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To develop Boston Stories, memories were mined for the core Stories that would tell the "Boston Story." In the process, thousands of slides, photos, brochures, books, teachers' guides, video clips, grant applications, memos, letters, drawings, "vocabulary lists"–an enormous array of archival materials–were discovered, scanned and preserved.
What was it about the way the museum was reconceived and managed during those years that made it such a different and exciting place? Why did it take on so many challenging problems, come up with such interesting solutions, become a laboratory for the profession, and influence the direction of learning in museums? Why was it such an active collaborator, such a memorable place to work, such a nursery of museum careers, and a precursor to the notion of non-hierarchical, interactive leadership? The answers are not obvious. What happened–especially behind the scenes–is significant but complicated.
And what happened behind the scenes of developing Boston Stories was too good to be left on the cutting room floor. For anyone who wishes to delve deeper into the core stories by following these trails, the archive offers a rich selection of original source materials linked by topic. For students, scholars or anyone interested in research, it is a goldmine.


(3) The alumina processing flow is described in the following paragraphs.
Refer to Figure 2-9 as you read the following steps in the production flow.
(a) Bauxite is unloaded onto open stockpiles or stored in bins inside a
large, long, low shed. A conveyor transports the ore to the crushing and grinding
building where It is reduced to a fine powder.
(b) The powdered bauxite is conveyed to the digester building where it is
mixed with concentrated caustic soda and cooked under steam pressure in an
The concentrated caustic soda is stored in closed tanks
adjacent to the digester building, and steam is supplied by a boiler house located
Under the influence of heat and pressure the alumina dissolves from the
ore and chemically bonds with water to form aluminum hydroxide.
This then goes
into solution with the caustic soda to create a sodium aluminate liquor. The waste
impurities, primarily silica, and ferrous oxide, stay in solid suspension.
(c) The liquid is piped to the filter press building where porous metal
(d) The impurities are piped into settling tanks where water and caustic
soda are recovered for reuse.
The waste (red mud) is pumped to a waste pond and
(e) The liquid is passed to the precipitator building comprised of a series
of large size and tall silo tanks and a large rectangular structure which is
usually covered with a sawtooth roof.
Aluminum hydroxide is precipitated out of
the sodium aluminate liquid inside these tall silo tanks.
Small granules of
aluminum hydroxide (seed crystals) are introduced into the tank at the top and as
they drift down, cause aluminum hydroxide to crystallize out of the solution and
settle at the bottom.
The seed crystals are supplied from seed tanks located
adjacent to the precipitation building. Regularly, precipitated aluminum hydroxide
crystals are drawn from the silo tanks and washed in settling tanks prior to being
sent to the rotary kilns for drying.
The caustic soda solution remains in the
precipitator tank until it is needed for reuse.
(f) After being washed in settling tanks, the aluminum hydroxide crystals
are conveyed to the rotary kilns. These are long, pipe-like furnaces mounted on an
incline and slowly rotated on their long axis. Aluminum hydroxide is introduced at
the upper end and is slowly tumbled down its length, drying, and in the process
changes from a hydroxide to an oxide by the loss of oxygen and hydrogen. Alumina
is taken out of the bottom of the rotary Kiln and sorted in silos or in an alumina


Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso
The colonial city of Valparaíso presents an excellent example of late19th-century urban and architectural development in Latin America. In its natural amphitheatre-like setting, the city is characterized by a vernacular urban fabric adapted to the hillsides that are dotted with a great variety of church spires.
It contrasts with the geometrical layout utilized in the plain. The city has well preserved its interesting early industrial infrastructures, such as the numerous ‘elevators’ on the steep hillsides.
Churches of Chiloé
The Churches of Chiloé represent a unique example in Latin America of an outstanding form of ecclesiastical wooden architecture. They represent a tradition initiated by the Jesuit Peripatetic Mission in the 17th and 18th centuries, continued and enriched by the Franciscans during the 19th century and still prevailing today.
These churches embody the intangible richness of the Chiloé Archipelago, and bear witness to a successful fusion of indigenous and European culture, the full integration of its architecture in the landscape and environment, as well as to the spiritual values of the communities.
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
Humberstone and Santa Laura works contain over 200 former saltpeter works where workers from Chile, Peru and Bolivia lived in company towns and forged a distinctive communal pampinos culture.
That culture is manifest in their rich language, creativity, and solidarity, and, above all, in their pioneering struggle for social justice, which had a profound impact on social history. Situated in the remote desert Pampa, one of the driest deserts on earth, thousands of pampinos lived and worked in this hostile environment, for over 60 years, from 1880, to process the largest deposit of saltpeter in the world, producing the fertilizer sodium nitrate that was to transform agricultural lands in North and South America, and in Europe, and produce great wealth for Chile. Because of the vulnerability of the structures and because of the impact of a recent earthquake, the site was also placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, to help mobilize resources for its conservation.
Rapa Nui National Park
Rapa Nui, the indigenous name of Easter Island, bears witness to a unique cultural phenomenon. A society of Polynesian origin that settled there c. A.D. 300 established a powerful, imaginative and original tradition of monumental sculpture and architecture, free from any external influence.
From the 10th to the 16th century this society built shrines and erected enormous stone figures known as moai, which created an unrivalled cultural landscape that continues to fascinate people throughout the world.
Sewell Mining Town
Situated 85 km south of the capital, Santiago in an environment marked by extreme climate more than 2,000 m up the Andes, Sewell Mining Town was built by the Braden Copper company in the early 20th century to house workers at what was the world’s largest underground copper mine, El Teniente. It is an outstanding example of the company towns that were born in many remote parts of the world from the fusion of local labour and resources from an industrialized nation, to mine and process high-value natural resources.
At its peak Sewell numbered 15,000 inhabitants, but was largely abandoned in the 1970s. The town was built on a terrain too steep for wheeled vehicles around a large central staircase rising from the railway station. Along its route formal squares of irregular shape with ornamental trees and plants constituted the main public spaces or squares of the town. Off the central staircase, paths ran along the contours leading to smaller squares and secondary staircases linking the town’s different levels. The buildings lining the streets are timber, often painted in vivid green, yellow, red and blue. Designed in the U.S.A., most of them were built on a 19th century American model, but the design of the Industrial School (1936), for example, is of modernist inspiration. Sewell is the only mountain industrial mining settlement of considerable size of the 20th century to have been built for year-round use.


Obesity is a condition that affects over 93 million Americans, or nearly 40% of the US population according to the CDC. Although there are a few methods to diagnose obesity, it’s commonly determined using BMI. A BMI of over 30 indicates obesity (calculate your BMI here). For many, they are surprised to learn that their height and weight put them in the obesity range. Many people with obesity don’t see their weight as an issue. They may feel fine, great even. But, obesity can have harmful side effects even if you feel fine now.
Obesity comes with a cost. First, there is a cost to an individual’s health. At least nine health conditions are associated with obesity. Second, there is a financial cost to obesity. The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the US is $147 billion dollars (in 2008 dollars). For each individual with obesity, annual medical costs are estimated to be $1429 higher than their normal weight peers.
For people with obesity who feel healthy, it may only be a matter of time before their health is affected. The physical effects of obesity, as well as lifestyle choices often associated with obesity such as high calorie diet and a sedentary lifestyle, can begin to affect people before they can feel the difference. Some comorbidities don’t have any outward symptoms. For other conditions, once you begin to have symptoms, the condition may have already taken a toll on their health. It’s best to know what conditions are associated with obesity so you can consult with your doctor for diagnosis or learn what signs and symptoms to look out for.
These nine conditions are commonly associated with obesity:
- Osteoarthritis- The extra weight can put additional stress on joints, which can lead to bone and cartilage degradation.
- Type 2 diabetes- Along with obesity, this is the crux of metabolic syndrome. Obesity affects insulin production and usage, which leads to high blood sugar.
- Coronary heart disease- This condition is often seen in conjunction with high cholesterol, as cholesterol can contribute to plaques clogging the arteries. But the extra weight associated with obesity can make the heart work harder and puts a strain on the heart and the blood vessels.
- Stroke- Similar to how obesity affects the blood vessels to the heart, people with obesity are at higher risk of stroke if blood vessels to the brain become clogged.
- Gallbladder disease- A diet high in sugar and fat can contribute to the overproduction of cholesterol by the liver, which can lead to gallstones.
- Breathing difficulty- The extra adipose tissue padding the abdominal cavity can reduce the space needed for the internal organs. When the lungs have a reduced amount of space available to adequately inflate, breathing difficulties can result.
- Sleep apnea- Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for sleep apnea as the extra weight can lead to breathing problems during sleep. Also, people of normal weight who have untreated sleep breathing disorders may gain weight as a result leading to a complicated association of weight and breathing. But, weight loss often results in improvement in breathing during sleep.
- High Blood Pressure- Obesity affects the kidneys in several ways, including through increased pressure within the abdomen and structural and mechanical changes in the kidney itself that result in hypertension.
- Several cancers- According to the CDC, at least 13 different type of cancers are more common if a person has obesity.
While prevention of obesity and overweight is thought to be the best option, weight loss is encouraged if obesity is present. For so many people, weight loss is not easy. Many have tried everything from diet and exercise, to medication, to nutritionists without success. If you have tried to lose weight unsuccessfully, bariatric surgery may be an option for you. If you are obese or overweight and it’s affecting your health, you could be a candidate for gastric sleeve, gastric bypass, or lap band surgery. To schedule a free informational session with Dr. Shillingford, MD, PA, call (561) 483-8840 today. Dr. Shillingford is a board certified surgeon specializing in weight loss surgery. His gastric sleeve, gastric bypass, and gastric band surgery patients receive top notch care at Northwest Medical Center’s Center of Excellence in Bariatric Surgery, and at their follow up appointments in his Boca Raton office.


The 13 February is World Radio Day - a day to celebrate radio as a medium, to improve international cooperation between broadcasters and to encourage major networks and community radio alike to promote access to information, freedom of expression and gender equality over the airwaves.
The date of 13 February the day, the United Nations radio was established in 1946, was proposed by the director - General of UNESCO.
The objectives of the Day will be to raise greater awareness among the public and the media of the importance of radio to encourage decision makers to establish and provide access to information through radio; as well as to enhance networking and international corporation among broadcasters.
Radio still remains the medium that reaches the widest audience worldwide; in the quickest possible time. Through World Radio Day celebrations around the world, UNESCO will promote radio in times of emergency and disaster.


Briefly, the components of a nutrient management program are (NWQEP 1988):
a. Determine current nutrient management practices.
b. Determine the range of soil fertility and crop nutrient requirements .
c. Identify nutrient sources and utilization areas for potential redistribution from areas of
oversupply areas of undersupply. Determine how much improvement in nutrient management
can be accomplished given current practices in the watershed.
d. Provide cost-sharing and technical assistance for cost-sharing and technical assistance for
soil testing and manure testing .
e. Estimate nutrient mass balance fore each filed, farm, and for the entire project area.
Example dairy or mixed livestock components are:
Inputs: feed, fertilizer
Outputs: milk, meat, crops, excess manure
Recycle: manure, crop residue
f. Determine the current inputs for the area generating pollutants, or for each field in the case of
a small project area. Compare with required nutrient needs of crops and pasture based on the
soil test results, soil type and land form. Adjust nutrient applications accordingly.
g. Use worksheets and written plans to formalize records on nutrient input requirements and
application rates for individual farm operations or fields. Where possible the plans should
identify the range of susceptibility of ground and surface water to nutrient over-application
based on soil type and land form. Beegle at al. (1989), Schulte et. al. (1989), Harmon et al.
(1988), and Vitosh and Carroll (1987) developed nutrient management worksheets using
spreadsheet software that are available to make the calculations and planning less cumbersome
for managing farm fertilizer and manure applications .
h. Educational materials, field demonstrations, and technical assistance along with the
calibration of manure and fertilizer spreaders is important. Demonstrations may be needed to
show the nutrient value of animal waste, advanced fertilizer applications such as banding, split
application, injection or improved incorporation the use of legume cover.
i. Promote the effective use of animal waste storage facilities for the optimal timing of manure
nutrient utilization. Also, promote tissue testing to determine the proper nutrient requirement and
to verify nutrient applications .


Before Title IX
In vocational courses in high schools, most girls could only take "home
ec" (cooking, sewing), while most boys could only take "shop"
(woodworking, metalworking). Schools were allowed to deny women training
in fields that society considered "inappropriate" for them. Therefore,
women trained primarily for low-wage, traditionally female jobs like
health aides and cosmetologists.
Since Title IX
Thanks to Title IX, schools can no longer legally shut doors to certain courses or training on the basis of sex. The law says girls must be free to pursue career training in courses like aviation, automotive repair, and architectural drafting, while boys can choose to pursue cooking, nursing, and cosmetology. It's about time! Career training must be by choice not by gender.
Why Title IX Is Still Critical
Even though they're not as obvious as before, barriers in vocational education still exist, as women in vocational programs remain largely concentrated in traditionally-female sectors. Many of these programs provide training for jobs in the lowest-paying sectors of society.
Source: National Women's Law Center analysis based on data from the Departments of Education in Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina and Washington.
Barriers in vocational education still exist, and it is critical that guidance counselors present a wide variety of career options, including potential pay scale and required skill levels, when describing potential vocations.
High-skill, high-wage jobs and training programs are still dominated by men. Low-skill, low-wage jobs and training programs are still dominated by women.
Young women are over 85% of the students enrolled in high school cosmetology, child care, and health assistant courses. Child care workers earn a median salary of $7.43 per hour while cosmetologists earn a median salary of $8.49 per hour.
Young men are over 90% of the students in high school courses for plumbing, electrical work, welding and carpentry. The media salary for plumbers is $18.19 per hour and electricians earn a median salary of $19.29 per hour.
Ask the Secretary of Education
to Keep Title IX Strong in Career Education


Author(s): Akira Wada; Koichi Kitahara; Mitsuhito Kawanaga; Masakazu Miura; Tairyu Takano
Linked Author(s): Akira Wada
Keywords: Stratification; Annox water; Upwelling; Meteorological condition; 3D-numerical model; Tokyo Bay 1
Abstract: In the period of strong density stratification from early summer through early fall, the supply of oxygen from the sea surface to the deeper water is cut off. At the same time, organic matter decomposes near the ocean bottom, so that an anoxic water mass forms. In inner Tokyo Bay, when a northeasterly wind (directed from the inner bay toward the mouth of the bay) blows, the anoxic water mass upwells (an "Aoshio" occurs). In some cases fishes and shellfish die along the coast. Based on the results of continuous observations of water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen content, here we have used an improved fluid flow model to carry out 3-dimensional calculations of the water level, water temperature, salinity and flow distributions. The computational results have reproduced the observational results well. The calculations showed that upwelling of the anoxic water mass that forms during the stratified period is not only affected by the continuously blowing northeasterly wind, but also by a continuous southwesterly wind that blew several days previously. Surface water blown against the coast by this continuous southwesterly wind is pushed downward; the calculations reproduced the process by which the rising force of this previously downwelled surface water also affects the phenomenon of anoxia.


Owls are very unique birds of prey.
One thing that makes owls distinctive is their eyes, which are very large and fixed in their sockets. If we had eyes as big as owls relative to the size of our heads, we'd have eyes the size of softballs! Becasue the eyes of owls do not rotate in their sockets, they have to be able to rotate thier heads instead to see what's around them. BUT they can NOT turn their heads 360 degrees in a full circle. Owls can look all the way around behind them though, a full 180 degrees - much farther than we can turn our heads.
Owls are also known for their abilities of silent flight... Have you ever noticed that owls' wings in flight don't make a sound? Other raptors can make quite a commotion with their wings as they take off to gain flight, but the owl has something special that other birds of prey do not... Fur on their feathers. This 'fur' muffles any sound as the owl flaps its wings -- an important asset for the silent night-time hunting of the owl.
You don't have to go out after dark to look for owls! Because their eyes are specially adapted to see better at night, we could probably not see them then anyway. During the day, go to areas that would be popular hang-outs for rodents and other smallish critters... perhaps an open grove of pines... and look on the ground at the bases of trees for the owl's furry grey 'pellets'. The pellets are the regurtated remains of an owls meals -- made up mostly of fur and whole bones. If you're lucky and have sharp eyes, you might even see the owl itself, roosting in the branches above, catching a little nap -- or watching YOU!
Another way you can tell there's an owl around is by a noisy cackle of smaller birds, often crows -- seemingly all worked-up about something. Crows and songbirds will gang up and relentlessly pester an owl - hoping that eventually the owl will run out of patience and move along. Though pittiable to see an old owl, looking ancient and tired, sitting unmoving as a dozen crows kaw and kaw and swoop and dive-bomb -- until you realize their motive to chase the owl away... Owls like to raid the nests of crows and songbirds to make a meal of the baby birds.
© 1994-1999 Tara Prindle.


For years and years, my mother and grandmother have been telling me, “make sure you dry your hair before you go to sleep, you’ll catch a cold if you go to bed with wet hair.” For most of those years, I’ve often wondered if this was actually true or if it was just an old wives tale. I actually prefer going to bed with a wet head, that way in the morning, I can quickly style my hair without having to damage it by using the blow dryer. Let’s bust this myth open and find out if sleeping on your foam latex mattress with a wet head is actually dangerous or a myth gone too far.
According to Discovery Health, 40 percent of mothers said they believed sending their kids out in the cold weather or to bed with a wet head would get them sick.
Where did the myth come from?
Who are we to blame for this notion of death by dampness? Part of the responsibility is taken by French chemist Louis Pasteur, who in 1878 exposed chickens to anthrax and then dipped their feet in icy water to see how it might affect their odds of catching the disease. The chickens developed anthrax and died. When he repeated the experiment but wrapped the exposed chickens in a warm blanket, they survived.
Human studies in the early 20th century seemed to confirm Pasteur’s research. A German scientist discovered during World War I that soldiers who slept in cold, wet trenches were four times more likely to get colds than those who rested in dry barracks. Somewhere along the line, a few mothers must have caught wind of these studies and began forbidding their children to step foot outside until their heads were bone-dry.
It’s also possible that people who believe that a wet head will lead to a cold have heard that a good percentage of the body’s heat escapes through the head. That is a myth. In actuality, you lose just as much, if not more heat through a bare arm or leg or foot as you do through your noggin.
The idea that going out with a wet head or going to bed with one will lead to a cold is, like so many of those other old warnings, just an old wives’ tale. So, if going outside with a wet head won’t give you a cold, what will?
Colds are actually caused by viruses. You need to be exposed to the cold virus in order to get sick. More than 200 different viruses can cause colds, but the biggest culprit is the rhinovirus.
So remember, the next time your mother tells you not to go to sleep with a wet head, you can always point to the evidence to prove them wrong. After all and old wive’s tale, is just a tale! But if you are looking to dry your hair faster, check out the video below!


Known to the locals as a lesula, the medium-sized, slender monkey has a blonde, grizzled mane and joins a genus of vibrantly coloured monkeys more commonly known as the guenons.
To locals, this cool monkey is known as a lesula – it also goes by the names kifula and tou – but to a team of researchers from the Democratic Republic of Congo and the United States, it’s the world’s newest monkey species.
Unique to the DRC and discovered rather serendipitously – the first lesula researchers spotted was actually a young girl’s wandering pet – they’re defined by their blonde, grizzled manes and join a genus of vibrantly coloured monkeys more commonly known as the guenons.
Researchers have given the medium-sized, slender monkey the formal name, Cercopithecus lomamiensis, after the river that marks the edge of their habitat in the Lomami basin.
The lesula calls home a portion that’s roughly 17,000 square kilometres in size – about as big as Lake Ontario – and it’s also teeming with several other known species of guenons.
“You can walk in the forest, look up in a fruit tree and find at least three different species – even on the same branch – eating,” Kate Detwiler, study co-author and anthropologist at Florida Atlantic University in the United States, told Science-Fare.com. “They’ve figured out a way to divide themselves ecologically enough that they can coexist, but somehow not outcompete each other.”
The lesula may hang out in the trees, but researchers say part of their evolutionary success story may be that they’ve learned to venture down from them – they believe it was part of ours.
“We’re not sure what the environmental pressure was, but, it’s down eating the herbaceous vegetation that’s on the forest floor,” she said.
When researchers analyzed a portion of lesula DNA to confirm it was a new species, they found its closest relative’s actually the owl-faced monkey, a species that lives more than 50 kilometres away and across two rivers – the Lomami and Congo.
Like the lesula, it’s learned to take advantage of the spoils on the forest floor and it seems the only thing they really share with them visually, is their bright blue bum – scientists call it the perineum.
“When the forest was expanding and contracting – possibly during the different ice ages in the Pleistocene – pockets of forest separated populations for a long enough time that they diverged,” Detwiler said.
They estimate the two monkeys split approximately two million years ago and researchers say the forest boundaries may have been particularly responsive to a changing climate.
“In parts of the forest, the base is this white sand and it doesn’t produce a productive habitat for a lot of species,” Detwiler said. “It’s this area where they have to get through – or get around – to get to the good eating forest.”
Since splitting from their closest relative, the skeleton of the lesula has changed too – a third indication that it’s a unique species. In addition to having larger eye sockets than the owl-faced monkey, researchers say the lesula also has several teeth, in both the front and back of the mouth, that are larger too.
As soon as the lesula was found to be a new species, it was added to the list of protected animals in the DRC, along with the bonobo and elephant.
The study’s lead author and conservation biologist with the Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, John Hart, told Science-Fare.com this is because bushmeat’s become a commodity – they’ve even identified a crude supply chain to get it from the forest to the city markets.
According to a 2009 report – also by the Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation – the price of beef, on average, was more than twice the cost of bushmeat. Chicken – the cheapest alternative to bushmeat – was still 40 per cent more expensive than it.
In a region of the world that’s plagued with food security issues, the price makes sense.
“As long as domestic sources of meat are not available or are very expensive – relative to bushmeat – we’re going to see bushmeat continue to be exploited to the very end,” Hart said. “What will save the fauna of the Congo is the development of agriculture and husbandry, so that people have other sources of food.”
The monkey was discovered in a region of the DRC known as TL2 – for the three rivers that cut across it – and since it’s only recently opened to researchers, Hart says several creatures are currently being studied to see if they’re new species too.
The new monkey was described in the journal, PLOS ONE.
Check out the full report here.


The Danube has a problem: It suffers from an increase in plastic and pharmaceutical waste
At present, 322 million tonnes more plastics are produced than in 1950. Even the tenth of this will end up as waste in the sea.
Microplastics have been found in the bowels of the fish of the Danube by scientists. Although we believed that the countries of the former USSR have been avoiding alarming river pollution for a while, unfortunately, this has not happened.
Various types of plastics have started to get into industrial production since the early 20th century, with a smaller boom in their production during 1950s. In 2015, however, 322 million tonnes more of plastics are beeing produced than in 1950. It is striking that a whole tenth of this quantity will end up as waste in the sea.
The problem with plastic waste does not only affect the seas but also the rivers in Europe and other parts of the world. The Danube, second largest European river, sails yearly to the Black Sea in the south of Europe from 530 to 1550 tonnes of plastic waste.
"It turned out that a thousand cubic meters of Danube water contains on average 317 plastic elements", the website aktuality.sk pointing out the growing problem.
Scientists are of the opinion that a key solution to preventing water pollution from plastic waste is its more efficient recycling.
Anti-pollution is also fought by Slovak scientists
As a response to the increasing pollution of the Danube river the PlasticFreeDanube group was formed in 2017, working in the composition of Slovak-Austrian scientific cooperation. The head of the Slovak team is the current scientist of the year, the chemist Mária Omastová.
By 2020, this project will bring results that will tell us what kind of plastics in Danube´s section spanning from Vienna to Gabčíkovo are the most common in the river. Another objective of the project will be to identify whether plastics harvested from the Danube come from industrial production or from households.
Annually up to 150 million tons of plastic are destined for disposable use.
In addition to macroplastic scientists will also deal with a microplastic, a plastic smaller than 5 mm. It easily becomes food for fish which will later appear, for example, on our plate.
"We want to find out which plastics are the fastest in terms of crumbling into smaller parts. When the plastic rubs off the stone it breaks down into smaller parts which can then get into the body of the fish, " Omastová told dennikn.sk.
Plastic waste is just the top of the iceberg
Problems also concern large multinational corporations that deal with agricultural and pharmaceutical production and who discharge their waste into the Danube without much regulation.
A group Joint Danube Survey 3, working under the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR), has identified the top 20 substances currently polluting Danube. Only 7 of them are registered and under constant legislative supervision.
Adam Kovacs from ICPDR says that as an organization they have very little information about what substances are actually being dumped into the Danube from various industrial productions. He admits that the development of EU legislation is far behind the development of the industry.
The 2016 Pact of the Danube Declaration is also aware of this legislative gap. The Declaration also mentions the need to make greater efforts to identify priority substances and new chemicals occurring throughout the Danube basin.
Wastewater treatment plants for cleaner Danube
Despite the lack of legislation states from the Danube basin are making increasing efforts to preserve its biodiversity and engage in its environmental interests.
The quality of water in the most polluted part - in the estuary of the river, should be improved in the near future with the profound help of the European funds. It is the cities of Bucharest, Belgrade and Novy Sad, which are polluting the river at the most. The absence of an effective wastewater treatment plant gives room for the accumulation of hazardous substances and waste.
Slovakia, under the European Initiative for a Cleaner Danube, has undertaken steps to renovate two of the three Bratislava plants in Petržalka and Vrakuňa. This initiative also fights against increasing pollution of our second largest European river.
Intensive production, preparations and transportation planning for the U.S. project were taking place during last months in Hydrotech´s production...
The liter of beer consumes up to 60 liters of water. High water consumption will have to be sharply limited by beer producers.
Carlsberg has pledged to reduce its water consumption by 50% by 2030.


Deep within the Great Bear Rainforest, on the remote Triquet Island off Canada’s western coast, a group of archeologists made the discovery of a lifetime. They began digging without any expectations, but their incredible finding would ultimately bring an ancient folktale to life.
It was the first archaeological dig carried out on the remote island, and the participants weren’t expecting to find much. However, deep down they wanted to believe that the stories they heard were true. What would they uncover in the cold Canadian mud?
Peeling Away The Layers
Working in cooperation with a group of students from the University of Victoria, the archeologists toiled away as they dug deeper and deeper into the earth, carefully removing one layer after another. At the eight foot mark, they finally came across what they were after – deposits of fossil soil. They came to this island expecting to carry out a routine dig, but now, everything had changed. The archeologists were completely shocked. What would they uncover within the fossil soil?
Beneath The Mud
Deep within the thick mud, the archeologists identified the remains of an ancient style of oven called a hearth. They also found burnt pieces of charcoal alongside the oven. This one discovery had the potential to change the entire human history of not just this single island, but of the entire North American hemisphere. However, before jumping to conclusions, the archaeologists needed to be sure that their evidence was legitimate, so they continued to dig for more clues.
As their search continued, they came across a whole wealth of other surprising artifacts including various types of weapons, as well as tools for hunting, fishing, and lighting fires. Both the students and the archaeologists couldn’t believe how much evidence they had uncovered. When they first began the dig, they were skeptical that they’d find the slightest traces of anything worthwhile. Now, they found themselves standing on a potentially groundbreaking discovery. But the most significant piece of the puzzle was yet to come.
A Local Legend
Considering that most historians doubted that this island was ever inhabited, what drove the team of archeologists to dig there in the first place? Their hypothesis came from local stories about the Heiltsuk people. The Heiltsuk people claimed for centuries that they were the first nation indigenous to the Great Bear Rain Forest and that their ancestors came to Triquet Island to seek refuge during the Ice Age. However, archeologists and scientists have denied these claims due to a lack of prehistoric proof. How could this be?
Engulfed In Ice?
Throughout the Ice Age, a vast majority of Western Canada was completely covered in ice and was therefore uninhabitable. Because Triquet Island is situated just off the coast of British Columbia, scientists have long assumed that it too was frozen during the Ice Age. This is why historians, scientists, and archeologists have rejected the claims of the Heiltsuk people. However, the group of archaeologists digging on Triquet Island would soon discover something that would shake this notion to its core.
Proof At Last
The Heiltsuk people were optimistic that the findings of the archeological expedition would support their claims that they had historical ownership over the land on Triquet Island. Until then, the oldest artifact in favor of their existence on the island dated back to about 7190 BCE. The only issue was that the Heiltsuk people were known for a lifestyle centered around fishing. Based on the new findings, however, the ancient inhabitants of Triquet Island had a much different diet…
Following The Clues
Among the various artifacts found during the archeological excavation on Triquet Island were spears and other tools presumed to be used for hunting. When the researchers took a closer look at these artifacts, they realized that the spears were far too big to be used for fishing. Moreso, the island was virtually absent of land mammals for which a spear of this size would be practical. Something here didn’t add up. The archaeologists were determined to get to the bottom of it.
Visit DrivePedia to see the rest of the discovery


When ulcers of the lower extremity develop, it is important to find out why. Many ulcers develop over boney prominences which are subjected to pressure, and are therefore labeled as pressure ulcers. However, one common etiology of lower extremity wounds is frequently not considered, particularly in elderly persons. This is atherosclerotic disease of the lower limbs, also called peripheral arterial disease, or PAD. The term PAD can also apply to atherosclerotic disease in other locations such as carotid arteries leading to the brain. Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and hyperlipidemia.
Diagnosing PAD is important, as treatment can begin with antiplatelet therapy, vasodilators, or surgical therapies such as angioplasty and bypass grafting. Many complications related to PAD can be prevented with basic foot care, control of risk factors, timely treatment of ulceration, and interdisciplinary collaboration between nutritionists, nurses, physicians, and other specialists such as podiatrists and vascular surgeons. Persons with PAD also have increased prevalence of heart attack and stroke, making control of risk factors a major priority.
Physical signs of PAD include diminished pulses, delayed capillary return, coolness, and chronic changes of the skin such as hairlessness, pallor and thinning. When diagnosing vascular ulcers, it is important that bedside physical diagnostic signs be supplemented by objective measurements obtained by a competent vascular technician.
Several non-invasive vascular studies are available, including transcutaneous oxygen measurement, segmental Doppler studies, skin temperature, and segmental pressures. Two of the most useful and readily available studies are ankle-brachial index and plethysmography, which translates arterial pulsation in the lower extremity into visible wave forms (pulse volume recordings or PVRs) using inflated cuffs at various levels.
Ankle-brachial index is a measure of ankle systolic pressure divided by brachial systolic pressure. A normal ratio is 0.9 to 1.3, and a ratio less than 0.9 indicates a decrease in ankle blood flow relative to the arm. An ABI less than 0.5 indicates severe occlusive disease to the leg, however this result is less reliable when arteries are stiff, as occurs when calcification is present. It is therefore advisable to use other studies to supplement ABI such as plethysmography.
The normal pulse volume wave form shows a systolic upstroke with sharp peak, followed by a downstroke with a dicrotic notch. The figure above shows a normal pulse volume recording. Changes in contour that indicate PAD include diminution of pulse amplitude, blunted amplitude of the waveform, and absence of dicrotic notch. With severe PAD, pulsation is absent and wave forms are flattened.
Once non-invasive vascular studies are obtained which demonstrate PAD, the issue of etiology of lower extremity ulcer becomes clearer. For example, a foot ulcer in the presence of good blood flow is more likely to be a pressure ulcer, while an ulcer in the presence of severely limited blood flow can accurately be termed a vascular ulcer. When diagnosing vascular ulcers, it is important that bedside physical diagnostic signs be supplemented by objective measurements obtained by a competent vascular technician.
The diagram above illustrates a PVR test from an 85 year old man with history of smoking and hypertension who came to my hospital with painful ulceration to his left ankle. The right thigh appears normal but there is dampening of the wave form in the right lower leg and foot. The left leg shows abnormal wave form from the thigh down, and the left foot shows completely absent arterial pulsation. This patient barely had blood flowing to his left foot due to severe preexisting atherosclerotic disease, which contributed to ulceration and pain.
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This post is partially based on my article: Peripheral Arterial Disease and its Consequences: Considerations for Long-term Care, Annals of Long-Term Care, Volume 17, pp 1524-7929, 2009.


The Apollo 11 mission to the Moon was a global, collective experience. It’s estimated that around a fifth of the world’s population watched Neil Armstrong set foot on the Moon on TV on July 20, 1969. The event fired the imagination of people around the world, creating a sense of wonder at the huge scientific achievement and inspiring a generation of children.
As part of our celebrations during the anniversary week, we have been collecting memories from people who remember witnessing history being made, with questions provided by today’s children who, while they don’t have their own memories, may well see another manned mission to the Moon in their lifetimes.
As we mark the anniversary of the safe return of the Apollo 11 astronauts to Earth, find out how people remembered the nail-biting moments from lift-off to splashdown during the eight days that changed how we saw the world.
Present day scientists and engineers from the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) contributed their own memories of the moment – and shared how it inspired their future careers. Instrument Scientist Alistair Glasse has even worked in the same room as Mission Control for Apollo 11 at NASA’s Johnson Space Center as part of his work on the MIRI instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, while software engineer Steven Beard works on MOONS – a next generation instrument for the Very Large Telescope on a mountain top in Northern Chile.
You can find more memories of NASA’s Apollo 11 mission to the moon here.
People remember the 1969 Moon landing 50 years after the mission
This part of our Apollo@50 celebrations was inspired by our fellow research council the Arts and Humanities Research Council’s crowd-sourced history project. Collaborating with the UK Space Agency, AHRC gathered first-hand memories of the seminal moment for an eBook. You can read more here at Moon Landing Memories/.
Last updated: 25 July 2019


Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Secondary Site Navigation
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
Did You Know?
The Olive Ridley is considered the most abundant sea turtles in the world.
Sea turtles are large, aquatic reptiles with forelimbs specially modified for swimming. These front flippers are significantly larger than the back flippers. Their shell is composed of two pieces, the top, or carapace, and the bottom, or plastron. In most sea turtle species, the shell is made up of bony plates covered with horny shields.
The Olive Ridley sea turtle is relatively small compared to other sea turtle species, averaging 100 pounds in weight and measuring 2–2.5 feet in length. It has a gray-green heart-shaped shell. This species has a greater and more varied number of plates along the back of its shell compared to other sea turtle species. Each flipper has 1–2 claws. The shell height and coloration varies by region.
Growth and Reproduction
Olive Ridley sea turtles reach sexual maturity around 15 years of age. Once reaching maturity, females nest once or twice every year. Clutch size averages 100 eggs. In the breeding season, large groups of turtles gather in the waters just offshore of their nesting beaches. Simultaneously, all the turtles come ashore in huge numbers in what is known as an “arribada.” During arribadas, hundreds of thousands of females come ashore to dig their nests and lay their eggs. Not all females nest during the arribada. Some females nest alone or may practice a mixed strategy where they nest once during an arribada and once as a solitary nester in the same season.
The eggs incubate for 50–60 days. After incubation, hatchlings emerge from the nest and make their way to the water. These hatchlings are approximately 1.5 inches long and weigh less than an ounce. They are generally black and may have a green hue along their sides.
Olive Ridley sea turtles feed on a wide variety of prey including lobster, crab, tunicates, mollusks, shrimp, and fish. They are also known to consume algae. This sea turtle is capable of diving up to 500 feet when foraging for benthic invertebrates.
Olive Ridley sea turtles migrate each year between their pelagic foraging areas and coastal breeding and nesting grounds. These migrations can cover thousands of kilometers. They do not follow specific migration paths but disperse to different areas from the breeding grounds.
Range and Habitat
The Olive Ridley sea turtle is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the Pacific, South Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. In the Eastern Pacific, they are found from Southern California to Northern Chile. In the South Atlantic they occur along the coasts of West Africa and South America. Though solitary nesting occurs on beaches throughout its range, arribadas occur on only a few beaches in the Eastern Pacific and Indian Oceans including beaches of Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and India. Though not common in Alaska, sea turtles do occasionally visit Alaska’s Gulf Coast waters. Olive Ridley sea turtles have been reported in Alaska three times between 1960 and 2007.
This sea turtle species is predominantly pelagic, inhabiting the waters of the open ocean, but can sometimes be foraging in coastal areas. The species moves to coastal waters during the breeding season, and females come ashore to lay their eggs.
Status, Trends, and Threats
The Olive Ridley sea turtle is the most abundant sea turtle in the world but also the most exploited. The current global population is much lower than its historical level. The Olive Ridley Mexico breeding populations are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). It is listed as threatened throughout the rest of its range. To learn more, visit the ADF&G Special Status page for Olive Ridley sea turtle.
NatureServe: Global – G3 (Vulnerable)
ESA: Endangered (Mexico breeding populations), Threatened (All other populations)
There has been a 50% decline in the global population of Olive Ridley sea turtles since the 1960s. Though the overall trend is decline, some populations are stable or increasing. This decline is due to long-term historical harvest, incidental take in fisheries, and degradation or loss of nesting habitat.
The biggest threat to the Olive Ridley sea turtle is harvest. Their habit of coming ashore in incredible densities during arribadas makes them very vulnerable to overharvest. In many parts of the world their eggs are collected and the adults are killed for consumption. This practice prevents the recovery of the species and may lead to continued declines. Bycatch in fisheries is another major problem for Olive Ridley sea turtles. These turtles are frequently caught in trawls and longline gear. They may also become entangled in gill nets and purse seines causing them to drown. Loss of nesting habitat is also a threat.
2–2.5 feet long, 80–110 pounds
Tropical and subtropical waters worldwide
Crab, shrimp, rock lobster, jellyfish, tunicates, algae
Hatchlings – crabs, birds, and fish; Adults – terrestrial mammals
Nest 1–2 times each year either alone or in mass aggregations
Pacific Ridley sea turtle
Managed by both the National Marine Fisheries Service and US Fish and Wildlife Service
Did You Know?
- The Olive Ridley sea turtle got its name from the olive color of its shell.
- The Olive Ridley is considered the most abundant sea turtles in the world.
- During arribadas, mass nesting events, thousands of Olive Ridley sea turtles come ashore within a few hours or days.
Historically, adult female Olive Ridley sea turtles and their eggs were harvested for consumption. A directed harvest for sea turtles and their eggs continues in many countries today. Their skin is also used for turtle leather.
Management of Olive Ridley sea turtles falls under the jurisdiction of both the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). NMFS is responsible for managing sea turtles at sea. When the turtles come ashore on the beaches to nest, they are the responsibility of USFWS. NMFS has implemented several fishery management measures to reduce sea turtle interactions with commercial fisheries including requiring turtle excluder devices (TEDs) on all trawl gear and the use of circle hooks in longline fisheries. The Olive Ridley sea turtle is protected under the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles and the Endangered Species Act (ESA).
- Turtles — Wildlife Notebook Series (PDF 72 kB)
- Olive Ridley Sea Turtle — National Marine Fisheries Service Office of Protected Resources
- Olive Ridley Sea Turtle — US Fish and Wildlife Species Profile
- Sea Turtle Protection Regulations — National Marine Fisheries Service


How often should you water pepper plants?
As a gardener, I have asked myself this question many times.
It is something gardeners are constantly thinking about. Even when they don't realize it, how often should you water your pepper plants? Let's talk about it!
How often should you water pepper plants?
Generally, you should water your pepper plants once a week. However, this may need to be increased twice a week during the hot and dry summer months.
It's important to feel the soil with your fingers to determine when the plant needs water - if the soil feels dry, it indicates it needs water. You can also use a moisture meter to help you determine when to water the pepper plant.
Frequency of watering pepper plant.
Watering frequency for pepper plants relies on multiple factors, including the plant's size and stage of growth, the potting mix, temperature, humidity, and air circulation.
The frequency with which you water your pepper plants will depend on several factors, including the size and stage of growth of the plants, the type of potting mix you're using, the temperature and humidity levels, and the amount of air circulation around the plants.
In general, you'll need to water your pepper plants 1-2 times per week in the spring and fall and up to twice a day during the hottest summer months.
Moisture meters can be a helpful tool in determining when your plants need water. Stick the meter into the soil around the plant and water when the meter indicates that the soil is dry.
If you spend the time to deeply and thoroughly water your plants, you'll need to water them less often. This is because the roots can easily access the water they need, and the plant will be less stressed during dry periods.
However, keep in mind that deep watering may not be necessary or beneficial if you live in a wetter climate with a short or cooler growing season.
It is most efficient to use drip systems to water pepper plants, as they deliver water directly to the roots and minimize evaporation.
What are some of the factors that affect how often you should water pepper plants?
Many factors affect how often you'll need to water your pepper plant, so just check the soil moisture level first. Weather and sunlight are two important factors that affect how often you should water your pepper plant. The year's season also influences how often you should water your pepper plant, and spacing also affects how often you should water your pepper plant.
Size and growth stage, potting mix, temperature, humidity, and air circulation affect how frequently your pepper plants will need to be watered.
Check the size and stage of growth of your pepper plants to determine how frequently they need to be watered. Temperature, container, fertilizer, and soil affect how frequently your pepper plants need to be watered. Overwatering your pepper plants can have major consequences on their growth and quality.
How much water do pepper plants need?
Exactly how much water a pepper plant needs because it depends on many factors, such as the size of the pot, the quality of the soil, and the plant's location. However, pepper plants do best in pots smaller than average and don't need as much water as bigger pots can hold.
If you pour too much water, the soil will lose its moisture quickly, and letting the peppers stay damp can be harmful.
Pepper plants need well-drained soil and mulch to help them absorb moisture. Do not water pepper plants as frequently outdoors as you would indoors or covered by shade.
Instead, water them deeply and less often to encourage roots to grow deep into the soil in search of moisture. This will help the plant withstand drought conditions better.
Pepper plants generally require 1-2 inches of water per week.
Pepper plants require 1-2 inches of water per week. It is especially true when the weather is hot and dry. If you have recently received a lot of rainfall, your peppers likely don't need to be watered. When temperatures rise, however, the soil will dry out quickly, and bell peppers do not require frequent watering. It is preferable to water bell peppers less frequently rather than more frequently.
What is the best way to water pepper plants?
The best way to water pepper plants will vary depending on the climate, soil type, and other factors. It is important to consult a gardener or gardening expert if you are unsure about how to water your pepper plants correctly.
The best way to water your pepper plants is to give them a deep watering about once a week so that the roots have a chance to grow deep and strong.
This is the best way to water your pepper plants because it allows the roots to grow deep and strong.
Does your pepper plant need more or less water?
Looking at the leaves, you can tell if your pepper plant needs more or less water. If the leaves are wilted, then the plant needs more water. The plant needs less water if the leaves are black or have spots on them.
If the leaves of your plant are wilting or turning yellow, it may indicate that it needs more water. If the leaves are drooping or falling off, this could mean that the plant is getting too much water.
Several things can be checked to determine if your pepper plants need water. If the leaves are wilting or turning yellow, it may indicate that the plant needs more water. If the leaves are drooping or falling off, this could mean that the plant is getting too much water.
If the plant is not growing, or if you see yellow leaves, this could also be an indication that the plant needs more water. To properly care for your pepper plants, you'll need to understand how they grow and what needs to be done to keep them healthy.
It is important to keep pepper plants well-watered, especially during the hot summer. Weeds can rob nutrients and water from pepper plants, so it is essential to combat them. In cool areas, black plastic mulch can speed the soil-warming process for an early planting start while combating weeds and preserving soil moisture.
Organic mulches, such as seed-free straw or grass clippings, can also prevent weeds and slow soil-moisture evaporation, but these are the best spread around the plants once the soil has warmed to about 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
How often should you water pepper plants? FAQs.
1. Do I need to keep my container moist?
Yes, you need to check the soil each day to see how moist it is.
2. How Much Water Should I Give My Peppers?
Depending on your local weather, you may not need to water them more than once a week.
3. What are the benefits of heavy watering?
Occasional heavy watering can encourage deep root growth.
4. What are the signs of early blight?
Signs of early blight include black spots on the leaves and stem.
5. How does water affect peppers?
The amount of water a pepper plant gets affects the amount of capsaicin it produces.
6. What is the best way to water pepper plants in pots?
During cooler weather and spring and fall, you may only need to water them every 2-3 days.
7. What is the best way to water a pepper plant?
It's best to feel the top layer of soil to see if it's moist; if so, wait before watering.
8. What are the best ways to grow peppers?
Peppers grow well in large containers; you can grow peppers in any container if it's big enough, has well-draining soil, and has good drainage holes.
9. What factors vary the pepper heat?
Heat levels vary among hot peppers depending upon the growing conditions/weather/water.
In conclusion, pepper plants should be watered every other day. If the soil is dry, then it should be watered more frequently. However, if the pepper plants are in a pot, they need to be watered more often because the soil will dry out faster.


Here are additional materials and activities I have created for teaching Deutsche Welle Top-Thema module “Arbeiten trotz Rente“. The original Deutsche Welle materials can be accessed from the theme webpage, or the text and exercises (pdf) and audio (mp3) can be downloaded for offline use.
In the post Teaching with Deutsche Welle’s Top-Thema and Video Thema, I outline how I use these Deutsche Welle modules in an intermediate- to advanced-level courses with varied goals. Visit that page to see how my students begin to work with the materials Deutsche Welle provides. Here I am presenting and explaining the extension activities that I use after we have exhausted all of the excellent materials Deutsche Welle provides to accompany the text. Downloads of all exercises described below are linked at the bottom of the page.
Students match words from the text with German synonyms they may be more familar with.
Students work with other vocabulary from the text, referencing the article as necessary for context, to find the German synonym or definition that fits best. This is intended to be a speaking activity rather than a writing activity. Pairs of students should work together to come up with a satisfactory explanation or definition for each word or phrase. The context can be immensely helpful. Students should refer back to the text to establish meaning, if necessary.
Students sit together and work in pairs. The material progresses from content questions to more open ended discussion questions.
All three activities for “Arbeiten trotz Rente” are available as a single download in pdf-format: Arbeiten trotz Rente – Weitere Übungen
And the original Deutsche Welle Top-Thema page in HTML, with audio and comprehension exercises, is here: “Arbeiten trotz Rente“.


Crisis in the capital of the Republic of South Africa
The Day Zero Drinking Water Day is set on April 12, 2018. And what then?
The capital city of South Africa has been experiencing the worst drought in the last hundred years. Many residents of Cape Town are asking how is this possible and why their government has not warned of a rising water shortage much sooner.
The Day of depletion of all natural drinking water sources, i.e. Day Zero, was set by the government on April 12, 2018. From 1 February, for all residents and visitors of the city there is a rule set and that is that they can use only 50 liters of water per day for their needs.
Despite the threat of a high fine, up to half of the population failed to meet the original target of the city, which before February 1 was 87 liters of water per inhabitant per day.
Behind this absence of water there is a catastrophic drought
However, the measures are necessary. Cape Town faces the consequences of a catastrophic drought that only comes once in 384 years. According to experts, the level of drinking water was reduced in three consecutive dry years. Among other things, those factors are also responsible for this situation:
high concentration of people
and a rapidly changing global climate
Since 1995, the population of the capital has increased by 79%, but drinking water sources have increased by only 15% during the same period.
One of the largest drinking water sources of the capital city is Theewaterskloof dam which was almost completely dry in February 2018.
Used cooking water is reused for irrigation of gardens
As the CNN informed, many people recycle water as much as possible. The garden irrigation uses water used in the kitchen and bathroom, pools fill saltwater, shower every other day or drink water from the supermarket.
The general panic among the people is provoking quaint situations. People are buying large plastic bags for water capture and storage, the well drills are set up in the shops and the merchants limit the amount of bottled water per person.
This situation among experts raises concerns about the increase in waste of disposable plastics, whose consumption is growing every year.
Many citizens fill large tanks with water and store it at home. In town, long queues create in front of public water taps.
Forecasts for Cape Town are unfavorable
The government plans to shut down the water taps definitively on 11 May. Consumption of the population will be further decreased to 25 liters of water per day. They will be able to get it from 149 public water sources located nearby. 4.3 million people will thus have to experience unimaginably hard conditions for life.
Cape Town is not the only area dealing with a significant climate change this year. Before it, huge droughts and fires were also fought by Australia and California.
In our mild climate zone we don´t see such extreme dry conditions yet. However, it is necessary not to forget that the climate is changing at a rapid pace and so something similar can take place in Europe in a few decades. It is therefore important to think about the consequences already today.
Water can be saved in many ways and you do not have to pay "fortune". Contact us about your own wastewater treatment plant today and we guarantee that you will be thinking of the future influenced by turbulent global warming without fear.
These are the 4 most common problems associated with the sewage treatment plant and its operation. How to deal with them?
A wastewater treatment plant is not a nuclear power plant but still you can encounter some difficulties when operating it.
Global climate change is largely threatening water supplies and scientists warn of the catastrophic consequences of our carelessness.


Use of biogas
Use of biogas to produce electric or thermal energy
The by-product of anaerobic treatment is a high-energy biogas which can be combusted in its own boiler room or possibly fed to the central boiler in the factory.
With larger volumes of biogas produced it is advantageous to install a cogeneration unit. It can provide a combined use of biogas for electricity and heat generation. By cleaning your wastewater you will get clean, environmentally friendly energy that will help you reduce your operating costs.
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Data processing with MapReduce
You need to process lots of data (more than 1 TB)? You want to parallelise across hundreds or thousands of CPUs and you want to make this easy? You need MapReduce for large-scale parallel data processing. You have lower demands? No problem. MapReduce can do that too
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Google uses MapReduce everywhere for processing huge datasets using a large number of nodes, eg to run PageRank. The MapReduce programming model borrows from functional programming and implements two basic functions: Map and Reduce. Before the map phase can start, the input data is structured in (key, value) pairs.
Map: The master node splits the input into smaller sub-problems and distributes these to the worker nodes. The worker nodes process the smaller problems and pass them back to their master node.
Reduce: The master node takes the answers of the sub-problems and combines them in a way that the original problem is answered.
The Map functions, creating different intermediate values from different input data sets, run in parallel. The Reduce functions also run in parallel, each working on a different output key. All values are processed independently. There is just a single bottleneck. The reduce phase can’t start until the map phase is completely finished.
While MapReduce is the name of the patented software framework and algorithm used by Google, various open source implementations exist. Hadoop is a re-implementation of Google’s proprietary software infrastructure. The Hadoop project was started in 2004 by Doug Cutting and is written in Java. Hadoop re-implements the Google software infrastructure as an open source ecosystem of services to process large-scale data.
Hadoop implements the parallel programming model MapReduce as open source. Hadoop includes its own file system, Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). But various file systems are supported, including the Amazon S3 file system and CloudStore. Hadoop also includes a BigTable-model database called HBase, the programming environment Pig and much more. Hadoop can be used for lots of applications, such as distributed grep and sort, document clustering, log file analysis and various kinds of statistics.
The largest Hadoop cluster is run by Yahoo! and consists of 4.000 nodes with 32.000 cores with 64TB of RAM and 16PB of storage. Also, Amazon with its Amazon Web Services, is involved in the MapReduce topic. With Amazon Elastic MapReduce the user can easily start a Hadoop cluster (master and slaves) inside Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). The Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) serves as the source for the data being analysed, and the results are also copied over to S3.
You want your own Hadoop installation at home? Try Cloudera. Its free Hadoop distribution is easy to install and run on top of all up-to-date Linux distributions, inside VMware or inside the Amazon Web Services.
Click here to see what else featured in issue 87 of Linux User & Developer magazine…


Thousands of ships fitted with ‘cheat water treatment devices‘ cause ocean pollution and violate emissions regulations
All ships are required to reduce air pollution by using cleaner fuel by 2020. The owners started to adjust; however, not as expected.
So-called scrubbers discharge a liquid and pump it into the ocean. The ship owners satisfy the emissions regulations, but on the other hand, such a solution has a damaging effect on water and seal life.
In compliance with the regulation imposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), all ships are required to reduce air pollution by using cleaner fuel by 2020.
In practice, the sulphur content in the fuel must be cut from 3.50% to 0.50%. To comply with the regulation, the ship owners install a special ‘emissions cheat’ system on a grand scale.
How to get around the regulations
A report published by the Nature says 400,000 premature deaths a year are caused as a result of maritime transport. The maritime transport causes lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases as well as asthma.
As a response to these findings, the International Maritime Organization introduced a regulation binding all ship owners to use cleaner fuel with a lower sulphur content from 1 January 2020. As the end of 2019 approaches, the owners started to adjust; however, not as expected.
Instead of buying cleaner fuel complying with the standards, they install a cheating systems called open-loop scrubbers. These scrubbers are placed mainly in the heating oil-propelled vessels.
Example of an open-loop scrubber. Retrieved from: Stwengineering.com
The fuel contains sulphur which is washed in the scrubber. As a by-product, a liquid containing harmful substances is released during the process. Furthermore, the installation of scrubbers increases the fuel consumption by about 2 per cent. And there is more!
The major concern is that the discharged liquid is pumped into the ocean from the scrubber, posing a risk to water and sea life. The non-profit organization International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) estimates that for every ton of fuel burned, each ship creates around 45 tons of contaminated, acidic ocean water, filled with carcinogens and heavy metals.
Thousands of violators
The exhaust gas cleaning systems have been installed in 3,756 vessels so far. Only 65 of them have been outfitted with closed-loop scrubbers which prevent the discharge into the ocean. Other 677 vessels have been equipped with hybrid scrubbers which can open and close the loop.
The owners of ships for bulk cargo, container ships, and oil tankers were most interested in buying these ‘special devices‘. These ships have engines with the highest performance which makes them the strongest polluters.
Lucy Gilliam, an environmental campaigner, said in an interview for the Independent that increasing volumes of wastewater will create toxic sediment. In her opinion, in the North Sea and the English Channel, the water quality has already been heavily degraded, having an adverse effect on sea life.
Cruise ships which also “followed this trend” are a particular concern. “About half of the world’s roughly 500 cruise ships have or will soon have scrubbers installed,” says Bryan Comer, a researcher at ICCT. The cruise ships operate in some of the most beautiful and pristine areas on the planet, making this all the more concerning.
Investment with high return
Open-loop scrubbers cost between £1.6m and £8.1m per ship. The final price depends on the vessel. According to Bryan Comer’s estimations, if £2.4m per ship are spent to install scrubbers, this dishonest action will cost £9.7bn in total. The Guardian’s analysis suggests the cost of buying and fitting a scrubber would be recovered in the first year.
This means that the ship owners would rather buy a cheating device and avoid paying for cleaner fuel of $300 to $500 a ton.
It would be smarter to use the resources for technological enhancements to ensure zero emissions.
Maybe not the best but certainly more reasonable action would be to install the above mentioned closed-loop scrubbers which store and discharge the harmful substances into special devices in port. Ned Molloy, an analyst, finds this solution an “environmental dodge” for they still produce waste.
The Dutch organization’s goal is to clean the world’s 1,000 most polluting rivers by 2025.
For several months, Hydrotech has intensively dealt with pilot plant testing of food industry waste water with high concentrations of organic...


Mumps-like symptoms have surfaced in recent days. They include the swelling of salivary glands along with fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness and loss of appetite.
Officials are trying to determine the possible source of infection.
The health department says mumps is spread by droplets of saliva or mucus, usually when the infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.
The virus can also be spread to those who share items used by the infected person, such as cups.
Health officials say 20 of the possible cases are adults, and 21 of the 22 infected people have been either a patron or an employee of D'Jais in Belmar in the last several weeks.
"The medical professionals advised these individuals to be on bed rest, increase their fluid intake and take steps to reduce their fever," said County public health coordinator Michael Meddis.
D'Jais said it would not be open on Friday and Saturday as a precaution and out of concern for its employees and the public.
People who were vaccinated with the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine, as an infant and again between the ages of 4 and 6, are 90 percent less likely to contract mumps, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).
If you have mumps, or most other illnesses, there are several things you can do to help prevent spreading the virus to others:
Other recommendations are:
More information about mumps is available from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website at http://www.cdc.gov/mumps/index.html


The Temperate Database is in the process of being updated, with new records being added and old ones being checked and brought up to date where necessary. This record has not yet been checked and updated.
Common Name: Panicled Bulrush
Scirpus microcarpus is a perennial plant that can grow up to 1.50 metres tall.
It is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, medicine and source of materials.
Western N. America.
Wet low ground in lowlands to moderate elevations in the mountains[
]. Marshes, moist meadows and ditches from sea level to 2900 metres[
We have very little information on this species and do not know if it will be hardy in Britain, though judging by its native range it should succeed outdoors in most parts of this country. The following notes are based on the general needs of the genus.
Succeeds in any wet to moisture retentive ground, pond margins and shallow water in full sun or shade[
Root - raw or cooked[
]. Rich in starch.
Stem. Peeled and eaten raw or cooked[
Stem base - raw or cooked[
]. Rich in protein, it can be added to flour when making bread, cakes etc.
Seed. A nutty flavour[
]. The seed is rather small and fiddly to harvest and utilize.
A poultice of the pounded roots has been used as a treatment for abscesses[
An infusion of the plant, combined with blue flag (Iris spp), has been used as a gargle for sore throats[
The leaves have been used in the bottom portion of baskets[
Seed - sow in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe in a pot standing in 3cm of water. Only just cover the seed with soil[
]. The seed usually germinates fairly quickly. Prick out the plants when large enough to handle and plant out in their permanent positions in early summer.
Division in spring. Very easy, larger divisions can be planted out direct into their permanent positions. We have found it best to pot up the smaller divisions and grow them on in a lightly shaded position in a cold frame, planting them out once they are well established in the summer.


5 More Foods We Could Lose to Climate Change
October 22, 2019 | Created by: Andreas Klippe
We had written about how we could lose coffee due to climate change. But, our caffeine fix isn’t the only thing in danger. Ecosystems are so diverse and interdependent that if you assume that other food items are also in danger, you would be right! If you ever needed more motivation to become more eco-friendly, here are 5 more food items we could lose due to climate change.
Rice is one of humankind’s earliest attempts at agriculture and one of its oldest food sources. We literally have been growing it for thousands of years, how could it suddenly be in danger?
According to the UN, climate change is one of the main culprits. Rising temperatures, rising sea levels, and changes in rain patterns have all affected rice production. This comes as very bad news for the 35 countries that are classified as highly to very highly dependent on rice for caloric consumption; as well as countries where the proliferation of rice is done for hunger reduction and poverty alleviation.
Newer disaster-resilient variants of rice have been endorsed to and by farmers, however it comes with a price. Without proper conservation and storage, modern rice variants threaten heritage and traditional rice variants.
West Africa has 3 out of the top 7 producers of cacao beans, from which we get chocolate. The Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Nigeria produced a combined 3.2 million out of the 5.2 million tons of cacao consumed in 2017.
Cacao trees are fairly sensitive to their environment. With the growth suitability of cacao trees moving to higher altitudes, the plains of West Africa where most cacao is currently grown are slowly becoming incompatible. To make matters worse, moving cacao plantations to higher altitudes will mean forest clearing, aggravating the effects of climate change.
West African cacao farmers have been urged to diversify their crops, while cacao production has spread to other countries. As cacao trees take years before pods are harvested, a dip in chocolate supply is very much expected.
Next to water, tea is the most consumed beverage in the world. Tea can be consumed hot or cold, sweet or bitter, and most teas have health benefits. No wonder it’s so popular!
In 2016, up to 55 million tons of tea were consumed worldwide. Most of the world’s tea supply comes from South China and India, both of which are prone to drought and increasingly irregular weather patterns. Now, climate change threatens world tea supplies and even the health benefits of tea. Insects and pests previously inactive have also come in tea-producing regions.
Rising temperatures are not only dangerous for tea plants but also tea farmers, who pick tea leaves by hand.
Another one of the most enjoyed beverages in the world: beer is so historic that laws have been written regarding its regulation and brewing. Quality ingredients are fundamental for brewing great beer. It is so important that in 1516, the Bavarian Purity law or Reinheitsgebot was written to standardize the ingredients for beer and it is still in effect to this day.
Barley, one of the basic ingredients of beer, provides alcohol and flavor. So unless you like tasteless non-alcoholic beer, you need to concern yourself with an incoming shortage of barley due to ruined crops. Barley crops suffered both extreme cold and heat in 2019, creating short- and long-term supply problems. Scientists, however, are confident with a newly developed drought-resistant strain of barley.
Your sweets are definitely in trouble because bee populations are dwindling. Bee populations worldwide have been in significant decline since 2006 due to colony collapse, a disorder where worker bees leave their queen. Urbanization, viruses, fungi, insecticides, and climate change have all contributed to the attrition.
As major pollinators, the loss of bees affect the baseline of agriculture, both wild and domestic. Bees are so important, our food supply as a species heavily depend on them. To counter this, some farmers have taken to renting bees. And while domestic beekeeping has become more accessible, wild bees should be equally valued as diseases from domestic bees have been spreading to wild bees.
Those are 5 foods we could lose in the future due to climate change, there are a lot more others. Check the internet if your favorite food is safe from climate change and let us know on Facebook, Twitter, or email us!
We’ll review more aspects of climate change and flood-readiness in the future. To make sure you see them, sign up for the Flood Control Asia newsletter.


Not all people are familiar with hoists and cranes, but they are, practically, lifting equipments. Construction industries use different kinds of hoists and cranes everyday to alleviate the burden in lifting heavy materials. By using these special equipments, their ‘lifting’ tasks will be finished effortlessly, saving time and energy. To have a better understanding of these things, you should know what hoist and cranes are, and how it is being used.
A hoist is a helpful device that is used for lifting/lowering loads. This is usually done by means of a barrel or a drum where a chain or a rope can be wrapped around. A hoist can be manually or electrically operated, it can also be pneumatically driven using a chain and wire/fiber rope as lifting medium.
Cranes are used commonly in construction/ manufacturing industry. These are temporary structures, and is either fixed or mounted. Cranes are usually operator-controlled and some of them are operated by using a push-button control-station or a radio/infrared remote control.
Cranes have several types, to name are:
- Telescopic crane has a boom consisting of different fitted-tubes that resides inside each other. The tube retracts or extends by hydraulic mechanism that increases or decreases the main boom’s length.
- Tower crane is fixed to the ground. The combination of lifting capacity and height are great characteristics of a tower crane. It is used for building skyscrapers and tall buildings.
- Rough-terrain cranes are mounted usually on an undercarriage with 4 rubber tires designed for carry and pick up operations.
- Truck-mounted cranes are mounted on a rubber-tire truck. The truck drives around to achieve maximum portability.
- The crawler crane is a mounted crane that has its own set of tracks that provides mobility and stability.
- Loader cranes are used for loading or unloading goods; this is fitted to a trailer. It has different jointed-sections that can be folded when the crane is not in use.
- Suspended or overhead crane are usually mounted on the assembly area’s side. It has a hoist on a trolley, moving is a certain direction at a right angle along 1 or 2 beams.
- A stacker crane has a similar mechanism as that of a forklift. It is being used in automated warehouses, most especially in hazardous environments so that workers don’t need to tolerate such harsh conditions.
Hoists and cranes are tremendous-aids in safe and efficient lifting and/or material-handling operations. Hoists and cranes are properly engineered for a powerful, reliable and efficient operation.
These powerful lifting equipments need proper maintenance, in order to provide excellent and reliable service. Proper selection is essential before making any critical decision. When purchasing hoists and crane products, answer the following questions before you place an order:
- What type of lower or upper hook do you need?
- What are you lifting or moving?
- Is overhead protection or indicator required?
- How much is the weight of the load?
- How much lifting is required
- Do you need a short or a long handle?
If you are able to answer the following questions, now is the time to look for hoists and crane suppliers. There are a lot of manufacturers available in the market ready to provide the equipment you need. You can choose from the best lifting-equipment providers.
Consider costs but not to the extent of sacrificing the quality of the equipment. Safety in the workplace should be your number one concern. If you buy low quality equipments, chances are they won’t last long or can even cause accidents.


This new animation function is a new addition to the searchable map at the heart of www.reegle.info. With this map, users can click on a specific country and get the latest events, news, and a sampling of green energy development projects in that area. There is also a catalogue of stakeholders and an energy-oriented profile of the relevant country, and information on local green energy policies and regulations.
“This new animation tool really helps make European renewable energy and energy efficiency trends much more accessible”, says Florian Bauer, the site’s Product Manager. “Over time, we will be looking to expand the geographic range of the animation feature, and also will look at bringing in renewable resource potential. It’s an exciting way to help change perceptions visually.”
The reegle website also has a news feed integrating stories from ten of the leading environmental, energy efficiency and renewable energy news sites, which makes reegle the logical first stop for anyone needing a quick overview of the latest green energy developments. Taken together, the news feed, the animation, the map search function, a web search function and a compiled catalogue of key actors make the website the most comprehensive public information resource for renewable and energy efficiency available online. There is also a clean energy blog that offers thoughtful opinions on the latest developments in renewable energy and energy efficiency.
reegle is a public online resource provided by REEEP (Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership) and REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century), funded by the British Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (MINVROM) and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW).


Indian farmers dread the future wherein the nation refuses to acknowledge the distinction between increasing agricultural production and economic sustainability of farmers.
The challenges facing Indian agriculture are unique worldwide. In the words of William Shakespeare, tis true, 'tis pity, and pity 'tis, 'tis true that we are trying to feed 17 per cent of the world population with barely 2.4 per cent of the arable area, 4.2 per cent water and 11 per cent livestock. Around 60 per cent of Indian farms are rain-fed and only on 45 per cent of the land do farmers plant more than one crop a year. Compounded by climate change implications for tropical areas, the task for Indian farmers appears daunting, indeed.
Although the country's population may stabilise by 2040, improved prosperity is leading to a much higher proportionate increase in food demand, especially for proteins, while the demand for cereals will stabilise sooner than other food items.
An iconic democracy of the world has ironic allocation of funds. Whereas the government expenditure on MGNREGA is Rs 40,000 crore and the food subsidy expenditure of Rs 60,000 crore is likely to rise to Rs 1,00,000 crore with the enactment of the Right to Food Bill, the budget for the Agriculture Ministry is a paltry Rs 15,000 crore. Therefore a mammoth 55 per cent of India contributes to 14 per cent of the GDP while the minuscule 1.5 per cent employed in the automobile sector will contribute to about the same in a few years. Such lopsided policies that overlook agriculture are forcing the rural youth to migrate to cities. Just as the investment in Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana was the best initiative for increasing farmers' sustainability and promoting inclusive growth, investments are required in developing agriculture infrastructure and R&D.
Preconceived notions need to change, too. The fertiliser subsidy bill of Rs 60,000 crore is supposedly meant for farmers while it is actually used to keep the cost of food low for consumers at large. Feminisation of Indian agriculture is even less understood. While more than 70 per cent of farm workers are women, less than two per cent participate in the decision-making process. Financial institutions also need to be pulled up and made accountable for hoodwinking the nation by fudging the agriculture lending portfolio data, whereby only 10 per cent of small and marginal farmers -- comprising 85 per cent of total farmers -- have access to farm credit.
Food inflation is another problem area. The government will be able to reduce it to acceptable limits if transparency is introduced in the pricing mechanism, along with real-time market intelligence and market reforms, rather than allowing the licence raj of the mandis to continue fleecing the farmers as well as consumers.
Like India, farming has its paradoxes. India is the world's second-largest producer of fruit and vegetables and leads in the production of peas and okra. It is the largest producer of fruits such as mangoes, bananas, papayas and pomegranates. Despite this, India lags behind global average yields for most crops.
That apart, there are big gaps even between the yields of different farmers in the same areas, more so between university laboratories and farms in different states. This offers immense hope for increasing yields substantially at every level to meet the nation's food requirements. Just as in the Green Revolution of the 1960s, better technology, better seeds and better inter-governmental coordination is required.
But over-regulation and ill-conceived policies enforced by urban electorate is killing the agriculture revolution. Through the stress of circumstances, the farmer is not allowed to grow in his areas of core competence. His choice is limited. The magic pill to solve such problems would be extension services - the act of transferring existing knowledge to farmers. Only via a combination of science and traditional practices, and the use of biotechnology and precision farming can we meet goals of diversification and demand.
As farmers, we are optimistic people. We sow with nothing more than hope of timely rains and adequate production. Even when we manage a good harvest, the monopoly of malicious traders and ill-conceived policies deny us remunerative prices. Government initiatives in the recent past have focused on reducing prices for urban consumers, rather than making farming a profitable enterprise. We understand the government's compulsions in making food affordable for consumers. But this should not be at the cost of the farming community, as has happened in the recent past.
In spite of myriad difficulties, farmers will meet national targets of food production. But will the nation be willing to make farming a profitable profession?
The author is Chairman, Bharat Krishak Samaj
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The construction site is obviously one of the most accident-prone places. The presence of machines, equipment and materials, and the activity of men make it an inherently risky place. In some cases, accidents also occur when harmful chemicals or substances come in contact with equipment that can lead to fires or explosions.
According to Department and Labor statistics, construction accidents occur more frequently than many believed. Some of the most common injuries include sprains, bruises, cuts strains, contusions, lacerations, heat burns, amputations, carpal tunnel syndrome, fractures, and tendonitis.
While most of these injuries are not fatal, they can lead to long-term unemployment or a disability condition such as spinal cord injury, severe burn, and in worst cases, death. With these, the victims are entitled to file their legal actions with the help of their construction liability attorneys.
The real estate boom, which gave rise to the construction of residential homes, commercial buildings, and roads, has also contributed to the incidental increase in the number of accidents and resulting injuries in the past years.
Particularly in Los Angeles and other areas in California, the following construction accidents commonly occur:
- Falls from ladders, roofs and scaffolding
- Injuries caused by falling debris or materials
- Scaffolding collapse accidents
- Falling material or debris
- Accidents caused by contact with electrical wires
- Open trenches
- Nail gun accidents and puncture injuries
- Forklift and crane accidents
- Delivery truck accidents
- Injuries to pedestrians
Some accidents may be preventable. In construction sites, the wearing of hard hats and other protective clothing are required as part of safety measures. And despite strict safety laws, thousands are still injured or get killed due to construction site accidents.
Nevertheless, to minimize the risk of accident in the construction site, here are important things to consider:
1. Develop a formal, written accident prevention program – An accident prevention program must suit the needs of your particular workplace or operation and to the types of hazards involved. This is an outline of your safety and health plan or an injury prevention program.
2. Make sure your accident prevention program has the following elements:
- A description of your total safety and health program
- How to report unsafe conditions, hazards and practices
- The use and care of required personal protective equipment (PPE)
- How to exit the workplace during emergencies
- Identification of hazardous gases, chemicals, or materials used and instruction about its safe use
- Emergency action to take after accidental exposure to substances or chemicals
3. Develop and supervise the implementation of your safety and health training programs to make it effective in practice
4. Enforce the training program to improve the employees’ skill, awareness, and competency in the occupational safety and health.
5. Train workers and employees before being assigned to their job, which may also include on-the-job safety instructions on the use of the following:
- Powered materials-handling equipment such as forklifts, backhoes, etc.
- machine tool operations
- How to handle toxic materials
- The use and operation of utility systems
However, in most cases, accidents are caused by violations of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA). And under California law, a violation of safety law can be used as evidence of negligence in construction site accident cases.
If you were injured in a construction site accident in Los Angeles, for instance, and you need to claim for your injuries, it is very vital for you to seek the aid of an attorney to support your in filing a lawsuit.
For better chances of winning your construction liability claim, consult our competent personal injury attorneys. Just complete our free case evaluation form found on our website and we will take care of your legal worries.
Before becoming an online writer, Manuel worked as a journalist, a newspaper columnist, a scriptwriter, a fiction writer, a magazine editor, and a tutor. He acquired his legal background as a Senate legislative officer and later on, as a researcher and paralegal staff in various law offices. Someday he hoped to go back and devote more time to writing fiction, which is his first passion.


Conditions and Diseases: Genitourinary Disorders: Kidney: Glomerulonephritis
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Conditions and Diseases
Information about acute glomerulonephritis, an introduction, clinical including the symptoms and causes, treatment, medications and follow up.
Glomerulonephritis and Toxic Exposure
The crucial role of chemical exposure, written by Uffe Ravnskov, MD, PhD. Includes an introduction, causes and many more related subjects.
An overview of Acute glomerulonephritis including the causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment.
Glomerulonephritis, a description with a look at the symptoms and signs, the causes and medication. Also some resources for further research.
A brief definition of glomerulonephritis, followed by links to research articles, clinical trials, case reports, images and slides.
Adam.com: An Overview
Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis, a description, alternate names, the causes, incidence and risk factors.
Australian Kidney Factsheets
Details about glomerulonephritis and glomeruli and their damaged effects. Explains who gets this disease and how it is diagnosed, treatment, and prognosis.
Drkoop.com: Medical Encyclopedia: Glomerulonephritis
Causes, prevention, symptoms, tests and treatment.
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