power dissipation || Circuit with a switch
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",18,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_018.png,05067|05068|05282|05291|05292|05293,Circuit with a switch || Electromagnetism || Introduction || Basic gate function || Basic gate function || Basic gate function
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",19,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_019.png,05295|05296|05297|05299|05300|05301,Basic gate function || NOR gate S-R latch || NOR gate S-R latch || NOR gate S-R latch || NAND gate S-R enabled latch || NAND gate S-R enabled latch
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",20,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_020.png,05302|05303|05304|05305|05280|05281,NAND gate S-R enabled latch || NAND gate S-R flip-flop || NAND gate S-R flip-flop || NAND gate S-R flip-flop || LED sequencer || LED sequencer
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",21,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_021.png,05283|05285|05284|05286|05287|05288,LED sequencer || LED sequencer || LED sequencer || LED sequencer || LED sequencer || LED sequencer
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",22,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_022.png,05289|05290|05314|05315|05317|05316,LED sequencer || LED sequencer || Simple combination lock || Simple combination lock || 3-bit binary counter || 3-bit binary counter
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",23,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_023.png,05318|05319|05072|05073|05074|05075,7-segment display || 7-segment display || Series batteries || Series batteries || Series batteries || Series batteries
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",24,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_024.png,05076|05077|05078|05079|05080|05081,Parallel batteries || Parallel batteries || Parallel batteries || Parallel batteries || Parallel batteries || Parallel batteries
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",25,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_025.png,05082|05083|05084|05085|05086|05087,Parallel batteries || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",26,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_026.png,05088|05089|05090|05091|05092|05093,Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",27,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_027.png,05094|05095|05096|05097|05098|05099,Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Voltage divider || Current divider || Current divider || Current divider
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",28,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_028.png,05102|05100|05101|05103|05104|05105,Current divider || Current divider || Current divider || Current divider || Current divider || Current divider
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",29,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_029.png,05106|05107|05108|05109|05110|05111,Potentiometer as a voltage divider || Potentiometer as a voltage divider || Potentiometer as a voltage divider || Potentiometer as a voltage divider || Potentiometer as a voltage divider || Potentiometer as a voltage divider
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",30,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_030.png,05114|05144|05145|05146|05147|05150,Potentiometer as a voltage divider || Potentiometer as a rheostat || Potentiometer as a rheostat || Potentiometer as a rheostat || Potentiometer as a rheostat || Potentiometer as a rheostat
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",31,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_031.png,05151|05152|05120|05121|05157|05158,Potentiometer as a rheostat || Potentiometer as a rheostat || Precision potentiometer || Precision potentiometer || Rheostat range limiting || Rheostat range limiting
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",32,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_032.png,05159|05160|05162|05161|05163|05164,Rheostat range limiting || Rheostat range limiting || Rheostat range limiting || Rheostat range limiting || Make your own multimeter || Make your own multimeter
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",33,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_033.png,05165|05166|05168|05169|05170|05171,Make your own multimeter || Make your own multimeter || Potentiometric voltmeter || Potentiometric voltmeter || Potentiometric voltmeter || Potentiometric voltmeter
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",34,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_034.png,05277|05278|05115|05116|05117|05118,4-wire resistance measurement || 4-wire resistance measurement || A very simple computer || A very simple computer || A very simple computer || A very simple computer
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",35,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_035.png,05119|05172|05173|05174|05175|05229,A very simple computer || Capacitor charging and discharging || Capacitor charging and discharging || Capacitor charging and discharging || Capacitor charging and discharging || Rate-of-change indicator
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",36,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_036.png,05230|05127|05128|05129|05134|05135,Rate-of-change indicator || Commutating diode || Commutating diode || Half-wave rectifier || Half-wave rectifier || Half-wave rectifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",37,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_037.png,05136|05137|05138|05141|05142|05143,Half-wave rectifier || Half-wave rectifier || Full-wave center-tap rectifier || Full-wave center-tap rectifier || Full-wave center-tap rectifier || Full-wave center-tap rectifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",38,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_038.png,05185|05187|05188|05194|05195|05196,Full-wave bridge rectifier || Full-wave bridge rectifier || Rectifier/filter circuit || Rectifier/filter circuit || Rectifier/filter circuit || Rectifier/filter circuit
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",39,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_039.png,05235|05236|05237|05238|05222|05223,Voltage regulator || Voltage regulator || Voltage regulator || Voltage regulator || Transistor as a switch || Transistor as a switch
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",40,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_040.png,05224|05225|05226|05227|05228|05271,Transistor as a switch || Transistor as a switch || Transistor as a switch || Static electricity sensor || Static electricity sensor || Pulsed-light sensor
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",41,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_041.png,05272|05200|05201|05202|05203|05204,Pulsed-light sensor || Voltage follower || Voltage follower || Voltage follower || Voltage follower || Voltage follower
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",42,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_042.png,05239|05240|05241|05242|05243|05244,Common-emitter amplifier || Common-emitter amplifier || Common-emitter amplifier || Common-emitter amplifier || Common-emitter amplifier || Common-emitter amplifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",43,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_043.png,05245|05246|05247|05248|05197|05198,Common-emitter amplifier || Multi-stage amplifier || Multi-stage amplifier || Multi-stage amplifier || Current mirror || Current mirror
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",44,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_044.png,05199|05267|05268|05269|05270|05233,Current mirror || JFET current regulator || JFET current regulator || JFET current regulator || JFET current regulator || Differential amplifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",45,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_045.png,05234|05249|05250|05251|05252|05253,Differential amplifier || Simple op-amp || Simple op-amp || Simple op-amp || Simple op-amp || Simple op-amp
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",46,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_046.png,05254|05255|05256|05257|05307|05308,Simple op-amp || Audio oscillator || Audio oscillator || Audio oscillator || Vacuum tube audio amplifier || Vacuum tube audio amplifier
EXP,"Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume VI – Experiments",47,47,original/EXP/EXP_sheet_047.png,05313|05309|05312,Vacuum tube audio amplifier || Vacuum tube audio amplifier || Vacuum tube audio amplifier
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,1,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_001.png,calculus_06|calculus_19|current_06|current_08|resistance_02|kvl_04,The concept of differentiation || Numerical differentiation || Electron versus conventional flow || Electron versus conventional flow || Electrical resistance and Ohm's Law || Kirchhoff's Laws
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,2,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_002.png,bridge01|bridge02|bridge04|015|016|rms_01,Bridge circuits || Component measurement || Sensor signal conditioning || Capacitors || Inductors || RMS quantities
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,3,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_003.png,018|intro_25|wiring_13|wiring_17|wiring_18|wiring_19,Series and parallel circuits || Process switches and alarms || Electric field (capacitive) de-coupling || Electric field (capacitive) de-coupling || Electric field (capacitive) de-coupling || Electric field (capacitive) de-coupling
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,4,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_004.png,wiring_21|wiring_22|discrete01|discrete02|discrete03|gate_01,Magnetic field (inductive) de-coupling || Magnetic field (inductive) de-coupling || ``Normal'' status of a switch || ``Normal'' status of a switch || ``Normal'' status of a switch || Relay control systems
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,5,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_005.png,relay_01|relay_02|relay_03|relay_04|ladder_02|plc_023,Control relays || Control relays || Control relays || Control relays || Relay circuits || Contacts and coils
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,6,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_006.png,plc_025|plc_036|plc_037|current06|current07|current08,Contacts and coils || Contacts and coils || Counters || Using ``test'' diodes to measure loop current || Using ``test'' diodes to measure loop current || Using shunt resistors to measure loop current
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,7,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_007.png,pneumatics14|pneumatics15|pneumatics16|pneumatics23|pneumatics26|digital_01,Pilot valves and pneumatic amplifying relays || Pilot valves and pneumatic amplifying relays || Pilot valves and pneumatic amplifying relays || Analogy to opamp circuits || Analogy to opamp circuits || Converter resolution
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,8,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_008.png,digital_03|digital_16|digital_39|digital_36|current15|current16,Converter sampling rate || EIA/TIA-232 || EIA/TIA-422 and EIA/TIA-485 || EIA/TIA-422 and EIA/TIA-485 || HART physical layer || HART physical layer
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,9,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_009.png,current17|current18|current20|current19|fieldbus_04|fieldbus_33,HART physical layer || HART physical layer || HART physical layer || HART physical layer || Segment topology || Using an oscilloscope on H1 segments
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,10,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_010.png,calibrate17|pressure49|pressure57|pressure58|temp10|temp11,Damping adjustments || Piezoresistive (strain gauge) sensors || DP transmitter construction and behavior || DP transmitter construction and behavior || Thermistors and Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) || Two-wire RTD circuits
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,11,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_011.png,temp15|temp19|flow68|conductivity05|ph_06|ph_07,Law of Intermediate Metals || Burnout detection || Change-of-quantity flow measurement || Electrodeless conductivity probes || Potentiometric pH measurement || Potentiometric pH measurement
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,12,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_012.png,ph_08|optical_15|optical_10|vibration_05|vibration_09|valve_40,Potentiometric pH measurement || Dual-beam analyzer || Luft detectors || Vibration sensors || Vibration sensors || Physics of energy dissipation in a turbulent fluid stream
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,13,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_013.png,motor_17|motor_20|pid90|pid91|pid92|pid89,DC motor speed control || DC motor speed control || Proportional control action || Proportional control action || Proportional control action || Proportional control action
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,14,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_014.png,pid94|pid93|pid43|pid42|pid41|process_06,Derivative and integral control actions || Derivative and integral control actions || Full-PID circuit design || Stand-alone digital controllers || Stand-alone digital controllers || Lag time
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,15,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_015.png,process_09|process_16|pid62|cont19|cont31|cont38,Lag time || Multiple lags (orders) || Electrically simulating a process || Cascade control || Load Compensation || Lag time compensation
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,16,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_016.png,cont44|cont47|cont48|cont49|cont50|scope01,Lag time compensation || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,17,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_017.png,scope04|scope02|scope05|scope03|cont61|probability_05,Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks || Selector controls || Laws of probability
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,18,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_018.png,probability_07|probability_08|reliable_28|reliable_09|reliable_07|reliable_20,Laws of probability || Laws of probability || Proof tests and self-diagnostics || SIS sensors || SIS sensors || SIS example: nuclear reactor scram controls
LIII,Lessons In Industrial Instrumentation,19,19,original/LIII/LIII_sheet_019.png,trouble11|trouble12|trouble13|trouble01|trouble03|trouble08,Avoiding ``phantom'' voltage readings || Avoiding ``phantom'' voltage readings || Avoiding ``phantom'' voltage readings || Deductive diagnostic exercises || Deductive diagnostic exercises || Inductive diagnostic exercises