Model and related parameters of concrete mixing plant
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Hormigonera autocargable es una máquina de construcción con alta intensidad de trabajo y requisitos de alta confiabilidad. Se puede alimentar, mezclar y transportar automáticamente por sí mismo. Por lo tanto, la maquinaria mejora ...
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HZS35 cement mixing plant, View HZS35 cement mixing
HZS35 cement mixing plant, US $ 24000 - 40000 / Unit, Electric, 60kw, 17M*13M*11M.Source from Nantong Tongmeng Heavy Industry Co., Ltd. on Alibaba.com.
Worker Safety Series - Concrete Manufacturing
The facility's sales manager related, "Either you make precast concrete pieces safely, or you don't make them for very long." Oldcastle's safety manager spearheaded the division's commitment to safety and took charge of the VPP application process. She credits the plant employees for their hard work and continued dedication to their safety program.
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Construction and Building Materials
Read the latest articles of Construction and Building Materials at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature
Stationary Stabilized Soil Mixing Plant
35m3/h Mobile Concrete Mixing Plant High quality mobile concrete mixing plant . it is easy to movable so it’s an ideal model for distance construction projects like roads, bridges, dam, airport, ports and any other small-scale projects.
HZS120 Concrete Batching Plant
Concrete batching plant consists of material batching, mixing and electric control system, etc, which is professional equipment for ready mix concrete production, such as plasticity/dry concrete. Unique concrete mixing plant is widely used in small and medium construction products, road, bridge project, and concrete prefabrication factory.
Concrete Mixing Pump ABJZ40-AIPAL MALL
It has the characteristics of small size, low power, simple operation, stable performance, etc., and is suitable for on-site mixing of concrete and large aggregate concrete. In addition to pumping fine stone concrete, concrete mixing pumps can also pump mortar for ground and wall construction.
Concrete Pole Plant Mixing Machine
Concrete mixing station are widely used and necessary in prestressed or reinforced concrete pole plant. The quality of concrete will decides the concrete pole quality like breaking load and cracking load directly . According to different productivity of concrete poles in the pole plant, there are generally two models suggested .
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Main picture of YHZS50/60 or 50m3/h mobile concrete batch plant for sale Features of yhzs50 mobile concrete mixing plant 1. Automatic PLC control system and easy to operate with high efficiency
WBZ500 Stabilized Soil Mixing Station
This series of mixing plant adopts the semi-pulling structure with running system and standard coupling pin included. It is a new type of movable cement mixing plant which can be dragged by a tractor to transferring work-site easily and quickly. Without foundation and commissioning enables convenient movement and quick installation. 2. Features: 1.
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first step in making concrete is its mix design and deciding the type and amount of constitutes used in the production of concrete which should fulfil the requirements of the final product. Mix design models are commonly used for the purpose of proportioning concrete ingredients while anticipating the properties of the final product.
IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete
6 CONCRETE 6.1 Grades 6.2 Propertiesof Concrete 7 WORKABIUTY OF CONCRETE 8 DURABILITY OFCONCRETE 8.1 General 8.2 Requirements for Durability 9 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING 9.1 Mix Proportion 9.2 Design MixConcrete 9.3 NominalMixConcrete 10 PRODUlllON OFCONCRETE 10.1 QualityAssuranceMeasures 10.2 Batching 10.3 Mixing 11 FORMWORK 1J.1 General
HZS75 concrete mixing plant-Henan Hengyi Heavy Industry
HZS75 Concrete mixing plant is composed of material supply, batching system, mixing, electrical control and steel structure. Concrete mixers is ideal concrete equipment for building project, building ground and precast product factory. Features: The main characteristic is: The machine adopts JS1500 concrete mixer, it has good mixing quality and ...
HZS120 concrete mixing plant-Henan Hengyi Heavy Industry
HZS120 Concrete mixing plant is composed of material supply, batching system, mixing, electrical control and steel structure. Concrete mixers (concrete pump) is ideal concrete equipment for building project, building ground and precast product factory. Features: The main characteristic is: The machine adopts JS2000（JS2000B）concrete mixer ...
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(PDF) Mix Design of High-performance Concrete
A mix design procedure for high-performance concrete mixes has been presented in this paper. Since rheological parameters and compressive strength are fundamental properties of concrete in two ...
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Hzs180 Beton Mixing Plant Blet Type Concrete Batching Plant - Buy Concrete Batching Plant On Sale,Hzs180 Concrete Mix Plant,Beton Concrete Mixing
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Cement Standards and Concrete Standards
Cement Standards and Concrete Standards ASTM's cement and concrete standards are instrumental in the evaluation and testing of concrete, cement, and aggregates. Concrete can have different properties depending upon the mixture that is used in creating it, which contains cement, chemical admixtures, and aggregates.
Shortcut Containerized Concrete Mixing Plant
Shortcut Containerized Concrete Mixing Plant. RP HZS series shortcut containerized concrete Mixing Plant; Model HZS25 HZS40 HZS50 HZS75 HZS100 ... Above parameter is ...
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ALL >> Business >> View Article
Solving Issues Of Backed Up Sewer Nyc With Expert Plumbers With 3 Assistances
Total Articles: 36
After having built a house in New York City or having moved into one of the houses in the neighbourhood, people are quite happy about the cosy place that they could find. Various features are quite interesting in such deals because these residents are able to get the good quality stay in one of the best locations. But, when people have stayed for some time in New York City, one of the possible issues that they might face is that of the sewer leakage, clogging and backflow of the waste and sewerage water. It is therefore an essential service to pick up sewer cleaning in NYC through the help of professional drain cleaning and plumbers NYC.
• Common layout plans in knowledge of local plumbers – Having knowledge of the pipe layout and drain outlets is an important criterion for handling issues seen with backed up sewer NYC. The plumbers Brooklyn NY are well aware about the kind of layout, because they are aware about the norms with which these have been set up. Hence, on looking at the drainage system, they can easily pinpoint the kind of network that has been used in setting up the drainage in the building. Consequently, they can recognise the manner in which the work is done. Also, they will be able to work upon the possible points at which the obstructions are present.
• Technical knowledge of the drainage system in the NY region – Since the professional plumbers NYC usually are called in to work in collaboration with the drainage set up, they are having the technical knowledge to repair these drains. So, plumbers Brooklyn NY are able to know the drainage system or the sewer lines in the buildings in the locality. It therefore helps in a big way, if people are able to hire professional help for the backed up sewer NYC. Some smart and productive companies are doing their best to hire these personnel for working on different assignments related to the cleaning and maintenance of the sewer lines. These personnel are usually having plumbing experience or have partnerships with plumbers in the region of NYC, who know about the different plumbing arrangements in residential and commercial areas. So, hiring the plumbers will be of advantage for the people in New York City.
• Can repair the drainage pipes with proper identification of the issues – Repairing work by the plumbers Brooklyn NY can be highly effective. Initially, they can identify the possible points because of which there is drainage overflow or backflow into the disposal points inside the house or in the basement. It is because of this kind of identification that backed up sewer NYC is possible to be cleaned in an effective manner. Hence, residents not only get their drains repaired instantaneously, but it is done with durability and long term benefits.
Any issues of blockage of sewer lines and drainage can be solved by the help of expert plumbers NYC, who are aware about the layout. Besides, they are well versed in the drainage systems in common, which is laid out in residential areas. So, they are of help in cleaning and maintaining sewer lines, because they have the necessary expertise.
Eddie Eliot dabbles in methods of cameras for plumbing and sewer lines. Plumbers Brooklyn NY have given lots of benefits to the residents as well as the plumbers NYC because these techniques allow proper visualisation of the interiors of the sewer drains.
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Bridges In Brief
Cyclists and pedestrians will have a new Williamsburg Bridge path to use by late spring 1998, when the newly constructed south walkway/bikeway will be completed. While the Manhattan entrance involves a long, steep cyclist-defeating staircase, DOT officials say the stairs are temporary. The final design is ramped.
One bridge downriver, the southside Manhattan Bridge walkway is virtually complete, although DOT will keep the path closed until April 2001. Officials say construction near the walkway, lead paint abatement on the bridge, and the incomplete Brooklyn Plaza Park entrance make the walkway unsafe. Design of the northside permanent bikeway is getting underway.


Are you ready for the Digital Revolution?
BIMTech cordially invite you to join us for “Lighting & the Digital Revolution”
17:30 – 20:30, Thursday 27th October at The Merchant Room, The Castlefield Rooms, 18-20 Castle Street, Manchester M3 4LZ
A fascinating insight into the future of lighting and its role in the digital revolution, this is a free event, hosted by TRILUX Akademie.
BIMTech director Matt McGuire will join Richard Taylor, renowned lighting industry expert, to discuss some key issues including: Big Data; Internet of Things; LiFi and BIM, as part of the TRILUX Akademie programme of theme days and seminars.
TRILUX is a firm believer in learning through inspiration, example and networking. Their events are designed to offer participants a complete view of a specific technical area and to communicate valuable expertise offering an ideal opportunity to gain detailed insight into a complex, specialist theme.
Matt McGuire has been working with 3D modelling since the 1990s, and he leads BIMTech’s vision to embrace all emerging technologies for application in the built environment. BIMTech is a virtual 3D modelling company that specialises in producing fully co-ordinated, clash-detected mechanical, electrical and public health service drawings for the construction and infrastructure sectors. Since 2005, we have provided a premium service to our clients linking concept and design to the needs of installers and operators to achieve construction-standard, coordinated information in compliance with BIM protocols. Our highly experienced in-house technicians use their extensive knowledge of the built environment to deliver co-ordinated models compliant with BIM Level 2 protocols and PAS 1192 requirements for data management.
This Manchester event will be a lively, interactive evening, with plenty of scope to pick our experts’ brains in a Q&A session and over a buffet and drinks.
|18.00||Introduction to Future Technology|
|18:25||Introduction to BIMTech Engineering by Lyndsey Vickers, followed by Flythrough Comparison of Design and BIM Tech Modelling – Matt McGuire, BIMTech Engineering|
|19.15||Lighting and the Digital Revolution – Richard Taylor, Graphic Strategy|
|19.45||Q & A Session|
|20.00||Buffet meal & drinks|
Date: 27th October 2016
Venue: The Merchant Room, The Castlefield Rooms, 18-20 Castle Street, Manchester M3 4LZ
We anticipate this event will be of particular interest to: lighting designers; electrical contractors; architects; facility planners and anyone working in building MEP services or a lighting and building planning capacity.


Meeting the County’s Highest Fire Safety Standards
The new Lilac Hills Ranch is designed to meet the highest fire protection standards in San Diego County. The project will provide a new or expanded fire station that will ensure emergency responders can reach every home in the community in less than 5 minutes.
The community will pay more than $1.3 million annually to the Deer Springs Fire Protection District. The funds will benefit the local district and strengthen the regional fire protection network, making North County safer. The District has approved the community’s fire protection plan.
Lilac Hills Ranch Fire Response Time Map
click map to enlarge
Building a Safe Community Fire prevention measures, developed by firefighters, have been embedded into the design of the community:
- Ignition-resistant building materials, including roofs, walls, windows, doors, eaves, and vents
- Every home equipped with fire sprinklers and built with ignition-resistant building materials, roofs and eaves
- Community roads are designed to Deer Springs Fire Protection District and County Consolidated Fire Code safety standards
- 50-foot irrigated buffer surrounding the entire community
- 100 feet of defensible space around homes


1- Fiberglass Shingle Roof
Each shingle attached with six fasteners, backed by 20-year limited warranty.
2- Asphalt Laminated Reinforced Shingle Underlayment
In addition to a layer of 15-lb roofing felt.
3- Oriented Strand Board Roof Sheathing
Engineered to resist racking and shape distortion under high wind.
4- Truss Roof Rafter System
With double rafters within 3' of front & rear. (Approved for hurricane zones I, II & III) Solid one-piece structural center beams.
5- Blown Cellulose Ceiling Insulation
Fire retardant and formaldehyde-free.
6- Insulated Flex-Duct System
Fiber reinforced mastic sealed airtight insulated flex-duct system with sealed interior risers insulated with fiberglass.
7- Ventilated Roof Cavity
In addition to a whole house ventilation system.
8- Vinyl Lap Siding
50-year limited warranty: won't dent, rot, chip or corrode.
9- 3/8" Structural Sheathing Under Lap Siding
Adds strength and extra insulation to walls.
10- Fiberglass Exterior Wall Insulation
For maximum energy efficiency.
11- 2" x 6" Exterior Walls
With 26-gauge uplift straps attached to the floor and rafters.
12- 2" x 4" Interior Walls
Gypsum board covered with decorative wall vinyls
13- Double Marriage Walls
Walls from each side of the home join together at the center line forming an double wall to provide superior structural stability.
14- Decorator Gypsum Interior Walls
Or optional painted textured walls.
15- Oriented Strand Board Floor Decking
Langboard OSB comes with a 10-year limited warranty against delamination.
16- Fiberglass Blanket Floor Insulation
A one-piece blanket of insulation covers each section to provide the highest amount of energy efficiency.
17- Transverse Floor Construction
Tongue-and-groove floor decking.
18- Reinforced Polyvinyl Bottom Board
Helps eliminate moisture infiltration and air seepage.
19- Solid Steel I-Beam
With a steel front header frame member and full outriggers on 14' wide sections.
20- Tie-Down Connectors
Vertical, horizontal and frame tie-down connectors


The Scottish Ministers give notice that they have made the following Order temporarily prohibiting traffic, temporarily prohibiting overtaking and temporarily restricting the speed of vehicles on the lengths of road identified in this Notice.
The Order, which is required because works are being or are proposed to be executed on or near the lengths of road, will be in operation from 1 August 2019 until 1 November 2019, but the prohibitions and restrictions contained in the Order will only be operational when the appropriate traffic signs are displayed. No prohibition in the Order applies to vehicles being used in an emergency for fire brigade, ambulance, police or coastguard purposes or vehicles being used for carrying out the works. No speed restriction imposed by the Order applies to vehicles being used in the service of the Special Forces or vehicles being used in an emergency for coastguard purposes.
Where the closure of a carriageway on a dual carriageway road is involved the alternative route for traffic in relation to the lengths of road affected by the Order will be signposted. Detailed descriptions of the alternative routes and the works being carried out can also be obtained at the following offices:
Scottish Roads Partnership, Campbell House, M8 Central Business Park, Greenside Road, Newhouse, Motherwell, ML1 5FL, Telephone 0800 042 0188
For information about roadworks on motorways and trunk roads visit www.trafficscotland.org.uk
A Member of the Staff of the Scottish Ministers
58 Port Dundas Road


Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs Using Unbonded Tendons
|Publication Date:||1 February 2004|
In many parts of the country, post-tensioned concrete slabs with unbonded tendons have become the preferred choice for floor systems in both commercial and residential buildings. The two most popular systems are one-way slabs spanning between parallel beams placed between column supports, and two-way flat slab systems. Both systems are economical for applications in parking structures, low- and high-rise apartment buildings, office buildings, industrial buildings, hotels, and hospitals. For two-way slabs, the use of banded (or grouped) tendons is the prevalent tendon layout. Typically, tendons in two-way slabs are banded in one direction and uniformly distributed in the orthogonal direction.


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Joyce Levine, in her Feb. 13 commentary, expresses her concern for the safety of everyone using Douglas Bridge, particularly bicyclists and pedestrians. The bicycle-pedestrian path is six inches narrower than she deems adequate.
Given the competing interests for travel lanes on the bridge and given her safety concerns, it seems to me that if we are to avoid a huge-cost bridge project or, alternatively, a continuation of traffic capacity problems in the vicinity, it would be really swell if bicyclists would simply walk their steeds across the bridge. That way, the bicycle-pedestrian path would become an all-pedestrian path and everyone would be safer, not to mention richer come tax time.
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Construction Project Engineer Tulsa, OK 74120
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This position is responsible for coordinating and generating documentation such as RFIs, submittals, memos, transmittals, purchase orders, subcontracts, and change orders. Your ..
... infrastructure support services, gas pipeline construction and inspection services, environmental consulting ... the Uranium Processing Facility (UPF) Construction organization in the Construction Field Engineering group. Responsibilities are ... routing..
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Lateral buckling resistance of inelastic I-beams
under off-shear center loading, Thin-Walled Structures 49: 431-436.
The critical shear stress [[tau].sub.cr] and limit value of transverse forces [Q.sub.u] are calculated using the formulas from section 22 of State Standard DBN V.2.6-198:2014 for I-beams
with flexible wall.
The LED strings (Philips Color Kinetics) are mounted on the short faces of the I-beams
. They're installed within Unistrut channels with polycarbonate lenses, which mask glare from the nodes and protect the strings from vandalism, dust, sand and even pigeon droppings, as the team discovered during construction.
*Beam Anchors for I-beam
use: Lightweight, yet strong, offering complete freedom of movement and superior performance on overhead I-beams
* First shipment of 56 I-beams
arrived in Valdez in November 2012.
Twenty feet by eight feet steel plates were placed between the vertical I-beams
and pushed down by the excavator as it dug.
Standard IPB beams measuring 120 -300 mm, self-manufactured I-beams
up to 600 mm in height, supports up to a depth of 1,000 mm and maximum weights of 3 tons have to be coated.
Clients from construction businesses wanted to use material types (I-Beams
, T-Beams, etc).
Where newer shopping centers have decorative columns, White City has bare steel I-beams
in the carpet's pile--are the structure, the I-beams
The piece, which features three I-beams
stacked on top of each other, will be on display at the park for the next three years.
The impetus for one Kaizen event was the purchase of a new structural drill for what employees call the stringer cell area, "where we weld up the stringers for the bleachers." The structural drill that processes raw I-beams
before they move into the area was outdated and had become a bottleneck in the production process.
Ranjith Kumar Surana and his family, trades in various steel products such as thermo mechanically treated (TMT) bars, channels, angles, I-beams
, billets, squares, blooms, and rounds.
From Broadway, the building's facade is defiantly mechanistic, an enormous tic-tac-toe board of projecting aluminum louvers, many set on the diagonal, meant to express the internal truss system that keeps it aloft (as Mies's I-beams
do at the Seagram Building in midtown).
Here this research was extended to three-point bending fatigue of notched A572-G50 steel I-beams
, which are typical structural members used in bridge construction.


60 MGD Deep Well Pump Station Bypass Allows City to Repair Critical ValvesView PDF
In order to repair critical valves that handle much of the flow at a Kansas City, MO pump station, the municipality required a 60 MGD bypass to be setup within a 70’ deep wet well. The combined sewer and storm drain pump station feeds into a 72″ force main before arriving at the WWTP.
Rain for Rent’s Pontoon Beach, IL branch and Engineering Department collaborated to design a 70 MGD bypass using six primary submersible pumps and one back-up pump within a 70’ deep wet well.
- Pump installation was a challenge because the system had to be bypassed from the main influent wet well of the pump station which was 70’ deep. The Rain for Rent operations team followed safety protocols and wore harnesses tied to anchors as they dropped the pumps and pipe into place.
- The system was set up in multiple phases to allow the valve repairs to be conducted while the bypass flowed uninterrupted.
- 5,100’ of 18″ and 30″ HDPE discharge lines merged into the existing force main from the submersible pumps.
- Rain for Rent kept two entire pump rebuild kits in inventory during the duration of the project to minimize downtime should the need arise.
- The project was completed without incident and on time.
The customer was happy that the system provided was exactly what they asked for with no surprises, which saved them money during the eight-month project. The customer is planning to working with Rain for Rent on future projects.


Traffic could become a little more congested in downtown Memphis near Fed-Ex Forum, that’s if an apartment complex developer gets his way.
Thursday, Nashville-based developer Elmington Capital Group will go before the city’s land use control board to ask if they can close a portion of Pontotoc Avenue between Danny Thomas Boulevard and Turley Street.
They say it’s necessary to build a multi- family development.
Of course, a big concern is how could closing down a portion of a street affect traffic flow. Many motorists use Pontotoc Avenue to avoid the gridlock after big events at Fed-Ex Forum.
Traffic engineers conducted a traffic study on behalf of the developers and found during special events the street carries an average of 243 vehicles. After a Grizzlies game on January 15th, the study found 326 vehicles used Pontotc Avenue.
Closing a portion of the roadway would mean those vehicles would have an overflow to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue or Vance Avenue.
However other developers say they welcome the proposed apartment complex.
“One of the challenges that there’s. It a lot of residential in this particular area so adding an apartment building in this particular proximity would bring some vibrancy to this particular neighborhood,” said Jimmie Tucker who is redeveloping the old New Life Insurance building nearby.


Our ability to provide a speedy response and service was put to the test when we were approached by the Bristol office of Galliford Try.
Ten staircase sections and associated walkways were required at their Airbus UK site in Filton, Bristol; and all wanted in order to meet a very tight deadline. Several weeks of intense design, development, and engineering detail ultimately resulted in approval for materials to be purchased ready for manufacture. Utilising our LEAN production processes and pre-planning meant that walkway sections were manufactured, hot dipped galvanized, and pre-assembled for delivery to site in a 21 day period and stair modules in an amazing 15 day period!All of the work was pre-assembled and test lifted at our "buildoffsite" premises which resulted in everything being fitted on site in two weeks. Managing Director, Jason Rigby said;
"This was one of the most challenging contracts, in terms of delivery, that we have ever undertaken. Our buildoffsite facility really was paramount in acheiving what we had promised - without it there would have been many more site deliveries to arrange and a much longer site installation period."


Jakarta Industry and Energy (PE) Dept. and State Electricity Company (PLN) will build Solar Power Plant (PLTS) in Sebira Island, Harapan Island Urban Village, North Seribu Islands.
" We support this planning because PLTS can be a way to fulfill electricity needs of Sebira Island residents"
Seribu Islands Assistant in Economy and Development (Asekbang), Iwan Samosir stated, PLTS is one of the solutions to provide electricity for Sebira Island residents for 24 hours.
"We support this planning because PLTS can be a way to fulfill electricity needs of Sebira Island residents," he conveyed, Monday (12/10).
His side has surveyed the location where PLTS planned to be built which is near the soccer field in Sebira Island. Related to PE Dept.'s demand to Seribu Island PE Sub-dept to provide 6 thousand square meters land, this survey needs to involve related UKPDs since it involves appliance ownership, ownership validity, and spatial.
Meanwhile, Seribu Islands PE Sub-dept. Head, Melinda Sagala conveyed to continue fulfilling Sebira Island residents needs of electricity by operating diesel power plant (generator) from 14 hours into 18 hours a day. It has been done since early December.
"We will try to operate it 24 hours next year (2019). Moreover it will be supported by PLTS construction and I hope it could be realized soon," she said.


This Division of the Department is responsible for the routine operation and maintenance of the Authority's water distribution system. This includes water mains, water services up to and including the water meter, Seacoast Utility Authority owned fire hydrants, backflow prevention devices and other related facilities. Water distribution crews also performs preventative maintenance to the water distribution infrastructure ensuring optimum reliability of Seacoast's water distribution system.
Water Distribution Supervisor
Water Distribution Foreman


About This Design
building front design
building front design 40×60 ft total sqft in four floor 9600
The best modern design for a four-floor building is one that captivates with its stunning front facade. The meticulous architectural craftsmanship ensures a harmonious blend of functionality and aesthetics.
The front elevation showcases sleek lines, large glass panels, and a striking entrance, creating an inviting atmosphere for visitors and occupants alike. The meticulous attention to detail in the design process highlights the structure’s elegance, making it a true architectural masterpiece.
Each floor presents a unique perspective, incorporating a perfect balance of open spaces and private areas. The combination of contemporary materials and thoughtful spatial arrangement culminates in a building that exemplifies the epitome of modern design.


Cameron Toll Planning Consultation
In February, as part of the pre-planning process, Cameron Toll invited the Association to provide early comment on its draft Master Plan, currently under preparation for redevelopment of the retail facility site. Proposed new developments at the existing Cameron Toll retail park include a cinema, hotel, multi-storey residential apartment block and new pedestrian and cycle ways. The Association noted its concerns over the impact of the height and mass of the new residential block on the existing visual amenity of Inch Park and House. However details for inclusion in the formal Cameron Toll planning application to Edinburgh Council, are still being developed. These will be subject to formal consultation and comment as part of the formal planning application process. We will provide an update in our next Newsletter.


Gifu Prefecture / VR Techno
The Techno Plaza is a Goverment office and laboratories built on a hilly site of 11,462 m². The landscape of the site varies but contains trees and bushes and a small stream.
Richard Rogers Partnership prepared the initial masterplan for the VR Techno Japan complex at Gifu, producing a scheme which would accommodate about 10 buildings. The brief was to design a ‘pilot’ building promoting research into virtual reality and providing educational, communal and laboratory/office spaces as a resource for private research bodies and the general public.
The scheme enhances the qualities of the site, responding to its natural contours. The Techno Plaza is composed of two parts: the private office space, built in steps up the hill, and the common research and public space which crowns the hill. Both have access to planted terraces and views across the valley.
The building has an exposed concrete frame, with retaining walls and floor slabs partially buried or planted to enhance thermal mass, ensuring maximum benefit from the stable ground temperatures and discouraging rainwater run-off. Glazed façades and extensive louvering eliminate direct solar gain, as does a stainless steel-finished ventilated roof to the upper building. Air conditioning is employed to deal with the high humidity in the region.
Lindy Arkin, Elliot Boyd, Maurice Brennan, Michael Elkan, Rowena Fuller, Lennart Grut, Ivan Harbour, Hiroshi Hibio, Akihisa Kageyama, Sanekazu Kofuku, Naruhiro Kuroshima, John Lowe, Sophie Nguyen, Tamiko Onozawa, Louise Palomba, Richard Rogers, Stephen Spence, Benjamin Warner, Yoshimori Watanabe, Andrew Wright
11 462 m²
Umezawa Structural Engineers
Schal / Bovis
Lovejoys / Equipe Espace
Dainihon and Ichikawa Construction Joint Venture


Three equations to estimate the permeability coefficient of fracture system in rock mass are presented. These equations are obtained from theoretical consideration of flow behaviors in a fracture with roughwalls and elaborate measuring of some features in actural rock mass such as the as the roughness of fracturewall, distribution of fracture width and the average spacing width. These equations can also be used to calculate the permeability tensor of rock masses.
The failure process of rocks by freezing and thawing cycles cannot be fully understood. However, it isvery important to confirm this process for the assessment of durability of material rocks for use as riprap ofrockfill dams. The auther has been conducting laboratory freezing and thawing test on material rocks to confirmthis process. From a series of tests, the following results have been obtained. 1) The number of freezing and thawing cycles to failure (The auther defined this cycles as freezing andthawing life) shows wide fluctuation and this phenomenon is an essential properties of the failure process ofrocks by freezing and thawing cycles. 2) Exponential, log-normal, Weibull, McCall and gamma distributions are all applicable to describe thedistribution characteristics of freezing and thawing lives of rocks. 3) From the distribution characteristics of freezing and thawing lives, and the change of physico-mechanicalproperties, it is concluded that the failure process of rocks by freezing and thawing cycles is serial andcumulative like the fatigue failure process of metal.
On the 24th June 1978 a landslide occurred at Shiraki, Okuchi-shi, located in the north of Kagoshimaken, Japan; destroying two inhabitants and two houses and causing the damage in a road and a paddy field.The landslide occurred during the improvement-work of road and at the time of heavy rainfall, in the cuttingslope of weathered and fissured overconsolidated clays derived from volcanic rocks. In this paper the originand mechanism of the landslide are described and analysed from the standpoint of geotechnical engineering.In order to investigate strata, geological structure and ground water condition in the landslide area, electricprospecting, electric logging, drilling survey, groundwater tracing and interpretations of aerial photograph andof topographic map were performed. The dependence of the landslide on rainfall also was investigated.Physical and mechanical properties of clays were cleared by means of laboratory soil tests. The strata consisting of lava, upper tuff and lower tuff with a great may of joints and fissures wereformed by the hydrothermal alteration and the weathering of volcanic rocks. The slip surface observed waslocated in the dipping joints with the seam contained montmorillonite between clayey upper tuff and clayeylower tuff. The condition of rainfall was 300 mm in the effective accumulated amount of rainfall and 26 mm in theamount of hourly rainfall preceding the time of activation of the landslide, and fully satisfied the rainfalllevel of threshold value of slope-movements in the southern Kyushu. This landslide is classified as the rockslide of weathered materials derived from volcanic rocks in a ridgyterrain. Physical properties of upper clay (clayey upper tuff) are typically Gs=2.70, ω=82%, ωL=103%, ωP=69%, clay fraction (<2μm) =35% and bulk density=1.40 (t/m3). Its mechanical properties are c'=0.5 tf/m2and φ=34°C in the peak strength, φ=14°C in the residual strength, overconsolidation ratio=3.0, residual factorR=0 and brittleness index IB=1.00-0.64. Stability analyses using the conventional slice-method based on the effective stress gave the decrease incalculated factor of safety owing to the cutting of hillside and the saturation of ground.


ABOUT THE PRODUCTS
The Panel System is a wire space frame constructed similar to a truss, with a 39mm thick expanded polystyrene (EPS) core. The faces of the three-dimensional wire frame are made of smooth welded wire fabrics of 2-mm diameter longitudinal and transverse wires with welded intersections spaced 50mm apart in both directions. The wire fabrics are held 75mm apart by 2.3-mm diameter spreader wires pierced diagonally through the foam core and welded 50mm apart on every longitudinal wire on both the wire fabrics in a staggered arrangement maintaining a clearance of approximately 12mm between the foam core and the wire fabric.
OFFERS SUPERIOR THERMAL AND ACOUSTICAL INSULATING PROPERTIES
SAVES CONSTRUCTION TIME AND LABOR THAT RESULTS IN COST SAVINGS TO THE CONTRACTOR AND TO THE END USER AS WELL
CAPABLE OF SUSTAINING LOADS TYPICALLY IMPOSED ON WALLS, FLOORS, ROOFS, AND OTHER LOAD BEARING ELEMENTS.
BECAUSE OF ITS FLEXIBILITY IN DESIGN, THE PANEL SYSTEMS HAS A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS
The Panel System can be used for exterior and interior load bearing walls. A wall panel has superior axial load bearing capacity i.e. the strength to support the vertical loads from the floor or roof above. They can be used to form the entire wall (without columns). It has great resistance against shearing, buckling and bending. These characteristics are important attributes for resisting lateral seismic and wind forces. They can also be applied to framing as non-structural exterior insulated cladding, curtain wall, or as partition.
FOR ROOFS AND FLOORS
The structural properties of the Panel Systems are as beneficial in their floor and roof applications as when they are used for walls. Because the panels are superior in energy performance characteristics in roofs, the construction of ceilings is not necessary and unlike steel-reinforced concrete slabs, the Panel system will not require formworks. The horizontal loads imposed on buildings by earthquakes and extreme winds can be effectively resisted by the floor and the roof acting as diaphragms. The two-dimensional structural continuity provides rigidity and stability as well as creating an uninterrupted layer over supporting beams or walls. Because the Panel System provides the bending strength necessary to withstand live and dead loads, they usually can span freely from the beams. If greater rigidity is required, the Panel System may be provided with additional steel reinforcement for increased bending strengths and reduced deflection.
Construction methods and sequences for the Panel System are not dissimilar to those of CHB construction. Once the foundation is completed a Panel System shell structure can be completed in a matter of days saving construction time and labor. Panels are fastened together side by side with 203mm wide wire fabric strips called flat mesh. The flat meshes are placed along the middle of the joints on both surfaces of the panels to be jointed and are tied to the panels by means of number 18 ga. G.I. tie wire. For corner connections, 152mm x 152mm angle meshes are used. Panels and rough openings for doors and windows are easily cut. The edges and perimeter of the openings are reinforced by U-meshes to prevent the spalling of mortar. Electrical and plumbing rough-ins are easily routed by the coring-out of the foam through which the wiring can run.
The Steel Reinforced Concrete (SRC) Panel SRC System is a wall board that is made up of styrofoam, welded wire mesh, slant wire, and mortar plaster, used to build walls, roofs and floors, each performing a solid structural formation.
1.50”, 2.00”, 2.50”, 3.00”, 3.50”, 4.00”
Length of Panel
2.40m up to four (4) meters
100mm to 150mm
Expanded Polystyrene ( EPS )
Fire retardant grade
High Tensile Black Iron
Conforms ASTM to designation A-82 and to
ASTM designationA-105 as a welded steel fabric
with ultimate tensile strength (fy) of 100,000 psi
Spacing of Squares: 50mm X 50mm
Spacing of Spikes: 50mm X 105mm
Flat mesh, Angle mesh and U-mesh


Mid-Rise Wood Construction
The programme aims to encourage the use of New Zealand grown timber, mainly in the form of engineered timber products particularly cross laminated timber (CLT) panels, in the construction of mid-rise buildings using pre-fabrication.
Red Stag Investments Ltd, a company with its roots in forestry, wood processing, prefabrication and property development, has partnered with the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) to deliver Mid-Rise Wood Construction.
This is a 4-year, $5 million Primary Growth Partnership (PGP) programme.
The programme anticipates delivering economic benefits with a net present value of $155 million by 2023 and $330 million by 2036.
Benefits will go beyond financial
In addition to direct economic benefits, the programme will deliver important industrial, social, and environmental benefits through its potential to:
- substantially increase the demand for wood products in buildings in New Zealand with flow-on benefits to the forestry and processing sector
- significantly speed up construction through off-site pre-fabrication to help meet New Zealand’s acute need for more accommodation
- lower building lifecycle costs, construction workplace injuries, construction building waste, disruption to traffic, noise and carbon dioxide emissions
- provide regional jobs and investment in CLT manufacturing and pre-fabrication.
New Zealand is a small user of wood in commercial and institutional construction and it is only growing at an estimated 1% p.a. As a country, we are lagging behind in the use of wood in mid-rise construction compared to Austria, Germany and North America. There's potential to accelerate the construction industry's use of wood to capture a range of benefits but we need innovation to do this and this is what Mid-Rise Wood Construction aims to do.
This chart demonstrates the growth in market share for wood expected from the programme.
The scale on the left-hand axis of the chart shows the proportion of mid-rise residential buildings that use wood expressed as a percentage. The virtually flat dotted blue line that runs above the horizontal axis showing time in years (from 2012 to 2024) is the projected growth in wood’s share of the mid-rise residential market. It can be seen from this line that the current growth trend is very low at 1% per annum. The solid blue line shows historical somewhat slow growth in wood’s share of the mid-rise residential market up to 2017/18 but this line rises strongly as a result of growth generated by the programme. The expected market share is showing as about 33% in 2012, rising to 60% in 2024. The vertical dotted lines on the chart denote the start of the mutually supporting projects that make up the programme (between 2017 and 2019).
The programme has 3 interrelated projects:
Project 1: Reference buildings
Red Stag will construct 2 mid-rise wooden buildings, one residential, and one commercial, to act as showcases, reference sites, and case studies. The programme will share costs associated with the design and construction documentation of the wooden buildings compared with conventional steel and concrete equivalents and the production of a case study from this.
Project 2: Promoting
The designs, details, reports, lessons, costs, and feasibility on a freely available basis and arranging site visits of the 2 showcase buildings by New Zealand architects, engineers, quantity-surveyors, constructors, real estate agents, manufacturers, urban councils, developers and investors.
Project 3: Building a Collective of Excellence
A pool of professionals experienced in mid-rise wooden design and construction and extending the knowledge and systems to the broader industry through free technical manuals, textbooks, open days, conferences, and supplier models.
KEY PROGRAMME FACTS
Programme start: 2018
Length: 4 years
PGP funding: $2 million
Industry funding: $3 million
Crown funding paid out to programme for work done to 30 June 2019: $60,807
Commercial partner: Red Stag Investments Ltd
Estimated potential economic benefit to NZ: $155 million p.a. by 2023 and $330 million p.a. by 2036.
Outcome logic model
Outcome logic model for Mid-Rise Wood Construction [PDF, 118 KB]
Health and environmental benefits from building in wood
- Improves air quality by moderating humidity.
- Improves emotional state and self-expression.
- Reduces stress response (pulse rate and blood pressure).
- Helps us reconnect to nature.
- Wood is the only renewable building material.
- Long-term store of carbon, helping to fight climate change.
- Low energy used in production, so less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
- Certification ensures timber comes from sustainable resources.


Paver Pete explains what to do with your daylighted drain tile in a segmental retaining wall installation.
For this project, we constructed a segmental retaining wall.
The drain tile we installed allows a positive gravity flow of water away from the wall (go to pros.techo-bloc.com/drain-tile for more details on drain tile installation).
The pipe coming out of the wall can be an unattractive element, and most of the time, it’s preferable to meet aesthetic expectations.
Here’s a solution.
STEP 1: Establish erosion and sediment control measures (E&S measures) outside the perimeter of the wall to prevent damages to the wall system.
STEP 2: Lay and compact an 8-inch layer of low permeability clay fill around the toe of the wall.
STEP 3: Wrap the area under the pipe with an impermeable pond liner.
Tuck it in right against the wall and allow 6 inches from the wall to the extremity of the liner.
STEP 4: Cut the pipe.
Cutting the pipe without using the liner and low permeability clay fill will cause the water to drain at the toe of the wall, affecting its integrity.
This solution allows us to extend adequately beyond so the water isn’t dumped right into the base, which can wash away the soil or base material of the wall system.
STEP 5: Install clean stone over the fabric.
When this type of material gets wet, it remains very attractive and colorful, which decorates the area well.
GAIN ACCESS TO TOOLS AND INFO THAT WILL MAKE YOUR BUSINESS STANDOUT TODAY!


Der Standort Tussmannstrasse 1 ist eine Schlüssellage neben der Franklinbrücke in Pempelfort, Düsseldorf. Auf der einen Seite stehen die 6-7 stöckigen, circa 100 Jahre alten Gebäude der Tussmannstrasse, auf der anderen Seite das neue Düsseldorfer Stadtquartier von Interboden und Hochtief.
Tussmannstrasse 1, Dusseldorf
Planning and Architecture
The penthouses on the 5th and 6
th floors shown left and the apartments on the 1
st to 4
th floors below are tailored to the demand for comfortable living space within walking distance of all the major cultural and retail amenities of the city. The locality is famous for its variety of restaurants and local amenities while Bahnhof Zoo, at the other end of the Franklin Bridge brings the airport to within 15 minutes.
The site of no. 1 Tussmannstrasse is a key location beside the Franklin Bridge in Pempelfort, Dusseldorf. It adjoins the existing 6-7 storey, approximately 100 year old buildings of Tussmannstrasse and the new Dusseldorf City Quarter being developed by Interboden and Hochtief. No. 1 Tussmannstrasse has been designed in close co-operation with the Dusseldorf City Planners to act as a bridgehead between old and new districts. O'Neill Consulting (ONC) has provided architectural design services to the project from the earliest stages of the redevelopment of the area in 2001 when ONC bought the Tussmannstrasse 1 site. ONC designed and obtained detailed planning permission for the building which Tecklenburg GmbH has built.


The following points should be observed in scaffolding:
1. Standards should be created to rest on hard and rigid ground. If hard and farm ground is not available, standards may be created on ordinary timber sole plate.
2. Loadings on the scaffolding should not be heavy.
3. The scaffoldings should be tied at appropriate levels of the buildings. To tie the scaffoldings, horizontal or vertical bullies can be used inside the building and secure scaffolding to it by tying putlogs through door or window openings. To give lateral support to the scaffoldings rakers should be used.
4. To enable working at heights, working platforms should be lifted by lengthening the standards and providing extra ledgers and putlogs.
5. Holes left in the walls should be filled immediately after withdrawing of putlogs.
6. The spacing between standards should be made according to the load to be carried and section of the standards.
7. Special patented scaffoldings should be used for constructing structures like towers, domes, chimneys etc.


ACI Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary, An ACI Standard [ACI Committee] on Read ACI Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures by American Concrete Institute (ACI) for free with a 30 day free trial. ACI deletes ADM from the Code, but allows ACI continues to redraft and reballot a Code ACI Concrete Protection for
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The rapid fluctuations of the force Pi mean that the bending moments and stresses in the wall of a rectangular tank also vary rapidly the effect is not like a constant force acting on the wall.
In a pseudostatic analysis, the resultant of the seismic component of the earth pressure shall be assumed to act at a point 0. codr
International Concrete Abstracts Portal
The maximum reaction force will be given by 2. Dhingra Dov Kaminetzky Lawrence G. Instead of assuming a rigid tank for which the acceleration particularly the applicable connection provisions of IBC, is equal to the ground acceleration at all locations, this standard assumes amplification of response due to natural as referenced in ASCE If the site-specific response spectrum cde not extend into or is not well defined in the Tc range, coefficient Cc may be calculated using Eq.
In such a case, Eq. They are subject to uniquely different loadings, more severe exposure conditions, and more restrictive serviceability requirements than non-environmental building structures.
Note that the damping of the sloshing water is small: The amount of freeboard required in design to accommodate The maximum vertical displacement dmax to be this sloshing will vary. Download Now Defense manufacturing codd all about project manufacturing and project accounting. In addition, ACI chapters provide opportunities for interaction of professionals and practitioners at a local level.
M Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures & Commentary (Metric)
And I very seldom provide movement joints unless the structure is in the hundreds of feet. As a member of ACI, you join thousands of practitioners and professionals worldwide who share a commitment to maintain the highest industry standards for concrete technology, construction, and practices. The design procedures described in Chapter 4 recognize that the seismic analysis of liquid-containing structures subjected to a horizontal acceleration should include the inertia forces generated by the acceleration of the structure itself; and the hydrodynamic forces generated by the horizontal acceleration of the contained liquid.
The quality and testing of materials used in the construction are covered by reference to the appropriate standard specifications. Appears on pages s: In anchored, flexible-base, circular tanks Type 2. Because ACI M is written as a legal document, it may be adopted by reference in a general building code or in regulations governing the design and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures.
The cost implication here is minimal if any. Acci joining you are opting in to receive e-mail. This meant keep up with the frequent changes and improvements in the that these procedures should cover both aspects of seismic field of seismic hazard analysis and evaluation. The Eng-Tips staff will check this out and take appropriate action.
350M-06 Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures & Commentary (Metric)
When such a standard is used, the following load combinations are permitted to be used for design instead of the ASCE load factor combinations Haroun and Ellaithy It’s easy to join and it’s free. Loadings include normal dead and live loads and vibrating equipment or hydrodynamic forces. wci
Click Here to join Eng-Tips and talk with other members! Remember me on this computer. Codr Gautam Ghosh Nicholas A. The impulsive pressures are generated by the seismic accelerations of the tank walls so that the force Pi is evenly divided into a pressure force on the wall accelerating into the fluid, and a suction force on the wall accelerating away from the fluid.
The seismic response coefficients Ci, Cc, and Ct shall be determined from Eq. The Institute shall not be liable for any acu or damage arising process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written therefrom.
Superimposed on these lateral unbalanced forces shall be the lateral hydrodynamic force resulting from the hydrodynamic pressure due to the effect of vertical acceleration pvy acting on each wall. If the tank leaks, then it just becomes a dual xci of infiltration and detention. Using the values of Ca, Cv, and Ts, construct a design response spectrum as in Fig.
The code portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction of environmental engineering concrete 350-0. This standard includes the response modification factor; stress levels for example, the Uniform Building Code 3.
Compute period of vibration Ti in accordance with Eq. In this model, Wi represents the resultant effect of the impulsive seismic xci on the tank walls. ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standards, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This standard includes an effective mass coefficient, used in this standard, which represent some of the key applicable to coed mass of the walls.
Normally, this is smaller than the acj effect, but if there is not enough dead load, the tank will tend to uplift. Because the impulsive and convective c Hydrodynamic convective force Pc from the contained components are not in phase with each other, practice is to liquid; combine them using the square-root sum-of-the-squares d Dynamic earth pressure from saturated and method Eq.
The committees, as well as ACI as a whole, operate under a consensus format, which assures all participants the right to have their views considered.


By Aaron Eder, P.E
Right after people started to feel safe enough to walk away from a recent summer blockbuster earthquake movie, “San Andreas,” New Yorker writer Kathryn Schulz had to go and scare the skinny pants off of Portland’s hipster crowd. Seismologists have long warned that a subduction zone earthquake off the Oregon coast is anticipated to cause far greater damage than a crustal quake along the movie’s namesake fault line. In other words, if California is expecting “The Big One,” the Pacific Northwest should brace for “The Really Big One,” according to Schulz.
The Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) is the primary regional fault system in the Pacific Northwest and was created by the oceanic “Juan de Fuca Plate” subducting beneath the continental “North American Plate.” The subduction is occurring in the coastal region between Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada and the Mendocino Triple Junction in northern California. The CSZ earthquake events have the potential to generate seismic magnitudes up to 9.0, which translates into a duration of four minutes. Scientists estimate the odds of an abrupt release of CSZ forces in our lifetime to be roughly one in three over the next 50 years. The odds of “The Really Big One” are roughly one in 10.
In the Pacific Northwest, the area of impact is estimated to cover 140,000 square miles, including Seattle, Tacoma, Olympia, Vancouver, Portland, Salem, Eugene, and an estimated 7 million people. When the next full-margin rupture happens, the region will suffer the worst natural disaster in the history of North America. In colorful layman terms, Schulz has conveyed to us what scientists have been attempting to tell us for some time; by the time the shaking stops and the tsunami recedes, the area will be unrecognizable.
According to Oregon State University seismologist Chris Goldfinger, the gap between what we know and what we should do about it is getting bigger and bigger. He’s experienced firsthand a massive earthquake in the most seismically prepared nation in the world – the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Tohoku, Japan. By many metrics, it will be as bad or worse after a major earthquake, with impacts spanning months, or even years, without electricity, drinking water, sewage systems, hospitals, etc. according to the State of Oregon’s map of impact zones (Figure 1) and estimated to time to restore service (Table 1).
Table 1: Estimated Time to Restore Services to Oregon Seismic Zones
|Critical Service||Zone||Estimated Time to Restore Service|
|Electricity||Valley||1 to 3 Months|
|Electricity||Coast||3 to 6 Months|
|Police and Fire Stations||Valley||2 to 4 Months|
|Drinking Water and Sewer||Valley||1 Month to 1 Year|
|Drinking Water and Sewer||Coast||1 to 3 Years|
|Top-Priority Highways (Partial Restoration)||Valley||6 to 12 Months|
|Healthcare Facilities||Valley||18 Months|
|Healthcare Facilities||Coast||3 Years|
Source: Oregon Resilience Plan Executive Summary, February 2013
Fig 1: Oregon’s Map of Seismic Impact Zones
Photo courtesy Oregon Seismic Safety Policy Advisory Commission (OSSPAC)
Pipelines and earthquakes
Damage to pipelines is historically the primary reason for water system failures after an earthquake has occurred. The resulting water shortage for firefighting and extinguishing earthquake-caused fire ignitions has resulted in excessive, life-threatening fires. Extended durations of water shortages have an adverse effect on business operations, and having drinking water readily available is critical following seismic events for emergency operations facilities, hospitals, etc.
Water pipelines have historically been susceptible to earthquakes – in particular, shaking and permanent ground deformation (PGD) caused by liquefaction, and related settlement and lateral spreading. Liquefaction is the process in which seemingly solid ground begins to behave like a liquid, to the detriment of anything on top of it. Lateral displacement results when a soil layer liquefies, with the soil layer above it sliding downhill. Lateral spreading can result in soil movement as little as one inch to 10s of feet. Older pipes were installed using weak pipe materials and welds or unrestrained bell-and-spigot pipe, which contributed to damage or failure. Since the times when weaker or unrestrained pipes were prevalent, the pipeline industry has welcomed the use of materials that are more resilient to PGDs, including welded steel and restrained ductile iron.
Lake Oswego-Tigard Water Partnership
In 2008, the cities of Lake Oswego and Tigard, OR, (Program Sponsors) executed an Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) to form the Lake Oswego-Tigard Water Partnership. Lake Oswego’s water supply was near capacity, and major facilities were in need of expansion and improvement. The city of Tigard was in need of a secure, dependable supply of water. Together, the program sponsors have expanded and upgraded Lake Oswego’s water pumping, conveyance and treatment capacity to allow for delivery of finished water to both cities’ customers. The major elements of the improvements, presented consist of:
- A new river intake pump station (RIPS) on the Clackamas River in the city of Gladstone capable of pumping 38 million gallons per day (mgd).
- 14,000 feet of 48-inch through 36-inch raw water pipe (RWP) from the RIPS through the Gladstone, under the Willamette River and in the city of West Linn to the new water treatment plant (WTP).
- Water treatment plant (WTP) in West Linn capable of treating and pumping 38 mgd.
- 42,000 feet of 48-inch through 24-inch finished water pipe (FWP) from the new WTP to the new Waluga Reservoir.
- 5 mgd Waluga Reservoir No. 2 in Waluga Park in the city of Lake Oswego.
- 20 mgd Bonita Pump Station and 3,000 feet of 30-inch and 24-inch FWP in the city of Tigard.
Pipe material selection
Selection of pipe materials is often governed by cost, preferences of operation and maintenance staff (due to familiarity with pipe types and having spare pipe parts readily available in stock yards), availability and jurisdictional requirements in design standards. For this reason, smaller distribution systems in America often require ductile iron pipe (DIP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with bell and spigot joints as their standard. DIP is often preferred because of the perception that it is more reliable, has a longer design life, and is easier to tap for domestic services. In other jurisdictions, PVC is used because it is less expensive and corrosion resistant.
Large transmission mains, generally 24 inches and larger, are typically installed with DIP, welded steel pipe (WSP), or concrete cylinder pipe (CCP), with cost and operator familiarity, again, being typical selection factors. For this project, WSP and DIP were the materials initially selected for consideration. The evaluations focused on the following criteria:
- Connections and Appurtenances
- Corrosion Control
- Linings and Coatings
This evaluation resulted in the selection of double-lap welded steel pipe with cement mortar lining and tape-wrapped coating for the RWP and FWP. It was later decided to allow polyurethane coating for both. During design, it was determined that the use of welded steel pipe with a ¼-inch wall thickness, 36 ksi yield strength would be appropriate for use on the project.
DIP and PVC are installed with bell-and-spigot push-on joints, mechanical joints or flanged joints. To prevent the separation of pipe segments due to unbalanced hydrostatic forces, joints are often restrained using wedges embedded in the gaskets.
Steel and CCP both use bell-and-spigot joints as well, but they are typically welded to convey thrust loads across joints. As such, welded joints are inherently restrained. Welding methods include butt welding, double-lap welding and single-lap welding.
Butt welding consists of two flush pipe segments being welded together end-to-end. Because of the integrity of this welded configuration, it is currently the strongest welded joint in the pipeline industry. However, this type takes the longest to weld and reduces production by as much as 70 percent. As such, butt welds are typically more expensive than lap-welded joints, and installation crews cost up to $25,000 per day.
Double-lap welding consists of welding two pipe segments together where the spigot is inserted into the bell. Welds are made on the outside and inside, resulting in symmetrical loading across the joint. Single-lap welds are similar, but only the inside or the outside is welded. Pipes 24 inches and smaller typically use single-lap with an exterior weld, due to the difficulty of welders fitting into pipes that small.
Joints are the weakest point in a pipeline alignment. Single-lap welded pipes with welds only on the outside or inside generate approximately one-third of the strength of the pipe barrel. Double-lap welded pipes with welds on both the outside and inside generate approximately two-thirds of the pipe barrel strength. Butt-welded pipes generate approximately full strength of the pipe barrel.
The International Building Code’s (IBC’s) approach to generating a seismic design event begins with the anticipated ground movement from an event with a 2 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded once in 50 years, which corresponds to a 2,475-year return period. This ground motion is then multiplied by a factor of 2/3 for the base design load.
For “important structures,” such as schools, jails and public assembly areas with more than 300 occupants, the ground motion is then increased by 25 percent. For “very important structures,” such as hospitals, emergency shelters, and police and fire stations, the design event is increased by a factor of 50 percent. When the base design load is increased by a factor of 50 percent, the subsequent ground motion becomes the original 2 percent in 50-year design event.
Water systems, including pipelines, are routinely defined as being “very important structures,” due to the need for drinking water and firefighting capabilities after earthquakes. As such, the design ground motion chosen for the RWP and FWP were the 2 percent in 50-year event, consistent with other elements of the Partnership’s program. This seismic event is also consistent with the highest design standard accepted around the world.
This design earthquake translates to peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.55 times gravity, a spectral acceleration of 0.70 times gravity, and a peak ground velocity (PGV) of 37.7 inches per second, which is used to identify the possible occurrence of assorted geotechnical hazards.
There is no universal code or standard for seismic design of water mains. However, WSP is the most commonly used material for large-diameter transmission mains in seismically vulnerable areas. WSP, selected for this project’s RWP and FWP, is one of the most seismically resilient pipe materials and is anticipated to provide adequate protection for the region’s seismic location.
Damage to pipelines is historically the primary reason for water system failure after an earthquake, but their continuous operation is essential for fire suppression and drinking water supply following natural disasters. Steel pipe with double-lap welded joints and ¼-inch wall thickness will be able to accommodate this project’s design seismic event and associated potential liquefaction and settlement, minimizing the risk of citizens and firefighters having an inadequate supply of water following an earthquake.
About the Author: Aaron Eder, P.E., served as the Raw Water Pipeline Lead and the Finished Water Schedule 6 Lead for this project. Eder is the Conveyance Lead for the Portland office of MWH (now part of Stantec), an international leader in the planning, design, and construction services for water and wastewater system and conveyance facilities. As the Conveyance Lead, Eder leads the business development and technical execution of conveyance pursuits and projects in Oregon and southwest Washington. He is a licensed professional Civil Engineer in Oregon and Washington.