XCMG Crane Parts XCMG Parts clutch master cylinder860530945
Contact +8619852008965 WeChat WhatsApp same number
Applicable models XCMG: QY25K5C_2 QY70KC QY50KC QY25K5D_2 QY25KC XCT35_BR QY25K5D_3 QY25K5D_3 QY25K5C_1 QY55KC_1 QY25K5F_1 QY50KC QY50K5C_1 QY25K5C_2 QY25K5F QY25K5C QY25K5D_2 QY30KC QY55K5C_2 QY25K5F_1 QY25K5D_1 QY30KC QY55K5D
XCT80L6 XCT130_1 XCT12 XCT80L6 XCT25L4_S XCA40_M XCA30_JY XCT25L5_3 XCT55L5 XCT110_1 XCT60L6 XCT12 XCT25L5_SR XCT25L5_2 XCT95L7 XCT75L7 QY110K8C QY95K7C QY110K7C XCT100 XCT75_S QY40KC XCT90 XCT25 XCT25L5_E QY70KC QY40K5C_2 XCT60L6_1 QY75KC QY100K7C QY95KH QY100K6C QY50JW XCT16_1 XCT100_BR XCT60 QY20K5D QY85KC XCT25 XCT80L5 XCT100 XCT20L5_1 XCT75L6 XCT20L5 XCT80_S XPD36 QY16KC QY16KC QY40K5D_1 QY25K5L XCA40 QY40KD QY80K5D QY70K5D_1 QY50KD QY20K5C XCT50_Y XCT16_Y XCT25L4_Y XCT80_Y XCT60_Y XCT50_Y and other XCT QY RT series models
2. Product introduction
When the driver depresses the clutch pedal, the push rod pushes the master cylinder piston to increase the oil pressure and enters the wheel pump through the hose, forcing the wheel pump rod to push the release fork and push the release bearing forward; when the driver releases the clutch pedal, The hydraulic pressure is released, the release fork gradually returns to its original position under the action of the return spring, and the clutch is in the engaged state again.
There is a radial oblong through hole in the middle of the clutch master cylinder piston. The direction limiting screw passes through the oblong hole of the piston to prevent the piston from rotating. The oil inlet valve is installed in the axial hole at the left end of the piston, and the oil inlet valve seat is inserted through the straight hole on the piston surface. in the piston bore.
When the clutch pedal is not stepped on, there is a gap between the push rod of the master cylinder and the piston of the master cylinder. Due to the limit of the oil inlet valve by the direction limiting screw, there is a small gap between the oil inlet valve and the piston. In this way, the oil storage cylinder is communicated with the left cavity of the master pump through the pipe joint, the oil passage, the oil inlet valve and the oil inlet valve. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the piston moves to the left, and the oil inlet valve moves to the right relative to the piston under the action of the return spring, eliminating the gap between the oil inlet valve and the piston.
Continue to step on the clutch pedal, the oil pressure in the left cavity of the master cylinder rises, the brake fluid in the left cavity of the master cylinder enters the booster through the oil pipe, the booster works, and the clutch is disengaged.
Release the clutch pedal, the piston moves to the right faster under the action of the co-located spring, because the brake fluid has a certain resistance in the flow of the pipeline, the speed of the flow back to the master cylinder is slow, so a certain pressure is formed in the left cavity of the master cylinder. Vacuum degree, the oil inlet valve moves to the left under the action of the pressure difference between the left and right oil chambers of the piston, and a small amount of brake fluid in the oil storage tank flows into the left chamber of the master cylinder through the oil inlet valve to make up for the vacuum. When the brake fluid that originally entered the booster from the master cylinder flows back to the master cylinder, excess brake fluid appears in the left cavity of the master cylinder, and the excess brake fluid will flow back to the oil storage tank through the oil inlet valve.


The Oromia Region, Water & Sewerage Authority has invested 210 million Br for a water project in Fiche town. The project will supply clean water to 180,000 people in Fiche, Semien Showa Zone of the Oromia Regional State. The source of the water will be eight 200m deep water-wells from which 80lt of water can be pumped a second. It will be operational in seven years. The project will include three water reservoirs with a carrying capacity of 3.2 million litres and two pumping stations. Access to water supply in the Oromia Regional State stood at 64pc by the last fiscal year, according to the Ministry of Water, Irrigation & Electricity.


Van Diemen's Land Irrigation Pty Ltd
Van Diemen’s Land Irrigation has over 20 years experience in the irrigation and agricultural machinery industry. Van Diemen’s Land Irrigation import and manufacture a range of irrigation and pumping equipment.
Contact Van Diemen's Land Irrigation Pty Ltd
228 Charles Street
Tel: (03) 6334 5600
Fax: (03) 6334 5880
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Irrigation | Generator Systems | Generators | Irrigation And Water Supplies | Irrigation Equipment | Irrigation Products | Irrigation Pumps | Irrigation Systems | Pumps | Irrigation Installation | Irrigation And Pumping Supplies | irrigation generators | Irrigation Hoses |


Pressure reducing valve is required for the hose reel system to reduce the pressure at the inlet of the hose reel to the nominal working pressure.
|Code No.||Size||Working Pressure||Material|
|HRS063-GM-025-NA||25mm (1”)||Max. inlet pressure up to 20 bar
|HRS063-GM-050-NA||50mm (2”)||Outlet pressure between 1 to 4 bar
(14.5 to 58 psi)
Ms. Nguyen (Vice president)
Mr Dong (Deputy business)
Mr Hy (Delivery)


Chapter 2 Power presses or shear machines
Section 5 Hydraulic systems
A hydraulic press shall have a construction that the slider cannot be activated without doing the start operation after a hydraulic pump started.
An over drop distance( inertial descending value) of the slider shall be less than the value in Attaching table 4 when the protective stop mechanism in the hydrautic press acts on the slider being of a maximum dropping speed.
The hydraulic press shall have a safety stopper to support the total weight of the slider and the upper half die.
The solenoid valve in the hydraulic press shall be a normally closed type with a spring-return construction.
The hydraulic presses shall have a safety device to prevent hydraulic over-pressure.


Tamil Nadu informs Kerala, water will be released through spillway shutters of Mullaiperiyar dam tomorrow
Tamil Nadu has informed Kerala that water will be released through the spillway shutters of the Mullaiperiyar dam at 7 am tomorrow. This was mentioned in a Facebook post of the Kerala Irrigation Minister Roshy Augustine.
He said water will be released if water level continues to rise in the reservoir. The Minister said all precautionary measures have been taken by the state in view of the likely release of water from Mullaiperiyar. The Idukki District Collector has asked people living on the banks of river Periyar to shift to temporary camps.
Inflow into the Mullaiperiyar reservoir has increased with the catchment areas of the dam receiving heavy rains since last evening. The dam’s water level has risen to 138.05 ft. The reservoir is receiving an inflow of 5800 cusecs, while Tamil Nadu is drawing 2300 cusecs.
Meanwhile, the authorities have closed the third shutter of the Cheruthoni dam yesterday afternoon, as the water level in the Idukki reservoir touched 2397.90 ft. The water level in the dam is currently at 2398.20 feet, following increased inflow.


Electric power Hydraulic tools
Ram Stroke: 25mm
Crimping Capacity: 150-630mm2
Standard Dies: 7 sets
We could supply co-630 to crimp stainless steel material .
CO-630A is a heavy-duty hydraulic crimping tool. Designed to crimp large size cable connectors (Lugs Splices etc.) onto cable, can be widely used for cable connection job in electric transmission and distribution project. With 7 sets standard crimping dies, CO-630A crimping capacity is from 150mm2 and 630mm2. As a remote control tool, an external hydraulic pump is also required to work with CO-630A, provide hydraulic pressure.


Hydraulic breakers and waterwheels were assembled at the bottom of the east and west banks of the Qijiang River Bridge along the South Outer Ring on April 28. The demolition of the approach span of the Qijiang River Bridge, which would be undertaken by PowerChina Roadbridge Group Co Ltd, was officially started.
According to the head of the project, the components of the approach span would be demolished in 3 days, and the traffic on Cuijing Avenue will be resumed on May 1.
The demolition will be completed by May 15, when the construction of the new bridge will begin. The main structure of the new bridge will be completed by the end of September this year, and the bridge is expected to open to traffic by the end of December next year.


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Preparations underway to operate the spillway at Muskrat Falls
July 22, 2016 – Preparations are underway at Muskrat Falls for operation of the spillway this summer.
Operation of the spillway is a significant milestone in the construction of the new hydroelectric generating facility at Muskrat Falls. The spillway has five bays with gates that open and close as needed to control the flow of water. Once in operation and water is flowing through the spillway, activities to build the main dam across the river can begin, signaling the next major phase of construction activity at the site.
“We’ve had our sights clearly focused on achieving this milestone since construction first began on the spillway in 2013,” said Gilbert Bennett, Executive Vice President of Power Development with the Lower Churchill Project. “Over the next month, we will complete the final activities required to safely and successfully place the spillway in operation and divert the river at Muskrat Falls.”
Achievement of this milestone is a culmination of efforts by the project team and several contractors working on the spillway component. Astaldi Canada completed placement of concrete for the spillway, Andritz Hydro Canada Inc. supplied and installed the spillway gates and hydro-mechanical equipment, and Barnard Pennecon Limited Partnership constructed and removed temporary cofferdams at Muskrat Falls, as well as the temporary bridge over the spillway.
River diversion activities have begun with rock material being placed across the river channel to build a cofferdam (temporary dam) upstream of the location where the main dam will be constructed. As this work progresses, the spillway gates will be opened to let water flow through the spillway. As rock is placed across the lower Churchill River, water flow through the spillway will increase. When rock placement has advanced all the way across the river channel, the spillway will be fully operational and all of the water flow at Muskrat Falls will be through the spillway. This will enable preparation for construction of the main dam at Muskrat Falls to begin.


Magnet Cove Waterline Extension
PMI was contracted to provide dependable water service to a local industrial facility. PMI designed and provided construction administration services for a 9,000 LF 6” waterline extension. Additionally, PMI coordinated fire system design and construction which included a 75,000-gallon ground storage tank, fire pumps, and fire system piping. A water system model was developed using KYPipe 2012 to ensure that demands at the industry would not drop pressure on the main below desired levels.


HiLo BiRo Hydraulic Power Units
- Efficient operation with minimal horsepower
- Heavy duty weather resistant design
- Variable flow VFD option
- Three phase and single phase models
- Load counterbalance capability
Electro Hydraulic Machinery’s HiLo Biro hydraulic units take advantage of an age old hydraulic circuit where a double pump delivers high flow at low pressure then switches to low flow at high pressure using a simple unloading valve. Both pumps deliver maximum flow to extend the actuator quickly, then high pressure at low flow kicks in when the load needs it most. This time tested unloading circuit has been used by industry for decades. EHM takes this simple technology to the next level by making it Bi-Rotational. The actuator is returned by changing the direction of the electric motor instead of a directional control valve. This same unloading circuit works in both directions without the use of troublesome solenoid valves and additional wiring.
The HiLo Biro is a heavy duty low cost solution that works great for powering actuators for presses, toggles, tools, machine slides, and many industrial or marine applications. These rugged power units come in a compact design available with either horizontal or vertical motor to work in small spaces at almost any inclination. Stainless steel reservoir and hardware make them ideal for outdoor use in marine environments.


RAIN WATER HARVESTING (306 downloads)
- It provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and waste water subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution system
- Less generated stormwater in sewer system and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies
- Clean water outlet which can be used for utilization or recharging of bore wells
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Water supply systems efficiency thesis to obtain the master degree in a water supply system to a portuguese village was also analyzed. Water pollution thesis statement thesis statement water pollution has industrial supply of sewage treatment system allows more than 90. Conservation of water in public and domestic supply systems 18 conservation of water in public and domestic supply systems water supply system. The saskatoon south east water supply system a thesis submitted to the college of graduate studies and research in partial fulfillment of the requirements.
What are some good thesis topic in water resource engineering our water system is quite unusual, how will global warming affect the supply of fresh water. Detailed monitoring of subsurface temperature development around the wells of an existing system was water supplies, this thesis water supply from. 8$,+7#0+,[email protected]``m1$,%[email protected]@f969a6d6vxfe6vvdy67c69a [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]]][email protected]@9e697. Assessment of challenges of sustainable rural water construction of the water supply system is most crucial factor in the organization of the thesis.
Ii this report “a water supply and sanitation study of the village of gouansolo in mali, west africa,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. Safe water system manual when el nino disrupted the water supply and many families were left without safe drinking water,. The maintenance of water supply system furthermore the structure of the thesis was it reviewed literature on maintenance of water supply system,. Regional groundwater banking and water reuse potential in the san francisco bay area water supply system by michelle anne lent thesis.
A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water supplya. Study of filtration for point-of-use drinking water treatment in nepal by the deputy director of the central laboratory of nepal water supply. His topic has two primary objectives: the first is to understand the evaluation of an installed municipal water supply delivery system by identifying all the physical components of any specific water. Vulnerability assessment of water supply systems for insufficient fire flows a thesis by lufthansa rahman kanta submitted to the office of graduate studies of.
An investigation into the technical structure and business model set-up for a water supply system for a rural master thesis proposal for an environmental. Ii performance evaluation of a drinking water distribution system using hydraulic simulation software for the city of oilton, oklahoma thesis approved. Hydraulics thesis - download as nueva ecija analysis of the preliminary design of the water supply piping system creating the preliminary design of the.
Case study – analysis of the water supply system of the city of cluj-napoca chapter 6 personal contributions, this thesis deals with water supply in romania. University of zimbabwe a thesis entitled: assessment of the sustainability of community rural a case study of makeneng water supply system which was. An introduction to water supply systems guyer partners 44240 clubhouse drive el macero, when the sprinklers are served directly by the water supply system.
Water supply system: water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. This thesis, “community managed rural water supply systems in the 712 national water supply and sanitation company of nicaragua 81 general system profile. Fragility analysis of water supply systems by a water supply system consists of numerous components, such as pipelines, reservoirs, water tanks, and pumps. 2 hydraulic performance of palestinian water distribution systems (jenin water supply network as a case study) prepared by shaher hussni abdul razaq zyoud this thesis was defended successfully on 25 .


Integrated flood management : concept paper.
Contributor(s): Associated Programme on Flood Management | World Meteorological Organization.Series: WMO (Series): no. 1047.Publisher: Geneva, Switzerland : World Meteorological Organization, c2009Description: 27 p. : ill. ; 30 cm.ISBN: 9789263110473; 9263110476.Subject(s): Flood controlLOC classification: TC805 | .I68 2009Online resources: Connect to online resource
|Item type||Current location||Call number||Copy number||Status||Date due||Barcode||Item holds|
|BOOK||NCAR Library Mesa Lab||TC805 .I68 2009||1||Available||50583010339715|
Introduction -- Floods and the development process -- Traditional flood management options -- The challenges of flood management -- Integrated flood management : the concept -- Putting integrated flood management into practice.


Vineyard Surface Water Treatment Plant
The Vineyard Surface Water Treatment Plant is the largest project ever undertaken by the Water Agency with constructions costs totaling over $200 million. This plant can treat up to 50 million gallons of drinking water per day and will ultimately expand to treat up to 100 million gallons per day -- roughly equivalent to 100 thousand homes and businesses.
Until now, nearly all of the water delivered to Water Agency customers has been groundwater pumped from underground aquifers. Recognizing the importance of wise management of the region’s groundwater, the Water Agency has focused long-term planning efforts on two things:
- Securing rights and entitlements to surface water supplies and
- Constructing the infrastructure to deliver that surface water to reduce demand for groundwater
These planning goals will be achieved with the construction of the Vineyard Surface Water Treatment Plant which will treat to drinking water quality water diverted from the Sacramento River through the new Freeport Regional Water Authority intake facility. The ability to deliver a substantial surface water supply will reduce demand for groundwater and allow aquifers to naturally replenish, helping to preserve our precious groundwater resources for future users.
For additional information about the Vineyard Surface Water Treatment Plant, please contact the Sacramento County Department of Water Resources: 916-874-6851.


KATHMANDU: The 900 MW Arun-3 hydropower project under construction on the Arun river in Sankhuwasabh has completed 62 percent of the construction works. Arun Dhiman, Chief Executive Officer of the promoter company said that the project being constructed by SJvin Arun-3 Power Development Company has made physical progress in the generation component. Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) is a public-private sector of India. With the construction progress so far, the project can be completed ahead of the target. SJVN is also constructing a 400 KV transmission line. The 217 km transmission line passes through 22 municipalities of seven districts.
When the project is completed and operational, Nepal will receive 21 percent (197 MW) of the total installed capacity of electricity free of charge. Satluj has been given a 25-year generation license with the provision of handing the project to the Nepal government after the concession period.
The construction of the project has also boosted the economy of the local area.
Arun-3 project honored
Investment Board Nepal has honored the Arun-3 project at the ‘Sustainable Infrastructure Investment Forum 2022’ organized by Investment Board Nepal for its significant contribution to the development of the energy sector in Nepal.


Initially, a basic concrete pump was developed as a hydraulic two-cylinder pump. This operates by the principle that the concrete is drawn from the hopper by one piston and pushed by the other in the outlet pipe. A valve is used to control the choice in which cylinders must be opened to the hopper and which must be opened to the discharge tube.
In the future, variations have been bought in this design to facilitate the pumping of high pressure when the cement has to be pumped at different heights and lengths. In the quick building of high-rise buildings, this development has met with excellent demand.
Types of Concrete Pumps
Different concrete pumps have been created based on the pumping pressure, easy operation, and development of techniques. Concrete pumps have the main classification as:
1.Line Concrete Pumps
Concrete line pumps are compact units primarily used for small buildings. A line pump on the truck or on the trailer is installed in the system. Therefore the arrangement is also known as a concrete pump or truck-mounted concrete pump mounted on a trailer.
2.Boom Concrete Pumps
For the entire time of concrete pouring for a construction project, the boom concrete pumps remain in a particular position. These are therefore stationary pumps for concrete. They are larger and are placed on the ground. They are attached in different lengths with the cranes or boom arm.
The pumping of concrete at various heights, as in high-rise building, can be carried out with the use of concrete boom pumps. The pipeline can be reached by boomed concrete pumps up and down. These pumps can, therefore, cast tight places. These pumps can readily overcome obstacles during the concrete casting route.
Concrete Pump Selection
The concrete pump is chosen based on the construction criteria. The following parameters permit for the correct and proper selection of the concrete pump:
- Manufacturer of the Concrete Pump: Choose the best concrete pump maker in the area. To do so, ask local contractors and seek help from all reputed manufacturers. The pumping process in concrete is conducted under high pressure. This long-term pressure must be resisted by a good concrete pump. When the cement pump quality is lower than average, the construction projects will be broken down and affected.
- The purpose of Concrete Pump: The concrete pump must fulfill the purpose it was purchased entirely. For example, if a concrete pump bought could not fill the half part of a tunnel being built, the pump would have no use for the construction project.
- Price and Economic Factors: The selected concrete pump must be reasonable and operating at the rate at which it was purchased. Avoid the possibility to buy a pump for an extremely low concrete rate. Choose a concrete pump based on price and performance. Compare price and performance.
Concrete Pump Selection Based On Work
Two main factors are regarded when the concrete pump is chosen based on the work:
- Volumetric Concrete Output
- The Pumping Pressure
For construction, the maximum volumetric concrete output per hour is determined for work. Based on which the pump pressure is determined. The specification for selecting the concrete pump is this pressure. Defines the power of the concrete pump’s driven unit by the required concrete output (Q) and pumping pressure (P).
Then the hydraulic output (H) is given by:
H = Q x P


What is a hydraulic system?
A hydraulic system is an integral part of the engine.
The hydraulic system acts as a pump to draw fluid from the engine to the wheels.
The pump is powered by an electric motor which drives the hydraulic pump and hydraulics a hydraulic disc.
The fluid flow from the hydraulic disc to the hydraulic system can be either mechanical or electrical.
A hydraulic disc is usually made of a steel plate with a metal housing, a disc bearing and a ring of bolts and nuts.
This system is called a pump and hydraulic system.
What is an electrical system?
An electrical system is a mechanical system that operates by electrical means.
This mechanical system is also known as a hydraulic pump.
It has a hydraulic bearing, hydraulic disc, hydraulic bearing and hydraulic disc hub, and a hydraulic bearing.
What types of hydraulic systems are there?
Hydraulic systems are often made of steel or steel parts.
The most common hydraulic systems used in cars are hydraulic disc brakes, hydraulic clutch, hydraulic steering, hydraulic differential, hydraulic oil and hydraulic fluid.
Hydraulic transmission systems are also often made from steel.
Hydraulics oil is usually a mixture of hydrocarbon oils, but can also be made from synthetic oils.
Other common hydraulic fluid types are ethane, propane, butane and other gases.
Which hydraulic systems work best for your vehicle?
The following hydraulic systems use the same motor and are often used in the same vehicles.
They all work by pumping fluid from a hydraulic fluid reservoir.
How does a hydraulic unit work?
When a motor drives a hydraulic device, it uses hydraulic fluid from one of three reservoirs.
The first reservoir is the hydraulic fluid supply, usually a hydraulic supply tank.
The second reservoir is usually the hydraulic hydraulic pump, which pumps hydraulic fluid to the front wheels.
And the third reservoir is a separate hydraulic system, which can be the hydraulic distributor, hydraulic power pack or hydraulic bearing puller.
What are the different types of hydraulically pumped engines?
A hydraulical pump can be a conventional or electric motor, and it can also use a hydraulic transmission system.
How do hydraulic units work?
Hydraulic units are usually made from either steel or aluminum, and they have a hydraulic bore, hydraulic hub and a hydraulic disk.
The reservoir used to supply hydraulic fluid is usually designed to hold an appropriate amount of fluid, usually between 50 to 70 litres.
The disc bearing is a piece of metal, usually steel, that helps distribute the fluid evenly between the disc and the disc hub.
A fluid pump is a device that pumps hydraulic fluids from a reservoir.
Hydrauls can also also be hydraulic discs, hydraulic clutches or hydraulic steering motors.
How are hydraulic systems controlled?
Hydrauls are controlled by two main controls: the hydraulic unit and the hydraulic output shaft.
When the hydraulic units are working, the hydraulic shaft controls the power to the Hydraulic unit, which is controlled by the hydraulic power unit.
When a hydraulic output is operating, the Hydraulical output controls the hydraulic motor, which controls the transmission.
The Hydraulic output shaft controls both the hydraulic vehicle and the Hydrauleural motor.
How is hydraulic power regulated?
When hydraulic power is being supplied to the hydraulicus unit, it is usually regulated by the Hydraual unit.
The hydraulicia unit uses a hydraulic motor that turns a shaft of a hydraulic distributor and a gearbox to drive the hydraulic drive shaft.
The shaft of the hydraulic generator and the gearbox turn the hydraulic drive shaft to turn the hydraulic transmission.
This transmission then drives the hydrauleural drive shaft which then drives a hydraulic disc and hydraulic bearing.
This disc and bearing then drive the hydraular motor which then turns the hydraulic differential.
This differential then drives another hydraulic disc and a bearing that turns the hydrauleric drive shaft again.
This again drives the Hydraules hydraulic differential again and then turns a hydraulic differential to drive another hydraulic unit.
This last step drives the motor again.
The main difference between hydraulic power and conventional power is that conventional power can be regulated by a mechanical control unit, whereas hydraulic power can only be regulated with a hydraulic input shaft.
What type of hydraulic pump is used in an engine?
HydraULICS Power Pack or Hydraulic Disc Brake pump.
The power pack is a power unit that uses hydraulic disc bearing to drive a hydraulic hydraulic disc drive shaft that is mounted on a hydraulic drive disc hub and hydraulic shaft.
HydraULIC Disc Brakes are a hydraulic pedal drive that is used for hydraulicing hydraulic disc discs.
The differential unit drives the differential disc, the disc bearing, the hydrauling unit and a set of hydraulic bearing control discs.
HydraULC Brakes and Disc Brakers are hydraulic pedal brakes that use a hydrauling disc to drive hydrauliced hydraulic disc wheels.
HydraULEUR Disc Braking and Disc Compressor are hydraulic braking systems that


Author(s): Sung-Uk Choi; Byungwoong Choi; Jiyeon Jang
Linked Author(s): Sung-Uk Choi
Keywords: No keywords
Abstract: Hydropeaking flows are known to affect badly downstream fish habitats. This study investigates the impact of natural flow regime on downstream fish habitat in a reach regulated by an upstream dam. For this, the physical habitat simulation is used. A 13.4 km long reach downstream from the Yongdam Dam is selected for the study area. Three dominant fish species are selected as target fishes. The Nays2D model and the habitat suitability index model are used for the hydraulic and habitat simulations, respectively. In order to construct dam operation scenarios for the natural flow regime, the Building Block Approach is used. Two hydrological methods by considering the magnitude and duration of the inflow and by averaging the inflow over each month are used. The weighted usable areas for dam operation scenarios and hydropeaking flows are computed and discussed.


Application of dam-break flow to green water prediction
Additional Document Info
The present study investigates, through analysis of laboratory measurements, the practice of applying Ritter's dam-break flow solution to the prediction of overtopping green water on an offshore structure. The flow field of green water has been very difficult to obtain from either numerical computation or laboratory measurement. The dam-break flow model has been used in design to approximate the effect of green water due to the possible resemblance of the two flows, the simplicity of the dam-break flow, and the availability of analytical solutions of dam-break flow. In this study, the velocity of green water on a two-dimensional simplified model structure was measured using a newly developed technique called bubble image velocimetry (BIV). The profiles of horizontal green water velocity along the model deck are presented herein. Ritter's analytical solution for the dam-break flow problem is examined and compared with the measurements. Two alternative approaches for quantifying the initial water depth, a parameter required in the analytical dam-break flow model, are investigated. The solution with the initial water depth estimated using the front velocity of green water is found to be in good agreement with the green water measurements. In addition, the influence of the deck length on green water velocity is examined. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Due to the water main leak repair work on Trenton Road, water service has also been turned off on Trenton Road from Timberdale Drive to Branson Way and on Hazlewood Road from Trenton Road to Man O'War Boulevard.
The water main leak repair work is anticipated to be finished and water service restored by approximately 12 a.m. on Saturday, August 19.
CLARKSVILLE, Tenn. – Clarksville Gas & Water is repairing a water main on Trenton Road causing low water pressure on Trenton Road from Hazelwood Road to Timberdale Drive. Water service may also be turned off during the work.
The water main leak repair is anticipated to be finished and water pressure restored by approximately 8 p.m.


Introduction to Counter Surfaces
Traditionally piston rods in hydraulic systems were chrome plated to provide friction and surface finish characteristics. Under the REACH directive, Hexavalent Chromium (CR6) is a substance of high concern and must now be omitted from any hydraulic application, leading to the adoption of alternative coatings for the hydraulic system’s piston rods.
To maximize the performance and system life in hydraulic systems, these should be designed to optimize a system’s tribology, which is dependent on the interaction of a system’s seals, hydraulic fluid and the finish of the mating surfaces. The lubrication within the hydraulic system is fundamentally affected by the surface finish of the mating surfaces. Their characteristics will determine the lubrication within the system and therefore the tribological environment.
Traditional two dimensional representations of the piston’s surface finish were sufficient to describe chrome surfaces. The interaction between these, commonly used seals and hydraulic fluids, was well established. Currently, recommendations from seal suppliers for mating surface finishes in hydraulic systems, despite the use of alternative coatings, are still based on chrome.
However, the surface finish characteristics of alternative coatings differ significantly from chrome. To read more, click the link below to download this whitepaper. This whitepaper proposes that to fully optimize the tribology effect within hydraulic systems where alternatives to chrome are used to coat the piston rod, more in-depth recommendations should be utilized.


Band 4 Sample Answer: The diagram below shows how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
(This is solved Band 4 Sample Answer for the Writing Task one. It has been taken from IELTS Cambridge Book Two: Test 3)
The diagram below shows how electricity is generated in a hydroelectric power station.
The pictorial representation illustrates the process electricity making in the hydroelectricity power station.
It can be clearly seen that the process consist various steps. Where the days mechanism starts with water coming from river and through high level reservoir, The flow generates electricity and collected at power station for further dismission night mechanism starts with pumping the water from low-level reservoir with the help turbine to high level reservoir
Coming to details the water is being collected of the high-level reservoir from river. After that the water flow through the gates of dam. Moreover, the speed of water flow generates the electricity. Therefore, the resultant electricity is being stored of power statin and the water is being carried by reservable turners to the low-level reservoir. from power station the collected electricity has been transferred through power lines to natural gride.
The night mechanism totally opposite. Where the reservable turbines pumping the water from low -level reservoir to high-level. Reservoir trough pipes. Moreover, the intake point is closed at night. Thus, when the water reaches at high-level reservoir and again the day mechanism will start at day hours.


Hydraulic pumps are mechanical devices that convert mechanical power into hydraulic energy. They generate flow with enough power to overcome pressure induced by the load. Hidros offer group 20 hydraulic pumps with different specifications.
X067 series pumps are front section of double tandem pumps. They can be assembled with X066 series.


The function of the hydraulic system is to increase the […]
The function of the hydraulic system is to increase the acting force by changing the pressure.
A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power element, actuating element, control element, auxiliary element and hydraulic oil.
Hydraulic systems can be divided into two types: hydraulic transmission system and hydraulic control system. The main function of hydraulic transmission system is to transmit power and motion. The hydraulic control system should make the output of the hydraulic system meet specific performance requirements, especially dynamic performance.
1. Power Element
The function of the power element is to convert the mechanical energy of the prime mover into the pressure energy of liquid, which refers to the oil pump in the hydraulic system and provides power to the whole hydraulic system. The structural forms of hydraulic pump are generally gear pump, vane pump, plunger pump and screw pump.
The function of actuator (such as hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic motor) is to convert the pressure energy of liquid into mechanical energy and drive the load to make linear reciprocating motion or rotary motion.
3. Control Element
Control elements (i.e. various hydraulic valves) control and regulate the pressure, flow and direction of liquid in the hydraulic system. According to different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into pressure control valve, flow control valve and directional control valve. The pressure control valve includes overflow valve (safety valve), pressure reducing valve, sequence valve, pressure relay, etc. The flow control valve comprises a throttle valve, an adjusting valve, a flow dividing and collecting valve, etc. Directional control valves include one-way valves, hydraulically controlled one-way valves, shuttle valves, reversing valves, etc. According to different control modes, hydraulic valves can be divided into on-off control valves, fixed value control valves and proportional control valves.
4. Auxiliary Components
Auxiliary components include oil tank, oil filter, cooler, heater, accumulator, oil pipe and pipe joint, sealing ring, quick-change joint, high-pressure ball valve, hose assembly, pressure measuring joint, pressure gauge, oil level gauge, oil temperature gauge, etc.
5. Hydraulic Oil
Hydraulic oil is the working medium that transfers energy in hydraulic system. There are various kinds of mineral oil, emulsion and synthetic hydraulic oil.
For more information, please contact us: hydraulic vane pump.


Beginning Tuesday July 17, 2018 the Dunkirk Water Department will be taking the City Water Tower out-of-service for approximately three to four weeks for required routine maintenance. This maintenance will include the Water Tower being cleaned internally and repainted externally.
The Dunkirk Water Department will be pumping water straight from the Water Plant to Distribution.
To prevent the rupturing of Water Main Lines, blow-off valves will be located at the following locations: South Broad Street and Willow Drive; Ellis Drive; Crossroads Credit Union; Hickory Street and Shadyside; and Mosey Manufacturing.
Questions concerning this required routine maintenance should be directed to the Dunkirk Water Department at 765-768-6050.


(+372) 6 024 580
Open driving directions
The hydraulic pipe cleaning equipment is typically used in works such as unclogging or defrosting pipes and sewers with high pressure water jets and manual high pressure cleaning with washing gun.
The Dynaset hydraulic hose reel is designed for convenient at-work storage and quick and safe handling of high pressure hose. Together with Dynaset HPW-hydraulic high pressure water pump, hose reel integrates core elements of professional pipe cleaning equipment.
Unreeling the hose is easy due to the free reel rotation; when pulling the hose or feeding it into the pipe. The reel can be locked hydraulically in any position. The hose reel is controlled with manual or solenoid valve with positions for locking, reeling, and free rotation.
Installing the hydraulic hose reel is very easy: it only needs connection to hydraulic circuit equipped with a flow limiter. The rotation speed of the hose reel is changed by adjusting the hydraulic flow that rotates the reel motor. Reeling force is preset to 800 N, which equals to 50 bar pressure. The setting can be changed with a pressure limiter valve.
Dynaset also offers a wide range of different nozzles for pipe washing and defrosting, and other purposes as well. When washing the pipe, the nozzle pushes itself forward in the pipe using the force of water jet streams coming from the back of the nozzle. It can reach the distance of over 100 meters.
The Dynaset High Pressure Water Fire Fighting system develops required water pressure, of over 120 bars, which minimizes the drop size under 160 µm producing thick water spray or even extinguishing fog.
Grab for RDF ball handling
Hydraulic pulling power for all needs
Digging made easy
"*" indicates required fields


waste water treatment equipment.
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Sludge treatment equipment
Sludge dewatering equipment, mixing equipment, solid-liquid separation equipment, filter press, centrifuge, sand blower, vacuum machine, mud scraper and suction dredge, electrolytic treatment equipment, aerobic anaerobic treatment devices, and other
Comprehensive environmental management and engineering services.
Water pollution prevention and control technology and equipment, technologies and equipment for the control of air pollution, solid waste disposal technology and equipment, soil and groundwater remediation technologies and equipment, noise and vibration control technology and equipment, ecological restoration and protection technology and equipment, the rural environmental protection, green low carbon technology and equipment and products, water supply and sewage treatment and disposal services, engineering services, environmental management and ecological audit, new and high technology service platform, investment and financing, computer hardware/software, analysis laboratory, operational/maintenance
Environmental monitoring and instrumentation.
Water, gas, noise, vibration, light, temperature, pressure, flow, heat measurement, such as continuous automatic monitoring system, the Internet of things technology involved in environmental monitoring instrument and meter technology and equipment, environmental monitoring sensor technology and products, the wisdom of water supply and drainage instrument technology and products, environmental water quality automatic monitoring system in succession
Membrane technology/film processing equipment/related supporting products.
Membrane components and membrane separation technology, equipment and services, shell membrane, membrane equipment, ultrapure water equipment, softened water equipment, filtration equipment, industrial pure water machine, water recycling, desalination and the use, high salinity wastewater zero emissions, waste leachate treatment and other process
Water purification equipment
The central soft water machine, RO water purifiers, ultrafiltration water purifier, central water purification machines, household/commercial water purification water purification machine, straight drink machine, kitchen water purifiers, pure water machine, ceramic water machine, ultrafiltration water purification machine, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis pure water machine, water purification machine small molecular group to develop water purification machine, running water, electrolyte, in-line water dispensers, water boiler, IC smart card water machine, automatic machine, quartz sand, water purification equipment and so on
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Sea Solar Dispersion Plant
The water which flows out of the basin is replaced by sea water drawn through the tube below sea surface level. A turbine is optimally positioned within this tube. The up-draught of sea water drives the turbine to generate electricity.
|Debt Asking Amount||$3,000,000|
|Date of Pipeline Induction||30-09-2015|
|GHG Mitigation Potential (tonnes CO2e pa)||8,000|
|PFAN Consultant Name||Roshan Motha|


Plate Pressure oil filtration/ oil purification-LY
Packaging and Delivery
LY Plate Pressure Oil Purifier
MSN: oilpurifier-kung (hotmail)
Yahoo Messenger: karenkung5 at yahoo.com.cn
Specially designed for Power station, electricity factory, mineral enterprise, lube depot, tractor station, petroleum, chemical engineering, metallurgy, national defense unit, etc.
Mainly used to Purify impurities of transformer oil, Turbine oil, Engine oil, Diesel oil, Kerosene, aviation Hyddraulic Oil as well as filtering edible oil while using stainless steel.
--1. Mainly filtering impurities of transformer oil, turbine oil, engine oil, diesel oil, kerosene, aviation hydraulic oil.
--2. Also filtering edible oil while using stainless steel.
--3. Characterized by simple structure, easy operation, low cost, etc.
Include filter bed, oil pump and rough filter.
There are filtering media, such as filtering paper or filtering fuse, installed between the plastic filter board and filter plate that will be fixed to form a single filtering room under the pressure of the packing device.
The filtering paper or filtering fuse packed will play a role of filtering.
Waste oil purifier, used oil purifier, oil recycling, regenerate oil purifier,
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Series ZY: Zhongneng vacuum insulating oil purifier
Series ZY-A: Zhongneng Vacuum Insulating oil automation purifier
Series ZY-R: Zhongneng Vacuum Insulating Oil Regeneration Purifier
Series ZYB: Zhongneng Multi-Functional Oil Purifying Machine
Series ZYD: Zhongneng Double-stage Vacuum Transformer Oil Purifier
Series ZYD-A:Zhongneng Double-stage Vacuum Transformer Oil Automation purifier
Series ZYD-R: Zhongneng Double-stage Vacuum Transformer Oil Regeneration Purifier
Series ZYD-M: Zhongneng Mobile Type Transformer Oil Purification Plant, Oil Recycling
Series ZYD-E: Zhongneng Enclosed Type Transformer Oil Purification Plant, Oil Recycling
2 Turbine oil purifier
Series TY Zhongneng vacuum turbine oil purifier
Series TY-R Zhongneng vacuum turbine oil regeneration purifier
Series TY-A Zhongneng vacuum turbine oil automation purifier
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Series TYA: Zhongneng vacuum lubricating oil purifier
Series TYA-R: Zhongneng vacuum lubricating oil regeneration purifier
Series TYA-A: Zhongneng vacuum lubrication oil automation purifier
Series TYA-I: Phosphate ester fire-resistant oil purifier
4 Engine oil purifier
Series LYE: Zhongneng vacuum engine oil purifier
5 Diesel oil, gasoline oil and fuel oil purifier
Series TYB: Zhongneng diesel oil, gasoline oil and fuel oil purifier
6 Transformer oil regeneration device
Series BZ: Zhongneng BZ transformer oil regeneration device
7 Oil purifier specially for Hydraulic oil and lubricating oil
Series TYA: Zhongneng oil purifier
8 PL Plate pressure oil purifier
9 JL Portable oil purifying
10 TYD Water oil separator, oil purifier machine
11 Fully Automatic Insulating Oil Dielectric Strength Tester (BDV Tester)
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Adams Drilling has undertaken many large and small projects of dewatering unwanted aquifers. Water aquifers in underground mining and tunnel construction can be hazardous and slow production of projects.
These aquifers can be de-watered and the water re-injected through a series of water extraction and injection holes.
We are able to drill dewatering wells from small, shallow installations to large capacity, 1000m and over 750mm 30” diameter.
Conducted several large well fields with multiple rigs.


Telescopic handler is combined of truck crane and forklift. Equipped with different accessories, the telescopic handler can achieve fork loading, lifting and other operations. Large amount of energy is needed to maintain lifting and lowering in large range with high frequency of the working device of telescopic handler. There is no energy recycling device for the working device that leads to the large dissipating of gravitational potential energy. In order to recycle the wasted energy, a three-chamber hydraulic cylinder boom system (TCCBS) is proposed. In this paper, the recycling principle is described. Then the energy consumption characteristics are analyzed. Further, the mode of TCCBS of telescopic handler is established and analyzed. Compared with the double chamber cylinder boom system (DCCBS), the single-action time of the boom is reduced 4.15 s. The velocity shock decrease from 0.12 m/s to 0.02 m/s at the beginning of the boom lowering process. The peak pressure decreased from 24 MPa to 21 MPa and the average pressure decreased from 17 MPa to 13 MPa during boom lifting process. The potential energy recycling of the working device is 139 kJ, which accounts for about 47.1 % of total potential energy. The cumulative output energy of TCCBS is 311 kJ, which is 92 kJ less than the DCCBS. The comprehensive energy saving efficiency is 22.3 %. The results show that the TCCBS can realize the potential energy recycling.
- To solve the problem that the waste of potential energy of the working device on telescopic handler, a three-chamber hydraulic cylinder boom system (TCCBS) is proposed to recycle the wasted energy.
- The mathematical model of energy efficiency characteristics using energy flow analysis method is novel, and the results provide a basis for system optimization.
- A complete simulation model of the mechanical-electrical-hydraulic boom system is established in the AMESIM environment. The simulation results show that the potential energy recycling efficiency of the working device is 47.1% and the comprehensive energy saving rate of the TCCBS is 22.3%.
This paper is about the research on the potential energy recycling of telescopic handler by using TCCBS. The telescopic handler is combined of the truck crane and forklift. It can reach a farther distance and a higher working height by changing the length and amplitude of telescopic boom. The gravitational potential energy of the working device is increased with the length and amplitude of telescopic boom. Large amount of energy is needed to maintain lifting and lowering of the working device on telescopic handler with high frequency. A large amount of the gravitational potential energy is dissipated by the throttling effect of the control valve. That leads to raises the temperature of hydraulic oil rapidly. The cooling system should be added to reduce the temperature which further aggravates the energy loss . Therefore, it is an effective energy saving measure to recycle the gravitational potential energy of working device for the telescopic handler.
In the existing research, several main methods of gravitational potential energy recycling are as follows: electrical method, hydraulic-electric coupling method, hydraulic method and hydraulic-gas energy storage balancing method et al. Regarding electrical recycling method, an energy recycling unit  based on a generator coupled with a hydraulic motor was used to convert the boom gravitational potential energy into electrical energy. The electrical energy is stored in batteries, supercapacitors or a combination of the both . Generally, this type of system is needed to add additional energy utilization units . The energy recycling device based on hydraulic motor-pump-electrical motor in the energy recycling system of excavator boom was proposed , . This method can reduce energy delivery path to some extent. Lin et al used the electrohydraulic coupling method to recycle the gravitational potential energy . The recovered energy was firstly stored in the hydraulic accumulator. When the pressure of the accumulator reached the threshold, it would be recovered by the generator. Both electrical recycling and hydraulic-electric coupling methods are suitable for oil-electric hybrid power ,  or pure electric driving engineering machinery , . Also, the electric driving system and high-power energy storage unit have the disadvantages of high control cost  and poor system reliability , , which restrict the application and popularization. In addition, the recovered energy needs to be converted through multiple mechanical-hydraulic-electric conversions, and energy utilization rate efficiency is low .
For the hydraulic recycling method, the hydraulic accumulator directly recycles the gravitational potential energy. The flow of rod-less cylinder is pressed into the hydraulic accumulator when the boom lowers. However, the difficulty is to achieve the pressure matching between the hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic accumulator. Therefore, a throttle valve is arranged to control the hydraulic cylinder descent speed . The recovered energy can be converted to mechanical energy reuse through torque coupling method or directly reused through flow coupling method. Kim et al proposed that the high-pressure oil of the accumulator drives the hydraulic motor to assist the power source . Amrhein et al proposed that the stored hydraulic energy can be driven the cooling system or other auxiliary devices . The shortage is that the utilization of energy is greatly limited. And only the device with low working pressure can be driven . It can also be applied to drive the hydraulic pump. The high-pressure oil of the accumulator was introduced into the inlet of the hydraulic pump to achieve reutilization -. However, the suction port of the hydraulic pump is required to withstand high pressure. In addition, the hydraulic accumulator high-pressure oil is introduced into the multiway valve inlet to realize reuse. But the disadvantage is that there is secondary throttling loss in the recycling process, which reduces the utilization efficiency . A new hydraulic transformer  and the asymmetrical pump controlled differential cylinder system  were used to solve the problem of secondary throttling loss.
For hydraulic-gas energy storage balancing method, Liang proposed the principle of independent hydraulic cylinder balancing the weight of the working device in his doctoral thesis . Its motion characteristics and energy efficiency were analyzed and tested. Gong et al proposed the potential energy recycling method based on a principle of alternate recycling of multiple hydraulic cylinders, and analyzed and tested its working performance and energy efficiency on SWE330LC . The system has high energy efficiency, but the original system structure is changed greatly. This is not suitable for the single hydraulic cylinder driving boom system. A hydraulic-gas energy storage balancing method was proposed to recycle the gravitational potential energy of the working device -. This research method has been theoretically and experimentally applied to 6 t and 76 t excavators. The system structure is simple, and the energy saving efficiency is high. It is especially suitable for working devices with single or more hydraulic cylinder driving. For hydraulic recycling methods and hydraulic-gas energy storage balancing method, the accumulator is essential for potential energy recycling system. Therefore, the parameters of the accumulator have a great influence on the operating characteristics and energy consumption characteristics. The effect of pre-charge pressure and volume of accumulators on energy efficiency of the system was analyzed, but there is no basis for selecting appropriate parameters .
In summary, there are many energy conversion steps in the electric recycling system, and the recycling efficiency is lower. Appling the novel hydraulic transformer to the hydraulic recycling systems has high energy recycling efficiency. However, with the complex structure and high cost, the research of the novel hydraulic transformer device are still in the initial stage and not yet been commercialized. The potential energy recycling system based on alternate recycling theory of multiple hydraulic cylinders has high energy saving efficiency. However, the original system structure is changed greatly due to the addition of hydraulic-gas energy storage balancing cylinder. Also, it is not suitable for the system with single hydraulic cylinder driving. In order to overcome the above deficiencies, a three-chamber cylinder boom system (TCCBS) is proposed in this paper. The three-chamber hydraulic cylinder can be regarded as a combination of piston cylinder and plunger cylinder. The piston rod and plunger rod divide the hydraulic cylinder into three-chamber. One chamber is connected with the accumulator. Set the accumulator pressure to basically balanced with the working device. This method can be applied to the system of single hydraulic cylinder driving boom without change greatly the structure. The introduction to the study is made in Chapter 1. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The material and method are explained in Chapter 2. The energy characteristic analysis is analyzed in Chapter 3. The key components and complete system simulation models of DCCBS and TCCBS are studied in Chapter 4. The results of simulation are discussed and compared with previous studies in Chapter 5. The conclusions are presented in Chapter 6.
2. Material and method
On the basis of analyzing the gravitational potential energy recycling system of hydraulic hybrid lifting machinery, a TCCBS of telescopic handler is proposed. Its system structure and working principle is compared to the DCCBS, as shown in Fig. 1. The potential energy recycling system replaces general hydraulic cylinder driving the boom with a three-chamber hydraulic cylinder. It is also equipped with an accumulator. The counterweight chamber C is connected with the accumulator to balance the gravity of the working device. And a controllable pressure keeping valve is set to switch the oil connection between the counterweight chamber and the accumulator.
The DCCBS adopts the load independent flow distribution system. Under the action of the control signal, the multiway directional valve works at the left position, the pressure oil provided by the variable pump passes through the multiway directional valve and balance valve to provide power for the double chamber hydraulic cylinder, lifting the load. When the multiway directional valve works in the right position, the pressure oil enters the rod chamber to make the load lower.
Fig. 1The working principle of the DCCBS and TCCBS
For the TCCBS, under the action of the control signal, the multiway directional valve and the controllable pressure keeping valve work at the left position. The pressure oil output by the variable pump enters the chamber A, and the high-pressure oil of the accumulator enters the chamber C. The boom is lifted to the specified position, achieving the utilization of the potential energy of the working device. Under the action of the control signal, the multiple directional control valve and the controllable pressure keeping valve work at the right position. The flow output by the variable pump enters chamber B. The high-pressure oil of chamber A flows back to the tank, and the high-pressure oil of chamber C is pressed into the accumulator. The boom lowers to the specified position, achieving the recovery of the potential energy of the working device. During the boom lowering, the variable pump only provides low pressure oil preventing cavitation because the boom is under negative load. In addition, when the resistance of the hydraulic accumulator is too large, the variable pump offers the TCCBS enough flow rate to make the boom lower.
3. Energy efficiency characteristic analysis
In order to obtain the energy consumption of the TCCBS, the energy analysis of each component of the boom system is performed. The energy efficiency analysis between the DCCBS and the TCCBS is compared as follows.
Total energy consumption of DCCBS during boom lifting is described by:
where, is the inlet energy of the hydraulic cylinder, is the outlet energy of the hydraulic cylinder, is the energy required for the boom to lift, is the energy loss of the pump and valve:
where, and are the pressure and flow at the inlet of hydraulic cylinder, and are the pressure and flow at the outlet of hydraulic cylinder:
where, is the loss energy of hydraulic pump and is the loss energy of hydraulic valve.
The energy loss of the hydraulic pump is due to volumetric loss and mechanical loss. The total energy loss of the pump is given as:
where, is pump mechanical loss, for pump volumetric loss:
where, is the torque loss of the pump, is the speed of the pump:
where, is the flow loss of the pump, the outlet pressure of the pump.
The energy loss of hydraulic valve mainly caused by three parts: the overflow loss of relief valve, unloading valve and throttling loss of working valve, which are calculated as follows:
where, is energy loss caused by relief valve, is energy loss caused by unloading valve, is throttling loss caused by working valve:
where, is the flow of the relief valve, is the flow of the relief valve.
During the boom lowering, the rod chamber of double chamber hydraulic cylinder maintains a certain pressure to prevent air suction. The energy consumption of the DCCBS is calculated as follows:
where, and are the inlet pressure and flow of double chamber hydraulic cylinder with rod chamber, respectively. is the energy loss of pump and valve.
Therefore, in the DCCBS, the total energy consumption in the boom up and down a cycle is expressed as:
Since there is no energy recycling device, the waste of energy in the DCCBS is expressed as:
In the TCCBS, the counterweight chamber C and chamber A jointly drive the boom to lift, the energy consumption of the system is described as:
where, is the energy at the outlet of three chamber hydraulic cylinder, is the loss energy of hydraulic pump and hydraulic valve, is the energy released by accumulator:
where, and are inlet pressure and flow of chamber B respectively.
The energy loss of hydraulic pump and hydraulic valve of the TCCBS is the same as the DCCBS, that is :
where, is the minimum working pressure of the accumulator, is the corresponding volume, is the inlet flow of the chamber C.
During the boom lowering process, the energy consumption of the TCCBS is expressed as:
where, the and are the inlet pressure and flow of the chamber B, respectively. is the energy loss of the pump and the valve.
The counterweight chamber C is filled with hydraulic oil to the accumulator, and the gravitational potential energy of the working device is converted into hydraulic energy. The stored energy is calculated as:
where, is the maximum working pressure of the accumulator, is the corresponding volume, is the outlet flow of the chamber C.
During the lowering process, the accumulator is filled with hydraulic oil under the pressure of the chamber B and the gravity of the working device. The gravitational potential energy of the working device recovered by the accumulator is expressed as:
Therefore, the total energy consumption of the TCCBS is calculated as:
In summary, the potential energy recycling rate of TCCBS is expressed as:
During one cycle of boom working, the energy saving effect of the TCCBS is expressed as:
4. Modeling and simulation
To evaluate the feasibility and energy saving of the TCCBS. The simulation model of the DCCBS and the TCCBS are assembled in AMESIM environment. The structure parameters required by the system are from the Caterpillar TH514C telescopic handler. According to the principle shown in Fig. 1 and the parameters, the key components of the telescopic handler are modeled.
4.1. Working device model
The working device is composed of a boom, a telescopic boom, a forklift. Its dynamics model is based on the CAD model parameters (hinge point size, inertia, mass et cl.). The simulated force acting on the boom cylinder can be calculated by this model. The force of telescopic handler boom is shown in Fig. 3. Assuming that point O is the origin of coordinate, the horizontal direction is axis, and the vertical direction is axis. The operating trajectory of telescopic handler working device is the rotation movement around point O, and its equivalent rotational inertia is expressed as:
where, , and are the mass of boom, telescopic boom, and cargo fork respectively. , and are the moment of inertia of boom, telescopic boom and cargo fork relative to their own center of gravity respectively. , and are the distance from the center of gravity of boom, telescopic boom and cargo fork to the hinge point O respectively.
Fig. 2Energy flow analysis of DCCBS and TCCBS
a) Energy flow analysis of DCCBS
b) Energy flow analysis of TCCBS
Fig. 3Boom force diagram of telescopic handler
The resultant force of boom at hinge point I is F, and the torque balance equation at hinge point O is calculated as:
where, is the distance between the hinge point O and the hinge point I; is the acceleration of the boom along the direction of the hydraulic cylinder at the hinge point I; is the equivalent moment of inertia of boom, telescopic boom and fork around the point O.
From Newton’s second law:
According to Eqs. (25-27), the equivalent mass of the telescopic handler working device at the hinge point I is described as:
The 3-DoF working device model is established according to the parameters obtained from the above formula.
4.2. Model of load sensitive pump
The boom system of Caterpillar TH514C telescopic handler adopts load independent flow distribution system. This system not only has the characteristics of energy saving, but also has good control performance. The use of a load independent flow distribution system requires a load sensitive pump, making the oil pressure of the pump is always higher than the load pressure by a small pressure difference (about 2 MPa). When the multiway directional valve changes the opening of the valve port, the pump can automatically adjust and output the flow corresponding to the load speed, regardless of the load size. This can achieve the matching between the output flow of the pump and the demand of the load. In the AMESIM component library call variable pump and load sensitive valve and pressure compensation valve. A load sensitive pump is composed of these components, and then enter the appropriate parameters.
4.3. Load sensitive multiway directional valve model
Since the AMESIM component library does not have a multiway directional valve for the boom system of the Caterpillar TH514C telescopic handler, a sensitive valve model is built based on the samples used. According to the working principle of multiway valve with pressure compensation, the appropriate components are selected from AMESIM model library and connected according to the working principle. Select mathematical models for components at different application levels. The global hydraulic parameters are defined, such as the bulk modulus, density, dynamic viscosity and working temperature of the working oil, and the key dimensions and internal parameters of each hydraulic component are defined. Set the simulation parameters and run the simulation, getting the similar results with the sample. Then parameters are applied in the boom system.
According to the working principle of telescopic handler shown in Fig. 1 and the above model, the working device model of telescopic handler with DCCBS is assembled, as shown in Fig. 4.
4.4. Three chamber hydraulic cylinder model
Due to there are no special components like three chamber hydraulic cylinder in the AMESIM component library, the model is established by using two double chamber hydraulic cylinders according to the area parameters of each chamber, as shown in Fig. 5:
According to Eqs. (29-32), , , , can be calculated.
Fig. 4Simulation model of DCCBS
Fig. 5Three chamber hydraulic cylinder model
4.5. Hydraulic accumulator model
The accumulator modeling needs to meet the following principles. Firstly, the effective volume of the hydraulic accumulator is greater than or equal to the volume under the three-chamber hydraulic cylinder chamber C effective stroke. In other words, the hydraulic accumulator can recover all the recoverable oil during the lowing of the boom. Secondly, the working pressure of the hydraulic accumulator cannot be too high, otherwise the power of the pump will be increased and the dynamic performance will be reduced during the boom lowing. Thirdly, during boom lifting, the working pressure of the hydraulic accumulator is so low that chamber C balance working device is not obvious, so it needs to ensure that the minimum working pressure close to the pressure caused by the working device. At last, the installation space of telescopic handler is compact, the space of reserved hydraulic accumulator is limited, and the volume of hydraulic accumulator is as small as possible.
The volume calculation of hydraulic accumulator is calculated as:
where, is the pre-charge pressure of the hydraulic accumulator, is the corresponding gas volume; is the minimum working pressure, is the gas volume under the lowest working pressure; is the maximum working pressure, is the gas volume under the highest working pressure. is the effective volume.
Fig. 6Simulation model of TCCBS
The effective stroke of hydraulic cylinder piston rod is , the effective working volume of accumulator is described as:
According to the lifting process and static state of the DCCBS, the minimum working pressure of the hydraulic accumulator is determined to be 12 MPa by the pressure curve of the rod-less chamber of the hydraulic cylinder. In order to ensure the life of the hydraulic accumulator, the smaller the ratio of is, the longer the life of the hydraulic accumulator is, and is set. Therefore, the is determined to be 12 MPa and the is 24 MPa. The pre-charge pressure is . The parameters of hydraulic accumulator are shown in Table 1.
Based on the above main component model and the working principle shown in Fig. 1, the TCCBS mode of the telescopic handler is shown in Fig. 6. The main parameters of simulation model are illustrated in Table 2.
Table 1Five sets parameters of hydraulic accumulator
Table 2Main parameters of simulation model
Double chamber cylinder
Area of rod-less chamber
Area of rod chamber
Area of chamber A
Area of chamber B
Area of chamber C
In order to analyze the operating characteristics and energy efficiency of the TCCBS. The simulation of the lifting and lowering action of the boom is completed in the established model.
The comparative curves of the characteristics of the boom motions are illustrated in Fig. 7. As can be seen that the average boom lifting speed in DCCBS is 0.12 m/s, while in TCCBS, the average boom lifting speed is 0.22 m/s. In addition, at the initial stage of the lifting process, the boom speed of shock increases from 0.2 m/s to 0.34 m/s. This is because that the addition of hydraulic accumulator breaks the matching relationship between pump and load. During the descent of boom, the load sensitive pump is in flow control despite the resistance of the hydraulic accumulator. The average speed of the two systems is almost the same. There are obvious velocity shocks due to the inertia of the working device in the process of accelerating to decline. The velocity shock decreases from 0.12 m/s to 0.02 m/s at the beginning of the boom lowering process. Therefore, the hydraulic accumulator also plays a good buffer effect in the lowering process.
The pressure curve of the boom cylinder and the pump of the DCCBS is illustrated in Fig. 8. From 0-0.76 s, the multiway directional valve is in the middle position, the pump is in the lower pressure standby condition. The pressure of the pump is the same as the set pressure of the load sensitive valve (about 2 MPa). In the lifting process form 0.76 s-10.05 s, the multiway directional valve is switched to the left position, and the boom is lifted. Due to the load sensitive valve through its own adjustment function, the pressure difference between the pump and the rod-less chamber of the hydraulic cylinder is always maintained at about 2 MPa. The peak pressure of the pump is 24 MPa, and the average pressure is 17 MPa. When the boom rises to the highest position, the hydraulic cylinder piston moves to the end of the stroke. From 10.05-11 s, the multiway directional valve does not switch, the pump and the hydraulic cylinder rod-less chamber pressure reaches maximum pressure of 32 MPa. During this period, the pump is in high pressure standby condition. When the multiway directional valve is switched to the median, the pump is unloaded from 11 s to 12 s, and the pump is in the minimum displacement state through the variable mechanism. The pump output pressure is the same as the set pressure of the load sensitive valve. The pump is in the lower pressure standby condition again. From 12 s to 17 s, the multiway directional valve is switched to the right position, and the boom lowers. At the moment of lowering, the pump output pressure reaches the peak pressure of 28 MPa. The pressure of the rod chamber and the gravity of the working device form a resultant force and act on the rod-less chamber of the boom cylinder. Due to the large gravity of the working device, the boom mainly depends on the gravity to lower. Therefore, the pressure of the rod chamber is very small. The pump is in the working state with the largest displacement. The average pressure of rod-less chamber is 7 MPa. The high-pressure oil of rod-less chamber flows back to the tank through the multiway directional valve. This throttling loss energy cannot be recycled.
Fig. 7Motion characteristics comparison
Fig. 8pressure curves of DCCBS
Fig. 9 shows the pressure curves of the three-chamber hydraulic cylinder, pump and hydraulic accumulator of TCCBS. During this period of lifting process from 0.76 s to 5.9 s, the oil of the hydraulic pump flows into the chamber A, and the high-pressure oil of the hydraulic accumulator enters the chamber C. The chamber B is connected to the tank. With the help of hydraulic accumulator, the pressure of the pump is obviously decreased. The peak pressure of the pump is 21 MPa, which is 3.5 MPa lower than that of the DCCBS. The average pressure is 13 MPa, which is 4 MPa lower than that of the DCCBS. The accumulator pressure decreases from 17.5 MPa to 10 MPa as the boom lifts. During the boom lowering from 9-14.31 s, the oil of the hydraulic pump flows into the chamber B, the chamber A receives the oil tank, and the high-pressure oil of chamber C is pressed into the accumulator. As the boom decreases, the accumulator pressure increases from 10 MPa to 17.5 MPa. Due to the accumulator exerts a resistance effect, the average pressure of the pump is 7 MPa higher than that of the DDCBS. The energy of the chamber A is dissipated through the multiway directional valve, which cannot be recycled.
Fig. 9Pressure curves of TCCBS
The power output comparison curves of hydraulic pumps for TCCBS and DCCBS are illustrated in Fig. 10. In the process of boom lifting, the average output power is 46 kW of DCCBS. In the TCCBS, the average output power is 32 kW. In the process of boom lowering process, due to overcoming the accumulator resistance, the average output power is 20 kW of the TCCBS, which is 5 kW higher than that of the DCCBS.
Fig. 10Comparison of system power curves
The accumulated output energy from pump and hydraulic accumulator is illustrated in Fig. 11. In the process of boom lifting, the energy consumption of DCCBS is 352 kJ, while the energy consumption of TCCBS is 163 kJ. The energy released by accumulator is 181 kJ. In the process of boom lowering, due to the effect of accumulator, the energy consumption of DCCBS is 148 kJ, which is higher than the DCCBS by 51 kJ. The energy recovered by accumulator is 181 kJ, which one of potential energy of the boom is 139 kJ according to Fig. 2. and Eqs. (1-21). During this period of boom working process, the energy consumption of DCCBS is 403 kJ, while the energy consumption of TCCBS is 311 kJ. Thus, according to Eqs. (22-24), the potential energy recycling efficiency of the TCCBS is 47.1 %; the comprehensive energy saving efficiency of the TCCBS is 22.3 %.
Fig. 11Comparison of cumulative output energy curves
Compared with other three potential energy recycling methods. For electrical recycling method, the potential energy recycling efficiency is 36 % because there are many energic conversion steps in the electric recycling system. Regarding the hydraulic recycling method, the potential energy recycling efficiency is 39 % due to the secondary throttling loss during utilization process. For potential energy recycling method based on a principle of alternate recycling of multiple hydraulic cylinders, the potential energy recycling efficiency is 45.2 %. Though it has high energy saving efficiency, the original system structure is changed greatly due to the addition of hydraulic-gas energy storage balancing cylinder. From the above discussion, The TCCBS not only high recycling efficiency and simple structure.
The influence of pre-charge pressure and volume of hydraulic accumulator on the charging and discharging characteristics is further analyzed by several sets of parameters in Table 1. The pre-charge pressure is set as 7 MPa, 8 MPa, 9 MPa, 10 MPa and 11 MPa respectively. The energy recovered by the accumulator and the cumulative output energy of TCCBS under different pre-charge pressure is in illustrated Table 3. The energy recycling characteristics is illustrated in Fig. 12(a). The system cumulative output energy characteristics under different pre-charge pressures is illustrated in Fig. 12(b). The results show that the recycling energy of hydraulic accumulator increases with the increase of pre-charge pressure. If the pre-charge pressure is too large, the cumulative output energy of the TCCBS is too large due to the hydraulic accumulator exerts a resistance effect in the process of the boom lowering.
Table 3The energy and the cumulative output energy of TCCBS under different pre-charge pressures
Pre-charge pressure of accumulator (MPa)
Recovered energy (kJ)
System cumulative output energy (kJ)
Fig. 12Energy characteristics at different pre-charge pressures
a) Energy recovered under different pre-charge pressures
b) Cumulative output energy under different pre- charge pressures
The volume is 65 L, 70 L, 75 L, 80 L, 90 L, and the pre-charge pressure is 10 MPa. Table 4 shows the simulation results of the recovered energy and the cumulative output energy of TCCBS under different volumes. The energy recycling characteristics is shown in Fig. 13(a) and the cumulative output energy characteristics of TCCBS under different volumes is shown in Fig. 13(b). The results present that the recycling energy decreases slightly with the increase of the volume. Due to the limited space for the telescopic handler to install the accumulator, the volume of the hydraulic accumulator is not too large.
Table 4The energy recovered and the cumulative output energy of TCCBS under different volumes
Volume of accumulator (L)
Recovered energy (kJ)
System cumulative output energy (kJ)
Fig. 13Energy characteristics under different volumes
a) Energy recovered under different volumes
b) Cumulative output energy under different volumes
In this paper, a method for potential recycling of the working device on telescopic handler by TCCBS was proposed. Through theoretical analysis and simulation mode of DCCBS and TCCBS in AMESIM environment, the operation characteristics and energy saving characteristics of the two systems were analyzed. In addition, the influence of hydraulic accumulator parameters on energy saving characteristics of TCCBS were analyzed. The main conclusions were as follow:
1) In the TCCBS, the lifting of the boom can be achieved. Compared with the DCCBS, the single-action operation time of the boom reduced 4.15 s. The peak pressure decreased from 24 MPa to 21 MPa and the average pressure decreased from 17 MPa to 13 MPa during boom lifting process. The boom velocity ﬂuctuation was reduced by 83.3 % at the start of the boom lowering, making the boom lower more smoothly.
2) Compared with the DCCBS, the TCCBS can achieve the direct recycling of the gravitational potential energy of the working device. The cumulative output energy of the TCCBS was reduced from 403 kJ of the DCCBS to 311 kJ. For one cycle of boom lifting and lowering, the potential energy recycling efficiency of the working device was 47.1 %, and the comprehensive energy saving rate of the TCCBS was 22. 3%.
3) The setting of hydraulic accumulator parameters has certain influence on the energy efficiency of TCCBS. When the volume was determined, the energy recycling of hydraulic accumulator increased with the increase of pre-charge pressure. However, if the pre-charge pressure was too large, the cumulative output energy of TCCBS would be too large. When the pre-charge pressure was determined, the charging and discharging energy characteristics were less affected by the volume of the hydraulic accumulator.
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant Nos. 51875385, E050202.
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Hyco SF4 Speedflow Pressure Reducing Valve & Expansion Vessel Kit
This branch today
Not available for click and collect
An expansion vessel, check valve and pressure reducing valve kit for Speedflow installations where the pressure is above 4.2 bar, and hot water expansion cannot be accommodated in the pipework.
To be used in conjunction with Hyco Speedflow unvented water heaters
2 litre expansion vessel set at 3.5 bar with pressure reducing valve
Comes with one way check valve
Required when pressure is above 4.2 bar and hot water expansion cannot be accommodated in the pipework
Weight of Expansion vessel 1.0 kg, Check valve 0.1 kg, Pressure reducing valve 0.3kg
Height of Expansion Vessel 225 mm, Check valve 65 mm, Pressure reducing valve 73 mm
On cold water inlet line
Pre Charge Bar Rating
Made To Order
Manufacturer Model No
Unvented Water Heater Accessories
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All over history, people used this kind of energy to perform activities such as grinding, or forging, or treating linen before spinning.
Everybody knows that our rivers and streams are full of small mills, most of them are in ruins, and these facilities are the reflection of the sustainable use of the riverbeds.
Nowadays the energy of the rivers, is divided into:
Small-scale hydroelectric: They are the small power plants that do not imply big interactions with the riverbeds.
Large-scale hydroelectric: Power plants that always build a big dam in the riverbed.
Hydraulic energy is the one produced by the fall of water from a certain height to a lower level or the one produced by the movement of hydraulic wheels or turbines.
Hydro power is a natural resource available in those areas with enough levels of water. It requires reservoir and dam building, and by-pass passages.
This implies a huge economic investment, therefore it wouldn’t be competitive in those areas where oil or coal are cheap, even tough the maintenance cost of a steam power plant, due to fuel, is more expensive than the one of a hydroelectric power plant.
The power obtained trough hydraulic resources depends on the volume of water that flows per time unit and on the head. A hydroelectric plant consists of a set of facilities that will transform the kinetic and potential energy of water into useful energy, such as electricity. This transformation is made trough the action of water on a hydraulic turbine, that provides rotatory movement to an electric generator.
How does a hydroelectric power plant work?
The Hydroelectric plants depend on a huge reservoir restrained by a dam. The flow of water can be controlled and kept continuous. Water is transported through channels controlled by valves and turbines to adapt the flow of water according to power demands. The water that gets into the turbine gets out by tail races. The generators are situated just over the turbines and they are connected trough vertical trees. The design of the turbines depends on the flow of water: Francis and Kaplan turbines are used for big flows and medium and low head sites and Pelton turbines are used for big high head sites and small flows.
Hydraulic turbines are used to use the energy of flowing water. Kaplan turbine is similar to a ship’s propeller. The wide blades of the turbine are propelled by high pressure water coming from a lock gate. Pelton turbine is a XIXth century model and its structure is more similar to that of a traditional water mill. The wheel turns when the channelled water presses its spoon-shaped buckets or blades.
In order to create a water head it is necessary to raise the superficial level of water over the normal level of the flow. This is done by creating a dam, so that a head is created to be used at the reservoir or it can be done by channelling water through a by-pass passage with less pitch than the riverbed. The water at the by-pass passage must be conducted to the turbines and in order to do that, in heads lower than 12 m water flows directly at the turbine room, and in heads higher than 12m water flow ends into a stretched channel named pressure chamber. After, pressured channelled water flow will bring water to the turbines trough penstock. Water flows under high pressures through the pipeline and it propels the blades, that spins an axe and the generator. At the exit of the turbine room , water is driven trough an outlet channel back into the river.


|Turbine - High Power|
The Cla-Val Model e-Power HP is a water driven power generation and storage system designed to power electrical devices inside a standard water system chamber.Typical applications
Powering remote telemetry units, Monitoring equipment, Sump-Pumps & pressure management devices.
|Power:100-240 Watts at 2 -4 bar differential / Flow: 1.5 –2 l/s |
Environmental protection: IP44


Between July 2003 and Oct. 2004, Flowserve will provide 16 vertical turbine pumps valued at $16 million.
Big Job ... Flowserve Pump Division
October 31, 2002
Flowserve Pump Division said it has been selected by the Southern Nevada Water Authority to supply source water pumps for its Lake Mead Intake No. 2 project.