+ FOR RELEASE November 25, 2019 U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy Democrats mostly agree the federal government should do more on climate, while Republicans differ by ideology, age and gender BY Cary Funk and Meg Hefferon FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Cary Funk, Director, Science and society research Shawnee Cohn, Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION Pew Research Center, November,2019 “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” 1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. It studies U.S. politics and policy; journalism and media; internet, science and technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and trends; and U.S. social and demographic trends. All of the Center’s reports are available at www.pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. © Pew Research Center 2019 www.pewresearch.org 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy Democrats mostly agree the federal government should do more on climate, while Republicans differ by ideology, age and gender Majorities of Americans say the federal government is doing too little for key aspects of the environment, from protecting water or air quality to reducing the effects of climate change. And most believe the United States should focus on developing alternative sources of energy over expansion of fossil fuel sources, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. A majority of U.S. adults say they are taking at least some specific action in their daily lives to protect the environment, though Democrats and Republicans remain at ideological odds over the causes of climate change and the effects of policies to address it, according to the survey of 3,627 U.S. adults conducted Oct. 1 to Oct. 13, 2019, using the Center’s American Trends Panel. Majorities of Americans say the federal government is not doing enough to protect the climate, environment % of U.S. adults who think the federal government is doing too little to … % of U.S. adults who think the federal government is doing too little to reduce the effects of climate change Note: Respondents who said the federal government is doing about the right amount or doing too much and those did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER These findings come amid the Trump administration’s intention to officially withdraw from the 2016 Paris climate accord and ongoing efforts to roll back domestic environmental protection regulations, including relaxing limits on methane and carbon emissions. www.pewresearch.org 3 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About two-thirds of U.S. adults (67%) say the federal government is doing too little to reduce the effects of climate change, and similar shares say the same about government efforts to protect air (67%) and water quality (68%) – findings that are consistent with results from a 2018 Center survey. While there is strong consensus among Democrats (90%, including independents who lean to the Democratic Party) on the need for more government efforts to reduce the effects of climate change, Republican views are divided along ideological, generational and gender lines. A majority of moderate or liberal Republicans (65%, including GOP-leaning independents) say the federal government is doing too little to reduce the effects of climate change. In contrast, only about one- quarter of conservative Republicans (24%) say the same, while about half (48%) think the government is doing about the right amount and another 26% say it is doing too much. There are also divides by age. Among younger Republicans – adults in the Millennial generation and Generation Z, ages 18 to 38 in 2019 – 52% think the government is doing too little on climate. By comparison, 41% among Generation X and 31% of Baby Boomer and older Americans say this. Republican women (46%) also are more inclined than GOP men (34%) to think the government’s efforts on climate are insufficient. Views about government efforts to protect the environment in areas such as water or air quality show similar differences among Republicans by ideology, generation and gender. Most in U.S. prioritize renewables over fossil fuels, but there are differences among Republicans % of U.S. adults who say the more important priority for U.S. energy supply should be … Note: Full response options were “Developing alternative sources, such as wind, solar and hydrogen technology” and “Expanding exploration and production of oil, coal and natural gas.” Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 4 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Overall, about three-quarters of Americans (77%) agree that the more important energy priority should be developing alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power and hydrogen technology rather than increasing U.S. production of fossil fuels. The vast majority of Democrats (90%) believe the U.S. should prioritize alternative energy development over expanded oil, coal and natural gas exploration and production. While generally supportive of prioritizing alternative energy sources, Republicans differ by ideology and generation, and more modestly by gender, in their views of U.S. energy supply priorities. Most moderate or liberal Republicans (82%) say the U.S. should prioritize alternative energy sources. But conservative Republicans, who represent the party majority, are evenly divided over whether to prioritize alternative energy (49%) or expand fossil fuel production (49%). (Roughly two-thirds of Republicans and Republican leaners – 65% – describe themselves as conservative, while 34% are moderate or liberal, according to an average across four Center surveys conducted this year.) In addition, a strong majority of younger Republicans (78% of Millennial and Gen Z adults, i.e., those ages 18 to 38) say the U.S. should prioritize alternative energies, compared with 61% of Gen X Republicans and about half of Baby Boomer and older Republicans (53%). GOP women tend to prioritize alternative energy development over expanding fossil fuels (66% to 32%). A smaller share of Republican men prioritize alternative energy development (58%) over fossil fuel expansion (42%). Compared with 2017, support for prioritizing alternative energy development appears to be up among both Democrats and Republicans. However, in the 2017 survey, which was conducted by telephone, 5% of the public volunteered that both alternative energy and fossil fuels should be equal priorities. These methodological differences could account for the differences in findings over time. (See the Appendix for details. HYPERLINK). www.pewresearch.org 5 PEW RESEARCH CENTER How Americans view the impact of climate change depends on where they live Most Americans today (62%) say that climate change is affecting their local community either a great deal or some. That figure remains fairly steady from last year, when 59% reported at least some local effects of climate change. The vast majority of this group says long periods of unusually hot weather (79% of those asked or 49% of all U.S. adults) represent a major local impact of climate change. They also say major effects include severe weather such as floods and intense storms (70%), harm to animal wildlife and their habitats (69%), damage to forests and plant life (67%) or droughts and water shortages (64%). More frequent wildfires and rising sea levels that erode beaches and shorelines also are cited by equal percentages (56% of those asked) as major impacts to their local communities. A majority of U.S. adults say climate change is affecting their local community at least some % of U.S. adults who say global climate change is affecting their local community … Note: Top figure based on all adults. Bottom figure based on those who say that climate change is affecting their local community a great deal or some. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER The degree to which Americans report experiencing effects of climate change in their local community varies by geographic region. Americans in Pacific states (which include California, Washington, Oregon, Hawaii and Alaska) are most likely to see at least some local impacts of climate change (72%). By comparison, 54% of those living in Mountain states (Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming) say climate change is affecting their local area at least some. Large shares of Americans nationwide who report at least some local impact of climate change cite long periods of unusually hot weather as occurring where they live. Other major effects of climate change, however, tend to vary by region. Most in Pacific states see climate change as affecting their local area % of U.S. adults who say climate change is affecting their local community … Census region A great deal 28 Pacific Some 44 West South Mountain 17 38 South Atlantic East and West South Central Northeast 24 25 25 39 34 36 Midwest 15 44 NET 72 54 63 59 61 59 Note: Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER Americans living in Western states are particularly likely to report increased wildfire frequency, droughts as major local effects of climate change Among U.S. adults in each region who say climate change is affecting their local community at least some, % who say each of the following is a major way climate change is affecting their local community CENSUS REGION Long periods of unusually hot weather More frequent wildfires Droughts or water shortages Rising sea levels that erode beaches West South Pacific Mountain South Atlantic East and West South Central Northeast Midwest 78 85 85 86 76 66 83 78 49 56 46 40 76 85 67 69 50 48 62 38 64 53 64 46 Note: Based on those who say that climate change is affecting their local community a great deal or some. Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 7 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Those living in Western states stand out as particularly likely to report increasing frequency of wildfires or droughts/water shortages as local effects of climate change. For example, those who see climate effects locally in Pacific and Mountain states say more frequent wildfires are a major effect of climate change in their area (83% and 78%, respectively), compared with 52% of those in the South, 46% in the Northeast and 40% in the Midwest who say the same. Proximity to coastline also makes a difference, the survey shows. Respondents living within 25 miles of a coastline anywhere in the U.S. are modestly more inclined to say that climate change is having at least some effect in their community; 67% of this group says this, compared with 60% of those living between 25 and 300 miles inland and 59% of those living more than 300 miles inland. About seven-in-ten (72%) of those who live within 25 miles of a coastline nationwide – and who also report at least some local climate change effects – cite rising sea levels as a major impact. That experience is reported by fewer than half (45%) of those who live at least 300 miles inland and see at least some local effects of climate change. More than eight-in-ten liberal Democrats say human activity contributes a great deal to climate change % of U.S. adults who say each of the following contributes to global climate change … A great deal Some Human activity Not too much/not at all Natural patterns in Earth's environment U.S. adults 49 30 20 35 44 20 Conservative Republican Mod/lib Republican Mod/cons Democrat Liberal Democrat 14 39 45 59 28 11 35 42 21 35 53 10 64 27 8 26 48 84 12 3 15 51 24 33 Note: Republicans and Democrats include independents and others who “lean” toward the parties. Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER A partisan lens also plays a role in these perceptions. Democrats and Democratic leaners (82%) are more likely than Republicans (38%, including leaners) to report at least some effects of climate change on their local communities.1 Political groups remain divided over climate change causes and policies Overall, about half of Americans (49%) say human activity contributes a great deal to climate change, and another 30% say human actions have 1 The share of Democrats living in Pacific states is higher than the share of Democrats in Mountain states. However, in a logistic regression model controlling for political party, people in the Pacific region are significantly more likely than those in the Mountain region to say they are experiencing at least some local effects of climate change. www.pewresearch.org 8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER some role in climate change. Two-in-ten (20%) believe human activity plays not too much or no role at all in climate change. Survey respondents also were asked to rate the degree to which they believe natural patterns (such as regular warming and cooling cycles) contribute to climate change. Roughly a third of adults (35%) say natural patterns in the Earth’s environment contribute a great deal to climate change, and another 44% say natural patterns contribute to some extent. Of the two-in-ten who think human activity has little or no role in climate change, most say that natural patterns contribute to climate change either a great deal or some. Just 4% of Americans say that neither human activity nor natural patterns contribute to global climate change at least some. The findings underscore the degree to which Americans remain divided along party and ideological lines when it comes to their beliefs about the causes of climate change. How surveys ask about climate change matters The new Pew Research Center survey takes a different approach to measuring people’s beliefs about the causes of global climate change and thus is not directly comparable to past Center surveys. The new questions allow respondents to rate how much human activity and natural patterns in the Earth’s climate cycles contribute to climate change. Past surveys have looked at beliefs about the cause of climate change in three broad categories: those who say climate change is mostly due to human activity, those who say it is mostly due to natural patterns in the Earth’s atmosphere and those saying there is no solid evidence that climate change is occurring, reflecting a prominent position in public discourse more than a decade ago. A strong majority of liberal Democrats (84%) say human activity contributes a great deal to climate change, with near consensus among them that human activity contributes at least some amount to climate change (96%). In contrast, about half of conservative Republicans (53%) say human activity contributes a great deal (14%) or some (39%) to climate change. Another 45% of this group says humans play not too much or no role in climate change. Republicans and Democrats in the ideological middle within their respective parties (that is, moderate/liberal Republicans and moderate/conservative Democrats) fall somewhere in between in terms of how they see human activity influencing climate change. For instance, 35% of moderate or liberal Republicans say human activity has a great deal of impact on climate change, while roughly two-thirds of moderate or conservative Democrats (64%) see it as a major contributor. www.pewresearch.org 9 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Partisan divisions remain when it comes to how Americans perceive the effects of climate change policies on the environment and the economy. (These core differences also were evident in a 2018 Center survey.) An overwhelming majority of liberal Democrats (81%) say climate policies result in net benefits for the environment, while just 7% say such policies do more harm than good and 11% think they have no effect on the environment. Also, most liberal Democrats (90%) think climate policies either help or have no effect on the economy. Conservative Republicans stand out as particularly skeptical about the benefits of climate policies for the environment. A minority of this group (25%) says such policies do more good than harm for the environment, and a majority (62%) says these policies hurt the economy. Partisans at odds over effects of climate policies on environment, economy % of U.S. adults who say policies aimed at reducing the effects of global climate change generally … Do more good than harm for environment Make no difference for environment Do more harm than good for environment U.S. adults 54 29 15 Conservative Rep 25 47 26 Mod/lib Rep Mod/cons Dem Liberal Dem 49 35 15 64 23 11 81 11 7 % of U.S. adults who say policies aimed at reducing the effects of global climate change generally … Help U.S. economy Make no difference to U.S. economy Hurt U.S. economy U.S. adults 33 35 30 Conservative Rep 10 26 62 Mod/lib Rep Mod/cons Dem Liberal Dem 24 39 39 35 42 16 57 34 9 Note: Republicans and Democrats include independents and others who “lean” toward the parties. Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org A greater percentage of Millennial and Gen Z Republicans (40%) than those who are Baby Boomers and older (29%) view climate policies as doing more good than harm for the environment, but sizable shares in both generations believe such policies hurt the economy. Republican men (23%), meanwhile, are about as likely as GOP women (20%) to think that climate policies bring net harm to the environment but are significantly more likely than GOP women (63% vs. 39%) to say that such policies hurt the economy. 10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Republicans, young and old, tend to be skeptical about effects of climate policy on the economy % of U.S. adults who say policies to reduce the effects of climate change generally do the following Effect on the environment Make no difference More good than harm More harm than good Help Effect on U.S. economy Make no difference Hurt U.S. adults Dem/lean Dem Rep/lean Rep Among Republicans/ lean Rep Boomer & older Gen X Millennial & younger Men Women 54 71 34 29 36 40 31 37 29 17 43 47 39 39 45 41 15 10 22 22 24 19 23 20 33 47 15 12 14 21 13 18 35 38 31 31 29 32 23 40 30 13 52 54 55 46 63 39 Note: Respondents who did not give an answer to each question are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 11 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Two-thirds of Americans say using fewer single-use plastics makes a big difference for the environment At a time when individuals are increasingly encouraged to help the environment through changes in everyday behaviors, most Americans say they are taking action, whether it’s reducing food waste or using fewer disposable plastics. The survey asked respondents whether they engage in any of five specific actions in their everyday life for environmental reasons. Survey respondents also rated the efficacy of each of these five actions when it comes to helping the environment. (Half of the respondents, selected at random, were asked about their potential actions and half were asked about the efficacy of each action.) Majorities say they reduce food waste, limit use of plastics to help environment % of U.S. adults who say they do each of the following to help protect the environment Reduce their food waste Use fewer single- use plastics Reduce amount of water they use Drive less or carpool Eat less meat 80 72 68 51 41 Note: Respondents who said they do not do this or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER Eight-in-ten Americans (80%) report that they reduce their food waste for environmental reasons. Large shares of the public (72%) say they use fewer plastics that cannot be reused such as plastic bags, straws, cups or reduce their water consumption (68%) to help the environment. About half (51%) of Americans say they are driving less or using carpools, while about four-in-ten (41%) say they are eating less meat for environmental reasons. On average, people report doing 3.1 of these actions in their everyday lives. About a fifth of Americans (19%) report doing all five activities. When assessing their overall behavior, one- quarter of U.S. adults (25%) say they make an effort to live in ways that help protect the environment “all the time,” up modestly from 20% in 2016. Another 63% report they live in One-in-four Americans say they always live in ways that protect environment % of U.S. adults who say they make an effort to live in ways that protect the environment … All the time Some of the time Not too often/not at all 25 63 11 Note: Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 12 PEW RESEARCH CENTER environmentally conscious ways some of the time. Just 11% say they do not try at all to live in environmentally conscious ways or do so not too often. Baby Boomer and older Americans are more likely than Millennial and Gen Z adults to report that they try to live in environmentally conscious ways all the time (32% vs. 18%, respectively). When Americans think about the impact of five types of individual actions, two-thirds (67%) say that using fewer single-use plastics makes a big difference in helping protect the environment. About half of Americans say the same about reducing use of personal vehicles (52%), food waste (52%) or water use (50%). About a quarter of U.S. adults (24%) say that eating less meat makes a big difference for the environment, while 38% say this makes a small difference and another 38% think this makes almost no difference for the environment. Public opinion about how they can protect the environment sometimes aligns with people’s actions, but not always. For instance, about the same percentage of Americans who say using fewer single-use plastics makes a big difference for the environment (67%) report using fewer plastics in their daily lives (72%). But in another example, while four-in-ten Americans (41%) say they eat less meat for environmental reasons, only a quarter (24%) believe doing so makes a big difference to the environment. The quarter of Americans who say they always try to live in environmentally conscious Majorities in U.S. say they cut back on single-use plastics, believe this makes a big difference for the environment % of U.S. adults who say the following about actions people can do in everyday life to help protect the environment It makes a big difference when people do this in everyday life They, personally, do this in order to protect the environment Use fewer single- use plastics Drive less or carpool Reduce their food waste Reduce amount of water they use Eat less meat 67 72 80 68 52 51 52 50 24 41 24% say eating less meat makes a big difference in protecting the environment, 41% say they eat less meat to protect the environment Note: Half of respondents, selected at random, were asked to rate how much of a difference it makes when people do each of these things and half were asked whether or not they do each in order to protect the environment. Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer to each question are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 13 PEW RESEARCH CENTER ways are particularly likely to take these five specific actions to protect the environment. Most people in this group say they reduce their food waste (94%), use of disposable plastics (87%) or water consumption (81%) in efforts to help the environment. A smaller majority (68%) say they drive less or are eating less meat (57%) to benefit the environment. Altogether, those who see themselves as environmentally conscious perform an average of 3.9 of these actions in their everyday lives, and more than one-third (37%) take all five actions. This stands in contrast to the small percentage of Americans (11%) who describe themselves as doing either nothing or not too much to live in ways that protect the environment. Among this group, about half (51%) say they reduce their food waste. Fewer than half are using fewer disposable plastics (33%) or reducing their water use (35%), while even fewer are driving less (15%) or eating less meat (18%) for environmental reasons. On average, this group does 1.5 actions to help the environment and just 3% perform all five. Americans who consider themselves environmentally conscious more likely to take action to protect environment % of U.S. adults who say they do each of the following in their everyday life to help protect the environment Among those who say they live in ways to protect the environment ... All the time Not too much/at all Some of the time 51 94 33 35 87 81 68 Reduce their food waste Use fewer single- use plastics Reduce amount of water they use Drive less or carpool 15 Eat less meat 18 57 0 20 40 60 80 100 Note: Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 14 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Gender and political affiliations are associated to some extent with whether Americans are changing their daily behaviors for the sake of the environment. Republican men stand out as less likely to say they are changing their behaviors in any of the five ways included in the survey, from reducing food waste to eating less meat. On the other hand, Republican and Democratic women as well as Democratic men are about equally likely to make these efforts to protect the environment, overall. Republican men are less inclined to take each of five specific actions to protect the environment % of U.S. adults who say they do each of the following in their everyday life to help protect the environment Among Republican/ lean Rep ... Men Women Among Democrat/ lean Dem ... Men Women Reduce their food waste 68 84 80 87 Use fewer single-use plastics Reduce amount of water they use 54 54 74 71 75 81 72 72 Drive less or carpool 35 49 57 58 42 16 Eat less meat For example, 54% of Republican men report using fewer single-use plastics for environmental reasons, compared with roughly three- quarters or more of Republican women (74%), Democratic men (75%) and Democratic women (81%). (These figures include Republican- and Democratic-leaning independents.) PEW RESEARCH CENTER 100 43 0 0 Note: Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” 57 100 A relatively small percentage of Republican men (16%) say they eat less meat in an effort to help the environment, compared with about two and half times as many Republican women (42%). A more modest gender gap exists among Democrats, with closer percentages of men (43%) and women (57%) saying they eat less meat for environmental reasons. www.pewresearch.org 15 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Most Americans favor expanding renewable energy sources, but divides remain over expanding offshore drilling, nuclear power Most Americans favor expanding solar power (92%) or wind power (85%), including strong majorities of both Republicans and Democrats. The public, however, is evenly divided over whether to expand nuclear power (49% on each side). Fewer than half of Americans support more offshore oil and gas drilling (42%), hydraulic fracturing for oil and natural gas, known as “fracking” (38%) or coal mining (35%). These findings are broadly in line with previous Center surveys, which found strong majorities in favor of increasing solar or wind power and more mixed views about expanding other energy sources. Support for more nuclear power plants has inched up 6 percentage points since 2016 (from 43% to 49% today). Support for coal mining has declined from 41% to 35% in the same period. Most Americans favor expanding solar or wind power; half or fewer support expanding fossil fuels % of U.S. adults who say they ___ expanding each energy source Oppose Favor More solar panel farms More wind turbine farms 8 14 92 85 More nuclear power plants 49 More offshore oil and gas drilling 56 More hydraulic fracturing More coal mining 60 63 49 42 38 35 Note: Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER Sizable majorities of both Republicans and Democrats – including those who lean to each party – favor more solar panel farms (86% and 96%, respectively) or wind turbine farms (77% and 92%). More Republicans (59%) than Democrats (41%) support expanding nuclear power plants; support for nuclear power is stronger among conservative Republicans (63%) than among moderate or liberal Republicans (51%). Long-standing political and ideological divides remain over support for expanding fossil fuel energy sources, including offshore oil drilling, hydraulic fracturing and coal mining. Majorities of Republicans favor expanding these sources, while most Democrats remain opposed. Though, there are some differences within each party. Three-quarters of conservative Republicans (76%) favor expanding offshore oil and gas drilling, as do about half of moderate or liberal Republicans (53%). In contrast, about three-in-ten moderate or conservative Democrats (28%) and just 12% of liberal Democrats support more offshore drilling. www.pewresearch.org 16 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Conservative Republicans also stand out as more inclined to support expansion of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas as well as coal mining (66% for each). By comparison, fewer than half of moderate or liberal Republicans favor expanding these energy sources (42% and 40% for hydraulic fracturing and coal mining, respectively). Conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats at odds over expanding fossil fuels % of U.S. adults who say they favor expanding each energy source Conservative Republican Mod/lib Republican Liberal Democrat Mod/cons Democrat More solar panel farms More wind turbine farms More nuclear power plants More offshore drilling 81 71 87 93 98 95 94 91 43 51 63 39 12 28 53 76 9 29 23 42 40 13 66 More coal mining More hydraulic fracturing Democrats are largely opposed to expanding either source. For example, a small fraction of liberal Democrats (9%) and about a quarter (23%) of moderate or conservative Democrats favor more coal mining. Support for offshore drilling and for hydraulic fracturing has declined among Democrats in recent years. (Support for coal mining has gone down among both parties since 2016. See the Appendix for details.) [ADD HYPERLINK] Note: Republicans and Democrats include independents and others who “lean” toward the parties. Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER 100 66 20 40 60 80 0 While Democratic views about these energy sources tend to be fairly consistent across generational and gender lines, Republican views are not. GOP Baby Boomer and older generations are more supportive of expanding offshore drilling, coal mining and hydraulic fracturing than are Millennial and Gen Z Republicans. In addition, Republican men are more likely to favor expanding fossil fuel energy sources, especially hydraulic fracturing, than women who identify with or lean toward the GOP. (See the Appendix for details.) [ADD HYPERLINK] www.pewresearch.org 17 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Acknowledgments This report is made possible by The Pew Charitable Trusts. This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals. Find related reports online at: pewresearch.org/science. Primary research team Cary Funk, Director, Science and Society Research Brian Kennedy, Senior Researcher Courtney Johnson, Research Associate Meg Hefferon, Research Analyst Cary Lynne Thigpen, Research Assistant Editorial and graphic design Pamela Ferdinand, Freelance Editor David Kent, Copy Editor Margaret Porteus, Information Graphics Designer Communications and web publishing Shawnee Cohn, Communications Manager Haley Nolan, Communications Associate Travis Mitchell, Digital Producer www.pewresearch.org 18 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Methodology The American Trends Panel (ATP), created by Pew Research Center, is a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults. Panelists participate via self-administered web surveys. Panelists who do not have internet access at home are provided with a tablet and wireless internet connection. The panel is being managed by Ipsos. American Trends Panel recruitment surveys Data in this report are drawn from the panel wave conducted Oct. 1 to Oct. 13, 2019. A total of 3,627 panelists responded out of 3,954 who were sampled, for a response rate of 91.7%. This does not include three panelists who were removed from the data due to extremely high rates of refusal or straightlining. The cumulative response rate accounting for nonresponse to the recruitment surveys and attrition is 4.9%. The break-off rate among panelists who logged onto the survey and completed at least one item is 0.9%. The margin of sampling error for the full sample of 3,627 respondents is plus or minus 2.1 percentage points. Note: Approximately once per year, panelists who have not participated in multiple consecutive waves or who did not complete an annual profiling survey are removed from the panel. Panelists also become inactive if they ask to be removed from the panel. Mode Landline/ cell RDD Landline/ cell RDD Landline/ cell RDD Active panelists remaining Jan. 23 to March 16, 2014 April 25 to June 4, 2017 ABS/web Total Aug. 8 to Oct. 31, 2018 Aug. 27 to Oct. 4, 2015 6,320 10,588 9,396 29,114 8,778 18,720 Recruitment Dates Invited Joined 9,809 6,004 5,338 2,291 2,976 1,314 3,905 1,628 663 PEW RESEARCH CENTER The sample consisted of all existing panelists who had completed the annual profile survey as of Sept. 9, 2019. Panelists who had not yet completed the profile survey were ineligible. A subsample from the ATP was selected by grouping panelists into six strata so demographic groups that are underrepresented in the panel had a higher probability of selection than overrepresented groups:  Stratum A consists of panelists that completed interviews for previous ATP Waves 17, 33, or 34. They were sampled at a rate of 100%.  Stratum B consists of panelists who are non-internet users. They were sampled at a rate of 72%.  Stratum C consists of panelists with a high school education or less. They were sampled at a rate of 64.7%. www.pewresearch.org 19 PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Stratum D consists of panelists that are Hispanic, unregistered to vote, or non-volunteers. They were sampled at a rate of 26.6%.  Stratum E consists of panelists that are black or 18-34 years old. They were sampled at a rate of 12.8%.  Stratum F consists of the remaining panelists. They were sampled at a rate of 9.6%. The ATP was created in 2014, with the first cohort of panelists invited to join the panel at the end of a large, national, landline and cellphone random-digit-dial survey that was conducted in both English and Spanish. Two additional recruitments were conducted using the same method in 2015 and 2017, respectively. Across these three surveys, a total of 19,718 adults were invited to join the ATP, of which 9,942 agreed to participate. In August 2018, the ATP switched from telephone to address- based recruitment. Invitations were sent to a random, address- based sample (ABS) of households selected from the U.S. Postal Service’s Delivery Sequence File. In each household, the adult with the next birthday was asked to go online to complete a survey, at the end of which they were invited to join the panel. For a random half-sample of invitations, households without internet access were instructed to return a postcard. These households were contacted by telephone and sent a tablet if they agreed to participate. A total of 9,396 were invited to join the panel, and 8,778 agreed to join the panel and completed an initial profile survey. Of the 18,720 individuals who have ever joined the ATP, 10,588 remained active panelists and continued to receive survey invitations at the time this survey was conducted. The U.S. Postal Service’s Delivery Sequence File has been estimated to cover as much as 98% of the population, although some studies suggest that the coverage could be in the low 90% range.2 Weighting Weighting dimensions Variable Benchmark source Gender Age Education Race/Hispanic origin Hispanic nativity Home internet access Region x Metropolitan status Volunteerism 2017 American Community Survey 2018 CPS March Supplement 2017 CPS Volunteering & Civic Life Supplement Voter registration 2016 CPS Voting and Registration Supplement Party affiliation Average of the three most recent Pew Research Center telephone surveys. Note: Estimates from the ACS are based on non-institutionalized adults. Voter registration is calculated using procedures from Hur, Achen (2013) and rescaled to include the total US adult population. PEW RESEARCH CENTER The ATP data were weighted in a multistep process that begins with a base weight incorporating the respondents’ original survey selection probability and the fact 2 AAPOR Task Force on Address-based Sampling. 2016. “AAPOR Report: Address-based Sampling.” www.pewresearch.org 20 PEW RESEARCH CENTER that in 2014 and 2017 some respondents were subsampled for invitation to the panel. The next step in the weighting uses an iterative technique that aligns the sample to population benchmarks on the dimensions listed in the accompanying table. Sampling errors and test of statistical- significance take into account the effect of weighting. Interviews are conducted in both English and Spanish, but the American Trends Panel’s Hispanic sample is predominantly U.S. born and English speaking. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls. The table shows the unweighted sample sizes and the error attributable to sampling that would be expected at the 95% level of confidence for different groups in the survey. © Pew Research Center, 2019 Margins of error U.S. adults Men Women Boomer and older Generation X Millennial and younger Rep/Lean Rep Dem/Lean Dem Cons Republican Mod/lib Republican Mod/cons Democrat Liberal Democrat Rep/lean Rep by generation Boomer and older Generation X Millennial and younger Rep/lean Rep by gender Men Women Region Pacific Mountain South Atlantic East and West South Central Northeast Midwest Unweighted Sample size 3,627 Margin of error in percentage points +/- 2.1 1,663 1,962 1,799 854 970 1,502 2,023 981 503 1,000 1,006 851 324 323 776 726 535 321 749 602 604 814 +/- 3.2 +/- 2.8 +/- 2.9 +/- 4.2 +/- 4.0 +/- 3.1 +/- 2.9 +/- 3.8 +/- 5.5 +/- 4.0 +/- 4.2 +/- 4.1 +/- 6.5 +/- 6.8 +/- 4.5 +/- 4.4 +/- 5.6 +/- 7.1 +/- 4.7 +/- 5.1 +/- 5.1 +/- 4.3 Note: The margins of error are reported at the 95% level of confidence and are calculated by taking into account the average design effect for each subgroup. Republicans and Democrats include independents and others who “lean” toward the parties. Source: Survey conducted Oct 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 21 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Appendix: Detailed tables www.pewresearch.org 22 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Conservative Republicans stand out from other political groups on many climate and energy issues % of U.S. adults who say the following Conservative Republican Mod/lib Republican Mod/cons Democrat Liberal Democrat U.S. adults Climate change having at least some effect on local community 26 Contributes to climate change a great deal Human activity 14 Natural patterns 15 59 Government is doing too little to ... Protect water quality of lakes, rivers and streams Protect air quality 38 30 Reduce effects of climate change 24 Protect animals and their habitats 29 Protect open lands in national parks 23 84 84 92 94 95 90 86 62 49 35 68 67 67 62 55 U.S. should prioritize developing alternative energy sources Favor expanding use of ... Solar panel farms 49 94 77 81 98 92 Wind turbine farms 71 94 Nuclear power plants 39 63 Offshore oil and gas drilling Hydraulic fracturing Coal mining 12 13 9 0 76 66 66 20 40 60 80 100 85 49 42 38 35 Note: Republicans and Democrats include independents and others who “lean” toward the parties. Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 23 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Younger Republicans prioritize alternative energy sources more than older Republicans % of U.S. adults who say the following Among Rep/lean Rep who are ... Boomer and older Gen Xer Millennial and younger Dem/ lean Dem Climate change having at least some effect on their local community 32 47 Contributes to climate change a great deal Human activity 14 34 Natural patterns Government is doing too little to ... Protect water quality of lakes, rivers and streams Protect air quality Reduce effects of climate change Protect animals and their habitats Protect open lands in national parks U.S. should prioritize developing alternative energy sources Favor expanding use of ... Solar panel farms Wind turbine farms Nuclear power plants Offshore oil and gas drilling Hydraulic fracturing Coal mining 41 45 34 31 34 29 56 57 55 52 47 41 53 78 80 91 81 71 57 60 54 76 46 45 62 63 82 73 21 84 88 90 81 76 90 96 92 41 21 21 16 0 20 40 60 80 100 Note: Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 24 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Republican men and women tend to differ over climate and energy issues % of U.S. adults who say the following Among Rep/lean Rep who are ... Men Women Dem/ lean Dem Climate change having at least some effect on their local community 28 48 Contributes to climate change a great deal Human activity 17 Natural patterns Government is doing too little to ... Protect water quality of lakes, rivers and streams Protect air quality Reduce effects of climate change Protect animals and their habitats 35 34 34 27 44 44 56 56 49 46 47 Protect open lands in national parks 27 38 U.S. should prioritize developing alternative energy sources Favor expanding use of ... Solar panel farms Wind turbine farms Nuclear power plants Offshore oil and gas drilling Hydraulic fracturing Coal mining 58 66 84 88 75 79 46 64 70 71 50 52 64 60 82 73 21 84 88 90 81 76 90 96 92 41 21 21 16 0 20 40 60 80 100 Note: Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 25 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Decline in support for more offshore drilling among Democrats since 2016 % of U.S. adults who favor more offshore oil and gas drilling in U.S. waters 85 86 Republican/lean Rep 65 51 56 64 64 68 75 40 27 Democrat/lean Dem 32 22 21 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 Note: Surveys conducted from 2008 to 2015 were conducted on the phone using somewhat different question wording than those in June 2016, April 2018 and October 2019. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 26 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Political divides over increasing hydraulic fracturing % of U.S. adults who favor more hydraulic fracturing for oil and natural gas Republican/lean Rep 71 58 59 58 60 57 37 34 31 28 25 21 Democrat/lean Dem '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 Note: Surveys conducted from 2012 to 2015 were conducted on the phone using somewhat different question wording than those in June 2016, April 2018 and October 2019. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 27 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Political divides over time on support for nuclear power % of U.S. adults who favor more nuclear power plants to generate electricity Republican/lean Rep 60 65 59 51 51 53 59 36 38 37 38 39 41 34 Democrat/lean Dem '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 Note: Surveys conducted from 2008 to 2015 were conducted on the phone using somewhat different question wording than those in June 2016, April 2018 and October 2019. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 28 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Support for expanding coal mining is down from 2016 % of U.S. adults who favor more coal mining 2016 2018 2019 U.S. adults Rep/lean Rep Dem/lean Dem 41 63 22 37 60 20 35 56 16 Note: Respondents who gave other responses or who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 29 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Most say U.S. should prioritize alternative energy sources today % of U.S. adults who say the more important priority for addressing America’s energy supply should be developing alternative sources such as wind, solar and hydrogen technology or expanding production of oil, coal and natural gas U.S. adults Republican/lean Rep Democrat/lean Dem 90 Develop alternative sources 77 63 65 60 65 47 39 29 28 30 Expand production of oil, coal, natural gas 22 27 Both should be given equal priority 48 41 63 24 45 44 62 37 73 21 80 81 15 14 9 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19 '11 '13 '15 '17 '19 Note: Surveys conducted from 2011 to 2017 were conducted on the phone using somewhat different question wording than the October 2019 survey. “Both should be given equal priority” was a volunteered response. Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown. Source: Survey conducted Oct. 1-13, 2019. “U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy” PEW RESEARCH CENTER www.pewresearch.org 30 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Survey question wording and topline 2019 PEW RESEARCH CENTER’S AMERICAN TRENDS PANEL WAVE 55 FINAL TOPLINE OCTOBER 1-13, 2019 TOTAL N=3,627 ASK ALL: ENV2 Do you favor or oppose EXPANDING each of the following sources of energy in our country? [RANDOMIZE ITEMS] Favor Oppose No Answer a. More offshore oil and gas drilling in U.S. waters Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 May 10-Jun 6, 2016 b. More nuclear power plants to generate electricity Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 May 10-Jun 6, 2016 c. More coal mining Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 May 10-Jun 6, 2016 d. More solar panel “farms” Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 May 10-Jun 6, 2016 e. More hydraulic fracturing, sometimes called “fracking,” for oil and natural gas Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 May 10-Jun 6, 2016 f. More wind turbine “farms” Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 May 10-Jun 6, 2016 42 39 45 49 44 43 35 37 41 92 89 89 38 39 42 85 85 83 56 60 52 49 54 54 63 61 57 8 10 9 60 58 53 14 13 14 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 5 1 2 3 www.pewresearch.org 31 PEW RESEARCH CENTER ASK FORM 1 [N=1,816]: EN1F1 Right now, which ONE of the following do you think should be the more important priority for addressing America’s energy supply? [RANDOMIZE RESPONSE OPTIONS] Oct 1-13 2019 77 22 1 Developing alternative sources, such as wind, solar and hydrogen technology Expanding exploration and production of oil, coal and natural gas No answer TREND FOR COMPARISON: Pew Research Center survey conducted by telephone: Right now, which ONE of the following do you think should be the more important priority for addressing America’s energy supply [READ AND RANDOMIZE]? Developing alternative sources, such as wind, solar and hydrogen technology 65 60 65 58 54 47 52 Expanding exploration and production of oil, coal and natural gas 27 30 28 34 34 39 39 (VOL.) Both should be given equal priority 5 5 5 6 7 9 5 63 29 6 (VOL.) DK/Ref 3 4 2 3 4 5 4 2 Jan 4-9, 2017 Dec 3-7, 2014 Feb 12-26, 2014 Sep 4-8, 2013 Feb 13-18, 2013 Oct 24-28, 2012 Mar 7-11, 2012 Feb 22-Mar 1, 2011 OTHER QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE ASK ALL: ENV17 How often, if ever, do you make an effort to live in ways that help protect the environment? Oct 1-13 2019 25 63 9 2 <1 All the time Some of the time Not too often Not at all No answer May 10- June 6 2016 20 63 13 4 <1 www.pewresearch.org 32 PEW RESEARCH CENTER ASK FORM 1 [N=1,816]: EN6F1 Do you do each of the following in your everyday life in order TO HELP PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT, or don’t you? [RANDOMIZE ITEMS] a. Eat less meat Oct 1-13, 2019 b. Drive less or carpool Oct 1-13, 2019 c. Reduce your food waste Oct 1-13, 2019 d. Use fewer plastics that cannot be reused (e.g., plastic bags, straws, cups) Oct 1-13, 2019 e. Reduce the amount of water you use Oct 1-13, 2019 Yes, I do this No, I do not do this No answer 41 51 80 72 68 59 49 20 28 32 <1 <1 <1 1 <1 ASK FORM 2 [N=1,811]: EN6F2 How much difference does it make when people do each of the following in their everyday lives TO HELP PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT? [RANDOMIZE ITEMS] Makes a big difference Makes a small difference Makes almost no difference No answer a. Eating less meat Oct 1-13, 2019 b. Driving less or carpooling Oct 1-13, 2019 c. Reducing their food waste Oct 1-13, 2019 d. Using fewer plastics that cannot be reused (e.g., plastic bags, straws, cups) Oct 1-13, 2019 e. Reducing the amount of water they use Oct 1-13, 2019 24 52 52 67 50 38 40 37 26 40 38 7 10 <1 <1 <1 7 <1 10 <1 www.pewresearch.org 33 PEW RESEARCH CENTER ASK ALL: ENVIR8 How much do you think the federal government is doing to… [RANDOMIZE ITEMS; show on same screen] Too much Too little About the right amount No Answer a. Protect air quality Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 b. Protect water quality of lakes, rivers and streams Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 c. Protect animals and their habitats Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 d. Protect open lands in national parks and nature preserves Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 e. Reduce the effects of global climate change Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 4 8 4 6 7 9 5 8 10 13 67 64 68 69 62 63 55 57 67 67 28 27 27 24 31 27 39 34 23 19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RANDOMIZE ORDER OF EN7 and EN8 ASK ALL: EN7 How much do you think human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels, contributes to global climate change? Oct 1-13 2019 49 30 14 5 2 A great deal Some Not too much Not at all No answer ASK ALL: EN8 How much do you think natural patterns in the Earth’s environment contribute to global climate change? Oct 1-13 2019 35 44 13 4 2 A great deal Some Not too much Not at all No answer www.pewresearch.org 34 PEW RESEARCH CENTER RANDOMIZE ORDER OF CLIM5 AND CLIM6 ASK ALL: CLIM5 Do you think policies aimed at reducing the effects of global climate change generally… [RANDOMIZE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1 AND 2] Oct 1-13 2019 33 30 35 2 Help the U.S. economy Hurt the U.S. economy Make no difference for the U.S. economy No answer Mar 27- Apr 9 2018 30 31 36 2 ASK ALL: CLIM6 Do you think policies aimed at reducing the effects of global climate change generally… [RANDOMIZE RESPONSE OPTIONS 1 AND 2 IN SAME ORDER AS CLIM5] Oct 1-13 2019 54 15 29 2 Do more GOOD than harm for the environment Do more HARM than good for the environment Make no difference for the environment No answer Mar 27- Apr 9 2018 49 19 30 2 ASK FORM 1 [N=1,816]: CLIM9F1 How much, if at all, do you think global climate change is currently affecting… A great deal Some Not too much Not at all No Answer a. The United States Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 b. Your local community Oct 1-13, 2019 Mar 27-Apr 9, 2018 41 40 25 22 35 35 38 37 15 16 24 25 8 8 12 15 <1 <1 <1 <1 ASK FORM 2 [N=1,811]: CLIM9F2 How much, if at all, do you think global climate change is currently affecting your local community? Oct 1-13, 2019 A great deal 20 Some 40 Not too much 25 Not at all 15 No Answer 1 COMBINED FORM 1 AND FORM 2 “YOUR LOCAL COMMUNITY” [N=3,627] A great deal Not too much Not at all Some No Answer Your local community Oct 1-13, 2019 22 39 24 13 1 www.pewresearch.org 35 PEW RESEARCH CENTER ASK IF CLIM9F1B=1,2 OR CLIM9F2=1,2 (LOCAL COMMUNITY AFFECTED A GREAT DEAL OR SOME) [N=2,284]: CLIM10 Would you say each of the following is a MAJOR way that global climate change is currently affecting your local community, or not? [RANDOMIZE ITEMS] a. Droughts or water shortages Oct 1-13, 2019 b. Long periods of unusually hot weather Oct 1-13, 2019 c. Severe weather, like floods or intense storms Oct 1-13, 2019 d. Rising sea levels that erode beaches and shore lines Oct 1-13, 2019 e. Damage to forests and plant life Oct 1-13, 2019 f. Harm to animal wildlife and their habitats Oct 1-13, 2019 g. More frequent wildfires Oct 1-13, 2019 BASED ON ALL ASKED [N=2,284] Yes, a major way No, not a major way No answer 64 79 35 21 1 1 70 29 <1 56 67 69 56 43 32 30 43 1 1 1 1 www.pewresearch.org 36 PEW RESEARCH CENTER CLIM10 CONTINUED BASED ON TOTAL [N=3627] Answered “Local community affected a great deal or some” to CLIM9F1_B or CLIM9F2 Answered “Local community affected not too much/not at all” to CLIM9F1_B or CLIM9F2 No answer to CLIM9F1_B or CLIM9F2 Yes, a major way No, not a major way No answer to CLIM10 a. Droughts or water shortages Oct 1-13, 2019 62 39 22 1 38 b. Long periods of unusually hot weather Oct 1-13, 2019 62 49 13 <1 38 c. Severe weather, like floods or intense storms Oct 1-13, 2019 62 43 18 <1 38 d. Rising sea levels that erode beaches and shore lines Oct 1-13, 2019 62 34 27 1 38 e. Damage to forests and plant life Oct 1-13, 2019 62 41 20 <1 38 f. Harm to animal wildlife and their habitats Oct 1-13, 2019 62 43 19 <1 38 g. More frequent wildfires Oct 1-13, 2019 62 35 27 1 38 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 OTHER QUESTIONS HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE www.pewresearch.org