What is a pump
A pump can be considered as a mechanical device, which can be used to increase the pressure of a fluid and by that they can move the fluids or slurries by mechanical action. Pumps are classified according to the way they used to move the fluids they are direct lift, gravity and displacement pumps. Pumps will create low pressure at the suction end, so the fluids can be sucked and high pressure is created at the discharge end, so that fluid can be raised to the required height.
What are the factors that involves in pump selection
Before choosing a pump we must know certain factors they are, the pressure against which the pump must operate, the desired flow rate, suction lift, and the characteristics of the fluid. The total head, suction lift, and the flow rate are depended upon the piping system and pump’s characteristics.
What are the types of pumps
Positive displacement pumps
Positive displacement pumps can move a fixed volume of liquid per unit of time. These pumps are larger than the equal capacity dynamic pumps. Positive displacement pumps are used in the hydraulic system. One important factor of hydraulic power is the high power density. Positive displacement pump is capable to move a good quantity of liquid with each revolution
Positive displacement pumps are divided into two types based on how they move the fluid.
Rotary type positive displacement
Rotary positive displacement pumps move the fluid by a rotating mechanism which creates the vacuum and that captures and draws in the liquid. Rotary pumps are capable to move the air from the lines. It has a drawback that if it is operated at high speeds, the fluids will cause erosion, and it will cause the development of large clearance through which liquid can pass.
Reciprocating type positive displacement
These types of pumps move the fluid by using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers or membranes. The motion of the liquid is in a single direction with the help of valves. These pumps can be powered manually, or by air or steam, these pumps are mostly used for pumping high viscous fluids. Reciprocating pumps were widely used for pumping water from wells.
What are the types of positive displacement pumps
Piston pump, vane pump, regenerative pump, rotary gear pump, rotary lube pump, and peristaltic pump
What are the applications of positive displacement pumps
- They are used in chemical processing and liquid delivery
- Marine and biotechnology
- It is used in food, dairy, and beverage processing
Dynamic pumps operate by creating a high liquid velocity and it will convert the velocity of the liquid to pressure in a diffusing flow passage. These pumps have lower efficiency than the positive type pumps. These pumps are able to operate at high speeds and high fluid flow rate and the major advantage is that it has lower maintenance. Dynamic pumps can be considered as a type of velocity pumps in which the velocity of the fluid flow is increased to obtain the kinetic energy. The kinetic energy is converted into pressure. Dynamic pumps add energy to increase the fluid velocity and the velocity reduction in the pump can increase the pressure
Types of dynamic pumps
Centrifugal pump converts the energy of prime mover into velocity or kinetic energy and then into the pressure energy of fluid that is being pumped. The impeller will convert the driver’s energy into kinetic energy and the diffuser will convert the kinetic energy into pressure. when the impeller rotates liquid is discharged by a centrifugal force into a casing surrounding the impeller, the casing will decrease the velocity of the fluid which leaves the impeller at high velocity and then the velocity is converted into pressure.
The advantages of centrifugal pumps are they can provide smooth flow through the pump and uniform pressure in the discharge pipe. Their operating speed will allow connecting the steam turbines and electric motors directly.
Axial flow pump
Axial flow pump is also known as a propeller pump, these pumps are very large capacity type and they are used for supply of cooling water for steam ship condensers. The axial flow pump offers very little resistance to flow when idling so scoops are employed. While the operation considerable end trust occurs and a tilting pad thrust bearing is employed. These pumps develop most of their power by propelling or lifting action of the vanes on the liquid. These pumps are used in wet-pit drainage, low- pressure irrigation. Horizontal axial flow pumps can be used to pump large volumes.
The operation of the mixed flow pump is the combination of radial and axial flow pumps, the fluid will experience a radical acceleration and lift then it exits the impeller from the axial direction. Because of this, the mixed flow pump operates at a higher pressure than the axial flow pump and also can deliver higher discharge than the radial flow pumps.


Safety valve for steam with male pipe thread.
Set pressure from 0,75 - 1,5 bar with CE-marking. (According to PED and marked with *)
* The valves are delivered CE-marked for use in category II equipment and fluid group 2.
Set pressure up to 7,0 bar without CE-marking..
The set pressure is the pressure where the valve opens. An overpressure of 10% or 0,1 bar, whichever is highest, can be expected when the valve is at its full capacity.
Delivered nickleplated and with metal handle.
See instruktion manual: https://www.masterpiece.dk/Uploadet...


How do you design a Sand Dam?
UDO has qualified water engineers, called Dam Coordinators, who work with the SHG to site the sand dam, and then draw up the dam design which is submitted with the other paperwork to the government for approval. Here is the basic methodology for the design:
The primary spillway will center and discharge the normal flow into the normal river channel during the rainy season.
- At the chosen site, find the narrowest place with the best rock bottom. Place a stake here. Now find the center of the river bed at this point.
- Identify the center of the river bed to center the primary spillway directly above this point. Make sure that the dam can be secured to the best rock bed available and the primary spillway will be centered in the centre of the natural river bed. The river must continue to flow where it flowed before or it will cause erosion. Place a stake here.
- Determine the height of the primary spillway from the historical normal height of the flow of water after rains. Use a line level and mason’s line and identify and mark two points, one on each bank with the same height. This height at the center will be the primary spillway height.
- Determine the length of the primary spillway along this line level and mason’s line. The length of the spillway is the length needed to guide water through this channel and keep it in the normal river channel during the normal course of its running during the rainy season.
- Mark the height and length of the primary spillway. Use a tape measure. Mark its location with pegs, string, and level.
The primary spillway crest is initially one meter or slightly higher. The chief factor is the height of the normal flow during the rainy season. Other factors are: the size of the river, the amount of normal flow, the bank heights, and the amount of storage and sand deposition area desired. After the sand has filled the dam to this primary spillway level, the community often decides to raise the level of the dam by another 0.5 meters to accommodate more sand and water. The wings will need to be extended then also.
The length of the primary spillway depends on the width of the river banks, slope of the river banks, and the amount of water contained in the river. The length of the secondary spillway depends on these factors and the anticipated amount of water that will flow down the river after heavy rainfalls upstream.
The width of the dam wall at the top is always wide enough for a person to walk on the top, a minimum of one meter. The foundation width at the bottom depends on the river size and flow. The average sand dam is one and a half meters wide at the foundation level and tapers up to the top. If the river is very big and the dam is high the foundation will be thicker.
The secondary spillway is built to keep water guided into the center of the regular river channel when there are heavy rains and heavy stream flow. The primary spillway keeps the water in the center of the river when there is less rain. The secondary spillway is important to prevent soil erosion as it centers the water in the center of the river bed.
- Determine the height of the secondary spillway. This will be the flood level of the rivers in very heavy rains.
- Use a line level and mason’s line and identify and mark two points, one on each bank, at the flood level of the river in very heavy rains. This height will be the secondary spillway height.
- Determine the length of the secondary spillway. It is the length needed to control the flow of the flood water and keep it within the river channel during a very heavy rain.
- Mark the height and length of the secondary spillway. Use a tape measure. Mark its location with pegs, string, and level.
The secondary spillway is usually 1 meter higher than the primary spillway.
The length extends to the wings, and depends on the width of the flow of the river at flood level.
The width is usually 1 meter wide.
In the case of a very large and wide sand dam, you may need to lay out a tertiary spillway. The height will be the height of the highest flood in the memory of the members of the SHG and elders in the area. Follow the above method to lay out and level the tertiary spillway.
Wings are built to keep the flood waters from going around the sand dam and causing erosion and eventual undercutting of the dam walls. They may not be necessary depending on the size of the banks and the volume of flow.
- The wings must be constructed to guide the river water back to its natural course in case of flooding.
- Determine the path of flood waters on both sides of the banks of the river. Mark this path of flood water with stakes.
- Determine the length of the wings, making sure they are long enough and high enough to meet the height of the highest flood in memory of the elders. Use a tape measure and level. Stake out the wings.
The wings of the dam go up 1 meter high or more above the secondary spill way to prevent erosion and contain the water in the river bed. The height of the wings depends on the amount of flow of the river, the curve of the river and the current of the river.
The wings may extend in length from three meters up to 50 or more meters. If the river banks are very steep the wings may just extend a few meters. If the banks are very flat, the wings can go many meters. The wings have to be long enough so that the water never diverts around the wings: sometimes we need to go back and extend the wings.
The base of the wings is thicker than the top of the wings, and tapers off towards the ends of the wings. The wings are made of the same materials as the dam wall.
Make a record of all measurements and keep them. Check to see that you have all the required measurements for the design.
The Sand Dam Dimensions Design is drawn on site by the Dam Coordinator and used to do the Design Measurements, which is then used on site by the Artisan who constructs the spillways and wings according to these specifications.


Contemporary Geographical Issue Relating to Water Management
Human actions can dramatically increase riverbank erosion. These actions include land clearing near creeks and rivers, rural and urban development, trampling by pedestrians and the introduction of exotic vegetation such as trees and vines with shallow roots.
Stormwater drainage has led to the increased flow of water in rivers during storms, due to the excess amount of water flowing into the river, the sediment on the bottom of the river is disturbed making the water cloudy.
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu:


250,000 Gallon Elevated Water Storage Tank
- Water Distribution
This project involves the construction of complete residuals handling facility for the City of Oklahoma City Draper Water Treatment Plant. Elements of the project include 2-flow equalization basins, 2-gravity thickeners, 1-mixing tank, 5-3 meter belt filter presses, sludge conveyor system, pumping systems and related piping, appurtenances, electrical components and access/ parking facilities. This project is in the final stages of the construction process.


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Hydraulic pump, Hydraulic aggregate, Electric and Pneumatic driven hydraulic units by alkitronic
alkitronic hydraulic pumps with electric or pneumatic drive provide fast operating speed, reliability and safety. They fit perfectly for permanent operation. Our hydraulic pumps with a worldwide proven pneumatic drive are also suitable for operation in explosion-prone areas. The electric driven pumps protect against rain, splashing water and dust (protection art IP 54), thus preventing cost-intensive downtime.
High Speed 24/7 with alkitronic Hydraulic Pumps
The innovative drive of the alkitronic electric hydraulic pumps is based on a maintenance-free and brushless synchronous motor. When changing from power stroke to return stroke, the drive only changes the rotation direction. Conventional pumps use magnetic control valves, which can lead to overheating of the hydraulic oil. Due to the patented alkitronic control system trouble-prone magnetic valves are abstained. Thus, the pump is a perfect fit to continuous operation.
Benefits of Hydraulic Units by alkitronic
- High working speed, short set-up times. Connection of up to four hydraulic torque tools is possible. This increases productivity and saves time and money.
- Simple and ergonomic remote control for convenient working and adequate safety distance.
- High precision (± 3%) through all pressure ranges by precisely adapted oil flow rate.
- Manual or automatic operation with ergonomic remote control for convenient and safe working.
- Air cooling, robust design and low weight. The housing design ensures optimum heat dissipation.
- Flexible bolting applications. Compatible with nearly all hydraulic torque wrenches, independent of cylinder size and torque range.
- alkitronic Nova: Delivered in “Multibox” equipped with eyelets and handles, certified for crane transport.


Centrifugal pumps will be designed hydraulically to the required operating condition - as near as possible to the best point of efficiency. The design is in accordance to the required operating flow rate and the discharge head.
If the operating flow rate falls below the design flow rate, a hydraulically unsteady condition in the pump with two unwanted effects appear. One effect is that the energy of the rotating impellers will heat up the medium with the result of cavitations. The second effect is, because of the instable flow conditions, that recirculation and flow separation in the pump occur. Vibrations, increased noises and bearing load can appear. To avoid pump damages during continuous operation the flow rate should not drop below the specified minimum flow of the pump.
|Automatic Recirculation Check Valves (ARC-Valves) are pump protection devices which prevent that the required minimum flow rate will not be dropped below. They protect automatically centrifugal pumps from damage, which might occur through partial evaporation of the fluid content during low load operation and instable flow conditions.|
For the main flow - to the process - the valves have an inlet flange DN1 and an outlet flange DN2. The minimum flow is going out through an additional branch DN3 back to the reservoir.
As soon as the pump capacity drops below a predetermined flow rate, the ARC-valve opens sufficiently the bypass to maintain the pump minimum flow rate. This rate is maintained even if the flow in main direction to the boiler or process is completely shut off.
The ARC-valve automatically opens and closes the bypass corresponding to the main flow rate. This flow controlled function operates without additional auxiliary energy.
The pressure and flow reduction to the minimum flow requirements in the bypass line takes place through a multistage throttle system (low cavitations and of low noise).
The integrated non-return valve in the main delivery stream avoids of reverse operation of the pump.
- assurance of the required pump minimum continuous safe flow
- no inadmissible temperature increase in the pump
- avoidance of cavitations in the pump
- avoidance of pump and plant damages
- integrated non-return valve in the main delivery stream
- avoidance of reverse operation of the pump
- allows parallel pump operation
- specifically designed throttle system in the bypass (low cavitations and noises)
- reduces pressure and flow rate to minimum flow requirements
- optionally with integrated non-return valve in the bypass
- favorable NPSH-value of the plant (NPSHA) and the pump (NPSHR)
- lower capacity in operating point because of automatic closure of the minimum flow line
- lower prime mover power requirement
- lower facility costs
- automatic degassing of idle and stopped pumps
- avoidance of damages to the pump and plant caused by gas filled and dry pump operation


The Matakitaki river works is a joint TDC and NZTA job to protect the SH6 bridge over the Matakitaki river and decrease the impact on surrounding areas during flood events in Murchison. We are into our third week with over 15,000m3 of river gravel already moved out of the channel. Along with an estimated 78,000m3 volume of gravel to be removed from the river more than 5000ton of rock is to be placed in the channel for bank protection. Rock rip rap protection walls will be constructed under both ends of the bridge to protect the bridge abutments. Spur groynes will also be placed on both banks upstream to help direct the river under the centre of the SH6 bridge.


Plastic globe/angle valve for residential/light commercial irrigation applications. The PGA Series offers versatility at an affordable price.
Features and Benefits:
- Globe and angle configuration for flexibility in design and installation.
- Rugged PVC construction for reliable operation.
- Normally closed, forward flow design.
- Double-filtered pilot flow to resist debris and clogging of solenoid ports.
- Slow closing to prevent water hammer and subsequent system damage.
- Manual internal bleed operates the valve without allowing water into the valve box. Allows pressure regulator to be adjusted without turning the valve on at the controller.
- One-piece solenoid design with captured plunger and spring for easy servicing. Prevents loss of parts during field service.
- Non-rising flow control handle adjusts water flow as needed.
- Accommodates optional, field-installed PRS-D pressure regulating module to ensure optimum sprinkler performance.
- Accepts latching solenoid for use with Rain Bird battery-operated controllers.
100-PGA: 1 (26/34)
150-PGA: 1 1/2" (40/49)
200-PGA: 2" (50/60)
Rain Bird recommends flow rates in the supply line not to exceed 7.5 feet/second


The Ponfeigh Bridge gave access to West Douglas Water and Sandilands though due to bridge damage, South Lanarkshire Council had to issue an emergency closure.
The Bailey structure overspans the existing masonry arch, however in June 2016 the longitudinal downstream truss failed along its bottom member causing the steel structure to sit down onto the arch at this location.
The recent failure of an existing high pressure water main caused the adjoining wing wall to the north east side of the bridge to be undermined and cause it to partially collapse.
Following further deterioration of the bridge abutment, Covanburn were approached by the Council through their structures Framework, to determine the best scheme to demolish the bridge safely and within SEPA guidelines.
The Bailey Bridge had to be dismantled and broken down into smaller sections, due to the weight of the bridge and issues with the available working area. Following the removal of the steel structure, the stone arches were removed one at a time, in order that the river could be diverted through the remaining arch.
We presented several options to the Council using 3D modelling, and the safest and most environmentally acceptable scheme was chosen. This involved diverting the river through successive arches.
The existing abutments have been fully removed and the surrounding land reinstated. The area is now ready for the construction of the proposed new bridge.


How does density affect fluid flow?
and its increasing, increase the possibility to have a turbolent flow (when Re > 4000)
To move the fluid you have to give electric power according to the relation:
where N is the Power
H is the prevalence
and F is the mass flow of the fluid: mass flow = volum flow x density


Groundwater under strong influence of surface water – case study from Črneče (Northern Slovenia)
AbstractThe article presents an analysis of the nine-year long data set of groundwater levels measurements in the influence area of the Drava River in Črneče in the southern Koroška (Carinthia - N Slovenia). Statistical analysis of the groundwater levels fluctuations, flow rates and stages of the Drava River were performed. It is followed by analysis of the interrelation between the groundwater level observations and mutual comparison between the groundwater level and river stages. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the impact of extreme flood event on 05.11.2012 on groundwater levels, which caused catastrophic flooding throughout the whole Slovenian part of the Drava River Valley. With the help of groundwater level maps it is illustrated that in the hyporeic zone of the river intensive change in the distribution of groundwater flow field is undergoing. We are dealing with both the inflow of river water in the aquifer, as the outflow of groundwater into the river, and sometimes with the flow of groundwater which is parallel to the river bank.
How to Cite
Brenčič, M., & Keršmanc, T. (2016). Groundwater under strong influence of surface water – case study from Črneče (Northern Slovenia). Geologija, 59(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2016.006


BOEING 727 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
(Below) B-727 Hydraulic Power Systems.
(Below) B-727 Hydraulic System A and System B Interconnections.
The Boeing 727 has three hydraulic systems -- System A, System B, and a Standby System. During flight, both Systems A and B are normally on at all times. The Standby System is normally off during flight unless needed. Standby hydraulics power the lower rudder and leading edge devices. All three systems have a nominal pressure of 3,000 PSI. Systems A and B have a pressure relief valve which is automatically activated at about 3,500 PSI.
System A pumps are engine-driven (inoperative until engines 1 and/or 2 are started). System B is driven by electrical pumps and can be used whenever AC electrical power is available. The Standby system is also driven by an electrical pump and is activated by either turning off System A pressure to the lower rudder or by turning the Alternate Flaps Master Switch on.
Hydraulic accumulators absorb surges in hydraulic pressure and are incorporated into both Systems A and B. The accumulator uses a 1,000 PSI air precharge. Should hydraulic pressure exceed the precharge, the accumulator pressure will equalize the system pressure. (With a hydraulic system depressurized, accumulator pressure should be 1,000 PSI.) Loss of precharge pressure will result in inaccurately low hydraulic pressure indications.
System A and System B Interconnections...
Although Systems A and B are independent of each other, there are interconnections between the two.
A balance line runs between System A and B hydraulic reservoirs. The System B reservoir will always be full if the System A reservoir quantity is more than 2.5 gallons. Such an arrangement allows both reservoirs to be serviced from a single point. (The Standby reservoir is also filled from the System A tank.) Should fluid quantity fall below 2.5 gallons, System A will be completely independent of System B. Hydraulic leaks in System B would be initially indicated by decreasing hydraulic pressure in System A.
The ground interconnect valve allows System B fluid to pressurize System A for check out when no engines are running. (A source of AC power must be available to power System B.)
The brake interconnect valve allows System A pressure to be applied to main wheel brakes in flight or on the ground. This provides a "backup" source of hydraulic pressure for brakes. Nothing else in System B can be supplied with System A pressure.
Fluid for System A and System B is cooled in heat exchangers in the Number 3 and Number 1 fuel tanks respectively.
The System A reservoir is pressurized by 13th stage bleed air from engines 1 and 2 which drive the System A pumps.
System A pump switches don't literally turn the hydraulic pumps off. Instead, whenever a pump is turned off, a solenoid blocks the pump output and depressurizes the pump. Hydraulic fluid still cycles through the pump to both cool and lubricate it. Pump switches should be left in the on position when the aircraft is shut down.
Recall that the System B pumps are electrically driven. They deliver fluid at a constant pressure of 3,000 PSI. The flow rate depends on system demand.
When System B pump switches are turned off, the electric motor stops and all pump output ceases. System B pump switches should be turned off when the aircraft is shut down to prolong the life of the electric motors.
Should System A become inoperative, the Standby system (pressure supplied by electrical pump) supplies hydraulic pressure to operate both the leading edge [wing] devices and the lower rudder. Alternate flap switches allow the trailing edge flaps to be operated electrically. Once down, the leading edge devices are held in place by mechanical locks and cannot be retracted using "Alternate Flaps" controls. (Trailing edge flaps which are normally on System A may be retracted via the electrical motors.)
Because of the hazard to personnel from control surfaces, doors, etc., ground clearance should always be received prior to powering any hydraulic system.
The aircraft is towed by its nosewheel. If the torsion links which connect the nosewheel to the steering mechanism are connected, the System A pumps should be depressurized. This will prevent actuation of nosewheel steering with a tow bar connected.


Modelling and experimental validation of a nonlinear proportional solenoid pressure control valve
2016 (English)In: International Journal of Fluid Power, ISSN 1439-9776, Vol. 17, no 2, 90-101 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
This paper investigates the static and dynamic behaviour of a pressure control valve with nonlinear negative characteristics. The pressure control valve has both reducing and relieving capability and is actuated by a solenoid. The static characteristics have been measured over the entire working range, covering the dynamic response of the solenoid, as well as the complete valve. A model is proposed that considers the flow as a mix of laminar and turbulent flow and flow forces with a flow angle that varies with the stroke of the spool. The model shows good agreement with measurements. The investigations show that the flow forces decrease with higher flow rates as a result of a flow angle that tends to go towards a vertical angle. This results in an increase in pressure with flow during pressure reducing mode. A linear analysis is also presented, explaining this as a negative spring constant in the low frequency range. Stability is, however, maintained.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2016. Vol. 17, no 2, 90-101 p.
Nonlinear modelling, solenoid, pressure control valve, linear analysis
Fluid Mechanics and Acoustics
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130036DOI: 10.1080/14399776.2016.1141636OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-130036DiVA: diva2:946441


Well Water has Air Bubbles
The air bubbles may possibly be from a leaking bladder in the pressure tank, or there could be a fitting leak on the suction (well) side of the pump sucking in air. Most likely it's a bad tank bladder.
Turn the pump off or unplug it, and drain the water pressure down until it stops running out.
Now, check the pressure in the tank with a tire pressure gauge. It should read (and hold) two psi below the pump cut-on pressure (i.e. 20 psi cut-on to 40 psi cut-off should have a tank pressure of 18 psi when the pump isn't on and the water pressure is drained down).
If the pump is set at 40 psi cut-on/60 cut-off, the tank pressure should be 38 psi. If the tank pressure is too high, bleed the air pressure off to the 2 psi below. If it is too low, air the tank back up with a portable compressor or air tank.
If water spews out of the pressure tank air valve, the bladder is shot and you need to replace the pressure tank, which is what I suspect will solve your problem.
If you need to know how to prime the pump later, just ask.
Last edited by Mike Swearingen; 07-21-2010 at 08:02 AM.


Easyflex proudly introduces the Braided Stainless Steel Safe-Flow Water Connector that prevents unexpected water damage from the burst of a hose or excessive water flow of water.
Easyflex Safe-Flow EFV (Excess Flow Valve) can be installed between the angle stop and fixture of a water system. This unique valve automatically activates to prevent water damage caused by breakage, bursts or any excessive water flow.
Once Easyflex’s Safe-Flow is activated, it can be reset by simply re-installing the device.
Faucets / toilets / dishwashers / washing machines / ice makers


Views: 211 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2021-02-03 Origin: Site
How does the porta power jack work? How to fill hydraulic fluid in hydraulic Porta Jack? How to maintain the porta power jack in daily use?
How does the porta power jack work?
How to fill hydraulic fluid in hydraulic Porta Jack?
How to maintain the porta power jack?
1.Safety check: Before starting use, please check your portal power socket for damage, missing parts and leakage, and ensure that the work area is clean.
2.Assemble: You need to assemble a Porta outlet before use. Be sure to follow the manufacturer's manual for instructions on how to assemble a Porta outlet and how to disassemble it. You should assemble the door power socket according to its purpose (e.g. pull, stretch, unfold, or align).
3.Position the release valve firmly and close it by turning it clockwise before use.
4.After closing the valve and attaching the horse assembly to the plunger, draw in your door power jack to apply hydraulic pressure to the plunger assembly. The hydraulic power will allow the ram to stretch/stretch and repair the required parts of the body.
5.Continue pumping until the desired plunger width is reached.
1.Place rags or old newspapers under the hydraulic cylinder to catch spills.
2.Remove the fuel plug from the hole in the fuel cylinder and place it in a clean and safe place.
3.Drain hydraulic fluid and dispose safely in accordance with the manufacturer's disposal manual.
4.Refill the hydraulic cylinder by filling the fresh clean hydraulic oil into the clean tank.
5.Fill the hydraulic cylinder with the and allow the hydraulic oil to overflow and settle.
6.Lift the hoist to the maximum height, open the cylinder release valve, and then return the hoist to the lowest position. This will release excess air from the cylinder.
7.Carefully check the oil level and add more oil if necessary. Reinsert the oil plug after refueling.
1.Inspect hoses and connections for air leaks or missing pins or plugs.
2.Replace all damaged components in the porta power jack using only the parts recommended by the manufacturer.
3.Tighten the connections as required.
4.Always change the hydraulic oil according to the manufacturer's instructions. Never mix different oils in the hydraulic cylinder.
5.Lubricate all moving parts of the door power socket, such as hammer and connector.
6.Inspect plunger and pump pistons for signs of corrosion and rust, grease, and oil parts that require lubrication and oiling.
7.When storing the door power jack, make sure the pump piston and plunger are fully retracted.
8.Do not use sandpaper or abrasive materials to clean any part of the porta power jack.
If you are looking for high-quality porta power jack at reasonable prices, Hangzhou Omega Machinery Co., Ltd will provide you with the best products.
In principle, the hydraulic jack is based on Pascal principle, that is, the pressure of the liquid is the same everywhere, so in a balanced system, the pressure exerted on the smaller piston is relatively small, and the pressure exerted on the larger piston is also relatively large, which can keep t


Vermilion River Flowing Backwards
Aug 28, 2017 03:18PM
● By Press Release
The Vermilion River reverse-flow phenomenon.
The reverse-flow phenomenon commonly occurs on the Vermilion River near the City of Lafayette when rainfall runoff enters the river at a faster rate downstream than the runoff upstream. When this happens and/or when the river is at or above certain flood levels (as is shown here), the river will start to flow backwards (upstream) causing the reverse-flow effect.
Shown here is the river at 10.03 ft, considered "Moderate Flood Stage" by the National Weather Service.
Click video link below.
Sources: U.S. Geological Survey, The National Weather Service, Bayou Vermilion District
Photos & Video via: Face Media Group
Vermilion River flowing backwards...


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1., according to the structure, there are four kinds of lifting check valves, swing check valves, butterfly check valves and diaphragm check valves. The corresponding products include pressure self sealing and lifting check valves, H44H rotary flange check valves, HH47 butterfly check valves.
(1) the structure of the pressure self sealing lift check valve is generally similar to that of the globe valve. The valve flap acts as a lifting and moving line along the channel, which is reliable, but has large fluid resistance. It is suitable for small and small caliber occasions. Lift check valve can be divided into two types: straight through lift check valve (usually installed in horizontal pipe) and vertical lift check valve (usually installed in vertical pipe).
(2) the rotary valve of the H44H rotary flange check valve rotates around the rotating shaft. Its fluid resistance is generally less than the lift check valve, which is suitable for large caliber occasions. Its applicable medium includes water, steam, oil, nitric acid, strong oxidizing medium and urea. It is widely used in power plant, oil, chemical, pharmaceutical, food and other industries, and can be used directly with imported equipment. The swing check valve can be divided into three kinds of valves according to the number of valves. Single swing check valves are generally applicable to medium caliber occasions. In order to reduce the pressure of water hammer, it is best to reduce the pressure of water hammer to reduce the pressure of water hammer when using the single valve swing check valve in large caliber pipeline. The double valve swing check valve is suitable for large and medium caliber pipelines. The double valve rotary start check valve has small structure and light weight, and it is a fast development check valve, and the multi valve swing check valve is suitable for large caliber pipeline.
(3) HH47 butterfly buffer check valve structure is similar to butterfly valve, for straight through type. Its structure is simple, the flow resistance is small, and the pressure of water hammer is also small.
(4) diaphragm type check valves have various structural forms. Diaphragm is used as opening and closing member. Because of its good performance, simple structure and low cost, it has developed rapidly in recent years. But the use temperature and pressure of the diaphragm check valve are limited by the diaphragm material.
2., according to the main material, there are cast iron check valves, brass check valves and stainless steel check valves. The corresponding products include H64W brass welding rotary check valve, vertical pure nickel check valve, titanium check valve and so on.
3., according to function, it can be divided into silent check valve, noise elimination check valve and so on. The corresponding products of our company include H41X type noise elimination check valve, H72X brass pair pinch check valve and so on.
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If the oil boom is towed too fast through the water the oil will escape underneath the boom or the oil boom and other recovery equipment may be damaged. Therefore it is vital to know the true speed of the boom through water in order to operate the various oil booms within the manufacturers' specifications.
To operate mechanical recovery systems in low visibility, complete darkness and high wave conditions are a challenge. The Aanderaa oil boom Doppler Log System allow for safe operation.
Presure 4117, Tide 5217, Wave and Tide 5218
Doppler Current Profiler Sensor, DCPS
In-line DCS 5800/5810


a well-designed system that exercises the tank; considerations include water turn-over,altitude valves,pumping management,and other components for maintaining fresh water in the tank and mitigating water quality issues.Both active and passive systems for improving water quality in tanks are available for new and existing tanks. How is the volume of a water tank calculated?How is the volume of a water tank calculated?These tank shapes are calculated assuming exact geometric solid shapes such as cylinders,circles and spheres.Actual water and oil tanks may not be perfect geometric shapes or might have other features not accounted for here so,these calculations should only be considered estimates.Tank Volume Calculator
It was Domestic hot water is provided by means of water heaters,appliances intended to provide a hot water generally eclipsed toward the end of the 1800s by supply by heating a volume of water supplied by the Cold galvanized iron water pipes which were attached with water supply systemBASICS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM - PAS - HomeB4 Assess Domestic Water Gap 17 Pipe Supply,Rain Water Harvesting System/Tank Village/town level Treatment Reverse Osmosis System (RO),Chlorination,Sedimentation, There are three main components a) pump,b) electrical or oil engine,c) panel board.Pump house is constructed for security and safety of machineries.Rising Main
Water Tanks General Fire protection water supply tank(s) and hydrant locations shall be approved by the Fire Prevention Division.Tanks shall be located to allow gravity flow of water from the tank to the hydrant.A system to automatically fill the tank(s) is required.Underground tanks that require drafting operations will not be allowed.Chapter 2 Definitions,2014 FBC - Plumbing,5 th edition A water supply valve,opened or closed by means of a float or similar device,utilized to supply water to a tank.An antisiphon fill valve contains an antisiphon device in the form of an approved air gap or vacuum breaker that is an integral part of the fill valve unit and that is positioned on the discharge side of the water supply control valve.Code Requirements on Thermal Expansion Control indishwashing.Water in the domestic hot water system is heated by a water heater-gas,oil,electric,or indirect.The water heater,unlike the hot water boiler system,uses a continuous supply of fresh water.As water is heated,or as the water heater recovers hot water is drawn at a rate dictated by the demand at the water-use fixtures.
dishwashing.Water in the domestic hot water system is heated by a water heater-gas,oil,electric,or indirect.The water heater,unlike the hot water boiler system,uses a continuous supply of fresh water.As water is heated,or as the water heater recovers hot water is drawn at a rate dictated by the demand at the water-use fixtures.Cold Water Storage - Cold Water Loft Tanks - Tanks DirectPack (2) 100 Gallon / 454 Litre Cold Water Tank (Please note this product is only sold as pack of 2 and is unavailable separately) Polytank 100 Gallon / 454 Ltr Cold Water Loft Tank (64-26-23) All rectangular POLYTANK Cold Water Loft Tanks come complete with the PT kit inside the tank.DETA-20 - Plumbing,Heating and Water Quality SolutionsThis potable water expansion tank is used on gas,oil,electric,indirect-fired,commercial water heater and hot water storage tank applications to absorb the increased volume of water created by thermal expansion.It also maintains balanced pressure throughout the water supply system by keeping system pressure below the TP relief valve setting.
This potable water expansion tank is used on gas,oil,electric,indirect-fired,commercial water heater and hot water storage tank applications to absorb the increased volume of water created by thermal expansion.It also maintains balanced pressure throughout the water supply system by keeping system pressure below the TP relief valve setting.Domestic Hot Water Supply - an overview ScienceDirectSince 1987 the thermal performance of different small solar heating systems for domestic hot water supply have been measured by means of side-by-side experiments at the laboratory,(Furbo et al.,1987,Furbo,1989).One of the tested systems have as the heat storage a hot water tank with a built-in heat exchanger spiral at the bottom of the tank.Domestic Hot Water System - an overview ScienceDirectWater storage is mainly used in domestic hot water systems (DHW) and in water pits.Sizes of TES vary from standard,cylindrical 270 L tanks which are produced in large quantities in North America,to various larger sizes (in excess of 10,000 L) and geometries.Larger storage tanks are typically used in seasonal storage applications or for large multiunit residential buildings where large storage capacities
Domestic water systems usually comprise a fresh water system for washing and drinking and a salt water system for sanitary purposes .Both use a basically similar arrangement of an automatic pump supplying the liquid to a tank which is pressurised by compressed air.Domestic water heating - Energy EducationDomestic water heating is the process of warming water for personal use,and it can consume a large amount of energy.In Canadian homes,water heating can consume 15-25 percent of energy used in a home depending on the house type,number of inhabitants,and the lifestyle of those who live there.It's important to note that water heating is often more than all of the electrical needs of the Expansion tank dos and don'ts - HPAC MagazineMay 24,2019·It is fine to locate the tank several feet away from where the tube from the tank connects to the system.Keep the tank lower than this connection point to reduce heat migration by convection.4.Do not create multiple connection points It is fine to use two or more expansion tanks with a combined volume of a single larger tank.However,those
ready for potable consumption and is connected to a public water system (PWS).Common examples include,but not limited to,standpipes,elevated tanks,ground level,buried,and partially buried tanks and reservoirs,hydropneumatic tanks,and clearwells.(3) Usable storage means the volume of stored water that can be effectively utilized withoutFire Water Tank - NFPA (fire) Code Issues - Eng-TipsFeb 26,2013·(A)If a separate water tank is maintained for fire protection the water quality keeps on getting degraded more so since the eventuality of fire breaking out in buildings is remote even on fifty years basis.This is quite a concern in area that have to maintain a water storage for FP system i.e no water mains supply available specially in middle eastGround Water and the Rural Homeowner - USGSNov 30,2016·The saturated zone beneath the water table is recharged by the excess water that is not discharged to streams.The resulting rise in the water table increases ground-water storage(the volume of ground water stored within an aquifer system).In late spring,summer,and early fall,evaporation and transpiration by plants capture most of the water that would otherwise recharge the aquifer,while
Sep 23,2019·Oil Tank Regulations Selecting the right type of oil tank.Whilst it is possible to fit a single skin tank,most new domestic tanks are integrally bunded.It is much more straight forward to fit an integrally bunded tank as it reduces the risk of non-compliance with an unsurveyed water source.The three main types of tank are as follows Single Hot Water Manual - Energy KineticsHot Water Manual January 2018 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Topic Page Topic 1 Table of Contents 14 Plate Heat Exchanger and Location 1 Please Read This First 15 Wiring and Controls 3 Overview 15 Line Voltage Wiring Diagram 3 Smart Pump Hot Water Making 15 Low Voltage Wiring 3 Description of Operation 16 System Managers 4 Plate Heat Exchanger 16 Display ManagerHot Water Systems Domestic Heating and Hot Water Systems A guide to the most common types of domestic heating and hot water systems with diagrams,including indirect boiler system,unvented system,thermal store.A guide to the different ways of heating domestic hot water so you can identify problems and faults with the hot water tank or central heating system and carry out any maintenance needed.
A tank is always disinfected on a water volume basis.The volume may have been provided by the manufacturer or it can be calculated as follows.Calculating Your Tank Volume (a) Square Tank.The water volume in litres is equal to length x width x depth of water x 1000.All measurements of tank dimensions should be made in metres.Household Water Supplies HealthEdA tank is always disinfected on a water volume basis.The volume may have been provided by the manufacturer or it can be calculated as follows.Calculating Your Tank Volume (a) Square Tank.The water volume in litres is equal to length x width x depth of water x 1000.All measurements of tank dimensions should be made in metres.Hydropneumatic Tank Control SystemsThe deeper the well,the longer it takes the pump to move water up and out into the system.A well pump may cycle so frequently that only a small amount of water reaches the distribution system before it turns off again. Equipment failure.Frequent starts and stops can overheat the pump and lead to premature motor failure.Drinking Water
Indirect fired water heater tanks for domestic hot water,such as the SuperStor TM are usually located close to the heating boiler and will have both cold and hot water lines leaving the tank to supply the building with domestic hot water and a loop of piping that runs between the [usually the] bottom of the tank and a nearby heating boiler.Jet Pump Water SystemThe function of the tank is to store a quantity of water under pressure.When full,the tank contains approximately 2/3 water and 1/3 compressed air.The compressed air forces the water out of the tank when a faucet is opened.An air volume control automatically replaces air lost or absorbed into the water.The usable water,or drawdownLow Lead Type NL300L and NL310WJ Air Volume Controls -The optimum relationship between the volume of air and water in the tank is thus maintained.Spec Number Selection Chart Model NL310WJ (shown with 162988NL,Low Lead Model P-500 pressure gauge - sold separately) AMETEK' On-line order fax +1215-323-9450 or e-mail usg.sales@ametek Sales/Technical Support +1 215-293-4100 I 205 Keith Valley
Watering system will use free fall for water feeding.Because of that,water tank needs to be lifted up from floor level.We made water tank from drainpipe 1m in length and 16 cm in diameter.We divided pipe into two sections.Lover section (first 50 cm) will house valves.Upper section will serve as water tank.Oil Tank Fill Vent Piping Installation InspectionOil tank fill vent piping guide Inspection for Above Ground Heating Oil Storage Tanks (ASTs).This heating oil piping article gives advice and example photos for the installation,inspection, leak troubleshooting of oil tank fill vent piping for both buried and above ground oil storage tanks.Where are water storage tanks required to be?Where are water storage tanks required to be?(2) Section 19-13-B102(f)(5)(B) of the RCSA requires in-ground finished water storage tanks to be.located at least 50 feet from any part of a subsurface sewage disposal system or sanitary sewer and.at least 25 feet from the nearest watercourse,storm drain,or other source of pollution.STORAGE TANK DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
2.Cooling Tower Blowdown is estimated at normal maximum operating cycles of concentration (6X Recycle Water Supply concentration) Tank 137 162 Cooling Tower 295 Evap.Loss Drift Reverse Osmosis Multi-media Filter 107 Turbine Wash Off-Site Disposal Six per yr @ 2000 gal Storm Water Drain System Oil to Drum Storm Water System Fire Protection SECTION 7.0 Water Supply - CaliforniaPotable 3 1 Domestic 1 LACSD Water Users Sanitary Sewer Supply 2 Site Landscape 16 Intercooler Irrigation Condensate Sodium 4 Hypochlorite Recycled Water Recycled Water 1,460 Storage 524 494 331 Treated Water 335 Mixed Bed Demin Water NOx 335 Evaporation Supply Tank Permeate Storage Tk IX Trailer Storage Tk Control to Atmosphere 15 905 10 Evap MMF RO Cooler 30Selecting and Sizing Water-Storage Tanksa well-designed system that exercises the tank; considerations include water turn-over,altitude valves,pumping management,and other components for maintaining fresh water in the tank and mitigating water quality issues.Both active and passive systems for improving water quality in tanks are available for new and existing tanks.
The deeper the well,the longer it takes the pump to move water up and out into the system.A well pump may cycle so frequently that only a small amount of water reaches the distribution system before it turns off again. Equipment failure.Frequent starts and stops can overheat the pump and lead to premature motor failure.Drinking Water Study of Fire Fighting System to Extinguish Full Surface Jan 01,2011·Fire Water System Fire water system supply water to mix with foam concentrate,cool tank shell and feed movable fire equipments such as foam monitors.According to Fire prevention code of petrochemical enterprise design (GB50160? 2008)P  P,tanks within the distance of 1.5 D to burning tank should be cooled (D is diameter of the burning
A = r 2 where r is the radius which is equal to d/2.Therefore V (tank) = r2h.The filled volume of a vertical cylinder tank is just a shorter cylinder with the same radius,r,and diameter,d,but height is now the fill height or f.Therefore V (fill) = r2f.UNDERSTANDING WATER SUPPLY FOR HOME FIREsupply.When public water is not available or pressure is insufficient,a well or a tank and pump can be used for water supply.Designing the domestic-fed system requires communication with the water utility so that available water pressures and flow to the system can be determined,and so that the design can meet the utility requirements.Water Sector Policy - IsDBagriculture and domestic water uses.Similarly,desalination,treatment and reuse of domestic,industrial and agricultural wastewater,and the use of produced water (from the oil industry),hold significant potential for enhancing the water supply in water-stressed member countries. Poor water governance and man made challenges.
Shop for Water Storage Tanks at Tractor Supply.Notice Changing your store affects your localized pricing and pickup locations to new items added to cart.Any items already in your cart may change price.Any new items added to your cart as Pickup In Store will be sent to the new store.[DOC]Section 22 11 23 - DOMESTIC WATER PUMPS·Web viewSpecifier shall consider domestic hot water system length and volume when determining size and type of recirculation pump required.4.Circulation pumps are intended to be used when domestic hot water systems require pumping through domestic water heat exchangers,heat recovery systems,separate heating equipment and storage tanks,etc.egypt oil tank domestic water supply system volume - Oil Home / egypt oil tank domestic water supply system volume.asme pressure vessels Highland Tank.A small air compressor may be used to replenish the air volume periodically as it is absorbed into the water.Large hydropneumatic tanks are usually horizontal with volumes of 2,000 gallons or more.
The ITE (as well as the ITS) can be part of a solar water heating system.It can be installed with or without a drainback system.SHURflo 182 200 Pre Pressurized Accumulator Tank,Black.Actual water volume in the reservoir is only 2 to 4 ounces (per the installation instructions that came with the tank and our measured results)!poland oil storage tank domestic water supply system If lube oil is lost it is automatically replaced by the oil pump.Sump Tank - an overview ScienceDirect Topics (PDF) Solar Water Heating System IJRAME Journal and poland oil storage tank domestic water supply system volume A simple water heating system would pump cold water out to a collector to be heated water flows back to a collection tank.qatar transformer tank domestic water supply system volumeJan 27,2021·Building services report subang parade.Jul 05,201446 Photo 79 Continuous running pumps with pressure indicators to supply domestic water Photo 80 Make-up tank for the cold water supply uzbekistan oil ometer domestic water supply system volumeRESERVOIR DESIGN AND STORAGE VOLUME.1.Water Systems With A Single Source .
WWATTS Water Heater Expansion Tank DET 5 MI HD .This expansion tank controls thermal expansion of water in open domestic hot water supply systems.It absorbs the increased volume of water generated by the hot water heating source.Its' pre pressurized steel tank uses an expansion membrane to prevent air/water contact for long system life.[tank]Watts 2.1 gal.Pre Pressurized Steel Water uzbekistan cave tank domestic water supply system Oil Storage Tank (also called oil tank or gasoline storage tanks) can be used as diesel fuel tank,fuel oil tank,diesel storage tank,bulk oil storage tanks to store and transport oil or other liquids which keep the stored oil in stable condition.Oil storage tank is the main equipment for the oil depot.[tank]Chapter 14American Military History
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Two 12-foot diameter turbines will be suspended under a barge located just downstream of the existing Hastings powerplant. The turbines will be mounted on gantries so they can be pulled out of the water in case of emergencies, adverse river conditions, or maintenance requirements. The barge is anchored to the river bottom and tethered to the existing dam structure. The electricity generators are mounted on the barge platform. A transmission cable carries the electricity from the barge to the existing powerplant grid.
How it Works
A traditional hydroelectric plant generates power by using the weight of falling water. The weight of the water (62.4 lbs/cubic foot) spins a turbine converting the kinetic power of the moving water to mechanical power. In turn the mechanical power is used to generate electricity. Wikipedia provides detailed information on traditional hydroelectric power generation. The new technology being tested at Hastings does not require a structure that impounds water, or that changes the flow of the river. Rather, turbines are installed to make use of the natural flow of the river current. This is called run of river mode. If all works out as planned, the turbines will be generating clean, renewable energy for as long as the river flows and the machinery is operable.
Last updated: October 15, 2018


Hydro Power Project, Thoubal, Manipur
The Thoubal multipurpose project is planned to harness the perennial water of Thoubal River for creation of irrigation facility, water supply facility and hydro-power generation.
This project has been included in the Prime Minister's special economic package and monitored by the central government. The construction of spillway & Intake portion of the project was awarded to Ansals by the Irrigation & Flood Control Department of Govt. of Manipur.


Irrigation of all vegetable types or row crops.
- Working pressure range: 0.2 to 2.0 bar.
- System head control must be installed in the highest point of the irrigated field.
- The system is designed for installation in fields with maximum 2% slope.
- The system includes all needed components for field installation and operation.
- The system can be operated by water pressure using a pump or by atmospheric pressure (over 0.2 bar).
Features And benefits
- All products/ parts needed for installation and operation are included.
- Easy to use, assemble and operate.
- Precise and water efficient application directly to the root zone.
- Durable drippers for several seasons’ performance.
- Dripperlines wall thickness allows multi-seasonal use (layout and retrieval).


The upward vertical flow of oil-water mixtures has been investigated in a 37-ft. length of cellulose acetate butyrate tubing of inside diameter 1.038-in. Flow pattern, holdup and pressure drop data were obtained for water mixtures with 0.936, 20.1 and 150 centipoise oils at superficial water velocities ranging from 0.10 to 10.0 ft./sec.
The oil-water mixtures exhibited a behavior similar to that of air-water mixtures studied previously. The flow patterns observed at constant superficial water velocity with increasing oil-water ratio were: drops of oil in water, slugs of oil in water, froth, and drops of water in oil. Holdup of the phase forming the continuous medium was observed but to a much lesser extent than with the air-water system. Curves of pressure drop versus oil-water ratio exhibited a minimum, a maximum and a second minimum at low water velocities; a single minimum at intermediate water velocities; and a steady increase at superficial water velocities above about 5 ft./sec.
A friction factor based upon the properties and the superficial velocity of the water is correlated with the superficial velocity of the oil and a Reynolds number based on the properties and superficial velocity of the water. This shows that the pressure drop due to friction and other irreversibilities is essentially independent of the viscosity of the oil except under conditions where the oil is the continuous phase.


The paper presents results of research hydraulic processes at the intake structures of diversion power plants in winter. On the basis of the physical modeling results the flow characteristics of sluiceway channel of water intake on the river Issyk-Ata, Kyrgyzstan were determined. Statistical models of discharges of elements of sluiceway channel with their mutual influence were obtained, using the methods of experimental design and data analysis. The influence of the concentration of brash ice on the sluiceway channel and its elements is described. The comparison of experimental data with data obtained by other authors before is made by comparing flow coefficients. Recommendations for normal operation of ice pass at sluiceway track channel of water intake structure for diversion power plant are given.


K3VL Series Kawasaki axial piston pump
The K3VL series swash plate type Kawasaki axial piston pumps are designed to satisfy a variety of construction and off-highway applications. These are particularly useful where a medium to high pressure variable displacement pump is required.
> 28 to 200cc displacements
> 320 bar continuous pressure rating
> Load sensing, torque limiting and electronic displacement control
> Integral impellor pump available on 200cc unit
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hoist equipment devices introduced
Hoist equipment including hydraulic system power unit, control and regulation devices, and other assistive devices. Sets can share a hydraulic hoist system.
.Hoist equipment hydraulic power unit generally, it is the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Hoist equipment Pump generally use positive displacement pumps, such as vane pumps and piston pumps. Vane pumps and piston pumps have a compact structure, smooth operation, less noise, long life and other advantagescan be high pressure, high flow, and the flow rate is adjustable. Recent years, domestic hydraulic hoist common use in high pressure, so in most cases, piston pump. Additionally,small electric hoist because the importance of hydraulic Hoist equipment hydraulic systems are generally set up two sets of hydraulic pumps, spare each other.


Spool-type flow divider/combiners
Spool-type flow dividers only allow flow in one direction. From the symbol in Figure 11-2, it is plain that reverse flow would lock up one of the cylinders. The cylinder that needs less resistance actually gets more. In a circuit where flow must go both ways, use a check valve to bypass the flow divider.
Figure 11-12 shows spool-type flow dividers in a circuit that synchronizes two cylinders. As the cylinders extend, the flow divider splits the flow and cylinder speed is nearly the same. When the cylinders retract, bypass check valves allow fluid to go around the divider. There is no synchronization from the cap-end flow divider at this time. A second flow divider with bypass check valves on the rod-end ports (as shown) is necessary for identical movement while retracting. As depicted in Figure 11-4, some flow dividers come with integral bypass check valves. Integral bypass check valves save piping time, have fewer leaks, and are more compact.
Because flow dividers are not 100% accurate, one of the cylinders may lag. Because there is internal leakage past the spool, any flow divider will let the lagging cylinder continue its travel. Because of the bypass leakage, the speed of the lagging cylinder while it is going to the end of its stroke is very slow. Integral relief valves (as shown in Figure 11-4) allow the lagging cylinder to catch up quickly. Set these relief valves between 50 and 150 psi. Once the pressure difference across the valve reaches this pressure range, fluid bypasses the restricted spool to quickly re-phase the cylinders.
In Figure 11-13, a single flow divider/combiner synchronizes cylinders in both directions of travel. Here a flow divider/combiner replaces the flow divider and check valves in Figure 11-12. Because there is no ANSI symbol for the flow divider/combiner, add bi-directional arrows to the one-way flow-divider symbol. This more-detailed symbol helps to clarify the valve’s action. Bi-directional arrows show the divider/combiner function. These detailed symbols come from manufacturers’ catalogs and represent their interpretation of their valve’s function.
As the cylinders extend, the divider/combiner splits the flow to keep cylinder speeds nearly the same. When the cylinders retract, the divider/combiner shifts internally and equalizes return flow also.
A flow divider/combiner wastes energy the same as a standard flow divider. In essence these devices are infinitely variable pressure-compensated flow control pairs. Any flow control will cause heat because it is a restriction.
Flow dividers or flow divider/combiners are not designed to control running-away loads. For the circuits in Figures 11-12 and 11-13, a counterbalance valve in the line between the directional valve and the flow divider may be necessary if the loads can run away.
Spool-type priority flow dividers
Figure 11-14 shows a typical spool-type priority flow divider circuit. A priority flow divider maintains constant flow from the controlled flow (CF) port. Any additional flow passes out the excess flow (EF) port. The non-standard symbol in the Figure is one typically found in manufacturers’ catalogs. The controlled flow may be fixed or adjustable, according to the circuit needs. The excess flow may be sent to tank or to another circuit as required. (When there is pressure at the excess flow port, make sure the valve design can handle it.)
Some priority flow dividers are more like 3-port flow controls and cannot stand backpressure at the EF port. Use these flow dividers for bleed-off flow controlling only. With a bleed-off type priority flow divider, pressure at EF port causes flow at the CF port to fluctuate.
In Figure 11-14, a fixed-orifice priority flow divider is used on a vehicle with power steering and hydraulic actuators. This is the standard circuit for a forklift truck using a fixed-volume pump. The power-steering circuit needs 7 gpm and pump flow at idle is a minimum of 10 gpm. The actuators need as much as 15 gpm for maximum speed.
When the vehicle is operating, the power steering circuit will always have at least 7 gpm. When the mast or tilt cylinders need fluid, excess pump flow operates them. Because there is little excess flow at idle, the mast and tilt cylinder's speeds are slow at this time.
The circuit in Figures 11-15 and 11-16 controls the speed of a hydraulic cylinder powered by a fixed-volume pump. The adjustable controlled-flow port of the priority flow divider connects to the cylinder valve, with the excess-flow port piped to tank. This arrangement controls cylinder speed and keeps heat build up low because the pressure in this circuit is only slightly higher than the cylinder needs.
Most priority flow dividers are pressure compensating so the priority flow remains constant even when pressure changes occur. As long as there is enough pump output, the controlled flow is constant. Excess flow changes as pump volume varies.
A priority flow divider wastes energy just like any spool-type divider. The inlet pressure to the divider is the same as the highest outlet pressure. When either outlet port is pressurized, the port with little or no pressure is wasting energy and generating heat.


Pressure Drop Due to Flow Through Fine Mesh Screensby Mahadevan Padmanabhan,
Svein Vigander, (A.M.ASCE),
Serial Information: Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 1978, Vol. 104, Issue 8, Pg. 1191-1195
Document Type: Journal Paper
Abstract: In hydraulic models, the proper simulation of pressure drop and velocity modification behavior of the screens is important. A good estimate of the pressure losses across square mesh screens with small openings and round wires could be obtained from the relationships even for screen Reynolds numbers less then 1,000.
Subject Headings: Hydraulic models | Mesh generation | Hydraulic pressure | Simulation models | Dynamic pressure | Fluid velocity | Reynolds number | Pressurized flow
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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CALCULATING RESERVE CAPACITY OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The purpose of calculations
Determine the reserve flow capacity of sections of a water supply system.
A reserve is a maximum water flow rate that must be supplied to a prospective consumer at a connection point, provided the system maintains an uninterrupted supply of a design water flow rate with a required pressure head for the existing consumers
- Before calculating reserve network capacity, it is necessary to ensure that during hydraulic modeling all consumers are provided with the required flow rate, otherwise, the system does not have a reserve by default.
- It is possible to perform calculations for the entire system or only the sections selected on the map, for example, sections of one trunk main or block.
- The reserve flow capacity is determined according to the maximum velocity or specific line loss limits in network sections.
- The reserve flow capacity is determined according to the maximum flow rate limit at the sources.
Reserve calculation method
The module repeatedly performs automated simulation modeling with a fixed flow rate at points of delivery. In each subsequent calculation, the program inserts a provisional consumer in each section of a water supply system and determines the flow rate that can be connected at this point. The resulting flow rate should not lead to pressure head at points of delivery being reduced below the required level.
As with previous hydraulic calculations, a diagram of a water supply system created in the ZuluGIS topology editor is the main input data.
The list of attributes for water supply system objects corresponds to the set required to perform simulation modeling with a fixed water offtake at points of delivery.
Prior to launching calculations, users specify an interval, which will be used to divide the sections and calculate the reserve, in the ZuluHydro task window. Minimum required head is set for connection points.
To present the calculation results, users specify flow rate ranges and their corresponding colors.
The results of reserve flow capacity calculations can be called a map of spare capacity. They are represented by a set of linear and symbol objects stored in a separate vector layer.
Symbol objects are tie-in points; the corresponding reserve flow rate, pressure at the point, diameter and identifier of the input section are stored in attribute tables.
Linear objects can appear in different colors. Linear objects are created on top of water supply system sections; the color of the objects corresponds to custom ranges. The reserve flow rate, pressure at a starting point, diameter and identifier of each section are stored in tables.
Reserve capacity calculations are used when:
- Issuing technical specifications for connecting new consumers
- Identifying disadvantageous water supply areas that do not have any reserves
- Choosing locations for new buildings and constructions projects
- Publishing information on a company’s website in order to increase the investment appeal of a water supply scheme.
Video. Calculating reserve capacity of a water supply system.
More about calculating reserve capacity
See also: Modeling water hammer


MOSCOW, March 23. /TASS/. Certain hydropower plants of the Volga river cascade can be shut down this summer due to the low water level in the Volga River, department director of the Russia’s Ministry of Natural Resources Dmitry Kirillov said on Monday.
Water reserves in the Volga cascade hydropower plants currently totals 40% of the normal rate, Kirillov added. "Some hydropower plants can be shut down. Escapage discharges will be limited across the Volga Hydro cascade by the second quarter-end," the official said.
Furthermore, navigation on the Volga River can be limited because of the shallowing, he added.


The authors propose a new system for recovering energy from sea waves. The system is composed of a large-sized buoy (point absorber), directly connected to a piston pump. The piping, developed underground, allows the water to be moved into a pressurized reservoir, which feeds a hydraulic turbine. The latter discharges the flow in a tank where the hydraulic circuit closes. A sizing methodology developed in the present work, demonstrates the possibility of designing miniaturized components by leaving the possibility of providing an acceptable energy output with low installation costs. A preliminary study demonstrates that a 4.5 m buoy, associated with a small 17 cm diameter Pelton, could be able to recover more than 35,000 kWh/year.


Modern hydraulics uses confined liquid to transmit power, multiple force, or produce motion. The fundamental concept of any hydraulic system operation and fluid power is Pascal’s Law, which states that pressure applied on a confined fluid is transmitted in all directions with equal force on equal areas.
How will the crane arm gripper move?
How will the principle of hydraulic system and fluid pressure be applied to operate my robot crane?
How can we design a cardboard robotic crane that is strong and sturdy to move an object?


How to store the hydraulic hammer
1, When the hydraulic hammer
from the excavator to remove the custody, in order to prevent the rain into the need to put the rear side of the cylinder, the best stored in the low humidity room. Long-term use of the broken hammer, improper storage, will lead to rust, oil spills. Immediately when disassembled, the hydraulic system is closed with a plug to prevent foreign matter from entering the hydraulic system.
2.Long-term storage of hydraulic hammer
nitrogen should be released. At the same time pay attention to the rust of the piston, release the cylinder after the nitrogen, with the top of the piston to push the most inside, and finally smearing anti-rust oil.
3.After removing the drill rod, check the wear condition of the wearing parts in the lower cylinder and check the piston, the drill rod striking face, the drill rod, the thrust ring seal cone.
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The Department of Public Utilities Water Division operates the municipally owned public water utility system that is regulated by the Federal and State drinking water laws. The maintenance and operation of the City’s two water filtration plants is charged to the Water Division. The Division also oversees the security of the watershed land. The Water Division coordinates the maintenance work for the sewer collection system and assists the Department of Public Services as necessary with the maintenance of the storm water systems.
The Water Division also provides the following services to the residents of Pittsfield:
- Performs annual hydrant flushing of water distribution system
- 24 hour response to clear sewer main blockages
- Investigates dirty water and other drinking water complaints
- Repairs water main breaks
- Coordinates testing of backflow devices in accordance with the Cross-Connection Program


Constructed of metal parts for durable applications
Ball valves are designed primarily for on/off service. The two-way valve model has a single inlet port and a single outlet port for straight through operation. The handle of the valve can be turned to change the flow pattern or on/off service of the valve. Choose from stainless steel/PFA or brass/PFA valve options.


The cartridge type relief valve is used in the main role of the overflow from the constant pressure and safety protection. When the constant pressure overflow effects the fix displacement pump throttle control system, the cartridge type relief valve is to provide a constant flow if the system pressure increases, the traffic demand will decrease.
Group of Cartridge Type Relief Valves
has been presented above, want more Cartridge Type Relief Valves
and Cartridge Type Hydraulic Relief Valves
, Please Contact Us


The Fish and Wildlife Service manages thirteen impoundments covering 2,650 acres to provide fall and winter habitats for waterfowl and a spring stopover habitat for migrating shorebirds. Water control structures are used to manipulate impoundment water levels to meet specific habitat requirements of objective wildlife species. During significant storm events, like Hurricane Sandy, storm surge from the Atlantic Ocean breaches the berms of the impoundments and fills them with salt water. The existing water control structures limit the outflow of saltwater from the storm surges, which negatively affects the freshwater impoundments. The project involved the analysis of the existing water control structures for seven interconnected ponds to determine the drain times during storm events such as Hurricane Sandy.
The proposed water control structures were to provide a 10-day drain time for storm surge events. The tidal fluctuations of the Atlantic Ocean were also considered in the existing and proposed drain times of the water control structures. Hydraulic Engineer responsible for hydraulic analysis utilizing Bentley PondPack for the existing and proposed seven water control structures. The project scope was to increase overall outflow capacity to mitigate adverse saltwater intrusion impacts in the freshwater vegetative communities.
B&N implemented an innovative water control structure design to provide a sufficient weir length and a stop log structure to set the water level needed for the targeted bird species for the winter and summer seasons.


New flow switch ranges from Cynergy3
UK-based flow sensor and liquid level manufacturer Cynergy3 Components has extended its range of flow switches to cater for larger diameter pipes and higher flow rates.
In addition to inline flow switches, the range now includes paddle type flow switches including a new stainless steel version.
Inline and paddle type flow switches are suitable for installation in both small and large size diameter pipes. The flow switches can be used to control pumps, valves and other control equipment in a variety of industrial processes.
The FSH range of paddle type flow switches includes two series, the FSH10AR and FSHPLC.
The FSH10AR series is a general purpose paddle flow switch for loads up to 4A inductive. The switch can be used to control a pump, valve or process via a relay output, ideal for controlling a circulating or centrifugal electric pump that is providing increased pressure or flow within water systems with storage tanks.
Pipe connection is via a G1” (1” BSP) thread suitable for mounting to pipe sizes G1”, G2”, G3” and G4”. The device relies on the flow of liquid working in opposition to the spring-loaded paddle to operate the relay.
The FSHPLC series works in a similar way to the FSH10AR series, but provides a signal level, volt-free contact for output to a PLC - also suitable for pipe sizes G1” to G4”.
Both series’ are constructed in reinforced polyamide with brass screw mounts and are protected to IP54. Maximum pressure is 10 bar and maximum operating temperature is 100°C.
The LFS series of paddle flow switches have a stainless steel paddle and a IP65 aluminium alloy housing or DIN 43650 connection. These switches are suitable for flow detection in harsh operating environments, where the pipe media is aggressive/corrosive.
LFS flow switches can be installed in 1” to 3” bore pipes. Maximum operating pressure is 20 bar and operating temperature range is -30°C to +150°C.


Current Streamflow Conditions
Streamflow guages have been installed along the Lake Fork River and Henson Creek. Keep track of the water levels using the following links.
Click HERE to follow current stream flow conditions in the waterways around Lake City through the USGS monitoring program. Scroll down to #1402002 UPPER GUNNISON for several area sites.
Lake City sites include:


Reservoirs 7 Litre
These 7 litre steel hydraulic oil tanks are constructed from two deep drawn components then seam welded together from a high quality alloy steel. A plastic 3/4" BSP Filler/Breather cap is fitted to allow easy filling, which contains a filter gauze. The 1/4"BSP drain plug is can be used to drained and change the hydraulic oil. The black powder coating gives an attractive finish and hard wearing corrosion resistance.
When calculating a hydraulic powerpack reservoir the volume requirements of the hydraulic system and any cooling and heat dissipation requirements should always be considered.


Hydraulic cylinder maintenance and maintenance, in particular, is the maintenance and repair of hydraulic media and hydraulic cylinders. Hydraulic transmission has many advantages such as simple structure, stable quality, high mechanical efficiency, and easy automation. Therefore, many large sites are currently maintained, and medium-sized machinery adopts hydraulic transmission systems. However, there are also oil leakages in hydraulic technology, and oil temperature changes affect the speed control and noise. How to operate the hydraulic machine more safely and efficiently, correctly select the hydraulic oil according to system pressure, operating speed, working oil quantity, and ambient temperature, use and maintain it reasonably, maintain excellent working performance of the oil for a long time, and exert optimal work Efficiency is the key to work. In response to this, we must usually operate in accordance with the norms and scientific management.
To maintain and maintain hydraulic cylinders, contamination must be prevented from mixing with the hydraulic fluid:
1. During the use of the cylinder, the hydraulic oil should be replaced regularly and the system filter should be cleaned to ensure cleanliness and prolong life.
2. When the cylinder is used every time, it is necessary to conduct full trial run and 5 strokes, and then carry it again. This can exhaust the air in the system, preheat the systems, effectively avoid the presence of air or water in the system, and cause gas explosion ( or scorch ) in the cylinder block , which will damage the seal and cause the cylinder to leak. Such as failure.
3 , control the system temperature, high oil temperature will reduce the seal life, long-term high oil temperature makes the seal permanent deformation, or even completely failure.
4 , to protect the outer surface of the piston rod, to prevent bumps and scratch damage to the seals, often clean the dynamic seal ring and the exposed piston rod on the sand, to prevent adhesion to the surface of the piston rod difficult to clean Dirt enters the cylinder and damages the piston, cylinder or seal.
5 , often check the thread, bolts and other joints and found loose immediately tightened.
6 , often lubrication of the joints to prevent corrosion or abnormal wear without oil.


The Water Tunnel is a channel system used to relieve hydrostatic pressure build up surrounding a structure’s foundation. Holes on both sides of the tunnel allow water to be collected from the footing/wall joints and under the floor. The unique bottlomless design allows water to flow away from your basement at a rate of 140 gallons per minute.
Redirect Water With Water Channel Water Redirection
by Abstract Technology Group | Nov 30, 2018


Tipper Trailer Power Units 3
Consisting of high pressure gear pumps, DC motor, manifold, valves, tank, remote controller etc., this power unit features typical power up power down. The second relief valve provides an extra protection for the machine when lowered. The lowering speed is automatically adjusted by a pressure compensated flow control valve. These series are widely used in tipper trailers, hydraulic hoists and so on.


The reasons for the oil leakage problem of the hydraulic baler
can be started from the following aspects. The absolute pressure of the liquid in the hydraulic baler oil tank must be equal to or greater than the atmospheric pressure. This is the external condition that the hydraulic pump of the hydraulic baler
can absorb the oil. Therefore, in order to ensure the normal oil absorption of the hydraulic pump of the hydraulic baler
, the oil tank must be connected to the atmosphere, or a closed gram pressure oil tank must be used.
1. The system pressure is adjusted too high, causing the seal or the sealing surface to leak. Appropriately reduce the pressure of the hydraulic system of the straw baler
, but still adjust the pressure of the hydraulic system to the specified range according to the requirements of the machine manual, and do not adjust it too high.
2. There is leakage in the valve. The reason is that the spool valve of the straw baler increases the gap. At this time, the body hole of the valve should be ground, and the gap should be matched according to the actual size of the valve body hole.
3. Seal leakage. The damage and aging of the seals of the hydraulic baler make the seal poor. At this time, these broken seals should be replaced in time. When the directional seals are installed in the wrong direction, they should be reinstalled.
The above are some points summed up by NKBALER through more than ten years of experience. If you still do not understand, you can always call our after-sales telephone consultation 86-29-86031588, https://www.nkbaler.net/.


Figure 4-46. Hydraulic reservoir.
(2) Remove breather (fig. 4-46) from
(1) Install screen in hydraulic reservoir gage
(3) Check breather for damage. If breather
is damaged, replace breather.
(2) Install hydraulic reservoir gage (fig. 4-
46) in reservoir.
(1) Install breather in place on reservoir.
(3) Install floor and toe plates.
(2) Install floor and toe plates.
4-61. Hydraulic Oil Filter
a. General. The hydraulic oil filter is mounted on a
4-60. Hydraulic Reservoir Inlet Screen
bracket on the frame below the seat. All return oil from
(1) Remove floor and toe plates to gain
the hydraulic system and steering system flows through
access to reservoir.
the filter before returning to the reservoir. A filter
(2) Remove hydraulic reservoir gage (fig. 4-
element indicator (fig. 4-48) is mounted on a bracket
46) from reservoir.
above the filter. Pressure of the oil passing through the
(3) Remove screen from below gage.
filter registers on the indicator. A white indicating line in
(4) Clean screen in cleaning compound,
the indicator is moved by the pressure. If the
solvent (Fed. Spec. P-D-680) and dry thoroughly.


Non-standard hydraulic station introduction to non-standard hydraulic system
The pressure station, also known as the hydraulic pump station, is the hydraulic power source for the execution of the machine. It supplies oil according to the requirements of the drive unit (main unit) and controls the direction, pressure and flow of the oil flow. It is suitable for various types of separation between the main unit and the hydraulic unit. Under hydraulic machinery. After the user purchases, the hydraulic station can be connected to the actuator (cylinder and oil motor) on the main engine by the oil pipe, and the hydraulic machine can realize various prescribed actions and work cycles. The hydraulic station is a combination of pump unit, manifold or valve combination, fuel tank and electrical box. The functions of each component are as follows: Pump unit - equipped with motor and oil pump, it is the power source of the hydraulic station, which converts mechanical energy into the power of hydraulic oil. The integrated block is made up of a combination of hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates the direction, pressure and flow of hydraulic oil. Valve combination - the plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate connection is the same as the integrated block. Oil tank - is a semi-closed container welded by steel plate. It is also equipped with oil filter net, air filter, etc. It is used for oil storage, oil cooling and filtration. Electrical box - in two forms. A terminal board for setting an external lead; one is equipped with a complete set of control appliances. The working principle of the hydraulic station is as follows: the motor drives the oil pump to rotate, the pump draws oil from the oil pump, and converts the mechanical energy into the pressure energy of the hydraulic oil. The hydraulic oil is hydraulically operated by the integrated block (or valve combination) to achieve direction, pressure and flow. After adjustment, it is transmitted to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor through the external pipeline, thus controlling the change of the direction of the liquid engine, the magnitude of the force and the speed, and promoting the work of various hydraulic machines.
Main use: Provide power for punching and stretching of machine tools.
System features: 1, classic high and low pressure hydraulic control system, energy saving and environmentally friendly green design.
2, rigorous design to ensure high energy efficiency.
3, low noise, to prevent leakage.
4, the main components are internationally renowned brands, safe and stable system will road.
5, compact structure, powerful power, high punching frequency.
6, all components to ensure good interchangeability, to ensure high machine operating rate.


Laminar Flow Table
Model No. : PIT-
The present set-up is designed to visualize the ideal flow around immersed body. It consists of a flow table in which flow of water is circulated in between two transparent sheets with a small gap between them.
Water is supplied to the table and a coloured dye is injected in the inlet of flow at a different locations. Water from the sump tank is pumped by a centrifugal pump to a calming section for the table and after passing through the transparent sheet it goes to the sump tank. By-pass and flow control valves are provided to regulate the flow.
Flow is made laminar by operating an inlet control valve for water and it is visualized due to transparent sheet and colour. A small-capacity dye tank will be provided for the flow of dye in the fluid inlet stream. Any obstacle can be placed between the sheets and a change in flow pattern can be visualized. Obstacles of different types will be supplied with the apparatus


ARMY - COE EM 1110-2-1003
|Publication Date:||30 November 2013|
Purpose. This manual provides technical guidance for specifying requirements and performing hydrographic surveys of USACE river and harbor navigation projects, water control projects, and shore protection projects.
Applicability. This manual applies to all USACE commands having responsibility for civil works navigation, flood risk management, multi-purpose water supply/control, coastal storm damage reduction, hurricane protection, multi-purpose water supply/control, and hydropower projects.


Slope stability demonstration (Tools)
Rainfall and landsliding - the relationship between pore pressure and slope instability
In saturated soil or rock, water in voids imparts a buoyancy force that reduces the contact force between grains. As a result, saturation reduces the frictional strength of saturated soil or rock making it susceptible to slope failure.
The magnitude of fluid (or pore) pressure between grains depends on the level of the water table. As the water table rises (and approaches the surface), fluid pressures rise and increase the likelihood of landsliding. High rainfall rates tend to cause rapid rise of the water table. We use our laboratory landslide model to explore how rainfall affects landsliding. Specifically, we determine how the rainfall rate (or water input rate) affects the slope angle at which landslides occur. A pump attached to the upper of two porous cinder blocks delivers water at a controlled rate. The water infiltrates through the upper block and percolates into the lower block until that lower block becomes saturated. If the water pressure along the cinder block interface is sufficient to reduce the frictional contacts, failure results and the upper cinder block slides off (Landslide!). The amount of water pressure (controlled by the pump) necessary to induce failure depends on how steeply the blocks are titled. Steeper blocks require less water for failure. For this in-class demonstration, we tilt the blocks at different angles and then slowly increase the water input rate until failure is induced. The valve enables us to record the water input rate at the time of failure, which can be roughly correlated with water pressure along the cinder block interface. An example relationship between water input rate (which is actually measured in liters/min) with the slope at which the blocks slide.