Evacuation plans are required in the event of an emergency. While threats can be unpredictable, there are steps you can and should take to prepare for and prevent damage from a variety of threats such as natural disasters, burglaries, fire, and more.
Extreme weather events such as severe flooding, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, and earthquakes have recently highlighted the critical need for better-organized and efficient evacuation plans.
Threats, however, do not stop there. Burglars, fires, and other threats could endanger your facility, employees, and property. So, what will it take to make buildings and their occupants safer in the event of an emergency? Implementing an organized and effective emergency evacuation plan can help you avoid injury, confusion, and property damage.
An emergency evacuation plan can vary in many ways, but it is typically a comprehensive document that identifies threats and clearly lays out procedures for what to do in various emergencies. The plan should be site-specific and should include the following:
During a workplace emergency, an effective emergency plan will facilitate and organize employer and employee actions. Well-thought-out plans and adequate training will result in fewer and less severe injuries, as well as less structural damage to the facility.
Because of your facility’s geographic position, several natural disasters and dangers are more likely to occur. To better prepare, learn about the types of catastrophes and other hazards that are more common in your area.
Floor map schematics that are specific to each floor/area of the facility should be prominently displayed throughout the structure. Exit and assembly point locations, as well as equipment such as fire extinguishers and first aid kits, should be clearly marked.
Exit paths should always be well-lit, large enough to accommodate emergency exits, clean of debris, and safe from extra threats. OSHA is an excellent resource for ensuring that your emergency exits are up to code.
When an evacuation is required, competent, trained persons who can monitor and organize activities are required to ensure a safe and successful evacuation. Employees must understand who the coordinator is and that they have the authority to make decisions in an emergency. The coordinator should be in charge of assessing the situation and deciding what measures to take. They will trigger and monitor emergency protocols, as well as alert and communicate with outside emergency agencies.
Designate assembly points within and outside the institution where employees should congregate after being evacuated. They should have enough space to accommodate all personnel pleasantly and safely. Someone must be in charge of doing a headcount once everyone has been evacuated. If somebody is missing, make a note of their names and last known whereabouts and send the information along to authorities.
After you’ve developed the evacuation strategy, you’ll need to thoroughly teach all staff and building inhabitants on it. This strategy should be reviewed at least once a year and offered to new staff as soon as possible.
Maintain the evacuation strategy and convey it to staff so that they are educated and prepared in the case of an emergency. An evacuation strategy will secure the safety of all facility occupants.


Bringing Up A Child is very challenging, and learning the positive techniques and skills to parent your child properly is critical. The more educated you are about the various child behavioral management methods, the more effective your child-rearing will be.
You do not necessarily need to spend a fortune on a nursery gear. You can purchase high quality baby items at department stores.
Clear off a space on the kitchen counter, have your child lay down, and run water from the faucet over the hair and scalp. This technique is beneficial for toddlers who do not like to have their head or be doused with water.
While devoting time to your children is important, you need to have time for yourself, as well. This allows you to retain your individuality along with your identity as a great parent too.
Transitions can be hard to deal with for any preschooler. Abrupt changes can lead to stress out preschoolers to the point of melt down.
Infants and toddlers do not be given either diet or regular sodas.
Every parent needs to take some time off from their children.
This reflective material is also available in Velcro strips that can be easily attached and detached. This material can improve your child’s safety when out on the road at night, especially when it’s early in the morning.
Each child is different needs and expectations.Successful techniques with one child may have no effect at all on another. This includes rewards as well as to punishments. Even though this is the case, keep track of what methods have worked well for you.
“Touch gently” is a positive spin on a rule that does not allow hitting.
A lot of kids show resentment after a divorce. By going slowly and not trying to accelerate a bond, your stepchild and you will slowly learn to get along with each other.
Kids want to appear independent, giving them tasks to perform while you clean around the house can help them gain confidence. Even very small children can take on one small part of a more complicated task, even if it’s only handing you the silverware! When putting the laundry away, keep socks to the side for your child. These simple tasks help your child learn independent living skills and help you at the house.
Many airports today have them in place. This allows you to pace yourself without rushing your children. Everything that is going on the plane with you from car seats to shoes, including shoes and the kids’ car seats.
Do not keep junk food in the house if you want to maintain healthy eating habits.Your child has a lower likelihood of asking for junk food if you don’t have any around.Consider these treats only on special occasions, such as Halloween and Christmas.
Positive reinforcement is often the best option when handling difficult behaviors. You should keep in mind that some children experience emotional issues, and sometimes do not have the tools to express themselves.You can help them by encouraging the proper way to express themselves.
Children need to be praised when they exhibit good behavior. If they don’t receive attention for good behavior, acting out will be the next thing they will try. Parents who never acknowledge what their children do well may actually encouraging them to behave poorly.
You should have a written list and post them for your children. They must also know there will be consequences when the rules are broken. Having an established set of rules will also simplify and help to de-stress your raising a child much easier.
Hopefully this article has helped you get a better idea of what your role as a parent is about. Even though you probably won’t know every single answer about being a parent, you should have the ability to discover resources that you need to assist you in finding those answers.


I officially debuted on RTB’s weekly webcast, Creation Update, on August 30th, 2005. I discussed the possibility of liquid water on Mars. In particular, radioisotope measurements on a set of Martian meteorites demonstrated that the temperature of the rock out of which the meteorites formed never exceeded 0oC (32sup>oF) over the last four billion years.
I looked at such evidence as confirmation that Earth was designed as the only planet that ever sustained large liquid water oceans. After all, life depends on liquid water. Thus, if no other planet ever had oceans, no other planet would have ever supported life.
Had I maintained an apologetic argument that Earth is designed as the only planet that contained liquid water oceans, a number of discoveries over the past couple of years would have challenged my position. At least two different lines of evidence now indicate that Mars sustained large bodies of liquid water on its surface sometime in the past. Furthermore, Jupiter’s moon Europa contains a large sub-surface liquid ocean under its outer ice crust.
However, as I reread various creation passages, I realized that the Bible seems to imply that Earth is not the only planet with water oceans. Consider the first two verses of Genesis:
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. And the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the surface of the deep; and the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the waters. (NASB) [emphasis added]
Before any explicit intervention by God in Earth’s formation, the author of Genesis describes it as covered with a liquid water ocean. The rest of Genesis 1 describes some of the miraculous work God performs to transform Earth from a structureless, dark, and empty body into a planet with diverse habitats teeming with life. It is rational to conclude that strictly natural processes can produce planets that contain substantial liquid water. In fact, that may be the starting condition of most Earth-sized planets.
I am not saying that Earth does not exhibit design. I am simply noting that one of my original ideas of how that design would be displayed was incorrect. Careful reading of Scripture helped me formulate a more accurate picture of how scientists would find Earth designed to support life. For example, further research into the water environment of Mars recently demonstrated that the salt content was far too high to permit life to originate or even exist on Mars. In other words, large liquid water oceans are not sufficient for life. The oceans must exhibit additional fine-tuning. Fuz will discuss this result further in tomorrow’s TNRTB.
By carefully studying the words of the Bible and the record of nature, I was able to put away an unnecessary piece of apologetics baggage. Perhaps it is helpful to recall past examples of unneeded arguments that hindered the church’s witness:
- The Bible says that the sun revolves around the Earth.
- The Bible says that Earth is at the center of the universe.
- The Bible says that the characteristics of species never change.
- The Bible says that the Earth and the universe must be no more than 10,000 years old.
An apologist builds a body of evidence to support his position. However, any position is much easier to support if it carries no unnecessary weight.


Having concluded that there are clearly disparities in health status and that there are significant disparities in exposure to environmental hazards, the next step in analyzing the issue of environmental justice is to determine whether there are causal relationships between exposure to these hazards and health outcomes and whether the disparities in health status can be attributed to the disparities in exposure. For many of the identified potential environmental hazards, the lack of published research makes it difficult to draw a strong conclusion that disparate exposures result in disparate health outcomes.
The difficulties encountered in this type of research are illustrated in the work of Baden and colleagues (1996), who tried to examine both the interactions of multiple environmental hazards and the possible connections of these hazards to adverse health outcomes. They included in their analysis the siting of several possible environmental hazards in the Chicago metropolitan area: the large areas of waste regulated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (the Superfund law), waste-generating sites regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, older existing waste disposal sites such as landfills, and emissions from highway exhaust. They conducted regression analyses of census-tract data examining the relationships between proximity to waste disposal sites and poor infant health. The research was unable to account for "causal links between hazardous-waste and ill health effects, … occupational exposure to toxins, parental bioaccumulation of toxins, [or] medically risky behavior such as drinking and use of illegal drugs while pregnant" (Baden et al., 1996, p. 25). The researchers also noted that "use of the census tract for analysis may introduce some aggregation bias" (p. 25). Within these constraints, they concluded that "there was no relationship between the presence of waste sites and low birth weight for children born in Chicago in 1990. … Neither was there one single type of waste site associated with adverse health outcomes, nor did a combination of all of the waste sites (insignificant in themselves) combine to produce adverse infant health outcomes" (p. 26). The researchers' final conclusion was, ''Future research must address these issues" (p. 25). Ecologic studies such as these are subject to a variety of potential biases in addition to the aggregation bias noted by the authors, and are not by themselves adequate for making or excluding causal connections (Greenland and Robins, 1994). In spite of the general lack of published research linking disparate exposures to disparate health outcomes, some well documented links do exist. One such study used field epidemiology methods combined with a prevention intervention trial to document definitively a link between disparate exposure to dimethylformamide and disparate prevalence of toxic liver disease (Friedman-Jiménez and Claudio, 1998; Redlich et al., 1988).


What are the main uses of sodium citrate
The effect of sodium citrate
Sodium citrate is widely used in food, beverage, and spice industries as acidulant, flavoring agent, preservative, preservative, buffer, and chelating agent. It is used as antioxidant, plasticizer and detergent in chemical industry, cosmetic industry and washing industry. It is used as an anticoagulant in the pharmaceutical industry.
Sodium citrate, also known as Trisodium citrate, is an organic compound, a sodium salt, its chemical formula is Na3C6H5O7, the appearance is white to colorless crystals, and it has the taste of soapy water. Soluble in water and glycerol, insoluble in alcohols and other organic solvents. Deliquescence, weathering in hot air.
It is used as flavor and stabilizer in the food and beverage industry; in the pharmaceutical industry as an anticoagulant, expectorant and diuretic; in the detergent industry, it can replace sodium tripolyphosphate as a non-toxic detergent. Auxiliary; also used in brewing, injection, photographic drugs and electroplating.
Lemon juice contains a large amount of citric acid. The combination of citric acid and calcium ions forms a soluble complex, which can relieve the effect of calcium ions on blood coagulation, and can prevent and treat hypertension and myocardial infarction. So it can play an anticoagulant effect.
When taking fresh blood clinically, it is necessary to add some sterilized sodium citrate or sodium oxalate to prevent blood coagulation, so sodium citrate and sodium oxalate are called anticoagulants.
After all, sodium citrate is a chemical substance. Many people worry that eating it will be harmful to the human body. In fact, it is not. Sodium citrate is an alkaline substance. Regular consumption can balance the pH value of the human body. , Alkaline is very good for relieving the fatigue of the human body after exercise. Sodium citrate is edible.
Second, the precautions of sodium citrate
1. Edible danger
Citric acid is an edible acid, which can enhance the normal metabolism in the body, and the appropriate dose is harmless to the human body. Adding citric acid to some foods tastes good and can promote appetite. In China, citric acid is allowed to be used in jams, beverages, cans and candies. Although citric acid has no direct harm to the human body, it can promote the excretion and deposition of calcium in the body. For example, long-term consumption of foods containing citric acid may lead to hypocalcemia and increase the risk of duodenal cancer. Children show unstable nervous system, excitability, and autonomic disorder; adults show tetany, muscle spasm, paresthesia, itching and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Based on the effect of citric acid on calcium metabolism, people who often eat canned food, beverages, jams, and sour candies, especially children, should pay attention to calcium supplementation, drink more raw milk, fish head, fish bone soup, and eat small shrimp skins, etc. , so as not to lead to insufficient blood calcium and affect health, gastric ulcer, hyperacidity, dental caries and diabetes patients should not eat citric acid regularly. Citric acid cannot be added to pure milk, otherwise it will cause pure milk to coagulate. The dairy industry often mixes citric acid into a solution of about 10% and adds it to a low-concentration milk solution, which should be stirred quickly when adding.
2. Industrial Hazards
Health Hazards: Concentrated citric acid solutions are irritating to mucous membranes. In industrial use, contacts may cause eczema;
Explosion Hazard: Citric acid is flammable. Powder and air can form explosive mixture, which may cause fire and explosion in case of open flame, high heat or contact with oxidant.
3. Storage conditions
Citric acid monohydrate loses crystal water in dry air or when heated to about 40 degrees, slightly deliquescent in humid air, and dilute citric acid aqueous solution can ferment when standing. Therefore, solid monohydrate or anhydrous should be stored in an airtight container and stored in a cool and dry place.
3. Physical and chemical properties of sodium citrate
1. Physical properties
At room temperature, citric acid is colorless translucent citric acid crystals or white granules or white crystalline powder, odorless, extremely sour in taste, and slightly deliquescent in humid air. It can exist in the form of anhydrous or monohydrate: when citric acid is crystallized from hot water, anhydrous is formed; when crystallized in cold water, a monohydrate is formed. When heated to 78 °C, the monohydrate will decompose to give an anhydrate. Citric acid is also soluble in absolute ethanol at 15 degrees Celsius. The crystal form of citric acid varies with different crystallization conditions. There are anhydrous citric acid C6H8O7 and citric acid 2C6H8O7.H2O, C6H8O7.H2O or C6H8O7.2H2O containing crystal water.
2. Chemical properties
Structurally, citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid compound and thus has similar physical and chemical properties to other carboxylic acids. When heated to 175 ℃, it will decompose to produce carbon dioxide and water, leaving some white crystals. Citric acid is a strong organic acid with 3 H+ that can be ionized; it can be decomposed into various products by heating, and react with acids, alkalis, glycerol, etc.
Fourth, the mainsodium citrate uses
1. For food industry
Because citric acid has a mild and refreshing sour taste, it is widely used in the manufacture of various beverages, soft drinks, wine, candy, snacks, biscuits, canned juice, dairy products and other foods. In the market of all organic acids, citric acid has a market share of more than 70%, flavoring agents, and can also be used as antioxidants for edible oils. At the same time, it improves the sensory properties of food, enhances appetite and promotes the digestion and absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Anhydrous citric acid is used in large quantities in solid beverages. Citric acid salts such as calcium citrate and ferric citrate are calcium and iron fortifiers in certain foods. Esters of citric acid, such as triethyl citrate, can be used as non-toxic plasticizers to manufacture plastic films for food packaging, acidulants and preservatives in beverage and food industries.
2. Used in chemical and textile industries
Citric acid can be used as a chemical analysis reagent in chemical technology, as an experimental reagent, a chromatographic analysis reagent and a biochemical reagent; as a complexing agent, masking agent; used to prepare buffer solutions. Using citric acid or citrate as a builder can improve the performance of washing products, can quickly precipitate metal ions, prevent pollutants from re-attaching to the fabric, maintain the necessary alkalinity for washing; disperse and suspend dirt and ash; It is an excellent chelating agent to improve the performance of surfactants; it can be used as a reagent for testing the acid resistance of architectural ceramic tiles.
Formaldehyde pollution of clothing is a very sensitive problem. Citric acid and modified citric acid can be made into a formaldehyde-free anti-wrinkle finishing agent for the anti-wrinkle finishing of pure cotton fabrics. Not only the anti-wrinkle effect is good, but also the cost is low.
3. For environmental protection
Citric acid-sodium citrate buffer is used for flue gas desulfurization. China is rich in coal resources, which constitute the main part of energy. However, there has been a lack of effective flue gas desulfurization technology, resulting in serious atmospheric SO2 pollution. Research on effective desulfurization process is a top priority. Citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution is a desulfurization absorbent with great development value due to its low vapor pressure, non-toxicity, stable chemical properties, and high absorption rate of SO2.
4. For livestock production
Adding citric acid to piglet feed can lead to early weaning, improve feed utilization by 5% to 10%, and increase sow litter size. Adding 1% to 2% citric acid to the diet of growing-finishing pigs can increase daily gain, reduce feed to meat ratio, improve protein digestibility, reduce back fat thickness, and improve meat quality and carcass characteristics. Rare earth citrate is a new type of high-efficiency feed additive, suitable for pigs, chickens, fish, shrimps, cattle, sheep, rabbits, silkworms and other animals. It can promote animal growth, improve product quality, improve disease resistance and survival rate. Improve the feed conversion rate and shorten the feeding cycle.
5. Used in cosmetics
Citric acid is a kind of fruit acid. Its main function is to speed up keratin renewal. It is often used in lotions, creams, shampoos, whitening products, anti-aging products, and acne products. The renewal of keratin is helpful for the exfoliation of melanin in the skin, the reduction of pores, and the dissolution of blackheads.
6. For sterilization
The combined action of citric acid and 80°C temperature has a good effect on killing bacterial spores, and can effectively kill bacterial spores polluted in the pipeline of the hemodialysis machine. Lemon, known as the "King of Western Food", has a strong bactericidal effect and is good for food hygiene. Coupled with the fragrance of lemon, people have always liked to use it to make cold dishes. It is not only delicious and refreshing, but also increases appetite.
7. For medicine
In the formation of prothrombin activator and the subsequent coagulation process, calcium ions must be involved. Citrate ions and calcium ions can form a soluble complex that is difficult to dissociate, thereby reducing the concentration of calcium ions in the blood and hindering blood coagulation. This product is used as an in vitro anticoagulant during blood transfusion or laboratory blood sample anticoagulation.


A hoist frame is a series of heavy I-beam iron that is used to not only support the hoist, but to allow the hoist to be used throughout a building. Suspended from an A-frame structure, a hoist frame provides the required supporting strength to allow the hoist to lift and carry very heavy loads for great distances through a manufacturing plant. The hoist frame is commonly aided by the placement of smaller beams that run from the midway point of the hoist’s legs up to the bottom edge of the hoist’s cross-frame. This provides strength, support and rigidity to the often wide-spanning beams that create the framework for the hoist. Wheels added to the bottom of the hoist’s legs allow the hoist to be rolled throughout the shop.
The device is used for lifting heavy objects. Often these objects are not situated under a beam or structure that is able to support the weight of the object. In this situation, a hoist frame can be used to aid in the safe lifting of the object by placing the frame over the object and attaching a hoist to the frame’s cross beam, and then to the object to be lifted. By using an A-frame-type of support at each end of the hoist frame, the lifting capacity of the frame is often limited only by the capacity of the hoist used.
An impromptu lightweight hoist frame can be constructed from wood, using small wooden beams for the legs and a wide plank for the cross beam. While not as strong as a steel hoist frame, the wooden version is often capable of lifting heavy materials into or out of a truck bed. Many frame designs call for the components to be bolted together instead of welded or nailed, which allows the frame to be easily disassembled and stored when not in use. In this scenario, the parts are usually numbered to allow for easy, time-saving reassembly.
Some large hoist frame designs call for the use of a roller hoist mount to allow the hoist to be moved from one side of the frame to the other. This type of design is an asset when unloading materials since it allows the hoist to be pulled to the side and lowered. This allows for placement of the load beside of the truck or trailer it was unloaded from. The typical hoist frame is very tall to allow the hoist to be raised high above a truck or trailer bed.


Earlier this month, the World Bank released its latest development brief on migration and remittances, projecting that remittance flows would continue to grow as the global economy also trudges along in recovery. Remittance flows to the developing world hit an all-time high of about 404 billion USD in 2013 and will likely increase by 7.8% to 436 billion USD in 2014.
Where all the remittances went in the developing world
The top remittance recipient was India, receiving an estimated total of 70 billion USD. Next was China at 60 billion, and then the Philippines at 25.4 billion. Here’s a look at the top remittance receivers among developing countries:
Why the remittances matter
People usually think of remittances as a supplementary tool — something migrants send to their families back home to help them get by. But remittances play a significant macroeconomic role as well. Remittances sums regularly surpass foreign aid, and they represent a more stable form of foreign capital flow than debt and private equity to many developing countries. Anecdotally, we also know that remittances can become a form of philanthropy in some communities as well. Remittance sums also rival total income from entire industries. In India, for instance, remittance were greater than the earnings the country collectively took in from IT services. In Bangladesh, remittances equaled 84% of the country’s garment exports. Remarkably, remittances made up 52% of the total GDP in Tajikistan in 2012 and 31% in the Kyrgyz Republic.
With remittances becoming such a pillar of some developing economies, the World Bank has also been pushing for greater recognition of remittances in credit ratings to help stabilize developing countries and help them access other forms of capital flows. Many countries are also now exploring the idea of diaspora bonds, which are exactly what they sound like—bonds marketed by governments to their respective diasporas. African countries have been particularly early adopters of this form of fundraising.
Remittance data underlie a lot of social and demographic narrative as well. For instance, the slight dip in remittance growth in South Asian countries is reflective of legal disputes with Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, etc.), where many South Asians emigrate to work. Looking more broadly, remittances also reflect the continued inequality of opportunity across multiple regions. The biggest migration push factors now are opportunity-related, rather than politically, religiously, or conflict related.
But it’s really not just developing countries that benefit from remittances.
Including remittances received by high-income countries in 2013 brings the total inflow of global remittances up 34% to 542 billion, which means developed countries also received 138 billion in remittances. Germany and France made the top ten in remittances received among all countries. In terms of net gain among high income countries, France received more remittances than it sent out in 2012 with a 9.3 billion gain, followed by Belgium at 5.9 billion and Poland at 5.3 billion.


The Industrial Revolution: Family and Social Structure
Richard Hooker argues that the Industrial Revolution was "the most far-reaching, influential transformation of human culture since the advent of agriculture" (Hooker 1). He maintains that the Revolution impacted almost every aspect of nineteenth century society, family, and economic life, including modes of consumption and family and social structure (Hooker 1). This paper explores the ways in which the change to a capitalist, urban economy during the Industrial Revolution, including the impact of the factory system, transformed social and family relations in the nineteenth century.
Before the Industrial Revolution, most people depended on agriculture for their livelihood. They most often lived in small villages where they worked in agriculture or in skilled crafts or trades ("Impact" 1). The family made up the basic economic unit of this system, with each family member playing a significant role in the success of the family farm or family skilled trade or business ("Impact" 1). However, the "enclosure laws" of the nineteenth century required that farmers, at their own expense, fence in or forfeit their rights to the land. Many families could not afford to comply with these laws and, as a result, lost their land and their livelihood ("Impact" 1). Seeking work, many of these now-unemployed farmers and skilled craftspeople moved with their families to the cities, where work was available in the new factories ("Impact" 1).
The factory system began to develop during the late eighteenth century when British textile factories invented several machines that mechanized the hand processes used by skilled spinners and weavers ("Factory System" 1). Family units could not afford to buy these machines, and they were often too large to be used in a single home ("Factory System" 1). The machines were used in factories, therefore, and families were required to move to where the factorie...


Much is known about the attack on Pearl Harbor, but one has to stop every so often and consider how much of it is truth and how much has been twisted over the years. Seventy-five years ago, the naval base on Oahu’s coast fell victim to a surprise attack by the Japanese, launching the United States into a state of panic that can easily cause misinformation to spread. The war that immediately followed only served to exacerbate that panic and frenzy, causing further inaccurate information to spread.
It’s this series of events that can easily have led to the following myths taking root and, over the years, becoming engrained among the truth of the Pearl Harbor attack.
The Absence of United States Aircraft Carriers Was Intentional
It’s true that there were no American aircraft carriers stationed at Pearl Harbor during the attack, but this had nothing to do with the US knowing about the attack ahead of time and protecting its assets. In fact, the two carriers stationed at Pearl Harbor, USS Enterprise and USS Lexington, were heading west. The Enterprise was scheduled to return to Pearl Harbor the night before the attack, but inclement weather impeded her progress.
Though the carriers were a vital part of the US Navy, and the course of the war likely would have been different without them, the ships’ manifests and orders don’t indicate any irregularities on the part of the US government, especially since it was Mother Nature and not FDR that delayed the Enterprise’s return.
There Was No Urgent Message Sent to Pearl Harbor
How was it that nobody knew the Japanese were so close to their target before the first bomb fell, especially after a message was intercepted from the Japanese and decoded to reveal diplomatic talks with Washington were to be ceased? The truth of the matter is, a message was sent from D.C. to Pearl Harbor to warn the fleet, but its transmission was delayed and it arrived too late.
The atmospheric conditions that morning made it impossible for a direct transmission to be sent to Pearl harbor. Instead, the message was sent via telegraph through Western Union and was not received until after Japan had commenced its attack.
Pearl Harbor Was the Only Target on December 7th
Though Pearl Harbor is widely thought to be the only planned target on December 7th, Japan actually had other places to go that day. Only ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor had ended, Japan turned its attention to the Philippines and engaged the unprepared region. On the morning of December 8th, Japan launched an aerial assault similar to the one at Pearl Harbor. The Japanese were met with resistance from B-17s, but that didn’t’ stop additional troops being deployed to Legazpi on southern Luzon just four days later.
These movements were the start of Japan’s lengthy campaign in the Philippines, which ended on May 8th, 1942, when Japan pushed back American forces and fully occupied the Philippines.


Did you know that in the U.S. we generate an extra 5 million tons of food waste annually between Thanksgiving and New Year’s? That’s a lot of perfectly good food heading to our landfills! With Thanksgiving a couple days away, I’m committed to conserving food and using our leftovers. Here are some simple tips to help you enjoy a waste-free Thanksgiving:
- Plan ahead: Simply making a list and sticking to it can save you tons of time, money and food waste. Also, do the math and figure out how much food to cook per person. For the turkey, I usually calculate 1.5 lbs per person (this includes room for some leftovers). Here’s a genius tip from Martha Stewart: The smaller the bird (12 lbs or less), the lower the meat-to-bone ratio, so you’ll need more like 2 lbs per person.
- Store leftovers safely: Properly storing our leftovers will keep them safe for future meals. The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that hot foods be left out for no more than two hours. Store leftovers in smaller, individually sized containers, so it’s more convenient to grab for a quick meal rather than being passed over and eventually wasted.
- Compost: Instead of throwing out the vegetable peels, eggshells, and other food scraps, consider composting them. Here’s a helpful guide to composting from Wikipedia. There are even systems that allow folks without backyards to compost indoors.
- Create new meals: Fortunately, Thanksgiving is one of the few days a year when many of us instinctively take steps to prevent food waste. It’s a day when most Americans eagerly save leftovers, and the day after is probably the only time many of us look forward to eating what remains in the fridge. There are a ton of websites out there dedicated to repurposing your Thanksgiving leftovers.
- Donate excess: Food banks and shelters gladly welcome donations of canned and dried foods, especially during the holiday season and colder months. The charity group Feeding America partners with more than 200 local food banks across the U.S., supplying food to more than 37 million people each year. To find a food bank near you, visit the organization’s Food Bank Locator.
- Avoid plastic wrap: Most plastic wraps contain PVC, which quickly winds up in landfills and has been linked to harmful environmental consequences. Use aluminum foil, or even better, send family home with glass or ceramic storage containers that they can return to you. Or you can call your guests and ask them to bring their own containers if they’d like leftovers.
Most importantly, be sure to have a safe and happy Thanksgiving!


These industries are the biggest water polluters: what are the causes and what can we do?
It might seem that water is abundant on our blue planet. However, when it comes to drinking water, the figures are nowhere near as optimistic.
Fresh water, which is vital to life, is just 3% of all the water on Earth and most of it is locked up in glaciers, soil or atmosphere. This means that we only have 0,5% of the earth's fresh water available.
As a result, up to two-thirds of the world's population lives in areas experiencing problems with access to drinking water.
The Anglo-American poet W. H. Auden once said: “Thousands have lived without love, not one without water.” And even though we all realise that water is essential to our lives, we destroy it anyway.
Globally, over 80% of wastewater is released to the environment without adequate treatment, polluting rivers, lakes and oceans.
In order to gain an insight into the issue, we have summarised the industries that contribute the most to water pollution
Which industries waste the most water?
Agriculture uses up to 70% of the world's freshwater (20% is used by industry) and is one of its biggest polluters.
The most water-intensive crops are wheat, maize, rice, cotton and sugarcane. Some types of nuts are also a problem. Up to 74% of irrigated nuts are grown in water-stressed regions such as India, China and Pakistan.
The main sources of water pollution in agriculture are fertilisers and insecticides. They break down under intensive irrigation and are simply washed away into watercourses by rain.
If pesticides enter drinking water during the food cycle, they can cause health problems, e.g. they irritate the skin, the eyes, affect the nervous system and even cause cancer.
The worst part is that pesticides remain in the soil for many years. They dissolve easily in water, increasing their concentrations.
How can we change it? First of all, farmers should not place waste near water sources and they must reduce the amount of pesticides or use only those that have the least impact on water quality.
Countries should incentivise citizens to buy organic food with the smallest possible environmental footprint.
Naturally, everyone can contribute in some way. For example, by moderating the consumption of foods with a drastic environmental impact (beef, chicken, asparagus or sugar) or by not wasting food.
The fashion industry is one of the biggest polluters of the environment ever. It produces around 92 million tonnes of waste annually, i.e. around 4% of the 2.12 billion tonnes generated by humanity on the planet.
This is more than the amount of waste from consumer electronics and twice as much as the food thrown away by supermarkets. Most of the waste comes from the process of cutting and sewing textiles.
Water is polluted throughout the entire production chain. It starts with the runoff of fertilisers from cotton plantations into nearby lakes and rivers, continues through the dyeing of clothes with toxic chemicals and ends with the use of the product when washing releases fibres and dyes into the wastewater.
In addition, the fashion industry has a huge water footprint, consuming around 79 billion cubic metres of water per year, which would be enough to fill 32 million Olympic swimming pools.
When you break it down, it takes approximately 7,000 litres of water to produce one pair of jeans. The same amount a person drinks in five to six years. It takes 2,700 litres of water to make a T-shirt, enough to keep a person thirsty for almost three years.
How can we change that? Consumers need to focus on producers with sustainable production.
In addition, it is important that people gradually change their consumption habits. Ideally, buy more clothes made from recycled materials, repair clothes instead of throwing them out, and do not buy new things if you do not really need them.
Approximately 52 billion cubic metres of fresh water is consumed annually for global energy production.
This considerable amount of water comes mainly from the cooling process in thermal and nuclear power plants.
Fossil fuels and waste from nuclear power plants pose a serious threat to groundwater and surface water.
Also, a large share of the water is also used to grow bioenergy crops such as sugar cane and rapeseed. These are then turned into ethanol or biodiesel and used as biofuels.
This is another reason to accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources like wind and solar.
Construction and mining industry
The construction industry is not often on the environmentalists' radar but although it is often overlooked, 40% of freshwater pollution can be attributed to buildings.
Every single building has an impact on the environment from the materials we choose, to the technologies we use, and the sites we build.
For example, it takes more than 5,100 litres of water just to produce a single tonne of cement, and a staggering 235,000 litres to produce a tonne of steel. 20 litres is required to produce a single board of lumber.
Obviously, it is neither realistic nor desirable to stop all construction or economic activity, but we can try to balance our impact on the environment by taking well-thought measures, e.g. by the construction of green buildings, sophisticated water management or efficient wastewater treatment using the latest technologies.
Contact our Hydrotech experts and we will be happy to help you with the construction of a new or renovation of an existing wastewater treatment plant.
Couple months have passed since Rajo, a.s. dairy waste water treatment plant start-up. We are glad that the required effluent limits are met and the...


“Exercise is the best medicine and should be prescribed to every cancer patient.”
According to an analysis of 71 existing studies, cancer patients can drop their risk of death and increase their odds of survival with exercise.
People who get at least two and half hours of moderate activity like brisk walking, per week, are 13 percent less likely to die from cancer than those with the lowest activity levels. (That’s about 21 minutes per day of brisk walking)
Researchers looked at data in terms of MET-hours, which measures the energy expended in given activities and time spent doing them. Resting represents 1 MET, while a 4-MET activity like brisk walking uses four times as much energy. Doing a 4-MET activity for 30 minutes equals 2 MET-hours.
Cancer survivors who completed at least 15 MET hours per week of physical activity were 27 percent less likely to die from cancer. That’s about 35 minutes per day of moderate intensity aerobic exercise.
“Exercise may change the body’s response to cancer, and those who exercise more may live healthier lifestyles in other ways as well,” Liu said.
“But many of the high-quality studies included in this analysis accounted for other healthy-lifestyle factors that may have played a role,” Liu noted. (Like quitting drinking and smoking and eating tons of fruits and vegetables)
Leisure time physical activity or recreational physical activity, but not occupational activity, is protective against cancer according to most research, Liu said.
“Based on huge evidence of the inverse association between physical activity and cancer mortality, there is no doubt that cancer patients should be physically active,” Liu said.
According new guidelines issued in 2018 from The Clinical Oncology Society of Australia (COCA), exercise should be prescribed to all cancer patients alongside surgery, chemotherapy or radiation – and not to do so could be harmful.
‘Really we are at the stage where the science is telling us that withholding exercise from cancer patients can be harmful,’ lead author Professor Prue Cormie says.
‘Exercise is the best medicine someone with cancer can take in addition to their standard cancer treatments. That’s because we know now that people who exercise regularly experience fewer and less severe treatment side-effects; cancer-related fatigue, mental distress, quality of life.’
They also have a lower risk of their cancer coming back or dying from the disease, she says.
Reports indicate that approximately 60-70% of cancer patients do not meet aerobic exercise guidelines and it is estimated that approximately 80-90% do not meet resistance exercise guidelines.
According to the COCA official statement, all people with cancer should progress towards and, once achieved, maintain participation in:
-at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise (e.g. walking, jogging, cycling, swimming) each week; and
-two to three resistance exercise (i.e. lifting weights) sessions each week involving moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercises targeting the major muscle groups.
Rebound, walk, run, bike, climb, surf, ski, lift weights, do yoga, karate, pilates, jazzercise… just find a way to move your body 30-60 minutes every day!
Rebound exercise was an integral part of my daily anti-cancer exercise routine. It’s the best exercise for your immune system. More about rebounding here.
I've interviewed over 60 people who've healed all types and stages of cancer. Check them out here. Or use the search bar to find survivors of specific cancer types.
I also created a coaching program for cancer patients, caregivers and anyone who is serious about prevention called SQUARE ONE. It contains the step-by-step strategies used by myself and everyone I know who has healed cancer with nutrition and natural, non-toxic therapies.


The majority of faults on a power system occur between one phase and ground or two phases and ground. These are known as shunt faults and arise from lightning discharges and other over voltages which initiate flashovers. Alternatively, they may arise from other causes such as birds on overhead lines or mechanical damage to cables etc. Such faults result in an appreciable increase in current and hence in the majority of applications are easily detectable. In Broken Conductor Protection, it is assumed that broken conductor do not touch the ground that is why, it is also known as the Open Jumper Protection.
It is possible to apply a negative phase sequence overcurrent relay to detect the above condition. However, on a lightly loaded line, the negative sequence current resulting from a series fault condition may be very close to, or less than, the full load steady state unbalance arising from CT errors, load unbalance etc. A negative sequence element therefore would not operate at low load levels.
The Broken Conductor Protection relay incorporates an element which measures the ratio of negative to positive phase sequence current (I2/I1). This will be affected to a lesser extent than the measurement of negative sequence current alone, since the ratio is approximately constant with variations in load current. Hence, a more sensitive setting may be achieved.
In the case of a single point earthed power system, there will be little zero sequence current flow and the ratio of I2/I1 that flows in the protected circuit will approach 100%. In the case of a multiple earthed power system (assuming equal impedances in each sequence network), the ratio I2/I1will be 50%.
It is possible to calculate the ratio of I2/I1 that will occur for varying system impedances, by referring to the following equations below.
I1F = Eg(Z1+ Z0) / (Z1Z2+Z0Z1+Z2Z0)
I2F = -EgZ0/ (Z1Z2+Z0Z1+Z2Z0)
Eg = System Voltage
Z0 = Zero sequence impedance
Z1 = Positive sequence impedance
Z2 = Negative sequence impedance
I1F / I2F= Z0 / (Z0+Z2)
Therefore, for an open circuit in a particular part of the system, I2/I1 can be determined from the ratio of zero sequence to negative sequence impedance. It must be noted that this ratio may vary depending upon the fault location. It is desirable therefore to apply as sensitive a setting as possible. In practice, this minimum setting is governed by the levels of standing negative phase sequence current present on the system. A minimum value of 8% negative phase sequence current is required for successful Broken Conductor relay operation.
Since sensitive settings have been employed, it can be expected that the element will operate for any unbalance condition occurring on the system for example, during a single pole autoreclose cycle. Hence, a long time-delay is necessary to ensure co-ordination with other protective devices. Normally 5 second time-delay is provided for Broken Conductor Protection.


Programming and Programming Languages
Programming and Programming Languages is a comprehensive guide written by Shriram Krishnamurthi that explores the fascinating world of programming and programming languages. With a wealth of knowledge and experience, Krishnamurthi delves into the intricacies of this essential field, providing both beginner and experienced programmers with valuable insights.
In this book, Krishnamurthi takes readers on a journey through the foundations of programming, offering a solid introduction to the fundamental concepts. He covers topics such as variables, control flow, data structures, and algorithms, empowering readers to grasp the building blocks of programming with clarity and confidence.
One of the key strengths of this book lies in its exploration of various programming languages. Krishnamurthi goes beyond the basics, delving into the details of popular programming languages such as Python, Java, C++, and more. By examining the unique features and paradigms of each language, readers gain a deeper understanding of their strengths, weaknesses, and best use cases.
Throughout the book, Krishnamurthi emphasizes the importance of writing clean, maintainable code. He provides practical tips and best practices to help readers develop good programming habits from the start. By focusing on readability, modularity, and reusability, programmers can create software that is not only efficient but also easier to understand and maintain over time.
Moreover, This book tackles advanced topics such as concurrency, error handling, and software testing. Krishnamurthi equips readers with the knowledge to write robust and reliable programs, ensuring that their code can handle real-world challenges.
This book serves as an invaluable resource for self-learners, students, and professionals seeking to enhance their programming skills. Whether you are a beginner taking your first steps into the world of coding or an experienced programmer looking to expand your language repertoire, This book offers practical guidance and insightful examples to accelerate your learning.
To delve into the fascinating world of this book, visit here to get your copy of Programming and Programming Languages by Shriram Krishnamurthi.


As chemical use in every industry has become an increasing public concern, many governing bodies have implemented measures to enforce regulations and provide public access to relevant information. This is also true in the oil and natural gas industry, which is primarily regulated at the state level.
Prior to 2011, there was no comprehensive database of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing of wells. This was the catalyst for the creation of FracFocus.org, a national database providing public access to information regarding hydraulic fracturing chemicals.
Today, what began as a voluntary reporting site with 37 participating companies now receives reports from more than 1,600 companies reporting chemicals for more than 189,000 hydraulic fracturing operations nationwide. Because of the system’s success from both operator and consumer perspectives, 27 states now either require or allow companies to officially disclose chemical data via FracFocus. However, the site receives disclosures from companies with operations in three additional states as well.
(updated, March 2022)


The Keeper of Old Glory
NASHVILLE- 593 miles – In the City Cemetery of Nashville, Tennessee, is an unusual gravestone. Here, 650 miles from the nearest ocean, is the grave of Captain William Driver, the American skipper who named his ship’s flag “Old Glory” and carried it to Nashville with him when he retired from sailing. After hiding the flag during secession, Driver brought it out to fly from the state capitol’s flagstaff when Federal troops captured Nashville in 1862. The flag was preserved by his daughter and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institute; it’s considered second only to the Fort McHenry flag (the inspiration for “The Star Spangled Banner”) among significant historic American flags.
I especially liked a small inscription on one side of the monument — which was designed by Captain Driver himself — that reads: “‘Trust in the Lord and do good; so shalt thou dwell in the land, and verily thou shalt be fed’ — Ps 37:3. I have never wanted since.” What a pity that modern grave markers leave so little room for personal testimony!
We stopped for a short time in Nashville to visit not Captain Driver but Captain Godshall, Melanie’s great-great-great-grandfather. Samuel C. Godshall was born in Philadelphia and at the age of 18, moved to Nashville to seek his fortune in business. He had an interesting life, establishing a great reputation as a young businessman, joining the Army as one of the original “Tennessee Volunteers” who served in the Mexican American War, and commanding a company of soldiers from the Nashville area during the War Between the States (his brother back in Philadelphia served in the Pennsylvania militia during the conflict; this was one of the divided families you read about). Capt. Godshall returned to Nashville after the war and died in a local epidemic a few years later, well respected by the community. Interesting enough, though, Capt. Godshall only received a gravestone a few years ago, through a descendant’s intervention—for over a century, his unmarked grave was only known by its location between his wife and children!


Microsoft Word - THEATRE 322
Ideology, Race, Eurocentricism, questions for Review below. DUE: Monday, Aug. 31, Midnight. Must be 3-4 paragraphs in length per question.
1. Summarize the film Pervert's Guide to Ideology and give an example of how ideology works in contemporary society.
2. From Shohat's intro chapter in Unthinking Eurocentrism, use the five "operations" to talk about theatre/performance from your point of view. In other words, how does theatre uphold Eurocentric ideology? How might you change this?
3. Saidiya Hartman talks about the "terrible spectacle" of the tortured Black body as a performative part of dominant ideology. Use her theory to look at the recent media culture of Black people killed by police officers.* How does this reflect or not reflect her theory of the "terrible spectacle," what are you thoughts?
Attached file is your... View the full answer


Peripheral Artery Disease (P.A.D.), commonly known as "poor circulation" refers to the obstruction of arteries in the leg. Plaque - the build up of cholesterol and other substances in arterial walls causes the arteries to narrow and prevents oxygenated blood from reaching the legs and feet.
Patients with P.A.D. should be aware of a possibly more widespread build-up of plaque in the arterial walls that may affect the brain and cause a stroke, or affect the heart and cause a heart attack.
Patients often do not experience symptoms in the early stages of P.A.D. Symptoms are usually noticed in later stages when the arteries are severely blocked.
P.A.D. symptoms commonly include:
It is very important to be evaluated by Dr. Radovic if any of these symptoms are present. Neglecting to treat P.A.D. may result in debilitating and limb-threatening outcomes.
Since only half of people with P.A.D. notice symptoms, knowing the risk factors and being screened or examined for P.A.D. is crucial.
Risk factors include:
Dr. Radovic obtains a full medical history of the patient when diagnosing P.A.D. A physical examination of the lower extremity includes evaluating the pulses, skin condition and foot deformities to reveal the patient's risk for P.A.D. Dr. Radovic may order additional tests if any risk factors are present.
There are a number of non-invasive examinations available to evaluate P.A.D. For example, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a minor test that measures and compares blood pressure at the arm and ankle levels. An ABI outside of normal limits is a valid indicator of P.A.D. that may lead Dr. Radovic to refer the person to a vascular specialist for additional assessment and treatment if necessary.
P.A.D. is generally treated with lifestyle changes, medication and in select instances, surgery.
Lifestyle changes include quitting smoking, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet low in saturated fat.
Medications may be presribed for improving blood flow, preventing blood clots, or controlling blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose levels.
Surgery is necessary for some patients to improve blood flow. Procedures include open bypass surgery and small incision (endovascular) procedures of the leg.
Commonly observed foot deformities such as hammertoes, bunions and bony prominences, or dermatologic conditions including ingrown or thickened fungal nails should be taken much more seriously in patients with P.A.D. Since blood flow is restricted in people with P.A.D. and blood is a necessary component of healing, usually minor problems including cuts, blisters or sores can lead to severe complications.
Patients with a combination of diabetes and P.A.D. face an increased risk of foot complications. Neuropathy - damage to the nerves that may cause foot numbness - is often found in patients with diabetes who do not feel pain that usually accompanies foot conditions. The combination of neuropathy and P.A.D. can lead to ulcers developing over foot deformities that may never heal. Consequently, P.A.D. and diabetes often necessitate foot or leg amputations in the United States.
P.A.D. can be corrected or improved once it is diagnosed. Dr. Radovic can correct the underlying foot condition to avoid future complications if circulation becomes severely restricted again.
Having regular foot examinations and promptly seeking medical attention when changes are noticed can prevent minor problems from worsening. P.A.D. needs to be monitored regularly.
People with P.A.D. should take the following precautions to prevent complications.
Call Dr. Radovic right away if you notice any of the problems above. You should not attempt to treat cuts, sores or infections yourself.


A crane girder is a preformed metal beam on which the crab or hoist head of a traveling overhead crane runs. Such girders are typically “I” profile beams that may be reinforced at various points depending on the loads and crane configuration involved. They may feature several crane girder layouts such as single girder, double girder, or bridge girder designs. The configuration depends largely on the headroom in the building and the loads the crane is designed to lift. A crane girder is subjected to a variety of often severe stresses during lifting operations and special attention should be paid to rating, reinforcement, and periodic inspection and maintenance.
Crane girders are generally heavy I-beam steel members which provide a stable track for on which overhead cranes travel. Depending on the type of installation, overhead cranes typically have between one and three crane girders. The crab or traveling head of the crane is fitted with a set of rollers which either run on the top or on the bottom cross member of the I beam. In single girder installations, only a crab girder is used. In double girder or bridge cranes, the crab girder is fitted with carriages at either end and moves up and down the loading space on two additional crane girders.
Single crane girder installations are useful in applications where no transverse movement is needed. Also known as monorail cranes, these machines can travel the length of the girder and lift or lower loads only. This type of crane is useful in narrow spaces where load movement is restricted to the length of the space. These cranes generally run on the bottom of the girder which is typically supported at several points along its top cross member. One disadvantage is reduced hook height because the crab and hook is usually located under the crane girder.
Bridge and double girder cranes are far more flexible and allow 3-dimensional hook movement. In these installations, the crab can move across the crane girder to cover the breadth of the space. In addition, the crane girder assembly can move along the length of the space covering a far wider area than a monorail. This type of crane has the additional benefit of having the crab girder run on top of the side support beams or be raised to run between them. This allows for extended hook heights and improved flexibility.
Crane girders, particularly the crab girder, are constantly subjected to a number of stress loads during operation. These include vertical stress exerted by the load, lateral stress caused by acceleration and braking of the crab, and transverse stresses caused by swinging of the load. Crane girders are often reinforced with flat plates or channels along their mounting cross sections to resist these stresses. To ensure the safety of operating personal and the loads the crane transports, crane girders need to be correctly rated and regularly inspected for signs of damage.


Education Quarterly Reviews
Published: 30 April 2021
Computer Assisted Education’s Effects of Learning the Eighth Grade Math Subjects with Geometer’s Sketchpad on Students’ Performance Grades and Academical Achievements and Students’ Opinions: A Mixed Method Study
Firat Hayyam Sabuncu, Jale Ipek
Ministry of National Education (Turkey), Ege University (Turkey)
Download Full-Text Pdf
Keywords: Computer Assisted Instruction, Dynamic Geometry, Geometry Teaching, Student Achievement, Mixed Research Method
In this study, it was aimed to show the effect of computer assisted learning on the academic achievement, performance levels and computer attitudes of 8th grade students in "Transformation Geometry" subject and determine students' opinions about this learning environment. The study was conducted with embedded design, one of the mixed method designs. As a result of the analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the academic achievement of control and experimental groups. Experimental group students stated that the Geometer’s Sketchpad (GSP) software was useful, they expressed that they learnt the subjects better and easier, learning by applying increased their self-confidence and sense of curiosity. It was determined that students were able to establish relationships between the concepts they learnt about real life and the subject of transformation geometry and realized that they could experience mathematical concepts in many areas in daily life.
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Operators prepare drums of contact-handled transuranic waste for loading into transportation containers
A transuranic waste shipment travels on an approved shipping route to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
Transuranic, or TRU, waste began accumulating in the 1940s with the beginning of the nation's nuclear defense program. As early as the 1950s, the National Academy of Sciences recommended deep disposal of long-lived TRU radioactive wastes in geologically stable formations, such as deep salt beds. Sound environmental practices and strict regulations require such wastes to be isolated to protect human health and the environment.
Bedded salt is free of fresh flowing water, easily mined, impermeable and geologically stable – an ideal medium for permanently isolating long-lived radioactive wastes from the environment. However, its most important quality in this application is the way salt rock seals all fractures and naturally closes all openings.
Throughout the 1960s, government scientists searched for an appropriate site for radioactive waste disposal, eventually testing a remote desert area of southeastern New Mexico where, 250 million years earlier, evaporation cycles of the ancient Permian Sea had created a 2,000-foot-thick salt bed.
In 1979, Congress authorized the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP). The WIPP facility, located 26 miles southeast of Carlsbad, N.M., was constructed during the 1980s. Congress limited WIPP to the disposal of defense-generated TRU wastes. In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certified WIPP for safe, long-term disposal of TRU wastes.
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is located in the Chihuahauan Desert of southeastern New Mexico, approximately 26 miles east of Carlsbad, NM. WIPP occupies approximately 28 square kilometers (16 square miles). The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s history is relatively short, as it became operational in 1999. The facility is used to store transuranic (TRU) waste left over from nuclear weapons research and testing operations from our past defense activities. Project facilities include disposal rooms mined 2,150 feet underground in a 2,000 square foot thick salt formation.
Generally, TRU waste consists of clothing, tools, rags, residues, debris, soil and other items contaminated with radioactive elements, mostly plutonium. These man-made elements have atomic numbers greater than uranium, thus trans-uranic, or beyond uranium on the Periodic table of Elements. There are two categories of TRU waste. Contact-handled (CH) TRU waste can be safely handled by workers under controlled conditions without any shielding other than the containers itself. CH TRU waste will make-up approximately 96 percent of the total volume of waste to be disposed at WIPP. The remaining four percent will be remote-handled TRU waste, which emits more penetrating radiation than CH TRU waste and must be handled and transported in lead-shielded casks.
Prime regulators at WIPP are the EPA and the New Mexico Environment Department. A number of other agencies, committees and panels monitor WIPP's progress and contribute to project success.
The DOE Carlsbad Field Office, which leads the nations TRU waste disposal effort, has coordinated TRU waste cleanup at a number of generator sites around the country. Since 1999, WIPP has set the standard for safe, permanent disposal of long-lived radioactive defense wastes.
Recovery Act Projects at Carlsbad focus the supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation to accelerate the disposition of defense-generated TRU waste across the nation. Specifically the project entitled “TRU Waste Accelerated Disposition” involves the accelerated TRU waste characterization, certification and transportation for disposition of defense-generated TRU waste from the targeted generator and interim storage sites above and beyond the currently-approved baseline project using Recovery Act funds.


Agriculture is one of the biggest water consumers. Here are 5 ways to save as much as possible
More than 70% of the world's water consumption goes to growing plants and raising animals. How can we reduce this volume? Keep reading to find some effective solutions.
The quantity of water consumed is in itself frightening. Add to this the ever-rising demands of agriculture on clean water supplies and the increasingly frequent droughts, and it must be clear that this situation is not sustainable.
Moreover, the problem is not just the total water consumption in the fields and stables. Agriculture also significantly pollutes water.
Can this situation ever be reversed? The answer is yes, with a number of small or large-scale solutions. Some of them can be found in this article.
To save as much water as possible on irrigation, people need to start using water more efficiently. What do we mean by that? For example, instead of watering fields and flowerbeds in the field, switch to what is known as drip irrigation.
This is the principle where water from the irrigation system is led directly to the roots of the plants. The plant effectively absorbs the water and there is no time or space for the water to evaporate from the soil surface.
The biggest losses are caused by evaporation of water that the plants cannot use. With drip irrigation, the efficiency increases to 80%.
You might say that we have been using such irrigation in our latitudes for a long time. Indeed, farmers in developed countries irrigate directly to the roots to a large extent. However, this cannot be said of poorer regions.
Preparing fields for this type of irrigation is costly, as kilometres of water pipes with regular holes have to be laid underground to give the plants the water they need.
Mauritania is a shining exception and proof that drip irrigation can produce higher yields with less water used.
After the introduction of drip irrigation, Mauritania is able to grow crops all year round, not just during the rainy season. Retrieved from: irrinews.com
A country struggling with low crop production due to poor rainfall and excessive evaporation of water from poorly fertile soils enjoys a bumper harvest for most of the year after the introduction of more efficient irrigation, even with the same volume of water they used in the "old days".
Even drip irrigation can be more efficient when farmers only release water when it is really necessary. How to find the right time, however, will be discussed later.
Building reservoirs in dry areas
Drought and inhospitable conditions for growing crops have long since become uncharacteristic of areas of Africa. It is all the more important to focus on making better use of the water provided by nature in the form of rainfall.
Rainwater harvesting tanks are the solution. There are several types, ranging from simple containers, into which rainwater is channelled through ordinary pipes, to huge dams. These serve not only as water storage but also as flood protection during the rainy season.
Of course, not just anyone can afford to build a dam, but any farmer can build a rainwater tank in his or her field, even in underdeveloped countries.
By watering the water collected, the farmer saves the underground water located far away.
Carrying water by hand is also becoming a thing of the past thanks to solar-powered water pumps.
In recent years, these have helped supply water from rain-fed reservoirs, particularly in India, where farmers are using nearly two million solar pumps that they have built with the help of government subsidies.
While drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting are still being adopted by many countries, smart technologies are increasingly helping farmers in developed countries to save water.
One technology is smart sensors. Instead of regular irrigation, which is often unnecessary due to sufficient moisture, smart sensors determine exactly when to automatically start irrigation.
However, today's technology does not stop at simply monitoring soil moisture. Australian farmers are using drones to assess whether crops are healthy and sufficiently nourished.
From a height of about 20 metres, they take pictures of each piece of the field and, based on the photos, the system processes and evaluates whether the harvest is fine or what has to be done.
This is how Australia, one of the world's hottest and driest continents, manages to grow huge quantities of wheat, which is known for its high water and soil requirements.
The name of this type of plant cultivation may sound familiar. It is made up of two words, aquaculture and hydroponics. And their combination also works in reality.
The principle of aquaponics is based on the harmonious coexistence of fish and plants grown only in water, i.e. hydroponically.
Fish living in aquaponic tanks secrete fertiliser into the water for the plants, which extract the nutrients they need from it. In this way, they in turn purify the water for the fish and are able to coexist and thrive.
Aquaponics is not only one of the highlights of sustainable fish farming and crop production, but it also saves space compared to conventional ponds. Aquaponic farms are about 20 times smaller.
And what about water consumption? The plants live right in the water, so the need for irrigation drops out of the growing cycle completely. This results in water savings of up to 90%.
In addition, the closed system of water-based cultivation and fish farming does not only work on large farms, but also at home. As a result, people can grow fresh vegetables even in small apartments in the middle of the city.
Using recycled wastewater
Although the future is promising thanks to the simple principle of aquaponics, it cannot yet meet the world's agricultural needs.
In the meantime, other ways must be found to save as much water as possible on plant cultivation and animal husbandry. And one of the best ways is to use wastewater.
Sure, it must first undergo a first-class cleaning process to remove dangerous and harmful substances, a process which Hydrotech can cover.
Just like aquaponics or rainwater harvesting, the use of wastewater creates a cycle that can save more than 50% of your drinking water supply annually.
The fact that recycled wastewater for agricultural needs is the solution of today is proved by Israel. Not only can Israel treat up to 90% of all wastewater, but the country also returns it back to nature.
And since Israel uses most of the treated water for agriculture, they are able to raise animals and grow plants even in harsh desert conditions.
If you're thinking of using wastewater treatment, check out our solutions suitable not only for farmers, but also for industries or municipal sewage systems.
Read important information about the consequences of overloading of WWTP's and possible solutions to these situations.
At present, 322 million tonnes more plastics are produced than in 1950. Even the tenth of this will end up as waste in the sea.
Oil booms, skimmers or sorbents. In this article we will discuss the most used methods to clean up oil spills at sea.


Click here to view an interactive map of the Northern Ireland dataset as currently collated by CEDaR.
The map is generated through the NBN Gateway using their Interactive Mapping Tool.
This upland species of mineralised rocks has the outward appearance of cracked lizard skin. The thallus is a rich, glossy yellow to dark brown colour. The areoles or facets of the thallus are like miniature plates separated by a maze of deep cracks like a broken car windscreen. The small, largely deformed discs are flat and at first immersed, when they can sometimes seem to be aspicilioid. All reactions are negative. Similar species include very brown forms of Lecidea fuscoatra (cortex C+ red) and the Scottish mountain lichen Lecidea paupercula (which can be K+ yellow and Pd+ orange, but is currently not known from Ireland). I. athroocarpa has been recorded from Counties Kerry, Donegal and Antrim.
Original text submitted by Vince J. Giavarini


Studies have shown us that reversing and even curing the ravages of Type 2 diabetes can be accomplished through diet. In large part those diets incorporate what many might consider common sense approaches. Such as removing highly processed foods, sugars and transfers. Often it was thought that caloric restrictions would lend themselves to improving Type 2 diabetes What became more apparent though was that a diet lower in carbs and inclusive of healthy, unprocessed fats resulted in a measurable improvement in many cases.
But diabetes type one was another story, or so some thought. Yet is it really a surprise that a diet designed to improve digestive health and to eliminate chronic inflammation-causing foods would provide positive results even for Type 1 diabetes ?
A recent, long-term study has shown just that, measurable improvement in conditions related to Type 1. Results that, in effect, have eliminated the diabetes.
In an article regarding the study found in The New York Times health section:
Andrew has Type 1 diabetes, and six years ago, in order to control his blood sugar levels, his parents put him on a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. His mother makes him recipes with diabetic-friendly ingredients that won’t spike his blood sugar, like pizza with a low-carb, almond-flour crust; homemade bread with walnut flour instead of white flour; and yogurt topped with blueberries, raspberries and nuts.
Andrew’s diet requires careful planning — he often takes his own meals with him to school. But he and his parents say it makes it easier to manage his condition and, since starting the diet, his blood sugar control has markedly improved and he has not had any diabetes complications requiring trips to the hospital.
Most diabetes experts do not recommend low-carb diets for people with Type 1 diabetes, especially children. Some seemingly wrongly worry that restricting carbs can lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels, a condition known as hypoglycemia, and potentially stunt a child’s growth. But a new study published in the journal Pediatrics on Monday suggests otherwise.
It found that children and adults with Type 1 diabetes who followed a very low-carb, high-protein diet for an average of just over two years — combined with the diabetes drug insulin at smaller doses than typically required on a normal diet — had “exceptional” blood sugar control. They had low rates of major complications, and children who followed it for years did not show any signs of impaired growth.
The study found that the participants’ average hemoglobin A1C a long-term barometer of blood sugar levels, fell to just 5.67 percent. An A1C under 5.7 is considered normal, and it is well below the threshold for diabetes, which is 6.5 percent.
“Their blood sugar control seemed almost too good to be true,” said Belinda Lennerz, the lead author of the study and an instructor in the division of pediatric endocrinology at Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. “It’s nothing we typically see in the clinic for Type 1 diabetes.”
The standard approach for people with Type 1 diabetes is to match carb intake with insulin. But the argument for restricting carbs is that it keeps blood sugar more stable and requires less insulin, resulting in fewer highs and lows. The approach has not been widely studied or embraced for Type 1 diabetes, but some patients swear by it.
TypeOneGrit has about 3,000 members on Facebook who ascribe to a program devised by Dr. Richard Bernstein, an 84-year-old physician with Type 1 diabetes. His book, “Dr. Bernstein’s Diabetes Solution,” recommends limiting daily carb intake to about 30 grams, the amount in a sweet potato or about four or five cups of cooked broccoli.
Dr. Bernstein argues that the fewer carbs consumed, the easier it is to stabilize blood sugar with insulin. He recommends foods like nonstarchy vegetables, seafood, nuts, meat, yogurt, tofu and recipes made with almond flour, sugar substitutes and other low-glycemic ingredients. His plan emphasizes protein intake, which he says is especially important for growing children.
While it was not a clinical trial, the study is striking because it highlights a community of patients who have been “extraordinarily successful” at controlling their diabetes with a very low-carb diet, said Dr. David M. Harlan, the co-director of the Diabetes Center of Excellence at the UMass Memorial Medical Center, who was not involved in the study. “Perhaps the surprise is that for this large number of patients it is much safer than many experts would have suggested.”
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History Of Turkey And Russia Relations
History Of Turkey And Russia – Ottoman Empire vs Tsardom of Russia
History of relations between Turkey and Russia has generally not been a friendly one. There is a priceless medal set bestowed by the Russian Tsars to Ottoman Sultans in the Imperial Treasury in Topkapı Palace.
In a surprising manner, it turns out that Ottoman Empire warred with the country which presented the highest number of gifts. We see in Imperial Treasury and clock collections that the highest number of gifts came from Iran, Austria, Russia, England and France.
Rise and fall of Ottoman Empire Short History
The Ottoman State was founded on 1299 upon the collapse of the Turkish state that had existed before in the region. After the collapse of Seljuk Empire, Ottoman State started to exist as a small city state before evolving eventually into an empire by expanding into Anatolia and Balkans and capturing Constantinople in 1453 by officially ending the rule of Byzantine Empire.
The rise of Ottoman Empire reached its peak during the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566). After the rule of Suleiman I, Ottomans kept its borders but did not expand during 1566-1699 and entered into a dormant period.
After the end of 17th century when Ottoman and Russian wars started, Ottoman Empire went into a decline and collapse period, which took two hundred years.
From Grand Duchy to Russian Tsardom Short History
Russian founded the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1283. After being suppressed for a long time by Mongolians, Russian chose Orthodox sect in the 10th century with the influence of Byzantine.
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Russian declared themselves as the successor of Byzantine Empire. That is why Grand Duke Ivan III married the last Byzantine Princess Sophia Palaiologina. In 1547, Russia switched from dukedom to Tsardom.
The first Tsar Ivan IV, commonly known as Ivan the Terrible, was the grandson of Sophia. Tsardom of Russia strengthened its claim as the patron and successor of Byzantine. Using double headed eagle as a symbol, the rise of Tsardom of Russia peaked during the reign of Peter the Great.
Russia becomes a European power By Petro The Great
Gaining Tsar title in 1682, Petro played a great role in Russia’s ascending to an important place in European History. In an attempt to take Russia to the level of European countries of the Enlightenment period, Petro made reforms in social, cultural, military and scientific areas.
He realized that Russia was stuck between Arctic Ocean and Black Sea, controlled by the Ottomans, and therefore he started the initiatives to expand into the south. This strategy paved the way for a fierce struggle between Russia and the Ottomans, which took hundreds of years.
Ottomans were successful in the initial wars. After the second half of the 18th century, Russian started to dominate and Ottomans started to lose frequent wars. 19th century was another one during which the wars continued to happen. In this century, the period of collapse began for the Ottomans.
Turkey (Ottoman Empire) And Russia (Tsardom of Russia) During World War I
During the World War I, Ottomans on the side of Central Powers and Russia on the side of Allied Powers were fighting against each other once again. However Russia had trouble and Allied Powers planned to capture the straits in order to help Russia.
In the Dardanelles Campaign (Gallipoli), English and French navy and then an army tried to capture Dardanelles in order to reach Bosphorus. Ottomans managed to get a victory here even though it was on the verge of collapse.
This war witnessed the rise of genius lieutenant colonel called Mustafa Kemal Atatürk to the rank of the commander of the army. When the essential help could not be given to Russia, Tsar became powerless and a revolution rose in Russia. Russia withdrew from the war in 1917.
Ataturk and Turkish Republic
Ottoman Empire was occupied in 1918 and its army was scattered. Mustafa Kemal resigned from his duty as a general and organized the War of Independence. In this period, Turks received aid from the Russia.
Born out of the ashes of the fallen empire, Independence Army won the independence in the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and paved the way for the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.
Turkey & Soviet Socialist Russia Relations During The Cold War
Turkey managed to stay out of World War II. However Joseph Stalin who strengthened his grip on power wanted to finish the job which had been unfinished since Petro’s time. He openly demanded the straits from Turkey in order to exert its dominance in the Black Sea. Young Turkey did not have enough power to deal with Russia and therefore it applied NATO and was accepted.
During the Cold War, Turkey followed a policy in line with the USA. Russia was once again on the other side of the axis.
Although a perfect friendship was never established between Russia and Turkey, trade relations are quite intense. Turkey buys natural gas from Russia which buys agricultural and textile products from Turkey.
As a matter of fact, before the civil war in Syria came to exist, relations between Turkey and Russia were quite mild and steady. Both countries lifted visa requirements due to strong trade relations. Going to Russia for Turkish citizens had never been so easy before.
Downing of the Russian warplane
After the events in Syria and Russia’s sending its troops there, Russia, which was a northern neighbor of Turkey actually became a southern neighbor as well.
During Russia’s military operation in Syria, one of the jets which was passing through Turkey border was shot down by a Turkish F-16 due to the accusation of border violation and that is why tensions between the two nations rose to the breaking point.
Future of Turkey and Russia relations
A war between two countries does not seem likely, of course. Yet the relations took a critical hit. Russians are among the top three nations visiting Turkey for touristic purposes.
It is evident that Aegean and Mediterranean hotels will suffer financially from this tension. There are also tens of thousands of Turks living in Russia due to a marriage just like the Russians living in Turkey for the same reasons.
Russia and Turkey relations over 500 years have seen very difficult times. Things will go back to normal even though it may take some time.
Sultan Suleiman The Magnificent And Roxelana
Further Reading about Sultan Suleiman I Of Ottoman Empire and his Russian originated wife Roxelana (Hurrem Sultan)
History Of Turkey Russia Relations Blog Post By Serhat Engul


BSCS Science Tracks: Connecting Science & Literacy brings PreK through Grade 5 students to the forefront of science and literacy with engaging experiences and inquiry-based technological design. No special equipment is needed and extensive background knowledge isn't necessary for BSCS Science Tracks to become a successful learning tool in your classroom. The BSCS Science Learning and Kendall Hunt partnership continues to set the standard in science education with programs that help students "do science" in ways that relate to their daily lives.
BSCS Science Tracks helps you and your students focus on learning through:
Click here to see the positive impact that BSCS Science Tracks has made in the Denver Public Schools.


The Innu, a Canadian aboriginal group , has threatened to go to court in an effort to halt the C$6.5B expansion of the Churchill Falls hydroelectric project in Labrador, Canada. On 4 October, Innu chieftain Armand McKenzie told a press conference that if Canada failed to protect the group’s land rights within 60 days, the Innu would file a petition in court to suspend the project and claim their legal rights to the land.
McKenzie complained that for 18 months, the aborigines were not included in the planning or environmental reviews for the project. The Innu also say they were never compensated for the flooding of their burial grounds and other ancestral lands by the Upper Churchill Falls project, constructed 25 years ago.
In August 1999, both Newfoundland and Quebec said plans for the Churchill Falls expansion would be delayed so that aborigines could participate in an environmental impact study. The Innu say they have not been invited yet. Negotiations on the project between Quebec and Newfoundland have been stalled since March 1998, due to aboriginal demands involved in the decision making process.
Officials planning the project have dropped the proposed 1000MW expansion of the existing 5628MW Churchill Falls power house and the plan to divert Quebec’s St Jean river into Churchill Falls. The downsized project includes a 2200MW plant at Gull Island and a diversion of Quebec’s Romaine river. Project officials say much of the estimated 2200MW to be generated could be sold in the northeastern US power market by Hydro-Québec, a utility owned by the Canadian province of Quebec. The rest, some 1000MW, would be sold in Newfoundland and Labrador, possibly to power Inco’s proposed nickel smelter at Voisey’s Bay in Labrador.
Construction could start in 9-12 months if a settlement between the provinces and the natives is reached. Electricity production could begin between 2006 and 2008.


All known hadrons (composite particles made of quarks) have two quarks (mesons) or three quarks (baryons). Mesons are bosons which come in pseudoscalar (spin 0), or vector (spin 1) varieties. Baryons come in spin 1/2 and spin 3/2 varieties. The only stable hadrons are protons and bound neutrons, both of which have spin 1/2.
There is some evidence of pairs of mesons bound into a "molecule" although it isn't entirely clear if the concept of intrinsic spin applies to this system. Unitary tetraquarks and pentaquarks (as opposed to "molecules" of two mesons, or of baryons and mesons) have been theorized but not observed.
There is also a theoretical variant on a hydrogen atom in which a antimatter version of a charged lepton takes the place of a proton, such as muonium. A number of other "exotic atoms" have been conceived.
This leaves some hypothetical loose ends.
I've discussed before the possibilty of a particle made of two neutrinos of different flavors and opposite matter/antimatter status bound by the Z boson mediated weak force into a "molecule". If this functioned as a composite particle, these would be pseudoscalar spin 0 particles (and like kind neutrinos would repel each other rather than bind, preventing the formation of the analog to spin 1 mesons), but it isn't clear that intrinsic spin would apply to this kind of bound system.
Another interesting possibility that is well motivated theoretically is the possibility of glueballs. These strong force bound particles should be capable of existing as free particles, like other hadrons, and should have well defined intrinsic spin, which could be either spin-0 (scalar or pseudoscalar), or spin-2 (tensor) (presumably each made of two gluons). Presumably, there could be either two gluon or three gluon states that would be color charge neutral. Conceptually, spin 1 (vector) and spin 3 glueballs (made of three gluons) are possible.
In particle physics, a glueball is a hypothetical composite particle. It consists solely of gluon particles, without valence quarks. Such a state is possible because gluons carry color charge and experience the strong interaction. Glueballs are extremely difficult to identify in particle accelerators, because they mix with ordinary meson states.
There have been hints of direct glueball detection as far back as 2005 (see also here), but even now, there is not a definitive detection.
As a 2008 review explained:
Many different experiments exploiting a large variety of production mechanisms have presented results in recent years on light mesons with J(PC) = 0(++), 0(-+), and 2(++) quantum numbers. This review looks at the experimental status of glueballs. Good evidence exists for a scalar glueball which is mixed with nearby mesons, but a full understanding is still missing. Evidence for tensor and pseudoscalar glueballs are weak at best.
Since some glueballs appear in lattice simulations to be massive (on the order of 1-2 GeV/c^2) and scalar, a scalar glueball would look very much like the hypothetical Higgs boson, but lighter.
As recently as 2011, published physics papers have contemplated what sort of experimental signature a pseudoscalar glueball would have and compared it to the high energy physics evidence.
While some particles of spin 0 (scalar and pseudoscalar mesons and perhaps glueballs and hypothetically Higgs bosons), 1/2 (fermions and some baryons), 1 (fundamental bosons and some mesons and hypothetically some three gluon glueballs) and 3/2 (some baryons) have been observed; no particles of spin 2 (hypothetically gravitons or two gluon tensor glueballs, some candidates for which has been identified, and also here) or 3 (hypothetically some three gluon glueballs) have been observed.
There are questions, however, about whether gluons are even a meaningful way to describe the low energy limits of QCD. For example, there are doubts about whether intrinsic gluon spin or gluon helicity is the proper concept to use to theoretically model glueballs. Theoretical challenges to even the existence of three gluon glueballs are particularly daunting, although some progress has been made in modeling them in lattice QCD models.
Then, there are gluelumps (also here) which are "one-gluon states, allowed because of the static colour octet source.", in more elaborate models such as SUSY ("These are another hypothetical type of gluonic hadrons, where a spinless, static, color-octet source is added to the gauge field. Gluelumps have actually been a first attempt to model gluino-gluon bound states.") Another of the references talks about a gluelump made of a charm-anti-charm and gluon triplet.
Given the fact that all of the fundamental bosons and at least one kind of meson act as force carriers phenomenologically, and the fact that all glueballs are bosons composed themselves entirely of bosons, the possibility that glueballs might act as force carriers of some type is fascinating. We know that it is conceptually possible for a spin-2 particle to reproduce gravity (and indeed that one can understand QCD through a correspondence between its gauge theory and five dimensional classical gravity in anti-deSitter space), but what kind of force might be carried by a spin-3 glueball if one existed?
Some consideration has been given to this question, and spin-3 bosons present fewer theoretical challenges than high spin bosons (see also here). This has some application in condensed matter physics and might matter in SUSY theories.