Polluting The Water Facts, Effects of Water Contaminations
Do you aware what’s the reason for polluting the water? How is the water being polluted? Water can be contaminated various ways. It means that one or more substance has built up to such an extent which causes problems for humans as well as animals.
Lakes, oceans, rivers and other inland water may be cleaned up a particular amount of water by dispersing it harmlessly. If you pour a cup of black ink into a river, the ink disappeared for the great volume of water in the ocean.
Still, then the ink will remain there, but contramination is very low which you cannot see. The chemicals in such ink would not create any problem. If you pour gallons of ink in a river within few seconds by a pipe, the river turns into black rapidly.
The chemical has a great effect on the water within a short period. It also affects the health of the animals, plants, and humans who are dependent on rivers.
Thus, water pollution is all about quantities: So how much of polluting substance is given or how much big volume of water is released into.
A little amount of chemical has little impact on water, but a small quantity of toxic chemical have great impact pumped into a river and lake, where less clean water to disperse it.
What is Water Pollution?
People say another name of water is life. This is really true. About 70% of the water of the earth is covered with water. Surely this is the greatest resources.
As a student, you have to know the various types of conserve water. Water is greatly used in human processes and chores. This is very important for both industrial and domestic purposes.
We fail to pass a single day without water. If we closely notice the resources of water, it gives us a shock.
Our sources of water are being infested with waste coming out from floating plastic bags or from chemical waste.
The contamination of water resources is known as water pollution. So the abuse of ponds, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and oceans is water pollution.
The discharge of pollutants is responsible for water pollution. It may be direct or indirect.
Water pollution is a significant concern in the whole world. This is a very appealing problem. Pollution is powerful enough to lead the world to the way of destruction. All pollutants dissolve in water.
So it is polluting severely every day. Vegetation and organisms which survive in the water like amphibians are severely affected by water pollution. Many people face death from water pollution or consumption of water.
In 2008 nearly 1000 children died in India from diarrheal sickness for consuming polluted water. This number has increased rapidly in the last five years.
It is true that human-made and natural activities mainly pollute water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis etc. are indicated as alter water and contaminate it. It also affects the ecosystem which remains under water.
What are the effects of water pollution?
Some people trust that water pollution is inescapable result of people’s activities. They show logic that there is no way to avoid water pollution if we use cars, oil, ships, cities, factories and coastal resorts.
Some levels of water pollution are must for such factors. In another way, pollution is must and people have to put up with it if they want to progress. Luckily all people don’t agree with this view.
People have woken up the problem of pollution which brings of their costs. Many economic benefits come out of pollution.
Suppose, think about oil spills. This happens when tankers are made very poorly to ply on the sea. When an accident happens, oils seep from the tankers and mixes with water.
Sometimes oil washes up on closely nearby beaches. It devastates the ecosystem and affects tourism. People who bear the cost of the spill aren’t responsible for this activity for the first time.
Everyone who puts gasoline into a car or uses any petroleum-fueled transport- add this problem. Therefore oil spill is a problem for everyone. It is a problem for people who live near the coast and tanker operates.
Sewage water is another example by which people can affect more. Sewage discharge in coastal water may wash up on beaches and create a health hazard.
People bath and surf in water and fall ill when they swallow contaminated water. There are other harmful effects of sewage water.
This water poisons shellfish which grow close to the shore. People who eat this shellfish suffer from paralytic shellfish poisoning.
It is forbidden to catch shellfish in many seashores for severely polluted with the toxic chemical or sewage wastes that are discharged from strictly land.
People live in an environment. But this environment is polluted in many ways. So pollution is a matter for people. The environment isn’t far from our lives.
The surrounding is the only thing which surrounds us and ensures health for us. Destruction of environment eventually reduces the standard of own lives. So prevention of pollution provides a right situation for us all.
Sources of Water Pollution
There are many types of water pollutions. The primary 2 sources of water pollutions are Point and Non-Point.
The point means the pollutant which remains within a single source. Emission from factories is an example of the point.
On the other way, Non-Point means pollutant emitted from lots of sources. After the rain, contaminated water travels through different regions. It may be known as a Non-Point source of pollution.
What are the causes of water pollution?
Millions of people on the planet think that disposing of sewage waste is a great problem. This is the statistic of the World Health Organization that about 780 million people have no chance to drink safe water.
About 2.5 billion people do not have well sanitation management. Though there have been lots of improvements in securing access to clean water. In the last decades, little improvement has been seen in the sanitation sectors.
Sewage disposal affects the environment of people and causes water-related diseases like diarrhea. It kills 760000 children under five every year. In the developed countries people use flush toilets which carry sewage waste hygienically and rapidly away from the homes.
In theory, sewage is completely natural substance which must be broken down without any harm to the environment. Ninety percent of sewage is water. In sewage, there are various kinds of chemicals.
People collect plastic, paper, and some other wastes from the pharmaceuticals. If people become sick with viruses, the sewage they make carries the viruses for the environment. It may catch illness like typhoid, hepatitis, and cholera from sea and river water.
Only a few statistics explain the scale of the problem which comes from wastewater. Almost half of the oceans are polluted mainly by wastewater and sewage.
The world produces five to ten billion tons of industrial waste every year most of which are thrown into oceans, rivers, and other waterways. In the US around 4000,000 factories take clean water from rivers.
Recently a great improvement occurs in wastewater treatment. Since 1970, in the US, the Environmental Protection Agency EPA has invested about seventy billion to improve water treatment plants in 2015 serve around 88% of US population. Another 271 billion still need an upgrade as well as update the system.
Factories are the important points of water pollution. But it is true that ordinary people pollute a lot of water from nonpoint sources. By this way, normal water becomes polluted water in the first place.
Everyone pours chemical in the toilets or the drain. Besides, washing machine and dishwashers pollute our oceans and rivers. We also use pesticides in our garden.
From highway run off a great amount of toxic pollution enters the water. Normally highways are covered with toxic chemicals and cocktail. Everything from brake fluids and spilled fuel worn tires and exhaust emission.
When it rains they get mixed with rivers and drains. Heavy rains summer storm brings this chemical into rivers and ponds. So a huge amount of fish faces death overnight.
Some highway runoff goes into the drain and other pollute groundwater or accumulates in the land next to the road, makes it very toxic as the year passes by.
Detergents are mild substance. If you see it from the other angle, you will see opposite result. The opposite side of the spectrum is very poisonous chemicals like polychlorinated biphenyls.
Once they are greatly used to manufacture electronic circuit boards. Now people know the harmful effects of it. So it is prohibited to use in many countries of the world.
An estimated half million tons of PCBs are discharged into the environment during the twentieth century. They are brought there by the oceans, thousands of miles far from where they entered the environment.
Though the PCBs are elaborately banned, the effects remain for decades as they remain in the environment for a long time except breaking down.
Another type of pollution may occur for some heavy metals like mercury, lead, and cadmium. Once the lead is used in gasoline for some restricted countries in the world. Cadmium and Mercury are still using to make batteries.
In the present days, a highly toxic chemical named tributyltin is being used to save the boats from ravaging effects of the ocean. Ironically, TBT is known as a pollutant: people are using this to save the boat from damage, but they are polluting the water in the sea.
The historic heavy metal pollution happens in the ocean in 1938 when a Japanese factory emitted a great amount of mercury metal to Minamata Bay, having the fish stocks there.
Many people ate the fish and became poisoned around 2000. Hundreds of people became dead and were disable also many.
People become aware of radioactive waste with more alarm- for many good reasons. Having high concentration it may kill, but with a lower concentration, it may cause cancers and some other illnesses.
There are two factories in Europe which are the biggest sources of radioactive pollution. They reprocess the waste fuel from the nuclear power plants: Cap La Hague to the north coast of France and Sellafield to the North West coast of Britain. Both of them discharge radioactive wastewater into the sea. The ocean currents carry it around the whole world.
A country like Norway that is situated in downstream of Britain gets good doses of radioactive pollution from Sellafield.
The government of this country complains again and again that Sellafield increases the radiation level along the coast by six to ten times. Both Norwegian and Irish governments are going on to press for the plant’s closure.
If you think about ocean pollution, great black oil slicks spring to your mind. The spectacular accidents represent a small fraction of all the pollution going into the oceans.
Thinking oil by itself, tanker spill is not very important as they seem to. Only twelve percent of oil which enters into the ocean comes from tanker accident.
Other 70% of pollution occurs for pouring down drains on land and from routine shipping. What makes tanker spills very destructive is the sheer quantity of oil comes from the concentration of oil they produce in 1 much-localized part of the marine environment.
The biggest oil spill happens in the recent years when the tanker Exxon Valdez breaks up in Prince William Sound in Alaska in 1989. About twelve million gallons of oil are releasing into pristine wilderness.
It is sufficient to fill your dwelling rooms 800 times more. It is thought that marine animals are killed in the spill from about 1000 sea otters and 34 thousand birds to as many as 2800 sea otters and 250000 seabirds. Several billions of herring eggs and salmon are believed to face the destruction.
As you have taken part in community bleach cleaning, you know well that plastic is the common element that washes up with the waves. It has three reasons: plastic is the very common material used to make most all kinds of manufactured objects from clothing to the parts of automobiles.
It floats easily and very light, so easy to travel enormous distance across the oceans. Maximum plastics are not biodegradable meaning that plastic can survive in the marine environment for a long time. Plastic can survive for up to 400 years, and the plastic fishing line may long for up to 600 years.
Plastics are not so poisonous to the toxic chemicals they do not create a major hazard for fish, seabirds, and other marine creatures. Suppose plastic fishing line, as well as other debris, may strangle or choke fish.
It is true that about half of the world’s seabird species are likely known to eat plastic residues. A study has done on 450 shearwaters in the North Pacific which indicated that about eighty percent of the birds are found to have plastic residues in their stomachs.
At the beginning of the 1990s, marine scientist Tim Benton gathered debris from two km length of the beach to the isolated Pitcairn Islands in the South Pacific.
His study gathered about one thousands of pieces of garbage having 268 pieces of plastic, seventy-one plastic bottles and two dolls heads.


Pneumatic time delay valves (Figure 4.28) are used to delay operations where time-based sequences are required. Figure 4.28a shows construction of a typical valve. This is similar in construction to a 3/2 way pilot-operated valve, but the space above the main valve is comparatively large and pilot air is only allowed in via a flow reducing needle valve. There is thus a time delay between application of pilot pressure to port Z and the valve operation, as shown by the timing diagram in Figure 4.28b. The time delay is adjusted by the needle valve setting.
The built-in check valve causes the reservoir space above the valve to vent quickly when pressure at Z is removed to give no delay off.
The valve shown in Figure 4.28 is a normally-closed delay-on valve. Many other time delay valves (delay-off, delay on/off, normally- open) can be obtained. All use the basic principle of the air reservoir and needle valve.
The symbol of a normally-dosed time delay valve is shown in Figure 4.28c.


Bone Cancer Treatment
Bone Cancer starts in the bone cells and common symptoms include pain in a particular area, which is often worse at night. Primary Cancers of the bones account for less than 0.2% of all Cancers. In adults, over 40% of primary bone cancers are chondrosarcomas; followed by osteosarcomas (28%), chordomas (10%), Ewing sarcoma (8%) & malignant fibrous histiocytoma/fibrosarcomas (4%). The remaining cases are several rare types. In children & teenagers, osteosarcoma (56%) and Ewing tumours (34%) are much more common than chondrosarcoma (6%). Bone cancer treatment include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and proton beam therapy. Get verified second opinions from OncoConnect’s curated list of international Oncologists.
About Bone Cancer Treatment
Primary bone cancer starts in the cells of the bone; where bone cells become cancerous. Bone cancer treatment depends upon stage at which it is diagnosed and what cancer type it is.
Common symptoms include pain in a particular area, which is often worse at night. There could be swelling, high temperature, fatigue and difficulty to move around.
Primary cancers of the bones account for less than 0.2% of all cancers. In adults, over 40% of primary bone cancers are chondrosarcomas. This is followed by osteosarcomas (28%), chordomas (10%), Ewing sarcoma (8%) and malignant fibrous histiocytoma/fibrosarcoma (4%). The remainder of cases is several rare types of bone cancers. In children and teenagers (those younger than 20 years), osteosarcoma (56%) and Ewing tumours (34%) are much more common than chondrosarcoma (6%).
Types of bone cancers include:
- Osteosarcoma: It is the most common type of primary bone cancer found in teenagers and young adults. They can grow anywhere in the skeleton. The most common sites are:
- around the knee
- the lower thigh bone (femur)
- upper shin bone (tibia)
- around the shoulder
- upper arm bone (humerus)
- Ewing’s sarcoma: It is most common among teenagers. It usually starts in the pelvis (hips), thigh (femur) or shin (tibia) bones. Ewing’s tumours occur in the soft tissue as well, called soft tissue sarcomas. These are treated in the same way as Ewing’s bone tumours.
- Chondrosarcoma: It is most often found in adults between 30-60 years of age. It is cancer of the cartilage cells within the bone. It can grow either inside a bone or on the bone surface. The most common sites are:
- hips (pelvis)
- the thigh bone (femur)
- the upper arm (humerus)
- shoulder blade (scapula)
Once the bone tumour has been diagnosed, doctors will determine the stage of cancer and whether or not it is metastatic; based on which doctors would be able to devise a bone cancer treatment plan. Treatments include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and proton beam therapy.
No major professional organisations currently recommend any routine screening of the general public for bladder cancer.
COMPARE PRICING FOR - Bone Cancer Treatment
Surgery: This is recommended to either remove cancer or to relieve its symptoms. Patients could have limb saving surgery or surgery where part of the diseased bone is removed.
Chemotherapy: This is given by administrating drugs intravenously (IV), intra-arterially (IA) or via intra – peritoneal (IP) injections to destroy cancer cells. This treatment can last up to many weeks.
Radiotherapy: This is performed by directing radiation beams at the targeted area, and like chemotherapy, this treatment usually requires multiple sessions which are performed over a series of weeks.
Targeted Therapy: This is performed by administrating a number of drugs to the patient which will target certain components of the cancer cells.
Proton Beam Therapy: This is a type of radiation therapy. It uses protons rather than x-rays to treat cancer. Proton beam therapy has had promising results with reduced side effects compared to radiation.
Treatments are often used in combination with each other, particularly is the cancer is advanced and surgery is being performed. Chemotherapy may often be used before surgery to shrink the tumour or after surgery to destroy any cancer cells that could not be removed during surgery.
You may experience vomiting, nausea, hair loss, fatigue & body pain during treatment. Please do not hesitate to discuss this further with your doctor, for more information on the management of any symptoms.
- Most patients require a post-surgical recovery period of up to 4- 6 weeks. Speak to your surgeon to understand the amount of recovery you would need following your treatment.
- Physiotherapy exercises form an integral part of post-surgical rehabilitation. These are particularly important to prevent stiffness in the shoulder and neck.
- Appropriate rest is also important during this period.
- If there are pain and discomfort then please speak to your doctor for its management.
length of stay
Hospital Stay: 3-7 days for surgery
Total Stay: Depending upon treatment the length of stay can wary from 2 weeks to a few months


Nial Moores PhD, Director, Birds Korea, December 20th
The Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus is a globally Endangered, exquisitely-patterned and typically shy duck. In winter, it is most often found in small flocks on fast-flowing and relatively undisturbed stretches of river. Due to its rarity and its habitat-specialisation, the Scaly-sided Merganser is a flagship species, a living symbol, of East Asian rivers. And an international Task Force has been set up by the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership (EAAFP) especially for the conservation of the Scaly-sided Merganser. Birds Korea is the Korean NGO member of this Task Force.
We will therefore conduct focused research on the Scaly-sided Merganser and the rivers it depends on in January 2014. The main survey period will be between January 11th and 18th. We welcome your support and involvement – in fund-raising and fieldwork.
Please Note: All research participation costs for paid-up Birds Korea members will be covered by Birds Korea; non-members are required to cover their own expenses and will be asked to donate a daily participation charge of 100,000 KW, to help support further work for this species.
For more on our work on Scaly-sided Mergansers in 2014, please continue reading:
Why should we or anybody work to conserve the Scaly-sided Merganser? In addition to clear moral and ethical obligations, the survival of the Scaly-sided Merganser depends on the health of rivers and river catchments. Conserving this species therefore requires conserving the best rivers and their catchments – which of course are also vital to the well-being of many other species, including people. Conservation of rivers and the Scaly-sided Merganser is in our own and the national interest.
The need for conservation of “Scalies” has therefore already become a priority for the governments of the region, through their support of the EAAFP’s Scaly-sided Merganser Task Force. The need for river and biodiversity conservation is also fully recognised by governments who have joined the Ramsar “Wise Use of Wetlands” Convention and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). CBD, for example, calls on governments to ensure by 2020 that “the conservation status (of threatened species), particularly of those most in decline, (be) improved and sustained” and that “the rate of loss of all natural habitats (be) at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero”. The ROK is an active member of both of these conventions. Our nation hosted the 2008 Ramsar Convention conference and will host the 2014 CBD conference. We need to support our nation’s efforts to fulfil these important conservation obligations.
What kind of work?
Conservation of birds and their habitats always requires getting the best information to the right people at the right time in the right way. Our work for the Scaly-sided Merganser in 2014 will include research, analysis, and information-sharing, aimed towards the next intergovernmental CBD conference, to be held here in the ROK in October 2014.
Already, a small team of Birds Koreans has been making multiple counts of Scalies along one river, at least monthly in 2011 / 2012 and again in the winter of 2013 / 2014. Multiple images of the site have been taken and details recorded. In 2012, Birds Koreans also surveyed more than ten additional rivers nationwide that were suspected to support the species. We counted 140-149 Scalies. This count compares with only 30 found nationwide the same winter by the annual nationwide Winter Bird Census, coordinated by the Ministry of Environment. Our research confirms both that the Scaly-sided Merganser is easy to overlook during general bird surveys, and that several of the rivers that the species depends on are still not regularly surveyed.
Our research this past decade has also confirmed that the species is shy and local, and that its “natural habitat” continues to be disturbed and degraded. As we predicted, the ecologically disastrous Four Rivers project impacted many sites between 2009 and 2012. River-side vegetation has been removed, rivers have been dredged and wide bicycle trails have been constructed causing much disturbance to once quiet rivers. These changes have contributed to declines in many species of waterbird at these sites and nationally. Many of the rivers used by Scaly-sided Mergansers even now, in 2013, are still being converted into “parks”, further reducing their value to biodiversity in general and this species in particular.
In 2014, between January 11th and 18th, three or more teams will therefore again survey all known Scaly-sided Merganser sites nationwide, and survey additional stretches of river that might support the species. This research, and future survey work and analysis, will help us to:
- Improve the national population estimate of the species;
- Identify more of the rivers used regularly by the species;
- Map sites used by the species;
- Determine changes in number of the species through a single winter and between years (e.g. between 2012 and 2014);
- Determine changes to the habitat they use between years;
- Identify causes likely to be driving changes in the number of birds, both by site and at the national level;
How will the results be used?
To ensure that the results reach a wide audience, we will publish them in English and Korean on our websites, and we will pass them on to other members of the international Scaly-sided Merganser Task Force. This includes the national Ministry of Environment. There is some possibility too that the results might also be published as part of a peer-reviewed regional review of the species.
If funding can be found, the results and analysis will then also be included in a special Birds Korea Report, now being written as part of our contribution to the 2014 CBD Conference. This report, as proposed, will provide a national overview of changes in bird populations during the past century. It will include case studies on representative species of key habitat types, and it will highlight the Scaly-sided Merganser and the rivers it depends on.
Please contact us if you have more questions and would like to support this work!


Precision Metal Technology (PMT)
This course introduces the student to weld symbol interpretation in accordance with American Welding Society (AWS) standards. Welding details with symbols layout provide a systematic approach to blueprint reading. Fundamentals of drawing elements, scales, layouts, and title blocks are included.
This course provides basic principles of metallurgy. Emphasis is placed on metallurgical terms for metal structures common to the science of materials. Understanding the distinctions between metallic properties of strength, hardness, and ductility provides insight for managing desirable material properties. Differences between ferrous and nonferrous metals are covered in simple definitions, diagrams, and charts highlighting standard industry terms and practices related to metal.
This course addresses principles related to Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) including SMAW power supplies, electrode holders, equipment set-up, joint configuration, layout, electrode selection, electrode manipulation, arc control, finished bead characteristics, and safety.
This course provides students with the fundamentals of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Emphasis is placed on power sources, controls, polarity settings, and high frequency usage concepts. Lectures will focus on GTAW torch components, setup, and safety.


States Fail to Adequately Fund Prevention Despite Their Billions in Tobacco Revenue
Tobacco companies spend $20 to market their deadly products for every $1 the states spend on programs to prevent kids from smoking and help smokers quit, according to a report released today by a coalition of public health organizations. This giant gap is undermining efforts to save lives and health care dollars by reducing tobacco use, the No. 1 cause of preventable death in the United States, the report warns.
This year (fiscal year 2016), the states will collect $25.8 billion from the 1998 tobacco settlement and tobacco taxes. But they have budgeted less than two percent of it – $468 million – for tobacco prevention and cessation programs, according to the annual report assessing state funding of such programs.
In contrast, the major cigarette and smokeless tobacco companies spend $9.6 billion a year – more than one million dollars each hour – on marketing, according to the most recent data from the Federal Trade Commission. This amounts to 20 times what the states spend on tobacco prevention.
The tobacco companies spend more on marketing in a single day ($26.3 million) than all but three states –California, New York and Florida – spend on tobacco prevention programs in an entire year.
Tobacco use kills more than 480,000 Americans and costs the nation about $170 billion in health care spending each year. Without strong action now, 5.6 million kids alive today will die prematurely from smoking-caused disease, according to the U.S. Surgeon General.
The report – “Broken Promises to Our Children: A State-by-State Look at the 1998 Tobacco Settlement 17 Years Later” – was released by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, American Heart Association, American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, American Lung Association, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights and Truth Initiative.
“The tobacco companies are as relentless as ever in marketing their lethal products, so it is critical that the states step up their efforts to protect our kids from tobacco addiction and help smokers quit,” said Matthew L. Myers, President of the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. “We know how to win the fight against tobacco, but most states are falling woefully short. These states are putting their children at risk and costing taxpayers billions by refusing to fund tobacco prevention programs that are proven to save lives and money.”
This year’s report also found:
- The $468 million the states have budgeted for tobacco prevention amounts to just a small fraction of the $3.3 billion recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It would take less than 13 percent of total state tobacco revenues to meet the CDC’s recommendations in every state. (The $468 million does not include Illinois and Pennsylvania, which have yet to enact FY 2016 budgets and therefore have not set funding levels for their programs.)
- Only one state – North Dakota – is funding its tobacco prevention program at the CDC-recommended level. Only four other states – Alaska, Maine, Oklahoma and Wyoming – provide even half the recommended funding. New Jersey, which ranks last for the second year in a row, has allocated no state funds for tobacco prevention programs. Find out how each state ranks.
- States with well-funded, sustained tobacco prevention programs continue to deliver impressive results. Florida, with one of the longest-running programs, reduced its high school smoking rate to just 6.9 percent this year, one of the lowest rates ever reported by any state and a 75 percent decline since 1998. North Dakota, which ranks first for the third year in a row in this report, cut smoking among high school students by nearly half from 2009 to 2015 (from 22.4 percent to 11.7 percent).
The report also details many of the tobacco industry marketing tactics that entice kids, including:
- Widespread advertising, prime product placement and price discounts in stores, which make tobacco products appealing and affordable to kids.
- Slick ads in magazines with large youth readership, such as Sports Illustrated and Rolling Stone.
- Candy- and fruit-flavored tobacco products such as small cigars and electronic cigarettes. E-cigarette companies have drastically ramped up their marketing efforts in recent years as well. Recent data shows that youth use of e-cigarettes has skyrocketed, and that high school boys now smoke cigars at about the same rate as cigarettes.
Echoing the January 2014 report of the Surgeon General, today’s report calls for fully funding state tobacco prevention and cessation programs as part of a comprehensive strategy to accelerate progress in reducing tobacco use. Other recommendations include conducting sustained national media campaigns; increasing tobacco taxes; enacting comprehensive smoke-free laws; providing health insurance coverage for tobacco cessation treatments; and effective FDA regulation of tobacco products.
An emerging strategy for reducing tobacco use is to increase the legal sale age for tobacco products to 21. A March 2015 report by the prestigious Institute of Medicine concluded that raising the tobacco sales age to 21 would significantly reduce smoking among youth and young adults, save lives and improve public health.
“State leaders across the country have an obligation to spend their tobacco settlement money as intended – to invest in proven tobacco control that will save lives and carry the added benefit of reducing state health care costs,” said Chris Hansen, president of the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network, the advocacy affiliate of the American Cancer Society. “We urge lawmakers to fully fund tobacco cessation and prevention programs, that combined with comprehensive smoke-free laws and increased tobacco taxes maximize our potential to reduce the needless death and suffering from tobacco use in this country.”
“Year after year, it’s the same situation – states are not using their tobacco settlement funds to help Americans quit smoking or prevent them from ever starting this dangerous habit,” said Nancy Brown, CEO of the American Heart Association. “It’s high time to break this pattern of inaction. Well-funded programs in every state would go a long way in the nation’s fight against tobacco. So, once again, the American Heart Association strongly urges all state lawmakers to invest this money where it belongs – in successful tobacco prevention programs that get results.”
“States continue to spend too little on programs to prevent and reduce tobacco use, the No. 1 preventable cause of death in our country,” said Harold P. Wimmer, National President and CEO of the American Lung Association. “We will never succeed in eliminating tobacco-caused death and disease unless state policymakers find the political will to fund these vital and proven-effective tobacco prevention programs.”
“Despite claims that the tobacco industry has changed its behavior as a result of the master settlement agreement and the Department of Justice RICO case, the industry still engages in nefarious tactics to make a profit by selling deadly products and to oppose sound public health laws to protect individuals from exposure to secondhand smoke, tax tobacco products, and limit where products are sold,” said Cynthia Hallett, MPH, Executive Director of Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights. “And now we’re having a serious case of déjà vu with tobacco industry marketing and advertising of electronic cigarettes running amok in an unregulated market, making claims that these products are safer.”
“Over 17 years we’ve achieved truly dramatic reductions in teen smoking that are even more impressive when compared against a tobacco industry that spends nearly $10 billion marketing in the United States each year,” said Robin Koval, CEO and President of Truth Initiative. “Now, with an end to tobacco use in sight, we can’t afford to scrimp on proven strategies at the local, state or federal levels. This generation truly can be the one to end the era of deadly tobacco and ‘Finish It.'”
For more information, visit: www.tobaccofreekids.org.


A chain pulley is a simple mechanical tool to make the physical act of lifting objects much simpler. Consisting of a linked chain, a metal housing and several gears, a chain pulley uses physics and geometry to increase lifting efficiency. This tool is used in industries such as shipping and manufacturing and has been in operation for centuries in one form or another.
The chain pulley uses a variety of chain sizes depending on the job it is built to perform. Thinner chains are useful in jobs that require speed and do not involve lifting massive weights. Large, thick chains, conversely, take more effort to run through the chain pulley system, but they can withstand greater loads. Much thought is put into selecting the perfect type of chain to use in different situations.
A chain pulley housing is the most visible part of the mechanism, and it varies greatly in size. Constructed of durable metals, such as steel, the housing locks the gear wheels into place. They are constructed to withstand large amounts of pressure because the point where the housing is connected to a stable position, likely a ceiling beam or crane, must endure great amounts of strain.
The gear wheels within a chain pulley are what make this system function. Chain pulleys can have anywhere from one wheel to five in many cases. The simplest single wheel design has a chain feeding into the housing and over the wheel and out the other end. By pulling on one end, the chain lifts the object attached to the other end with greater ease than by manually lifting it.
Simple geometric and physical principles dictate that the more gear wheels added to the pulley system, the easier the lifting process. For this exact purpose, a chain can be fed around a housing containing several wheels. When the chain is pulled, each wheel absorbs part of the pressure from the weight and makes the act of lifting the object much easier.
The chain pulley likely has been in use since the time of the industrial revolution or even before, when technology first allowed for the creation of chain links. These tools still are used by industries that demand the ability to lift heavy loads, such as manufacturing or shipping. Also common in the modern use of chain pulleys is an automated electrical wench that does not require humans to do the pulling of the chain.


Seven Health Conditions Caused by Substance Abuse
Substance abuse refers to the excessive use of legal or illegal stuff that causes addiction and harms overall health. Most people get into alcohol or drug addiction thinking it is harmless. They see other people appearing fit and fine; therefore, they take up the habits without realizing the detrimental effects on their health. Furthermore, they believe they can leave drugs or alcohol whenever they want. When they realize the dire consequences and try to leave harmful practices, it is generally too late. Despite it being well-known that substance abuse never leads to anything pleasant, an increasing rise in people taking up unhealthy habits is visible. Substance abuse can cause serious health issues, and in the worst case, people succumb to their health conditions and pass away.
Several people find it hard to say no to peer pressure and get into drinking or drugs to fit in or appear cool. Since depression is becoming prevalent in modern times, numerous people find solace in drugs. Others take up harmful habits due to boredom and try to experiment. Irrespective of the reason leading people to substance abuse, the effects are always destructive.
The following are some of the health conditions caused by substance abuse:
- Cardiovascular Issues
Depending on the substance addicts are using and their frequency, it can damage their hearts’ function with time. CNS depressants slow down hearts’ working; in contrast, stimulants increase users’ heart rate. Initially, they may not have any cardiovascular problem, but constant use results in high or low blood pressure. Similarly, many substances cause irregular heartbeat, and in the worst case, it can cause a sudden cardiac arrest. Drug addiction can lead to disseminated and local vascular inflammation, blood clotting, or cardiac valve infections.
Addicts must understand that they are in charge of their health, and substance-abusing ruins their health with time. They can join outpatient programs to deal with their addictive behaviors and improve their health. Joining a group or treatment center helps addicts handle their craving and enable them to be resilient. Gradually, they build solid nerves and do not cave into temptations or cravings.
- Weakens Immunity
A robust immune system keeps illnesses at bay as it puts up an intense fight against germs’ external forces and keeps people healthy. Substance abuse adversely affects addicts’ immune systems. The inbuilt quality of fighting harmful bacteria and germs becomes weak. They fell prey to viruses and germs easily. In many cases, addicts have a sudden weight loss as alcohol, cocaine, or other destructive substances affect their appetite. They either do not feel hungry or cannot take a proper meal. Not following a good diet and intaking unhealthy substances affect their immunity and make them vulnerable. Weaken immunity makes addicts prone to many diseases and worsens their health drastically.
- Neurological Problems
The human brain has unique functions, and it gets adapted to people’s practices with time. When addicts use substances for an extended period, their brains take it as a routine and have specific changes in its chemistry. They become dependent on substances, impacting the brain’s function, such as decision making, pleasure, pain, control, and reflex actions. Substances like alcohol and other sedative-hypnotics minimize brain signaling, resulting in calm and relaxation. As a result, they numb the brain and affect its receptors and signaling.
In contrast, ecstasy, meth, and cocaine increase neuron and lead to emotional highs and excessive physical energy. The destructive part is that brains adapt to the substance. When it leaves the body, the brain slows down in restoring balance to neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin.
Cancer is a deadly disease claiming many lives every year. Not every patient with cancer has a history of substance abuse, and we cannot ignore the destructive effects of alcohol, meth, cocaine, or other harmful drugs. Smoking is the primary cause of cancer as tobacco contains toxic chemicals. Smoking can lead to mouth, lung, pancreas, bladder, blood, or colon cancers. Many cocaine users end up with bladder, lung, and ureter, oral or esophageal cancer. Addicts deal with their addiction, and their health issues add to their problems, making it difficult to survive.
- Liver Damage
The liver is the central organ of the body as its function is to metabolize nutrients. Besides, life also detoxifies many consumed substances. With the constant use of high levels of drugs, the liver becomes overwhelmed with the detoxification substances, and the organ breaks down. Substance firsts affect its functioning then gradually breaks it down to a level that stops functioning. Alcohol use leads to liver diseases, including alcoholic hepatitis or liver parenchyma, also referred to as cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is often the leading cause of developing cancer.
- Respiratory Inefficiency
Constant use of drugs, smoking, or alcohol affects alveoli in the lungs, making the upper respiratory system vulnerable. People initially start having breathing issues, which they instantly do not connect with their substance abuse. Overdose of depressants results in slower breathing or irregular breathing. In worse cases, an overdose of depressants can lead to death as addicts are unable to breathe. Furthermore, an extended period of difficult breathing makes addicts’ bodies starved of oxygen, affecting other body organs.
The immediate effect of substance abuse is usually on the digestive system. People may have complaints of stomach aches, diarrhea, and other gastric issues. Substance deteriorates the mucous membrane, whose primary function is to break food down in peristalsis, affecting people’s GI, gastrointestinal. Once the stomach walls become vulnerable, people are at high risk of getting ulcers and other stomach-related diseases. Moreover, addiction makes people dehydrated that impacts people’s ability to produce saliva, affecting the entire GI process. In severe cases, deterioration of GI leads to severe diseases like liver cancer and puts people’s lives at risk.
Every year a large number of drug or alcohol addicts pass away due to substance abuse. Addicts do not realize that they are putting pleasure over their health, the most significant component of human life. In most cases, addiction does not lead to sudden death but slowly deteriorates people’s conditions. Drug addiction numbs brains’ functioning, affects addicts’ hearts and kidneys, and leads to several other problems. Moreover, substance abuse weakens immunity and makes people vulnerable. Aside from physical health, drugs and alcohol impacts psychological health and can be detrimental. Drugs and alcohol may help people escape their issues but result in severe health problems.


The inlet to Carpinteria Marsh is located approximately 1,300 ft. west of the Ash Avenue
sand placement site. Carpinteria Marsh, also known as El Estero, is a 230 acre coastal
lagoon and saltmarsh complex that is open to the sea year-round. Carpinteria Marsh is
an important area for shorebirds and migratory waterfowl and supports breeding
populations of two listed bird species (see Section 188.8.131.52. below). Carpinteria Marsh
has been designated an ESH by the County of Santa Barbara and the City of
184.108.40.206 Sensitive Species
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has designated Critical Habitat for the Threatened
western snowy plover immediately downcoast from the Ash Avenue beach placement
area at Carpinteria State Beach from Linden Avenue to the west (Miller 1999).
Carpinteria State Beach has been designated as wintering habitat for this species. The
closest breeding area is at McGrath State Beach.
The federal and state endangered California brown pelican commonly feeds in
nearshore waters off Ash Avenue as do several bird species (common loon, double-
crested cormorant, California gull, elegant tern) that are California Species of Special
Carpinteria Marsh, west of the Ash Avenue site, supports an endangered plant species,
the federal and state endangered salt marsh bird's beak and breeding populations of
two listed bird species, the federal and state endangered light-footed clapper rail and
the state endangered Belding's savannah sparrow. Carpinteria Marsh is the northern
extent of the light-footed clapper rail's range. Two pair of light-footed clapper rails were
observed in Carpinteria Marsh in 1995 (CDFG 2000). In 1991, 52 pairs of Belding's
savannah sparrow were counted in Carpinteria Marsh (CDFG 2000). Carpinteria Marsh
also supports a plant, Coulter's goldfields, that is a federal Species of Concern
Carpinteria Creek, approximately 1,500 ft. east of the Ash Avenue beach placement
site, supports two listed fish species, the southern steelhead (federal endangered,
California Species of Special Concern) and the tidewater goby (federal
threatened/proposed delisted, California Species of Special Concern).
220.127.116.11 Other Sensitive Biological Resources
A small number of harbor seals haul out in some years at Sand Point about 1,000 ft.
west of the Ash Avenue sand placement site. A more important haul out site is located
about 1,500 ft. to the east of the downcoast end of the Ash Avenue site.
2.3.4 Oil Piers
3208 Bio Report


There are several arguments for and against the authenticity of the Shroud.
One of the most important is radiocarbon dating, which indicated that the cloth dates back years 1260-1390that is, 12 centuries after the time when Jesus lived on Earth.
This dating has been contested by some researchers, who have invoked various hypotheses, such as biological contamination or carbon monoxide. However, these hypotheses were not accepted by the scientific community.
Another argument is that of the Jewish tradition from the 1st century, which stipulated that the dead should be wrapped in several cloths and not in one, as seems to be the case with the Shroud of Turin. It is also said that the cloth does not follow the weaving pattern used in Palestine at the time, but rather that of Turkey or France.
An argument in favor of the authenticity of the shroud is that of the image printed on the canvas, which would have been produced by oxidation or radiation and not by paint or other artistic methods.
The image would contain precise anatomical and medical details, such as wounds caused by thorns, whippings and nails.
Also, the image would have three-dimensional characteristics and would be compatible with other Christian relics, such as the veil of Veronica or the Sudarium (Latin for sweat cloth), also known as the Vernicle, a Christian relic consisting of a piece of cloth about which is said to bear an image of the Holy Face of Jesus when he was wiped from his sweat while carrying the cross to Golgotha.
Regarding the ethnicity of the person represented on the shroud, there are different opinions. Some say the image shows typical features of a 12th-13th century French medieval knight or Italian noble rather than first-century Near Eastern Jews, such as a prominent nose, beard, and long hair.
According to the New Testament, Jesus was not an attractive person to attract attention, his features were rather Semitic, close to the Arabs of today, and the wearing of long hair was forbidden among Jews.
There is a theory that claims that the Shroud of Turin was forged by Leonardo da Vinci, using a primitive photographic technique and a sculpture of his own face.
This theory is based on some similarities between the image on the shroud and Leonardo’s self-portraits, as well as the fact that he was interested in anatomy, chemistry and optics.
However, this theory is controversial and has no solid evidence. Some researchers have rejected the idea that Leonardo could have produced such a detailed and realistic image with the help of a camera obscura or a sculpture.
Moreover, the theory ignores the results of radiocarbon dating, which indicate a greater age of the Shroud than Leonardo’s time.
In conclusion, the theory of Leonardo da Vinci’s forgery of the Shroud of Turin is speculative and unconvincing. There is no direct evidence to support the hypothesis of authenticity, but the hypothesis of falsification also has many uncertainties.
Certainly, the Shroud of Turin gained popularity from the 14th century, the oldest recorded information dating back to 1354.
It is amazing how well it has been preserved.
It is unlikely to be the shroud of Christ with which he was wrapped after death and to have lasted 2000 years, but it is a medieval relic of major importance to historians, being the best preserved fabric from the past.
For the most important news of the day, transmitted in real time and presented equidistantly, LIKE our Facebook page!
Follow Mediafax on Instagram to see spectacular images and stories from around the world!
Answer on the websites of Aleph News, Mediafax, Ziarul Financiar and on our social media pages – ȘTIU and Aleph News. See the answer to I know, from 19.55, Aleph News.
The content of the www.mediafax.ro website is intended exclusively for your information and personal use. It is forbidden republication of the content of this site without the consent of MEDIAFAX. To obtain this agreement, please contact us at [email protected].
Leave a Reply


Safety first15 December 2004
New ways to improve safety and health in the construction industry are constantly being developed in Europe, explains Jon Last
CONSTRUCTION is one of Europe’s largest industries, employing more than 12M people in the European Union (EU) alone, with an annual turnover in excess of US$1.2T. However, the construction sector has one of the worst occupational safety and health (OSH) records in the EU; indeed, workers in construction are twice as likely to suffer from non-fatal accidents than those in any other industry.
According to Eurostat, the statistical office of the European communities, around 1200 construction workers are killed each year. Incidences of musculoskeletal disorders are significantly higher than the EU average, with almost half of workers reporting back ache (EU average is 33%) and 36% claiming muscular problems in the neck and shoulders (EU average is 23%). Over half a million European workers are exposed daily to asbestos fibres, which can cause fatal diseases like mesothelioma and asbestosis, and many others work with oil resins and cement-based products containing Chromium VI, which can cause skin problems and occupational dermatitis.
A poor OSH level affects productivity and brings with it a huge financial loss: it is estimated to cost the construction industry US$99.5B each year. In 2001, over 800,000 construction workers suffered accidents that led to at least three days off work – which amounts to a staggering amount of lost working hours.
The construction industry was the focus of 2004’s fifth annual European Week for Safety and Health at Work. The event ran from 18-22 October as part of the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work’s Building in Safety campaign. Included in the week were several examples of good practice for reducing OSH risks in construction work, solutions conjured up by members of the EU-15 states following a criteria to: seek to tackle risks at their source; improve on currently hazardous situations; be sustainable over time; provide good consultation between management and the workforce; comply with relevant legal requirements and ideally be transferable to other work places.
The practices ranged from the simple to the elaborate, but each impressed the judges with a sound focus on improving OSH. Amongst others were measures in Germany to reduce exposure to hazardous gases using ‘zeolites’ to lower the temperature of asphalt and cut the dangerous fumes by up to 50%, and efforts in Lithuania to implement an effective health and safety plan right from the tender stage of a contract. Three other developments are detailed below.
Monitoring safety levels
Being aware of potential problems before they happen is a crucial way of preventing accidents. Ideally, workers’ safety practices should be monitored and the information used to improve and adjust protocol, but in reality this does not often happen. Monitoring safety on construction sites is especially difficult given that they are not permanent work environments. Typically a site will be up for only one year, and will have on average only 20 workers, so any figures based on accidents are often elusive. Many sites have no accidents at all, but this does not necessarily mean that they are safer than a site that did experience accidents; the scale of time and the level of monitoring are not comprehensive enough to form a viable conclusion.
The construction sector in Finland was commended during the Safety and Health week for its pioneering monitoring techniques and ‘Going safely in the 21st century’ competition. The Occupational Safety and Health Inspectorate of Uusimaa, in cooperation with the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, has developed a tool for monitoring safety practices that is simple enough to be picked up and used on-site without being intrusive or overly complex – the ‘TR’ method. A means of calculating a working environment’s overall risk factor, it gained wide recognition in 1997 when, along with the ‘MVR’ method which was developed for the engineering industry, it was used as part of a three-year competition between companies, and its success led to a second three-year implementation in 2001.
The ‘TR’ method takes note of areas such as preventing the risk of falling; scaffolding safety; lifting safety; the instruction of employees; controlling dust and dangerous substances in construction work and, in the most recent competition, risk management at multicontractor sites. Work places were judged then marked as either ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ in each area. This information was turned into a percentage to give the workplace its ‘risk level index’ figure.
The ‘TR’ method competition was applauded for pioneering a radical safety-orientated approach to work and, by introducing an edge of competitiveness between companies, providing an acute incentive for workplaces to concentrate on their safety. The competition has seen OSH on sites dramatically improve – safety levels have risen significantly from 65% to 82%. Scientific study on the ‘TR’ method concluded that the competing companies now have as many as 500 fewer accidents per year.
Working with scaffolding
Scaffolding is the cause of many accidents on sites, most of these in the first stages of its erection due to unsafe conditions. Traditionally, workers have to assemble (and dismantle) the scaffold components by hand in the place where the scaffolding is going up – normally at a great height. Often scaffolding is made all the more dangerous by being structurally unsafe and not complying with regulations: the planks or boards can be too short or too long, badly damaged or not secured properly, or the entire structure can be poorly supported and consequently at risk from collapsing.
The feeling amongst construction firms was that some form of ready assembled scaffolding would be the ideal solution. Such an idea would have to adhere to certain criteria – it would need to be flexible to bridge gaps and adapt to various building shapes, consist of few parts, include guard rails for safety, sustain a reasonable load (300kg/m2), and be easily assembled and taken apart.
One company took this idea and turned it into an award-winning product. Austria-based Doka took home the ‘Good Practice Award’ at the European Safety and Health week for its bracket Platform M, scaffolding that is made up from ready-assembled platform decking and brackets. Each section is lifted via a crane and then either hung over the top of the wall, or placed securely into existing masonry. Dismantling is achieved by reversing the process. This type of scaffolding does away entirely with all the unsafe manipulating of loose brackets and boards that is unavoidable when these have to be mounted separately in exposed locations – which is mostly a very laborious business, as well as being a great risk to safety.
The new design has proved to be a success, with sites that have implemented it reporting fewer accidents.
The Silent Book
Another development that has received recognition is The Silent Book – a training and awareness manual that illustrates safe working practice, designed by NCC Construction Sverige, Sweden, the largest
company within the NCC group. The hazards of the workplace are displayed in cartoon pictures and often feature NCC’s cartoon
character, Trygge, showing the right and wrong way to behave in situations such as using equipment and manoeuvring around the workplace. Scenarios in the book are partly based on the issues NCC’s accident statistics and records indicated needed particular attention.
The major advantage with the book’s entirely pictorial nature is that it does not require translating. As such it is finding international success: the International Federation of Building and Wood Workers (IFBWW) were one interested party, requesting 1000 copies.
Staff feedback about the Silent Book has been positive; its easy to understand and accessible approach has been praised and its use promotes stimulating discussions about tackling the every day hazards at work. NCC’s work-related accident rate has declined over the last ten years, and its central health unit believe the Silent Book has had a major part to play in this.
Safety and health at work is an ongoing issue that needs to be constantly monitored and addressed if any improvement is to be made. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work outlined a set of ingredients that should be followed in order to create safer, less hazardous and more efficient working environments.
• ï„·Ensure safety and health is a priority when buying products and services – don’t just award contracts on the basis of the lowest priced tender. Investing in a contractor with a good focus on safety and health will ultimately be more profitable.
• ï„·Before construction, the designer and the constructor should work closely to plan the project in a way that will take risks into account.
• ï„·Focus on staff training and involve all levels of staff in the OSH process. Knowledge provides confidence and will yield a safer and better performance.
• ï„·Assess the risks, conduct a thorough examination of the potential hazards and ensure enough precautions are being taken to protect workers. Monitor the risks regularly.
• ï„·Establish systems and procedures to make sure everyone is working towards the highest possible OSH standards.
• ï„·When the project is finished, evaluate the OSH performance and learn from mistakes and achievements.
It is hoped that by being aware of risks and putting safety and health as a top priority, the number of accidents can be reduced.
External weblinksEuropean Safety Week


Basketry is a widely practised tribal craft in Chattisgarh. The different types and sizes cater to various needs like the carrying of forest produce and seeds, and for the storage of grains. They also have baskets for carrying fish and birds and to keep fowl and eggs The Baigas of Mandla make 50 different types of baskets, including a marriage basket. The Bansods of Chattisgarh make more than 200 bamboo articles, including a large variety of baskets. In Bastar the tribals make various types of beautiful baskets. Dhurwas, Dandami Marias, Bhaturas, and Murias are the most skilled in basketry. The Kamar tribals of Raipur are skilled at making baskets and other items like fish traps, mats, mouse traps and bird traps from bamboo. In the district of Bastar 30 types of fish baskets known as dooty are used. The other basketry items include measures, grain bins, baskets for keeping money and land records, and baskets for filtering mahua or homemade liquor.
Bamboo is a very important material for the tribals and it is used for constructing houses, as well as for making bows and arrows, handles for agricultural implements, fish and bird traps, and many kinds of baskets. Initially, baskets, winnowing fans and mats were made out of leaves but they were very fragile. Later all these items were made out of bamboo which is much sturdier. Bamboo baskets are light, handy, cheap, sturdy, and durable.
The Bansors or basketeers are considered to be a sub-caste of the Birchors who slice bamboos into rikas or fine splits and worship the deity Dasha. Their baskets have a square base but a circular top. The weave is the interlocking of warp and weft in a loose, checkerboard pattern. The baskets are used for carrying mahua flowers and, hence, have the name phooldatia. Animal and human figures resembling neolithic paintings make the appearance of the basket very interesting.
The women and children basketeers of Chattisgarh make over 200 bamboo articles. The simple semi-circular basket made by them is called datia and is used to carry forest produce to marketplaces and seeds to the fields. Basketry is a craft practised by entire families.
Share on Facebook


Historical Events Happened In 1694
Thursday, 23 October 2014
Jan 06 Francesco Morosini, Italian army general, dies in the year 1694.
Jan 07 On this day in history charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, English general (bc. 1618)
Jan 30 Joseph Joachim Benedict Munster, composer on this day in history.
Feb 01 John L baron van Elderen, 63rd bishop of Liege (1688-94), dies at 73 on this day in history.
Feb 20 The birth of Voltaire, French writer and scientist on this day in history.
Apr 03 In the year 1694 ferdinand van Apshoven de Jongere, Flemish painter, buried at 64
Apr 07 On this day in history coelestin Praelisauer, composer
Apr 10 On this day in history duke Victor Amadeus of Savoye attacks Casale
Apr 27 Frederik August I "the Strong" becomes monarch of Saksen in the year 1694.
Apr 27 Johan Georg IV, elector of Saxony (1691-94), dies at 25 in the year 1694.
Jun 04 Francois Quesnay, French personal physician of Louis XIV on this day in history.
Jun 07 English invasion army under Thomas Talmash reaches Brest in the year 1694.
Jun 08 On this day in history english troop landing at Brest attack (300 killed)
Jun 20 Hans A Brorson, Danish poet/bishop of Ribe in the year 1694.
Jun 29 In the year 1694 dutch fleet attacks French grain transports
Jul 04 Louis-Claude Daquin, [d'Acquin], French organist/composer (La Rose) on this day in history.
Jul 07 On this day in history dokusho, Zen teacher, Obaku line, dies
Jul 11 On this day in history charles-Antoine Coypel, French carpet designer
Jul 26 On this day in history johann Samuel Endler, composer
Jul 27 On this day in history bank of England chartered
Jul 27 In the year 1694 bank of England granted 12 year charter by Act of Parliament
Jul 27 Parliament creates The Bank of England in the year 1694.
Jul 27 In the year 1694 the Bank of England receives a royal charter as a commercial institution.
Aug 05 In the year 1694 leonardo Ortensio Salvatore de Leo, composer
Aug 08 In the year 1694 antoine Arnauld [le grand Arnauld], French lawyer/theology, dies at 82
Aug 24 Theodor A Freiherr von Neuhoff, German adventurer/king [or 8/25] on this day in history.
Sep 05 Frantisek Antonin Mica, composer in the year 1694.
Sep 22 In the year 1694 lord Chesterfield, letter writer; introduced Gregorian calendar (1752)
Sep 23 Francesco Passarini, composer, dies at 57 on this day in history.
Sep 27 In the year 1694 hurricane hits Carlisle Bay Barbados; 27 Brit ships sink & 3,000 die
Sep 28 In the year 1694 mouton, mathematician, dies
Oct 12 Matsuo Basho, greatest Japanese haiku poet, dies in the year 1694.
Oct 16 In the year 1694 samuel Freiherr von Pufendorf, German lawyer, dies at 62
Oct 23 American colonial forces, led by Sir William Phipps, fail to seize Quebec in the year 1694.


In our previous blog, we told the story of how the Dutch West India Company brought slaves from Africa and traded them for products such as beaver pelts and farm goods in New Netherland. Slaves populated most Dutch farms in New York and New Jersey.
In this blog, we look at the struggle between the farm owners, the common people, and the slaves to retain labor on the farms and deal with the quest for the abolition of slavery by the common people.
In 1621, the Dutch West India Company contracted to build a new settlement in what was then populated by the Manhatta Indian tribe, a land they called New Netherland. This would allow more Dutch immigrants to come to the New World to farm and reap the rewards of the new land. The Dutch immigrants quickly became aware that they needed more help on their farms than their families could provide, so five years later in 1626, they made their first deal to buy slaves. According to Colgate University Professor of History Graham Hodges, they purchased 16 enslaved black people from Portuguese pirates. During this same period of time, the Dutch West India Company sold over 15,000 slaves to sugar plantation owners in Brazil. They also captured more than 23,000 slaves from Spanish ships and sold or traded them to various colonies and countries. New Netherland was one of the recipients of these slaves.
Slaves crowded on the deck of the slave bark Wildfire.
A bark is a sailing ship with three masts.
Slavery existed in New Jersey from the earliest settlement of the state. Slavery grew in the Dutch Colony and when the British gained control of New Amsterdam in 1664 and named it New York, many Dutch moved to what is now New Jersey. They brought their slaves with them and the number of slaves and offspring of slaves grew. Somerset County had slaves as early as 1685 or 1690. In 1790, there were about 2,000 slaves in Somerset and Hunterdon counties.
The path to slave freedom was slow. In the early 1800s, there was growing resistance to slavery. This was largely a classic disagreement between the rich, powerful slave owners and the common people. The common people wanted abolition, and rich slave owners did not want to change. If they had to pay for labor, ending slavery would greatly reduce their income. At the same time, the farmers wanted to avoid a rebellion by the slaves, because there were more slaves than white people on many farms.
On February 24, 1821, the State of New Jersey passed the Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery. New Jersey was the last of the northeastern states to make an attempt to end slavery. This act was a compromise at best. It said that slaves would remain slaves for life, but children of slaves born after July 4,1804 would be free after a period of time. Females would be freed after 21 years and males after 25 years. Unfortunately, many of the children of slaves did not live long enough to gain freedom.
Meanwhile, people around the state began to free their slaves in a process called manumission. Manumission was a legal process that involved a witness, certification by two overseers of the poor, and two Justices of the Peace. According to the Somerset County Historical Quarterly, these certifications attested that the slave who was to be freed “appears to be sound in mind, and not under any bodily incapacity of obtaining a support, and also is not under the age of twenty-one years nor above the age of forty years." The records of these manumissions are in the Somerset County Clerk's Office, and they cover the period between 1805 and 1862. These books also include certifications by owners of slaves of the births of slave children in their households.
The Somerset County Clerk’s Office also compiled a list of slaves and their owners from 1800 to the 1830s. They listed slaves that were free or slaves that were born into slavery. Out of the 253 slaves in Montgomery Township, 38% are in the Record of Manumissions and 62% are Slave Owner Certification of Births, presumably slaves at that time.
Just thirteen years before slavery ended in the country and eight years before it was abolished in New Jersey, the census of 1850 showed that there were just four slaves in Montgomery—two male and two female. The slaves were owned by John Hoagland, Henry Duryea, Cornelius Cruser, and Abraham Cruser. Henry Duryea was a member of Blawenburg Church. However, the same census showed that there were 265 black or colored people in Montgomery. It is likely that many of them were either freed slaves or the children of freed slaves.
Slaves were considered property, and slaveowners wanted it to stay that way. They also wanted to control the lives of slaves. Each colony created their own rules, known as slave codes, to protect their investment in slavery. Among the restrictions on slaves were that they were not allowed to:
assemble without a white person being present.
be out of their houses after curfew.
testify in court against a white person.
serve on a jury.
be taught how to read and write.
be married to another slave.
These and other restrictions on the lives of slaves served the slaveowners, but made the abolitionists furious. Nevertheless, codes like these didn’t end when slavery was nationally outlawed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.
Slaves who broke the rules were subject to corporal punishment or even death.
Following emancipation, a new more subtle group of unwritten codes that were meant to segregate black people from whites were implemented. Known as Black Codes, they were common in many places throughout the country, especially in the south. They were enacted in some communities in Somerset County, too.
The places that wanted to maintain white supremacy swiftly enacted the codes after the Civil War. The codes were meant to quell the growing threat of rebellion among former slaves and reduce the number of runaways. Former slaves were still an important part of the economic system. Cheap labor meant more money for the plantation owners. Among these codes that were designed to assure the inferiority of black former slaves included:
Vagrancy – Black people who were unemployed and did not have a permanent place to live would be declared vagrant. They could be arrested and fined. If they couldn’t pay the fine, they could be sent to work on a plantation.
Apprentices – Orphans and blacks dependent on whites were often sent to work for whites, and the people they worked for were often their previous masters.
Property – Blacks were restricted from buying some properties, businesses, and learning certain trades.
Firearms – Former slaves could not carry firearms.
Marriage – African Americans could marry other African Americans, but not have interracial marriages.
The punishment for violations of Black Codes was harsh, leading to physical punishment or even lynchings by people who took the law into their own hands.
Jim Crow Laws
Segregation was kept in place after the period known as Reconstruction that ended in 1877. New codes known as Jim Crow laws were enacted. These rulings said it was alright to have segregation of blacks and whites as long at blacks were not denied a similar activity. For example, it was okay for blacks to be excluded from entering the main door of a restaurant as long as they could enter another way (the colored entrance) and have a place to eat. Reality was that the facilities and menu for blacks was inferior to that of the whites.
This practice got a big boost in 1896 when the U.S Supreme Court ruled in favor of separate but equal segregation in the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The ruling said that “separate but equal” did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave African Americans including former slaves the rights of citizenship and other civil and legal rights.
It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed that Jim Crow laws were abolished and African Americans were given equal rights with other citizens. It was intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin.
While there is evidence today of unequal treatment of African Americans and other minority groups in America, the country has come a long way from the slave and black code era. Those who believe in white supremacy are still with us today, and the battle for equality still needs constant attention and reaffirmation with each new generation.
1. The Reformed Dutch Church, later called the Dutch Reformed Church, and now the Reformed Church of America, permitted slavery in the early years. This led to many early ministers of the Reformed Dutch Church having slaves. It is said that at seven pastors in Somerset County, or possibly more, had slaves, including at least one in Blawenburg.
2. The 1850 census shows that four old slaves and four younger ones were in the Montgomery Township Poor House. Slaves often used the surname of their owners. Henry Van Derveer, 96, Harry Little, 86, Toney Nevius, 65, and Betty Beekman, 80, were all too old to be of service. Two younger slaves were also there: George Lane, 36, and Caroline Van Pelt. Henry Van Derveer and Toney Nevius could have been slaves on farms in or near Blawenburg. People with these surnames appear on the 1843 Blawenburg Reformed Church membership list.
3. During the Jim Crow era, many towns had Sundown or Sunset Laws which said that blacks had to be out of town by sundown. If they remained, they did so at their own peril. The Ku Klux Klan were enforcers of Sundown Laws in many areas. There were no such laws in Montgomery Township. The closest know community to have them was Somerset. (See Blog 16 for information about the KKK in Blawenburg.)
4. Current Dutch Prime Minister, Mark Rutte, apologized in 2022 for his country’s participation in slave trading in the past. In a speech in The Hague, he said, "For centuries under Dutch state authority, human dignity was violated in the most horrific way possible." He called slavery “a crime against humanity.” The Week magazine, 12/20/22
Several people were instrumental in providing information for this blog. Their contributions are greatly appreciated.
Jane Van Zandt researched old church and census records to figure out the names and locations of slaves. Her work was helpful in this blog and will be in future blogs as well.
Ken Chrusz provided information about early slaves.
Amy Golder-Cooper reported on the will of her ancestor, John Blaw.
Blawenburg Reformed Church membership list, 1843
Gigantino II, James J. “Trading in Jersey Souls: New Jersey and the Interstate Slave Trade,” Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. Vol.77, No. 3, 2010.
Golder-Cooper, Amy. Email re John Blaw will, January, 2023.
Hodges, Graham Russell Gao. 1999. Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613-1863. University of North Carolina Press.
“Manumissions of Slaves in Somerset County. Somerset County Historical Quarterly, V 4, No. 6, October,1912.
“Slavery in Somerset County,” The Somerset Messenger. Date unknown.
“The Black Freedom Struggle in Northern New Jersey, 1613-1860: A Review of the Literature,” Montclair State University,
Bark ship – public domain
Negro sale sign – public domain
Lynching – public domain
Segregation signs – restroom and swimming – Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI
Copyright © 2023 by David Cochran. All rights reserved.


- What is the main purpose of CSR?
- What is CSR advantages and disadvantages?
- What are the six main characteristics of CSR?
- Is CSR good for society?
- What is the impact of CSR?
- What is CSR and its objectives?
- How does CSR benefit both company and stakeholders?
- Is CSR good or bad?
- What are the disadvantages of CSR?
- Who is responsible for CSR in a company?
- What are examples of CSR?
- What is the process of corporate social responsibility?
- How do companies benefit from CSR?
What is the main purpose of CSR?
What Is the Purpose of Corporate Social Responsibility.
The purpose of corporate social responsibility is to give back to the community, take part in philanthropic causes, and provide positive social value.
Businesses are increasingly turning to CSR to make a difference and build a positive brand around their company..
What is CSR advantages and disadvantages?
A CSR policy improves company profitability and value. The introduction of energy efficiencies and waste recycling cuts operational costs and benefits the environment. CSR also increases company accountability and its transparency with investment analysts and the media, shareholders and local communities.
What are the six main characteristics of CSR?
The six core characteristics of CSR follows as the features which shows how CSR is represented with different initiatives and processes ranging from voluntary activities, managing external factors, stakeholder management, alignment of social and economic responsibilities, considering practices and values and finally …
Is CSR good for society?
The companies benefit through lower operating costs, increased sales and customer loyalty, greater productivity, gaining ability to attract and keep skilled employees, getting access to more capital through more willing investors etc. CSR is the thoughtful and practical way to give back to the society.
What is the impact of CSR?
CSR helps companies further develop the commitment and loyalty of their customers and employees as well as to increase sales and engage in new business activities (Omran and Ramdhony, 2015, p. 40).
What is CSR and its objectives?
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to initiatives taken up by companies to give back to society. The Financial Times defines it as. a business approach that contributes to sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all stakeholders.
How does CSR benefit both company and stakeholders?
CSR programmes provide an opportunity for corporations and companies to positively engage with communities across all levels of society. CSR not only benefits communities. It also provides businesses with new and varied opportunities and can often be of mutual benefit for both businesses and the community.
Is CSR good or bad?
Implementing a CSR model does more than just help the environment and society, it also has a positive impact on a business’ reputation. … CSR practices also help boost employee morale as employees and employers gain a greater sense of purpose in their work.
What are the disadvantages of CSR?
Disadvantages of CSRCosts. The factor of costs impacts an organization in two ways when it embeds the system of CSR into its operations. … Clashing of business objectives. … Interests of the shareholders. … Competitive Disadvantage. … Impact upon the reputation of the Corporation.Jun 19, 2018
Who is responsible for CSR in a company?
For a company to be socially responsible, it first needs to be accountable to itself and its shareholders. Often, companies that adopt CSR programs have grown their business to the point where they can give back to society. Thus, CSR is primarily a strategy of large corporations.
What are examples of CSR?
Some of the most common examples of CSR include:Reducing carbon footprints.Improving labor policies.Participating in fairtrade.Charitable giving.Volunteering in the community.Corporate policies that benefit the environment.Socially and environmentally conscious investments.Feb 25, 2019
What is the process of corporate social responsibility?
In today’s competitive business environment, corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs need to go beyond “doing good.” The most successful CSR initiatives tell a company’s story, implement stakeholder feedback, position a company as a leader on social issues, and guide how community investment dollars will best be …
How do companies benefit from CSR?
Benefits of corporate social investment for businesses The potential benefits of CSR to companies include: better brand recognition. positive business reputation. increased sales and customer loyalty.


Only typhoons which passed within a 200-mile square box centered on the
islands of Rota and Guam and had wind speeds of 64 knots (typhoon strength) or
greater within the box were considered. From these typhoons, the following
considerations were applied to select a storm set for modeling. Tracks for the
selected typhoons are shown in Appendix A.
Strong and weak typhoon pairs. Typhoons typically approach Guam from
the east, continue moving toward the west past the island, and eventually curve
toward the northwest. A small number of typhoons have approached from the
south and continued moving northward past the island. Historical typhoons have
no evident preference for passing on one particular side of the island and occa-
sionally they pass directly across the island. A representative set of six strong
and weak typhoon pairs (12 storms) was selected for the following cases, based
on analysis of the types of tracks and storms:
a. West-moving, far north of islands.
b. West-moving, near north of islands.
c. West-moving, near south of islands.
d. West-moving, far south of islands.
e. North-moving, west of islands.
North-moving, east of islands.
Typhoons passing near islands. All remaining typhoons which passed close
to the islands (basically between Guam and Rota or across either island) were
selected, a total of 14 storms. These storms are considered potentially damaging
because of their proximity to Guam.
Additional typhoons. The preceding criteria give a relatively complete and
representative set of historical storms affecting Guam. Several other typhoons,
not chosen initially by the criteria, were also reviewed to insure that all histori-
cally damaging storms were considered. These included three other candidate
strong storms for "west-moving, far north of islands," and a few other typhoons
with unusual tracks and some potential for generating wave and flooding impacts
on Rota and/or Apra Harbor. JTWC annual reports and storm reports were con-
sulted to see if any of these storms caused notable wave and flooding damage.
Based on these considerations, two additional typhoons were added to the model
set, giving a total of 28 storms.
Extreme typhoons. The impact of a typhoon on the study area at Apra
Harbor can be strongly affected by typhoon track. Historical data provide a
valuable record, but storms with small variations in the historical tracks would
have been equally likely. For analysis of extremes, it is important to capture
small variations in the most damaging storms which would have caused them to
be more damaging to the study area. These are referred to as hypothetical storms.
Two historical storms were considered with altered tracks to develop hypotheti-
cal cases to complete the storm data set: Paka (0597) and Olive (0163). Paka's
historical track past Guam was toward due west, just north of the northern tip of


conditions may be indicated by the blackened condition of the undersides of
streambed rocks. The general extent
oils and sediment deposits such
as sludge, sawdust, paper fiber, sand, or relict shells should be noted (Plafkin et
al. 1989). Any abnormalities should be evaluated to determine if further investi-
gation is needed on pollutant sources and impacts.
Course Particulate Organic Matter (CPOM). Plant debris (e.g., leaves, twigs,
bark) that accumulates in areas of slower moving water may be sampled for stream
benthos in the shredder group. Shredders are particularly sensitive to toxins that
often adsorb to CPOM (Plafkin et al. 1989).
Interstitial Water. The substrate-water interface is critical as macroinvertebrate
habitat. An evaluation of watershed land use or the water column may prompt
chemical analysis (nutrients, metals, toxins) of the quality of interstitial water
within the substrate and just above the sediment-water interface. Sampling depths
may be based on substrate characteristics and known habitat requirements.
Methods for collecting interstitial water are provided by Simon et al. (1985).
Water Column Parameters. An assessment of water column physical and
chemical constituents may be basic information for macroinvertebrate commu-
nity monitoring. Depending upon objectives, useful water column variables
include: temperature, dissolved oxygen,
ity, color, nutrients, alkalinity, conductivity, metals, pesticides, and toxins.
Stream Fish Habitat. To monitor the
of land treatment on stream fish,
Stream Fish Habitat
evaluate ecological conditions that will support the fishery and site potential.
fish habitat or riverine-riparian habitat includes the riparian vegetation and
the designated use of the land and water in the stream channel.
Land use management practices may cause fish population changes, but it is often
difficult to show causality. Changes in fishery management and angler harvest
also impair trend detection. Assessment of impact requires site-specific evaluation
of habitat conditions and fish population fluctuations both before and after
treatment (Platts and Nelson 1988). Many habitat features influence fish commu-
nities, and the variables and methods for their measurement can vary widely.
Stochastic events such as storms or drought should also be tracked since they can
regulate the structure of stream fish assemblages (Schlosser 1985).
Community Classification. A system of classification pro-
vides a basis for resource categorizing (Youngblood et al. 1985) and monitoring
along with BMP selection and application (Platts 1989). While unique
riparian communities may exist, the development of monitoring protocols is likely
to benefit from some method of classification. The classification can standardize
monitoringand provideaframeworkforcommunication between thescientist and
The riverine-riparian classification is based on a system of geoclimatic factors.
The classification is hierarchical and may be described in the context of mapping
scales as in Lotspeich and Platts (1982). The ecoregion is the largest mapping
scale, with successively smaller divisions such as geologic district, land type, land
forms. The lowest is the vegetation type. The concept is based on an integrated
land-aquatic classification that is used within ecoregions or when ecoregion
mapping units do not match the desired characteristics.


In the 2007 report Writing Next: Effective Strategies to Improve Writing of Adolescents in Middle and High Schools , eleven strategies are listed as showing statistically proven results. The first of these is to teach students writing strategies. It is reported:
Writing Strategies (Effect Size = 0.82)
Teaching adolescents strategies for planning, revising, and editing their compositions has shown a
dramatic effect on the quality of students’ writing. Strategy instruction involves explicitly and
systematically teaching steps necessary for planning, revising, and/or editing text (Graham, 2006).
The ultimate goal is to teach students to use these strategies independently.
In my opinion, the key to these strategies is to teach strategies “explicitly and systematically.”
What are some steps home schoolers can use to do this?
1. When assigning a writing project, assign the student to read models of that type of writing.
For example, when students are to write “business” letters, we spend time reviewing letters to the editor, letters from companies that come in the mail, and sample “business letters” found on the internet. Likewise, when I am attempting to write a specific type of essay, such as a travel essay, I read lots of these. Usually, I find an anthology of this type of writing and read through it before I even begin writing, but sometimes I first write several rough drafts so my thoughts are on paper, then use the models to guide my revision. In either case, looking to see how others have completed this writing project will help to guide my writing.
2. Use prewriting tools to organize thoughts on topic.
A search for a graphic organizer for a writing type or genre will give students one way of organizing their thoughts. Compare and contrast essays are organized differently than persuasive essays. Graphic organizers will help students understand the difference. Simply type the genre and “graphic organizer” into google for several examples.
3. Use peer editing for revision.
The simplest but very effective use of peer editing the writer reading the essay out loud to a parent or sibling or friend. The listener’s only job is to write down questions they have while listening. These questions will help guide revisions because they will force the writer to make clarifications or add information.
4. Use a checklist for editing.
A checklist forces students to go through the essay methodically to be sure everything is in order. A checklist which requires students to check for developmentally appropriate writing conventions ensures the student is pushing herself to present a publishable piece of writing. To determine what is developmentally appropriate think about the complexity of the grammar, punctuation and sentence forms being used. For example, if a student is still struggling with writing complete sentences, it is probably not a good idea to require the writing project to include complex/compound sentences.
These are easy writing strategies which can be used for every writing project to improve the writing of your home school writer.


A history of medicinal progress in america
Photos: history of marijuana in america public perceptions about pot have come a long way medicinal marijuana patient angel raich wipes her eyes during a press conference on march 14, 2007, in oakland, california. The history of fingerprints (iacp) created america's first national fingerprint repository, called the national bureau of criminal identification 1905 us army begins the result does not mean this page about fingerprint history (or any other historical account. Learn all about modern medicine with this guide top categories blood kary banks mullis (born 1944), an american biochemist, author, and lecturer a history of medicine focusing on the science of healing. Browse the new england journal of medicine for medical articles by selecting a topic.
How trees defined america rutkow traces the history of the united states through our trees, from the mighty elm in the heart of boston that would become the liberty tree, to california's giant conifers that's a bright spot we have made progress in. This article will highlight historical events and influential individuals who have shaped the history of fitness beginning with primitive man he also introduced the concept of utilizing anthropometric measurements to assess fitness progress the american college of sports medicine. Good medicine, bad behavior: drug diversion in america explore the exhibit the history of prescription drugs 1890s - 1940s 1950s - 1970s history of prescription drugs explore the revolution in therapeutics during the past 120 years. Man has had a long and loving history with herbs for thousands of years this period was not favorable to the progress of herbs in medicine in fact there are three main medicinal herb traditions which derive from herbal use in ancient times. A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender social movements/bonnie j morris, phd devon carbado and dwight mcbride, eds black like us: a century of lesbian, gay and bisexual african-american fiction, cleis press, 2002. Amedd history about amedd regiment the revolutionary war ran a continental army hospital and wrote the first american preventive-medicine text for army physicians progress was made in vascular surgery to reduce amputations.
Progress treating disease in the pipeline overview learn more about america's biopharmaceutical companies and how they seek to improve many americans are struggling to afford their medicines and have important questions about their medicine costs let's talk about cost addresses these. History of medicine including vesalius and scientific anatomy, surgery, harvey and circulation, malpighi and microscope, blood transfusion, inoculation, practical measures, jenner and vaccination. The history of cannabis cultivation in america dates back to the early colonists, who grew hemp for textiles and rope california, in the compassionate use act of 1996, became the first state to legalize marijuana for medicinal use by people with severe or chronic illnesses. History of medicinal plants traditional remedies with plants history of medicinal plants when european colonizers arrived in america they were fascinated by the knowledge that the natives had on the medicinal use of the plants. John gast, american progress, 1872 chromolithograph published by george a, crofutt source: prints and photographs division, library of congress.
A history of medicinal progress in america
Resources on the history of psychiatry history of medicine division of the national library of medicine emily martin, professor of anthropology the great american water-cure craze a history of hydropathy in the united states, by harry b weiss and howard r kemble: trenton, n j.
- Social studies help for american history the labor union movement in america the roots of our country's trade unions extend deep into the early history of america several of the pilgrims arriving at plymouth rock in 1620 were working craftsmen.
- It in 1982, from a powerful lobby and an icon of progress to an object of national 1979), 3-16 and ronald l numbers, the history of american medicine: a field in ferment, reviews in american history, 10 (dec 1982), 245-63.
- The history of medicine 1800 - 1850 the early history of medical licensing tried to force bad medicine onto the populace america was still very young and many remembered the struggle for freedom and liberty.
Supporting biomedical research americans for medical progress across america's research institutions who are focused on the well-being and comfort of the animals in their charge they work to ensure that each study involves skilled care of the animals by laboratory medicine. A history of western medicine, medical progress and advances who held the chair of the history of medicine at the universities of leipzig and johns hopkins in south america the natives used quinine against swamp fever. Progress of medicine in the south and to-day the readers of american history recognize in jefferson the foremost thinker of his age the opportunities which were conducive to the progress and development of medicine this peculiar society gave to them, however, boldness of thought. From history's earliest civilizations to today, societies have been faced with balancing the medicinal properties of opioids in treating pain with the euphoric effects that have induced its misuse and abuse. Medicine and the industrial revolution 1750-1900the history of medicine how did industrial how might the rivalry between pasteur and koch have been both good and bad for the progress of medicine. Throughout the past several decades the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes has received increasingly more attention in the absence of progress on the federal front this time article provides a brief history of medical marijuana in the united states.