Nutrition & Diet
Why A Raw Diet Is Bad For Dogs
Published: January 27, 2024
Learn why a raw diet may not be the best choice for your dog's nutrition and diet. Discover the potential risks and alternatives.
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The concept of feeding raw food to dogs has gained popularity in recent years, with proponents advocating for its purported benefits. However, it's essential to critically examine the potential drawbacks and risks associated with a raw diet for dogs. While the idea of providing dogs with a diet that mimics what their wild ancestors consumed may seem appealing, it's crucial to consider the implications from a nutritional and safety standpoint. This article delves into the reasons why a raw diet may not be the best choice for our canine companions, shedding light on the potential pitfalls that pet owners should be aware of.
A raw diet for dogs typically consists of uncooked meat, bones, and organs, often supplemented with fruits, vegetables, and certain additives. Proponents of this approach argue that it aligns with the natural dietary preferences of canines, emphasizing the consumption of raw, unprocessed foods. However, it's important to recognize that domesticated dogs have evolved alongside humans and have adapted to consuming commercial pet foods over generations. These commercially available diets are formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of dogs, providing a balanced blend of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
While the idea of a raw diet may evoke images of vitality and robust health, it's crucial to acknowledge the potential risks and drawbacks. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the concerns associated with feeding dogs a raw diet, encompassing aspects such as nutritional deficiencies, bacterial contamination, digestive issues, and the heightened risk of choking or intestinal blockages. By exploring these factors, pet owners can make informed decisions regarding their canine companions' dietary needs, prioritizing their health and well-being.
As we delve into the intricacies of a raw diet for dogs, it's important to approach the topic with a balanced perspective, weighing the potential benefits against the inherent risks. By critically evaluating the implications of this dietary approach, pet owners can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in providing optimal nutrition for their beloved canine companions.
Read more: Why Is A Vegan Diet Bad For Dogs
Lack of Essential Nutrients
A significant concern associated with a raw diet for dogs is the potential lack of essential nutrients. While proponents of this dietary approach often emphasize the natural, unprocessed nature of raw foods, it's crucial to recognize that achieving a balanced and complete nutritional profile for dogs through raw feeding can be challenging. Commercially available dog foods are formulated to provide a comprehensive array of essential nutrients, carefully calibrated to meet the specific dietary requirements of canine companions. These nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals, all of which play pivotal roles in supporting overall health and well-being.
When dogs are exclusively fed a raw diet, there is an increased risk of nutritional imbalances, potentially leading to deficiencies in vital nutrients. For instance, achieving the appropriate balance of calcium and phosphorus, essential for bone health, can be particularly challenging when relying solely on raw meat and bones. Furthermore, deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin D, iron, and zinc, can arise when the diet lacks diversity and fails to encompass a wide range of nutrient sources.
Another critical consideration is the absence of essential fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6, which are crucial for maintaining healthy skin, coat, and overall immune function. While certain raw food components may contain these fatty acids, ensuring consistent and adequate levels can be complex without precise dietary planning and supplementation.
Moreover, the concept of providing a "complete and balanced" raw diet for dogs necessitates meticulous attention to detail, including sourcing high-quality ingredients and adhering to stringent nutritional guidelines. Without expert guidance and thorough understanding of canine nutritional requirements, pet owners may inadvertently expose their dogs to the risk of nutrient deficiencies, potentially compromising their health in the long run.
In essence, the lack of essential nutrients in a raw diet for dogs poses a significant challenge, requiring meticulous planning and expertise to ensure that dogs receive the full spectrum of vital nutrients essential for their overall health and well-being. By acknowledging these nutritional complexities, pet owners can make informed decisions regarding their canine companions' dietary needs, prioritizing their long-term health and vitality.
Risk of Bacterial Contamination
One of the prominent concerns associated with feeding dogs a raw diet is the heightened risk of bacterial contamination. Raw meat, a staple component of this dietary approach, can harbor various pathogens, including Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, posing potential health hazards to both dogs and their human companions. While dogs may possess a more robust digestive system compared to humans, they are not impervious to the adverse effects of consuming contaminated raw meat.
The presence of pathogenic bacteria in raw meat can lead to a spectrum of health issues in dogs, ranging from gastrointestinal disturbances to severe infections. Moreover, dogs can act as carriers of these pathogens, potentially transmitting them to humans through direct contact or environmental contamination. This zoonotic potential underscores the importance of exercising caution when handling and serving raw meat-based diets to dogs.
Furthermore, the preparation and storage of raw food for dogs require stringent hygiene practices to mitigate the risk of bacterial contamination. Cross-contamination in the kitchen, improper storage temperatures, and inadequate handling procedures can exacerbate the likelihood of bacterial proliferation, amplifying the potential health risks associated with raw feeding.
It's imperative for pet owners considering a raw diet for their dogs to be cognizant of the meticulous food safety measures that this approach demands. This includes sourcing high-quality, pathogen-free raw ingredients, implementing rigorous sanitation protocols during food preparation, and closely monitoring the storage and handling of raw meat to minimize the risk of bacterial contamination.
In addition to the health implications for dogs, the potential transmission of pathogenic bacteria from raw diets to humans underscores the broader public health concerns associated with this dietary approach. As such, pet owners must be vigilant in safeguarding both their canine companions and themselves from the risks of bacterial contamination inherent in raw feeding.
By acknowledging the elevated risk of bacterial contamination associated with raw diets for dogs, pet owners can make informed decisions regarding their canine companions' dietary choices, prioritizing their health and well-being while mitigating potential health hazards for both their pets and themselves.
Potential for Digestive Issues
The transition to a raw diet for dogs introduces the potential for digestive issues that warrant careful consideration. While proponents of raw feeding often tout its digestive benefits, it's essential to recognize the complexities involved in acclimating dogs to this dietary approach. The abrupt shift from commercial pet foods to raw diets can disrupt the delicate balance of the canine digestive system, leading to a spectrum of gastrointestinal challenges.
One of the primary concerns is the abrupt change in dietary composition and texture. Commercial pet foods are formulated to provide a consistent blend of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, often in a processed and easily digestible form. In contrast, raw diets encompass a diverse array of unprocessed components, including raw meat, bones, and organs, which can present a stark contrast to the digestive system. This abrupt dietary shift can trigger digestive distress, manifesting as diarrhea, vomiting, or constipation as the canine digestive system grapples with the novel food composition.
Moreover, the potential for bacterial contamination in raw meat further compounds the risk of digestive issues in dogs. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli, commonly associated with raw meat, can provoke gastrointestinal disturbances, undermining the digestive health of dogs. The introduction of these pathogens to the canine digestive tract can incite inflammatory responses, leading to acute or chronic digestive issues that compromise the overall well-being of the animals.
Additionally, the transition to a raw diet necessitates meticulous attention to dietary balance and variety. Without careful planning and consideration of the nutritional components in raw feeding, dogs may encounter digestive challenges stemming from nutrient imbalances. The absence of essential nutrients or the overconsumption of certain components can disrupt the delicate equilibrium of the digestive system, precipitating a range of gastrointestinal issues that detract from the dogs' overall health and vitality.
Furthermore, the potential for digestive issues in dogs transitioning to a raw diet underscores the need for gradual dietary acclimatization and expert guidance. By gradually introducing raw components and closely monitoring the dogs' digestive responses, pet owners can mitigate the risk of abrupt dietary disturbances, fostering a smoother transition to raw feeding while minimizing the likelihood of digestive issues.
In essence, the potential for digestive issues in dogs transitioning to a raw diet underscores the need for a nuanced and cautious approach. By acknowledging the intricacies involved in dietary transitions and prioritizing the digestive well-being of canine companions, pet owners can navigate the challenges associated with raw feeding, fostering optimal digestive health for their beloved pets.
Increased Risk of Choking or Intestinal Blockages
The transition to a raw diet for dogs introduces a heightened risk of choking or intestinal blockages, necessitating careful consideration and proactive measures to safeguard the well-being of canine companions. Raw diets often include components such as raw bones, which, while touted as natural dental aids and sources of essential nutrients, can pose significant hazards to dogs' digestive health.
One of the primary concerns is the potential for dogs to choke on raw bones, especially when consumed in large or irregularly shaped pieces. Despite the perception of raw bones as natural and safe for dogs, the reality is that they can splinter or fragment, posing a choking hazard that jeopardizes the dogs' well-being. The risk is further compounded in households with multiple dogs, as competition for raw bones can escalate the likelihood of rapid, uncontrolled consumption, heightening the risk of choking incidents.
Moreover, the ingestion of raw bones carries the potential for intestinal blockages, a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. When dogs consume raw bones, particularly large or dense ones, there is a risk of these objects becoming lodged in the digestive tract, obstructing the passage of food and causing severe gastrointestinal distress. Intestinal blockages can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, lethargy, and loss of appetite, necessitating immediate veterinary intervention to alleviate the obstruction and mitigate the associated health risks.
Furthermore, the potential for choking or intestinal blockages underscores the need for vigilant supervision and strategic feeding practices when incorporating raw bones into dogs' diets. Pet owners must exercise caution when selecting appropriate bone sizes and textures, opting for raw bones specifically designed for canine consumption to minimize the risk of splintering and choking hazards. Additionally, implementing structured feeding routines and closely monitoring dogs' bone-chewing behaviors can mitigate the likelihood of rapid bone consumption and reduce the risk of choking incidents or intestinal blockages.
In essence, the increased risk of choking or intestinal blockages associated with raw diets for dogs necessitates a proactive and informed approach to safeguarding the digestive health of canine companions. By acknowledging these potential hazards and implementing prudent feeding practices, pet owners can prioritize the safety and well-being of their beloved pets, fostering a balanced and nourishing dietary experience while mitigating the risks of choking or intestinal blockages.
Read more: How Do I Switch My Dog To A Raw Food Diet
In conclusion, while the concept of a raw diet for dogs may initially appear appealing, it is essential for pet owners to critically evaluate the potential drawbacks and risks associated with this dietary approach. The allure of providing dogs with a diet that mirrors their wild ancestors' consumption can be overshadowed by the intricate complexities and potential pitfalls that come with raw feeding. From the risk of nutritional deficiencies and bacterial contamination to the potential for digestive issues and the heightened risk of choking or intestinal blockages, the implications of a raw diet for dogs necessitate careful consideration and informed decision-making.
The lack of essential nutrients in raw diets poses a significant challenge, requiring meticulous planning and expertise to ensure that dogs receive the full spectrum of vital nutrients essential for their overall health and well-being. Achieving a balanced and complete nutritional profile for dogs through raw feeding can be complex, and the potential for nutrient deficiencies underscores the need for expert guidance and thorough understanding of canine nutritional requirements.
Furthermore, the heightened risk of bacterial contamination associated with raw diets for dogs underscores the importance of exercising caution when handling and serving raw meat-based diets. The potential transmission of pathogenic bacteria from raw diets to humans emphasizes the broader public health concerns associated with this dietary approach, necessitating stringent food safety measures and meticulous hygiene practices.
The potential for digestive issues in dogs transitioning to a raw diet underscores the need for gradual dietary acclimatization and expert guidance. The abrupt shift from commercial pet foods to raw diets can disrupt the delicate balance of the canine digestive system, leading to a spectrum of gastrointestinal challenges that detract from the dogs' overall health and vitality.
Moreover, the increased risk of choking or intestinal blockages associated with raw diets for dogs necessitates a proactive and informed approach to safeguarding the digestive health of canine companions. Vigilant supervision and strategic feeding practices are crucial in mitigating the risks of choking incidents or intestinal blockages, prioritizing the safety and well-being of dogs.
In essence, while the idea of a raw diet for dogs may evoke images of vitality and robust health, it is imperative for pet owners to approach this dietary approach with a balanced perspective, weighing the potential benefits against the inherent risks. By critically evaluating the implications of raw feeding, pet owners can make informed decisions regarding their canine companions' dietary needs, prioritizing their long-term health and vitality.


Water Filters Vs. Water Purifiers: What Is The Basic Difference?
Water is a basic necessity, and safe drinking water should be available in every household. The quality of tap water we receive can vary a lot depending on the source and location. So, for clean potable water, it is important to use some form of filtration or purification system. Until recently, there were no major differences between these two systems, but they have become more specialized. The water filter and water purifier work the same, but there is a slight difference between them.
If you’re trying to decide between a filter and a purifier, it’s important to understand their subtle differences. This article will discuss what sets them apart and provide information about which product may better suit your needs.
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What is Water Filter?
A water filter is a device that filters out impurities from water by trapping them in a porous material. The most common type of water filter is a carbon-based filter, which uses activated carbon to trap contaminants in the water. This filter can remove sediment, chlorine, lead, and other contaminants from the tap or well water. Other types of water filters include reverse osmosis systems, which use a membrane to filter out contaminants, and ultraviolet filters, which use UV light to kill bacteria.
What is Water Purifier?
A water purifier is a device that removes impurities from drinking water. It works by using two different purification methods: reverse osmosis and distillation. Reverse osmosis works by forcing all water particles through a very small semi-permeable membrane, which screens out any particles that are too big to follow the pathway of the water. Distillation involves boiling the water and capturing the steam, which separates any contaminants or minerals in the process.
Water purifiers are important for ensuring safe drinking water, as they can remove biological contaminants and minerals from the water supply. This makes them more effective than traditional filters, which only remove physical impurities such as dirt and sediment. Water purifiers also help reduce health risks associated with consuming contaminated drinking water, making them an invaluable resource for households and businesses.
The Difference Between Water Filters and Water Purifiers
Water filtration and purification are two different processes that can be used to ensure the safety of your drinking water. Water filters remove contaminants from the water, such as chlorine, lead, and other chemicals. This process does not remove all contaminants, however, so it is important to use a filter that is certified by NSF International or another reputable organization.
On the other hand, water purification systems use reverse osmosis technology to remove all contaminants from the water. This process also removes beneficial minerals from the water, so finding a system that includes a remineralize to replace these minerals is important.
Aquasana offers a variety of filtration and purification systems for both home and commercial use. Their multi-process filtration systems remove negative contaminants while leaving in healthy minerals your body needs.
For those looking for a more comprehensive solution, their reverse osmosis system uses NSF-certified Claryum® filtration technology along with a remineralized so you can drink with peace of mind. Aquasana also offers whole house, shower, countertop and under-sink filters that reduce bad elements while leaving in beneficial minerals.
How to Decide Which One to Use?
Water purifiers are designed to remove all contaminants from drinking water, including viruses and bacteria. This is done through reverse osmosis, which uses a semi-permeable membrane to filter out impurities.
Reverse osmosis systems can also reduce the number of dissolved solids in water, such as salt and minerals. Water purifiers are often used in areas where the water supply is not safe to drink, such as developing countries or areas with poor water quality.
When deciding between a water filter and a water purifier, it is important to consider the quality of your water supply. If you have access to clean tap or well water, then a filter may be sufficient for your needs.
However, if you live in an area with poor water quality or are concerned about viruses and bacteria, then a purifier may be the better option. Additionally, it is important to choose a system certified by NSF International or another reputable organization to ensure the highest quality of filtration.
Frequently Asked Questions [FAQs]
1. Do water filters actually purify water?
No. Water filters, water treatment systems are not 100% effective in removing all contaminants from water. This is because water treatment systems only remove certain contaminants and do not remove them all. Also, water treatment systems have a limited lifespan and must be replaced after a certain time.
2. What do water filters not remove?
Water filters are commonly used to remove contaminants and impurities from water. However, there are some contaminants that water filters don’t remove. For example, chlorine removes a musty odor and kills microorganisms and bacteria. Unfortunately, water filters also do not remove bacteria, harming people.
3. What type of water purifier is best?
Reverse osmosis water purifiers are best to purify the water. To make the water safe for consumption and to remove contaminants, the RO system uses a semi-permeable membrane to filter the water from various pollutants like viruses, chemicals, heavy metals, hormones, etc., to purify the water. Due to the high pressure and special membrane, the reverse osmosis system eliminates all the pollutants from the water.
4. Are drinking water filters worth it?
Yes. There are many ways in which a water filter can provide you with health benefits. A filter works like your immune system. It purifies the harmful toxins and bacteria from your water before you drink it. This results in many benefits, like killing the germs that cause diseases.
Is boiled water the same as filtered water?
It is not true that boiled water is the same as filtered water. Boiled water is boiled water. You forgot to add one important factor left behind in the boiling process, i.e., impurities. While with a water filter, you not only boil the water but also make it free from harmful germs. According to scientists, boiled water does not provide the full benefit of water as filtered water does.
There is a difference between filters and purifiers, for sure. Filters can treat all kinds of water, while purifiers are more selective in removing contaminants. If you want to use only one option, use a purifier instead of a filter. But if your budget allows you both options, it’s better to opt for purifiers as they work faster than filters with larger capacity and can also be used regularly. Regarding health issues such as allergies or diarrhoea, it’s also essential to keep an eye on the quality of the purified water you use at home.


How Many Ounces Is My Water Bottle? | Advice
Water is essential for human survival, and it’s no surprise that water bottles are a common sight worldwide. They come in all shapes and sizes, making them easy to carry and drink. But how many ounces are in a typical water bottle? Does size even matter?
This article will answer this question and more. The standard water bottle holds 16.9 ounces of liquid, equivalent to 500 milliliters or 0.5 liters.
However, there is some variation depending on the shape and size of the bottle, with some ranging higher than 20 ounces while others are smaller than 10 ounces. With this knowledge, you can now make an informed decision when deciding what type of water bottle is best suited for your needs.
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How Many Ounces is My Water Bottle?
The answer you’ve been thirsty for: 16.9 ounces is the magic number for water bottle size. But wait, there’s more. Have you heard of “single-serve”? It means one serving equals the amount of liquid in the container. And guess what? A water bottle is usually a single-serve size, aka around 500ml. Stay hydrated, my friend.
Now, let’s analyze what we currently have.
- It is a known fact that one liter is equivalent to 33.814 ounces.
- The standard size for a water bottle is 500ml.
- The water bottle contains 16.9 ounces.
However, the amount may vary with the bottle size. Let’s break through all of that:
The number of ounces in a plastic water bottle can vary greatly depending on its size and the manufacturer. For most water bottles, you will usually find ones with 16-ounce, 24-ounce, or 32-ounce sizes.
If you’re looking to get one for mealtime, a 16-ounce bottle of water is equivalent to two cups of fluid; therefore, four cups is ideal for someone wanting to drink water with their food. To ensure that your plastic container holds the desired amount of water, check the label on the bottle.
A bottle of wine typically measures 750ml in size and is labeled as such on its bottle. This measurement translates to 25.36 ounces, meaning that a bottle of wine contains 25.36 ounces of liquid. To determine this measurement, it can be useful to remember that one liter counts for 33.814 ounces, meaning that a bottle of wine which is 750 milliliters, would equate to 25.36 ounces.
A Poland Spring water bottle is a great way to stay hydrated throughout the day. The standard Poland Spring water bottle is 20 ounces, making it an ideal size for carrying with you on the go. These bottles can be found in many stores and offices, demonstrating their popularity. Not only are these bottles convenient for when you’re on the go, but they contain vital hydration that your body needs to maintain good health.
Fiji Water is a naturally filtered spring water that has become popular worldwide. The brand offers 500mL (16.9oz) bottles of pure water for individual servings. This size bottle is perfect for sipping on during workouts, long walks, or simply rehydrating your body.
How Much Water to Drink a Day?
Drinking the recommended amount of water each day is essential for keeping us hydrated and our bodies functioning properly. The water required to keep your body healthy varies depending on age, size, and activity level. At CHOC (Children’s Hospital Of Orange County), they recommend that children drink the amounts of water below according to their age.
It is important to note that children should drink the number of 8-ounce cups of water equal to their age, with a minimum of 64 ounces for children over eight years old. For an eight-year-old, that equates to 16 ounces or two 8-ounce cups; for a ten-year-old, 20 ounces or two and a half cups, etc. These amounts do not include other beverages they may consume daily, such as milk and juice, which should always be served in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Staying properly hydrated can help prevent dehydration, boost energy levels and help digestion, so it’s important to set an example for your kids by drinking plenty of fluids yourself.
What are Common Water Bottle Sizes?
Water bottles come in various sizes, making finding one that suits your hydration needs easier. Common water bottle sizes are typically 8 ounces/ 236 milliliters, 16 ounces/ 473 milliliters, 24 ounces/ 710 milliliters, or 32 ounces/ 946 milliliters.
Some water bottles also come with removable infuser baskets so you can add different flavors of fruit or tea to your water. For larger amounts of water, you can purchase jugs of water in 1-gallon/ 128 ounces/3785-milliliter sizes.
Having the right-sized water bottle can make hydration easier and more manageable, allowing you to tailor the liquid you consume throughout the day. Depending on activity level and lifestyle factors such as climate, 8-ounce/236-milliliter bottles may be suitable for one person and not for another, whereas 32-ounce/946-milliliter containers may suit particular scenarios better than others.
Additionally, for people who do not like the taste of plain water, the choice to customize flavors using an infuser basket makes drinking plenty of water even more enjoyable.
Frequently Asked Questions [FAQs]
1. How many ounces is a liter of a water bottle?
A liter of water is equal to 33.814 fluid ounces. This means that a standard 1-liter water bottle contains 33.814 ounces of liquid. However, the bottle’s water may vary slightly depending on its size and shape. For example, a wide-mouth bottle may contain more than a narrow-mouthed bottle. Additionally, if the bottle has a handle, the water it can contain may be less than it would hold without one.
2. How many ounces is a 16.9-ounce water bottle?
A 16.9-ounce water bottle contains 16.9 fluid ounces of liquid, equivalent to 500 milliliters or just over 0.5 liters. This size bottle is great for carrying around during workouts or long walks and is the standard size most companies use when selling individual servings of spring water.
3. What is the Benefit of Drinking Water?
The benefits of drinking water are numerous and should not be overlooked. Adequate hydration can improve overall health, resulting in better cognitive performance and increased physical endurance. Additionally, water helps to flush toxins from our bodies and can even help regulate body temperature by keeping us cool on hot days or warm on cold nights. With so many positive effects, it’s no wonder that experts recommend drinking at least 64 ounces of water each day.
4. Is a 40 oz water bottle enough?
When it comes to how much water you should drink per day, it all depends on your individual needs. Generally, the recommended amount is 8–12 cups (approximately 64-96 oz) of daily fluids for adults. However, if you are physically active or live in a hot climate, you might need more than that.
5. How many ounces is a 2-liter bottle?
A 2-liter bottle is equivalent to 67.6 ounces or 1.9 liters. This is the standard size for most store-bought water bottles, and it can be used to measure liquid servings in other quantities, such as milliliters and cups. When measuring liquids, it’s important to use a container with clearly marked measurements to know exactly how much liquid you’re consuming.
Water bottles come in a variety of sizes. Common sizes include 8 ounces/ 236 milliliters, 16 ounces/ 473 milliliters, 24 ounces/ 710 milliliters, 32 ounces/ 946 milliliters and larger jugs of 1-gallon/ 128 ounces/3785-milliliter sizes. Depending on your lifestyle needs, you can choose the right size. Additionally, water bottles with removable infuser baskets may be bought to customize your water with flavors.


The dictionary defines an accident as an “unfortunate mishap that happens unintentionally which outcome can cause injury, harm, loss, and damage to lives and properties.” Honestly speaking, common accidents are really not accidents at all because most of them can be prevented and mitigated. One of the major causes of accidents in the United States today is distracted driving. A leading cause of such events is texting or using Smartphones or other types of mobile devices while driving. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) has surmised that this involves the use of visual, manual, and cognitive attention, thereby decreasing the degree of concentration necessary while on the road with driving boom truck.
It is very well-known that texting while driving causes more injuries and fatalities as it can take an operator’s eyes off the road and cause a delayed reaction time. Even though this is the primary reason accidents occur, there are still other causes that must be avoided. Following is a list of some additional distractions.
- Conversations – Talking with a co-worker while on the road.
- Eating – Trying to eat a meal while driving.
- Reading – Reading maps or looking on the GPS system.
- Reaching – Reaching for moving objects inside the cab.
- Looking Around – Looking out the window to see an accident, construction work, scenic view, street names and addresses.
- Media – Watching videos, adjusting the radio, mp3 player, or CD player.
DOT research shows that in 2010 there were 3,092 individuals killed and another 416,000 injured in vehicular accidents involving distracted operators. Those who use mobile phones are four times more likely to be involved in a serious accident. The Center for Disease Control has also recorded that cell phone usage and texting while driving are the two major distractions in both the United States and Europe.
There are three things that must be done to avoid distractions: staying focused, paying attention, and expecting the unexpected. Paying attention is difficult when driving; however, there are some simple tips that can help one to remain focused and avoid severe accidents as listed below.
- No Mobile Devices – Refrain from using any type of handheld or mobile device. Turn them off if necessary.
- No Eating – Try to avoid snacking or eating a meal while on the road. Pull over if necessary.
- Take Breaks – Take a break at least every two hours when traveling long distances to prevent sleepiness and fatigue.
- Help From Passengers – Request that co-workers or other passengers adjust the radio, mp3, CD player, and other kinds of internal devices.
- Do Not Panic – Remain calm and relaxed. Do not make any sudden moves.
- Drive Defensively – Be prepared, vigilant, and avoid driving when tired. Minimize talking with passengers. Always be watching for the unexpected.
- Wear Seat Belts – Make sure to buckle-up for safety. Remember, seat belts are not only the law; they have saved many lives.
- Proper Maintenance – Ensure that the vehicle is properly inspected and maintained before heading out on the road.
- Follow Safety Laws – Obey all traffic rules and regulations in order to ensure a safe journey.
There are many reasons why accidents happen on the road; however, most of them can be avoided if operators are vigilant and stay focused while behind the wheel of a commercial heavy-duty vehicle. There are many distractions that can grab the attention of a driver; however, everything is simply a matter of behavior modification and self-discipline in order to mitigate a negative outcome.
Therefore, it is highly recommended that operators always stay focused, pay attention to the road, concentrate on the steering wheel, be properly educated about safety precautions, and never become distracted while driving, especially when handling specialized equipment like a boom truck!


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ARTICLES > RELEVANCE OF GANDHI > Service to Humanity
Service to Humanity
By Balamurali Balaji
Humanity is not about maintaining a gracious relationship between one another in the society but it is about building a bond amongst the society with the help of a sustainable values. Humanity is not about showing passion and empathy to each other at times of need but about regarding love in high esteem and kindness in all walks of life. Humanity is not just a word for symbolizing the human compassion and civilization but it goes beyond the horizons of human nature and his creations. It is all about using hearts along with the minds in all the endeavours of human kind.
Human kind has come a long way in learning the ways of building relations and creating civilizations in order to inhabit this world with livelihood full of love and harmony. Every human has a part in doing this great task of taking ahead the human race to a dignified and noble place on this planet. And this is where we all have to be proud of ourselves and pass this message on to the future generations.
Humanity, in general, is perceived as a charity. As the old saying goes, it begins at home. It spreads across the roads we travel, places we dwell, and people we meet. Humanity, not as many criticise, is scarce today. It is very much available in plenty. In fact, it has grown and evolved much better than centuries ago. From the individualistic aspect to a social, or even in a much larger perspective, humanity has thrived well in embracing and supporting the human race in many different forms. Nevertheless, more and more people are still out there who are not that fortunate to live the humanity in its central point of its existence; they are out there to seek the rays of hope and love and brace the traces of passion and kindness.
In Young India (1924) Gandhiji wrote, “I want to identify myself with everything that lives.” He had an incredible experience with the people, their lives not only in India but across South Africa and England as well. He believed that the salvation of his life is through serving the nation and people whom he loved beyond anything else in the world. His communication and connection with the people was so splendid that the whole world could visualize in him the love and care revealed by Jesus Christ and Buddha. The rich or poor, literate or educated, Indian or a foreigner, Gandhiji did the service to all and his principles stand even today as a bond connecting people belonging to various communities, nations and races. He remains dispelled every where around the world as the tallest symbol of humanity.
Today’s’ world, when we look at it in a social point of view, is full of greed, commotion, distress and distrust. Besides becoming more civilized and learning about the intricacies of human race and development, we humans are mired by the new wave of modernization and outcomes of transformation due to technology innovations and cultural incursions. As a result, we are preoccupied with our television, mobile phones, computers, etc., spending less time with the fellow humans. Our direct interactions with our children, neighbours, and friends are taken away by this massive modern hi-tech living style. We do realise many times a day the importance of humanity, love and kindness to other living beings but could not divulge them directly upon any one. We keep humanity in high regard in principle but have no time to give it a meaning in our own life. We do not expend even a little time, a few seconds in the service of humanity, in the form of prayers or meditation or by any deeds. Throughout his life, Gandhiji was a humble servant of India and humanity.
“I believe in absolute oneness of God and, therefore, also of humanity. What though we have many bodies? We have but one soul. The rays of the sun are many through refraction. But they have the same source. It comprehends the whole of humanity. Its realization would thus mean the establishment of the Kingdom of Heaven on earth.”
All humans are one and only one, regardless of caste, creed, religion and race. This oneness would bring the world full of peace and harmony. The future of humanity lies in this oneness. As we narrow down the differences amongst us, broader the outlook on humanity arises; out of which the whole human race can live unto peace. For centuries, the world was gripped with the evils of untouchability, religious conflicts and the affluent’s dominance over the poor. In battling against the untouchability, Gandhiji had a vision of no less than a complete regeneration of humanity. His ideology of non-violence itself is the mirror of humanity. In Harijan dated 20-7-1935, he wrote “Every murder or other injury, no matter for what cause, committed or inflicted on another is a crime against humanity.”
Gandhiji always held the service in high regard and in his own words, “I am endeavouring to see God through service of humanity; for I know that God is neither in heaven, nor down below, but in everyone.” Service to humanity has taken many forms in today’s society. From individuals to self-interested groups, small charity organizations to a larger corporate houses, private entities to non-governmental organizations, humanity has been served with a wide range of services that include education, food, health measures, housing, accessibility assistance to the physically challenged, re-orientation programmes to the socially excluded, mentally challenged and victimized people from all sects of the society. People nowadays get more access, than yesteryears’, to the schemes and plans meant for the deprived and under-privileged.
One shall have the courage to face the hard-times in life. Human kind, right from its birth, always try hard to survive doing all sorts of work. There is no divide between the poor and the rich in doing the hard work. The rich works hard to become richer; poor works hard to earn his days’ bread. By whatever means we divide the humanity based on caste, creed, religion or colour, the hardship remains the same. But, social inequalities often tend to instil a divide among the people even in sharing the hardships. An ailing man may perhaps be seen as a social iniquity or a starving child may well be seen as a social illness. Our views on the society draw a major attention in today’s world. A sect or a group shall not be neglected for any grounds that thrash them down to pitiable conditions. Overlooking on any such issue would be a social disharmony and disorder. Every human born on this planet do have all the rights what he ought to have. The dignity of the human kind lies in equality and justice for all. As Gandhiji put it “Dignity of human nature requires that we must face the storms of life.”
As the life is getting hard day by day, it is natural for any human to disregard the needy impoverished; it is natural for us to go with the business of the world everyday, not giving enough to the deprived; it is natural for us to forget the fact that it is our obligation to help the destitute. Very rarely we turn to what the others do or want. As we focus more and more on our self, the social tensions and imbalance arouse and lastly the peace is getting disturbed. We must remember Gandhiji’s words, “Not to believe in the possibility of permanent peace is to disbelieve in the godliness of human nature. “ We shall have to see god within ourselves and strive to believe others too in our selves. When we see everyone as a single embodiment of the God, peace would emerge within us; slowly, we would realize that such calmness getting inducted in our surroundings as well. And, thus could the whole society see the all within it in unison.
Needless to say how religious harmony takes an essential place in the nations’ peaceful conditions. Had we look in to the colour, race and religious sentiments of each and every person we meet every day, our living conditions would have worsened to an unbelievable amounts. Differences among ourselves had hurt us in the past. Divisiveness had cost us social inequality and economic disparity. It was only during the rigorous freedom struggle led by Gandhiji and the leaders like Nehru, Patel, Netaji, had we realized the need for oneness. Not only the nation’s liberty and integrity commanded the oneness. The whole of humanity lies in the oneness of all and the oneness of every caste, creed, religion and culture. While leading the freedom movement for India, Gandhiji had to face so many social evils such as Casteism, Atheism, Untouchability, Hindu-Muslim conflicts, Sati etc. that endanger the very existence of humanity. He was determined to forbid all these barriers and led the country to freedom. He was persistent in his ideology of oneness and service to humanity as a whole. “I can neither serve God nor humanity if as an Indian I do not serve India, and as a Hindu I do not serve Indian Muslims.” On this particular issue of conversion from one religion to another, he was very much ardent in maintaining humanity and its real spirit. At one time, he said, “I hold that proselytizing (religious conversions) under the cover of humanitarian work is, to say the least, unhealthy.”
“What… does Jesus mean to me? To me, He was one of the greatest teachers humanity has ever had.” These words from Gandhiji were not just for soliciting votes from various religious sects. They do not mean that he was propping up for the British rulers either. But, they signify the true purpose of the birth of Jesus who left (?) the world with the message of love and brotherhood. His life was a perfect example for how humanity has both the lighter and darker sides through which the whole of humanity and its nature can be adjudicated.
Thus, the service to humanity results in the oneness. It brings hope and life to the downtrodden and the disheartened. When peace and harmony becomes the main cause of every kind of service rendered to the nation and its people, it becomes the service to God. When an orphan gets a cuddling hand to light their life, it becomes a Godly gesture. When a deprived lives blissfully along with the rest of the humanity, it is the kingdom of God.


Listening in noise: what can ability to memorise tones tell us about hearing impaired listeners?
Currently, hearing aids are adjusted on the basis of pure tone audiometry. In other words, we are trying to infer an individual’s communication difficulties in every day situations, based on their ability to hear a few barely audible static pure tones. In reality, the nature of living organisms is such that reactions to dynamic changes in sensory inputs are often more important than reactions to static inputs. We are living, breathing change detectors. Tracking changes in the environment requires attention and memory, both of which enable the comparison of past and present events. This is particularly true in noisy environments.
We have been investigating the relationship between auditory attention, memory and every day listening skills in normal hearing (n = 139, mean age = 64.0 years) and hearing impaired (n = 199, mean age = 66.6 years) listeners. In developing a task that relates attention and short term memory, we combined a recognition memory for pitch task (Deutsch, 1972) and a dynamic attending task (Jones et al., 2002). The resulting memory for tones task consists of auditory rhythmic sequences of low frequency tones (a same–different judgment of a standard and a target tone, separated by a series of six intervening distracting tones). Subjective listening skills were assessed using the short form of Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (Gatehouse and Noble, 2004; Noble et al. 2013), and questions assessing an individual’s distractibility in noisy environments.
We have found significant correlations between the outcomes of the tone-memorisation task and self-assessed communication difficulties in noise, as well as auditory distractibility, in both normal hearing and hearing impaired listeners. Future research will further assess the ability of this task to provide a link between listening skills, individual performance and preference for different hearing aid settings.
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The article discusses the relevance of family as the foundation of well being for Samoan and Tongan elders. Negotiating dual identities (Samoan American or Tongan American) can be challenging, particularly when contexts of each identity are at odds with one another. This study indicated relevant findings that underscored the role and responsibility of Samoan and Tongan elders in transmitting cultural ways of knowing and doing to current and future generations. The role of families then becomes all the more important as they are key to supporting the health and wellbeing of their elders.
Key Take Away Points
- The importance of families in Samoan and Tongan cultures as they contribute to the well being of their elders.
- Families as a core structure in the Samoan and Tongan ways of life.
- Aspects of the family and community systems can serve as protective or risk factors to their members.
- Elders in the Samoan and Tongan cultures serve as holders of knowledge in their respective cultural customs, traditions, values, and language that are necessary to preserve indigenous cultures for current and future generations.
Dr. Godinet is currently an Associate Professor with the Myron B. Thompson School of Social Work at the University of Hawaii. She has been a principal investigator of numerous research projects that focused on the impact of various systems and institutions on Pacific Islander adolescents and their families. Her scholarship include issues of disproportionality and overrepresentation of Pacific Islanders in the juvenile justice and child welfare systems; risk and protective factors involving juvenile delinquency among Pacific Islander adolescents; and contributions to the advancement of cross cultural resonance in social work practice.
Godinet, Meripa T.
"Commentary on "Family Roots: Sustenance for Samoan and Tongan American Elders","
Journal of Family Strengths: Vol. 13
, Article 10.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/jfs/vol13/iss1/10
A Response To:
Halaevalu F.O. Vakalahi, Emily S. Ihara, and Moana P. Hafoka, Family Roots: Sustenance for Samoan and Tongan American Elders


Spanish essay example cuba
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Plants are amazing living organisms that inhabit our planet. They have definitive life cycles which occur in stages just like many other living organisms. Understanding these stages can help any grower have a better control over their crops. So, what are these stages of the plant life cycle you may be asking? Well, they begin and end with the seed. If we start with the seed first we move into the germination process next. After germination is the growth stage of a plants life. After the growth stage the reproductive phase begins. This phase house the last stages of a plants life cycle. It includes the transition “morning sickness” stage, bloom/flower stage, pollination and lastly spreading seed restarting the life cycle all over again.
It begins with the seed where all the information is held for survival. The seed germinates and begins growing the plant, a seedling. As the seedling grows it enters the growth phase. This phase entails the plant growing roots, stems, leaves, new shoots. As the plant matures it will start to begin it’s reproductive phase. The transition has begun. The plant will be growing flower sites and flowers. Once flowers are established the plant blooms. With the bloom stage in full affect, flowers are open and ready for pollination. Pollen has blown in the breeze or collected on a bee and is taken by the flower. Now the flower has been pollinated it is set to produce a seed. As the flower withers it focuses energy on seed production. The seeds grow and ripen over the end of the life cycle. The plant itself now withers and dies. But not before dropping it’s mature seeds onto the ground. Here, the seeds lay in wait to start the plant life cycle all over again.
So you can see that there are some distinct stages the plant goes thru as it grows and reaches maturity. Understanding these stages and how they relate to the plant can help a grower produce larger, healthier, tastier crops as well as insuring quality seed for future production.


Both people and animals struggle with water shortages. Fire-stricken Australia is on the verge of a humanitarian crisis
Australia suffers from huge fires since June, 2019.
An expert on climate change says that the main cause is the combination of record temperatures and record drought. This catastrophe results in more than 12 million acres of land scorched and in ongoing humanitarian crisis.
Lack of everything
The impact of the continuously deteriorating situation is that Australia currently finds itself on the verge of a humanitarian crisis. The Australians stuck in the affected areas do not have access to medical attention while food and fuel supplies are running short. In such a situation, water is the most fundamental need.
The Daily Mail recently informed that the fire damaged and most likely contaminated water reservoirs in the town of Mallacoota on the east coast. There are fears that water supplies in New South Wales (NSW) have also become contaminated.
A special warning has been issued for areas with water of purity below 100% and lost disinfection infrastructure, among others Quaama, Cobargo, Akolele and Fairhaven, The citizens are advised to boil the water before consumption.
Sydney, surrounded by flames, also faces water problems. “In recent days up to the cool change, the fires had been a potential threat to supply and assets, particularly in Warragamba dam and in the Blue Mountains,” a spokesman for the WaterNSW, state's water authority, told Reuters. WaterNSW supplies water to the state’s water utilities which then treat and clean the water to provide drinking water to regional cities and towns.
The above mentioned Warragamba is one of 40 dams under WaterNSW’s management, providing water up to 80% of Sydney’s residents (i.e. four million people). Warragamba dam catches water from the surrounding mountains.
Warragamba’s water level currently dropped to 45% of its total volume.
It is rather disturbing that Warragamba dam has currently dipped to less than 45% of its total capacity. The cause is the same as with the bushfire. The extreme drought.
What's even worse, the ash and burnt material could pose a threat to the quality of water if spread into the dam. WaterNSW has put special containment barriers to avoid such a situation.
The eucalypt forest is the typical habitat for koalas that feed upon and drink from the eucalyptus leaves. The rising temperature, however, deteriorates the trees and the leaves are much lower in nutrition as before.
The continuing fires also do not help the situation as the animals are put in catastrophic conditions. Koalas are no longer so shy and normally drink water from pools.
You might have seen the video with Anna Heusler cycling near Adelaide when she bumped into a thirsty koala. "We stopped the bikes to help the koala get off the road otherwise they get hit by cars. But the koala walked up to me very quickly, he was obviously very thirsty," Heusler told CNN. Then, the koala drank all the water from her bottle.
This viral video makes a strong statement about Australia's crisis. Not only because it draws attention to the suffering animals. About 480 millions of animals, including koalas, kangaroos and birds, have been killed by the fires so far. The video indirectly warns about climate change and its impact, which is estimated to grow and will later affect other parts of the Earth as well.
Situation is alarming
Last year's spring was the Australia’s driest season in the last 120 years. The following summer was as extreme as the spring and brought record temperatures. As a result, the water reservoirs dried out, leaving households with no running water.
The rivers are also in a devastated state. Massive water level decrease was recorded near Murray, Australia’s longest river, and Macquaire in NSW. There are concerns that the Lachlan River could dry out in the future ahead. These changes affect the farmers from the villages and Aboriginals with settlements in areas suffering from water shortages the most.
In order to have a bigger picture on the alarming situation in Australia, imagine your facet stops working and water will be rationed. In countries at risk, such a state is called “Day Zero”. It is when the water will go dry and some households will no longer have access to running water.
So-called Day Zero is also a warning for the rest of the population to realize that washing the car or watering the lawn is not the No. 1 priority under current terms.
Hydrotech has again confirmed its qualities in Russia where we succeeded in being awarded a project which includes execution of the WWTP for a...
Container-sized wastewater treatment plant: Smart solution for treatment of small volumes of wastewater
Read about which wastewater treatment options are currently available for small businesses.
The United Nations want to keep water for future generations. How do they prevent a deepening water crisis?
During the celebration of this year's International Day of Water, the United Nations launched an initiative that will last for a decade.


The velocity of sound is a vector u whose magnitude |u| is the speed of sound u and whose direction is normal to the surface of constant phase. The speed of sound is a property of the medium through which the sound travels and is therefore usually of more interest than the velocity itself which depends upon both u and the manner in which the sound is generated.
In discussing the relation between u and the properties of the medium is it useful to distinguish between homogeneous fluids and solids. In the former, the speed of sound is the same in all directions whereas, in the latter, this is not necessarily the case.
In a perfectly elastic (nondissipative) fluid the speed of sound is given for small-amplitude sound waves by
where p is pressure, ρ density, cp specific heat at constant pressure, S entropy and κS is the isentropic compressibility. Consequently, u may be determined from the thermodynamic Equation of State of the fluid or, conversely, information about the equation of state may be deduced from the u2(T, p) [see Trusler (1991)]. For the special case of the Perfect Gas, for which ρ = Mp/RT, the speed of sound is given by
where M is the molar mass and γpg is the heat-capacity ratio for the perfect gas. Thus the speed of sound in a perfect gas is proportional to but independent of pressure. All real gases approach this behavior at sufficiently low pressures, but generally u(T, p)/ is a slowly varying function of both T and p. Some examples of u(T, p → 0) for gases at T = 300 K are: 4He, 1019 m/s; CH4, 451 m/s; N2, 352 m/s; air 348 m/s; and n-butane, 194 m/s [Kaye and Laby 1986].
For the saturated vapor of a pure substance, u at first increases with temperature and, after passing through a maximum, it then declines to zero at the gas-liquid critical point. The speed of sound in the pure saturated liquid is always greater than that in the coexisting vapor. For normal saturated liquids, u declines steadily from its value at the triple point to zero at the liquid-gas critical point. Since the speed of sound in liquids varies only slowly with pressure, u generally declines also with increasing temperature along an isobar. Liquid water is exceptional in this respect as (∂u/∂T)p < 0 at atmospheric pressure between 0 and 74 °C. Some examples of speeds of sound in liquids at atmospheric pressure and T = 300 K are: perfluorohexane, 505 m/s; CCl4, 915 m/s; methanol, 1097 m/s; ethanol, 1139 m/s; cyclohexane, 1244 m/s; toluene, 1298 m/s; mercury, 1448 m/s; water, 1500.7 m/s; and sea water (3.5 mass% salinity), 1537.9 m/s [Kaye and Laby (1986)].
All fluids exhibit some absorption of sound at all frequencies. For most fluids there exists a wide range of frequencies from zero upwards in which both the dissipation is slight and Equation (1) is obeyed with great accuracy. For monatomic fluids, this situation persists up to frequencies approaching the molecular collision frequency. However, various relaxation mechanisms exist in molecular fluids which, in certain frequencies ranges, give rise to greatly increased absorption and to dispersion (i.e., frequency dependence of u). For gases, these relaxation mechanisms are usually associated with the vibrational and rotational modes of the molecules. However, in liquids structural relaxation associated with the viscoelastic properties is possible. In all cases, Equation (1) is obeyed at sufficiently low frequencies.
When sound waves are channelled along a fluid-filled waveguide (e.g., a tube) the apparent speed of sound is not identical with that observed in free space. Three characteristic sound speeds may be defined. The phase speed up is the speed at which points of constant phase propagate along the axis in a monofrequency wave. This is the only characteristic speed of importance for continuous waves although it will be frequency dependent if the medium is dispersive. When pulses of sound are transmitted through a waveguide, it is useful to define also the signal speed us as the speed at which the leading edge of the pulse propagates and the group speeds ug as the speed at which the center of the pulse propagates. In the absence of dispersion, all three speeds are identical but when up is a function of the angular frequency ω > they differ slightly and up < ug < us.
The speed of longitudinal sound waves in an infinite isotropic solid specimen is given by
where B is the bulk modulus and G is the shear modulus [Kinsler and Frey 1982]. A shear wave is also possible with sound speed (G/ρ)1/2. In practice, the sample is not infinite and the observed longitudinal sound speed depends, though the boundary conditions, upon the lateral dimensions of the sample. For a bar with lateral dimensions small compared with the wavelength, free boundary conditions apply (the lateral stress components vanish) and
where E = 3(1 − 2σ)B is Young's modulus. As the lateral dimensions increase, the effective boundary condition for a volume element in the sample approaches one of zero lateral strain and u approaches the bulk value. Sound speed measurements are the primary means of determining the elastic moduli of solids. For anisotropic solids (e.g., all crystals except simple cubic structures) the elastic constants and hence also the speed of sound are different along different directions.
For complex materials, such as porous media, laminates and other composites, the speed of sound is not usually given by a simple expression but may nevertheless provide valuable information about the structure.
Kinsler, L. E., Frey, A. R., Coppens, A. B. and Sanders, J. V. (1982) Fundamentals of Acoustics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York.
Trusler, J. P. M. (1991) Physical Acoustics and Metrology of Fluids, Adam Hilger, Bristol.
Kaye, G. W. C. and Laby, T. H. (1986) Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th edn. Longman, Harlow.
- Kinsler, L. E., Frey, A. R., Coppens, A. B. and Sanders, J. V. (1982) Fundamentals of Acoustics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York.
- Trusler, J. P. M. (1991) Physical Acoustics and Metrology of Fluids, Adam Hilger, Bristol.
- Kaye, G. W. C. and Laby, T. H. (1986) Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, 15th edn. Longman, Harlow.


Places near Church
ΔΗΜΟΤΙΚΟ ΣΧΟΛΕΙΟ ΜΥΘΩΝ ΙΕΡΑΠΕΤΡΑΣ
A village of chieftains, a large village, the seat of the former Municipality of Mournies, along with the villages Gdohia, Kato Pano Symi, Mythoi, Myrto, Riza, Parsas and Christos, which in 1881 numbered 2,213 residents along with the settlements Karydi and Minos.
It is a beautiful, historical, picturesque, traditional village with coffee houses, a square and a memorial for the fallen fighters, the old fountain, old narrow streets branching away of the village’s central road. It probably took its name from the mulberry tree (Mouria), although it is not abundant in the region.
The present settlement of Mournies perhaps does not give away its old glory, however during all the years of the revolts against the Turks it has been an important revolutionary and administrational center of the East Province of Viannos, of which it was a part until 1929, since the time of Captain Syggelis Hatzianagnostis or Symiakos, his son Emmanouil Hatzakis and his descendants, who were renowned as national fighters. The Hatzakis family, with their great financial power, armed and sustained guerilla corps and took part in most battles in the Eastern Crete. As they were personal friends with the national leader Eleftherios Venizelos, he often was their guest at their home in Mournies that had 24 rooms.
The village was burnt down during the German Occupation and paid the price of its struggles having 17 of its residents executed.
The now abandoned settlement of Pano Symi, in the north-west of the village, at an altitude of 900 m, on the borders with the Prefecture of Heraklion, belongs to the Local Department of Mournies, of the Municipality of Ierapetra. The largest village, the summer seat of the Municipality of Mournies, numbered 527 residents in 1583. It was a fortified position and a wonderful landscape. The hideout of revolutionaries, it was repeatedly burnt down by the Turks and was blown up to its foundations during the German Occupation. An aerie, wrecked houses, old churches; admiration and a mixture of happiness and sorrow, touring in the abandoned Pano Symi with the legend of the hidden treasure.
The village Mournies, in the north of Myrtos, at 25 km away from Ierapetra, at an altitude of 275 m, is built in an amphitheatric way in the south-east parts of the Lasithi mountains, with a beautiful view to the Libyan Sea and the plain of Ierapetra. Its climate is good, mild, without extremes, ideal for permanent inhabitation and for holidays. It is a semi-mountainous landscape without glasshouses, with olive groves that are sufficiently watered from drills. In 2001,
83 residents were registered in the census. During the 60s it suffered, like all villages, from urbanization, emigration and during the 70s it obtained the elementary infrastructures. However, today, the residents of Mouries come back, renovate the houses of their ancestors, take care of their olive cultivations and revive their village. The village’s distinguished emigrants are the ambassadors of its history, its civilization and its tradition. The old manors, the picturesque churches, the coffee houses with the friendly and hospitable residents and visitors create a picturesque, traditional Cretan environment in Mournies of Ierapetra.
Deep inside the valley of the river Sarantapihos is built the village Mythoi. It is 22 km away from Ierapetra, it is a small village, in a verdurous landscape, with a beautiful square under the shade of age-old planes. It is said that the village took its name from the plant “Minthi”, or mint, which is abundant there.
However, it may have been named thus because of its many legends, traditions, and myths (mythoi), the most prevalent one being the Sarantapihos’ one. A mythical giant, forty ells tall, like another Talos or Akritas Digenis, he protected the residents from raids. There are the place names “Tou Sarantapihou i Patounia” (Sarantapihos’ footprint) and “Tou Sarantapihou to Mnima” (Sarantapihos’ grave).
There is evidence of ancient inhabitation at the site “Leniko” where traces of walls can be seen. Also, in an excavation, the head of a woman of the Roman period has been found. At the sites Kastelou Haraki and Orfanou to Spiliari clay pots, oil lamps, e.t.c. have been found. The site called Sarakina above Mythoi was a fortress, a hideout of Saracen pirates. The village’s modern history is rich in contributions to the struggles against the conquerors. It nurtured the chieftains Emmanouil Xenikakis, Ioannis Hatzakis, Emmanouil Christakis and others. During the German Occupation, residents of Mythoi took part in the guerilla corpses of the United Resistance of Captain Bantouvas. In the battle of Symi, one of the most heroic figures was lost, Apostolos Vagionakis, who stood up to the enemy’s bullets for the ideals of our unsubdued Crete. They paid the price of their participation to the struggles during the German Occupation, as 4 persons were executed, including the old and bedridden Nikolaos Ioannou Christakis.
The community of Mythoi is today a Local Department of the Municipality of Ierapetra, in 1900 it had 360 Christian residents, in 1951 it had 423 and in 2001 it had 287. In the north of Mythoi, around 6 km away, there is the settlement Karydi with the famous Monastery of Panagia (Our Lady) Karydiani and now abandoned summer residences. The mountainous settlement “Minos”, which is situated in a verdurous small plateau below the Afentis peak of the Lasithi mountains, also belongs to the Community of Mythoi.
The village Mythoi is a lively village with a rich social and cultural life. It has a cultural association, a football team and field, and a modern olive press. The village’s square with its old plane trees, the mulberry trees, the old fountain, the traditional coffee-houses with the raki and the local dishes, is a place of reference for the residents of Mythoi. The sights, the wild natural landscapes in the north of the village, the famous gorge of Sarakina, a monument of natural beauty, attract a lot of local and foreign visitors. The gorge of Sarakina is on of the most beautiful in Crete. Its steep, vertical sides cause awe, and reach a height of up to 250 m. Its widest opening is no more than 15 m while in some places it’s so narrow that its sides seem joined. Its rich flora and fauna, dittany, the wild birds that nest there and the route inside the gorge are breath-taking.
Its promotion is a foremost goal of the Local Department and the Municipality of Ierapetra, of the residents of the village, who head to the future with optimism and anticipation for the development of their place.
North of Myrtos in the road towards Mournies where Kryopotamos passes (on summertime it is a dry river) there is a bridge fitted with an inscription that says it was built in 1884. The bridge is made of stone and it consists of three big bows that were made from hewn rectangular stones that extrude in corners.
The two middle “legs” are reinforced by little struts that on the northern side have a triangular shape and the southern side is roundabout. In its upper surface – in the passable level – the old cobbled road can be seen in many spots, while the created parapet in its sides is very low.
The whole structure of the bridge does not only prove the remarkable aesthetic perception of manufacturers but also the perfect knowledge of the technical bridge construction with materials that had at this time. The bridge has been described as a work of art.


Homeschool moms sometimes fret over the subject of reading. This is rather humorous if you think about it — you do know how to read, right? There really is nothing more natural than teaching a child to read — much like we teach him to walk or talk — but we make it more complicated than it needs to be. Typically all that is required is simple patience, waiting to start until our child is ready and opting for a more natural method rather than a lengthy chaotic search for a magic bullet. With A Home Start in Reading by Ruth Beechick (part of the Three R’s) you really have all you need to teach your child to read. But for those who prefer something a little more directed, Alpha-Phonics Workbook by Samuel L. Blumenfeld is a handy supplement.
The book goes along with Blumenfeld’s Alpha-Phonics book written back in the early ’80s and tracks nicely with A Strong Start in Reading. While Ruth Beechick’s instructions are much simpler and easier to understand, both programs take a similar approach.
One more tool in the Homeschool Mom’s toolbox — and it’s free!
Update: This is still available at no cost, however, the process to receive the free workbook is now more complicated. The hosting site is requesting a donation. Donating $0.00 is an option. The workbook can be added to your cart, but registration is required at checkout. We typically delete these resources when they are no longer available as simple free downloads. For now, we will leave this up on behalf of the many people requesting it and finding it helpful….
Teaching a Child to Read — The Natural Way!
Our approach using Ruth Beechick’s A Strong Start in Reading.
Alpha-Phonics: A Primer for Beginning Readers by Samuel L. Blumenfeld
Print copy of the Teacher’s Manual with lesson plans for those interested. One of Cathy Duffy’s top picks in homeschool curriculum.
Sam Blumenfeld Archives
Alpha Phonics is only one of the many resources available at the Sam Blumenfeld Archives hosted at CampConstitution.net. (Free membership required.) You may also be interested in his archived articles at Practical Homeschooling Magazine.


Claimed by the Sea: Salcombe, Langdon Bay, and other marine finds of the Bronze Age
First discovered by sport divers in the 1970s, the two remarkable seabed finds of prehistoric bronze metalwork described here quickly became a testing ground for the new discipline of underwater archaeology, initially under the leadership of the pioneering maritime archaeologist Keith Muckelroy. A haul of 361 bronzes from Langdon Bay, Kent, represents one of the largest deposits from Bronze Age Europe. Dating to the thirteenth century BC, the collection is diverse in character and originates in various parts of western Europe and the British Isles. The assemblage from Salcombe, Devon covered here is of similar date with a unique combination of types and materials; further finds have since been made at this site.
Neither site having yielded any ship’s remains, all possible mechanisms for deposition are reviewed, including erosion of coastal deposits and ritual deposition at sea. Extensive comparative analysis favours the conclusion that the unparalleled Langdon Bay and Salcombe assemblages represent material spilled or jettisoned from boats in trouble.
For the first time, maritime archaeologists, period specialists, scientists and coastal geomorphologists, bring together research on these two exceptional sites: history of discovery, evaluation of context and character, detailed scientific analyses and a fully illustrated catalogue. Nineteen further marine finds of Bronze Age metalwork are also documented, models for seaborne exchange are reconsidered and cultural attitudes to the terre/mare interface are discussed.
As the first full publication of these exceptional sites, this book will be essential reading for Bronze Age specialists, working in the field or museums, and for underwater archaeologists. At the same time, it is a fascinating read for all archaeologists, be they professional, students or interested amateurs.
- First comprehensive publication of the hoards
- Contributions from leading specialists
- Comprehensive catalogue for both sites
- Full illustrative catalogue
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Stuart Needham is an independent researcher specialising in Bronze Age archaeology. He was previously Curator of European Bronze Age antiquities at the British Museum.
David Parham is a Senior Lecturer in Marine Archaeology at Bournemouth University. He has research interests in the archaeology of seafaring and ship construction of all periods
Catherine J Frieman is the Lecturer in European Archaeology at the Australian National University. Her research primarily concerns the transition from Stone Age to Metal Age via the close study of Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age lithic artefacts. She has ongoing collaborations in Australia, Japan, Vietnam and Britain where she is currently coordinating the excavation and survey of later prehistoric sites in south-eastern Cornwall.
Catherine J Frieman
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Some types of loans, depending on the amount of loan that is applied for, often require additional instruments of collateral so when considering a decision on taking out a loan, it is important to take into account all the requirements and costs associated with the granting of a loan, such as for instance, loan application fee, valuation of the movable or immovable property given as instruments of collateral, insurance policies, costs of the notary public, etc. Therefore, before deciding on taking out a loan, it is necessary to collect and study all the information related to the relevant type of loan, inquire with as many credit institutions as possible about the terms and conditions they offer and based on the information collected, estimate which offer is the most favourable for you, bearing in mind your own expectations and possibilities.
The tradition of loans and borrowing goes far back in the history of human civilisation. However, life on debt has never been more present in the history of life than today. Different social arrangements created economic conditions under which access to borrowing was much more difficult and loans were as a result approached with much more caution. During credit expansion, when whole economies function owing to borrowing, everything can be purchased on credit, while advancements in the financial system provide consumers with easy access to cash at all times. In such circumstances where a high level of consumption is encouraged, one has to exercise a high degree of self-control to distinguish basic living costs from additional values which are not necessary but make life more pleasant.
Who to turn to when considering the possibility of taking out a loan
Loans may be negotiated in one of the credit institutions (banks, savings banks and housing savings banks) or credit unions provided you are a member. To be able to grant loans, such institutions require prior authorisation, issued in the Republic of Croatia by the Croatian National Bank.
Loans may also be negotiated with the creditors having an authorisation of the Ministry of Finance which also publishes the list of creditors holding an authorisation to grant consumer loans.
In addition, Croatia's accession to the EU has opened new possibilities for negotiating a loan so it is now possible to negotiate a loan with institutions authorised in another Member State showing interest for direct or indirect provision of services in the territory of the Republic of Croatia. Such institutions do not require a special authorisation since they are already authorised in the countries in which they have a registered office, but they are obligated to announce their intention to provide services in the territory of the Republic of Croatia.
Where a loan is negotiated with entities not belonging to either of the previously mentioned categories, it is necessary to bear in mind that such entities are not regulated or supervised and that in regard to credit price and terms and conditions they are less favourable than those offered by regulated institutions.