How To Make Hydrogen Water: The Simple, Effective Method￼
Hydrogen water is an emerging trend, and you must have seen some celebrities drink it. Hydrogen water has been said to have numerous health benefits, but the price is quite high for a bottle of water.
So, before you rush out to get hydrogen water, plus the fact that the price is quite overwhelming, why not learn how to make hydrogen water?
So in this review of hydrogen water, we will be teaching you how to make hydrogen water for drinking. We will also be sharing other relevant information about hydrogen. Let's get started.
What is Hydrogen Water?
Hydrogen water is pure water, with additional hydrogen molecules added to it. Plain water already has some amount of hydrogen, and adding an extra hydrogen molecule to it does not alter or change the structure of the water molecule.
Hydrogen is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that can fuse with other elements such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen to form different compounds.
Since hydrogen has all these harmless properties, hydrogen water tastes the same thing as regular plain water.
According to beverage companies, adding a molecule of hydrogen into water will produce more benefits that plain water cannot give, such as gaining more energy, reducing inflammation, and the slow aging process.
How to Make Hydrogen Water
Making hydrogenated water involves bubbling the molecule through it. There are several methods of making hydrogen water. They include:
Electric Water Ionizers
The electric water ionizer is a reliable hydrogen water machine and the best way to produce molecular hydrogen, H2. With an electric water ionizer, you are sure of getting hydrogen water whenever you desire.
The machine can also be used to produce alkaline or acidic water as it has adjustable controls. During ionization, more fluoride ions and other chemicals such as nitrates, cyanides, and phosphate are reduced as they get towards the acidic water.
Electric water is the safest method of producing hydrogen molecules that has approval as a health device.
Most electric water ionizers in the market work with patent technology to reverse the polarity during each use. Thus, ensuring the plate remains in a pristine condition, and also helps preserve their ability to generate therapeutic levels of molecular hydrogen.
A newer version is a significant departure from both the electric ionizers and magnesium-based, non-electric method that produces dissolved H2. These electric water ionizers are built to form dissolved hydrogen in neutral pH water. Since they have not been well tested in the market over time, their durability has been unproven, but the great advantage is that they can create a good amount of hydrogen water.
However, the best way to generate hydrogen water is to use flow-through devices like water ionizers.
Electrolysis is one of the most effective methods of creating high purity hydrogen gas on demand. Electrolysis involves the process of splitting water molecules to give hydrogen and oxygen. The entire reaction occurs in the electrolyzer cell. Like the fuel cell, the electrolyzer consists of two electrodes ( the anode and cathode), separated by an electrolyte.
To get an excellent purity of hydrogen to up to 99.9995% purity, use a platinum catalyst at the electrodes.
When a continuous voltage passes to the electrodes in the electrolyzer cell, these reactions take place.
At the anode, the water molecule loses its two electrons to produce an oxygen molecule and four hydrogen ions.
Anode 2H2O - 4e = O2 + 4 H+
The oxygen produced is released into the atmosphere from the back of the generator. While the four hydrogen ions produced pass through the electrolyte, where it is attracted by the negatively charged cathode to collect four electrons, reducing them to the hydrogen molecules.
Cathode 4H+ + 4e = 2H2
The hydrogen gas produced is removed from the oxygen through the ion exchange membrane, which is impervious to molecular oxygen.
This method of generating molecular hydrogen from metallic magnesium reacting with water was first introduced in the late 1990s.
Magnesium sticks have been sold since the 2000s, and all you have to do is purchase the stick, drop it into a container filled with water and cover it.
Here is how to make hydrogen water with a magnesium stick. Get a bottle of water and place the magnesium stick inside.
When the water comes in contact with the reactive form of magnesium metal in the stick, a hydrogen molecule is produced. Here is the chemical reaction:
Mg + 2H2O —> Mg(OH)2 + H2
If everything is done correctly, after waiting for some time, the water will become hydrogen water. One of the challenges with the sticks is that it does not filter the water; so many manufactures advise that the sticks be used on bottled water only.
At least, you should always use filtered water although they produce different hydrogen levels when new, using hydrogen sticks is not as convenient as using a water ionizer. This is because you have to wait for the chemical reaction to take place in a little amount of water. And in a worse scenario, the time it takes to create the hydrogen molecule is not constant. So, the best approach is to leave the magnesium stick in the water for a long time.
Non-electric Ionizers / Filters
In the world today, there are healing springs like Nordenau (Germany), Hita Tenryosui (Japan), and Tlacote, Mexico, containing dissolved molecular hydrogen 1-3, as well as alkaline minerals.
The springs get their healing characteristics by having contact with alkaline metals and minerals in the earth. It is noteworthy that the percentage of hydrogen in these healing springs is below the hydrogen level made from the use of an average water ionizer.
But this is a different case with using tap water. Tap water is nothing like natural spring water as they contain chemicals, heavy materials, toxins, and other contaminants. However, one way to get your tap water to generate hydrogen and produce clean, ionized water is to use a non-electric ionizer filter
Some non-electric ionizers use ultra water filtration systems that remove up to 99.9% of contaminants from tap water. One of the benefits of using nonelectric ionizers is that they readily produce filtered, ionized water. However, the amount of hydrogen water produced depends on how long the water stays when in use.
Hydrogen Tablets and Powders
Using metallic magnesium in the form of tablets or powder is another way of infusing hydrogen in water.
There are various kinds of these products in the market. Some are formulated to produce the hydrogen in the water when dissolved in it before being consumed. While others are made to be ingested, thus producing the hydrogen in the stomach.
Because these tablets have a special form of magnesium, it is safe and beneficial to have them.
The best method is to use a tablet that dissolves in water to test and document how much hydrogen is produced. Testing is difficult when the tablet is ingested.
To create hydrogen water using a tablet takes about 20 minutes. Drop the tablet into an airtight bottle of water, and you will see the hydrogen gas bubble immediately, adding all the hydrogen properties in the water.
But consistency is key when engaging in this method of infusing hydrogen in water. Hydrogen can escape if it's not prepared in the right kind of container, or if the water is not filled to the top and cocked tightly and allowed to sit for the right time. You may get an inconsistent result.
Tablets are an effective way to acquire good hydrogen saturation as they are portable and easy to use even while traveling.
Should You Drink It?
Although there has been proof about the health benefits of hydrogen water consumption, more studies still need to be carried out before a conclusion can be drawn.
Hydrogen-infused water has been given Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) by the FDA, which means it has been approved for consumption without causing any harm.
Also, there have been various hydrogen water testimonials from satisfied customers.
Nonetheless, presently, there are no standards on the amount of hydrogen that should be added to water. So, concentrations of hydrogen in water vary. Also, the amount of hydrogen that should be consumed to acquire its total benefit remains unknown.
So, if you love to drink hydrogen water, professionals advise that you use an airtight container and drink it fast to acquire all its benefits.
How to Make Hydrogen Water at Home
The easiest and most convenient way to make your hydrogen water at home is to use the tablets.
Drop the hydrogen tablet into the water and wait for everything to dissolve, then drink immediately.
Avoid using glass bottles to avoid allowing the hydrogen gas to escape. So it is better to use an airtight container when preparing your hydrogen water at home.
Create Your Own Hydrogen Water! Q-Life H-2 Well!
How To Make Hydrogen Water FAQs
How Many Hydrogen Atoms Are in a Molecule of Water?
A water molecule has the molecular formula, H2O, meaning a molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen.
Is Hydrogen a Metal?
Hydrogen is a nonmetal, and it is placed on top of the groups in the periodic table.
What is Molecular Hydrogen?
Molecular hydrogen, also known as H2, is a gas found in the air in little quality. It can function as an antioxidant and helps to protect the cells from oxidative related damage.
Does Hydrogen Water Really Work?
According to a few studies, drinking hydrogen water is said to boost athletes' performance, reduce oxidative stress in people undergoing radiation, and enhance some blood markers in people with metabolic syndrome.
But no extensive research has been carried out concerning its health benefits, making it unclear whether drinking this beverage is worth it.
Is Drinking Hydrogen Water Safe?
In a random clinical trial, drinking hydrogen water has shown no side effects. Also, animals that consume hydrogen infused water throughout adulthood showed no side effects. Consumed hydrogen lasts for about an hour in the body.
How Much Hydrogen Water Should You Drink a Day?
Daily water consumption is about one to three liters. But we recommend that you drink only hydrogen water, and anything more than one glass daily is highly beneficial for regulating the oxidation level of your body.
We all need to get the right amount of water in our system to ensure we stay alert and energized as well as keep our body system functioning.
Hydrogen has some health benefits, which we have revealed in this how to make hydrogen water guide. It may reduce muscle fatigue and soreness and improve the rate at which the body produces energy.
But it's still not substantial yet how much hydrogen you need. So whichever way you tend to meet your hydration goal, whether with hydrogen, alkaline, or another kind of water, just go ahead.


Home :: Chest pain
Chest Pain - Causes, Symptoms And Treatment
Pain in the chest can be the result of chest-wall conditions, cervical spondylosis, bronchitis, pleurisy, angina, heart attack or pericarditis. Home remedies can treat mild conditions such as seasonal flu, but an angina pain or severe chest pain should be a signal to rush to a well-equipped medical centre. There are modern drugs, which if administered within 30-40 minutes, the earlier the better, ensure that there is minimum tissue damage, and recovery is faster. Delay will cause irreparable damage.
Information on the symptoms of Chest pain.
- Chest pain.
- Pressure in the chest area.
- Chest discomfort.
- Choking feeling.
Causes of Chest pain.
- Herpes zoster or shingles can cause chest pain before a rash forms.
- Muscle strains.
- Indigestion or stomach acid coming up the oesophagus (reflux). This common problem can be made worse by smoking, alcohol, coffee, fatty foods and some drugs. You may feel this as a burning pain in the chest. It often goes away quickly with antacid or milk.
- High cholesterol.
- Lack of exercise and obesity.
- Inflammation in the rib joints near the breastbone (costochondritis).
- Too much smoking and drinking alcohol.
Angina is a short-lived chest pain that occurs when the heart has to work harder than usual. An episode of angina is not a heart attack. However, people with angina report having a hard time telling the difference between angina symptoms and heart attack symptoms. Angina feels like a pressing or squeezing pain, usually in the chest under the breast bone, but sometimes in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaws, or back. Those who suffer from angina and are under treatment could use the following complementary remedies as an adjuvant for preventing recurring attacks
Home Remedies for Chest pain and Angina pain.
- Take -2-3 cloves of fresh garlic. Soak them in un boiled, fresh milk for an hour. Then eat these cloves. This should be continued in the convalescence period, after a heart attack, especially in the case of people with high blood pressure.
- Boil 2-3 cloves of crushed garlic in a glass of milk. Drink this milk preparation once a day for a week. It is beneficial for those who have been diagnosed with actual blockage of the arteries. Under normal conditions, milk and garlic is not a good combination. It is only prescribed in special cases for short-term therapy.
- Another folk remedy is to take a ripe ash gourd, and wash and cut it into small cubes. Place the cubes in an earthenware vessel and seal the lid with flour paste around the rim. Place the vessel inside an oven, and cook the ash gourd without water for 20 minutes or so. Then put the vessel aside to cool. Open the lid and take out the cooked, semi-burnt ash gourd pieces. Dry and pound them fine, and store as a powder. One teaspoon of this with a pinch of dried ginger powder should be taken daily with a glass of hot water.
- Two or three cloves of garlic can be ground to a fine paste, stirred into a glass of fresh buttermilk, and drunk by the patient.
- Take a tablespoon of coriander seeds and make a decoction using a glassful of water. When half a glass remains, keep it aside to cool, and strain and filter through a muslin cloth. Prepare this decoction every day and drink it. It lowers high cholesterol levels and is also a diuretic, and so it flushes the kidneys.
- Two or three garlic cloves can be fried in ghee and had by patients who are not overweight.
- One fourth of a cup of pomegranate juice, drink once a day, is a good heart tonic.
- Half a teaspoon of fresh ginger juice with half a teaspoonful honey will relieve chest pain.
Back to lungs & chest section


Monitoring volcano activity is an important issue in the mitigation of natural hazards. Recently, most fatal issues occurred on volcanoes with low-energy and moderate activity, making them attractive touristic places (e.g., the 2014 Mount Ontake eruption in Japan). For these types of volcanoes, monitoring involves multiphysics measurements on dense networks. Distributed networks of sensors must be easily adapted to the volcano’s evolving state and the appearance of new active areas like fumaroles or high heat flux in the soil.
The team at Geosciences Rennes, a joint mixed research unit between the University of Rennes and the CNRS (UMR-6118), has been conducting monitoring experiments on the volcano La Grande Soufrière over the last 15 years. La Grande Soufrière is located in Guadeloupe, a French overseas region located in the southern Caribbean Sea.
In response to the volcano regaining activity since 2014, the Géosciences laboratory decided to increase their monitoring capacity on the top of the lava dome by deploying a network of sensors (e.g., Pt100 in fumaroles, 1D and 3D seismic geophones, thermocouples in the soil, pressure sensor and Pt100 in the boiling acid lake). The team’s previous positive experience with the Gantner Instruments’ e.series (e.reader, e.pac, and e.bloxx) led them to retain the Q.series to develop their new acquisition network.


By reading this koob, you will discover how to help people to make right decisions without restrictions, constraints, or pressure.
You will also discover:
That mistakes and bad decisions are common
That a nudge is a way to direct someone to change without rushing them
The basic rules to adapt nudging to each situation
That well-placed nudges are better than established rules
The benefits of nudges for society and for your wallet
Every day, you’re faced with decisions or choices. However, often you don’t have the time to give them your full attention which can lead to mistakes. A gentle incentive, or nudge, towards the right choice, can help you avoid banging your head against a wall in frustration. This is why paternalistic libertarians advocate nudging. Are you ready to discover its benefits?


How important is vocabulary?
The short answer is, very! We know that in spite of the rise of the visual medium that words are still the primary basis of language, communication and learning. Literacy research studies have consistently shown the significant relationship between knowledge of vocabulary and reading and writing ability. Pearson, Hiebert & Kamil (2007) showed that there is a very high positive correlation (0.6 to 0.8) between vocabulary and reading comprehension. This confirms consistent findings that span more than 30 years (see for example Anderson, R. C., & Freebody, P., 1985).
While we know children learn much of their vocabulary through experience of spoken and written language, it also grows as a result of good instruction. There is wide support within the research literature for a varied approach to vocabulary instruction, including:
- Language experience
- Encouragement of wide reading
- Explicit teaching of words
- The promotion of active interest in words as a natural part of learning
Dalton & Grisham in their excellent article suggest 10 strategies that relate primarily to the third and fourth approaches. I will share just 5 strategies, which I have modified for use in primary classrooms based on the examples provided.
1. Tools for displaying relationships between vocabulary and text meaning
The use of graphic organizers and visual displays has proven helpful in expanding vocabulary as well as comprehension, because they help to show the relationship between words and concepts. An example of this strategy is the creative use of 'Word Clouds'. Using the free application 'Wordle' you are able to create word arrays that display the frequency of words in any text. This can then be used to enhance discussion of the text as students speculate what the word cloud might tell you about key themes, dominant ideas, the relationship between ideas, the central purpose of the text, the meaning of the text and so on.
The Word Cloud above is one that I prepared by taking a Wikipedia description of 'Rock Lobster' and inserting it into Wordle. The display shows the dominance of key words and concepts and their relationship to one another. This display makes it pretty clear that we are not discussing crustaceans but rather the first hit song performed by the rock band the B-52s in 1978. A display like the above based on a relevant passage can be used for intensive discussion of the text, developing and reinforcing vocabulary while increasing text comprehension.
2. Using TrackStar to create a shared research 'field trip' for your class
TrackStar is a free online application similar in many ways to WebQuest. It allows the teacher to identify a topic and collect a series of relevant websites or online sources that can then be shared with the class for individual, group or class use. It also allows teachers to choose previously developed online lessons that are referred to as 'tracks'. The example below is for a topic on Ancient Civilizations and features 4 key sites for children aged 5-9 years. The tracks can be used in varied ways. An ideal format is to use a track in association with a Smart Board for group or class work. Students can be guided through the research process (a 'field trip') and can be asked to record observations, key words or phrases, new learning and so on. The process builds vocabulary as students engage in writing, reading, discussion and shared learning,
3. Using Online Reference Tools
Visual Thesaurus. The Visual Thesaurus is an interactive dictionary and thesaurus that enables the teacher or child to create word maps elaborate meanings and show relationships to other words. The tool allows you to enter a single word, which is then represented as a visual display web of related vocabulary. The tool can be used to stimulate discussion in relation to a topic as part of the research process in English, social studies, science, history and so on. It can also be used as a tool for writing and reading individually or in groups.
Another example is the 'Back in School' web page of the Dictionary.com site that offers a means to find words and then represent them in varied ways as well as offering some varied strategies to reinforce their meaning. This can include hearing the word spoken, reading word definitions and meanings, creating lists of words, sharing words using social media like Facebook and Twitter, playing games and so on.
|Above: 'Back in School' site from Dictionary.com|
4. Using Language Translation Devices
iTranslate for iPad. But if you don't have access to an iPad there are many other online tools that allow you to input English language text and automatically translate it to a variety of other languages. These also allow the child to type in foreign words for instant translation to English. Google Translate is an obvious and easy choice that once again allows you to input language for instant translation. Yahoo's Babelfish also offers similar functions.
What I like about the translation tools is that as children experiment and explore how text is translated into other languages, they learn how many words are borrowed from other languages, they learn more about derivations, and it offers a way to discuss the subtle changes in meaning as words move from one language into another. This word play is helpful for vocabulary learning. These tools also offer the benefit of stimulating a desire to learn other languages, which we know can have benefit for learning a first language.
5. Using Presentation Tools Like Powerpoint
multimodality to reinforce learning of vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing and learning. Dalton and Proctor (2007) have shown that there are benefits to vocabulary learning if children experience the vocabulary in varied ways. For example, understanding a word by writing it, reading and developing a definition, listening to it, viewing graphic displays, creating captions for pictures, completing word maps etc. Dalton and Grisham suggest using PowerPoint to apply some of these options to the learning of vocabulary. The example opposite is a very simple template than can be used by individual students or can be built up as part of group activities. This example requires just the word, a meaning which students write (or even look up in a dictionary), and images to illustrate the word meaning. There are more complex versions that can be used including the addition of a pronunciation option. They could also have a section for synonyms, opposites, word categories and perhaps even hyperlinks to sites that elaborate on the vocabulary that has been discussed.
Once again this is an ideal group activity for use with Smart Boards. Electronic whiteboards allow you to access the Internet, use existing software and tools to manipulate text, image and sound. It is an exciting way to allow children to use multimodal strategies to acquire deeper understanding of vocabulary and reading comprehension. The video below is a good introduction to some of the ways we can use Smart Boards, including ideas for developing vocabulary and conceptual knowledge.
While children develop vocabulary naturally as part of their language experiences there is a place for instruction. My suggestion is that such instruction should adhere to a few basic principals:
Vary the ways in which vocabulary is introduced and discussedTry always to deal with vocabulary within authentic texts that are being used to learn content not just wordsStress meaning and use, not testing and learning isolated wordsUtilize individual, group and class learning contexts but don't over-use class-based instructionMake good use multimodal methods as much as possible
See my previous post on 'Advance Organizers' HERE
'The Language Experience Approach' (LEA) HERE
'Rethinking Language & Learning' HERE
'English, the Inventive Language' HERE


Awareness of Nanomedicine among Undergraduate Dental Students
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International,
The term Nanotechnology involves a spectrum of technologies, techniques and processes that can deal with a matter at the nanoscale falling in between 1 nanometre to 100 nanometres in size. The concept of nanotechnology was introduced in 1959 by Richard P Feynman, a Nobel winning physicist. The aim of this research is to assess the knowledge and awareness of nanomedicine and its application in the field of dentistry among dental students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 dental undergraduate internship students. The questionnaire contained 10 open-ended questions eliciting the knowledge and awareness about nanomedicine and its application in dentistry. The questionnaire was distributed via an online survey tool. The responses were collected and tabulated in the excel sheets, following which they were exported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. 52% of the students were aware of the term nanomedicine. 33% and 16% of the students had awareness of the nano modified impression material and nano modified denture teeth respectively. This study concluded that the knowledge and awareness of nanomedicine and its application in the field of dentistry was moderate among dental students.
- dental students
How to Cite
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Verma S, Chevvuri R, Sharma H. Nanotechnology in dentistry: Unleashing the hidden gems. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018;22(3):196–200.
Vijayalakshmi R, Kumar S. Nanotechnology in dentistry [Internet]. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2006; 17:62. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.29890
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Ganapathy DM, Kannan A, Venugopalan S. Effect of Coated Surfaces influencing Screw Loosening in Implants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World Journal of Dentistry. 2017;8(6):496–502.
Jain AR. Clinical and functional outcomes of implant prostheses in Fibula Free Flaps. World Journal of Dentistry. 2017;8(3):171–6.
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Evaluation of corrosive behavior of four nickel–chromium alloys in artificial saliva by cyclic polarization Test:An in vitro Study. World Journal of Dentistry. 2017;8(6):477–82.
Ranganathan H, Ganapathy DM, Jain AR. Cervical and Incisal Marginal Discrepancy in Ceramic Laminate Veneering Materials: A SEM Analysis. Contemp Clin Dent. 2017; 8(2):272–8.
Jain AR. Prevalence of Partial Edentulousness and Treatment needs in Rural Population of South India. World Journal of Dentistry. 2017;8(3):213–7.
Duraisamy R, Krishnan CS, Ramasubramanian H, Sampathkumar J, Mariappan S, Navarasampatti Sivaprakasam A. Compatibility of nonoriginal abutments with implants: evaluation of microgap at the implant-abutment interface, with original and nonoriginal abutments. Implant Dent. 2019;28(3):289–95.
Gupta P, Ariga P, Deogade SC. Effect of Monopoly-coating agent on the surface roughness of a tissue conditioner subjected to cleansing and disinfection: a contact profilometric study. Contemp Clin Dent. 2018;9(Suppl 1):S122–6.
Varghese SS, Ramesh A, Veeraiyan DN. Blended module-based teaching in biostatistics and research methodology: A retrospective study with postgraduate dental students. J Dent Educ. 2019; 83(4):445–50.
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1st February 2017
This blog presents a modern allegory (with apologies to Lon Fuller).
In Lon Fuller’s 1969 book The Morality of Law, Fuller set out the story of King Rex, as a cautionary tale of the need for clarity, consistency and predictability within legal systems. Profoundly influenced by the horrors of the 20th Century, in particular the Nazi regime in Germany and the Stalinist regime in the USSR, Fuller desired to establish certain benchmarks for legal systems based on his view of the “inner morality of the law.” Fuller argued that the inner morality of a legal system was based first on the morality of duty (the duty to provide basic rules for the ordering of society) and then the morality of aspiration (the aspiration of excellence within a legal system). Surprisingly little of Lon Fuller’s account of King Rex needs to be changed to fairly accurately reflect the start of President Trump’s administration…
So, as Fuller might have written: This story concerns the unhappy reign of a monarch who bore the convenient, but not very imaginative and not even very regal sounding name of Tex.
Eight Ways to Fail to Make Law
Tex came to the throne with the zeal of a reformer. He considered that the greatest failure of his predecessors had been in the field of law. For generations the legal system had known nothing like a basic reform. Procedures of trial were cumbersome, the rules of law spoke in the archaic tongue of another age, justice was expensive, the judges were slovenly and sometimes corrupt. Tex was resolved to remedy all this and to make his name in history as a great lawgiver. It was his unhappy fate to fail in this ambition. Indeed, he failed spectacularly, since not only did he not succeed in introducing the needed reforms, but he never even succeeded in creating any law at all, good or bad.
His first official act was, however, dramatic and propitious. Since he needed a clean slate on which to write, he announced to his subjects the immediate repeal of all existing law, of whatever kind. He then set about drafting a new code. Unfortunately, trained as a lonely property developer, his education had been very defective. In particular, he found himself incapable of making even the simplest generalisations. Though not lacking in confidence when it came to deciding specific controversies, the effort to give articulate reasons for any conclusion strained his capacities to the breaking point.
Becoming aware of his limitations, Tex gave up the project of a code and announced to his subjects that henceforth he would act as a judge via Twitter in any disputes that might arise among them. In this way under the stimulus of a variety of cases he hoped that his latent powers of generalisation might develop and, proceeding case by case, he would gradually work out a system of rules that could be incorporated in a code. Unfortunately the defects in his education were more deep-seated than he had supposed. The venture failed completely. After he had handed down literally hundreds of fabulous decisions within the confines of 140 characters neither he nor his subjects could detect in those decisions any pattern whatsoever. Such tentatives toward generalisation as were to be found in his opinions only compounded the confusion, for they gave false leads and alternative facts to his subjects and threw his own meagre powers of judgment off balance in the decision of later cases.
After this fiasco Tex realised it was necessary to take a fresh start. His first move was to subscribe to a course of lessons in generalisation. With his intellectual powers thus fortified, he resumed the project of a code and, after many hours of solitary labour, succeeded in preparing a fairly lengthy Executive Order. He was still not confident, however, that he had fully overcome his previous defects. Accordingly, he announced to his subjects on Twitter that he had written out a GREAT CODE and would henceforth be governed by it in deciding cases, but that for an indefinite future the contents of the code would remain an official state secret, known only to him and his family. To Tex’s surprise this sensible plan was deeply resented by his subjects, who took to the streets in their thousands to protest. They declared it was very unpleasant to have one’s case decided by rules when there was no way of knowing what those rules were.
Stunned by this rejection, Tex undertook an earnest inventory of his personal strengths (which were legion) and weaknesses (of which he had none). He decided that life had taught him one clear lesson, namely, that it is easier to decide things with the aid of hindsight and by reflecting on the good old days than it is to attempt to foresee and control the future. Not only did hindsight make it easier to decide cases, but – and this was of supreme importance to Tex – it made it easier to give reasons. Deciding to capitalise on this insight, Tex hit on the following plan. At the beginning of each calender year he would decide all the controversies that had arisen among his subjects during the preceding year. He would accompany his decisions with a full statement of reasons. Naturally, the reasons thus given would be understood as not controlling decisions in future years, for that would be to defeat the whole purpose of the new arrangement, which was to gain the advantages of hindsight. Tex confidently announced the new plan to his subjects over Twitter at 3am, observing that he was going to publish the full text of his judgements with the rules applied by him, thus meeting the chief objection to the old plan. Tex’s subjects received this announcement in silence, then quietly explained through their more enlightened democratic representatives that when they said they needed to know the rules, they meant they needed to know them in advance so they could act on them. Tex muttered something to the effect that they might have made that point a little clearer, but said he would see what could be done.
Tex now realised that there was no escape from a published code declaring the rules to be applied in future disputes. Continuing his lessons in generalisation, Tex worked diligently on a revised GREATER CODE, and finally Tweeted that it would shortly be published. This announcement was received with universal gratification. The dismay of Tex’s subjects was all the more intense, therefore, when his code became available and it was discovered that it was truly a masterpiece of obscurity. Legal experts who studied it declared that there was not a single sentence in it that could be understood either by an ordinary citizen or by a trained lawyer. Indignational became general; and soon a protest appeared before Tex’s gaudy palace of gold carrying signs that read, “How can anybody follow discriminatory immigration rules that nobody can understand?”
The GREATER CODE was quickly withdrawn. Reluctantly recognising for the first time that he needed assistance, Tex put a staff of experts who he hadn’t purged to work on a revision. He instructed them to leave the substance untouched, but to clarify the expression throughout. The resulting GREATEST CODE was a model of clarity, but as it was studied it became apparent that its new clarity had merely brought to light that it was honeycombed with contradictions. It was reliably reported by respected journalists that there was not a single provision in the code that was not nullified by another provision inconsistent with it. An even larger protest appeared before the golden palace, carrying signs that read, “This time the king made himself clear – in both directions.”
Once again the code was withdrawn for revision. By now, however, Tex had lost patience with his subjects and the negative attidude they seemed to adopt toward everything he tried to do for them. He decided to teach them a lesson and put an end to their carping. He instructed his remaining experts to purge the code of contradictions, but at the same time to stiffen drastically every requirement contained in it and to add a long list of new crimes such as practicing a different religion or being an immigrant. Thus, where before individuals summoned to the throne were given ten days in which to report, in the revision the time was cut to ten seconds. It was made a crime, punishable by ten years imprisonment to cough, sneeze, hiccough, faint or fall down in the presence of the king (he stressed that he was a germaphobe). It was made treason not to understand, believe in, and correctly profess that fossil fuels and human activity have no impact on climate change whatsoever.
When this GREATEST EVER CODE was sent out on Twitter a near revolution resulted. Leading citizens declared their intention to flout its provisions. Someone discovered in an ancient author a passage that seemed apt: “To command what cannot be done is not to make law: it is to unmake law, for a command that cannot be obeyed serves no end but confusion, fear and chaos.” Soon this passage was being quoted in a hundred petitions to the king.
The code was again withdrawn and a staff of experts chaired with the task of revision. Tex’s instructions to the experts were that whenever they encountered a rule requiring an impossibility, it should be revised to make compliance possible. It turned out that to accomplish this result every provision in the code had to be substantially rewritten. The final result was, however, a triumph of draftsmanship. It was clear, consistent with itself, and demanded nothing of the subject that did not lie easily within their powers. It was printed and distributed free of charge through social media.
However, before the effective date for the new GREATEST EVER CODE, REALLY had arrived, it was discovered that so much time had been spent in successive revisions of Tex’s original draft, that the substance of the code had been seriously overtaken by events. Ever since Tex assumed the throne there had been a suspension of ordinary legal processes and this had brought about a climate of uncertainty for the economy and institutions of the country. Accommodation to these altered conditions required many changes of substance in the law. Accordingly as soon as the new code became legally effective, it was subjected to a daily stream of amendments. Again popular discontent mounted; an anonymous blog appeared online carrying scurrilous cartoons of the king and a leading article with the title: “A law that changes every day is worse than no law at all.”
Within a short time this source of discontent began to cure itself as the pace of amendment gradually slackened. Before this had occurred to any noticeable degree, however, Tex announced an important decision. Reflecting on the misadventures of his reign, he concluded that much of the trouble lay in bad advice he had received from experts. He accordingly declared he was reassuming the judicial power in his own person. In this way he could directly control the application of the new code and insure his country against another crisis. He began to spend practically all of his time hearing and deciding cases arising under the new code.
As the king proceeded with this task, it seemed to bring a belated blossoming his long dormant powers of generalisation. His opinions began, indeed, to reveal a confident and almost exuberant virtuosity as he deftly distinguished his own previous decisions, exposed the principles on which he acted, and laid down guidelines for the disposition of future controversies. For Tex’s subjects a new day seemed about to dawn when they could finally conform their conduct to a coherent body of rules.
This hope was, however, soon shattered. As the online record of Tex’s judgments became available and were subjected to closer study, his subjects were appalled to discover that there existed no discernible relation between those judgments and the code they purported to apply. Insofar as it found expression in the actual disposition of controversies, the new code might just as well have not existed at all. Yet in virtually every one of his decisions Tex declared and redeclared the code to be the basic law of his kingdom.
Leading citizens from all walks of life began to hold private meetings to discuss what measures, short of open revolt, could be taken to get the king away from the bench and back on the throne. While these discussions were going on, Tex was impeached for nepotism and conflict of interests, old before his time and deeply unloved by his subjects.
The first act of his successor, President Hex, was to abolish the monarchy and introduce genuine democracy and the rule of law based on the values of non-discrimination and accountability of elected officials.
Coda: During their famous debates in the 1950s over the legality of the Nazi regime and so-called grudge informers, Lon Fuller and HLA Hart disagreed on the role of morality and the law. Hart was swift to point out that Fuller’s concept of the inner morality of the law, and his eight principles of legality, could actually uphold unjust laws. Hart argued that Fuller’s procedural natural law approach failed to engage with the substantive morality of flawed laws, as a legal system may be structurally sound yet still allow unjust laws. Fuller meanwhile countered that when people are ‘compelled to explain and justify their decisions, the effect will generally be to pull those decisions towards goodness…’ Both Hart and Fuller’s arguments have resonance today. The cautionary tale of King Rex was based on some of the most brutal regimes in history. One can only hope that these warnings are heeded over the next four years.


According to the Early Childhood Music and Movement Association, 85 percent of brain development occurs by the time a child reaches 3 years. As children grow, they need to learn specific activities that are important for development.
For example, very young children begin to scoot and crawl for movement and while these activities are part of eventually learning to walk, they are also essential for brain development. Additionally, patterned activities at home or in the preschool classroom, such as clapping to music or jumping in time to a beat stimulate brain function and help the brain to organize thoughts and behaviors.
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7 Benefits of Music for Child Development
Music has a tempo and teaching young children songs, how to follow rhythms and beats, or how to march in time to a tune, can help students to learn the rhythm of speaking and improve their communication skills.
When you listen to music, multiple areas of your brain are lighting up at once as they process the sound, take it apart to understand elements like melody and rhythm, and then put it all back together into a unified musical experience. And our brains do all this work in a split second between when we first hear the music and when our foot starts to tap along.
But, the little backyard fireworks that transpire in the brain of the music listener is only the warm-up for what is really happening in the brain of the musician. Although on the outside, musicians may look calm and focused, reading music and making the precise and practiced movements required, starts up the party in their brains. Simultaneous processing of different information happens in intricate, interrelated, and astonishingly fast sequences. Playing a musical instrument engages practically every area of the brain at once, especially the visual, auditory, and motor cortices. And as with any other workout, disciplined, structured practice in playing music strengthens those brain functions allowing us to apply that strength to other activities.
Fine motor skills
The most obvious difference between listening to music and playing it is that the latter requires fine motor skills which are controlled in both hemispheres of the brain.
Playing music combines the linguistic and mathematical precision for which the left hemisphere is responsible, with the novel and creative content that the right hemisphere excels in. For these reasons, playing music has been found to increase the volume and activity in the brain’s corpus callosum –the bridge between the two hemispheres– allowing messages to get across the brain faster and through more diverse routes. This allows musicians to solve problems more effectively and creatively. The earlier you start learning a musical instrument the better!
Here at Concordia, several different types of music and movement activities are incorporated into our early childhood education. Teaching songs, such as “This Little Light of Mine” or “The Big Pig” while clapping or tapping along can teach rhythm and cadence while learning new words. Songs that involve action and hand gestures that follow the music teach children not only the meaning of some new words but also to move and sing at the same time. Other types of activities we do in the classroom are dancing with streamers or scarves, playing small musical instruments, singing songs in rounds, singing while cleaning up, marching to the beat, or imitating animals. Not only can this be beneficial academically, but it also keeps children moving, which is good for their little bodies.
Concentration and discipline
Classical music forms an important part of Concordia’s program. Playing classical music to children boosts their concentration and self-discipline, according to one major study. It improves their general listening and social skills. Children exposed to the works of Beethoven and Mozart, for example, are more likely to appreciate a wider range of music in later years.
A further study showed that seven to 10-year-olds exposed regularly to classical music showed significant cognitive improvement.
Written by Sue Fletcher.
Sue Fletcher is Concordia Shanghai’s early childhood music and movement specialist.


Following the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995, the Tulsa District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dispatched three structural engineers to monitor the site.
Mark McVay and two other civil engineers arrived the next day. The District sent a fourth structural engineer, Mark Burkholder, a couple of weeks later, to monitor the site so demolitions experts could implode the remaining structure.
The bomb that destroyed the building detonated just 15 feet from the building and caused the deaths of 168 people.
“After the blast, a lot of Good Samaritans rushed in to help,” said Mark McVay. “One of the people who responded was a nurse. She just arrived at the site and was trying to help victims when a piece of debris fell and hit her on the head.”
The nurse, Rebecca Anderson, went to the site after seeing news reports on television. She died in the hospital four days later. Though rescue workers sustained numerous injuries searching for and assisting survivors, she was the only one killed.
“The roof of the Murrah Building was made from a mixture of light concrete and insulation, and it just crumbled in the explosion,” McVay said. “There were large chunks of debris hanging from the skeleton of the building that could crush a car if they fell.”
The civil engineers used a transit, a surveying tool used to measure angles, and a telescope to watch for falling debris. They also advised rescue workers as they attempted to remove rubble during the search for survivors.
“We would go into an area and assess the structure and tell them, whether they could move a piece without endangering a survivor,” said McVay. “There were a lot of long days. I remember being exhausted.”
Burkholder was sent in as the building was being prepped it for demolition.
“The demolition experts were drilling holes to weaken the remaining structure and to place the charges,” Burkholder said. “They were concerned that as they weakened it, a slab might fall down. There are critical spots on the building that you don’t want to move and we checked them regularly.”
The engineers set up their transit under an American elm tree in what used to be a parking lot between the Murrah Building and the Journal Record Building. The explosion sent glass and shrapnel into the tree’s trunk and branches, and even destroyed some of the branches. Though the explosion ripped away a portion of the Journal Record Building’s roof, the elm remained.
“At that time it was just a tree,” said Burkholder. “But a lot of people in casual conversation were asking, ‘How did that tree survive?’”
The Survivor Tree has thrived in the years following the bombing. Though it represented a curious improbability at the time, today it is a symbol of a community’s resilience.
“You have to realize that businesses in the area were so damaged they just closed down. I had to go five blocks to buy a sandwich and the sandwich shop that was open had damage. I thought the entire area around the site would be demolished,” said McVay. “I never realized that tree would become a symbol for the survivors or the city, even though we were all commenting, ‘that’s one tough tree.’”
McVay and Burkholder both agreed that they were most affected by the destruction of the daycare located on the second floor of the building, and just above the blast zone.
“It was the saddest thing I’d ever seen in my life,” said McVay. “It hit you in the gut when you see little kids’ toys scattered amongst the debris.”
Burkholder said he visited the site 10 years ago on a field trip with one of his children.
“When I first went back it kind of weighed on my mind,” he said. “It was tough. I can’t imagine the people who were doing the search and rescue operations.”
McVay said he is considering whether he will visit on the 20th anniversary.
“No, I haven’t been back. I can’t say that I haven’t had the chance, I just haven’t gone back,” he said. “I’d like to go sometime. I hadn’t planned on going on the anniversary but now that you mention it.”
The other structural engineers from the Tulsa District have moved on to other assignments. Lori Thomas now works at the Galveston District and John VanLeeuwen now works for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.