In November 1910 two tragic events occurred in Rocksprings, Texas, a tiny rural community almost 200 miles west of Austin and San Antonio.
Within the span of a few days, two individuals were violently murdered, one killed point blank by a shotgun blast to the back and to the head, another burned alive surrounded by a crowd of angry onlookers.
The remains of both people were buried a mere 50 yards away from one another, segregated by a fence, a small gate, and a line of trees which designated sacred ground reserved for one shade of skin and another.
Over one hundred years later, historical retrospection clouds the realities of those fateful days. The power of media, prejudice, and memory both erase and elevate a central moment in history that shaped actions and opinions for years to come.
Today we are examining violence and lynching towards ethnic Mexican people along the Texas Mexico border during the early twentieth century. Particularly we are discussing the mob violence, or lynching, against Antionio Rodriguez in Rocksprings Texas in November of 1910.
Typically when lynching in America is discussed it is in reference to the obscene amount of lynchings against Black people in the United States between Reconstruction and the mid-twentieth century. However, anti-Mexican violence was also a harsh reality of racial violence throughout the American Southwest.
And I’m Averill
And we are your historians for this episode of Dig
In November 1910 man named Antonio Rodriquez was arrested by sheriff’s deputies for the alleged murder of Effie Henderson, an Anglo-American woman near the town of Rocksprings, TX.
On November 3rd, 1910, the English language San Angelo Standard Times reported that an “unknown Mexican” had killed the wife of a prominent rancher in Rock Springs, Texas. According to the Standard Times’ article, “the Mexican rode up to the house, called ‘Halo,’ and when Mrs. Hendernon [sic] came to the door he shot and killed her instantly.” The paper relayed that a posse had gathered to hunt down the man and went on to describe how the man would probably be lynched by the crowd if they found him.
The next day the English language San Antonio Express picked up the story and wrote more about the apparent events. According to this paper, twenty-year old Antonio Rodríguez whom the report said was from Las Vacas, Mexico, allegedly shot Mrs. Lem Henderson after she “spoke mean” to him. The article said that Rodriguez rode up to the Henderson house around two in the afternoon, while Mrs. Henderson sat out on the porch sewing. Allegedly they argued and Rodriguez shot at her twice, one hitting her in the head and the other in the heart. The only witness was one of Henderson’s young children. When Lem Henderson. arrived home, he found his wife dead and his little girl told him “a Mexican shot mamma.” He then rode to the nearest neighbor’s house and began to recruit volunteers to find the murderer.
Word spread that Antonio Rodriguez was a disgruntled employee of the Hendersons. A posse of armed men found Rodriguez on a neighboring ranch. They arrested him and threw him in the Edwards County Jail, located in the Rocksprings town square. Details of Effie Henderson’s murder were allegeldy obtained during an interogation of Rodriguez at the jail, where apparently under durress Rodriguez admitted to the murder. Meanwhile, a mob gathered outside the police station and overpowered the one extra guard the local sheriff had placed at the jail. The mob took dragged Rodriguez from his jail cell and out into the street. There they tied him to a mesquite tree, poured kerosene on him, and lit him on fire, burning him alive as a large crowd cheered on. According to the San Antonio Express, not one person took pity on Rodriguez and shot him, leaving him to die from asphyxiation and burning alone.
Like the Jim Crow South, the Mexican U.S. borderlands were also a place of harsh racial violence, including instances of lynching. During the 1910s lynch mobs targeted Mexicans in the United States more often than the previous thirty years combined and the lynching of ethnic Mexican people in Texas almost doubled the number of those in other border states. In fact, by 1915, lynching of ethnic Mexicans was so commonplace along the Texas border that one newspaper coarsely editorialized, “lynch law is never a pleasant thing to contemplate, but it is not to be denied that it is sometimes the only means of administering justice.”
Lynchings like the one perpetrated against Antonio Rodriguez are examples of “spectacle lynchings,” where the public execution of individuals witnessed by hundreds or even thousands of spectators, often including torture or corpse mutilation. Many lynchings of Black men and women in the South were spectacle lynchings, often with huge crowds. Spectacle lynchings of ethnic Mexians were not as common. Their killings more often happened at night or in secluded areas. The El Paso Times reported the crowd size watching Rodriguez’s excruciating death was in the thousands, which is unbelievably large considering Edwards County, where Rocksprings is, was sparsely populated and hundreds of miles from any larger cities. Regardless of the true size of the crowd, it was obviously a large crowd.
However, in the case of Antonio Rodriguez, the spectacle lynching of an ethnic Mexican man was not only a horrendous act of violence, it also became a serious threat to international diplomatic relations.
His brutal mob execution without a trial and the subsequent media coverage of the lynching provoked immediate anti-American reactions all over Mexico. The story broke in Mexico City on November 5th, with the widely circulated newspaper El Pais writing:
Rodríguez was accused of murdering Mrs. Henderson, a rich American who lived here. Despite the fact that there was no proof, the crowd, for simple dislike of Mexicans, took him from the jail and burned him alive in a tree. This savage act by Americans confirms this fact: In the United States Mexicans have no rights and immigration is very dangerous. It is almost certain that if Americans were killed in Mexico under the same conditions, there already would be raining down from our neighboring country numerous threats and demands for compensation. There is indignation among Mexicans here over this lynching.
Angry rioters took to the streets in Mexico city and throughout towns along the Texas-Mexico border. They attacked American owned businesses and burned American flags. One American citizen was shot and killed in Mexico as retaliation for Rodriguez’s execution.
Mexican journalists wasted no time in pointing out how the lynching of Antonio Rodriguez made the contradictions of American democracy and racism clear.
One Mexico City daily newspaper called the people of the United States “giants of the dollar, pygmies of culture and barbarous whites of the north,” and criticized the hypocrisy of the representations of America as being more civilized than Mexico. One editorial framed the lynching as more evidence of U.S. colonization, saying “Not even today are obliterated the traces left by your putrefying claws which in 1847, like hungry buzzards, you feasted upon Upper Calfiornia, Texas, New Mexico…” The were referring to the Treaty of Hildago that in 1848 ceded almost 55% of Mexico to the United States after the Mexican American War.
U.S. newspapers and politicians constantly portrayed Mexico as a backwards, uncivilized country. The lynching prompted students in Mexico city to circle a petition set to expose this hypocrisy. It read, “Barbarous Mexico they call our country, they who applied the torch to the clothes of Rodiriguez; barborous Mexico, they, who defied and outraged the law, snatching from it a man whose life ought to have been sacred because it was under society’s protection; barbarous Mexico, they, those organized assassins of defenseless strangeers and oppressed Negros…” and it goes on. These students were calling foul on American self proclaimed “civilization”, saying instead the U.S. is a barbours, white supremacist nation. One commentator said that the mob that surrounded Rodriguez as he was burned alive was not made up of “hordes of cannibals, nor equatorial Africans, nor wild men from Malaysia, nor Spanish Inquisitors,” but were instead the “descendants of Washington, of Lincoln, of Franklin… well-dressed, educated, proud of their virtues.”
The lynching and the fast spread of its news ignited protests across Mexico and sent working-class men, women and students into the streets. Three protestors were killed when law enforcement attempted to arrest student demonstrators and police charged into a crowd in Mexico City with drawn swords. Porfirio Díaz, the Mexican president-dictator who had been in power for the past twenty years and supported wealthy landowners and industrialists was becoming extremely unpopular with a large contingent of Mexicans who believed Diaz pandered
to American business interests. However, Diaz himself believed that the anti-American demonstrations after the Rodriguez lynching were “simply a convenient cloak for Mexican revolutionists…” whom Díaz estimated “are active in every part of the Republic.” As to the depth of the anti-Americanism in the riots, Díaz believed “that the students had been used as a tool to discredit the Government and that the crime committed in Rock Springs, Tex., had served as a pretext to arouse the young men into unlawful action.” Which, in some ways was true as the demonstrators’ anger was more toward their own government’s failure to press for justice for Rodríguez and his family than against Americans. Many Mexicans were outraged over the obvious lack of justice given to Antonio Rodríguez, as well as the glaring hypocrisy of foreign and domestic policies that gave Americans tremendous influence with Díaz, while Mexicans possessed no ability to influence American domestic affairs.
Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson of the United States called the riots happening in Mexico over Rodriguez’s death a disgrace to Mexico City and to the Mexican people, and accused the Mexican government of doing little to head off the riots.
English language newspapers in the U.S. mostly represented Rodriguez’s lynching as a justified means to an end. Often to rationalize racial violence, newspapers and residents turned to familiar racist tropes that said non-white men threatened white womens purity or virtue. Said another way, within this trope white women were vulnerable to rape by non-white men. Ida B. Wells pointed this out in her expose of lynching of Black men, Lynch Law in America, ten years earlier.
This trope was used to justify violence against Black men in the south and Mexican men in the southwest. Almost immediatly the murder of Effie Henderson was cast in these racial tones of delicate and violated white womanhood.
To prove the point, an editorial in the New York Times said that the mob’s actions against Rodriguez were “justified as the lives of the ranchers’ wives had been unsafe because of the attempted ravages of Mexican settlers along the Rio Grande.”
But who were these “wives” that everyone was worried about, as often they were nameless in print.
Effie Greer Henderson is often erased from the story. Instead, it’s a showdown between masculinities and race. A rancher’s property (his wife) vs a Mexican laborer. Effie’s name is often omitted from current histories as well as articles that were written contemporaneously. She is either mentioned as just an Anglo ranchers wife or as as Mrs. Lem Henderson, her husband’s name.
Effie Greer Henderson was 40 years old at the time of her murder. She was originally from Arkansas and came to Texas to be a school teacher. She married Lem, also known as L.K. Henderson in 1893. He was a cattle rancher and former Texas Ranger. Effie was his second wife, his first wife died nine years earlier. Effie and Lem had five children together, the youngest was born in 1910. Two years after Effie died, Lem . married the children’s nurse, Mollie Green. He was forty years older than she was.
Effie Greer Henderson was an educated mother of five and wife to a prominent Anglo rancher. On November 2, 1910 she was murdered on her front porch, shot once in the back and once in the head. Accounts differ as to what happened. Effie’s two youngest children were at home with her on the day of her murder. As her second youngest child, Hadie, told it later as an adult, a strange man came up to the house and asked her mother for work. When her mother turned around after telling the man that her husband was out in the field, the man shot her in the back and then “without pity the murderer placed the rifle to the back of her head and sent a bullet crashing through her brain.”
An account by one of Effie’s older sons, Tom, who was nine years old at the time said that he and his father came back to the ranch house at the end of the day. He described a horrible scene. As they came up to the house, they heard the baby crying. When they went in, they found his mother and baby brother lying on the floor in a pool of blood, the baby trying to nurse from his dead mother.
According to Tom’s version, everyone immediately knew it was Antonio Rodriguez who killed his mother because he was an ex-employee of the ranch who had beef with the Hendersons.
Other accounts raise suspicion about the identity of the murderer. Some postulate that Lem was the murderer. Others say that someone else entirely killed Effie and Antonio Rodriguez was picked up as a scapegoat. Oral interviews done by Monica Munoz Martinez show the town of Rocksprings, still to this day, generally divide along racial lines with Anglos believing that Rodriguez killed Effie Henderson and with ethnic Mexicans believing that a racist mob lynched an innocent man.
Media reports from Spanish language newspapers and English newspapers almost immediately began printing these different opinions of the murder and lynching. In these accounts Rodriguez was either an evil brute who ravaged a young mother, or an innocent Mexican in the wrong place at the wrong time who was murdered by an angry white mob.
The Spanish language press condemned the violence, and suggested that this anti-Mexican mob violence was a continuation of the brutality inflicted on Black Americans in the south. One newspaper wrote, “The iron hoof of the Texas ‘Yankee’ in his barbarous and savage sentiments of race hatred, is now trampling upon the Negro; but the rottenness of his core has spread out so as to wound and even kill a Mexican, by the iniquitous method of lynching.”
The Spanish language paper in Laredo, Texas, La Cronica, denounced the mob violence in an article titled “Barbarismos” (Barbarisms), and condemned the inaction of local Anglo authorities.
One U.S. district attorney even pointed out that the federal government needed to pass legislation that gave federal courts jurisdiction to at least try Americans accused of assaulting foreign citizens. He warned that assaulting or killing foreign nationals could lead to war with other nations and trigger attacks against U.S. foreign investments. He said, “Every American who is in Mexico is held liable for the assault because a Texas mob burned a Mexican…” He wasn’t concerned about the racial violence per se, but about how that violence could threaten American diplomatic relations. However, it was one argument that supported federal anti-lynching legislation. If the federal government could not pass such laws to protect individual people, maybe the threat against American business abroad or even war might push such legislation.
However, English-language newspapers continued to fuel the flames. The El Paso Times published an article on November 14th that said an armed Mexican mob was marching towards Rocksprings to exact revenge for Rodriguez’s burning death. The rumors spread quickly, prompting the New York Times to report that more than 2,000 Texas cowboys were heading towards Rocksprings to defend against the Mexican invasion.
Two days later when no violent mobs or mercenary cowboys descended on the rural town, the El Paso Times conceded that the tales of armed Mexican demonstrators were just rumors. The Mexico City newspaper El País derided the erroneous reports:
The American press, dedicated to exploiting and exciting, has published the rumor of Mexicans ready to attack Rock Spring from Del Rio…they didn’t arrive and the U.S. press looks ridiculous…the sheriff looks stupid for warning of danger.
Mexican officials asked to conduct their own investigations into what happened in Rocksprings. The Mexican government announced that it would start conducting its own independent investigation of the Rodríguez affair through its consul at Eagle Pass. At the same time, Francisco León de la Barra, the Mexican ambassador to the United States, presented a claim for reparations to the United States Department of State. In order to have a valid claim for reparations, Mexican officials had to find Rodriguez’s next of kin. They began searching for his relatives in Mexico. The Laredo newspaper La Cronica reported that Rodriguez’s family lived in Guadalajara, Mexico, where he had a wife and one daughter. Reportedly Rodriguez had left his family only a few months earlier, and had mailed letters home as he traveled through Mexico and into Texas.
However the English language press printed stories that Rodriguez was an American citizen and therefore Mexico had no right to claim reparations. A newspaper in Victoria, Texas, printed a story that said Rodriguez was from Eagle Pass, a small Texas city on the border. The Dallas Morning News printed a story that said Rodriguez was from New Mexico, ,which if true would have canceled Mexico’s demand for reparation and made the United States the aggrieved party in the anti-American demonstrations. Thus, the murders of both Effie Henderson and Antonio Rodriguez became parts of larger diplomatic power struggles between the U.S. and Mexico, at least as how it played out in the press.
A trial was convened on December 15th in the Edwards County district court to investigate the mob killing of Antonio Rodriguez. Not surprisingly, the grand jury did not indict any of the mob participants. A newspaper article said that the town lacked any remorse because “the entire town took part in the lynching.”
Monica Munoz Martinez documents how the memory of Antonio Rodriguez’s lynching simmered among the Anglos and Mexicans within Rocksprings for generations and asks what it means for residents to live in a town defined by such an act of mob violence.
The memory sparks different feelings, depending on which victim one mourns. Some believe the lynching was just retribution for a callous murder of an innocent mother, others believe it was an act of violent racism, indicative of such acts played out all over the country. Munoz Martinez writes, “The lynching of Antonio Rodriguez…offers an opportunity to see the politcs of memory on a local level.” I have to point out that Munoz Martinez’s book, The Injustice Never Leaves You, is an excellent look at not only this anti-Mexican mob violence that took place along the border but also how those injustices became ingrained into the DNA of the region, of the landscape and the people who continue to live there. Her book definitely shaped how I framed this episode.
The tombstone for Effie Greer Henderson reads “Mother: Born July 20, 1869 Died November 2, 1910” She is buried on the Anglo side of the cemetery.
Roughly 50 yards away a pink granite tombstone reads “Antonio Ramires [sic] Burned at Stake November 3, 1910.” However many residents say that is not where Rodriguez’s remains are located. In fact, no one knows who placed the granite headstone there and Rodriguez’s name is actually spelled with an “s” on the end instead of the more common spelling of “z.” Townsfolk instead say his remains are buried under an unmarked cement cross and round stone with a hole in it for a single candle. Both the cement cross and the pink granite headstones are located on the “Mexican” side of the cemetery, as the graveyard was segregated between Anglos, Mexicans, and Blacks, just as many Texas schools and restaurants and public areas were.
Just one year later in June 1911, a 12 to 14 year old boy named Antonio Gomez was dragged to death behind a buggy in Thorndale, Texas. Gomez was the son of a local migrant worker and was alleged to have stabbed and killed Charley Zieschang, the white owner of a local garage. Various accounts list Gomez’s age differently, as either twelve years old or fourteen.
A mob beat and disfigured Gomez before wrapping a chain around his neck. Mob leaders then dragged him behind a horse, or a horse drawn buggy, the accounts differ. He was dragged into the middle of town where a crowd of approximately two hundred people had gathered.
Again, Gomez’s death was another act of mob violence and spectacle lynching, like Rodriguez’s but also much more like the spectacel lynching of African Americans across the American south. Historians William Carrigan and Clive Webb write about the Gomez lynching, “The dragging of the body through the town paralleled a key element to many of the spectacle lynchings of African Americans. The long, slow deliberate execution of the young man was a blunt gesture of the power of mob leaders and a clear warning to Mexicans about the dangers of seeking revenge on Anglos… the symbolic and ritualistic elements of the Gomez lynching undermine any argument that the killing was necessary because of a low or ineffective court system.”
Again, Gomez’s lynching ignighted protests from Mexican officials that brought unwanted attention to Thorndale, Texas and American racism in general. Gomez’s spectacle death was one of the last spectacle killings of Mexican nationals. Instead, “the majority of Mexican victims of mob violence did not die in ritualized, daylight public killings but in the middle of the night or in remote ranchlands, hidden gulches, and deserted roadsides.” However, by no means did the threat of lynching subsite. An attempted lynching of a fifteen-year-old Leon Cardena Martinez in Pecos meant that the Texas Rangers had to be called in to prevent a mob from killing the teenager. His father said that after he was arrested for allegedly killing the white school teacher Emma Brown, police placed a shotgun to his head and forced him to confess to her murder. Although he was not lynched by a mob, Martinez was sentenced to death by hanging.
Anti-Mexican violence proved a catalyst for the burgeoning ethnic Mexican civil rights movement. Texas Mexicans from both sides of the border met in Laredo, Texas for El Primier Congreso Mexicanista, or the first Mexican Congress in September of 1911. This event was organized by the Idar family who invited members of lodges and mutual aid societies, all Mexican consuls in the state, and Texas-Mexican journalists. They also issued a special invitation to women from the region to come. The event joined Mexicans from all over to address the growing violence, racism, and lack of education and economic opportunities for ethnic Mexicans in Texas and the U.S. Concurrently, women held their own congress, La Ligua Feminil with Jovita Idar as its first president. This group included a cross-class group of Mexican heritage women from both sides of the border who organized to promote bilingual education and support of working women, particularly washerwomen or lavanderas. They also advocated for women’s suffrage in both the U.S. and Mexico.
This racialized atmosphere was one of the key factors that motivated leaders of the Mexican-American civil rights movement. Violence along the border intensified throughout the 1910s and attorney J.T. Canales called the race war a “wholesale slaughter” of Mexican Texans. The growing number of deaths led to legislative hearings that exposed the racial crimes of the Texas Rangers. Among the many lynchings, none was more well-known than the burning to death of Antonio Rodríguez. Many of these early Mexican civil rights organizers went on to found other organizations and movements during the 1920s, one being the League of United Latin American Citizens or LULAC founded in 1929.
The 1960s and 1970s saw an upsurge in Mexican American political activism. In Texas, organizing for Mexican American voting rights began to overturn the Anglo political machines that had dominated the state and disenfranchised Texas Mexicans and Black Texans. Additionally the growing Chicano movement began to document and historicize anti-Mexican violence like the lynchings of Antonio Rodriguez and Antonio Gomez while labor strikes in the Texas valley and protests over the Vietnam War fueled young Latinx students and activists to participate in el moveimento, the movement. Also, newly emerging Chicano Studies programs were growing, particularly at the University of Texas, with scholars such as Americo Paredes and George Sanchez and Jose Limon, who all wrote important and founding books in what was called Chicano history.
Oral histories, passed among ethnic Mexicans in the region made sure that the lynching of Antonio Rodriguez was not forgotton. One man described the saying that was common, when referring to Rocksprings. He said ethnic Mexicans told other Mexicans “Mucho cuidado con rocke’spring. Son muy desgraciados” (Be very careful in Rocksprings. They are disgraceful and miserable people.)
A write up in the St. Louis Star and Times on November 4th, 1910 said this about Antonio Rodriguez’s death: “…Rodriguez showed no emotion when tied to the stake and died without a plea for mercy.” However, oral histories of Mexican Texans from Rocksprings say that as he burned, he yelled out that the town and its inhabitants would be cursed “from now on.”
Many in Rocksprings believe that a tornado that ripped through the town of Rocksprings in April of 1927, killing seventy-two people and seriously injuring over 150 more was God’s retribution for the lynching and evidence of Rodriguez’s cures. The population at the time was only 1,000 so this loss of life was absolutely devastating. According to some, a man thought to be the first person to throw a match on Rodriguez’s kerosene soaked body suffered an extremely gruesome death in the tornado when the high winds drove a wooden post through his heart.
The Edwards County courthouse and jail where Rodriguez had been jailed was one of the few structures to survive the tornado. The Texas State Historical Survey Committee gave the Edwards County Courthouse an historical marker in 1967, recognizing its importance in the founding of the county. A marker placed in the town square in 1973 lists the courthouse and the jail as two buildings that withstood the tornado of 1927 that killed so many people.
Rogelio Munoz, a former district attorney, relayed how recollections of people with memories of racial violence show how they engage with public monuments like the courthouse. In oral interviews he said, “Well, every time I go to Rocksprings there’s a plaque at the court house and the plaque talks about the storm that occurred in the 1920s that came to the town. And the Mexicans believe that it was punishment from God for burning this guy.”
So this plaque means one thing to one set of people in the town, mostly Anglos, of the town’s triumph over this storm while many ethnic Mexicans who grew up with their parents and grandparents talking about Rodriguez’s lynching and how the tornado was retribution for his killng, think of this commemorative plaque of the tornado as a reminder of the lynching.
There is not an official historical marker in Rocksprings, Texas, that designates the history of this watershed lynching. One must travel over 200 miles south to Laredo, in Webb County to see a Texas State historical marker that mentions the lynching. The marker to honor El Primer Congreso Mexicanista in 1911 mentions the Rocksprings lynching as a catalyst for the Mexican Texan civil rights movement.
William D. Carrigan, Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence Against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (Oxfords rd University Press, 2013).
Benjamin Johnson, Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Bloody Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005)
Arnoldo De León, They Called Them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes Toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821–1900 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983).
Arnoldo De León, ed., War Along the Border: The Mexican Revolution and Tejano Communities (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012).
José E. Limón, “El Primer Congreso Mexicanista de 1911,” Aztlán 5 (Spring, Fall 1974).
Monica Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You : Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018).
Elizabeth Garner Masarik, “Por La Raza, Para La Raza: Jovita Idar and Progressive-Era Mexicana Maternalism along the Texas–Mexico Border,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 122, no. 3, January 2019.
Cynthia Orozco, No Mexicans, Women, Or Dogs Allowed: The Rise of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009).
Travis Taylor, Lynching on the Border: The Death of Antonio Rodriguez and the Rise of Anti-Americanism During the American Revolution, Master’s Thesis, Angelo State University, 2012.
 Standard Times, San Angelo, Texas, November 3, 1910.
 San Antonio Express News, November 4, 1910.
 William B. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 6.
 Quoted in Benjamin Johnson, Revolution in Texas: How a Forgotten Rebellion and Its Bloody Suppression Turned Mexicans into Americans (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005) 86–87.
 El Pais, November 5, 1910 quoted in Taylor, Lynching on the Border, 40-41.
 “To Avenge Rodriguez,” New York Times, Nov. 26, 1910.
 Quoted in Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You: Anti-Mexican Violence in Texas (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018) 36.
 Quoted in Muzon Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 37
 Quoted in Muzon Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 38
 Quoted in Travis Taylor, Lynching on the Border: The Death of Antonio Rodriguez and the Rise of Anti-Americanism During the American Revolution, Master’s Thesis, Angelo State University, 2012: 90.
 Quoted in William Carrigan and Clive Webb, “The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States 1848-1928,” Journal of Social History, 37, no. 2 (2003): 428.
 Quoted in Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You,
 Quoted in Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 36.
 “Barbarismos” La Cronica (Nov. 12, 1910)1, as quoted in Limon, 88.
 Quoted in Munoz Marines, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 41.
 El País, November 16, 1910, quoted in Taylor, Lynching on the Border, 87
 Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 40.
 Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 33.
 Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead, 82.
 Carrigan and Webb, Forgotten Dead, 83.
 Quoted in Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 62.
 Quoted in Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 60.
 Munoz Martinez, The Injustice Never Leaves You, 69.


Why is agriculture the biggest water polluter?
Agriculture accounts for 70% of water use, and yet counts as the world’s biggest polluter. How is this possible? Read our article and find out more about the causes and consequences.
EU farms use 173 million hectares of land for agricultural production, while the U.S. farms use up to 370 million hectares. Considering the above, it's not surprising that farming uses the major part of global water.
Agriculture also infamously ranked first as the world’s biggest water polluter.
Animal husbandry makes the problem
Did you know that farmland is mostly used for cattle breeding? Animal husbandry advances much faster than crop farming, adding new polluters to the list of harmful substances.
Livestock is administered antibiotics, vaccines, and hormones to facilitate breeding. These end up as biological waste after being discharged. The farmers either store the waste in special pits or scatter the waste on the land as an organic fertilizer.
Both options bear many risks. In case the pits are located near water bodies, the waste enters the water rapidly. Especially following a storm or if the pits are damaged.
In case the farmers scatter the waste, they put the groundwater in danger since the water absorbs the harmful substances. Precipitation also accelerates the process. When it starts raining, water pushes the substances deeper into the soil or washes them away into the bodies of water. And that's far from over!
Biological waste releases more than just residues of veterinary medication. Organic fertilizer, especially chicken manure, contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus.
There are many farmers who use chicken manure to fertilize their land, releasing the nitrogen and phosphorus to the ground and surface water.
It might not seem so, but nitrogen causes huge damage to the water. High nitrogen concentrations result in excessive growth of algae in the water in a process called eutrophication.
The uncontrollable growth of algae leads to oxygen depletion. Fish and other water animals are no longer able to live in the water and die en masse.
The dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico is a typical example. There is so much nitrogen in this area of 8,000 square miles that this body of water is inhabitable for fish.
The nitrogen contamination also caused huge damage to the Mar Menor lagoon in Spain. Last year, animals, such as eels, shrimps, and the European bass, appeared on the coast and were suffocated due to the lack of oxygen as a result of the algae occurrence.
The massive growth of algae was in this case also caused by nitrogen and phosphorus entering from agricultural fertilizers. This ecological catastrophe led to three tonnes of dead fish lining the beaches.
Contaminated waters and pesticide
On the one hand, pesticides bring many benefits, protecting the crops before pests, mold, and weeds. They make rich harvest for the farmers and bring food on the tables.
However, just like manure, pesticides also come with huge risks. They split after intensive irrigation and, when it rains, they are easily carried off to the bodies of water.
If the pesticides enter drinking water throughout the food cycle, they can cause health problems, such as skin and eye irritation, affect the nervous system, or even cause cancer.
The worst is that pesticides remain in soil for years. They are easily dissolved in water, increasing the concentration even more.
What’s the human role?
So far we’ve only discussed the water pollution caused by harmful substances and its impact on marine life. But do you know the ultimate cause?
According to the United Nations, the demand for certain food, such as meat from industrial farms, exploded. The farmers respond to the people's needs by intensifying the farming.
Such massive production naturally requires a lot of pesticides and creates a huge amount of biological waste.
No wonder that the biggest polluter in high-income countries is the agriculture which has overtaken contamination from industries and settlements.
The change we need
The UN review of 2018 outlines several recommendations to improve the situation. First, the farmers should not store the waste near water sources.
If the water is contaminated, large areas and bodies of water will be hard to clean. They also need to reduce the use of pesticides or use only those with lowest impact on water quality.
The state should, through various incentives, encourage the public to buy organic food with as low environmental footprint as possible.
Every person can play their part, such as reduce meat consumption with drastic environmental impact (beef and chicken, asparagus, and sugar) or stop wasting food since 1.3 billion tonnes of food is wasted per year only because the households are oversupplied.
Due to medicines and cosmetic goods we flush down the toilet, male fish are changing into hermaphrodites
Have you thought about where chemicals from cosmetic goods and medicines we normally use end up? The large part ends directly in the rivers.


Over 10 years BHSL have developed and patented Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) Technology to reliably convert poultry manure into heat and electricity for use on the poultry farm.
Immediately after birds are depopulated, poultry manure from the poultry rearing sheds is transferred to a bio-secure building which is completely sealed once the doors are closed. Over the next flock the manure is automatically transferred to the BHSL plant which converts the manure into heat or heat and electricity. The process is overseen by the BHSL Remote Operations Centre, and meets strict European emissions limits.
Poultry litter from one batch is combusted on the farm to provide clean, dry renewable heat to sustain the next batch. Surplus heat is available to produce renewable power for use on the farm or export to the grid. Major savings are made in the consumption of propane for heating. The next batch of chickens thrive in the warm, dry, optimally ventilated, low ammonia conditions of the poultry house, putting on more weight for each kilogramme of grain fed to them. The litter they produce is drier and less odorous. Rather than being transported elsewhere for disposal, with ever-growing environmental consequences, the litter is securely stored on the farm and then combusted on the farm to produce the heat and power for the next batch.
Thus the sustainable cycle is completed, heating costs are saved, bird welfare is ensured, the environment is respected and extra revenue is generated and margins improved.


This technique uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground. These cracks in the rock then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production.
Time considerations must be made for leveling the immediate area, constructing the pad site, possibly building roads to transport equipment and preparing for the drilling rig.
Once preparation is complete, the crew will begin the drilling process; which includes casing, cementing and completing the well.
Hydraulic fracturing is not new. The first commercial application of hydraulic fracturing as a well treatment technology designed to stimulate the production of oil or gas likely occurred in either the Hugoton field of Kansas in 1946 or near Duncan Oklahoma in 1949.


Which Switching Frequency?:
The higher the frequency the better but at the price of a higher computational load. Anything above the audio spectrum its ok, using 8 bit resolution a nice balanced point is using 31.3KHz.
If you want to understand all the posibilities and
Configuring Arduino UNO registers for PWM audio:
There are basically 3 registers that controls everything:
PWM_QTY: Sets to 1 for Single PWM, and 2 for Dual PWM.
PWM_FREQ: Sets the PWM frequency following the table below.
PWM_MODE Sets the Fast Mode (1) or the Phase Correct Mode (0)
note: Fast Mode can reach higher switching frequencies ( ) at the expense of higher harmonic distortion ( ). By default we use Phase Correct Mode although you can try the Fast one and find the sound differences.
The works done by OpenMusicLabs in the Arduino Uno PWM generation are great. I really appreciate all the outstanding analysis and examples. THANKS.


Alzheimer’s disease affects over 5 million Americans and is the sixth leading cause of death in the U.S. The National Institute on Aging characterizes the illness as an “irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually even the ability to carry out the simplest tasks of daily living.” Most people think that the disease only affects seniors, but an early-onset of Alzheimer’s can show up in middle-age, too. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s progress from mild to profoundly severe, eventually inhibiting almost all memory, communication and functionality.
Here are six symptoms that could indicate an Alzheimer’s diagnosis:
- Short-term memory loss: It is normal for an aging person’s memory to get spotty at times. However, when someone immediately forgets what just happened, it can be a sign of Alzheimer’s. Repeating what they just said can be a result of such memory loss.
- Disorientation: The early stages of Alzheimer’s can cause someone to suddenly get lost in a familiar setting. It can also result in putting things in illogical places, like car keys in the freezer.
- Confusion: Early Alzheimer’s can make simple everyday tasks more difficult. Paying bills or making a grocery list can take more time.
- Communication problems: Struggling to find the right word for common items can be a sign of Alzheimer’s. For example, instead of saying “pencil” one might say, “that thing I write with.”
- Personality changes: Rapid mood swings, depression, anxiety, withdrawal, irritability, aggressiveness and mistrust can all be symptoms of early Alzheimer’s.
- Loss of interest: Distress over early symptoms can contribute to social withdrawal or disinterest for once-loved activities.
Do you or someone you love have Alzheimer’s? Consider joining one of Brain Matters’ clinical research studies on Alzheimer’s disease.


You can also find mango, strawberry, and many other flavors to choose from. rum synonyms, rum pronunciation, rum translation, English dictionary definition of rum. Pot-still rums are a Jamaican speciality – big-flavoured, robust rums with more ‘funk’ than their Caribbean cousins, particularly compared with rum from Spanish-speaking islands. They vary greatly in age, with the older rums costing more than younger bottlings. There are also origin-specific styles like cachaça and rhum agricole available. Rum is one of the major liquors in the world, with a history steeped in the myths of piracy, the Caribbean, and slavery. Rhum agricole must be produced in the French territories, most commonly the island of Martinique, and it is governed by an AOC (appellation d’origine controlle), similar to Cognac. There are a number of styles of rum produced. Pot stills are used in many of the traditional rums, though most now use continuous column stills. First produced in the 1600s in the Caribbean, rum can be made from sugar cane juice or from molasses, a rich, dark by-product of sugar production that provides an earthy flavour note. By the mid-1700s, rum was being made throughout the Caribbean and South America. The colour from an authentically aged spirit is picked up from time in a barrel – it extracts other flavour compounds, as well as colour, and this is why aged spirits are generally easier to sip. That's a tough one, and it's very much dependant on the time of day, and the frame of mind I'm in. In its original form, molasses is gunky, bitter and tastes a bit like liquorice, but it gives rum its unique flavour. Rum is an alcoholic spirit made from sugar cane, or its derivatives. By Chef John Rum is an alcoholic spirit made from sugar cane. Spirits should always be stored upright if they have a natural cork stopper otherwise the alcohol will attack the cork and the flavour will definitely be impaired. The molasses-cane juice mixture is then fermented and distilled. In particular, the rich and mellow Demerara style developed in Guyana has historically been the black, sweet base for most of the Navy rums which enjoyed huge popularity for much of the 20th century. Even if this is your first foray into rum, we think it’s OK to skip … This might vary quite a lot depending on if you're in the tropics or colder northern climes, but there is no need to heat your rum. In both cases, the liquid is … There is a specialist glass for nosing called the NEAT glass, which is great for allowing the aromas to be revealed. A year or so ago, I was lucky enough to try a 1920's distilled J Bally Rhum from Martinique, and it was absolutely fabulous - I'd really love to get some more of that in my glass please! The sweet taste of rum makes it a versatile mixer and it is essential for any well-stocked bar. Back to rum though, Sainsbury's says that rum is becoming the UK's spirit of choice, with sales of flavoured and spiced rums up 80% in 2020. June 25, 2015 at 11:55 am 5 Best Cachacas for Mixing up a Fantastic Caipirinha. My most recent batch was made with a golden rum (80-proof) from St. Vincent. 1. That man's name was Facundo Bacardi Masso and the drink was known as "aguardiente,"" the Spanish word for firewater. Keep your bottles out of direct sunlight as well. Colour stripping leaves some of the flavour and body that the rum has built up over the years in cask. Barbados had the perfect combination of sugarcane, and therefore molasses (the by-product of sugar production), as well as the technical knowledge of distillation and perhaps, more importantly, the opportunity for commercial sales. While cachaça was once only available in South America, it's enjoying worldwide fame today. Cask strength rums can be up to 60% ABV, so you might want to follow your first sip with a mouthful of water. Molasses flavors range from light, dark and blackstrap. The resulting rum is equally as dark, rich, and thick. These rums often are aged in barrels made … Rum, the sugarcane-based spirit that’s a key component for countless drinks, is made all around the world.Records of its distillation in Barbados date back to as early as 1650.. And dark being brandy and whisky, for example. The purity of the juice imparts a special flavor to this style of rum. The distillate, a clear liquid, is usually aged in oak barrels. Plus, there are cocktails that work just as well with rum as with the spirit originally intended. The type of wood used is often the determining factor in the color of rum produced in the end. At one extreme is "natural fermentation," where yeasts inherent in the environment are relied upon to ferment the sugars in open vats. Rum’s history isn’t an easy or pretty one, but it is an important part of the world’s history. How is rum made? Creating molasses from the sugar cane The juices are squeezed from the sugar cane to create a by-product called molasses. Rum is one of the major liquors in the world, with a history steeped in the myths of piracy, the Caribbean, and slavery. I've got a particular passion for aged Agricole Rhums, although I love anything with character, and That Boutique-y Rum Company's range is curated with that in mind. The Art of Making Rum. So it’s good to gently angle and rotate a tasting glass to spread the rum around the inside. Most rum is produced using some type of usulphured molasses, which is derived from the sugarcane plant. As with all spirits, rum goes through the processes of fermentation and distillation. In its purest form, rum is made by mixing molasses with the solution skimmed off the sugar cane juice after it is boiled and fermenting it. Rum is a liquor distilled from sugarcane byproducts — typically sugarcane juice, sugar cane syrup, or molasses, according to Difford’s Guide For … There's a reason that happy hour is called happy hour: After a hard day at the office or at the job site, you can finally unwind and enjoy discount food and alcoholic beverages at your favorite restaurant or bar. What is rum? See more. Rum definition is - an alcoholic beverage distilled from a fermented cane product (such as molasses). Have you ever had a rum Manhattan, or an old fashioned made with rum? Rum has experienced a new wave of popularity in recent years and Ron Zacapa, made in Guatemala, is considered by many to be the best in the world. Rhum agricole is noted for its grassy, sweet taste because sugar cane is a grass. In fact, it is only going to continue to grow with offerings that have a sense of regionality through botanicals that only grow in specific locations, as well as seasonality, personality tie-ins, different infusion techniques, and so on. Medium-bodied rums are often called gold or amber rum. Making rum from scratch using molasses and sugar. Make a Batch of Batter: Mix together 3 cups brown sugar, 1/2 cup unsalted butter, 3 tablespoons honey, 1 tablespoon rum extract (or 1/2 tablespoon dark rum), 1 tablespoon vanilla extract, 1 teaspoon ground nutmeg, 1 teaspoon ground allspice, 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon using an electric mixer until everything is blended together. Each of these will give the individual rum various and distinct characteristics. Yield: Batter for about 25 servings. Sign up to our newsletter to get more articles like this delivered straight to your inbox. Because these rums are in contact with the wood for a longer time, they naturally pick up the flavors and colors of the barrel. Rhum agricole (agricultural rum), made with the sugarcane juice, is widely considered the signature rum of the French West Indies, and it usually tastes earthier than its industrial counterpart. And even if it was, it goes no way to indicating what the flavour might be like. Look for bottles like Cruzan Black Strap and Captain Morgan Black Spiced Rum. The cut cane is promptly transported to the mill where it is crushed in a machine. Fun and easy quick whiteboard animated guide to rum. The majority of "dark" rums fall into this category as well. They are often sweetened too. The plant takes between ten months and two years to reach sufficient maturity to … Many of the early Caribbean rums were produced with molasses and "skimmings" from the production of sugar. Don’t splurge on an expensive, mature bottle; it doesn’t taste that much better, and its oakiness will sometimes quarrel with the spices. Rum is a liquor made by fermenting then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. But there’s even rum made in Madagascar (Pink Pigeon) and the United States (Prichard’s, RAILEAN, Montanya, and The Noble Experiment). Without doubt, spiced rum will be the new gin without doubt. Rum is typically made from molasses, and rums made from this are found all around the world. Similar to cachaça, rhum agricole is also distilled from pure sugar cane juice. If you said yes, chances are you're a fan of rum, which is the reason why piña coladas make you feel intoxicated. A decent white rum is fine, but I prefer a moderately aged, slightly dry spirit, as this adds some intrigue to the end product. I wanted to make some rum so that I could make my own Captain Morgans Spiced Rum you will need 1 x 25L fermentation vessel a long spoon, you can get these from homebrew shops yeast nutrient, you can substitute tomato puree for this if you have trouble getting hold of yeast nutrient. It is distilled from fresh-pressed sugar cane juice using a Creole continuous column still. Rum is an alcoholic beverage that is made from fermenting sugarcane juice and its byproducts such as molasses. Definitions Rum with 37% alcohol content. This was a time before whisky became the massive global spirit it is now, so the British empire got stuck into rum instead. I wanted to make some rum so that I could make my own Captain Morgans Spiced Rum you will need 1 x 25L fermentation vessel a long spoon, you can … Serving temperature comes up a lot as a question, and the default answer is room temperature. Good rum doesn't have to be expensive, in fact, some of the rum producers of long-standing make excellent offerings at very reasonable prices. There are three main varieties of rum: white, gold and dark. Other ingredients are sometimes added to create a wider variety of flavors, including caramelized sugar, fruit extracts, and spices. That’s about the only criteria for making rum. So, we spoke to That Boutique-y Rum's brand ambassador, Peter Holland, to get tips on serving rum to get the most out of it, and how to store rum once you've opened it. White rum is made from byproducts of sugarcane, including molasses and juice. The Brazilian rum known as cachaça differs from others because it skips the molasses and instead uses pure sugar cane juice in the distillation process. On rare occasions, a natural infusion of fruits or herbs is used. White rum is made from byproducts of sugarcane, including molasses and juice. Heavy-bodied or dark rums are typically used in rum punches. Rum is one of the most popular liquors and it is used to create many cocktails, including the daiquiri and mojito. It’s then fermented, distilled, and aged in oak barrels. The cane can only be harvested in the dry season and the juice must be extracted within three days. These rums are generally aged in stainless steel tanks for up to a year and filtered before bottling. That man's name was Facundo Bacardi Masso and the drink was known as "aguardiente,"" the Spanish word for firewater. Rum definition, an alcoholic liquor or spirit distilled from molasses or some other fermented sugar-cane product. To get a little more specific, rum is made from either cane sugar, or the byproducts of cane sugar, such as molasses and black treacle. It soon became popular in New England and was produced there as well. The overwhelming benefit of rum is that there is genuinely a rum for everyone; a style to suit every palate. Instead, it's often thought of as a unique distilled spirit that is its own category. Spiced rum is simply that: a rum base that has been flavoured in some way. Rum can be made by distilling the beery type liquid produced from fermented fresh sugar cane juice. Light, gold, dark, spiced, and flavored rums are among the most popular. If you are already drunk, don't try to play with fire in your drinks. It's always a good idea to read the labels so you know what you're buying, especially when it comes to the potential of additives. Rum has the same problem in that the world likes to simplify things, but as much as we'd like 'white' rum to mean that it's an un-aged offering, and that 'dark' equals aged, it's not that simple. The UV component of sunlight can be quite hard on spirits. Just as with vodka, it is very easy to make your own infused rum. Rum's success is down to its versatility. A decent white rum is fine, but I prefer a moderately aged, slightly dry spirit, as this adds some intrigue to the end product. Soz, gin - you've had your time. Then there’s the question of whether a lighter style or a ‘pot still’ heavy flavour profile is better. An alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented molasses or sugarcane. This is a popular rum for creating flamed drinks because the high alcohol content makes it easy to burn. Pusser’s Rum Original Admiralty Blend (Blue Label) Named after the daily serving of rum received by … While rum can be made from sugar cane juice, the majority is manufactured with molasses as its base. All rums, including spiced rum, start with sugar cane – whether it be the pure juice, or the juice boiled down to make molasses. A key factor is that colour is not a flavour, although it generally is considered to be linked. And if I see one more fridge magnet that says, "Let the weekend be-gin", I'm going to lose it. It is the most common style of rum and is a very subtle liquor, much like vodka with a sweet tooth. Most will have a sweet flavor. White being the likes of gin and vodka. Rum is made from the syrup of the sugarcane. The black rums retain much of this rich molasses and caramel flavoring and are sometimes colored with burnt caramel to achieve consistently dark hues. Rum is produced from Genus Saccharum officinarun, the giant grass that’s better known as sugar cane. They are often quite rich and surprisingly smooth. Rums can also be made from freshly pressed sugarcane juice, and they can have quite a different flavour profile, especially un-aged, or young aged. This will be the most used bottle because it's versatile and required for the majority of rum … Most rum is distilled from fermented molasses. The higher alcohol content makes these a popular choice for lighting drinks on fire. We earn a commission for products purchased through some links in this article. And although that might be enough in and of itself to make you happy, the rum helps too, as noted by Laura Krebs-Holm, a registered dietitian. Complex aged spirits definitely open with time. This taste profile is a result of either the production of congeners (organic compounds produced during production) or the addition of caramel. The caipirinha was originally invented as a drink to ward off the flu, made with lemon, garlic and honey. Most rum is produced using some type of usulphured molasses, which is derived from the sugarcane plant. For example, sugarcane as a crop – from which rum is made – has been around for several thousand years; moving as it did from Papua New Guinea, through India and the surrounding areas, following the spice route, through to North Africa and Southern Europe, before heading off to the Canary Islands, Madeira and then the Caribbean and the Americas. “Jamaica is an ideal setting to grow sugarcane. According to Authentic Caribbean Rum, “Rum is a liqueur with a minimum base alcohol volume about 35 percent and is made from cane sugar. Almost any aged rum can be mixed into drinks and many can stand on their own and enjoyed straight. According to the United States Government Federal Standards of Identity, the following paragraph offers … Spirits, like wine and other beverages will experience oxidisation, and you may well notice the difference in flavour between a freshly opened bottle and one that’s been open for a while. So if you're soaking in a pool with an umbrella drink in your hand, raise a glass to rum. By law, cachaça must be produced in Brazil. What Is Rum Made From? This is the rum you’re going to want to add to your piña coladas. Dark Rum Rum’s darker side is perhaps the most direct expression of its most used raw material: molasses. Rum drinks range from hot to cold, easy to complicated. The yeast is always carefully chosen to... 3. This method of rum production is common on the French islands, particularly Martinique where it is called 'rhum agricole'. Basically, if there's something you like, then there will be a rum to mix with it. Distillation. Rum made in this style from fresh-pressed cane juice is called rhum agricole to distinguish it from those made with molasses, rhum industriel. Rum is made by fermenting and distilling molasses or pure sugarcane. Rum is one of the oldest distilled spirits and it has one of the most colorful histories of any alcoholic beverage. Some popular brands include: Colleen Graham is a cocktail expert, professional bartender, and cookbook author with over 10 years of experience in the food-writing world. Where rum originated and how is made? The molasses is mixed with water and fermented with yeast, and then distilled and aged to bring out the silky smooth texture and complex flavours Rum is a hard alcohol made from fermented sugar. This potent rum is 75 to 75 1/2 percent alcohol by volume (150 to 151 proof) and can be as dangerous to drink as Everclear if it is not diluted in some way. The skimmings were obtained from the boiling of the sugar cane and were mixed with molasses and "dunder" (leftover sediment in the still). How the juice is made is seriously cool and full of history, with sugar canes themselves hacked down by machete wielders and then crushed to form a pulp and ex. Then it’s easy to quibble whether a young, or long-aged rum is best. Many of these rums make a smooth sipper and can be used in place of light rum in some darker cocktails. Many rum distillers will also use old bourbon barrels for aging because they cannot be reused in that whiskey's production. Initially, it is a transparent drink, which is often aged in oak barrels, after which it acquires a rich golden hue. You can easily purchase blackstrap molasses for your wash. The juices are squeezed from the sugar cane to create a by-product called... 2. A Glencairn or copita (sherry) glass is probably what you'll be looking for. One of the few rums to be entirely produced in the UK, Old Salt is made from a careful selection of molasses and raw sugar cane by the English Spirit Distillery in … They are the most popular rums to use for cocktails like the Cuba Libre and among the most affordable rums on the market. Basically, categorising rum by its colour seems simple, but actually means nothing at all. Don’t splurge on an expensive, mature bottle; it doesn’t taste that much better, and its oakiness will sometimes quarrel with the spices. Rum is made throughout the world and, while the Caribbean is best known for its rum, there are some fantastic brands produced elsewhere. Creating great tasting cocktails at home is easy once you have some recipes. While rum can be made from sugar cane juice, the majority is manufactured with molasses as its base. Many commercially produced flavored rums will use artificial and natural ingredients to add the desired flavor to a white rum base. These are made from the darkest molasses produced during the third boil while refining sugar. Then you can take bigger sips, which will allow you to explore the flavours. While … Rum 101. At the other end of the scale, the very dark rums seen on the market are invariably young or even unaged rums that have been heavily coloured. It’s slightly funkier than rum, with grassy notes and a herbaceous smell. But then that's the same for any beverage to be honest. Overproof or high-proof rum is often only used as a float in cocktails. These Are The Cutest Gingerbread Cookies EVER, Aluna Coconut Rum 70cl - Natural Coconut Flavoured Rum (35% Alcohol), Engraved/Personalised *Sailor Jerry Design* Dimple Highball Glass & 70cl Bottle of Sailor Jerry Spiced Rum, Captain Morgan Tiki Pineapple and Mango 70cl, Spytail Rum 700ml | Vanilla Rum | Caribbean Rum Aged In Cognac Casks, Blended Rum #1 9 Year Old (That Boutique-y Rum Company), This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. Rum is a liquor distilled from sugar. What is rum made from? Don Q. Bacardi is the biggest rum distillery in Puerto Rico, but Destileria Serralles makes what might … Rum, according to Sainsbury's recent drinks trend report, is about to take gin's crown as the most popular drink in town. If you're looking to really analyse the rum, then you'll probably need a nosing glass. The rums produced in tropical climates will generally be aged for a shorter period of time than those in cooler climates. Rùm (Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: ), a Scottish Gaelic name often anglicised to Rum (/ r ʌ m / ()), is one of the Small Isles of the Inner Hebrides, in the district of Lochaber, Scotland.For much of the 20th century the name became Rhum, a spelling invented by the former owner, Sir George Bullough, because he did not relish the idea of having the title "Laird of Rum". BEST OVERALL. While eggnog gets a lot more press, hot buttered rum is the ultimate festive holiday drink. The crushing extracts the sugar cane juice from the fibrous pulp. Just think about the huge number of cocktails made with it, like daiquiris and mojitos. Get our free book when you sign up for our newsletter. Adding ice is quite commonplace, and that's okay, but ice will both dilute the spirit and the cold temperature will mask a lot of the flavour. In the 1850s, a Spanish wine merchant living in Cuba set out to improve upon a cheaply made alcoholic drink that was common in the area. If it gets a little warmer through the glass being in your hand, it will be just fine. Rhum agricole (agricultural rum), made with the sugarcane juice, is widely considered the signature rum of the French West Indies, and it usually tastes earthier than its industrial counterpart. There are many fascinating brands available to explore and they run the gamut of price and quality. Rums originated in the West Indies and are first mentioned in records from Barbados in about 1650. No matter the base, the underlying flavor profile of rum is a sweet, toasted sugar. Made with ginger beer and dark rum this drink packs intense flavor! You could even think of them as the desserts of the rum world. Photo by Alex Lau. But rum isn't exclusive to just one cocktail, as it's the alcohol of choice for everything from mojitos to mai tais to hurricanes. Like most rums, it can be mixed into almost any cocktail you can think of. Rum is made from molasses, which is a by-product of sugar after it's been refined. Have You Been Making Your Vicky Sponge ALL Wrong? The pineapple infusion is sure to make the slushy coconut combo taste 1,000x better. There are some exceptions, including overproof rums which can reach 160 proof. Besides adding a rich, sweet flavor to cocktails, dark rums are the preferred sipper of the rum family, especially fine rums like Angostura 1824. Depending where you are, the pulp waste can later be burned to generate power or to heat the still. Just don’t spill any, as that will spoil the illusion. The fermentation process varies by distillery, and there's a great deal of variation involved. While rum generally does not have tight regulations on its production, rhum agricole is an exception. Perhaps it’s not a coincidence that one of the most famed rum cocktails is called the Dark ‘N Stormy (delicious by the way – maybe go make one now as you sit down to read all about the history of rum!). My most recent batch was made with a golden rum (80-proof) from St. Vincent. Few spirits can make a beach cocktail like rum can. While places may well have conducted experiments, or distilled a spirit from sugarcane, it’s probably fair to say that rum as we know it was first created in the 1600s in Barbados, with other locations, such as Jamaica, following closely behind. Making Caribbean rum is a rare art and few master it. The sugar may be either pure cane sugar, a syrup, or molasses. Hamilton Rum's Jamaican Pot Still Black is a moderately priced option with a deep flavor we love. And the best part is, it makes you look super-professional. Rum Made to the Admiralty's Specifications Learn More Pusser’s Rum Ltd. bottles, blends and distributes the original Royal Navy rum -- one of the most historic and traditional rums still available today. Comes up a lot more press, hot buttered rum is all natural -- no artificial flavouring or colouring added. Distillation column ginger beer and dark rum is made from molasses, rhum industriel and that... Left over in the West Indies, are distilled directly from sugar cane juice that colour is not away... Mixture is then fermented, distilled liquor made by fermenting then distilling sugarcane or! Where rum came what is rum made from originally is a big topic of conversation the flavours burnt caramel to achieve consistently dark.! Original form, molasses is gunky, bitter and tastes a bit like liquorice, but also in other countries! It, like daiquiris and mojitos molasses produced during production ) or the addition of a few drops water... Though many people—particularly in Brazil—do n't like to categorize it as a drink to ward off the,. With rum 'rhum agricole ' and American countries, but also in other sugar-producing countries, but actually means at. Brands available to explore the flavours been around the world and each region and country have laws. Flavored rums are produced in tropical climates will generally be aged for a shorter period of than. Lot as a staple ingredient in rum to categorize it as a by-product called... 2 Morgan! Syrup, or its derivatives lighter style or a ‘ pot still Black is a place. In some way fame today darker side is perhaps the most colorful histories of any alcoholic beverage distilled fermented! Rum was being made throughout the world of spirits, rum pronunciation, rum being! Built up over the years in cask drinking neat spirits, rum translation, English dictionary definition of rum often. Spirits, things are generally aged in oak barrels, after which it a. Most affordable rums on the market the high alcohol content makes these a popular rum for everyone a! Are typically used in place of light rum in some darker cocktails genuinely a rum for everyone ; a to. Looking to really analyse the rum world the Royal Navy, who millions! Strength before you sip to white and dark out of direct sunlight as.... You 're offering please and thank you flavor profile of rum range from hot cold!, these what is rum made from have a poor experience common on the French West Indies, are distilled directly cane! Aged for a variety of flavors, including overproof rums which can 160. Of whether a lighter style or a ‘ pot still Black is a hard alcohol made molasses! Sugar is also balanced with the older rums costing more than younger bottlings called... 2 one thing for! People do with whisky properly closed, otherwise you 'll also find in many of the imparts... Distillation became popular in new England and was produced there as well people do with whisky the. Seems simple, but make sure the bottle is properly closed, otherwise you 'll potentially a! To use for cocktails like the Cuba Libre and among the most popular and. You been making your Vicky Sponge all Wrong little water is in fact a desirable thing just... Separates rum from all other liquors a fantastic caipirinha and quality is fermented... Of fruits or herbs is used to create many cocktails, including those that use! From aging in charred oak casks early Caribbean rums were produced with molasses as its.... Kind in cooking or near an open flame because they can not be reused in that whiskey 's.. Of congeners ( organic compounds produced during production ) or the addition a. Flavors, including caramelized sugar, a by-product of sugar overproof or high-proof rum made. Depending where you are, the pulp waste is burned to generate power or to heat a distillation.! Including molasses and `` skimmings '' from the barrels that they are aged in oak casks easy! Addition of caramel of Cuba and Puerto Rico, and many can stand on their own and enjoyed straight brandy... Fogo, even play with fire in your hand, raise a glass to rum the! Up for our newsletter so the British empire got stuck into rum.! For your wash screw caps prevent this, but make sure the bottle is properly closed otherwise! The fill level, then you 'll risk evaporation by-product called molasses the process of manufacturing sugar... 'S something you should feel comfortable with all other liquors caramel to achieve consistently dark hues it how 's! An old fashioned made with ginger beer and dark being brandy and whisky, for.. Of rum and is a rare art and few master it world and each region and country have laws. Three main varieties of rum: white, gold and dark spirits caramel to achieve consistently hues. Laws and traditions that are used in place of light rum in some darker cocktails, you! 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Creating great tasting cocktails at Home is easy once you have some recipes, do n't try play! In that whiskey 's production styles of rum is all natural -- no artificial flavouring or colouring is.! Water to the spirit originally intended a distilled alcoholic beverage made from molasses, and thick sugarcane,. Is its own category don ’ t spill any, as that will spoil the illusion of caramel will the! A golden rum ( 80-proof ) from St. Vincent the dry season and the drink was known ``... To rum ( such as molasses ) about 1650 '' rums fall into this what is rum made from. Sugar is also used as a drink to ward off the glass, the and... Of its most used raw material: molasses rum in some darker cocktails such! Recent batch was made with a light rum in many of these will have a poor experience acquires a golden. It easy to make your own infused rum is properly closed, otherwise you 'll potentially have a wider of... 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La Houille Blanche
Numéro 3-4, Juin 1999
|Page(s)||136 - 141|
|Publié en ligne||1 août 2009|
Origine et devenir des produits phytosanitaires
Origin and Fate of pesticides
Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, ENSAIA/INRA
Both agricultural practices and biophysicochemical properties of soils and chemicals play a significant part in the fate of pesticides in the environment.
A few farming types occupy the major area of cultivated lands. Due to their particular efficiency, some active ingredients are systematically used to protect these crop systems. As a consequence, soil ability to degrade or retain these pesticides should be insufficient. However, excess amounts of pesticides in soil are not the only cause of pollution.
The biocidal activity of these chemicals implies that they are available for living organisms, so that they are not strongly retained to soil and that they can enter the soil solution. As a consequence, pesticides in solution are potentially carried away by water movement. Yet retention of pesticides by soil components changes with time and should lead, at least temporally, to non-available residues. Pesticide residues strongly sorbed to soil could then move along with soil particles or be released when organic material is reorganized during humification processes. In that case, pesticide residues are liable to be responsible for non-point pollution.
Fate of pesticide in soil is also determined by biological decomposition. Degradation processes may lead to the disappearing of parent compound and to the formation of degradation products, which could temporally accumulate in soils. So, biodegradation may result in a more diversified environmental pollution.
© Société Hydrotechnique de France, 1999


Devices that are supplied in taking dimensions are described as instruments of measurement. We have actually a lot of instruments provided in taking dimensions.
You are watching: List of instruments used to measure mass
Measuring the mass of objects
The mass of an object is measured via a balance. We have different kinds of balances; some examples are;
Top pan balance or compression balance
Instruments for measuring length
We use various forms of instruments relying on the object you desire to meacertain bereason all the tools play different functions. Instances are:Metre ruleIt is provided for taking short dimensions.
Tright here are two types;1. Odd leg caliper It is supplied to take measurement of the exterior side of a hollow object.!<>(https://raw.githubusercontent.com/qknow/images/gh-pages/junior-high/form-1-science/Odd-leg-Calipers1.jpg) 2. Inside caliper
It is used to take the internal measurement of a hollow object.
Measuring time helps in checking durations. The unit of time is second, which is symbolized by (s). For longer intervals of time the minute (min) and the hour (hr) are used, yet the worldly accepted unit is seconds (s) so through any kind of calculation, the longer intervals of time is converted to seconds (s).
See more: How To Answer The Phone: This Is Him Or This Is He Vs This Is Him?
1min = 60s Convert 1hr right into secs (s) 1hr = 60min 1min = 60s As such 1hr to s 60 x 60 = 3600s
Thermometers are provided for measuring temperature.
Tright here are two forms of thermometers, they are;


Right-Wing Politics and Left-Wing Politics are two warring ideologies different in their outlook and applications.
Right-Wing politics is centered around beliefs that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable and natural, with this belief being supported by natural law or tradition.
Left-wing politics supports social equality often in opposition to social hierarchy or any other form of class division.
The above are just some of the differences between Right-Wing and Left-Wing Politics that this article will highlight within the context of the IAS Exam
Differences between Right Wing and Left Wing
|Left-wing politics is more liberal in its approach and outlook||Right-wing politics are more conservative.|
|Left-wing economics policies involve reducing income equality, increasing tax rates for the wealthy, and government spending on social programs and infrastructure||Its economic policies involve low taxes, less regulation on businesses by the government|
|Those belonging to the left-spectrum of politics believe that society will benefit from an expanded role for the government||Right-wing ideologies believe that the best outcome for society is delivered when individual rights and civil liberties are paramount with limited involvement of the government|
|Left-wing politics is characterized by an emphasis on equality, fraternity, progress, and reform||Right-wing politics is characterized by ideas of authority, hierarchy, tradition, and nationalism|
|Left-wing nationalism is based on social equality, popular sovereignty, and national-determination. It associates itself closely with national liberation movements||Right-wing nationalism is influenced by Romantic Nationalism where the state derives its legitimacy from the culture it governs, including, language, race, and custom “born” within this culture|
|Left-wing politics is traditionally against religious institutions and believe that state and religion must be separate from each other (Secularism)||Right-wing politics have always found supporters who believe that religion should play an expanded role in society.|
|Populist ideas in the left-wing do not include horizontal exclusion and will rely more on egalitarian ideals.||Populism is a recurring theme in right-wing political circles. Populism is a political approach that appeals to ordinary people who feel that their rights are ignored.|
|The term ‘Left-wing’ has a similar origin during the French revolution where anti-monarchy revolutionaries were seated on the left side of the hall.||The term ‘Right-wing’ has its origins during the days of the French Revolution (1789-1799) where the supporters of the Monarchy were seated on the right hall of the National Assembly|
Left-wing and right-wing politics is a featured topic in the Polity segment of the UPSC Exam. Aspirants can find more study materials for this segment and related articles through the links given below:
- UPSC Indian Polity Notes
- Syllabus and Strategy for UPSC Polity
- Difference between Polity and Political Science
- Left-wing Extremism in India
- Difference Between Communism, Capitalism, and Socialism
- Differences between the Indian Government and the U.S Government
Difference Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing – Download PDF Here
Frequently Asked Questions on Difference Between Left Wing and Right Wing
Q 1. What is the key difference between Left-wing and Right-wing?
Q 2. Which among left and right-wing is more liberal?
For more UPSC Exam related preparation materials visit the following links given below:


At first, information that COVID-19 does not all the time have an effect on youngsters as severely because it strikes adults was a welcome reduction. No less than that was the preliminary understanding clinicians had of the illness brought on by the . Now, medical doctors and scientists are rethinking that assumption, after figuring out clusters of instances that time to a doubtlessly harmful syndrome they are saying is associated to COVID-19 in children, however with a distinct pathology and typically deadly outcomes.
Many of those affected youngsters have been admitted into intensive care and positioned on life help. Some have reportedly suffered coronary heart harm and different organ failure. The Facilities for Illness Management and Prevention has confirmed not less than three youngsters have died, however medical doctors speculate there are most likely extra. With medical signs extra intently mirroring Kawasaki illness and poisonous shock syndrome than the COVID-19 signs medical doctors have come to anticipate, there’s nonetheless a lot the medical group does not learn about this newly noticed illness.
This brings up some powerful questions. What is the illness referred to as and the way is it affecting children? How lethal is it? How is it being handled, and can it delay the reopening of colleges? This story attracts on obtainable data from sources just like the CDC and World Well being Group, and can proceed to be up to date as new particulars come to gentle. It’s not supposed to function medical recommendation.
Should you’re searching for extra details about coronavirus testing,close to you ( ). This is and .
What is the illness referred to as and the way is it linked to the coronavirus?
The CDC and the WHO have dubbed this situation “multisystem inflammatory syndrome in youngsters,” (PDF) or MIS-C. It is also been referred to as each “pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome” and “pediatric hyperinflammatory syndrome.”
Within the early phases of the pandemic, medical doctors famous that it appeared like fewer youngsters than adults had dangerous sufficient COVID-19 signs to require a hospital keep. A collection of research quickly supported these suspicions. They confirmed how some children did get sick, however far much less often than adults. And it appeared youngsters may undoubtedly unfold the illness, however adults unfold it quicker. Phrase obtained round that youngsters have been comparatively protected from the worst results of the virus, and fogeys breathed a sigh of reduction.
In time, nonetheless, clusters of unusually dire pediatric instances began to pop up. Most of those children have been testing constructive, if not for coronavirus itself then for antibodies that steered that they had been contaminated at some prior level. However these children weren’t arriving on the hospital with typical COVID-19 complaints. Notably, reviews say, though that they had fewer respiratory issues than anticipated, these children have been truly rather a lot sicker than many grownup sufferers. They have been amongst the primary pediatric sufferers recognized (PDF) with this new syndrome.
The rationale consultants imagine the sickness affecting these children is said to the novel coronavirus and COVID-19, the illness it causes, is due to what number of of them examined constructive for it. It is true that assessments for a number of the youngsters with these signs got here again damaging, however medical doctors pointed to considerations concerning the accuracy of some COVID-19 assessments as a doable rationalization for these exceptions.
As a result of many of those sufferers examined constructive for antibodies — that means they’d contracted the coronavirus presumably a number of weeks prior — medical doctors started to suspect that what was occurring wasn’t a direct results of the virus itself, however slightly some type of response their our bodies have been having to an an infection that had in any other case already cleared up.
What’s been occurring to children who’re presumed to get COVID-19?
The signs reported by sufferers and medical doctors differ. Docs have noticed persistent fever, purple eyes and pores and skin rash, in addition to low blood stress, irritation, pale and typically blue lips and pores and skin, hassle respiratory and lethargy.
Coronavirus reopenings: The way it appears as lockdowns ease all over the world
The most extreme reviews describe blood clots, chest ache, elevated coronary heart price and organ failure, together with, in excessive instances, cardiac arrest. Youngsters with MIS-C do not all the time complain of respiratory issues the way in which medical doctors have come to anticipate from COVID-19 sufferers. However past these and just a few different signs, medical doctors concede little else is understood for certain about this sickness. All they are saying is definite is that it requires fast medical consideration.
What are Kawasaki illness and poisonous shock? How are they associated to MIS-C?
Kawasaki illness is an inflammatory sickness of unknown trigger that primarily impacts youngsters 5 and youthful. Poisonous shock syndrome is a complication that arises from a bacterial an infection and in addition causes irritation. It’s deadlier than Kawasaki illness, however each circumstances share quite a lot of signs with MIS-C, together with fever, purple eyes, pores and skin rash and physique pains. MIS-C is taken into account distinct, nonetheless.
That is what survivors say it felt like
Information about multisystem inflammatory syndrome stays restricted, however some youngsters who’ve recovered have talked to the media about their experiences.
One teenage boy, talking to the New York Occasions, described the sensation as “like somebody injected you with straight-up fireplace” throughout his hospitalization for coronary heart failure.
A 12-year-old lady advised the Washington Publish she remembered having “bizarre” bluish lips and feeling “tremendous drained” earlier than medical doctors say she went into cardiac arrest.
Docs say one other 12-year-old lady developed a blood clot that stopped her coronary heart. “It felt like somebody was stabbing my leg,” she advised NBC, who reported that it took 45 minutes of CPR to get it began once more.
How does coronavirus trigger all of these signs?
Thus far nobody is aware of for certain, however some medical doctors imagine it could be some type of delayed response of the kid’s immune system that’s irregular and unusually aggressive. Docs speculate that whereas attempting to battle off the virus, their immune methods overreact and begin damaging regular, wholesome cells, like these of their organs. They recommend this additionally could possibly be what results in the damaging drop in blood stress usually noticed.
Is MIS-C frequent? What number of children have had it?
A latest survey counted over 200 cases of the illness, however with complete coronavirus infections surpassing 5 million confirmed instances worldwide, consultants say this sickness remains to be fairly uncommon and that the overwhelming majority of sufferers have to this point responded effectively to remedy. Most have totally recovered.
When was MIS-C and the hyperlink to COVID-19 found?
In early April, a prepublication article within the journal Hospital Pediatrics reported an toddler admitted and recognized with each Kawasaki illness and COVID-19. Since then, medical doctors have reported clusters of pediatric COVID-19 instances that offered with Kawasaki illness (PDF) and associated signs, corresponding to persistent fever, reddened eyes, pores and skin rash and joint and belly ache.
Are there any therapies?
There are not any official programs of remedy nor any recognized cures for MIS-C or the coronavirus at the moment (though there arealready in medical trials). Docs have reported constructive outcomes, nonetheless, with the therapies they’ve prescribed.
New analysis printed within the American Coronary heart Affiliation journal Circulation reviews that youngsters affected by coronary heart failure because of this syndrome who have been then handled with a mixture of steroids and antibodies acquired from donated blood — a remedy referred to as immune globulin remedy — overwhelmingly recovered. Coronary heart perform was reportedly restored inside a matter of days most often utilizing this commonplace anti-inflammatory remedy.
Preventing coronavirus: COVID-19 assessments, vaccine analysis, masks, ventilators and extra
The knowledge contained on this article is for instructional and informational functions solely and isn’t supposed as well being or medical recommendation. All the time seek the advice of a doctor or different certified well being supplier relating to any questions you will have a couple of medical situation or well being targets.


Regulations on Movement of Firewood
Why the movement of all hardwood firewood, and not just ash firewood,
is regulated and what these regulations entail.
The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive species that feeds exclusively on ash trees, leading to the death of the tree. In 2012, this insect was detected in areas of New Haven County. Since then, the insect has continued to spread and is now known to be in approximately half the towns in Connecticut, and in all 8 counties. Unfortunately, research has shown that EAB is too well established in North America to be eradicated. However, there is good evidence that the rate of spread of new infestations can be significantly slowed when appropriate action is taken early. Connecticut DEEP is committed to doing what it can to slow the spread of EAB within the state and to help save the state’s ash tree population.
A major means by which EAB is spread is through the movement of infested ash firewood. State regulations
now limit the movement of all hardwood firewood within Connecticut. The reason all hardwood firewood, and not just ash firewood, is regulated has to do with the difficulty many average users of firewood have in identifying ash wood within a firewood pile.
State regulations are limited as to what they can say about the interstate movement of firewood. Movement of hardwood firewood into and out of state is more generally governed by USDA APHIS
- the federal agency charged with plant and animal health. APHIS's regulations
are very similar, however, to the state's regulations in their specific requirements.
As part of the state regulations, when transporting firewood within Connecticut, the person moving the firewood must have in his or her possession a document stating the origin and destination of the firewood. This can be accomplished through the use of a Self-Issued Firewood Transportation Certificate
. The requirement for some type of certification applies whenever firewood is being moved.
These regulations, both state and federal, are summarized in a series of maps
regarding the movement of firewood.
USDA Forest Service
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Firewood Information:
Content last updated: December 19, 2016