About the document
In the lower River Murray, the operation of Lake Victoria, a large off-channel water storage downstream of the junction of the Murray and Darling rivers, has the potential to profoundly influence longitudinal connectivity, riverine hydraulics and associated ecological processes. Under natural conditions, Lake Victoria only received inflows during periods of high river flow. The lake is now one of the River Murray’s four major water storages and is used to manage flows to the lower River Murray.
The aim of this project was to investigate how current operation of Lake Victoria influences riverine hydraulics (e.g. water velocity) and zooplankton communities. Zooplankton provide a key link between primary producers and higher trophic organisms (e.g. fish), and riverine hydraulics are a major driver of zooplankton community composition and abundance.
The diversion of flow may alter longitudinal connectivity, riverine hydraulics and downstream matter transport, with associated ecological impacts. In recognition of this, the Commonwealth Environmental Water Office (CEWO) and Murray–Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) River Murray Operations Division are exploring potential changes to the operation of Lake Victoria. New operating rules are currently being considered and developed that aim to:
- Improve environmental outcomes associated with increased longitudinal and lateral connectivity of river flows downstream of Lock 9 (increased flow past Lock 9);
- Improve water quality delivered to South Australia during periods of low river flow; and
- Improve water quality in Lake Victoria and the main channel during periods of high river flow.


This control valve is a low shear valve that controls fluid flow by means of action of shear force. Through the conversion of energy to affect the fluid flow velocity, velocity gradient is decreased, and subsequently varying the size of flow path to the effect of flow control.
The low shear control valve is featured by high control accuracy, easy on-site operation and high ratio of viscosity retention.
Standard: API, ASME, EN, ISO, JIS, DIN, BS, GB
Material: carbon steel, stainless steel, alloy steel, etc.
Nominal size: NPS 1"-NPS 12" (DN25-DN300)
Pressure: CL150-CL2500 (PN10-PN420)
Temperature range: -196°C to +590°C
Valve operation: manual, bevel gear, pneumatic, electric, pneumatic-hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, etc.
Flow path is designed with Venturi structure, efficiently preventing the liquid fluid flow from sudden changes in the flow velocity and direction when it passes through the valve. Besides, the design helps reducing the viscosity loss of the fluid during the process of valve modulation, enabling the operation effect to be highly guaranteed;
Wide adjustment range, high precision of flow characteristic curve and good dynamic stability; Capable of controlling fluid flow velocity, protecting valve trims from being eroded and greatly reducing noise level;
Tight sealing performance can be ensured under conditions of a range from low pressure to high pressure, the sealing effect is reliable even if the control valve is frequently opened and closed at high differential pressure;
Compact and simple structure, small space required for installation, quick opening/closing function, easy to maintenance;
As a trustworthy manufacturer of skid-mounted system for oil and gas, ZJJLZK specializes in the design, manufacture and supply of various industrial valves to control fluid flow in piping system, as well as provide skid-mounted solutions for water & gas injection, flow metering and oily wastewater treatment. Over the years, ZJJLZK has earned the trust of our customers with our professional expertise in design and fabrication of custom manufactured skid mounted systems, such as crude oil metering skid, water injection skid, skid-mounted wastewater treatment system, etc. We continue to strive to maintain the highest standard of quality flow control valve and skid-mounted equipment by constant growth and improvement in aspects of design, development, manufacturing, installation and service.


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Natural Gas Compressor Rod Seals Sets Compressor Ring
For pistons or piston rods operating in hydraulic cylinders, the Wear Ring has a precise guiding action and absorbs radial forces. At the same time, the Wear Ring prevents metal contact of the sliding parts in the hydraulic cylinder. Non-metallic wear rings have many advantages over metal wear rings.
Wear Ring provides guidance and support for the piston and piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder. As well as absorbing lateral loads. At the same time, it can prevent metal contact between the moving parts of the cylinder and optimize the performance of the sealing system.
|PTFE+Carbon, PTFE+Bronze, PTFE+Phenolic
|Hydraulic Oil, Water, Oil, etc
|15N/mm²（40℃） 7.5N/mm²（80℃） 5N/mm²（120℃）
|Brown, Green, Black, etc
|Provides guidance and support for the piston and piston rod of the hydraulic cylinder. As well as absorbing lateral loads.
● Good wear resistance
● Avoid contact between metals
● Can suppress mechanical vibration
● Due to the centering action of the wear ring, a large radial clearance is allowed
● The groove is simple and easy to install
● Low maintenance costs are based on the above advantages, so it is widely used


Currently, the contribution of renewable energy resources, such as wind power, in power systems is increasing in large, interconnected systems. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy poses a profound challenge to power system operation and planning. Using energy storage systems can facilitate wind power integration in isolated systems. Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) plants are by far the most established technology for energy storage on a large-scale. In dry coastal areas, seawater PHES can be used to facilitate the integration of large scale renewable energy resources. In Oman, the potential of renewable energy resources has not been exploited yet. This article presents a techno-economic evaluation case study of using a combined wind power and PHES power plant to highlight its economic feasibility. PHES systems can enable higher penetration of renewable energy in isolated systems, therefore reducing the dependency on fossil fuels.
|الصفحات (من إلى)||1363-1375|
|دورية||International Journal of Renewable Energy Research|
|حالة النشر||Published - 2017|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


Wave Setup and Design Water Levelby Uwe A. Hansen, Research Engr.; Leichtweiss-Institut, Technical Univ. of Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany,
Serial Information: Journal of the Waterway Port Coastal and Ocean Division, 1978, Vol. 104, Issue 2, Pg. 227-240
Document Type: Journal Paper
During the winter of 1975-76 measurements were made by the Leichtweiss-Institut of the Technical University of Braunschweig at the west coast of the island of Sylt in the North Sea. The purpose of the field investigations was to determine the wave-induced setup in the surf zone and on the beach, defined as the height difference between the mean water level (MWL) and the still water level (SWL) and the influence of typical offshore parameters on this phenomenon. A new scheme was defined to determine the MWL as the mean value of the water surface variations measured at incremental time intervals over a certain time span. The maximum setup on the beach can reach values up to 30% of the incident significant wave height. The field investigations have shown that the rise of the mean water level due to wave setup is significant and should be taken in account in determining the design water level for coastal structures.
Subject Headings: Water level | Water waves | Hydraulic design | Field tests | Beaches | Islands | Colleges and universities | Seas and oceans | Winter | North Sea
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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Rising River Levels End Extended Dredging Season
Date Posted: February 14, 2013
This article is reprinted from the USDA's Feb. 14 Grain Transportation Report.
On February 5, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) stopped sediment dredging operations along the Mississippi River between Cairo, IL, and St. Louis, MO, for the season.
The Corps-owned dredging equipment is on standby status until needed.
The dredging season usually ends in early December, but was extended to maintain the shipping channel during the period of low-water levels.
Recent water levels have increased since earlier this winter. Low water also required the removal of rock formations at Thebes and Grand Tower, IL.
Although the rock removal is almost complete, the work has been temporarily suspended because of high water, currents, and debris.
Without additional rain, river hydrograph forecasts by the Corps indicate the river flows will sustain navigation through mid-March.
On March 17, the Corps has scheduled to start navigation flow releases on the Missouri River, which could help increase water levels on the Mississippi River at St. Louis.
For more information, call Surajudeen (Deen) Olowolayemo, USDA, at 202-694-3050.


A model study to investigate the sediment transport and cross-shore sediment flux near the shoreline is conducted for marine sand mining operation in Kyunggi Bay, Korea. A modeling effort using a 3-dimensional model, a wave model and wave-current sediment flux model has been applied to the study area. The ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System), SWAN and the Harris and Wiberg (2001) model represent the basic modules of the 3-dimensional hydrodynamics, wave transformation in shallow water and sediment transport respectively. The goal of the current study is to estimate the cross-shore sediment flux to quantify the erosion vulnerability of the shoreline by imposing various dredging intensity as inreal situation. Being the wave and current interaction considered, the sediment transport model adopts the outputs of ROMS and SWAN for any designated time and space in the computation field. The realistic hydrodynamic conditions and wave field obtained from 20-year wave statistics enhance the prediction of erosion process according to the water depth, offshore distance from the shoreline and dredging intensity (volume and frequency etc).


1. The bottom valve is installed at the bottom of the oil suction pipeline of refueling machine tank to prevent the oil level from declining.
2. The dual valve design which can provide additional protection is the ideal choice during installation. Not subject to influences, the valve is guaranteed with higher reliability.
3. The bottom valve providing accurate hard sealing is recommended to be used on oil suction pipelines with pressure up to 15PSI.
4. All the bottom valves are checked with air pressure to guarantee its accuracy.
5. The filter can protect the valve against attack from impurities and scraps.
6. 100% factory inspection.


550 stainless steel security water filter diameter
security stainless steel water filter diameter
security stainless steel water filter diameter profile:
if the filter is made of stainless steel material, ah pressure through concentrate filtration material.
and residue on the filter material, the filtrate through filtering material flow, so as to achieve filtering purposes.
if filter filters filter precision grade can be divided into a built-in. Umum, etc.
the customer can choose different filtration precision according to different occasions.
security stainless steel water filter diameter parameters:
filter length: the number of inches
wall thickness: mm
connection mode: flange with rocker
I company can produce according to customer requirements, can according to the customer to provide the parameters of the
choose suitable water filter.
other products: guangzhou filter source water filter co. , LTD.
blue filter DN
SLQSS series of acidic water filter
coarse water filter LEX
caliber DNY type filters
supply Y type filter screen


The spillage will be the results of eliminating excessive water pressure to the system due to the continuous pumping from the water supply.
"During this maintenance process the city's water tower atop Park Hill will need to be emptied," said Eastland Public Works Director Bobby Jacoby, "and to do this we will stop pumping to the tower from the water supply district, allowing the tank to drain under normal use. At that time the city will be supplied water direct from the pumps at the water district plant and a continuous pumping creates excessive water pressure in the lines. To relieve excess pressure we will open fire hydrants in certain areas, mainly in an area on the west end of Plummer street, along Neblett street and around the high school hill."
There should be no need for any type of water restrictions during this maintenance time. Should you have questions about this matter, please feel free to contact City Hall at 254-629-8321.


by thedoctor, published
This piston has a cylinder head, so it can be powered on the up and down stroke. Another entry for the Makerbot giveaway.
As with my other piston, you will need to split the document into two, the cylinder, and the piston rod. the piston rod half also indludes the cylinder head. use a file and a pair of calipers to get a snug fit. Next, drill four small holes through the cylinder head into the wall of the cylinder, so it can be screwed on. slot the piston rod into the cylinder befor screwing the cylinder head on.


采用流体型设计． CVWR Wafer Type Silent Check Valve adopts fluid type design. Small head loss. The internal spring accelerates closing to achieve a silent effect: metal-to-metal ensures reliable sealing. Small installation space. It can be installed at the water outlet of the pump, which can avoid the occurrence of water hammer, water hammer and breaking impact to achieve the purpose of preventing backflow and protecting equipment. 广泛用于给排水、消防、建筑、暖通、工业系统。 H44X (SFCV) rubber flap check valve is widely used in water supply and drainage, fire protection, construction, HVAC, industrial systems.
Second, the main technical parameters of CVWR wafer type check valve
CVWR Wafer Type Silent Check Valve Material Description
Fourth, the main dimensions of CVWR wafer type check valve (Flange drilling is connected to GB / Tl724) 6-1998 standard Unit mm


Slide Gate / Sluice GateJune 26, 2021 2021-06-26 8:00
Slide Gate / Sluice Gate
These are the vertically sliding gates which are used to isolate/control the water flow from the chamber/ in the chamber. These are used for the various types of water head applications like Seating, Unseating and weir. Which can be operated manually, electrically,pneumatically hydraulically as pe client demand.


Pressure Gauge Reliability
Rugged construction to guarantee reliability even under extreme operating conditions. Finally, excellent vibration resistance enhanced with the shape of the tube inserted and welded in the socket.
See also quick release couplings Centre Point Hydraulic can supply!
A pressure gauge is a fluid intensity measurement device. Pressure gauges are for the set-up and tuning of fluid power machines, and are indispensable in troubleshooting them. Without pressure gauges, fluid power systems would be both – unpredictable, and unreliable. First of all gauges help to ensure there are no leaks or pressure changes that could affect the operating condition of the hydraulic system.


Ultrasonic flow meters
Ultrasonic flow meters have been designed for industrial application where they can measure flow rate of a wide range of liquid media, whether electrically conductive or not, including specific corrosive liquids. The scope of application for ultrasonic flow meters covers many functions in practically all industry lines.
In ultrasonic flow meters, the flow rate values are determined from the difference between the travel times of ultrasonic waves propagating in the measured liquid in and against the flow direction.
Ultrasonic flow meters are noted for high accuracy, excellent long-term stability of measurement over a wide range of measured values, low hydraulic losses and simple maintenance. Ultrasonic flow meters are supplied in optional configurations according to the customer requirements, for a wide range of piping sizes. The associated electronic control unit supplies power to the ultrasonic probes, processes the sensor signals and shows the measured values on the meter display. The measured values are also available at optional electric signal outputs.
- high measurement accuracy
- long-term measurement stability over a wide range of measured values
- high operational reliability and practically no maintenance requirements
- extra-low hydraulic losses
- optional long-distance transfer of measured data
Model of Ultrasonic Flow Meters :


When the fire protection system is initially pressurized, water flows into the system until the water supply and system pressure become equalized, and the torsion Spring closes the Waterway Clapper in the Alarm Check Valve. Once the pressures stabilize, the Alarm Check Valve is in service and the centrally located groove in the Seat Ring is sealed. Consequently, with the Alarm Check Valve set for service, there is no flow through the alarm port to the alarm devices (i.e., water motor alarm and/or pressure alarm switch).
When there is a steady flow of water into the sprinkler system due to a sprinkler operation, the Waterway Clapper opens. Water is then permitted to flow into the centrally located groove in the Seat Ring and out through the alarm port towards the Restriction Assembly. When the flow through the Inlet Restriction of the Restriction Assembly exceeds the flow through the Outlet Restriction, the Retard Chamber (where provided for systems with variable pressure)
Subsequently, the Water Motor Alarm and/or the pressure alarm switch will be actuated. The alarms will continue
to be actuated as long as the Waterway Clapper remains open. Water in the alarm lines will automatically drain out through the 1/8 inch (3,2 mm) Drain Orifice in the Restriction Assembly when the Waterway Clapper closes (due to a stop in the flow of water into the sprinkler system).


Hydraulic connections are a whole complex of joints and mounting elements for hydraulic systems. These are hydraulic nozzles, pressed bushings, adapters, connectors for hydraulic pipes, hydraulic pipes, pipe holders and other elements. Hydraulic joints are made of steel or stainless steel. When choosing connections, it is important to take into account the purpose of the hydraulic system, the pressure used, temperature, environmental conditions and other factors. A separate group of hydraulic connections are hydraulic fittings, which are pressed with hydraulic hoses using pressing ferrules and special equipment – pressing presses for hydraulic hoses. In the installation of hydraulic systems, hydraulic pipes and brackets for hydraulic pipes for their installation are widely used. Brackets are made of plastic.


Charles River Dam Closed
The flow of the Charles River was stopped yesterday by the closing of the dam that has been under construction for several months near the Craigie Bridge. The cutting off of the river channel is to allow the construction of the main section of the permanent dam and roadway. It will be fully a year from now before the completion of the entire work can be observed, for after the dam is finished a roadway 100 feet wide is to be built along its top, serving as a permanent substitute for the old Craigie Bridge. The shutting off of the water will benefit rowing conditions, since the high water will increase the number of long stretches, and there will be no apparent current.


Modeling water purification by an aquaporin-inspired graphene-based nano-channel
Understanding the mechanism of water and particle transport through thin-film membranes is essential to improve the water permeability and the salt rejection rate of the purification progress. In this research, mimicking from the structure and operation of the aquaporin channel, graphene-based nano-channels were designed to be used as a water filter. The effects of variation of the channel’s main elements, such as the width of the bottleneck and charges attached to the channel on its efficiency, were investigated via molecular dynamics simulations. We observe that the water flow through the channel decreases by increasing the charge, while the ion rejection rate of the channel is enhanced. Moreover, we find that the geometry and shape of the bottleneck part of the channel can affect the channel water flow and its selectivity. Finally, the pressure and the flow velocity in the channel were considered by using finite element models, and the results indicate that they are high at the entrance of the channel. The outcomes of this study can be used to improve the molecular knowledge of water desalination, which might be helpful in designing more efficient membranes.
KeywordsWater desalination Aquaporin Graphene-based channel Molecular dynamics simulation
- 9.Gong X, Li J, Lu H, Wan R, Li J, Hu J, Fang H (2007) A charge-driven molecular water pump. Nature 2:709–712Google Scholar
- 34.SJ Tuart, AB Tutein, JA Harrison (2000) A reactive potential for hydrocarbons with intermolecular interactions, J. Chem. Phys. 112, 6472–6486Google Scholar
- 36.Allen M, Tildesley DJ (1987) Computer simulation of liquids. Oxford University Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
- 37.COMSOL Multiphysics. Key: citeulike: 3255057Google Scholar
- 38.Conway BE (1981) Ionic hydration in chemistry and biophysics. Elsevier Science, Ltd.Google Scholar


Flow control valve actuated by longitudinal motion of ball element
Thermal Liquid/Valves/Flow Control Valves
The Ball Valve (TL) block models the flow reduction due to a ball valve in a thermal liquid network. The valve consists of a ball on a perforated seat with a cylindrical or conical shape. The valve opens when the ball undergoes a positive displacement from its seat, allowing fluid to flow through the seat perforation.
Ball Valve Seat Types
A smoothing function allows the valve opening area to change smoothly between the fully closed and fully open positions. The smoothing function does this by removing the curve discontinuities at the zero and maximum ball positions. The figure shows the effect of smoothing on the valve opening area curve.
Opening-Area Curve Smoothing
The block computes the valve opening area directly from valve
geometry parameters. The calculation depends on the Valve
seat specification parameter setting. If the valve seat
is set to
Sharp-edged, the valve opening
area is based on the geometrical expression:
S is the valve opening area.
ro is the valve orifice radius.
rb is the valve ball radius.
dOB(h) is the distance between the center of the ball (point O in the figure) and the edge of the orifice (point B). This distance is a function of the valve lift (h).
Conical, the valve opening area is based on the geometrical expression:
θ is the angle between the conical seat wall and centerline.
The valve opening expressions introduce undesirable discontinuities at the fully open and fully closed positions. The block eliminates these discontinuities using polynomial expressions that smooth the transitions to and from the fully open and fully closed positions. The valve smoothing expressions are
λL is the smoothing expression for the fully closed portion of the valve opening curve.
λR is the smoothing expression applied to the fully open portion of the valve opening curve.
hMax is the maximum valve lift.
Δhsmooth is the valve lift smoothing region:
The smoothed valve opening area is given by the piecewise conditional expression
SR is the smoothed valve opening area.
SLeak is the valve leakage area.
SMax is the maximum valve opening area:
The mass conservation equation in the valve is
is the mass flow rate into the valve through port A.
is the mass flow rate into the valve through port B.
The energy conservation equation in the valve is
ϕA is the energy flow rate into the valve through port A.
ϕB is the energy flow rate into the valve through port B.
The momentum conservation equation in the valve is
pA and pB are the pressures at port A and port B.
is the mass flow rate.
is the critical mass flow rate:
ρAvg is the average liquid density.
Cd is the discharge coefficient.
S is the valve inlet area.
PRLoss is the pressure ratio:
Choice of valve seat geometry. Options include
Conical. The default setting is
Angle formed by the sides of the conical seat. This parameter is
active only when the Valve seat specification
parameter is active. The default value is
Diameter of the spherical control member. The default value is
Diameter of the valve opening. The default value is
Control member offset from the zero position. The control member
displacement is the sum of the input signal S and the displacement
offset specified. The default value is
Area through which fluid can flow in the fully closed valve position.
This area accounts for leakage between the valve inlets. The default
Portion of the opening-area curve to smooth expressed as a fraction.
Smoothing eliminates discontinuities at the minimum and maximum flow
valve positions. The smoothing factor must be between
1. Enter a value of
0 for zero smoothing. Enter a value of
1 for full-curve smoothing. The default value is
Area normal to the direction of flow at the valve inlets. This area is
assumed the same for all the inlets. The default value is
Distance traversed by the fluid between the valve inlets. The default
Ratio of the actual mass flow rate through the valve to its ideal, or
theoretical, value. The discharge coefficient accounts for the effects
of valve geometry. The value must be between
Reynolds number at which flow transitions between laminar and
turbulent regimes. Flow is laminar below this number and turbulent above
it. The default value is
Mass flow rate into the component through port A
at the start of simulation. The default value is
A — Thermal liquid conserving port representing valve inlet A
B — Thermal liquid conserving port representing valve inlet B
S — Physical signal input port for the control member displacement


discount 70% in 2018-09-19 to 2018-09-21
price: USD$ 98.21
freight :USD$7.00,(Postal parcel)
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This link has 2 same price, a user can set pressure water shortage, such as video consistent, another water shortage pressure is set according to the lower limit starting pressure automatically set more simple, now shipped for water pressure value can be set, 0-10KG pressure can be set! 4 pure copper interface!
Mobile phone watch video copy, the key to see:http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNzI2MjAyNjIw.html?from=s1.8-1-1.2&spm=a2h0k.8191407.0.0
All of these are the pressure of water shortage protection!!
Be carefulWhen the pressure switch is installed on the pump and the water pipe, don't use the hand to grasp the plastic shell. It should be jammed by the wrench tool and the 6 corners are tightened!
Submersible pump, pipeline pump, centrifugal pump and other non stop valve of the water pump refit automatically, must install a stop valve (Dan Xiangfa), to prevent water backflow, so as to achieve perfect automation;


Learning objective 1 – Evaluate the domestic water distribution system using plans and fixture rough-in sheets.
- Determine the location of fixtures.
- Identify the size of the pipe to be installed.
- Determine the route of the water supply piping.
- Determine the location the water heater, water softener, and hose bibbs.
Learning objective 2 – Install water service and a water distribution system.
- Install water service and rough-ins.
- Install proper water hammer protection.
- Install shower and tub valves.
- Install ice maker and washing machine boxes.
- Install puncture protection and in-wall supports.
Learning objective 3 – Test a water supply system.
- Perform an air test.
- Perform a hydrostatic test.
Performance task 1 (Learning objective 2) • Correctly size and install a water service line including backflow preventer.
Performance task 2 (Learning objective 2) • Locate a water meter.
Performance task 3 (Learning objective 1) • Develop a water supply piping material takeoff from a given set of plans.
Performance task 4 (Learning objective 1) Using instructor-provided plans and fixture rough-in sheets, determine the location of fixtures and the route of the water supply piping.
Performance task 5 (Learning objective 4) Test a water supply system.


Flood Effect on Groundwater Recharge on a Typical Silt Loam Soil
AbstractFloods are of great concern as the global climate changes, and investigations of flood water infiltration and groundwater recharge are important for water resource management worldwide, especially under conditions of global climate changes. However, information on the relationship between the flood water and groundwater recharge is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the flood water depth and the height of groundwater rise using lysimeters and numerical modeling in the floodplain of the Tarim River in northwestern China. The experimental results suggested that the rise in height of the groundwater table was closely related to the flood water ponding depth, and the groundwater depth decreased quickly after flooding due to the high infiltration rate of water originating at the Tarim River. The water table falling velocity was significantly less than the water table rising velocity. If the initial groundwater table was deeper, the variation in the water table rise depth was smaller and the water table falling velocity was slower. The numerical simulation results showed good agreement with the observed data, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.87 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 63.91 cm. A good relationship (R2 = 0.789) between the initial groundwater table depth (H0), initial soil water content (W0), flood water depth (h), and height of the water table rise (H) was established. Considering that natural and artificial flood frequencies are related to flood time interval (dt), a relationship (R2 = 0.892) was developed between them. These results can enhance the understanding of flood recharge characteristics in the floodplains of inland rivers. View Full-Text
Share & Cite This Article
Zhang, G.; Feng, G.; Li, X.; Xie, C.; Pi, X. Flood Effect on Groundwater Recharge on a Typical Silt Loam Soil. Water 2017, 9, 523.
Zhang G, Feng G, Li X, Xie C, Pi X. Flood Effect on Groundwater Recharge on a Typical Silt Loam Soil. Water. 2017; 9(7):523.Chicago/Turabian Style
Zhang, Guohua; Feng, Gary; Li, Xinhu; Xie, Congbao; Pi, Xiaoyu. 2017. "Flood Effect on Groundwater Recharge on a Typical Silt Loam Soil." Water 9, no. 7: 523.
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.


Wind power based pumped storage, Faroe Islands
The study outlines a pumped storage scheme on the island including waterways and power station with pumps, turbines and related equipment. The idea is to utilise periods of surplus wind power (e.g. during night time) for pumping of water between reservoirs and to produce hydropower to enhance the power system during periods of higher power demand (e.g. during daytime).
Learn more on the work on energy supply in Sparsely Populated Areas


The topic today of our Modo Pump is coming!
We Modo Pump would like to talk with you the pump assembling today.In order to make the pump a long life,what kind of problem we should consider and avoid it?Please check details as follows:
There are three types of slurry pump layout: open air layout, semi open air layout and indoor layout outdoor. A.The sand slurry pumps arranged in the open air are usually arranged at the lower side of the pipe gallery or near the equipment to be pumped. The utility model has the advantages of good ventilation, convenient operation and maintenance;
B. Semi open air layout. The high pressure multistage pumps arranged in the semi open air are suitable for rainy areas. Generally, the water pumps are arranged under the pipe gallery, and the canopy is arranged on the upper part of the pipe above. Or the pump shall be arranged on the lower floor of the frame, with the frame platform as the canopy. These centrifugal high head pumps can be arranged in single row, double row or row according to the design layout requirements related to pumps.
C. indoor layout In cold or windy areas, the centrifugal water pump can be arranged indoors. If the process requires the equipment to be arranged indoors, the water pump to which it belongs shall also be arranged indoors.
2.Specific requirements for pump layout
A. We Modo Pump arranged the pumps in rows shall be arranged in groups according to the fire protection requirements, operation conditions and material characteristics; when the water pumps are arranged in open air and semi open air, the combustible liquid pumps with the operating temperature equal to or higher than the self ignition point shall be arranged in a centralized way; the fire separation distance between the water pumps and the combustible liquid pumps with the operating temperature lower than the self ignition point shall be no less than 4.5m; the fire separation distance between the pumps and the liquid hydrocarbon pumps shall be no less than7.5m; B. When the water pumps are arranged in rows, it is better to align the center line of the pump end and the inlet, or the foundation sideline of the pump end; 3. When the pumps are arranged in double rows, the power ends of the two rows of multistage water pumps should be opposite, and the maintenance channel should be left in the middle; 4. When the pumps are arranged under or outside the main pipe gallery, the minimum clear width of the channel in the pump area is 2m, the minimum clear height is 3M, and the width of the operation channel in front of the pump end should not be less than 1m;
If you have any question about the pump assembling,welcome to email us!


Pipe Surge and Water Hammer Apparatus
A freestanding unit designed to demonstrate the phenomena of pipe surge and water hammer when connected to a Hydraulics Bench
Includes two separate stainless steel test pipes, both 3m long, constant head tank, slow acting valve, fast acting valve etc
A transparent surge shaft (40 mm diameter and 800mm high) with scale allows transient water levels to be observed and timed
Electronic sensors used to measure pressure transients at two locations in the water hammer test pipe, one adjacent to fast acting valve and one half way along the test pipe.
Pressure transients monitored using a PC (not supplied) using a USB connection from the pressure transducers (requires no external electrical supply)
Straight metal pipes used, rather than a coiled arrangement, to minimize distortion to the pressure profile
The equipment is freestanding and comprises two stainless steel test pipes connected to a constant head tank with the necessary connections to an Hydraulics Bench.
Pipe surge demonstrations are conducted using the first test pipe which incorporates a transparent surge shaft and lever operated valve at the discharge end. An additional valve downstream allows the flow through the test pipe to be varied before closing the lever operated valve. A scale on the surge shaft allows the low speed transients in water level to be measured.
Water hammer demonstrations are conducted using the second test pipe which incorporates a fast acting valve at the discharge end. An additional valve downstream allows the flow through the test pipe to be varied before closing the fast acting valve.
Tappings incorporating electronic pressure sensors are located in the test pipe adjacent to the fast acting valve and half way along the test pipe. These sensors measure the high speed pressure transients inside the pipe as the water hammer travels backwards and forwards along the test pipe. The time delay between the sensors can be used to determine the speed of sound through the water that is attenuated by the elasticity of the metal pipe wall.
The pressure sensors are connected to a conditioning unit with USB connection for direct connection to a PC. The transient pressure waves can be analysed on the PC (not supplied) using the software supplied. The pressure sensors are powered from the USB port on the PC so no additional power supply is necessary.


- Time of issue:2019-07-30 00:00:00
★ Working medium
1. It is recommended to choose l-hm46 or similar viscosity hydraulic oil in summer and l-hm32 or similar viscosity hydraulic oil in winter.
2. Working oil temperature range - 20 ℃ to 80 ℃.
3. The cleanliness of the system directly affects the reliability of the hydraulic components. Before refueling, the oil tank and pipeline should be fully cleaned. Generally, the pump sucks the oil filter with 100 mesh filtration accuracy (its rated flow rate should not be less than twice of the pump flow rate), and the oil return pipeline is connected with the oil filter with 25 μ m filtration accuracy.
★ Pump installation
1. The support structure of oil pump (motor) should be firm, rigid and can fully absorb vibration.
2. The oil pump (motor) can be installed in any direction (preferably horizontally). The shaft of pump and motor must be aligned, and the coaxiality should be controlled within 0.1mm. Please note that no radial or axial load is allowed on the pump shaft, no rigid connection is allowed, and it must be driven by flexible coupling.
3. The suction resistance should not be too high to prevent cavitation. The allowable vacuum of the pump is 110mm. The installation shall be close to the oil tank as far as possible, and the suction height shall not be greater than 500mm.
4. Pay attention to the connection flange, the joint and the whole suction pipe must be strictly sealed to prevent leakage. Otherwise, it will cause noise, system vibration, and generate a large number of bubbles in the tank, and reduce the life of the pump.
5. The diameter of oil suction pipe of oil pump shall not be less than that of pump inlet.
6. There should be no partition in the oil tank to separate the bubbles and dirt brought by the return oil. The oil return pipe should be extended below the oil level (not directly connected with the pump inlet) to prevent bubbles caused by oil return splash.
1. Before starting the oil pump, the oil inlet and outlet should be checked, and the direction of rotation of the pump should be consistent with the direction indicated on the label (if the direction of rotation is not indicated when ordering, the pump should be supplied clockwise).
2. When starting, it should be started formally after the inching operation is normal under no-load condition as far as possible.
3. Due to the pump assembly or long-term shutdown and restart, there will be suction phenomenon, so the vent valve should be installed at the oil outlet, or the outlet flange and joint should be loosened to release air.
1. The oil pump must be coated with anti rust oil, and the internal surface of the motor must be properly preserved if it is not used.
2. Check the performance of the oil regularly, replace it in time when it fails to meet the requirements, and clean the oil tank.
3. The oil filter should be cleaned frequently to ensure smooth oil suction.
4. Maintain normal oil level. When the capacity of piping and oil cylinder is very large, although enough oil is put in at first, after starting, the oil level will drop and the oil filter will expose the oil level, so it is necessary to replenish oil again. In the process of use, there will be leakage, so the oil level meter should be set in the oil tank to observe and replenish oil frequently.
5. When piping, the residual iron and slag in the oil tank and pipeline, especially the cloth strip, often cause the failure of the oil pump, so we must pay attention to the cleaning.
6. The regulating pressure of safety valve should not be too high, generally 1.25 times of the rated pressure of pump.
7. Keep the oil temperature in the range of - 20 ~ 80 ℃, the best is 35 ~ 50 ℃. If necessary, set heater and cooler to adjust oil temperature.
8. After the oil pump (motor) works for a period of time, (due to vibration) the mounting screw or the flange screw of the oil inlet and outlet may be loose. Pay attention to check and tighten it.
★ Common faults and troubleshooting
If the user finds any abnormal phenomenon in use, please find out the reason according to the list of common faults and troubleshooting methods and remove it. If the problem still cannot be solved, the oil pump may have failed. At this time, please do not dismantle and repair the oil pump blindly. You should contact our sales office or our overseas sales department in time to repair it. In order to avoid improper handling, affect the normal use of users, resulting in unnecessary losses.
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Zhongde Hydraulic Parts
Beijiazhuang Industrial Development Zone, Ningjin County, Hebei Province


We design and make hydraulic valve stands and hydraulic test stands.
Valve Stand ST 14-26 for Skin-pass mills - detailed view of Pressure reducing valves and Proportional Servo Valves Rexroth
Oil Hydraulic Power Units
We design and make hydraulic power units on customers needs.
Oil Hydraulic and Pneumatic Cabinets
We design and realize oil hydraulic and pneumatic cabinets specially designed on customers needs.
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Cabinet ST176-13 for production facilities of stainless steel thin and ultrathin rolled strip
Via Romairone 42 E/r - Unit 2.1/2.23
16163 Genoa Bolzaneto - Italy
Phone +39 010 715232
Fax +39 010 710899


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Polymer concrete linear drainage channel
Stainless steel and galvanized steel cover, the thickness depends on the loading capacity
Application: Square, Landscape
Loading: A15, B125, C250
Grating: Galvanized steel or stainless steel slot cover for choice, with polymer concrete drain channel
Internal width: 100mm, 150mm, 200mm for choice.
External height: slot height and quantity could be customized, drain channel height either


Flow net is used to determine various hydraulic parameters needed for the stability analysis of hydraulic structures, as shown in the following subsections.
The space between the two successive flow lines is known as a flow channel. The discharge is given by –
q = KH Nf/Nd …(10.27)
where k is the coefficient of permeability, H is the head causing the flow, Nf is the number of flow channels, and Nd is the number of potential drops.
The head loss between successive equipotential lines is equal to H/Nd. The total head at any point (p) is given by –
h = H – n. Δh …(10.28)
where n is the number of equipotential drops from the upstream side up to point p –
Δh = H/Nd …(10.29)
Seepage pressure can be obtained by –
Ps = γw h = γw(H-n × Δh) …(10.30)
The average value of the hydraulic gradient for any flow field is given by –
i = Δh/l …(10.31)
where I is the length of the flow field in the direction of flow. Consider the flow net for the sheet pile structure shown in Fig. 10.12. There are five flow channels, with six flow lines. Similarly, there are 10 head drops with 11 equipotential lines. Consider unit length of the sheet pile in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Consider the flow through the flow field shown hatched.
Let I be the length of the flow field along the flow channel and b the width of the flow field. As per Darcy’s law, the rate of flow through each flow channel will be –
where Δh is the potential drop between EPL 2 (Equipotential line-2) and EPL 3 –
Equation (10.32) represents discharge for an anisotropic soil, where kx ≠ kz and b ≠ l. For an isotropic soil, kx = kz and b = l. In this case, discharge is –
q = kH(Nf/Nd)
Total Head at Any Point:
The total head at any point p in the soil mass is given by –
h = H – n × Δh
where h is the total head at any point p, H is the total head causing the flow, Nd is the number of equipotential drops up to point p from the first equipotential line, and Δh is the head loss between successive equipotential lines.
The pressure head at any point is equal to the total head minus the elevation head. The elevation head is measured by taking the downstream water level as the datum. Thus, the pressure head at point p is given by –
hp = h – (–he) = h + he
where he is negative because point p is below the datum.
The hydraulic gradient for any flow field is –
The hydraulic gradient for the flow field on the downstream end of the hydraulic structure is known as exit gradient. To prevent piping failure, the exit gradient should be less than the critical hydraulic gradient.


LITTLE ELM WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
LITTLE ELM, TEXAS
Little Elm Wastewater Treatment Plant: The expansion project increased the existing facility’s capacity from 2.7 million gallons of daily (MGD) wastewater treatment to 4.0 MGD. Additions to the existing plant included a new concrete aeration/clarifier structure and an above ground 100,000-gallon water storage tank.
SERVICES / SCOPE OF WORK


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The Everpure EV308132 is for use with the following water filter cartridges:
The Everpure 1/2 GPM Flow Control EV308132 is used to restrict flow through the above filters. The flow rate of this Everpure replacement flow control is 1/2 gallon per minute.
The Everpure EV308132 specifications:


Table of Contents
Hydraulic system is an application of fluid properties within an engine in relation to the tendency of fluids when exposed to pressure. Fluids have the property of exerting pressure equally to all directions in their containers. This property is often employed in mechanics to lift heavier loads with application of little effort. The property of fluidsto exert equal pressure in all directions has been used in manufacturing of different machines in various fields. However, due to movement of different parts of machines, their components must be modeled to endure high strain and wear to increase their efficiency. This paper focuses on the hydraulic pitch system of a Wind turbine machine and seeks to explain their overall functions and operations. It also narrows to the advantages and inner working of a pump while explaining the role of pumps in a hydraulic system.
Hydraulic Pitch System of a Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is used to harness electric power from wind energy. Hydraulic pitch system helps in tapping of wind energy as it allows the turbines to shift automatically with an increase in wind velocity. Hydraulic pitch system in wind turbines is composed of valves which are proportioned to control the hydraulic actuators. The axial piston pumps in the system provide the needed pressure for operations in hydraulic system. The bladder-type accumulators in hydraulic system store needed energy for emergency operations and enable the system operations to be reliable even at very adverse conditions of low temperatures.
The hydraulic control block is very essential as it helps in the drive of the hydraulic system. These basic and core parts of hydraulic system help in measuring the velocity of wind. The response from the valves and the accumulators is measured in milliseconds. Hydraulic components offer the required standard monitoring of machines for their maximum output. Components such as sensors, pressure transmitters and filter monitors help in easy motoring of wind turbines.
Hydraulic Gear Pumps (External Gear)
Hydraulic gear pumps are mainly composed of two gears; idler and driven gears. Since a gear pump is a positive displacement pump, it pumps oil in any turning of the pump. The pressure between the teeth results into equal push to different opposite directions hence the torque remains unaffected and oil carried to the outlet. As the gears rotate suction is created and oil is sucked by the inlet port of the pump resulting into the operation of the system.
The hydraulic gear pumps are very cheap to manufacture, thus, minimal costs incurred for their replacement. They are compact and easy to use in their operations, thus, are preferred compared to other types of gear pumps. The operation of the pump occurs when the engine runs the pump rotating group causing the piston to move over the swash plate which is usually located in a neutral position. Further movement of control pedal results into inclination of the swash plate and, thus, the pump pushes oil through the gears.
The mechanics of hydraulic system have been adopted inmanufacturing machines. Fluids have been used in engines manufacturing with credible results. Some of these machines include wind turbines which have adopted hydraulic pitch system in their operations and, thereby, achieving high levels of efficiency. Hydraulic pitch systems have been enhanced by the application of gear pumps.


What is a Pressure Compensator?
Hydraulic systems rely on pressure compensators to maintain consistent pressure and flow rates, ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the system. In this guide, we will provide an overview of pressure compensators in hydraulic systems, including their definition, purpose, types, advantages, and common applications. Whether you are a hydraulic system designer, engineer, or operator, this guide will help you understand the importance of pressure compensators in hydraulic systems and how to select and use them effectively.
Understanding Pressure Compensators
Hydraulic pressure compensators are an essential component of hydraulic systems that regulate pressure levels, ensuring smooth and efficient system performance. A pressure compensator adjusts the flow rate of a hydraulic system based on changes in pressure, maintaining consistent pressure levels and preventing damage to the system.
Pressure compensators come in various types, including fixed, variable, and load-sensing valves. Fixed pressure compensators are set at a specific pressure range and maintain a constant flow rate, making them suitable for simple hydraulic systems. Variable pressure compensators, on the other hand, allow for flow rate adjustments, providing greater flexibility and control over system performance. Load-sensing valves are designed to adjust the system's flow rate based on the load, making them ideal for applications that require varying pressure levels.
All pressure compensators work by adjusting the flow rate based on changes in pressure, but they may do so differently. For example, a fixed pressure compensator uses a spring-loaded valve to maintain a set pressure level, while a variable pressure compensator may use a proportional valve that responds to changes in pressure by adjusting the flow rate. The type of pressure compensator used in a hydraulic system will depend on the system's requirements and the application's specific needs.
There are several advantages to using a pressure compensator in a hydraulic system. One of the main benefits is increased efficiency and accuracy in system performance. By maintaining consistent pressure levels, the system can operate at optimal levels, reducing energy consumption and minimizing wear and tear on system components. Additionally, pressure compensators can improve safety and performance by preventing overloading and system failures.
However, there are also some disadvantages to using a pressure compensator. For example, fixed pressure compensators are limited in their flexibility and may not be suitable for more complex hydraulic systems. Variable pressure compensators can be more expensive and require more maintenance than fixed pressure compensators.
Overall, the type of pressure compensator used in a hydraulic system will depend on the specific requirements of the application. It is important to consider factors such as operating pressure and flow rate requirements, type of hydraulic system and components, environmental factors, and budget and maintenance considerations when selecting a pressure compensator.
Benefits of Using a Pressure Compensator
Pressure compensators are essential components in hydraulic systems that help to maintain a consistent pressure level by regulating the flow rate of hydraulic fluid. By doing so, pressure compensators help to prevent system failure, equipment damage, and operator injury. Understanding the benefits of using a pressure compensator in hydraulic systems is crucial for ensuring optimal system performance.
Increased efficiency and accuracy in hydraulic systems: Pressure compensators allow for more precise control of system pressure, which helps to reduce energy consumption and improve overall system efficiency. Additionally, pressure compensators help to maintain a consistent pressure level, which reduces the risk of system failure and downtime.
Reduced wear and tear on equipment: When hydraulic systems operate at excessively high pressures, it can cause increased wear and tear on system components, leading to premature failure and increased maintenance costs. Pressure compensators help to maintain a consistent pressure level, which reduces the risk of damage to system components and extends their lifespan.
Improved safety and performance in hydraulic systems: Pressure compensators play a critical role in ensuring the safe and reliable operation of hydraulic systems. By maintaining a consistent pressure level, pressure compensators help to prevent system failure and operator injury, improving overall system safety and performance.
Overall, the use of pressure compensators in hydraulic systems provides numerous benefits, including increased efficiency and accuracy, reduced wear and tear on equipment, and improved safety and performance. Understanding these benefits is crucial for ensuring optimal system performance and reliability.
Common Applications of Pressure Compensators
Pressure compensators are used in a wide range of hydraulic systems and machinery, including industrial and manufacturing equipment, agricultural machinery, construction and excavation machinery, and automotive and transportation equipment.
Industrial and manufacturing equipment often rely on pressure compensators to ensure consistent and precise operation. For example, hydraulic presses and stamping machines require precise pressure control to produce accurate and high-quality products.
In agricultural machinery and equipment, pressure compensators are used to improve efficiency and reduce wear and tear on equipment. Irrigation systems, for instance, rely on pressure compensators to regulate water flow and maintain consistent pressure for optimal crop growth.
Construction and excavation machinery also often use pressure compensators to ensure safe and reliable operation. Hydraulic cranes, excavators, and backhoes require precise pressure control to lift and move heavy loads safely and efficiently.
In the automotive and transportation industry, pressure compensators are used in a variety of applications, from steering and suspension systems to brakes and clutches. In these systems, pressure compensators help to ensure precise and reliable operation for enhanced safety and performance.
Overall, pressure compensators play a critical role in a wide range of hydraulic systems and machinery, providing accurate pressure control and ensuring safe and efficient operation.
Factors to Consider When Selecting a Pressure Compensator
When selecting a pressure compensator for your hydraulic system, there are several factors that you need to consider to ensure that the compensator will work effectively and efficiently. Here are some of the key factors to keep in mind:
Operating Pressure and Flow Rate Requirements: One of the most critical factors to consider is the required operating pressure and flow rate of your hydraulic system. Make sure that the pressure compensator you select can handle the maximum pressure and flow rate required by your system.
Type of Hydraulic System and Components: The type of hydraulic system and components used in your system will also affect your choice of pressure compensator. Different types of hydraulic systems may require different types of compensators, and different components within a system may have different requirements as well.
Environmental Factors and Operating Conditions: Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and dust can all affect the performance of your pressure compensator. Make sure to choose a compensator that is suitable for the specific environmental conditions in which your hydraulic system will be operating.
Budget and Maintenance Considerations: The cost of a pressure compensator can vary significantly depending on its features and capabilities. Consider your budget carefully when selecting a compensator, but also keep in mind the cost of ongoing maintenance and replacement parts over the life of the system.
By carefully considering these factors, you can select the right pressure compensator for your hydraulic system, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency.
Installation and Maintenance of Pressure Compensators
Proper installation and maintenance of pressure compensators are crucial for their optimal performance and longevity in hydraulic systems.
Installation of Pressure Compensators
The first step in installing a pressure compensator is to select the appropriate compensator for the hydraulic system. It is essential to consider the system's operating pressure and flow rate requirements, the type of hydraulic system and components, and the environmental factors and operating conditions. The compensator's installation location should also be considered to ensure easy accessibility for inspection and maintenance.
After selecting the appropriate compensator, the installation process should follow the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. The installation process typically involves the following steps:
Mounting the compensator: The compensator should be mounted securely and correctly in the system, considering the direction of fluid flow.
Connecting the compensator: The compensator should be connected to the hydraulic system using the recommended fittings and hoses.
Adjusting the compensator: The compensator should be adjusted according to the manufacturer's recommended settings, ensuring the proper pressure compensation range for the system.
Testing the compensator: After installation, the compensator should be tested to ensure it is working correctly and within the desired pressure compensation range.
Maintenance of Pressure Compensators
Routine maintenance and inspection of pressure compensators are necessary to ensure their optimal performance and longevity in hydraulic systems. The following are some recommended maintenance tasks:
Regular inspection: Pressure compensators should be inspected regularly for signs of wear, leaks, and damage.
Cleaning: The compensator should be cleaned regularly to remove any debris or contaminants that may affect its performance.
Calibration: The compensator should be calibrated periodically to ensure it is operating within the desired pressure compensation range.
Replacement of worn-out parts: Any worn-out or damaged parts should be replaced promptly to avoid further damage to the system.
Troubleshooting: Any issues or problems with the compensator should be addressed promptly to avoid equipment damage or system failure.
Troubleshooting Pressure Compensator Issues
If a pressure compensator is not working correctly, it may cause problems in the hydraulic system, such as slow or erratic operation, system overheating, or damage to system components. The following are some common pressure compensator issues and their potential causes:
Pressure compensator fails to maintain desired pressure range: This issue may be caused by worn-out parts, incorrect adjustment, or a damaged compensator.
Pressure compensator leaks: This issue may be caused by damaged seals, worn-out parts, or incorrect installation.
Pressure compensator is noisy: This issue may be caused by a damaged compensator or incorrect installation.
If any of these issues are encountered, it is recommended to consult the manufacturer's manual or a qualified technician for proper troubleshooting and repair procedures.
In conclusion, pressure compensators play a vital role in hydraulic systems, regulating pressure to prevent damage and improve system efficiency. Understanding the different types of pressure compensators available and their benefits and drawbacks is important when selecting the right one for a given application. Considerations such as operating pressure and flow rate, environmental factors, and maintenance requirements should also be taken into account. Proper installation and maintenance of pressure compensators can help prevent common issues and prolong their lifespan. By selecting and using pressure compensators correctly, hydraulic systems can operate more efficiently, safely, and reliably.


High quality hydraulic presses are devices that are used to generate a compressive force using a hydraulic cylinder. In simple words, a hydraulic press is a machine that makes use of the pressure exerted on the fluids to crush something. These machines works on the principle of Pascal’s law.
High quality hydraulic presses are generally used for forging, clinching, molding, blanking, punching, deep drawing, and metal forming operations.They are widely used in lifting and compressing large items. Hydraulic presses are extensively used in many industrial applications, construction companies, metal industries and wood processing depots. The hydraulic laminating presses are used in fabrication or laminating wooden components, plywood, partition boards, and MDF boards.
Liming is a professional hydraulic press manufacturer which can produce high quality hydraulic press at low price.


Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute ›› 2023, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (3): 25-29.DOI: 10.11988/ckyyb.20211178
• WATER RESOURCES •
YUAN Jing, ZHANG De-bing
The influences of tracer type, tracer dosage, tracer monitoring and flow monitoring on water flow connectivity of drinking water source were examined systematically. Electrical conductivity was taken as a reference index to optimize the sampling and flow measurement frequency, and nitrate of potash as the tracer indicator of calculating tracer recovery rate. In association with flow measurement data, a method of quantifying the water system connectivity was proposed to reveal the distribution of groundwater resource. The method was applied to investigate the contradiction between domestic water use and production water use in the provincial boundary of Yeniuyan between Hunan Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Results unveil that all the water from Yeniuyan flows into the Luoshuidang, and then divided into east and west streams. The east stream flows into the underground river through the Xingfu dam and the Xingfu power station, and finally into the Jiangyuan, while the west stream stretching over 30 km flows into the underground river through the Wuxing tunnel, Wuxing power station and Xingfu power station, and finally into the Jiangyuan. Under the hydrometeorological conditions during the test period, the water diversion of the east branch (Xingfuba) accounted for about 34.9% of the water inflow into the Luoshuidang from Yeniuyan, and that of the west branch (Wuxing tunnel) occupied 65.1%. No connection between Baiquan, Dashuibu, Qingtang, Zhaojiangdong 1 and Zhaojiangdong 2 and Yeniuyan was observed. The trend of groundwater and the proportions of runoff and water diversion were made clear, and the variation characteristics of water volume along the river course were obtained. The research finding is expected to offer technical support for solving such water use disputes and can be used as a reference for analyzing complicatedly connected water system.
quantitative water flow connectivity,
simultaneous monitoring of water quality and quantity,
YUAN Jing, ZHANG De-bing. Tracer-Test-based Technology of Quantifying Water Flow Connectivity between Hunan and Guangxi Provinces[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2023, 40(3): 25-29.
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McWong has brought the new technologies and ideas in terms of the experience of water treatment and water resource management for China. We adopt the corresponding technologies in water field mainly targets Industrial water and make-up for cooling water system.
Industry Water supply process>>
Micro-vortex Flocculation water Treatment process + Concrete Sandflo Filter Treatment process
McWong's patent equipment and technology, meeting industrial water supply economically and efficiently.
Desalination Treatment process>>
UF+ RO+ Pumping unit+ Dosing system+ Washing and cleaning system +Other accessary facilities
This package is applicable to reuse water of deep treatment, such as recycling cooling water treatment that requires demineralization.


ATK sand filter are made of fiberglass reinforced polyester with arm collector system, multiport valve on top or at side on demanding. They are equipped with pressure gauge and produced for pressure up to 4bar.Higher pressures are possible on demanding. The flow rate is 6.5-282m³/h.
ATK Sand Filter is made of fiberglass-reinforced polyester with an arms collector system, the multiport valve on the top or at the side on demand. It is equipped with a pressure gauge and produced for pressure up to 4 bar. Models with higher pressure load is capable and can be fabricated on demand. The flow rate can be 6.5~282m³/h.


- Gas Airless Piston Pump
- HP-9500 Gas Piston Pump 2.0 GPM
HP-9500 Gas Piston Pump 2.0 GPM
Incredible power comes from a hydraulic system that drives this large piston paint pump.
The system's 2 GPM flow rate will handle up to one .050 tip, two .033's, or four .019 tips!


This form of energy is produced when the electricity generators are placed on the surface of the ocean. The energy is widely applied for the desalination purpose in the power plants and water pump. Output of the energy is calculated by the wave height, wave speed, wavelength and the water density. Energy generated by waves is converted into electricity through the electric generator. Wave movement is harnessed and converted to electricity. It’s a reliable source of energy as it can be harnessed enormously and there is no shortage. Depending on the method used for the capture of wave energy, it can be characterised into hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, and pump to shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine and linear electric generator. Being a renewable source of energy, wave energy can have certain disadvantages to the marine animals. There are chances that the marine animal may be struck to the tidal turbine blades, causes noise pollution, effect on the life of marine animal, affecting the sediment transport and water quality.


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A hydraulic cylinder, a vital component in hydraulic systems, comprises several essential parts that collectively enable the conversion of fluid pressure into linear motion. Understanding these components is crucial for effective troubleshooting, maintenance, and repairs. Let’s delve into the key constituents of a hydraulic cylinder:
1. Hydraulic Cylinder Barrel:
The barrel serves as the cylindrical enclosure that contains the pressurized hydraulic fluid. Typically constructed from honed steel tubes, its precise machining and smooth surface ensure efficient fluid containment.
2. Cylinder Head (End Cap):
Situated inside the cylinder barrel, the cylinder head, also known as the end cap or blind end, encloses the pressure chamber at one end of the hydraulic cylinder. It may feature a seal gland or an integrated rod sealing arrangement to prevent fluid leakage.
3. Hydraulic Cylinder Base (Rod End):
The cylinder base, also referred to as the rod end, contains the pressure generated at one end of the cylinder barrel. Its design allows for the attachment of the cylinder rod.
The piston is a crucial internal component of the hydraulic cylinder. It separates the pressure zones within the cylinder barrel and facilitates the transmission of hydraulic force. Depending on the design, pistons can accommodate various types of seals, such as metallic or rubber, for both single-acting and double-acting applications.
5. Piston Rod (Cylinder Rod):
Also known as the cylinder rod, this component connects the piston to the cylinder head. Typically made from chrome-plated cold-rolled steel, it plays a pivotal role in transmitting the generated hydraulic force to the mechanical components of the system.
6. Seal Gland:
The seal gland, also referred to as the hydraulic cylinder gland, is equipped with seals that prevent pressurized oil from leaking past the interfaces between the cylinder rod and the cylinder head. Effective sealing is essential to maintain system integrity.
Seals, located within the seal gland, are designed to withstand the working pressure, speed, operating temperature, and application-specific requirements of the hydraulic cylinder. They come in both single-acting and double-acting configurations, and their materials can vary based on operational conditions. Elastomer seals constructed from materials like nitrile rubber or fluorocarbon viton are common, catering to different temperature ranges.
These interconnected components collaborate to harness fluid pressure and translate it into controlled linear movement, powering the machinery and systems dependent on hydraulic force. The maintenance and care of these parts are critical to ensure the hydraulic cylinder’s optimal functionality and longevity.


When you open it. Have a bucket handy to catch the water. According to the Uniform Plumbing Code, a pipe should be connected to the pressure relief valve, extending open the drain valve near the hot water heater tank bottom and
Leave water heater drain and pressure relief valve open over winter. CAUTION Close all faucets, water outlets, the water heater drain and pressure relief valve. 2. If during the winterizing procedure the anode was removed and replaced with a 3/4" male pipe
Pressure in water heater has been relieved. 2. Drain heater the rest of the way either through the drain valve, turned off to the water heater. Open all hot water taps on the boat to relieve the pressure and allow cold water to cool the water in the system.
Connect a garden hose to drain valve located on the bottom of the water heater. Open the drain valve and let the water heater drain completely then close the drain valve. 5. Disconnect the cold-water inlet, hot water outlet, T & P valve, or element holes and, using a
Open the water heater’s drain valve. While the water heater is draining, read the Installation Instruc-tions that came with your water heater. Disconnect the water and power lines and remove the old water heater.
How To Drain Your Water Heater Step 7: When the water heater has completely drained, open cold water supply valve to the water heater for 30 to 60 seconds then shut off. Step 8: (a) Check water coming out of drain hose for clarity.
Garden hose to the drain valve on the water heater, and open the valve. Direct the stream of water to a drain where it will do no damage. (See Fig-ure 19). The water drained from the tank may be hot enough to present a
TO FILL WATER HEATER — Make certain drain valve is completely closed and the collector feeds that are not in use are plugged tight. Make certain the discharged water is directed to an open drain. Before manually operating the relief valve,
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drain out, shut off water to the heater, open a hot water faucet somewhere in the house, and replace the valve. Draining and Flushing the Tank Turn off the heat source (circuit breaker or gas) to the water heater. Close the cold water valve.
Open the hot water heater faucet and allow tank to drain completely. 6. Once the tank has drained, turn the water back on by the meter. Let the tank Open all hot water taps throughout the residence to flush out all sedimentation
Drain Fresh Water Tank 2. Drain Water Heater – Plug at bottom, outside of heater 3. BY PASS Heater: 1. Leave fresh water tank and black & gray water tanks open, also leave plug out of water heater. This is to help you winterize your unit.
Open the water heater drain valve and allow a reasonable amount of hot water to drain from the tank. Most water heater drain valves can be fitted to a standard garden hose, which can be ran to a sink (or outdoors) to assist with the
Close the heater drain valve, open cold water inlet valve and completely fill the tank with water. Leave water in heater for 15 minutes. 9. Drain the water from the tank through the heater drain valve. Close the drain valve and
Make certain the discharged water is directed to an open drain. Attach a garden hose to the drain valve on the water heater and direct the stream of water to a drain where it will do no damage. The water drained from the tank may be hot enough to present a
Before spending money on repairs, check anode rod. Open drain valve and drain water heater. If there is rusty water, then check anode If anode rod is depleted, then install new anode to prevent steel tank from rusting.


Control system approach to optimize the performance of off-grid micro hydro power plants
Small Hydro Power Plants are grabbing attention of many underdeveloped countries providing local power and a source of new capacity in established markets. Micro Hydro Power Plant is one among them that harnesses maximum power available in water and provides the best solution of power generation for areas like the hilly regions. Micro Hydro Power Plant has a huge potential of large amount of electricity generation out of a small water flow with minimal environmental impact. In this paper an approach is made towards the design of a control system for the Micro Hydro Power Plant which ensures optimum amount of power generation, all the time the plant runs. The intake water flow rate of Micro Hydro is controlled to generate the desired electrical power. The complete control system model is developed in MATLAB using Simulink. The transient behavior of generated active power, voltage and speed of synchronous machine are analyzed through the designed control system model.
Priyanka Malhan. Control system approach to optimize the performance of off-grid micro hydro power plants. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2018, Pages 70-74


LUBECO™ Biodegradable Hydraulic Oils
Efficiency and reliability of a hydraulic system is greatly influenced by the quality of hydraulic fluid that is being used, particularly for hydraulic systems working under extreme pressure and temperature. LUBECO™ range of fully synthetic readily biodegradable hydraulic oils is based on premium quality vegetable and synthetic esters matched with state-of-the-art additives to provide maximum performance.
LUBECO™ HEES range (Hydraulic oil PLUS and PREMIUM Hydraulic Oil) are superior hydraulic fluids based on saturated synthetic esters complying and exceeding the highest performance and environmental standards. These products have been awarded the EU Ecolabel of Environmental excellence no. CZ/27/022 and comply with the US EPA Vessel General Permit 2013 (VGP) for Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants (EALs).


Experience in constructing hydro electric power plant and the facilities has benefitted the company to expand its construction services intoenergy related construction works.
We built Asahan 1, a hydro electric power facility located at Asahan River – Lake Toba, Sumatera. Asahan 1 has a power generating capacity of 180 mega watts, it is the largest hydro power facility in Indonesia.We also owns Asahan 1 with 3.5% share holding through our subsidiary, PT Badrajaya Sentranusa.In expanding into energy related construction works, the company has implemented assets acquiring to generate recurring income for long term growth.
We formed PT Inti Duta Energy, a subsidiary, in 2011 to realize the diversification strategy into energy sector. PT Inti Duta Energy focuses on obtaining concessions for mini hydro power facilities, building & developing these facilities and operating them. Currently PT Inti Duta Energy has two mini hydro projects underway and has a pipeline of additional 7 mini hydro concessions to develop. PT Inti Duta Energy targets to have 10 – 15 mini hydro facilities, with a power generating capacity of roughly 100 mega watts by the end of 2017.


Proline Pressure Compensating Flood Bubbler
A straight flow valve has a patented open flow design. There are no 90 degree angles that the flow of water has to maneuver around. This allows for flow rates as far low as 1 GPH. The diaphragm inside does not cause hammering when closing like a typical valve.


Axial Flow Pump
Product Details :
|Minimum Order Quantity||01 Pieces|
|Max Flow Rate||10000 m3/hr|
Product Description :
An axial flow pump is a type of hydraulic machine that moves fluid in an axial direction, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. It is also known as a propeller pump or a mixed-flow pump.
Axial flow pumps are commonly used in applications where large volumes of fluid need to be moved over long distances, such as in irrigation systems, flood control, and water treatment plants. They are also used in industrial processes where a large volume of low-pressure fluid needs to be pumped, such as in cooling tower systems and aeration in wastewater treatment plants.
The main components of an axial flow pump include a propeller, a volute casing, an impeller, and a shaft. The propeller is responsible for drawing the fluid into the pump and accelerating it, while the volute casing helps to direct the flow of the fluid. The impeller provides additional energy to the fluid, increasing its velocity and pressure, and the shaft transmits power from the motor to the impeller.
One of the main advantages of axial flow pumps is their high efficiency, especially at high flow rates. They are also relatively simple in design and can be easily maintained, making them a popular choice in a variety of industrial and commercial applications.
However, axial flow pumps are not ideal for applications that require high head, or pressure, as they typically have lower head capabilities compared to other types of pumps. They are also not suitable for pumping fluids with a high concentration of solids or other abrasive materials, as the propeller and other components can be damaged over time.
Axial flow pumps have several advantages that make them a popular choice in a variety of industrial and commercial applications:
1. High efficiency: Axial flow pumps are highly efficient, especially at high flow rates. This makes them ideal for applications that require the movement of large volumes of fluid over long distances.
2. Simple design: The design of axial flow pumps is relatively simple, with few moving parts. This makes them easy to maintain and reduces the risk of mechanical failure.
3. Easy installation: Axial flow pumps are relatively lightweight and compact, making them easy to install in a variety of settings.
4. Versatility: Axial flow pumps can handle a wide range of fluid types and viscosities, making them suitable for a variety of applications.
5. Low maintenance: The simple design of axial flow pumps means that they require less maintenance compared to other types of pumps.
6. Cost-effective: Axial flow pumps are relatively inexpensive compared to other types of pumps, making them a cost-effective option for many applications.
7. Energy efficient: Axial flow pumps use less energy compared to other types of pumps, reducing operating costs and making them more environmentally friendly.
Overall, axial flow pumps offer a combination of high efficiency, versatility, and low maintenance, making them a popular choice for a wide range of industrial and commercial applications.
Axial flow pumps have a wide range of applications in various industries, including:
1. Irrigation: Axial flow pumps are commonly used in large-scale irrigation systems, where they are used to pump water from rivers, lakes, or wells to agricultural land.
2. Flood control: Axial flow pumps are used in flood control systems to pump water out of low-lying areas and prevent damage to property and infrastructure.
3. Water treatment: Axial flow pumps are used in water treatment plants to pump large volumes of water through filters and other treatment processes.
4. Power generation: Axial flow pumps are used in power generation plants to cool steam turbines and condensers.
5. Mining: Axial flow pumps are used in mining operations to pump water, sludge, and other materials out of underground mines.
6. Industrial processes: Axial flow pumps are used in a variety of industrial processes, including cooling tower systems and aeration in wastewater treatment plants.
7. Maritime: Axial flow pumps are used in maritime applications, such as in ships, barges, and offshore platforms, to pump water, ballast, and other fluids.
8. Fire fighting: Axial flow pumps are used in fire fighting systems, where they are used to pump water from reservoirs to fire trucks or fire hydrants.
Overall, axial flow pumps are widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications due to their high efficiency, versatility, and low maintenance requirements.
Additional Information :
Port of Dispatch : Ahmedabad, India.
Production Capacity : As per order.
Delivery Time : As per order.
Packaging Details : Export/cargo packing.


Increasingly serious environmental problems cannot be ignored. Low-carbon and energy-saving is urgent. The power loss of the hydraulic system of hydraulic aerial work lifts will cause energy waste on the one hand and reduce the utilization rate of the system. On the other hand, this part of the lost energy will be lost. It will be converted into heat, the temperature of the hydraulic oil will gradually rise, and the oil will change, causing the hydraulic elevator to appear faulty. Let's talk about how to reduce the waste of the useless work of the hydraulic high-altitude operation elevator! 1. Reasonably adjust the pressure value. When hydraulic oil flows through various hydraulic valves, it is inevitable that there will be pressure loss and flow loss. This part of the energy loss occupies a large proportion of the total energy loss. Therefore, reasonable selection of hydraulics and adjustment of the pressure of the pressure valve are also an important aspect of reducing power loss. The flow valve is selected according to the regular flow adjustment scale and its most stable flow can meet the application requirements. The pressure of the pressure valve should be as low as possible when the hydraulic electric pallet lift truck
is satisfied with the normal operation. 2. Reduce pressure loss When selecting a speed control circuit, it is necessary to be satisfied with the speed control indication and to reduce power loss as much as possible. The common speed control loops mainly include: save speed control loop, volume speed control loop, volume save speed control loop. Among them, the power loss of the speed-saving loop is large, and the low-speed stability is good. The volumetric speed control loop has neither overflow loss nor saving loss. The power is high, but the low-speed stability is poor. If we want to meet the requirements of both aspects together, it is suggested that we can use a variable pressure differential pump and a volume-saving speed control loop composed of a saving valve, and make the pressure difference between the two ends of the saving valve as small as possible to reduce pressure loss. 3. Choose the right hydraulic oil. When the hydraulic oil moves in the pipeline, it will show viscosity, and when the viscosity is too large, it will produce strong internal friction and form oil heating. resistance. When the viscosity is too low, leakage is easy to form, which will reduce the volume power of the system. Therefore, oils with suitable viscosity and good viscosity-temperature characteristics are generally selected. In addition, when the oil moves in the pipeline, there is still pressure loss and partial pressure loss along the way. Therefore, when designing the pipeline, try to shorten the pipeline and reduce the elbow. 4. Reasonable selection of pump station size Considering the diversification of actuator operating conditions, sometimes the system requires large flow and low pressure; sometimes it requires small flow and high pressure. Therefore, it is advisable to choose a pressure-limiting variable pump, because the flow rate of this type of pump changes with the change of the system pressure. When the system pressure drops, the flow rate is relatively large, which can satisfy the fast stroke of the actuator. When the system pressure advances, the flow rate decreases accordingly, which can satisfy the operating rules of the actuator. In this way, the operating requirements of the actuator can be satisfied, and the power consumption can be more reasonable. 5. It is strictly forbidden to overload operation. When using hydraulic high-altitude operation elevators, you should not be greedy and time-saving and overload the equipment. This will only reduce the operating speed, damage the equipment, add emissions, affect the next use, and shorten the life of the elevator.
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