Laser cutting

Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials, resulting in a cut edge. While typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, it is now used by schools, small businesses, architecture, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical control) are used to direct the laser beam to the material. A commercial laser for cutting materials uses a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material. The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away, or is blown away by a jet of gas, leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish.
History.
In 1965, the first production laser cutting machine was used to drill holes in diamond dies. This machine was made by the Western Electric Engineering Research Center. In 1967, the British pioneered laser-assisted oxygen jet cutting for metals. In the early 1970s, this technology was put into production to cut titanium for aerospace applications. At the same time, CO2 lasers were adapted to cut non-metals, such as textiles, because, at the time, CO2 lasers were not powerful enough to overcome the thermal conductivity of metals.
Process.
The laser beam is generally focused using a high-quality lens on the work zone. The quality of the beam has a direct impact on the focused spot size. The narrowest part of the focused beam is generally less than in diameter. Depending upon the material thickness, kerf widths as small as are possible. In order to be able to start cutting from somewhere other than the edge, a pierce is done before every cut. Piercing usually involves a high-power pulsed laser beam which slowly makes a hole in the material, taking around 5–15 seconds for stainless steel, for example.
The parallel rays of coherent light from the laser source often fall in the range between in diameter. This beam is normally focused and intensified by a lens or a mirror to a very small spot of about to create a very intense laser beam. In order to achieve the smoothest possible finish during contour cutting, the direction of the beam polarization must be rotated as it goes around the periphery of a contoured workpiece. For sheet metal cutting, the focal length is usually .
Advantages of laser cutting over mechanical cutting include easier work holding and reduced contamination of workpiece (since there is no cutting edge which can become contaminated by the material or contaminate the material). Precision may be better since the laser beam does not wear during the process. There is also a reduced chance of warping the material that is being cut, as laser systems have a small heat-affected zone. Some materials are also very difficult or impossible to cut by more traditional means.
Laser cutting for metals has the advantage over plasma cutting of being more precise and using less energy when cutting sheet metal; however, most industrial lasers cannot cut through the greater metal thickness that plasma can. Newer laser machines operating at higher power (6000 watts, as contrasted with early laser cutting machines' 1500-watt ratings) are approaching plasma machines in their ability to cut through thick materials, but the capital cost of such machines is much higher than that of plasma cutting machines capable of cutting thick materials like steel plate.
Types.
There are three main types of lasers used in laser cutting. The laser is suited for cutting, boring, and engraving. The neodymium (Nd) and neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet  lasers are identical in style and differ only in the application. Nd is used for boring and where high energy but low repetition are required. The Nd:YAG laser is used where very high power is needed and for boring and engraving. Both and Nd/Nd:YAG lasers can be used for welding.
 lasers are commonly "pumped" by passing a current through the gas mix (DC-excited) or using radio frequency energy (RF-excited). The RF method is newer and has become more popular. Since DC designs require electrodes inside the cavity, they can encounter electrode erosion and plating of electrode material on glassware and optics. Since RF resonators have external electrodes they are not prone to those problems.
 lasers are used for the industrial cutting of many materials including titanium, stainless steel, mild steel, aluminium, plastic, wood, engineered wood, wax, fabrics, and paper. YAG lasers are primarily used for cutting and scribing metals and ceramics.
In addition to the power source, the type of gas flow can affect performance as well. Common variants of lasers include fast axial flow, slow axial flow, transverse flow, and slab. In a fast axial flow resonator, the mixture of carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen is circulated at high velocity by a turbine or blower. Transverse flow lasers circulate the gas mix at a lower velocity, requiring a simpler blower. Slab or diffusion-cooled resonators have a static gas field that requires no pressurization or glassware, leading to savings on replacement turbines and glassware.
The laser generator and external optics (including the focus lens) require cooling. Depending on system size and configuration, waste heat may be transferred by a coolant or directly to air. Water is a commonly used coolant, usually circulated through a chiller or heat transfer system.
A "laser microjet" is a water-jet-guided laser in which a pulsed laser beam is coupled into a low-pressure water jet. This is used to perform laser cutting functions while using the water jet to guide the laser beam, much like an optical fiber, through total internal reflection. The advantages of this are that the water also removes debris and cools the material. Additional advantages over traditional "dry" laser cutting are high dicing speeds, parallel kerf, and omnidirectional cutting.
Fiber lasers are a type of solid-state laser that is rapidly growing within the metal cutting industry. Unlike CO2, Fiber technology utilizes a solid gain medium, as opposed to a gas or liquid. The “seed laser” produces the laser beam and is then amplified within a glass fiber. With a wavelength of only 1064 nanometers fiber lasers produce an extremely small spot size (up to 100 times smaller compared to the CO2) making it ideal for cutting reflective metal material. This is one of the main advantages of Fiber compared to CO2.
Fibre laser cutter benefits include:-
Methods.
There are many different methods of cutting using lasers, with different types used to cut different materials. Some of the methods are vaporization, melt and blow, melt blow and burn, thermal stress cracking, scribing, cold cutting, and burning stabilized laser cutting.
Vaporization cutting.
In vaporization cutting, the focused beam heats the surface of the material to a flashpoint and generates a keyhole. The keyhole leads to a sudden increase in absorptivity quickly deepening the hole. As the hole deepens and the material boils, vapor generated erodes the molten walls blowing ejection out and further enlarging the hole. Nonmelting materials such as wood, carbon, and thermoset plastics are usually cut by this method.
Melt and blow.
Melt and blow or fusion cutting uses high-pressure gas to blow molten material from the cutting area, greatly decreasing the power requirement. First, the material is heated to melting point then a gas jet blows the molten material out of the kerf avoiding the need to raise the temperature of the material any further. Materials cut with this process are usually metals.
Thermal stress cracking.
Brittle materials are particularly sensitive to thermal fracture, a feature exploited in thermal stress cracking. A beam is focused on the surface causing localized heating and thermal expansion. This results in a crack that can then be guided by moving the beam. The crack can be moved in order of m/s. It is usually used in the cutting of glass.
Stealth dicing of silicon wafers.
The separation of microelectronic chips as prepared in semiconductor device fabrication from silicon wafers may be performed by the so-called stealth dicing process, which operates with a pulsed , the wavelength of which (1064 nm) is well adapted to the electronic band gap of silicon (1.11 eV or 1117 nm).
Reactive cutting.
Reactive cutting is also called "burning stabilized laser gas cutting" and "flame cutting". Reactive cutting is like oxygen torch cutting but with a laser beam as the ignition source. Mostly used for cutting carbon steel in thicknesses over 1 mm. This process can be used to cut very thick steel plates with relatively little laser power.
Tolerances and surface finish.
Laser cutters have a positioning accuracy of 10 micrometers and repeatability of 5 micrometers.
Standard roughness Rz increases with the sheet thickness, but decreases with laser power and cutting speed. When cutting low carbon steel with laser power of 800 W, standard roughness Rz is 10 μm for sheet thickness of 1 mm, 20 μm for 3 mm, and 25 μm for 6 mm.
formula_1
Where: formula_2 steel sheet thickness in mm; formula_3 laser power in kW (some new laser cutters have laser power of 4 kW); formula_4 cutting speed in meters per minute.
This process is capable of holding quite close tolerances, often to within 0.001 inch (0.025 mm). Part geometry and the mechanical soundness of the machine have much to do with tolerance capabilities. The typical surface finish resulting from laser beam cutting may range from 125 to 250 micro-inches (0.003 mm to 0.006 mm).
Machine configurations.
There are generally three different configurations of industrial laser cutting machines: moving material, hybrid, and flying optics systems. These refer to the way that the laser beam is moved over the material to be cut or processed. For all of these, the axes of motion are typically designated X and Y axis. If the cutting head may be controlled, it is designated as the Z-axis.
Moving material lasers have a stationary cutting head and move the material under it. This method provides a constant distance from the laser generator to the workpiece and a single point from which to remove cutting effluent. It requires fewer optics but requires moving the workpiece. This style of machine tends to have the fewest beam delivery optics but also tends to be the slowest.
Hybrid lasers provide a table that moves in one axis (usually the X-axis) and moves the head along the shorter (Y) axis. This results in a more constant beam delivery path length than a flying optic machine and may permit a simpler beam delivery system. This can result in reduced power loss in the delivery system and more capacity per watt than flying optics machines.
Flying optics lasers feature a stationary table and a cutting head (with a laser beam) that moves over the workpiece in both of the horizontal dimensions. Flying optics cutters keep the workpiece stationary during processing and often do not require material clamping. The moving mass is constant, so dynamics are not affected by varying the size of the workpiece. Flying optics machines are the fastest type, which is advantageous when cutting thinner workpieces.
Flying optic machines must use some method to take into account the changing beam length from the near field (close to the resonator) cutting to the far field (far away from the resonator) cutting. Common methods for controlling this include collimation, adaptive optics, or the use of a constant beam length axis.
Five and six-axis machines also permit cutting formed workpieces. In addition, there are various methods of orienting the laser beam to a shaped workpiece, maintaining a proper focus distance and nozzle standoff, etc.
Pulsing.
Pulsed lasers which provide a high-power burst of energy for a short period are very effective in some laser cutting processes, particularly for piercing, or when very small holes or very low cutting speeds are required, since if a constant laser beam were used, the heat could reach the point of melting the whole piece being cut.
Most industrial lasers have the ability to pulse or cut CW (continuous wave) under NC (numerical control) program control.
Double pulse lasers use a series of pulse pairs to improve material removal rate and hole quality. Essentially, the first pulse removes material from the surface and the second prevents the ejecta from adhering to the side of the hole or cut.
Power consumption.
The main disadvantage of laser cutting is the high power consumption. Industrial laser efficiency may range from 5% to 45%. The power consumption and efficiency of any particular laser will vary depending on output power and operating parameters. This will depend on the type of laser and how well the laser is matched to the work at hand. The amount of laser cutting power required, known as "heat input", for a particular job depends on the material type, thickness, process (reactive/inert) used, and desired cutting rate.
Production and cutting rates.
The maximum cutting rate (production rate) is limited by a number of factors including laser power, material thickness, process type (reactive or inert), and material properties. Common industrial systems (≥1 kW) will cut carbon steel metal from in thickness. For many purposes, a laser can be up to thirty times faster than standard sawing.


Onanon

Onanon is a design, engineering and manufacturing company specializing in the automating panel array manufacturing process, which can produce multiple units in a single session. The company utilizes engineered plastics for manufacturing, using high-speed machinery and automation to produce connectors in large batches. The process removes the need for human handling, thus reducing the probability of error. Onanon utilizes printed circuit boards as a base to add other components. Headquartered in Milpitas, California, Onanon is the first company to introduce a PC board as a connector pin substrate, a technique which is considered standard today but was seen as revolutionary at the time.
History.
Onanon was founded in 1979 as a design, prototype and manufacturing firm specializing in value add connectors and cable assemblies with integrated electronics. The company branched into custom connector design, which has become its chief manufacturing method. Onanon uses multiple head automation in its manufacturing process, which increases the number of units that can be produced. The company has a proprietary “breadboard” panel array manufacturing method that allows engineers to build functionality directly into the connector, which saves costs for the buyer and adds functionality to the connector. Onanon employs a sales staff that is also trained as engineers, which allows the company to guarantee fast turnaround times for shipments placed by customers.
Products.
Onanon makes several products in the medical and industrial sectors. Because of the highly customizable nature of the company’s products, the company sells based on type or industry use. Onanon plans to build future products with an open architecture, allowing others to borrow from their design ideas.
Circuit Boards.
Onanon manufactures advanced PC circuitry using a mostly automated batch method, in order to produce industrial computer boards for the industrial and healthcare sectors. With RoHS (restriction on hazardous substances), demand for solderless boards has surged.
Custom Connectors.
Engineered plastic connectors made to any size or shape. Connectors can take passive or active electrical components, and pin count can vary as needed. Onanon also produces female clips and connectors.
Medical Connectors.
Highly sensitive connectors that are designed to process inputs from the source. This allows OEMs to embed value-added microscale systems with intelligent designs. Onanon also makes embedded electronic connectors, which can boost signal strength or act as a shield to reduce EMI. Onanon also has rapid wire-termination technology, which reduces the need for solder that can potentially damage a PCB.
Medical Cables.
Onanon medical cable assemblies are designed to meet each unique medical device application. Onanon’s vertical manufacturing facility, houses rapid automated wire termination, molding, over-molding, SMT component placement, automated connector pin assembly. This allows OEM’s to have a globally cost competitive reliable source for their medical cable assemblies.
Sensors.
Onanon connectors could be used as high-level, low impedance amplifiers in devices that send analog signals back and forth. Using the breadboard manufacturing technique, engineers can place operational amplifiers directly onto the connectors, which has the added benefit of reducing the need for wiring as well.


Garrod and Lofthouse

Garrod and Lofthouse were a British printing company based in Chaldon Road, Caterham, Surrey, who manufactured record sleeves. In 1963, the company patented the design for Two-Piece sleeves that were used in the UK.
The advantage of these sleeves, in the days of single colour printing, was that the four-colour front was printed on a separate sheet to the single colour back and the two halves were then glued together as the sleeve was fabricated. This allowed half the number of passes through a printing press to produce the front cover, and a quarter for the monochrome backs. This gave a reduction in print costs of 37.5%. As the two fronts could be laminated together, it halved the amount of laminating time.
Because of these cost reductions the company were contracted to print sleeves for 90% of all EMI affiliated labels volume on the basis that they never produced a sleeve for Decca Records, their only major competitor. They are therefore credited on all original LP releases of the Beatles, including "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".
Garrod and Lofthouse printed for most UK record companies outside Decca, and manufactured covers for France through a subsidiary Imprimerie du Nord. They were given special permission to press the Rolling Stones' "Beggars Banquet" (one of the first gatefold sleeves) and "Sticky Fingers" (manufactured with a metal zip glued down the front), as Decca's in-house staff could not manage the complex production to the volume required.
The company was liquidated in 1988, by which time sleeve manufacturing could be done by any generic process, and cassette and compact disc sleeves did not require carboard printing.


Constructive heuristic

A constructive heuristic is a type of heuristic method which starts with an empty solution and repeatedly extends the current solution until a complete solution is obtained. It differs from local search heuristics which start with a complete solution and then try to improve the current solution further via local moves. Examples of some famous problems that are solved using constructive heuristics are the flow shop scheduling, the vehicle routing problem and the open shop problem.


Kryukiv Railway Car Building Works

Kriukiv Railway Car Manufacturing Plant (; KVBZ) is a large industrial company in Kremenchuk, Ukraine, manufacturing locomotives and multiple unit trains.
History.
The foundation for the first buildings of the Krukiv Railway Car Manufacturing Plant was laid in 1869. As for 1900 there have been working 400 workers, who provided repairs for 120 freight and 20 passenger cars per month.


Gravimetric blender

A gravimetric blender is an item of industrial equipment used in the plastics industry to accurately weigh two or more components and then mix them together prior to processing in an injection molding machine, plastics extrusion, or blow moulding machine.
There are two types of gravimetric blender.
Loss in weight
This type of gravimetric blender measures the "loss in weight" from two or more hoppers using a load cell under each hopper. Material is usually dispensed from the hoppers using a screw conveyor. All materials are dispensed together and the rate of dosing from each hopper is controlled to ensure the correct blend is achieved.
Gain in weight (sometimes called a batch blender)
A gain in weight gravimetric blender has two or more hoppers arranged above a weigh-pan. These hoppers contain the components which are to be mixed, at the base of each hopper there is a valve to control the dispensing of material from the component hopper into the weigh-pan. The components are dispensed one at a time into the weigh pan until the target or batch weight is reached. Once the batch has been weighed out the contents of the weigh-pan are dispensed into a mixing chamber where they are blended. The resulting mixture exits the base of the mixing chamber into the processing machine.
A typical application of a gravimetric blender would be mixing virgin plastic granules, recycled plastic, and masterbatch (an additive used to colour plastics) together.


List of the national championships of the SV Dynamo

With 280,000 members, it is not surprising that the SV Dynamo multi-sport club has won 2.187 championships in the GDR, so that a separate category should be needed.
List.
Acrobatics (Zircus).
The acrobats won 13 titles.
Artistic roller skating.
The roller skaters won 2 titles.
Athletics (track and field) men.
The men won over 212 championships in athletics (track and field).
Athletics (track and field) ladies.
The ladies won over 196 titles.
Biathlon.
Biathletes won 45 titles.
Bobsleigh.
Bobsleighers won a single title.
Boxing.
Boxers won 71 titles.
Cross-country skiing.
The cross-county skiers won 90 titles.
Cycling.
Cyclists won 53 titles.
Fencing.
Fencers won 106 titles.
Figure skating.
Figure skaters won 31 titles.
Gymnastics.
Gymnasts won 110 titles.
Handball.
Handball teams won 9 titles.
Ice hockey.
The ice hockey teams won 38 titles in the smallest ice hockey league in the world. When the SC Dynamo Berlin was the champion, the SG Dynamo Weißwasser won the vice titles and when the SG Dynamo Weißwasser won the titles, the SC Dynamo Berlin won the vice medal.
Judo.
Judokas won 30 titles.
Motorsport.
The athletes of motorsport won 74 titles.
Orienteering.
Orienteerers won 36 titles.
Parachuting.
Parachuters (women) won 64 titles.
Parachuters (men) won 57 titles.
Riding.
Equestrians won 17 titles.
Rowing.
Rowers won 133 titles, in one of the world bests league.
Rhythmic gymnastics.
The athletes in rhythmic gymnastics won 1 title
Sailing.
The sailors won 5 titles.
Shooting sports.
Men and women shooters won 124 titles.
Shooting sports ladies.
The shooting ladies won 22 titles.
Ski alpin.
The skiers won 22 titles.
Ski Nordic / nordic combined.
The Dynamo-Athletes won in ski Nordic 23 titles.
Ski jumping.
16 titles won the ski jumpers.
Skittles (sport).
The skittlers won 2 titles.
Soccer.
Football teams won 18 titles and 15 won in a row.
Speedskating.
Speedskaters won 121 titles.
Swimming ladies.
76 titles won the swimming ladies.
Swimming men.
98 titles won the swimmers.
Volleyball.
Volleyball teams won 25 titles.
Water polo.
Water polo teams won 17 titles.
Weightlifting.
Weightlifters won 9 titles.
Wrestling.
The wrestler won 168 titles.


Cold Metal Transfer

Cold Metal Transfer (abbreviated CMT) is a welding method that is usually performed by a welding robot. The CMT machine detects a short circuit which sends a signal that retracts the welding filler material, giving the weld time to cool before each drop is placed. This leaves a smooth weld that is stronger than that of a hotter weld. This works well on thin metal that is prone to warping and the weld burning through the material. This type of welding is more efficient than other GMAW methods when the metal is thinner than 10mm, anything thicker and the expense begins to overcome traditional welding. Welding wire is fed through the system that is controlled by a computer, the computer adjusts things such as wire feed, welding speed, and amps going through the wire. This allows precise welding of materials like steel and aluminum, with very little slag and spatter, resulting in a cleaner finish weld.
Definition.
CMT is a subset of gas metal arc welding. It works by reducing the weld current and retracting the weld wire when detecting a short circuit, resulting in a drop-by-drop deposit of weld material. Developed for thin materials, CMT requires strict control of weld parameters.
History.
CMT was originally intended for joining sheet metal in the automotive industry, but has expanded to thicker materials.
Application.
Cold metal transfer is used to weld different types of metal with various thicknesses. This low voltage, low heat welding works well on thin sheet metal. It is also being used for thicker material where the integrity of the weld is important. When metal is overheated it affects its structural properties, CMT welding keeps the heat to a minimum, resulting in little change to the structure of the metal, providing a stronger weld. Thin metal has a greater possibility of distorting when heated, during traditional GMAW welding heat sinks or other heat protection had to be used to prevent the warping of the metal, heat protection is not needed during the CMT process. CMT has a wide variety of applications in various industries such as small engine, automotive, and marine.


Woodworking machine

A Woodworking machine is a machine that is intended to process wood. These machines are usually powered by electric motors and are used extensively in woodworking. Sometimes grinding machines (used for grinding down to smaller pieces) are also considered a part of woodworking machinery.
Types of woodworking machinery.
Artisanal and hobby machines.
These machines are used both in small-scale commercial production of timber products and by hobbyists. Most of these machines may be used on solid timber and on composite products. Machines can be divided into the bigger stationary machines where the machine remains stationary while the material is moved over the machine, and hand-held power tools, where the tool is moved over the material.
Panel Line Woodworking machines.
These machines are used in large-scale manufacturing of cabinets and other wooden or panel products.
Panel surface processing.
Panel dividing equipment.
Panel dividing equipment, classified by number of beam, loading system, saw carriage speed
Double end tenoner.
Double end tenoner, classified by conveyor type
Panel edge processing equipment.
Panel edge processing equipment, classified by conveyor speed
Panel boring equipment.
classified by number of boring heads


Soda siphon

The soda siphon (sometimes spelled syphon), also known as the seltzer bottle, siphon seltzer bottle, or just siphon) is a device for storing and dispensing carbonated beverages (typically carbonated water) while maintaining the internal pressure, thereby preventing it from going flat. The carbonated beverage is dispensed using the internal pressure of the bottle, so the setup is not a true siphon in its operation.
History.
As early as 1790, the concept of an "aerosol" was introduced in France, with self-pressurized carbonated beverages. The modern siphon was created in 1829, when two Frenchmen patented a hollow corkscrew which could be inserted into a soda bottle and, by use of a valve, allowed a portion of the contents to be dispensed while maintaining the pressure on the inside of the bottle and preventing the remaining soda from going flat.
Soda siphons were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The rise of bottled carbonated beverages and the destruction of many of the siphon manufacturers' plants in Eastern Europe during World War II led to a decline in their popularity in the years after the war.
Classic bottles wrapped in metal mesh are still commonly used in some bars to make drinks, and are used to enhance a period ambiance in traditionally themed dining venues.
Modern-day production.
Commercial production and delivery of pre-filled bottles of seltzer continued in the Southern California and Eastern Seaboard regions of the US into 2009. , such delivery service continues in Argentina (nationwide), Vienna, Austria by Brauerei Ottakringer and in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. , Coca-Cola Mexico began distributing its Ciel-branded mineral water in 1.75 litre plastic siphon bottles with a reusable plastic head assembly. In the UK, Adcocks Syphons remains the sole producer and bottler of siphons operating in the country, with several stockists selling their product throughout the country. Although Acqua Spumante reconditions and restores vintage siphons for the modern market, operating via an eBay store and own website.
Filling.
For making single-use sealed bottles, or commercially refillable bottles in a seltzer plant, the bottles are first washed and then evacuated using a vacuum pump, and a rubber hose is slipped over the nozzle. The bottle with most of the air removed is then held upside-down under the surface of a tub of carbonated water, which is drawn into the bottle by the vacuum inside when the valve is opened. Sometimes a pump is used to force higher pressure into the bottle.
For portable 1 litre bottles, the head of the siphon bottle is removed for filling. A rubber seal and tube are also removed. Then about 1 litre of very cold water (which can absorb more carbon dioxide) is added to the bottle; the bottle is not completely filled. The rubber seal, tube, and head are then reassembled. An 8-gram CO2 charger is inserted and securely screwed into a port in the head; the port has a conical seal and a hollow pin that pierces the charger and lets the gas into the bottle. When the sound of the gas bubbling into the water is heard, the bottle is shaken, then left to rest. Within seconds, the trigger pull will release seltzer water.
Modern manufacturers such as SodaStream and Aqvia market soda machine systems which can carbonate beverages using larger carbon dioxide canisters, which may be more economical than the traditional small gas cartridges.


Exploded-view drawing

An exploded-view drawing is a diagram, picture, schematic or technical drawing of an object, that shows the relationship or order of assembly of various parts.
It shows the components of an object slightly separated by distance, or suspended in surrounding space in the case of a three-dimensional exploded diagram. An object is represented as if there had been a small controlled explosion emanating from the middle of the object, causing the object's parts to be separated an equal distance away from their original locations.
The exploded-view drawing is used in parts catalogs, assembly and maintenance manuals and other instructional material.
The projection of an exploded view is usually shown from above and slightly in diagonal from the left or right side of the drawing. (See exploded-view drawing of a gear pump to the right: it is slightly from above and shown from the left side of the drawing in diagonal.)
Overview.
An exploded-view drawing is a type of drawing, that shows the intended assembly of mechanical or other parts. It shows all parts of the assembly and how they fit together. In mechanical systems usually the component closest to the center are assembled first, or is the main part in which the other parts get assembled. This drawing can also help to represent the disassembly of parts, where the parts on the outside normally get removed first.
Exploded diagrams are common in descriptive manuals showing parts placement, or parts contained in an assembly or sub-assembly. Usually such diagrams have the part identification number and a label indicating which part fills the particular position in the diagram. Many spreadsheet applications can automatically create exploded diagrams, such as exploded pie charts.
In patent drawings in an exploded views the separated parts should be embraced by a bracket, to show the relationship or order of assembly of various parts are permissible, see image. When an exploded view is shown in a figure that is on the same sheet as another figure, the exploded view should be placed in brackets.
Exploded views can also be used in architectural drawing, for example in the presentation of landscape design. An exploded view can create an image in which the elements are flying through the air above the architectural plan, almost like a cubist painting. The locations can be shadowed or dotted in the siteplan of the elements.
History.
The exploded view was among the many graphic inventions of the Renaissance, which were developed to clarify pictorial representation in a renewed naturalistic way. The exploded view can be traced back to the early fifteenth century notebooks of Marino Taccola (1382–1453), and were perfected by Francesco di Giorgio (1439–1502) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519).
One of the first clearer examples of an exploded view was created by Leonardo in his design drawing of a reciprocating motion machine. Leonardo applied this method of presentation in several other studies, including those on human anatomy.
The term "Exploded-View Drawing" emerged in the 1940s, and is one of the first times defined in 1965 as "Three-dimensional (isometric) illustration that shows the mating relationships of parts, subassemblies, and higher assemblies. May also show the sequence of assembling or disassembling the detail parts."


Rieger Tuning

Rieger, full name: Rieger Kfz-Kunststoffteile, Design und Tuning GmbH, are a German based tuning and bodykit manufacturer based in Eggenfelden.
Rieger Tuning was founded by Toni Rieger in a private garage in 1987. Rieger Tuning specializes in the development, production, and distribution of sport vehicle accessories, the focus being on body styling with the development and distribution of aerodynamic parts for the vehicles of predominantly European manufacture.
Since inception Rieger has grown from a one-man operation into a Tuning Corporation with a 29 full time employees and approximately 15 part time employees.
Foreign trade is over 60 percent of its sales. The corporate headquarters for Rieger Tuning in Germany is located an hours drive east of Munich.
A seven bay installation facility allows opportunity to work details of fitment so that when they send their products around the world installation instructions accompany each product.
The process of design, production and sale are completed under the same roof.
After a new item idea follows the model and tool fabrication, which is completed in-house. Production of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic components is carried out on the automatic vacuum thermoforming machine. The pre-cut blank of the finished ABS component is processed by the computer numerical control milling machines which guarantees an exact fit to the vehicle.
The warehouse allows nearly 95% of all Rieger parts to be available for immediate delivery. A new production and warehouse with nearly was built in 2003.


B & H Tool Works

B & H Tool Works, Inc. is a large tool and die company specializing in the design, build, and repair of Class "A" Progressive Dies. The company is headquartered in Richmond, Kentucky and was established in 1978 by Sammy Hammons and Tommy Brown. A second facility is located in Mount Vernon, Kentucky.
At the Richmond facility, capabilities include CNC machining, Wire EDM, and 5-Axis laser cutting services. Equipment used includes two CNC Vertical Machining Centers, one Mazak Turning Center, four Wire EDM Centers, and one Prima 5-Axis Laser. Recently the company upgraded one of its older CNC mills to a Kitamura MyCenter-7X and added an Agiecut Classic Gold 3S Wire EDM Center. The Laser Department includes 2 100-Ton press brakes used to form and bend lasercut parts.
Besides tool and die, B & H Tool Works also runs production of metal stampings for several industries, the largest being automotive. The company serves as a Tier 2 supplier to several large automobile manufacturers for metal stampings and tooling.
B&H now has 5 wire EDM machines and a total of 15 stamping presses. Recent construction has also added an additional of manufacturing and office space.


EMO (trade show)

EMO is a European trade show for the manufacturing industries. It occurs every odd-numbered year, with a cycle that finds it at the Hanover Fairground in Hanover, Germany for 2 shows, then the Fiera Milano exhibition center in Milan, Italy for 1 show.
The name "EMO" came from the name Exposition Mondiale de la Machine-Outil (Machine Tool World Exposition), and the scope of the content still reflects the machine tool heritage, although it now also extends beyond it. The show covers the spectrum of metalworking technologies, such as machine tools for milling, turning, and forming; manufacturing systems; precision measuring tools; automated materials handling; computer technology; industrial electronics; and accessories.
EMO is run by CECIMO, the European Association of the Machine Tool Industries (Comité européen de coopération des industries de la machine-outil) (www.cecimo.eu). The Verein Deutscher Werkzeugmaschinenfabriken (German Machine Tool Builders’ Association), or VDW, is responsible for the organization of the trade show when in Hanover, while UCIMU, the Association of Italian Manufacturers of Machine Tools, Robots, Automation Systems and ancillary products (NC, tools, components, accessories) manages the Milan show.
An agreement between the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT), which organizes the US-based International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS) and CECIMO coordinates the IMTS and the EMO such that every even-numbered year the IMTS is held in Chicago, and every odd-numbered year the EMO is held in Europe.
History.
EMO began as the EEMO (Exposition européenne de machines-outils, European machine tools exhibition). The first EEMO was held in 1951. The name changed in 1975 to EMO (Exposition Mondiale de la Machine-Outil). Nowadays its scope extends beyond machine tools, and the acronym expansion is not used by CECIMO anymore.


Industrial dryer

Industrial dryers are used to efficiently process large quantities of bulk materials that need reduced moisture levels. Depending on the amount and the makeup of material needing to be dried, industrial dryers come in many different models constructed specifically for the type and quantity of material to be processed. The most common types of industrial dryers are fluidized bed dryers, rotary dryers, rolling bed dryers, conduction dryers, convection dryers, pharmaceutical dryers, suspension/paste dryers, toroidal bed or TORBED dryers and dispersion dryers. Various factors are considered in determining the correct type of dryer for any given application, including the material to be dried, drying process requirements, production requirements, final product quality requirements and available facility space.


Workpiece

A workpiece is a piece, often made of a single material, that is being processed into another desired shape (such as building blocks).
The workpiece is usually a piece of relatively rigid material such as wood, metal, plastic, or stone. After a processing step, the workpiece may be moved on to further steps of processing. For example, a part can made out of bar stock and later become part of a semi-finished product.
The workpiece is often attached to the tool being used via a jig or fixture, like for example to a milling machine via an angle plate, or to a lathe via a lathe faceplate. A vise is another example of a simple type of fixture used to fix workpieces.
A workpiece may be subjected to various cutting operations, like truing, making fillets, chamfers, countersinking, counterboring, etc. It may also receive various surface treatments and finishes.
The term "workpiece" has established itself within crafts and the manufacturing industry, and connects the work or treatment and the object to be treated.
A workbench is often used to hold a workpiece steady during work on it.


Solder mask

Solder mask, solder stop mask or solder resist is a thin lacquer-like layer of polymer that is usually applied to the copper traces of a printed circuit board (PCB) for protection against oxidation and to prevent solder bridges from forming between closely spaced solder pads. A solder bridge is an unintended electrical connection between two conductors by means of a small blob of solder. PCBs use solder masks to prevent this from happening. Solder mask is not always used for hand soldered assemblies, but is essential for mass-produced boards that are soldered automatically using reflow or wave soldering techniques. Once applied, openings must be made in the solder mask wherever components are soldered, which is accomplished using photolithography. Solder mask is traditionally green, but is also available in many other colors.
Solder mask comes in different media depending upon the demands of the application. The lowest-cost solder mask is epoxy liquid that is silkscreened through the pattern onto the PCB. Other types are the liquid photoimageable solder mask (LPSM or LPI) inks and dry-film photoimageable solder mask (DFSM). LPSM can be silkscreened or sprayed on the PCB, exposed to the pattern and developed to provide openings in the pattern for parts to be soldered to the copper pads. DFSM is vacuum-laminated on the PCB then exposed and developed. All three processes typically go through a thermal cure of some type after the pattern is defined although LPI solder masks are also available in ultraviolet (UV) cure.
The solder stop layer on a flexible board is also called "coverlay" or "coverfilm".
In electronic design automation, the solder mask is treated as part of the layer stack of the printed circuit board, and is described in individual Gerber files for the top and bottom side of the PCB like any other layer (such as the copper and silk-screen layers). Typical names for these layers include codice_1/codice_2 aka codice_3/codice_4 or codice_5/codice_6 (EAGLE), codice_7/codice_8 (KiCad), codice_9/codice_10 (TARGET), codice_11/codice_12 (Fritzing), codice_13/codice_14 (OrCAD), codice_15/codice_16 (PADS), codice_17/codice_18 (WEdirekt) or codice_19/codice_20 (Gerber and many others).


Optical manufacturing and testing

Optical manufacturing and testing spans an enormous range of manufacturing procedures and optical test configurations.
The manufacture of a conventional spherical lens typically begins with the generation of the optic's rough shape by grinding a glass blank. This can be done, for example, with ring tools. Next, the lens surface is polished to its final form. Typically this is done by lapping—rotating and rubbing the rough lens surface against a tool with the desired surface shape, with a mixture of abrasives and fluid in between.
Typically a carved pitch tool is used to polish the surface of a lens. The mixture of abrasive is called slurry and it is typically made from cerium or zirconium oxide in water with lubricants added to facilitate pitch tool movement without sticking to the lens. The particle size in the slurry is adjusted to get the desired shape and finish.
During polishing, the lens may be tested to confirm that the desired shape is being produced, and to ensure that the final shape has the correct form to within the allowed precision. The deviation of an optical surface from the correct shape is typically expressed in fractions of a wavelength, for some convenient wavelength of light (perhaps the wavelength at which the lens is to be used, or a visible wavelength for which a source is available). Inexpensive lenses may have deviations of form as large as several wavelengths (λ, 2λ, etc.). More typical industrial lenses would have deviations no larger than a quarter wavelength (λ/4). Precision lenses for use in applications such as lasers, interferometers, and holography have surfaces with a tenth of a wavelength (λ/10) tolerance or better. In addition to surface profile, a lens must meet requirements for surface quality (scratches, pits, specks, etc.) and accuracy of dimensions.


Air Force Logistics Management Agency

The Air Force Logistics Management Agency (AFLMA) improves agile combat support capabilities by generating enterprise supply chain solutions supporting logistics transformation through research, war games and literature. The agency supports Air Force enterprise logistics transformation by sustaining the Air Force supply chain architecture; producing solutions to logistics problems; designing new and improved concepts, methods and systems; and publishing the Air Force Journal of Logistics and other publications on logistics issues.
History.
In late 1975, the Air Force established the Air Force Logistics Management Center at Gunter Air Force Station, Alabama. It was created in response to a need to centrally manage logistics study improvement efforts and concentrate management emphasis on enhancing combat effectiveness. AFLMC was renamed the Air Force Logistics Management Agency (AFLMA) in 1993. Its charter was, and still is, to solve logistics problems. Since its inception, AFLMA has provided a continuing study, analysis, and development capability to the Air Force logistics community. Tackling and solving Air Force logistics problems remains the focus of the Agency today. The Agency has developed strong working relationships with RAND and the Logistics Management Institute. Additionally, the AFLMA has forged partnering and teaming efforts with a variety of other Air Force, public, and private sector organizations.


Tolerance coning

Tolerance coning is the engineering discipline of creating a budget of all tolerances that potentially add/subtract to affect adequacy of a particular parameter. This is particularly critical where stages of design/manufacture precede test/use.
For example, when setting a test limit for a measurement on each manufactured item of some type, to assure that no bad items are shipped, the limit must be tighter than the requirement to allow for the worst case sum of measurement inaccuracies (e.g. equipment, test fixture etc.). The design of the item thus has to take into account not only the product requirement but also the test tolerances. The buildup of this budget is tolerance coning.
Electronics engineers intuitively do tolerance coning and tend to formalise it for critical parameters. However it is also relevant to other engineering disciplines.


Tool and die maker

Tool and die makers are highly skilled crafters working in the manufacturing industries. Variations on the name include tool maker, toolmaker, die maker, diemaker, mold maker, moldmaker or tool jig and die-maker depending on which area of concentration or industry an individual works in.
Tool and die makers work primarily in toolroom environments—sometimes literally in one room but more often in an environment with flexible, semipermeable boundaries from production work. They are skilled artisans (craftspeople) who typically learn their trade through a combination of academic coursework and with substantial period of on-the-job training that is functionally an apprenticeship. They make jigs, fixtures, dies, molds, machine tools, cutting tools, gauges, and other tools used in manufacturing processes.
Divisions.
The main divisions of the tool & die industry include:
Job description.
Working from engineering drawings developed by the toolmaker, engineers or technologists, tool makers lay out the design on the raw material (usually metal), then cut it to size and shape using manually controlled machine tools (such as lathes, milling machines, grinding machines, and jig grinders), power tools (such as die grinders and rotary tools), and hand tools (such as files and honing stones).
Art and science (specifically, applied science) are thoroughly intermixed in their work, as they also are in engineering.
Manufacturing engineers and tool and die makers often work in close consultation as part of a manufacturing engineering team. There is often turnover between the careers, as one person may end up working in both at different times of their life, depending on the turns of their particular educational and career path. There was no codified difference between them during the 19th century and earlier parts of the 20th century; it was only after World War II that engineering became a regulated profession exclusively defined by a university or college engineering degree. Both careers require some level of talent in both artistic/artisanal/creative areas and math-and-science areas.
Since the advent of computing in the manufacturing fields (including CNC, CAD, CAM, and other computer-aided technologies), tool and die makers have increasingly added IT skills to their daily work. Today's tool and die makers are generally required to have all of the traditional skills plus substantial digital skills; these formidable requirements make the field challenging to master.
Training.
Although the details of training programs vary, many tool and die makers begin an apprenticeship with an employer, possibly including a mix of classroom training and hands-on experience. Some prior qualifications in basic mathematics, science, engineering science or design and technology can be valuable. Many tool and die makers attend a 4- to 5-year apprenticeship program to achieve the status of a journeyman tool and die maker. Today's employment relationships often differ in name and detail from the traditional arrangement of an apprenticeship, and the terms "apprentice" and "journeyman" are not always used, but the idea of a period of years of on-the-job training leading to mastery of the field still applies.
In the United States, tool and die makers who graduate from NTMA (National Tooling and Machining Association) have gone through 4 years of college courses as well as 10,000 working hours in order to complete their apprenticeship. They are also accredited through the U.S. Department of Labor.
Jig/fixture maker.
A jig and fixture maker is under the faction of a tool and die maker/toolmaker. The standard differentiation of jigs from fixtures is that a jig guides the tool for the operation being carried out while a fixture simply secures the work. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A jig and fixture maker needs to know how to use an assortment of machines to build these devices such as having skills in welding and in some cases the knowledge of wood working equipment, of course with the tool room machining skills.
They are often advised by an engineer in building the devices. A wide knowledge of various materials is needed beyond wood and metal such as plastics. They also can create, design and build without engineering plans/bluprints.
Jig/fixture makers gain hands on practical experience while monitoring and making alterations as the manufacturing process is constantly improved and reviewed with/by engineering. They also can be required to make these adjustments without engineering help, depending on the size of the company. Some Jigs and fixtures require electronic and pneumatic actuation, which will involve knowledge/training in these fields as well.
Properly built jigs and fixtures reduce waste by ensuring perfectly fitting parts. Jigs and fixtures can be as big as a car or be held in hand. Production needs dictate form and function. Jigs, fixtures and gages are needed to maintain quality standards for repeated low and high volume production demands.
Ongoing evolution of computerized design and control technologies, such as CAD/CAM, CNC, PLC, and others, has limited the use of jigs in manufacturing, however all the computer run machines need some sort of clamping fixture for production runs. A common example is that a drill jig is not needed to guide the drill bits to the hole centers if it is done on a CNC, since it is Computer Numerically Controlled. However, fixtures are still needed to hold the part[s] in place for the operation needed. Jigs are currently needed in many areas of manufacturing but mainly for low-volume production.
Terminology.
Die making.
Die making is a subdiscipline of tool making that focuses on making and maintaining dies. This often includes making punches, dies, steel rule dies, and die sets. Precision is essential in die making; punches and die steels must maintain proper clearance to produce parts accurately, and it is often necessary to have components machined with tolerances of less than one thousandth of an inch.
Tool making.
Tool making typically means making tooling used to produce products. Common tooling includes metal forming rolls, cutting tools (such as tool bits and milling cutters), fixtures, or even whole machine tools used to manufacture, hold, or test products during their fabrication. Due to the unique nature of a tool maker's work, it is often necessary to fabricate custom tools or modify standard tools.
Overlap of die making, tool making, and mold making.
One person may be called upon for all of the above activities, and the skills and concepts involved overlap, which is why tool and die making is often viewed as one field and is also why mold making is often viewed as a subset thereof (rather than a totally separate field).
Toolrooms and toolroom methods.
A toolroom in the original sense of the word is a room where tools are stored; a tool crib. In larger companies, the tools stored there must be checked in and out, and there may be a person assigned to attend the area. In a factory, the toolroom refers to a space where artifacts are made and repaired, particularly tools for use throughout the rest of the factory, jigs for setups, and other parts to assist workers and, as an extension, production. In engineering and manufacturing, toolroom activity is everything related to tool-and-die facilities in contrast to production line activity.
Originally a toolroom was literally in one room, but like "emergency room", the term has been figuratively extended in both substantive and adjectival senses to all such places and the methods used there, regardless of the physical space. The name was originally styled tool room or tool-room, but toolroom is now the norm in engineering and machining.
Making, repairing, and storing tools.
The simplest sense of the word "toolroom" refers to the storage of tools. A broader use of the term includes reference to a space where tools are made, repaired, inventoried, and/or distributed for use within the factory. This extension of the latter sense reflects the development of greater systemization in manufacturing. During the 19th century, there gradually developed a division of labor whereby the people who made, repaired, kept records of, stored, and retrieved tools were not necessarily the same people who used the tools to do the manufacturing work itself. Examples of such division of labor had existed in prior centuries, but most manufacturing had been done on a craft basis, where there had been no need for the idea of a toolroom separate from the rest of the workshop.
The simplest sense above can also be conveyed by the word toolcrib (sometimes styled tool-crib or tool crib).
Tool-and-die facilities and methods.
In engineering and manufacturing, a toolroom is everything related to tool-and-die facilities and methods, in contrast to the factory floor and production line activity. For people not familiar with these fields, in order to understand the specialist usage, some explanation is needed:
Within the general field of machining there is a rough but recurring division between (a) toolroom practice and (b) production practice (the making of large numbers of duplicate parts). It is the difference between manufacturing itself and the tool-and-die work that is done in support of the manufacturing. Anecdotal examples of similar distinctions can probably be found here and there throughout human history, but as a widespread part of the "fabric" of material culture, this distinction (and the terminology with which to talk about it) has evolved since the Industrial Revolution, and most especially since the advent of armory practice and later mass production.
A good, simplistic way to summarize the change in ideas is to compare the making of a certain product in different time periods. In 1750, a rifle was made in a workshop by a craftsman using hand tools, and if he needed a new tool, it is likely that he would make it himself using the same tools and methods that he would use to make his product, the rifle (smithy, files, woodcarving knives, etc.) This type of craftsmanship can still be done today, but it is expensive in terms of skilled labor time per unit of output, and therefore it implies small total output volume and high unit price. However, today the way to make rifles in large quantity with low unit price is to first do the tool-and-die work (toolroom work) (that is, make, or have someone else make, machine tools, jigs, and fixtures), and then use those specialized tools to mass-produce the rifles in an automated way that involves no toolroom methods.
Another example, instead of comparing different centuries, simply compares different methods of toolpath control that could be chosen today: If you need a certain hole location on each part for your drill bit, will you dial it carefully by hand "many times" (once for each part produced), or will you dial it carefully by hand "only once"—while making a drill jig for subsequent drilling to be quickly and effortlessly guided by?
The manufacturing of small batches has often presented the biggest challenge to this division of methods. When only a small batch of output is demanded, will one (a) produce each piece using "custom" methods (handcrafting or toolroom-style layout and machining), which drives up unit cost; or (b) maintain the capital-cost-intensive toolroom-production division, which also drives up unit costs in its own ways? In other words, is it worth one's time to make a fixture, and is it worth tying up a drill press's availability by setting it up for dedicated use with that fixture? The drill press may be needed tomorrow for a different part, with a different setup. For 100 parts, the costs of making a fixture and tying up a machine's availability are justified. For 5 parts, maybe one should just make each of the 5 using toolroom-style layout and toolpath control.
The evolution of IT and its integration into manufacturing is changing the questions and equations still further. For example, CNC and robotics have led the way to rapid prototyping and instant manufacturing, which shift the toolroom-production division by giving an up-front toolroom investment the flexibility to be quickly and easily used for any product design, with batch size irrelevant.
In large corporations there may be a very distinct division of labor between toolroom work and production machining, with different employees for each, whereas job-shop work is often a blend of toolroom work and production work, because each project requires some of both, and the same employees may "wear each hat" in sequence.


1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup

The 1991–92 season of the European Cup Winners' Cup was won by Werder Bremen in the final against Monaco. Both were first-time finalists in the competition.
Defending champions Manchester United were eliminated by Atlético Madrid in the second round.
Teams.
A total of 34 teams participated in the competition.
Notes
Qualifying round.
Second leg.
"Odense won 7–0 on aggregate."
"Tottenham Hotspur won 2–0 on aggregate."
First round.
Second leg.
"Werder Bremen won 11–0 on aggregate."
"Monaco won 10–1 on aggregate."
"Atlético Madrid won 8–2 on aggregate."
"Manchester United won 2–0 on aggregate."
"3–3 on aggregate; GKS Katowice won on away goals."
"Club Brugge won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Ferencváros won 7–3 on aggregate."
"Galatasaray won 5–1 on aggregate."
"Baník Ostrava won 4–1 on aggregate."
"4–4 on aggregate; Ilves won on away goals."
"2–2 on aggregate; Roma won on away goals."
"Norrköping won 6–1 on aggregate."
"Sion won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Feyenoord won 1–0 on aggregate."
"Tottenham Hotspur won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Porto won 4–0 on aggregate."
Second round.
Second leg.
"Monaco won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Atlético Madrid won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Club Brugge won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Werder Bremen won 4–2 on aggregate."
"2–2 on aggregate; Galatasaray won on away goals."
"Roma won 6–3 on aggregate."
"0–0 on aggregate; Feyenoord won 5–3 on penalties."
"Tottenham Hotspur won 3–1 on aggregate."
Quarter-finals.
Second leg.
"4–4 on aggregate. Club Brugge won on away goals."
"Werder Bremen won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Monaco won 1–0 on aggregate."
"Feyenoord won 1–0 on aggregate."
Semi-finals.
Second leg.
"Werder Bremen won 2–1 on aggregate."
"3–3 on aggregate. Monaco won on away goals."
Top scorers.
The top scorers from the 1991–92 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup are as follows:


Pancake die

A pancake die is a simple type of manufacturing die that performs blanking or piercing. Many dies perform complex procedures simultaneously (or progressively for progressive die) such as coining, piercing, forming, bending in addition to product removal and transport (for additional manufacturing procedures or packaging). A pancake die may only perform one simple procedure with the finish product being removed by hand.
An example would be a die that performs blanking of round paper gaskets without holes. This type of die would be created in one simple pass from a wire EDM after heat treating. The workpiece would then produce the punch and the die after the cut is complete. Additional work would then include adding a stripper plate to the punch plate after the punch has been mounted (on punch plate). At this point the pancake die is ready for production.


Individual wheel drive

Individual-wheel drive (IWD) is a wheeled vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all wheels to receive torque from several motors independent of each other. The term was coined to identify those electric vehicles whereby each wheel is driven by its own individual electric motor, as opposed to conventional differentials.
Characteristics.
These vehicles inherently have a range of characteristics built-in that are more commonly attributed to four-wheel drive vehicles or vehicles with extensive control systems. These characteristics can be:
Other features
The motors that are used in these vehicles are commonly wheel hub motors, since no transmission components are then required. Alternative layouts with inboard motors and drive shafts are also possible.
Hydraulic wheel drive.
Hydraulic wheel drives share many of the same features as an electric wheel drive. They also lack the need for a central gear box, mechanical differentials, drive shafts, and provide on the fly switching between front, rear and all-wheel drive. Hydraulic individual wheel drives are standard in various machines, such as zero-turn mowers, multi one lifts / front end loaders, and forklifts. Hydraulic drives are primarily found in machines that serve uses which benefit from the ability to "turn on a dime", i.e. with an exceptionally short turning diameter, and move between forward and reverse modes without shifting gears, such as lawn mowers and loading equipment.
Although one may be conflicted in considering such systems as a direct drive system, being that a motorized pump must drive the hydraulic system from a position other than the wheel hub. Nonetheless the drive is provided directly from the hydraulic rotary motor found in or adjacent to the wheel hub.


Out of autoclave composite manufacturing is an alternative to the traditional high pressure autoclave (industrial) curing process commonly used by the aerospace manufacturers for manufacturing composite material. Out of autoclave (OOA) is a process that achieves the same quality as an autoclave but through a different process. OOA curing achieves the desired fiber content and elimination of voids by placing the layup within a closed mold and applying vacuum, pressure, and heat by means other than an autoclave. An RTM press is the typical method of applying heat and pressure to the closed mold. There are several out of autoclave technologies in current use including resin transfer molding (RTM), Same Qualified Resin Transfer Molding (SQRTM), vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), and balanced pressure fluid molding. The most advanced of these processes can produce high-tech net shape aircraft components.
Processes.
Resin transfer molding.
Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a method of fabricating high-tech composite structures. The RTM process is capable of consistently producing composite parts with high strength, complex geometries, tight dimensional tolerances, and part quality typically required of aerospace applications.
RTM uses a closed mold commonly made of aluminum. A fiber "layup" such as graphite is placed into the mold. The mold is closed, sealed, heated, and placed under vacuum. Heated resin is injected into the mold to impregnate the fiber layup. Having the mold heated and under vacuum, as in Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) assists the resin flow. The mold is then held at a temperature sufficient to cure the resin.
Current RTM technology produces lightweight parts with excellent mechanical properties. With these qualities, composite materials are gaining wide use in a variety of structural and non-structural applications common in aerospace and aviation. RTM is one method of fabricating these composite structures.
Same Qualified Resin Transfer Molding.
Same Qualified Resin Transfer Molding (SQRTM) is a closed mold composites manufacturing method similar to RTM (Resin Transfer Molding). "Same Qualified" refers to this method injecting the same resin as that used in the prepreg layup. The attributes of "same qualified" are significant to a manufacturer because those who adopt this process need not re-qualify resin materials for their production process.
What sets SQRTM apart from standard resin transfer molding is the substitution of a prepreg layup rather than a dry fiber preform.
SQRTM is an RTM process adapted to prepreg technology. The prepreg is placed in a closed mold and during the cure cycle, a small amount of resin is injected into the cavity through ports positioned around the part. This resin does not go into the laminate, but only presses up against the edge of the laminate in order to establish hydrostatic pressure on the prepreg, similar to the goal of autoclave curing. This pressure is similar to the autoclave, on the order of 6-7 bars (90-100 psi). Hydrostatic pressure minimizes voids by keeping dissolved air, water and resin monomers in solution in the resin.
The tool can either be self-clamped and self-heated or heated and clamped by a press. The equipment is composed of a tool, a press, an injector, and a vacuum pump.
The key factors in the SQRTM process include precision machined closed mold tooling, high pressure presses, a high vacuum applied to the tool interior, and precise control of heating platens, injected resin volume, heat, and pressure.
The advantages of the SQRTM process include a high level of integration, tight tolerances and the use of qualified prepregs.
Its disadvantages include higher tool costs and a lower level of flexibility to design changes.
Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding.
Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) differs from pre-preg processing in that fiber reinforcements and core materials are laid up on a one-sided mold and vacuum bagged. Liquid resin is introduced through ports in the mold and vacuum-drawn through the reinforcements by way of designed-in channels and infusion media that facilitate fiber wetout. Subsequent curing does not require high heat or high pressure, unlike the autoclave. The process's comparatively low-cost tooling allows inexpensive production of large, complex parts in one shot, such as the tail of the Mitsubishi Regional Jet.
Balanced pressure fluid molding.
Balanced pressure molding using fluid as the heat transfer is commercially practiced as the 'quickstep' process. This process allows for the curing, partial curing, and joining of composite materials. The process involves a fluid-filled, pressure balanced, heated floating mould technology. The heated floating mold technology used within the process works by rapidly applying heat to the laminate which is trapped between a free floating rigid or semi-rigid mold that floats in, and is surrounded by, a heat transfer fluid (HTF). The rapid heating can lead to significantly lower resin viscosities, and this in turn allows achieving full laminate consolidation using pressures lower than those used in autoclave. The mold and laminate become separated from the circulating HTF by a flexible membrane. The part, typically under full vacuum, is subject to pressures as high as 250kPa fluid pressure and can be rapidly heated to the desired cure temperature without risk of catastrophic exothermic reaction, as the HTF can draw excess heat as desired. The air is then removed under vacuum and the laminate is compacted and heated until the part is cured.
A flexible membrane beneath the mold is bonded into a pressure chamber creating the lower half of a 'clamshell' or 'chamber' like mold set. A second flexible membrane is bonded to a second pressure chamber creating the upper half of the clamshell. These pressure chambers are clamped together during processing, permitting the laminate to be compressed while reducing stress to the mold as it is floating in a balanced pressure environment within the HTF.
The process can use thermosetting, thermoplastic prepregs (pre-impregnated composite fibers), and wet resin with dry fiber to produce superior composite parts. This out of autoclave process can achieve aerospace grade void contents of less than 2%, with extremely fast cycle times, and at significantly lower pressures and lower labor costs than many alternative autoclave production systems using many typical autoclave qualified prepregs. The quickstep out of autoclave system is unique in that it uses fully immersed balanced pressure fluid curing and it allows the user to stop the composite cure reaction at any point in the cure cycle, and thus can halt processing on all or part of the laminate and either return to it at a later to complete cure or to co-cure, join and bond other composites to it to create larger parts.
The use of fluid to control temperature, as opposed to the gas generally used within methods such as autoclave and oven curing equates to lower energy consumption, faster cycle times and extremely accurate part temperature control.
Prepreg compression molding.
Another out of autoclave method for achieving external compression on prepreg based composite parts is through the use of heat shrink tape. This method, however, does not achieve the high quality of RTM or autoclave processes because without the autoclave or a closed mold, the part must be cured in a non-pressurized oven. These compression tapes are typically made from polyester (PET) film. Heat shrink tape is applied to a composite part prior to the heating, or curing cycle. When heated, the tape will shrink in the linear (machine direction). Heat shrink tape works best on parts that are cylindrical or semi-circular in cross section, as this allows the tape to exert even compaction forces on the part surface. Examples would be composite tubes for aerospace, wind energy, consumer sporting goods, etc. Heat shrink tape allows these parts to be processed without the need to cure with the heat and pressure of an autoclave.


Fibrenap (Cushy Pads)

Fibrenap, also referred to as Cushy Pad, is a product made from wood wool bound in Kraft paper which can be used as an environmentally friendly method for packaging a wide range of items. Fibrenap, in its simplest form, comes as a roll of Kraft paper stuffed with wood wool and comes in a variety of widths. These rolls of Fibrenap can be cut to any length desired, wrapped in a plastic sleeve or made into bails. Any combination of these methods can be used to ensure it is in a form which is best suited to the item it is packaging. Fibrenap is most commonly used to transport heavy industry items to protect the items against vibrations and shocks which could occur during transportation.


Universal measuring machine

Universal measuring machines (UMM) are measurement devices used for objects in which geometric relationships are the most critical element, with dimensions specified from geometric locations (see GD&T) rather than absolute coordinates. The very first uses for these machines was the inspection of gauges and parts produced by jig grinding. While bearing some resemblance to a coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) its usage and accuracy envelope differs significantly. While CMMs typically move in three dimensions and measure with a touch probe, a UMM aligns a spindle (4th axis) with a part geometry using a continuous scanning probe.
Originally, universal measuring machines were created to fill a need to continuously measure geometric features in both an absolute and comparative capacity, rather than a point based coordinate measuring system. A CMM provides a rapid method for inspecting absolute points, but geometric relationships, such as runout, parallelism, perpendicularity, etc., must be calculated rather than measured directly. By aligning an accurate spindle with an electronic test indicator with a geometric feature of interest, rather than using non-scanning cartesian probe to estimate an alignment, a universal measuring machine fills this need. The indicator can be accurately controlled and moved across a part, either along a linear axis or radially around the spindle, to continuously record profile and determine geometry. This gives the universal machine a very strong advantage over non-scanning measuring methods when profiling flats, radii, contours, and holes, as the detail of the feature can be of at the resolution of the probe. More modern CMMs do have scanning probes and thus can determine geometry similarly.
In practice, the 1970s-era universal measuring machine is a very slow machine that requires a highly skilled and patient operator to use, and the accuracy built into these machines far outstripped the needs of most industries. As a result, the universal measuring machine today is uncommon, only found as a special-purpose machine in metrology laboratories. Because the machine can make comparative length measurements without moving linear axes, it is a valuable tool in comparing master gauges and length standards. While universal measuring machines were never a mass-produced item, they are no longer available on a production basis, and are produced on a to-order basis tailored to the needs of the metrology lab purchasing it. Manufacturers that perform work that must be measured on such a machine will frequently opt to subcontract the measurement to a laboratory which specializes in such.
Universal measuring machines placed under corrected interferometric control and using non-contact gauge heads can measure features to millionths of an inch across the entire machine's envelope, where other types of machine are limited either in number of axes or accuracy of the measurement. The accuracy of the machine itself is negligible, as the environment the machine is the limiting factor to effective accuracy. The earlier mechanical machines were built to hold 10 to 20 millionths of an inch accuracy across the entire machine envelope, and due to incredible machine design and forethought, remain as accurate today without computer compensation.


Cold spray additive manufacturing

Cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) (also called cold spray 3D printing) is a particular application of cold spraying, able to fabricate freestanding parts or to build features on existing components. During the process, fine powder particles are accelerated in a high-velocity compressed gas stream, and upon the impact on a substrate or backing plate, deform and bond together creating a layer. Moving the nozzle over a substrate repeatedly, a deposit is building up layer-by-layer, to form a part or component. If an industrial robot or computer controlled manipulator controls the spray gun movements, complex shapes can be created. To achieve 3D shape, there are two different approaches. First to fix the substrate and move the cold spray gun/nozzle using a robotic arm, the second one is to move the substrate with a robotic arm, and keep the spray-gun nozzle fixed. There is also a possibility to combine these two approaches either using two robotic arms or other manipulators. The process always requires a substrate and uses only powder as raw material.
This technique is distinct from selective laser melting or electron-beam additive manufacturing or other additive manufacturing process using laser or electron beam for melting the feedstock materials.
History.
The origins of the cold spray process go back to the beginning of the 20th century, when it was developed and patented by Thurston.
The process was further investigated by in the 1950s by Rocheville and was re-discovered in the 1980s at the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Science and developed as a coating technology. The process started to be employed for additive repair and fabrication of freeform structures, that can be considered as additive manufacturing, at the beginning of the 21st century, when the first commercial cold spray system was introduced in the market.
Process.
Additive manufacturing employing the process of cold spraying and its benefits can be considered as a deposition process, capable to build freeform parts and structures at high rates. Since it is a solid-state coating deposition process, during the process no melting of the feedstock material (metal powder) occurs, there are no heat related distortion and no protective atmosphere required, which enables to build up structures layer-by-layer. Theoretically, it allows for manufacture without size limitations for fabricating individual components or repairing damaged components.
The largest 3D printer or Additive Manufacturing machine utilizing cold spray can build parts up to 9×3×1.5 m. During the cold spray process, the impacting particles create the layer, whose thickness can differ, based on the spray gun travel speed against the substrate and the feedstock material feed rate, building the structure layer-by-layers.
Materials.
In cold spraying, the principle of the process is based on plastic deformation of the feedstock powder particles, therefore it is suitable to deposit with this technique mainly pure metals and alloys, but also metallic glasses, metal matrix composites and in some cases polymers. The research and development activities recently focusing on a few most challenging materials for the aircraft, space and defence industry such as aluminum alloys, Nickel base superalloys, different steel grades and titanium alloys
Applications.
Tool and mould making.
Forming, casting and stamping tools with conformal cooling and heating conducting elements, enabling shorter cycle times and significantly longer lifetime of these tools
Defence applications.
Titanium drones, Titomic built a 1.8 meter quadcopter at their R&D Bureau in Melbourne, Australia using their version CSAM. The article also talks about Titomic being contracted to make test parts for Boeing.
Difference from other AM methods.
The most significant differences between the Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing process and other additive manufacturing processes are the low temperature, solid state of the process, avoiding melting the feedstock material.
See also.
3D printing
Electron-beam freeform fabrication
Selective laser sintering
Selective laser melting


Smart Metrology

Smart Metrology is the modern approach to industrial metrology. The name was introduced by Jean-Michel Pou and Laurent Leblond, a French meteorologist and a French statistician. The term was coined in their book "La Smart Metrology: De la métrologie des instruments... à la métrologie des décisions". It was immediately adopted by Deltamu, a French company providing services in the field of industrial metrology, to promote its vision of metrology.
The modern approach promoted by Smart Metrology consists, mainly, in the full exploitation of all available data and information, including that provided by Big Data, to implement a correct, pertinent and efficient approach to the three pillars of metrology (uncertainty, calibration and traceability) in the industrial applications
The Smart Metrology approach.
The approach suggested by Smart Metrology is fully framed inside the ISO 9001 recommendations that any industry using a measuring instrument must keep them under control.
The traditional approach.
The traditional approach to industrial metrology tends to follow these steps:
So, the actual results of the calibration may not even be used in the decision-making process. This way, metrology is often regarded as a pure cost and is actually not following the ISO 9001 quality standards.
Smart metrology innovation.
Smart metrology follows a different approach to keeping the instruments under control. This new approach is aimed at achieving a higher efficiency according to the following steps:
According to the above steps, metrology does no longer represent an useless cost, afforded mainly to satisfy the standards. Instead, it can be regarded as an investment to enhance the quality of industrial production. It makes full use of the measurement results and makes use of measurement uncertainty in the decision-making process.


Closed-loop manufacturing

Closed-loop manufacturing (abbreviated CLM) is a closed-loop process of manufacturing and measuring (checking) in the manufacturing machine. The pre-stage to this is inspection in manufacturing. The idea is to reduce costs and improve the quality and accuracy of the produced parts.
General procedure.
Closed-loop manufacturing can be done in different ways dependent on the manufacturing technique and on the accuracy requirements.
Suitable manufacturing techniques.
CLM is very suitable for electrical discharge machining. Milling or turning is also suitable for CLM.
Suitable measuring techniques.
In machining measurement techniques have to fulfill special needs. In particular optical techniques have the advantage that they do not touch the part. The following parts are practically used:
Advantages / Disadvantages.
The advantages are:
The disadvantages are:


The Printhouse

The Printhouse is an American company headquartered in the Chicago suburb of Palatine, Illinois. The Printhouse was formed when a company, Qualay International changed names in 1995 to The Printhouse. They are a provider of commercial printing and paperboard packaging. The Printhouse has designed a unique, fully online proofing system. This proofing method includes QR codes.
Industries Served.
Publishing, logistics, manufacturing, educational testing, church pension, transportation, automotive parts, fitness, oil & refining, advertising, heating and air-conditioning, financial planning, insurance, legal, accounting, wedding gowns, floral wholesale, banking.


MSC Industrial Direct

MSC Industrial Direct Co., Inc (MSC), through its subsidiaries, primarily, MSC Industrial Supply Co., it is one of the largest industrial equipment distributors in the United States, distributing more than 1.5 million metalworking and other industrial products.
MSC was founded in 1941 as Sid Tool, Inc., by Sidney Jacobson, in New York's Little Italy. It originally sold cutting tools and accessories to New York City machine shops. The company later moved its headquarters to Plainview, NY.
In 1970, Manhattan Supply Company was acquired and, in 1998, moved its headquarters to Melville, New York. The company currently operates from five regional Customer Fulfillment Centers and 12 branch offices.
On June 8, 2006, MSC completed the acquisition of J & L America, Inc. DBA J & L Industrial Supply (J & L), a subsidiary of Kennametal, for $349.5 million.
In 2013, Erik Gershwind, Sid Jacobson's grandson, was named President and Chief Executive Officer. In 2013 the company opened its co-headquarters office in Davidson, North Carolina which is located in the Charlotte, North Carolina metropolitan area. The company has expanded to 750 employees at the co-headquarters, with 120 employees making the move to the Carolinas from the Melville office.
In 2013, MSC acquired Barnes Distribution North America to expand its footprint in Canada. The business was renamed Class C Solutions Group.
In 2017, MSC acquired DECO Tool Supply Co., an industrial supply distributor based in Davenport, Iowa, to expand its footprint in the region.
In 2018, MSC acquired All Integrated Solutions, a value-added distributor of industrial fasteners and components, MRO supplies and assembly tools based in Franksville, Wisconsin.
In 2019, MSC completed a transaction with TAC Global Solutions, a Mexican industrial distribution company, to expand into Mexico.
In 2022, MSC acquired Engman-Taylor, a Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin-based distributor of metalworking tools and supplies. That same year, MSC also acquired Tower Fasteners, a Holtsville, New York-based valued-added distributor of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) fasteners and components.
In 2023, MSC acquired Buckeye Industrial Supply Co., an independent metalworking distributor based in Columbus, Ohio, and Tru-Edge Grinding Inc., a St. Henry, Ohio-based custom tool manufacturer.


Susceptor

A susceptor is a material used for its ability to absorb electromagnetic energy and convert it to heat (which in some cases is re-emitted as infrared thermal radiation). The electromagnetic energy is typically radiofrequency or microwave radiation used in industrial heating processes, and also in microwave cooking.
Operation.
In microwave cooking, susceptors are built into paper packaging of certain foods, where they absorb microwaves which penetrate the packaging. This process raises the susceptor patch temperature to levels where it may then heat food by conduction or by infrared radiation.
Design and use.
Susceptors are usually made of metallised film, ceramics or metals (such as aluminium flakes).
The susceptor (which may be located on examination by its gray or blue-gray color, which is different from paper) is the reason products meant to be browned via susceptor-generated thermal radiation carry instructions to microwave the food while still inside its packaging.
Susceptors meant to heat foods by direct conduction, where less browning will occur, may be seen in the gray lining of packaging directly holding the food and in good contact with it. A typical example of the latter is the paper-susceptor–lined dish directly holding a microwaveable pot pie or casserole.
Susceptors built into packaging create high temperatures in a microwave oven. This is useful for crisping and browning foods, as well as concentrating heat on the oil in a microwave popcorn bag (which is solid at room temperature) in order to melt it rapidly.
Among the first microwave susceptors marketed were those from the mid-1980s in a product called McCain Micro Chips by McCain Foods. It consisted of a susceptor sheet which cooked French fries in a microwave oven. These sheets are currently used in several types of packaging for heating and cooking products in microwave ovens. Care in package design and use is required for proper food safety.
A "crisping sleeve" is a device made of paperboard and affixed with a susceptor used both as a rigid container to support the food items within and to focus heat on the foodstuff. They are generally intended for a single use. Hot Pockets is an example of a product which uses crisping sleeves.
Microwave crisper pan.
Microwave crisper pans and trays covert microwave into infrared to heat food.


This article details the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League qualifying phase and play-off round.
All times CEST (UTC+2)
Teams.
This table shows the path of all 174 teams involved in the qualifying phase and play-off round, including the 15 losing teams from the Champions League third qualifying round which joined at the play-off round (marked by CL). 38 teams qualified for the group stage to join the 10 losing teams from the Champions League play-off round.
CL-c Losing teams from the Champions League third qualifying round (Champions Path)
CL-n Losing teams from the Champions League third qualifying round (Non-Champions Path)
First qualifying round.
Seeding.
Teams with a coefficient of at least 1.332 were seeded.
Matches.
Notes:
First leg.
Notes
Second leg.
"Zimbru Chișinău won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Zestaponi won 11–1 on aggregate."
"Helsingborg won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Haladás 2–2 Irtysh on aggregate. Haladás won on away goals."
"Spartak Trnava won 5–2 on aggregate."
"MTZ-RIPO won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Dinamo Minsk won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Bnei Yehuda won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Dinaburg won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Slaven Belupo won 1–0 on aggregate."
"Olimpi Rustavi won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Lahti won 4–3 on aggregate."
"FK Vėtra won 6–0 on aggregate."
"Rosenborg won 6–1 on aggregate."
"Rudar Velenje won 6–1 on aggregate."
"Anorthosis Famagusta won 7–1 on aggregate."
"Vllaznia Shkodër won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Fram won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Motherwell won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Široki Brijeg won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Polonia Warsaw won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Randers won 7–0 on aggregate."
"Valletta won 5–2 on aggregate."
Notes
Second qualifying round.
Seeding.
Teams with a coefficient of at least 1.958 were seeded, except Lahti, the lowest ranked of the teams from Finland.
Matches.
Notes:
First leg.
Notes
Second leg.
"Legia Warsaw won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Dinamo Tbilisi won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Karabakh won 1–0 on aggregate."
"Metalurh Donetsk won 5–1 on aggregate."
"Rabotnički won 5–3 on aggregate."
"Petrovac won 4–3 on aggregate."
"NAC Breda won 8–0 on aggregate."
"Lahti won 2–1 on aggregate."
"St Patrick's Athletic won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Brøndby won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Kaunas 1–1 Sevojno on aggregate. Sevojno won on away goals."
"Polonia Warsaw won 5–0 on aggregate."
"Bnei Yehuda won 5–0 on aggregate."
"FK Vėtra won 3–2 on aggregate."
"MŠK Žilina won 3–0 on aggregate."
"Elfsborg won 3–0 on aggregate."
"Tromsø won 4–1 won aggregate."
"Randers won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Basel won 7–1 on aggregate."
"Maccabi Netanya won 3–0 on aggregate."
"Slaven Belupo won 12–2 on aggregate."
"KR won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Cherno More won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Sarajevo won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Vaduz won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Steaua București won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Derry City won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Omonia won 8–1 on aggregate."
"Gent 2–2 Naftan on aggregate. Gent won on away goals."
"Galatasaray won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Rapid Wien won 8–0 on aggregate."
"Sturm Graz won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Slavija won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Red Star Belgrade won 5–0 on aggregate."
"Motherwell won 8–2 on aggregate."
"Helsingborg won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Sigma Olomouc won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Rijeka won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Honka won 3–0 on aggregate."
"Paços de Ferreira won 1–0 on aggregate."
Notes
Third qualifying round.
Seeding.
Teams with a coefficient of at least 7.826 were seeded. Karabakh, Petrovac and Slavija were also seeded because the draw was held before the second qualifying round, in which they beat teams who would have been seeded.
Matches.
Notes
First leg.
Notes
Second leg.
"Vaslui won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Krylia Sovetov 3–3 St Patrick's Athletic on aggregate. St Patrick's Athletic won on away goals."
"Karabakh won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Košice won 5–1 on aggregate."
"Slovan Liberec won 3–0 on aggregate."
"PSV won 2–0 on aggregate."
"Lech Poznań won 7–3 on aggregate."
"Hapoel Tel Aviv won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Tromsø won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Club Brugge won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Lille won 4–0 on aggregate."
"Sturm Graz won 7–1 on aggregate."
"Rapid Wien won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Austria Wien won 5–3 on aggregate."
"Basel won 5–3 on aggregate."
"Young Boys 2–2 Athletic Bilbao on aggregate. Athletic Bilbao won on away goals."
"Galatasaray won 10–1 on aggregate."
"Legia Warsaw 3–3 Brøndby on aggregate. Brøndby won on away goals."
"CSKA Sofia won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Metalurh Donetsk won 5–0 on aggregate."
"NAC Breda won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Fenerbahçe won 6–2 on aggregate."
"Sigma Olomouc won 8–1 on aggregate."
"Metalist Kharkiv won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Elfsborg won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Odense won 7–3 on aggregate."
"Sarajevo 3–3 Helsingborg on aggregate. Sarajevo won 5–4 on penalties."
"Hamburg won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Roma won 10–2 on aggregate."
"PAOK 2–2 Vålerenga on aggregate. PAOK won on away goals."
"Steaua București won 6–1 on aggregate."
"Red Star Belgrade won 5–4 on aggregate."
"MŠK Žilina won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Fulham won 6–0 on aggregate."
"Bnei Yehuda won 2–0 on aggregate."
Notes
Play-off round.
Seeding.
Teams with a coefficient of at least 12.890 were seeded.
Matches.
Notes
First leg.
Notes
Second leg.
"Shakhtar Donetsk won 5–0 on aggregate."
"Werder Bremen won 8–3 on aggregate."
"Fulham won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Twente won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Hapoel Tel Aviv won 3–2 on aggregate."
"CSKA Sofia won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Everton won 5–1 on aggregate."
"Hertha BSC won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Ajax won 7–1 on aggregate."
"Nacional won 5–4 on aggregate."
"CFR Cluj won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Heerenveen 1–1 PAOK on aggregate. Heerenveen won on away goals."
"Lille won 6–3 on aggregate."
"Lazio won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Athletic Bilbao won 4–3 on aggregate."
"Sturm Graz won 2–1 on aggregate."
"Austria Wien won 5–4 on aggregate."
"Dinamo București 3–3 Slovan Liberec on aggregate. Dinamo București won 9–8 on penalties."
"Partizan won 3–1 on aggregate."
"Basel won 8–2 on aggregate."
"AEK Athens won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Galatasaray won 6–1 on aggregate."
"BATE Borisov won 4–1 on aggregate."
"Sparta Prague won 3–0 on aggregate."
"Villarreal won 9–2 on aggregate."
"Lech Poznań 1–1 Club Brugge on aggregate. Club Brugge won 4–3 on penalties."
"Slavia Prague won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Hamburg won 8–2 on aggregate."
"Fenerbahçe won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Genoa won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Dinamo Zagreb won 4–2 on aggregate."
"Roma won 10–4 on aggregate."
"PSV won 2–0 on aggregate."
"Benfica won 5–2 on aggregate."
"Steaua București won 5–1 on aggregate."
"Rapid Wien 2–2 Aston Villa on aggregate. Rapid Wien won on away goals."
"Toulouse won 3–2 on aggregate."
"Valencia won 7–1 on aggregate."
Notes