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Grinding Of Uranium Ore Milling Equipment grinding of uranium ore A class of machinery and equipment that can be used to meet the production requirements of coarse grinding fine grinding and super fine grinding in the field of industrial grinding The finished product can be controlled freely from 0 to 3000 mesh Inquiry Online Leave A MessageLeave A Message Free Consultation
Raymond mill, also known as Raymond mill, is suitable for the preparation of various mineral powder and coal powder.
The ultra-fine grinder is mainly suitable for processing ultra-fine powders of low-hardness, non-flammable, explosive and brittle materials.
High-pressure micro-powder mill is abbreviated as micro-powder mill, which is comparable to jet mill.
Grinding machine is suitable for processing high-fine powder of more than 300 materials in non-flammable and explosive minerals, chemical, construction and other industries.
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Process for milling ore NRC Conventional Uranium Mills May 15 2017 Conventional milling is one of the two primary recovery methods that are currently used to extract uranium from mined ore A conventional uranium mill is a chemical plant that extracts uranium using the following process Trucks deliver uranium ore to the mill where it is crushed into smaller particles before being
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Uranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground The worldwide production of uranium in 2019 amounted to 53 656 tonnes Kazakhstan Canada and Australia were the top three producers and together account for 68 of world uranium production
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The milling (refining) process extracts uranium oxide (U 3 O 8) from ore to form yellowcake a yellow or brown powder that contains about 90 percent uranium oxide 6 Conventional mining techniques generate a substantial quantity of mill tailings waste during the milling phase because the usable portion is generally less than one percent of
Conventional Uranium Mills NRCgov Conventional milling is one of the two primary recovery methods that are currently used to extract uranium from mined ore A conventional uranium mill is a chemical plant that extracts uranium using the following process Trucks deliver uranium ore to the mill where it is crushed into smaller particles before being extracted (or leached)
Uranium milling ammonia process uranium milling ammonia process Radioactive Waste From Uranium Mining and Milling Milling This process takes place at a mill after the ore containing uranium is removed from the Earth through open pit or underground mining The ore is brought to a mill crushed and ground up before chemicals are added to dissolve the uranium
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Hazards associated with mining and milling of uranium ore are examined Hazards to plant workers are evaluated and a determination of environmental contamination which may result from these operations is made The efficacy of control measures is also evaluated Personnel hazards which are directly
Conventional Uranium Mills Conventional milling is one of the two primary recovery methods that are currently used to extract uranium from mined ore A conventional uranium mill is a chemical plant that extracts uranium using the following process Trucks deliver uranium ore to the mill where it is crushed into smaller particles before
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Jun 29 2020 Energy Fuels is the owner of the White Mesa Mill in Utah the only fully licensed and operating conventional uranium mill in the United States The facility is normally used to process radioactive ore and produce yellowcake but now some areas are likely to be transformed to allow for the processing of uranium rare earth ores
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Exposure to ionising radiation in the mining and milling of uranium ores can come externally from gamma radiation emitted from ore and process materials or internally from the inhalation of radon decay products uranium ore or uranium product dust Internal exposure is
3 1 1 Steps Prior to Mining and Milling Once a uranium ore body has been located and the necessary permits and licenses have been obtained exploration drilling is followed by development drilling to determine the grade size depth and shape of the deposit
Nov 06 2020 Engineers at a uranium mill in San Juan County have figured out how to produce a concentrate of rare earth elements from North American ore The company that owns the mill Energy Fuels announced their accomplishment Tuesday after producing the substance at their facility outside of Blanding “Rare earths are a big deal because they have a lot of high tech uses ” said Energy Fuels
The Health And Environmental Impact Of Uranium Mining Then ore is processed into Uranium yellowcake and the waste is put into dumps An overview of this process is shown in Fig 2 This practice produces radioactive waste rock and exposes workers to radioactive gases like radon than open pit mines but produces less quantities of toxic tailings
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Sarvesh Kumar , Inter University Accelerator Center, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi; Kajol Chakraborty, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, (U. P.); Lakshmi Dagar, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, (U. P.); Punita Verma, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi
Heavy Atom Collisions, X Ray Investigations
The discovery of x-rays in 1895 marked the beginning of quantitative studies of atomic collisions. These investigations have made important contributions in formulation of modern concepts and theory of atomic physics. It is well known that x-rays emitted during heavy-ion collisions stem from the innermost shells of a quasi-molecule formed during the collision. These x-rays and impact parameter dependence of their emission probability holds crucial information about molecular orbital x-ray emission or charge exchange during interaction with solid targets. These super heavy quasi-molecules can be approached in relatively slow heavy ion-atom collisions which are slow compared to the orbital velocity of innermost electrons of concern. In order to probe the inner shell levels, vacancies have to be provided there. Since the vacancy production probability is primarily determined by electron emission into final states at the Fermi surface of the united atom, the energy transfer is essentially given by the binding energy of the bound state considered. In our investigations it has been calculated that to achieve the above desired system, an impact parameter range of (0.016-0-.023) a.u. is required. The experimental work has been planned to be done at Inter University Accelerator Center, India. 127 I-ions will be bombarded on heavy solid targets of 53I, 79Au and 83Bi. Targets of different thickness will be used to extrapolate to near “zero target thickness”‚(thinnest to 250 ¼g/ cm2) which are approximately the conditions under single collision conditions. The characteristic x-rays from the collision partners as well as MO x-rays will be detected by available x-ray detectors (a Si (Li) and a low energy Ge detector) to cover the entire energy range of K and L x-rays of the collision partners. For measurement of recoils at backward angles SBD/ (gas or annular) proportional counter will be used. A coincidence will be set up between the backward angle particle detectors and the x-ray to extract the impact parameter dependency of x-ray emission. Experimental data will then be compared with the data from correlation diagrams drawn on the basis of Self Consistent Field-Dirac Fock Slater (SCF-DFS) calculations for these systems for interpretation. Such a type of comparison will give a concrete idea about the couplings of the inner shells during such a slow ion-atom collision. A part of the investigations were presented as M.Sc. dissertation work of the second author.
I. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT
The purpose of planning an impact parameter dependent ion atom collision experiment was to study the dependency of impact parameter on x-rays emitted during heavy ion heavy atom collision. This dependency holds crucial information about the inner shell couplings and hence vacancy transfer in a quasi-molecule (atomic energy levels of projectile and target overlap and hence the system behaves as a united atomic system) during a slow ion-atom collision. A detailed literature survey of similar experiments done in the past across the globe showed that for studying the above mentioned collisions, an impact parameter range of (0.016-0.023) atomic units was required. Thus a suitable experimental set up has been planned keeping the desired impact parameter range in mind at Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC). To examine the impact parameter of scattered projectile and emitted x-rays in coincidence (observing the scattered projectile and x-rays emitted from the target simultaneously) a particle detector (parallel plate avalanche counter available at IUAC) will be used to detect the scatteredprojectile and Low energy germanium detectors (LeGe) will be used to detect the x-rays. As a part of pre-experimental preparations a detailed theoretical analysis was done for the planned experimental set up. Correlation diagrams for the chosen projectile target combinations have been drawn which will be used to analyze the results after performing the experiment.
After performing the experiment we would be able to get a concrete idea about how superheavy systems (combined atomic number of target and projectile should be greater than 130) behave under the conditions of single ion-atom collisions.
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radioactive waste(redirected from Radioactive pollutants)
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(Nuclear Physics) any waste material containing radionuclides. Also called: nuclear waste
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|Noun||1.||radioactive waste - useless radioactive materials that are left after some laboratory or commercial process is completed|
high-level radioactive waste - radioactive waste that left in a nuclear reactor after the nuclear fuel has been consumed
low-level radioactive waste - (medicine) radioactive waste consisting of objects that have been briefly exposed to radioactivity (as in certain medical tests)
radioactive material - material that is radioactive


Dr. Jonathan Hogg, Senior Lecturer in 20th Century History, University of Liverpool.
Dr. Kate Brown, Professor of History at University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
The guest editors invite articles of 7,500 words that explore aspects of the social or cultural history of nuclear Britain in relation to the mobilisation of the nuclear state in the years following 1945. Submissions should introduce original research based in the geographical regions of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland or Wales, and from 1945-present (the Cold War and beyond). Innovative methodological or theoretical approaches to nuclear history are encouraged.
Approaches may be influenced by:
-- Affect theory (e.g. relations between a body and the world; or, how social relations are formed, sustained and broken).
-- Spatial theory (e.g. contested space; spaces shaping individuals, ideas or actions).
-- History of emotions (e.g. nuclear anxiety).
-- Novel conceptualisations (e.g. the themes of memory, resistance, lived experience).
-- Investigations into the languages of the nuclear nation-state.
-- Comparative, including transnational, approaches.
-- Under-researched source material for nuclear history (e.g. oral history; sources on a theme, such as humour).
Contributions might consider the histories of:
-- Specific nuclear spaces and places (e.g. bunkers, airspace, infrastructure, disused sites).
-- Nuclear institutions (e.g. institutionalisation of the nuclear state as a process; the nuclear state in relation to political ideas such as democracy).
-- Urban and rural nuclear Britain.
-- Countries, regions or cities (e.g. unique, localised nuclear trajectories).
-- Cold war legacies (e.g. nuclear veterans, nuclear tourism).
-- Everyday life (e.g. hidden histories, conceptualising life in the nuclear age).
-- Individual and collective nuclear identities.
-- Nuclear knowledge (e.g. secret, public, private).
-- Communities (e.g. national or local government, anti-nuclear activists).
Please submit abstracts (500 words) to Jonathan Hogg at firstname.lastname@example.org by 20 May 2016.
This opportunity has expired. It was originally published here:


Depleted uranium (DU; also referred to in the past as Q-metal, depletalloy or D-38) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium. (Natural uranium contains about 0.72% of its fissile isotope U-235, while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contain 0.3% U-235 or less). Uses of DU take advantage of its very high density of 19.1 g/cm3 (68.4% denser than lead). Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft, radiation shielding in medical radiation therapy and industrial radiography equipment, and containers for transporting radioactive materials. Military uses include armor plating and armor-piercing projectiles.Most depleted uranium arises as a by-product of the production of enriched uranium for use as fuel in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Enrichment processes generate uranium with a higher-than-natural concentration of lower-mass-number uranium isotopes (in particular U-235, which is the uranium isotope supporting the fission chain reaction) with the bulk of the feed ending up as depleted uranium, in some cases with mass fractions of U-235 and U-234 less than a third of those in natural uranium. Since U-238 has a much longer half-life than the lighter isotopes, DU emits less alpha radiation than natural uranium. DU from nuclear reprocessing has different isotopic ratios from enrichment–by-product DU, from which it can be distinguished by the presence of U-236.DU used in US munitions has 60% of the radioactivity of natural uranium. Trace transuranics (another indicator of the use of reprocessed material) have been reported to be present in some US tank armor.The use of DU in munitions is controversial because of concerns about potential long-term health effects. Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and numerous other systems can be affected by exposure to uranium, a toxic metal. It is only weakly radioactive because of its long radioactive half-life (4.468 billion years for uranium-238, 700 million years for uranium-235; or 1 part per million every 6446 and 1010 years, respectively). The biological half-life (the average time it takes for the human body to eliminate half the amount in the body) for uranium is about 15 days. The aerosol or spallation frangible of powder produced by impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites, leading to possible inhalation by human beings.The actual level of acute and chronic toxicity of DU is also controversial. Several studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of leukemogenic, genetic, reproductive, and neurological effects from chronic exposure. A 2005 epidemiology review concluded: ""In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU.""


The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has set dates for two of the three phases of an inspection at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant in Plymouth. Pilgrim's owner Entergy was notified of the dates in a letter dated December 18.
Inspection Procedure (IP) 95003 inspection was made a requirement following the NRC's mid-cycle performance review of the Plymouth power station. Based on the outcome of the review, NRC announced in September that they would be stepping up oversight at the plant.
The inspection will be done in three phases (A, B & C). Phase A will be conducted during the week of January 11, 2016. Phase B will be conducted during the week of April 4, 2016. The results of Phases A & B will determine the final scope and scheduling for Phase C.
According to the NRC, Phase A will "review various aspects of the station's corrective action program to determine whether continued operation of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station is acceptable". Phase A will also determine if additional regulatory actions be necessary if plant performance has continued to decline since the mid-cycle review.
During Phase B the three NRC inspectors will review overall corrective action program performance since the August mid-cycle review.
On October 13, Entergy announced it would be closing the Plymouth plant by June 2019. In their announcement, Entergy cited poor market conditions, reduced revenues and increased operational costs for the closure. The company did not cite increased NRC oversight or the slide from Column 3 to Column 4 of the NRC's Action Matrix as reasons for closing the station.


Texas nuclear plant expansion in doubtSubmitted by Katherine on Wed, 03/23/2011 - 14:42
Utility company NRG has put the brakes on a plan to build two new nuclear reactors at its South Texas plant, CEO David Crane said Wednesday.
High levels of uncertainty in the aftermath of Japan's nuclear disasters have led the company to limit work on the project to the licensing and securing of federal loan guarantees, Crane said.
No new nuclear plant has won final approval in the United States since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, although site work is being done at a couple of locations around the country.
Eighty miles southeast of Houston, NRG (NRG, Fortune 500) wants to expand its nuclear facility from two reactors to four -- in part with financing from Tokyo Electric Power Company, the owner of the Fukushima Daiichi plant that was heavily damaged in Japan's earthquake and tsunami.


The privately-held US nuclear consultancy Nuclear Safety Associates based in Charlotte, North Carolina has been acquired by UK engineering group Atkins.
The 130-employee company, which specializes in US Department of Energy and Nuclear Regulatory Commission work, was established in 2001 and has seven locations in the USA.
The deal was first announced in May and was subject to regulatory approval, according to NSA. NSA said that a partnership was first formed with Atkins in October 2012 enabled both parties to "clearly identify that we have great alignment on culture, core values and goals."
Prof Dr Uwe Krueger, Atkins' chief executive officer, commented: "This acquisition is another step towards our strategy to be one of the world's leading energy consultancies. NSA will enhance our presence in North America, the world's largest nuclear market, and its safety and security skills will strengthen our international nuclear offering."
In September, it said that the acquisition is an exciting step "in realizing our vision of becoming a dominant force in both the commercial and federal US nuclear industries. The combined capabilities provide a comprehensive range of architect-engineer and owner-engineer services offering a unique combination of traditional engineering and design skills with niche specialist nuclear analytical and safety skills."
Chris Ball, Atkins' managing director for the nuclear business in Energy said: "Atkins' nuclear business is also supporting countries that are building nuclear for the first time, and those countries are establishing US-style regulatory regimes. NSA's expertise in the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulatory environment will be of great value in delivering these projects."
Terms of the deal were not announced.
In May, NSA hired Elizabeth Saris as vice president of operations and strategic development. Saris will be responsible for instituting NSA's aggressive plan to double its revenues during the next three years and opening the company's Washington, D.C. office. She joins NSA from Leidos (formerly Science Applications International Corp.) where as senior vice president she led the company's $300 million federal and commercial programmes, nuclear weapons and nonproliferation, and civil infrastructure business.


Nuclear power experiencePublisher: Vienna: IAEA, 1983Description: 837 p. ilustraciones., cuadros.Subject(s): Energía Nuclear | Tecnología | Medio Ambiente | Salud | Congresos y ConferenciasDDC classification: 333.792.4
|Item type||Current location||Collection||Call number||Status||Date due|
|Libros||Documentos Externos||333.792.4/I116/v.4 (Browse shelf)||Available|
Proceedings of an international conference held in Vienna, 13 - 17 September 1982
Nuclear safety experience. Using nuclear safety experience. Development in safety analysis and technology. Man - machine interface in nuclear power plant control. Radiation protection at nuclear power plants and fuel cycle facilities. Regulatory experience. Regulatory experience in introducing nuclear power. Nuclear power, energy and environmental healt. Healt aspects of electricity production.


This NEST project aims to provide the necessary education and hands-on training component to the new multilateral initiative currently developed by NEA to strengthen fuel and material- related experiments, making use of a variety of research reactors available world-wide, the FIDES Framework.
The safe, reliable and efficient operation of nuclear power plants requires nuclear fuel and materials (F&M) technology to evolve and for their performances to be optimised. Achieving this requires solid experimental evidence, which can only be obtained from test facilities with the ability to perform neutron irradiation under representative steady state or transient conditions. F&M test facilities are essential for:
Training young researchers in this area will allow NEST Member Countries to maintain and develop competences in this field. Each Fellow will have the possibility to carry out hands-on training activities in a variety of research reactors thus allowing to broaden its knowledge and expertise.


By MARI YAMAGUCHI
TOKYO (AP) — Experts from the International Atomic Energy Agency have asked Japan for full and detailed information about a plan to release treated but still radioactive water from the wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant into the ocean. The three-member team, which is assisting Japan with the planned release, met with government officials to discuss technical details before traveling to the Fukushima Daiichi plant for an on-site examination. The government and the plant’s operator plan to start releasing the water in spring 2023 so hundreds of storage tanks at the plant can be removed to make room for other facilities needed for its decommissioning. The idea has been fiercely opposed by fishermen, local residents and Japan’s neighbors, including China and South Korea.


PPPL’s Hawryluk Named ITER Deputy Director-General
March 8, 2011
Richard Hawryluk, a senior scientist at the DOE Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), has been appointed deputy director-general of the ITER Organization and director of its administration department. The ITER project, currently under construction in France, aims to demonstrate that fusion is an energy source of the future.
“Rich Hawryluk was the deputy director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and has made an outstanding career in the field of fusion research,” said ITER Director-General Osamu Motojima. “With this appointment, the three-department structure of the ITER Organization comprising the Department for Administration, the Department for ITER Project, and the Department for Safety Quality and Security is now fully in place.”
Hawryluk, a leader in magnetic fusion energy research whose career in the field spans three decades, presently leads PPPL’s ITER and Tokamaks Department. He was deputy director of the laboratory from 1997 to 2008. He will assume the new post at ITER in April.
“Rich’s appointment to this key position will be seen worldwide as a major boost to the ITER project,” said PPPL Director Stewart Prager. “The upper management of ITER is now entirely filled with ‘the best in the world.’ While we will greatly miss his irreplaceable leadership within PPPL, Rich’s new activity is very much a net plus for all of us in fusion, given the central role of ITER to the world fusion program.”
Hawryluk joined PPPL’s research staff in 1974 and was the head of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) project when it produced record-breaking results in the early 1990s.
“I was very fortunate to participate in the TFTR deuterium-tritium experiments, which provided the first indications of the physics associated with a burning plasma,” Hawryluk said. “I look forward to working with the ITER team in constructing a facility such that future scientists and engineers will be able to fully assess the physics of a burning plasma, which is critical for the development of fusion energy.”
TFTR was the largest magnetic confinement fusion facility in the United States and was the only U.S. facility to operate with the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium (D-T). A 50/50 mixture of D-T is the fuel mixture required for a commercial fusion power plant. While Hawryluk was the Project Head, TFTR achieved world-record values of fusion power and made fundamental contributions to the understanding of high-temperature plasmas. In 1994, TFTR produced 10.7 million watts of fusion power. Plasma is a hot, electrically charged gas used as the fuel to produce fusion energy — the power source of the Sun and other stars.
Former PPPL Director Robert Goldston was at PPPL’s helm when Hawryluk was deputy director. “Rich is a spectacularly good choice for this position at ITER,” Goldston said. “During his eleven years in the director’s office at PPPL, he demonstrated an unparalleled depth of understanding of every aspect of scientific administration, and very good judgment on an extraordinarily wide range of issues. As everyone knows, he also has a very deep understanding of fusion science and engineering, so he will bring his own technical insights to share with the ITER leadership team as well. Rich exemplifies the quality of leadership that ITER needs to succeed."
Hawryluk received a Ph.D. in physics in 1974, and master’s and bachelor’s degrees in physics in 1972, all from MIT. He has published more than 150 research papers in journals and conference proceedings, and has served on many advisory and review committees, including most recently as a member of the ITER Management Advisory Committee. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Fusion Power Associates Leadership Award and the American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow Award in 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy Distinguished Associate Award in 1995, and the American Physical Society Prize for Excellence in Plasma Physics in 1988. Hawryluk is a Fellow of the American Physical Society.
Hawryluk lives in West Windsor Township with his wife.
ITER, named for the Latin word for “the way,” has seven project partners, including China, the European Union, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the U.S. PPPL is part of the U.S. ITER effort.
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory managed by Princeton University.
© 2020 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. All rights reserved.


ANTONIO DI BUONO BEng
Doctoral Research Student
Since the beginning of my university studies I have shown interest in nuclear energy, and for this reason I attended a Master’s degree in Nuclear Engineering at the University of Pisa. During my degree I spent six months at the University of Birmingham for my thesis work on the “Development
of a prototype drone for nuclear decommissioning and radiation surveys”.
Developing the next generation of nuclear decommissioning robotics research. Working in partnership with the nuclear sector and other universities around the UK and EU to reduce risk, accelerate productivity and reduce long term costs.
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US researchers have released a study warning that radiation from the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan may eventually cause up to 1,300 deaths.
A US study into the Fukushima meltdowns in Japan has contradicted UN claims that radiation from the disaster will cause no severe health effects.
The head of the United Nations committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation last year predicted there would be no serious public health consequences resulting from Fukushima radiation.
But a study by researchers from Stanford University in the US warns the meltdowns could cause anywhere up to 1,300 deaths.
It also predicts the disaster could cause anywhere between 24 and 2,500 cancer cases.
The researchers used a 3D atmospheric model developed over two decades of research to predict the spread and impact of Fukushima radiation.


Iran Signals Possible Nuclear Compromise
Iran's top nuclear official has signaled that Iran could compromise on uranium enrichment by eventually only enriching to the low level needed for power.
Fereidoon Abbasi, head of the Iranian Atomic Energy Organization, told state television on Sunday that Iran doesn't need uranium enriched above the 20 percent level needed for the Tehran research reactor which produces medical isotopes. Once there's enough supply, he said, enrichment could be dropped it to the 3.5 percent level needed for nuclear power (weapons-grade uranium is more than 90 percent enriched).
"Based on our needs and once the required fuel is obtained, we will decrease the production and we may even totally shift it to the 3.5 percent," Abbasi said, according to Iran's Press TV.
"We are going to produce and store [20 percent enriched uranium] to some extent in order to provide fuel for Tehran's [research] reactor for a few years or to predict fuel needs of another research reactor," he said.
The comments come days before Iran begins a new round of talks on Saturday in Istanbul with the so-called P5+1, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and Germany. The last round of talks fell apart in January 2011. Since then, the United States and European Union have imposed strict economic sanctions and an oil embargo on Iran.
The P5+1 nations are expected to ask for Iran to shut down the Fordow enrichment facility buried deep under a mountain as well as to stop production and ship out uranium enriched to 20 percent, according to a report in the New York Times.
But comments today by Iran's foreign minister raised doubts over any concessions.
"Setting conditions before the meeting means drawing conclusions, which is completely meaningless and none of the parties will accept conditions set before the talks," Ali Akbar Salehi said.
On Sunday, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad defended Iran's nuclear program, saying it would not go beyond the terms of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and lashing out at the countries opposed to the program.
"Many of these very countries that are seeking to stop the progress of the Islamic Republic themselves have atomic weapons and they have also created the Zionist regime [Israel] and equipped it with the atomic bomb," he said.
Iran has long insisted that its nuclear program is only for peaceful purposes while the U.S. and its supporters believe Iran would like to build a nuclear weapon. President Obama has repeatedly said that all options are on the table to deal with Iran while Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel, who has been weighing a military strike on Iran's nuclear facilities, said Sunday that he wants all Iranian uranium enrichment to stop and all its material removed.
However, in a contradictory statement, Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak said Sunday that Iran could keep "a quantity of several hundred kilograms which would not allow for the continued enrichment for weapons or a nuclear facility."
After several weeks of disagreement over where - and whether - this week's talks would be held, Iran's semi-official news agency Fars reported Sunday that a first round would be held starting Saturday in Istanbul, followed by a second round in Baghdad "in case of progress."


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Exile Opposition: Iran Hiding Another Nuke Site Mon October 13, 2003 10:25 AM ET By Louis Charbonneau
VIENNA (Reuters) - An Iranian opposition group that has provided accurate information about undeclared nuclear facilities in Iran in the past said Monday that Tehran has been hiding another nuclear facility from U.N. inspectors.
"We have information about another secret nuclear facility in Iran," an official from the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), an exiled opposition group, told Reuters. The official gave no details about the site, but said the NCRI would provide full details Tuesday.
In an emailed statement, the NCRI also said it would provide information on Iran's use of foreign technology in its atomic program, as well as details about the Kalaye Electric Co., where U.N. inspectors found traces of weapons-grade uranium.
IAEA officials were not immediately available for comment.
In August 2002, the NCRI broke the news of two undeclared nuclear sites in Iran -- a massive uranium-enrichment complex at Natanz and a heavy-water production facility at Arak.
Tehran later declared these facilities to the U.N. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which has placed surveillance cameras at Natanz to ensure that no undeclared nuclear activities take place there.
In addition to the uranium found at Kalaye, the IAEA found traces of weapons-grade enriched uranium at Natanz, fueling fears that Iran has been secretly purifying uranium for use in an atomic bomb.
Tehran denies it secretly enriched uranium and blamed the traces on contaminated machinery purchased abroad in the 1980s.
The NCRI is a coalition of exiled opposition groups and sees itself as a potential replacement for Islamic rule in Iran. But the State Department and the European Union list the NCRI's armed wing, the People's Mujahideen, as a terrorist group.
Last month the governing board of the IAEA gave Iran until October 31 to prove it is not diverting nuclear resources to a secret weapons program, as the United States alleges, or face sanctions by the U.N. Security Council.
IAEA chief Mohamed ElBaradei has been invited to Tehran on Thursday, though an agency spokeswoman said he had not decided yet whether he would accept.
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Delay at Finland's New Nuclear Reactor Imperils Country's Power Supply
CC BY-SA 3.0 / Unknown / Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Eurajoki, FinlandOlkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Eurajoki, Finland
Despite being touted as a “flagship of European nuclear energy,” Olkiluoto-3 has taken more than 15 years to complete, cost the Nordic nation dearly and ranks among the world’s most expensive buildings, with a staggering price tag of at least $11 billion.
Finland’s new Olkiluoto 3 reactor will remain offline longer than expected, and full-scale electricity production will not commence before 2023.
Its owner Teollisuuden Voima announced that an investigation into damage at the already much-delayed reactor’s feedwater pumps will continue for a number of weeks, with a knock-on effect on the schedule of regular electricity production. Due to the ongoing investigation, the exact timeframe for the launch of the reactor remains unknown, but was estimated as the end of January 2022 at the earliest.
During the ongoing investigation, maintenance work will continue at the plant unit’s turbine.
Further delays to regular electricity production at Olkiluoto 3 will have a significant impact on Finland's electricity self-sufficiency. Since the reactor won’t be operational by winter, energy prices, already elevated as a result of Europe’s energy pinch, are likely to rise even further.
The damage to the reactor is thus a major setback for the cold Nordic nation, whose authorities had already warned of an elevated risk of shortages and even blackouts unless the reactor provides a reliable supply of electricity.
The latest delay increases uncertainty over the country's power supply this winter, especially in January, national grid operator Fingrid stressed. Earlier this autumn, it predicted a peak electricity consumption in Finland of 14,400 megawatts for this winter, whereas domestic production, even with Olkiluoto 3 included, would only cover 12,900 megawatts.
30 October 2022, 10:58 GMT
Olkiluoto 3, a 1,900-megawatt European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR), was granted a construction permit in 2005 and was originally scheduled for completion in 2009. The order made Finland the first Western European nation in 15 years to order a new nuclear reactor, following a protracted nuclear scare driven by the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and the Chernobyl catastrophe in 1986.
However, the project has faced a long stream of delays, technical issues, cost overruns and legal disputes. With a breathtaking price tag of $11 billion already in 2018. Olkiluoto-3 has long been touted as the “flagship of European nuclear energy,” but has taken more than 15 years to complete, cost the Nordic nation dearly and ranks among the world’s most expensive buildings.
Europe’s energy crisis has been aggravated by Brussels’ ill-conceived energy sanctions against Moscow over its special operation in Ukraine. The EU in general has been heavily reliant on Russian fossil fuels, with Moscow supplying some 40 percent of its natural gas and some 27 percent of its imported oil before the conflict.
Nevertheless, despite this substantial level of dependence, the EU issued a blank 'no' to Russian fossil fuels as part of its massive sanctions campaign in a bid to “punish” Russia. However, as trouble with finding alternative sources arose, numerous EU nations are now resorting to austerity measures to conserve energy, with authorities issuing grave warnings about rolling blackouts.


Opportunity provides students with research experience at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
OAK RIDGE, Tenn.—Students interested in spending next spring or summer expanding their experience in nuclear engineering or science research can apply now for upcoming research opportunities being offered through the Nuclear Engineering Science Laboratory Synthesis (NESLS). NESLS, a cooperative research initiative at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that is administered through the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), is accepting applications for spring and summer 2017.
NESLS offers students like Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Briana Hiscox, hands-on educational and research opportunities in areas that may include nuclear security technologies; nuclear systems analysis, design and safety; and fuels, isotopes, and nuclear materials. Other features of the internship include:
- Stipend based on academic status, ranging from $529-$935 per week for full-time; pro-rated for part-time
- Travel/housing assistance (based on eligibility)
To be eligible, students must be enrolled at an accredited U.S. college or university in a nuclear engineering, science, or eligible related field with a 3.0/4.0 cumulative GPA at the time of appointment. Community college students must be working toward an Associate of Science or Associate of Engineering degree. All awards and active participation in the program are contingent upon security access approval to ORNL.
For the spring 2017 internships, applicants must apply by Jan. 6, 2016, and for the summer 2017 opportunities, applicants must apply by Feb. 28, 2017. All applications must be submitted through the online application system. Students can also visit http://www.orau.org/ornl/ for more information on this program and other educational opportunities that are currently seeking applicants.
The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) asset that is dedicated to enabling critical scientific, research, and health initiatives of the department and its laboratory system by providing world class expertise in STEM workforce development, scientific and technical reviews, and the evaluation of radiation exposure and environmental contamination.
ORISE is managed by ORAU, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation and federal contractor, for DOE’s Office of Science. The single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, the Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.osti.gov.


In this study, we present an exhaustive model to simulate the detection of beta particles with scintillating fibres, based on a chronological follow-up of the information carrier. We manufactured a detector composed of a bundle of 100 BCF-10 scintillating fibres, which will be used to compare simulation and experimental results. A Monte-Carlo simulation model of the detector was generated using the MCNP6.2 code. To simulate more accurately the generation of scintillation photons inside the detector, particle tracking was used which allows us to use the incident beta particle stopping power instead of the energy deposition. A small energy deposition from a high-energy beta particle should not be processed as an incident low energy beta particle, as they will not yield the same number of scintillation photons. Using stopping power over energy deposition for beta particles enables to use theoretical scintillation laws, which take into account the ionisation quenching effect. Indeed, for low energy electrons, there is a discrepancy of the scintillation linearity. By integrating the quenching ionisation law into our model, we can evaluate more precisely the expected experimental spectrum at very low incident energies. Based on the literature, a more detailed photon trapping efficiency is calculated, which was found to be underestimated in the scintillating fibre technical sheet. The manufacturer value corresponds to a trapping efficiency based on meridional rays solely, while the calculated value also factors in the skew rays. Self-absorption in the fibre was estimated using an exponential loss at the scintillation wavelength. Interface between the fibre and the photomultiplier was evaluated using Fresnel and transmission equations. Finally, the probability distributions associated with the photocathode quantum efficiency and the photomultiplier gain were both taken into account to generate expected acquisition spectra. To do so, we used the thermionic signal, comparable to the amplification of a single photoelectron, to evaluate the photomultiplier gain distribution. This model will help in evaluating the detector applicability to specific experimental scenarios such as nuclear decommissioning and dismantling operations.


DOE O 461.1B, Packaging and Transportation for Offsite Shipment of Materials of National Security Interest
Functional areas: Defense Nuclear Facility Safety and Health Requirement, Packaging and Transportation, Security, Travel and Transportation, Work Processes
The purpose of this Order is to make clear that the packaging and transportation of all offsite shipments of materials of national security interest for DOE must be conducted in accordance with DOT and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations that would be applicable to comparable commercial shipments, except where an alternative course of action is identified in this Order. Supersedes DOE O 461.1A.
o4611bFinal12-16-10.pdf -- PDF Document, 185 KB
|ID:||DOE O 461.1B|
|OPI:||NA - National Nuclear Security Administration|
|Approved Date:||Dec 20, 2010|


There stands the only plant in the world, a survivor of Allied bombing in World War II, capable of producing the central part of a nuclear reactor's containment vessel in a single piece, reducing the risk of a radiation leak.
Utilities that won't need the equipment for years are making $100 million down payments now on components Japan Steel makes from 600-ton ingots. Each year the Tokyo-based company can turn out just four of the steel forgings that contain the radioactivity in a nuclear reactor. Even after it doubles capacity in the next two years, there won't be enough production to meet building plans.
``If there are 50 to 100 reactors or more to be built, there will be a real shortage and real delays in deliveries, so it's a good hedge to get in line now,'' said Ron Pitts, senior vice president for nuclear operations at the construction and engineering company Fluor Corp. in Irving, Texas.
Pitts estimated the cost of heavy forgings, including reactor containment vessels, steam generators and pressurizers, at $300 million to $350 million for each generating unit. Japan Steel wouldn't comment on the size of the down payment, which Pitts estimated at $100 million.


- eBook ISBN 9781483291628
- Print ISBN 9780444987082
The book is divided into 7 main chapters, with the exception of the opening one and the chapter providing a phenomenological background for the subject of radiation damage. Chapters 3-6 are devoted to RPV steels and chapters 7-9 to zirconium alloys, analysing their radiation damage structure, changes of mechanical properties due to neutron irradiation as well as factors influencing the degree of their performance degradation. The recovery of damaged materials is also discussed. Considerable attention is paid to a comparison of VVER-type and western-type light-water materials.
This monograph will be of great value to postgraduate students in nuclear engineering and materials science, and for designers and research workers in nuclear energy.


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Maybe they were trying to catch up withn then NRC. Kára McCullough, the Miss District of Columbia became Miss USA 2017 in mid-May in Las Vegas. The 25-year-old winner is a scientist and technical reviewer at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.


Renovated nuclear reactor building opens as world-class labs
ANN ARBOR—More than a decade after the Ford Nuclear Reactor shut down for the last time, the building comes back to life today as the Nuclear Engineering Laboratory.
Inside it, researchers in the nation’s top-ranked nuclear engineering program will focus on advancing nuclear security, nonproliferation, safety and energy. The equipment that the new lab will house includes a high-resolution system for imaging coolant flow in reactors in unprecedented detail, and an accelerator that will be used in development of faster, more accurate ways to identify nuclear materials.
“This new Nuclear Engineering Laboratory building is the culmination of some seven years of planning, design and construction,” said Ronald Gilgenbach, the Chihiro Kikuchi Collegiate Professor and chair of the Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences.
“The laboratories in this building will provide the world’s finest university facilities for research in the fields of nuclear measurements for nonproliferation, thermal hydraulics for nuclear reactor safety and advanced radiation detector development.”
The $12.4 million renovation, which began in 2015, is made possible in large part by Bob and Betty Beyster, who gave the first $5 million for the project. Bob Beyster received bachelor’s degrees in engineering physics and engineering math from U-M in 1945. He earned master’s and doctoral degrees in physics at U-M in 1947 and 1950, respectively. Mary Ann Beyster, daughter of Bob and Betty Beyster and president of the Foundation for Enterprise Development, spoke at the building opening.
“Dad’s company, Science Applications International Corporation, addressed nationally important nuclear priorities for the federal government from day one and expanded IT technical service to the country and the private sector over its approaching five decades,” Mary Ann Beyster said. “He would be incredibly impressed by what we see here today: His investment in the future, along with others, has turned into a three-dimensional space where researchers can address critically important issues for this nation and the world.”
The four-story building contains 13,200 square feet of laboratories, offices and conference rooms. Inside it:
- The Glenn F. Knoll Nuclear Measurements Laboratory will commemorate a leader in the field of nuclear measurements and a beloved former nuclear engineering and radiological sciences (NERS) professor, department chair and interim dean of the college of engineering. Knoll earned his Ph.D. from the NERS department in 1963. Zhong He and David Wehe, both NERS professors, will build and test gamma ray cameras for detecting nuclear materials.
- The Harold N. Cohn Conference Room will provide formal discussion space overlooking the reflecting pool given to the college by the class of 1947, of which Cohn was a member. He received his bachelor’s degree in aeronautical engineering that year.
- The John S. King Student Collaboratory will serve as an informal space for students to work together and discuss ideas with one another and with faculty. Back when the Ford Nuclear Reactor was new, King led the effort to set up a world-class research program for the study of material structures using neutrons produced in the reactor. King earned a bachelor’s degree in political science at Princeton, followed at U-M by a second bachelor’s in engineering in 1948 and then master’s and doctoral degrees, respectively, in 1949 and 1953.
- Sara Pozzi, NERS professor, will house her Detection for Nuclear Nonproliferation group in the new lab space. The radiation detection methods developed under the Consortium for Verification Technology—led by Pozzi, Wehe and and Shaun Clarke, associate research scientist—are important for efforts to ensure that nuclear materials aren’t used as weapons. Pozzi’s group is installing a new accelerator that will shoot electrons or gamma rays into nuclear materials, causing them to emit more radiation. This technique, known as active interrogation, can enable faster, more accurate identification of nuclear materials.
- Annalisa Manera, NERS associate professor, and Victor Petrov, assistant research scientist, will study how steam and water flow at high pressure through complex reactor components such as fuel bundles. Their work will explore ways to improve the safety and economics of nuclear reactors. Their research group has developed and built a high-resolution imaging system that utilizes “gamma tomography” to resolve details as small as 1 millimeter. Measurements of the steam-water flow structure at this level will shed light on coolant flow inside current and advanced reactors and will help improve the modeling of coolant flow in virtual reactors. “We are the only thermal-hydraulics group in the country with such an imaging system,” Manera said. “It is exciting that we will soon be able to produce experimental data everybody in our field is waiting for.”
- Michael Atzmon, NERS professor, will investigate amorphous materials, which have relevance to radiation damage. His group explores the foundations of their material properties.
- Igor Jovanovic, NERS professor, will develop a new lab using lasers to detect radioactive materials.
The former reactor space, thoroughly cleared of radioactive residues, is well suited to nuclear engineering research because the thick walls are designed to stop radiation—built-in protection for people inside and out of the building. While the reactor was once the centerpiece of the Michigan Memorial Phoenix Project, which focused on developing peaceful uses of the atom, the spirit of its founders will live on in the Nuclear Engineering Laboratories.
“Michigan’s leadership in nuclear engineering goes back to the dawn of the field, as the first degree program of its kind. Michigan’s research is spurring progress in nuclear power production through reactor safety and advanced reactor designs, and is leading the development of state-of-the-art sensors for nuclear nonproliferation,” said Alec Gallimore, the Robert J. Vlasic Dean of Engineering and the Richard F. and Eleanor A. Towner Professor.
The new facilities are also made possible by $800,000 in gifts from Gladys Hetzner Knoll, who received a bachelor’s degree in nursing in 1978 and a master’s in 1980, and is the widow of Glenn Knoll; the estate of Harold N. Cohn; and the family and friends of John S. King.


Call for Papers - Due February 4, 2022
The theme for this year’s meeting is “The New Outlook.” We’ve been through a lot in the last 2 years: a global pandemic and associated disruption of the global economic system, broadscale shocks in energy prices and availability, and strengthened international momentum toward deep decarbonization and ultimately Net Zero. There is palpable excitement in the nuclear community about the future prospects for the harnessed atom. Challenges await, but a new wave of nuclear technology innovation promises to play a larger role in the evolving geopolitical landscape. Now is the perfect time to re-examine how and where nuclear fits in our new world. It is also a great opportunity to meet a new generation of nuclear professionals and build relationships that will last a lifetime.
International Conference on Nuclear Fuel Cycle | Sustainable Energy Beyond the Pandemic
Founded in 1993, GLOBAL is the largest international forum dedicated to the nuclear fuel cycle.
Climate change is at the heart of both economic and societal challenges of today’s world. The past year, marked by a global pandemic, has reinforced the awareness of the impact of climate change and the growing need for the production of low carbon energy.
This increase of energy capacity integrates new requirements on production and consumption methods to optimize the usage of natural resources, minimize the environmental impact in a sustainable manner and increase the circular economy. Thus, nuclear as an energy source has a key role to play in meeting the energy needs of today and tomorrow by contributing to the production of reliable, low-carbon and competitive electricity in compliance with safety, security and environmental requirements.
This new edition located in Reims during 3 days will provide an outstanding forum for high-level experts and stakeholders from around the world, to share recent technological advances, developments of new markets and applications that lead to enhance the positioning of nuclear power as well as its public support. The complete view of the nuclear fuel cycle and its evolution, from mining to recycling up to final disposal of waste will be discussed in order to shed light on the future of nuclear power.
The 20th International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water Reactor meeting is to foster an exchange of ideas about such problems and their remedies in water-cooled nuclear power plants of today and of the future.


The Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE) publishes the final report of the IRRS (Integrated Regulatory Review Service) follow-up mission in Greece which was conducted from 19 to 24 November 2017.
The Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE) welcomes from 19 to 24 November 2017 an Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS) follow-up mission in Greece for the areas of radiation protection and nuclear safety.
EEAE presents the Greek national report under the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management.
ΕΕΑΕ presents the Annual Activity Report of the year 2016, a report which summarizes the whole range of its activities throughout last year.
Following an announcement of October 9th about the detection of small amounts of radioactivity (ruthenium-106) in the atmosphere of the country, EEAE announces that in the period 5 to 11 October 2017 the detected radioactivity was almost eliminated, with concentrations around or below the detection limit of the measurements (<0.2 mBq/m3).
The Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE) announces that in the period September 27 - October 5, 2017, small quantities of radioactivity were detected in the atmosphere at Athens. The isotope detected is ruthenium-106 (Ru-106).
The Greek Atomic Energy Commission presents its new logo!
The 4th Regulatory Conference on Nuclear Safety in Europe is taking place in Brussels from 28 to 29 June 2017.


As this web page has reported for many days, there is unquestionably fuel damage in Fukushima Units 1, 2 & 3. How much is purely speculative, at this point. Because of sporadic over-pressure conditions inside each of the three reactor vessels due to decay heat production, relief valves automatically opened and dumped radioactive steam into the pressure-suppressing torus of each. The torus contains a large volume of water. The steam from the reactor is released below the torus water level, and a considerable amount of combined boiling and steam condensation takes place. It is a very chaotic situation inside the torus when pressure is relieved from the reactor. Obviously, the water in the torus gets heated rapidly, and the interior becomes a helter-skelter mixture of steam and water. Naturally, pressure inside the torus increases. At Fukushima, if and when internal torus pressure reaches a pre-determined limit, another relief valve system actuates on the torus itself, letting a mixture of steam and water be exhausted outside the plant. The secondary containment surrounds the primary containment and houses at least four floors of auxiliary equipment, each of which is built entirely out of thick, steel reinforced, high-density concrete. Part of this secondary containment extends outside the Reactor Building, under the turbine generators in the attached Turbine Building.
The contamination levels and isotopic content of the waters found in “puddles” on the Unit #3 turbine basement floor, and in the building drains, were reported here yesterday. It was also reported that the analyses indicated the much of the water came from the spent fuel pools. Further, it was reported that this strongly indicated that there was no breach of reactor or primary containment integrity. Reactor water level and pressure monitoring systems have been electronically recovered. Water levels are constant and pressures are constant as well, in each reactor. This indicates the reactor vessels are intact. Also, pressure monitors inside the primary containments have been re-energized, and pressures there are constant. This suggests that the integrity of none of the three reactor vessels or primary containments have been compromised.
To expand on yesterday’ report, the water-borne contamination in the turbine building basements and drains did not only come from the spent fuel pools during spraying. There is also, most certainly, some reactor fuel-damaged isotopes in the mix, due to torus pressure relief transients. A quick glance at the contamination concentrations for each isotope, published by the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA), shows the radiological concentrations of Chlorine-38 (a neutron activation product) and Cesium-137 (fission by-product) are about equal. This could only be the case if the waters came from both sources.
This does not mean that half of the water came from the reactor and half from the spent fuel pool. But, a look at the respective half-lives of the two isotopes gives us a powerful clue. Cl-38 has a half life of 37 minutes. Cs-137 has a half life of 30 years. The differences reveal many levels of information, but the one germane to our topic is this…radioactivity diminishes only as fast or slow as the isotopes’ half life. The shorter the half life, the quicker it burns itself out. Total loss of radioactivity is no more than ten half-lives. Thus, the Cl-38 radioactive lifetime, before it is gone, is a little over 6 hours. The probable time delay between the Cl-38 being formed in the spent fuel pools, flushed out by the water sprays, and finding its way into the basement…including the additional time it took before the “puddles” and drains were discovered to contain the Cl-38…must have been a few hours, at least. Let’s say 3 hours. That’s roughly 5 half lives, which would have reduced the radiological concentration by a factor of 32 (two to the fifth power). For the analyzed level of Cl-38 to be equal to Cs-37, the initial radioactivity level must have been 32 times greater than the Cesium. Thus, it is safe to say most of the contaminated water came from the spent fuel pool of Unit #3.
Now for more radiological news…
- Early today, TEPCO released a report that an enormous increase in the radioactivity level of the “puddles” had occurred. They reported an increase by a factor of 10,000,000. Less than an hour later, they retracted the report with considerable apologies. There has been a reported increase, but by a factor of 25. These numbers are about ten million times greater than what would be typical for the water flowing through the reactor during routine operation…which are actually very tiny concentrations to begin with. Reactor water is so pure that it barely conducts electricity! Regardless, the 10,000,000 number relates to ultra pure reactor water concentrations, but not to any kind of increase since yesterday. Further, it seems the new readings were from puddles different from the one analyzed yesterday, and these puddles are located in the Unit #2 turbine basement. This is yet another example of TEPCO’s poor communications, not only between TEPCO and the Press, but internally between TEPCO informational staff and the staff toiling at the Fukushima plant itself. In addition, we are now seeing indications of informational panic. Before publicly reporting radiological readings that seem astronomically changed in a very short period of time, TEPCO spokepersons should be skeptical. Very skeptical. They should have re-checked and triple checked the information. Verification to the Nth degree. If true and verifiable, then and only then report it. Reporting massive radiological changes without major changes in the plant’s equipment or containment status can be, and now has been, an informational disaster. All prudent efforts must be made to improve news media and public confidence in TEPCO press statements, but this has surely brought confidence in TEPCO information to a new low. Up until now, TEPCO’s press statements have been relatively thin with respect to content, but they’re information has ultimately proved correct. Now, the level of confidence that may have been previously established has been diminished, if not lost completely. In addition, the new, higher readings came from the turbine basement adjacent to Unit #2, not yesterday’s Unit #3 discovery. Unit #2’s spent fuel pool received considerably more seawater spraying than the other three because it still has a roof and walls surrounding it. The spraying was through the few holes which seem to have been caused by flying debris, which would has greatly inhibited getting the sprays directly to the #2 pool itself. As a result, the dilution of boric acid levels in that pool must have been greater than with the other three pools. Thus, low level fissioning in the pool must have been greater than the other three, producing a higher concentration of neutron activation isotopes and higher “puddle” radiological readings. Which leads to the next item of interest…
- It has become increasingly apparent that the Fukushima Health Physics (HP) staff is either overwhelmed or incompetent. Or both. TEPCO now reports that there are several highly contaminated “puddles” in all four turbine building basements. These “puddles” did not magically appear. They must have been there, building up in their size and depth, for days. Before any worker should be allowed into a contaminated or potentially contaminated area, regardless of their radiological protection training level, detailed scans with sensitive portable monitors by HP professionals must be performed. “Hot spots”, precise locations of high radioactivity and their dimensions, must be identified and depicted clearly on maps of each area to be entered. Each person who enters the area must be fully indoctrinated on these hot spots, given a copy of the “hot spot” map or maps concerning where the worker will be going, and apprised of all prudent precautions to be taken to avoid these “hot spots” along the way. Further, when radiation levels are found to be high in areas where necessary work must be performed, an HP professional with sensitive monitoring equipment must accompany the workers to insure that their safety will not be compromised. From Japanese Press reports, TEPCO admits that few or none of these precautions were taken, in order to expedite stringing of emergency power cables. Good HP practices must never be compromised, especially when the risk of further core fuel damage to any of the reactors has already been virtually eliminated, as was the case before yesterday.
- Two bad results have come from the above two items. First, the stringing of emergency cabling in the turbine building basements has ceased until a detailed monitoring of the turbine building basements is complete and all “hot spots” have been clearly identified. This will agonizingly lengthen the time it will take to bring the reactors in Units 1, 2 & 3 into the ultimate condition of safety; cold shutdown. Second, all Japanese Press services are lambasting TEPCO for bad communications and a severe lack of concern for the safety of Fukushima employees…and they have ever reason to do this!
- On a more positive note, the Japanese Press reports the three workers sent to the hospital yesterday are in good condition, but remain under observation. Tests done on the ankle burns to the two contaminated workers have revealed how much beta skin dose they probably got…between 200 and 300 sieverts! That’s not life threatening, nor is it “limb threatening”, but it is a whopping big dose. Biggest beta skin dose this writer has ever heard of. That level of skin dosage would result in burns similar to very severe sunburn.
And, finally, today’s technical update on the emergency status of Units 1, 2 &3…
…not much from TEPCO! However, The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reports…
- the control rooms of all three units now have electric power and the lighting systems re-energized (as well as many reactor and containment monitoring read-outs). Reactor internal environment and primary containment monitors are providing good data.
- Freshwater is now being used to replenish all reactor water levels.
- Reactor internal temperatures in #1 and #2 are coming down. Reactor #1 is at 142 degrees C, and dropping. Temperature in reactor #2 has dropped to 97 degrees C, which is below the boiling point of water.
- Pressures inside all three reactors have “stabilized”.
- Plans are being made to transfer the contaminated waters in the turbine building basements to the voluminous condenser tanks attached to the bottoms of the turbines. This will reduce the chance for continued drainage to the sea, if not eliminate it entirely. This will also reduce radiation levels in the turbine basements and severely reduce the risk of future worker contamination experiences, allowing the emergency cable-stringing efforts to resume.


BETHESDA, Md. – Centrus Energy Corp. (NYSE American: LEU) announced today it has signed a contract with UT-Battelle, LLC, as operator of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), to continue advancing the AC100, a U.S. gas centrifuge uranium enrichment technology, at the Company’s facilities in Oak Ridge, Tenn. The new contract is valued at $16 million, with payments made upon completing certain defined milestones, and runs through September 30, 2018.
Under the contract, Centrus’ scientists, engineers, and operators will test improvements developed by the Company for the AC100 centrifuge machine in specialized facilities in Oak Ridge. Centrus has worked under contract with ORNL since 2014 to improve the AC100 gas centrifuge technology to support national security and energy security needs.
“Our team of scientists, engineers, and manufacturing experts in Oak Ridge continue to advance the AC100 centrifuge technology for potential deployment in support of America’s vital strategic interests,” said Daniel Poneman, Centrus president and chief executive officer. “Under this new contract, we look forward to working with Oak Ridge National Laboratory to continue improving the technology to further reduce costs and increase efficiency.”
About Centrus Energy Corp.
Centrus Energy is a trusted supplier of enriched uranium fuel for commercial nuclear power plants in the United States and around the world. With world-class technical and engineering capabilities, Centrus is advancing the next generation of centrifuge technologies so that America can restore its domestic uranium enrichment capability in the future.
Since 1998, the Company has provided its utility customers with more than 1,750 reactor years of fuel, which is equivalent to 7 billion tons of coal. We provide value to our utility customers through the reliability and diversity of our supply sources – helping them meet the growing need for clean, affordable, carbon-free electricity.
Source: Centrus Energy Corp


Abstract The deuterium--tritium (D--T) burning plasma characteristic in an aspect ratio A=2 tokamak reactor is studied based on a simple equilibrium configuration,the Soloviev-type configuration. Operation limits for the Troyon beta value and for the Greenwald density value as well as for the ITER H-mode
confinement scaling are used as the benchmark. It is found that in addition to suitable elongation, large triangularity has advantage for arriving at high beta value and obtaining high fusion power output. Compared to the present ITER design, the A=2 system can have very good merit for the
avoidance of disruptions by setting rather high edge q value while keeping relatively large total toroidal current. The main disadvantage of decreasing the aspect ratio is due to the loss of more useful space in the inward region that leads to the decrease of toroidal magnetic field in the plasma
region, then worsening the fusion merit. Our analysis and calculation also present a trade-off in this respect. Due to simple equilibrium configuration assumed, some other important issues such as the bootstrap current alignment cannot be optimized. However, the present analysis can offer an insight into the advantages of the medium aspect ratio reactor system that is a blank in present-day tokamak study.


Having faced stiff opposition since its inception, the national Yucca Mountain Repository, an underground storage facility for nuclear waste in Nevada, won't open for at least a decade.
In the early days of nuclear energy, dealing with radioactive waste seemed like an afterthought, and a stickling point, of the industry and its well-wishers. It soon became clear that not too many people wanted it in "their backyards." As a result, the waste has remained near the nuclear power plants that produce it. Many people, including scientists at the National Academy of Science, had recommended a single, safe and well-protected place for it.
The U.S. stopped reprocessing nuclear fuel during the late 1970s by order of President Jimmy Carter, who wanted to curtail the availability of the weapons-grade material produced by the process. This decision turned what had been a resource back into a waste product, and "made the lack of a viable long-term disposal strategy for radioactive waste even more apparent," according to a Carnegie Mellon University paper:
A 1987 Congressional amendment to the Nuclear Waste Repository Act of 1982 mandated consideration of only one location, Nevada's Yucca Mountain. Since the act required that the [Department of Energy] DOE establish a permanent repository, the elimination of all other sites from review meant that Yucca Mountain was named as the location before the feasibility studies and environmental assessments had been completed. As might be expected, this situation has bred major litigation as well as significant opposition from forces in the state of Nevada.
The waste is currently stored at individual plants, awaiting permanent transfer to the national Yucca Mountain Repository in Nevada. But Yucca Mountain has faced stiff opposition and won't open for at least a decade.
The DOE has announced plans to open the Yucca Mountain facility in Nevada as the nation's permanent underground storage facility for radioactive nuclear waste by 2017, when the facility is expected to begin accepting nuclear waste.
This date assumes full necessary funding is provided, there are no litigation delays, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) completes review of the License Application within three years of submission, and the NRC finds that the DOE has the necessary nuclear quality and safety culture.
Polls indicate that a notable number of Nevadans are against the repository. Although about 15 percent of Las Vegas' electricity for over two million people is supplied by the Palo Verde nuclear station in Arizona and about half the waste will be from America's manufacture of nuclear weapons, a two-thirds' majority of state residents still feel it is unfair for their state to have to store nuclear waste when there are no nuclear power plants in Nevada.
No one lives at Yucca Mountain, according to the project's Web site, which says, "The closest year-round housing is about 14 miles south of the site ."
One of the fears of water users in the Western U.S is leakage of radioactive particles from the Yucca Mountain site. In the West, water is precious, and perhaps with droughty weather, getting more so.
According to Eureka County's Board of Commissioners and the DOE, the waste will be encased in a multilayer stainless steel and nickel alloy package covered by titanium drip shields that function also as rock shields.
Plans are for the nuclear waste to be shipped to the site by rail and/or truck in robust containers approved by the NRC. The transport of spent fuel in Europe and Asia is routine with few safety or security issues. Globally, train, truck and ship have already transported over 70,000 MTU (metric tons of uranium) of spent fuel.
In 2002, the Yucca Mountain Repository Project completed its site characterization activities. Also that year, Congress and the President approved the development of a geologic repository at Yucca Mountain. These approvals were based on two extensive scientific reports: the Yucca Mountain Science and Engineering Report, which describes the science and engineering completed during site characterization activities; and the Yucca Mountain Site Suitability Evaluation, which describes the information that supported the Secretary of Energy's evaluation of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a repository.
In March 2006, the majority staff of U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works issued a 25-page paper called Yucca Mountain: The Most Studied Real Estate on the Planet. The conclusions:
Extensive studies consistently show Yucca Mountain to be a sound site for nuclear waste disposal.
The cost of not moving forward is extremely high.
Nuclear waste disposal capability is an environmental imperative.
Nuclear waste disposal capability supports national security.
Demand for new nuclear plants also demands disposal capability.
Last month a Senate subcommittee voted to cut $50 million from Yucca Mountain spending in 2008, but its chairman said the DOE still should be able to meet the project's goals for the coming year, reported The Las Vegas Review-Journal.
The House bill will fully fund Yucca Mountain, suggesting the final budget may be relatively close to the DOE request unless opponents force deeper cuts before final passage.
The $444.5 million Yucca Mountain budget proposed by the energy and water appropriations subcommittee amounts to a 10 percent slash in the current administration's request for the fiscal year that begins Oct. 1. The cost to continue storing nuclear waste at their respective plants is estimated to be anywhere from $200 billion to $400 billion.
ResourcesThe Western New York Nuclear Service Center (The West Valley Site)
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
Radioactive Waste Management: An Environmental History Lesson for Engineers (and Others)
by M. Joshua Silverman
Carnegie Mellon University History Department
Eureka County Yucca Mountain Information Office Nuclear Waste Update
by Abby Johnson and Sarah Walker, Winter 2007
SNWA's Water Efficient Technologies Program Surpasses 1 Billion Gallons Saved
Southern Nevada Water Authority, May 8, 2007
YUCCA MOUNTAIN: Waste site request cut
by Steve Tetreault
The Las Vegas Review-Journal, June 27, 2007
Nevada Study Shows Yucca Mountain Project Will Cost Much More than Storing Nuclear Waste at Existing Reactor Sites
Office of the Governor Agency for Nuclear Projects, Feb. 8, 2007


HALIFAX: Nova Scotia Health has been alerted to a worldwide medical isotope shortage due to a technical problem with a reactor in Europe.
Medical isotopes are used to support many nuclear medicine departments across the province. In nuclear medicine, a very small, safe amount of a medical isotope (radioactive substance) is injected into a vein, swallowed, or breathed in.
Special cameras detect the radioactivity as it is processed by various organs.
Global supplies will be limited in the coming weeks. As a result, some patients are being rebooked and priority will be given to urgent cases, including oncology patients.
NSH said they regret any concerns this situation may cause and Nova Scotia Health will be notifying affected patients.
“We hope for a timely resolution that will allow us to resume these important services for our patients,” NSH said in the release.


The American Museum of Science & Energy is today’s No. 1 Oak Ridge, TN tourist destination. But from 1941 to 1949 Oak Ridge was a town that did not exist. It was one of the top secret facilities for creating the “Manhattan Project” atom bomb used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was the site of a working nuclear reactor for producing fissionable isotopes of uranium.
The gates to both the city and the Manhattan Project’s laboratory museum opened the same day: March 19, 1949. The town quickly became a tourist spot. The museum was sponsored by the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies, now Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Then called the American Museum of Atomic Energy, it profiled the peaceful uses of atomic energy. Housed in a former World War II-era cafeteria, it created and sold “Irradiated Dimes.”
• The dimes are the product of a special isotope cabinet, not a nuclear reactor.
• The radioactivity lasted about four minutes.
• Irradiated dimes are chemically different from others.
• Only silver dimes could be irradiated.
• More than one million dimes were created from 1949-1975.
Were the dimes a radioactive danger to the public?
“I grew up in Oak Ridge, Tennessee,” says DeeDee Halleck in Perpetual Shadows: Representing the Atomic Age. “… As a child, I sensed that neither of my parents liked the fact that Oak Ridge was identified with atomic weaponry — especially since the government had actually used the bomb during World War II. The national celebration, so prevalent in Life magazine’s version of post-war America, did not extend to that part of Tennessee. Maybe Oak Ridge knew too much … After [my mother] died, we discovered in her safe deposit box four irradiated dimes, one for each of us. I shudder to think of the damage this “fun house” souvenir may have done to young ovaries and testicles in close proximity to children’s pockets.”
“The coins are not ‘hot,'” states Dr. Paul Frame, Ph.D., a health physicist with the Oak Ridge Associated Universities and author (with William Kolb) of Living With Radiation: The First Hundred Years. “It is impossible to say exactly what the activities would have been at the time that the dimes were irradiated since I have not seen the results of any analyses that were done then.
“But it is possible to hazard a guess, and I did some back-of-the-envelope type calculations. While the results suggest that the maximum induced activity would have been on the order of 20 microcuries (and this would decay away quickly), it is probable that the actual activities were quite a bit lower. Keep in mind that I had to make wild guesses as to what the irradiation times and the neutron fluence rates were.”
The dimes were discontinued in the late ’70s, after the government changed metal composition in the coin, causing them to “hold on to radioactivity longer,” says American Museum of Science & Energy museum exhibit manager Lenell Woods.
related post: “Did Early Polio Vaccine Cause Cancer?”
Sources: www.canadian numismatic.org/ebulletin%5CEBulletinVol3No05January26_2007.pdf
Living With Radiation: The First Hundred Years.
William Kolb and Dr. Paul Frame (self-published ISBN 060806162x)
Perpetual Shadows: Representing the Atomic Age
Wide Angle – Volume 20, Number 2, April 1998, pp. 70-76
The Johns Hopkins University Press


OAK HARBOR, Ohio (AP) -- An acid leak that ate through a steel cap over a nuclear plant's reactor vessel should have been spotted as long as four years ago, according to a Nuclear Regulatory Commission report released Friday.
Inspectors said there were many opportunities for the operator of the Davis-Besse plant to find the problem, which wasn't discovered until the plant was shut down in February for refueling.
"It should have been recognized," said NRC spokesman Jan Strasma.
The NRC said the damage did not pose a safety threat, but it did order operators of all 69 pressurized water reactors in the United States to submit information on the structural integrity of their plant's reactor head.
The NRC said it was the most extensive corrosion ever found on top of a U.S. nuclear plant reactor. Inspectors spotted a second cavity -- 1 3/4 inch deep -- two weeks later.
The NRC is still reviewing data from other plants but so far has found no such corrosion elsewhere, Strasma said Friday.
Plant employees found leaking boric acid created a 6-inch hole in the steel cap near a cracked control rod nozzle. The hole was stopped by a steel layer -- three-eighths of an inch thick -- impervious to the acid.
Significant corrosion began at least four years ago, according to preliminary findings of an NRC inspection. Inspectors said it was caused by cracked control rod nozzles.
FirstEnergy Corp., which operates the plant, said it was not surprised by the findings and that its own investigators came to the same conclusion.
The NRC report was released at a public meeting attended by hundreds of residents. About a dozen people protested, holding up signs saying "No nuclear time bombs" and interrupting the meeting several times by yelling "You failed" and "Shut it down."
The plant had visual inspections over the years, but corrosion was overlooked because plant staff and management for years did not realize the significance of boric acid deposits on top of the vessel head, according to FirstEnergy's findings.
The company said similar corrosion can be found or avoided at similar plants if engineers know how to look for it.
Howard Bergendahl, a company vice president in charge of Davis-Besse, acknowledged that the problem should have been discovered earlier.
"We could have and should have found it in earlier inspections," he said.
The acid is a byproduct of the nuclear fission process inside the reactor. The reactor has 69 control rods. The nozzles are vertical tubes that house the rods, which absorb excess neutrons in the reactor core.
The damage to the reactor's steel cap will keep the plant shut down until at least June.
The plant is along Lake Erie and about 25 miles east of Toledo.


Unused / unissued material -
Title reads: "US Launches Quiet Sentry For Underseas". American voiceovered newsreel material.
Kentucky, United States of America (USA). The American nuclear powered submarine 'USS Tullibee' is launched.
MS LS of the crew lined up on deck of atomic...
America tests nuclear bombs at Eniwetok atoll.
New one-man packs of rescue gear are used in Civil Defence H-bomb exercise.
Good footage of the Winfrith Atomic Energy Establishment. Dorset.
New heat exchanger arrives at Bradwell Nuclear Power Station in Essex.
Shots of nuclear reactor in Czechoslovakia.
Various shots of American nuclear powered submarine USS Skipjack.
Half completed Sphere, interior of Sphere, men at work inside Sphere.
Unpacking elements of rich uranium, carefully inspected and loaded into core


Have an account?
No student devices needed. Know more
Arrange in order of increasing ability to penetrate matter.
Beta, gamma, alpha
Alpha, gamma, beta
Gamma, beta, alpha
Alpha, beta, gamma
In the symbol 167N what the 7 stand for?
Number of neutrons
The force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom is called __________.
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 20.0 minutes. What is the total amount of a 1.00-gram sample of this isotope remaining after 1.00 hour?


General Dynamics, Electric Boat Corp.
, Groton, Conn., is being awarded a $49,835,387 modification to previously awarded contract (N00024-04-C-2100) for consolidated planning yard, engineering and technical support for nuclear submarines. This contract modification provides support for the material aspects of submarine design/configuration change programs to support execution of submarine major alterations. The contractor will also provide materials required in support of installation of hull, mechanical and electrical; command and control system; and subsystem design changes for submarines. Work will be performed in Groton, Conn., (56 percent); Quonset, R.I., (31 percent); Newport, R.I., (8 percent); Kings Bay, Ga., (4 percent); and Bangor, Wash., (1 percent), and work is expected to be completed by Sep. 2008. Contract funds will not expire at the end of the current fiscal year. The Naval Sea Systems Command, Wash., Navy Yard, D.C., is the contracting activity.


The world has become the deadliest place to live with countries that possess deadly weapons and weapons of mass destruction like atomic bombs and nuclear bombs. There are currently enough nuclear weapons in the world that easily destroy the country. The impact of the largest and most powerful nuclear bomb ever designed – the Emperor Bomb, would have a fireball radius of 3 km, a radiation radius of close to 8 km, and an air explosion radius can range from 12 to 30 km. This means that if a bomb were dropped, all living organisms 30 km long could easily be killed. It is very impossible to imagine the impact of the Third World War.
There are currently five countries recognized as nuclear-weapon states that have signed the NPT or the Non-Proliferation Treaty to adhere to its three pillars, namely non-proliferation, disarmament and the right to peaceful use of nuclear technology. These five countries are the United States, Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom. The United States and Russia together own 80% of the world’s nuclear weapons. On the other hand, China believes that it possesses a large number of nuclear weapons that are not revealed to the world. India, Pakistan, Israel and South Sudan are the four countries in the world that have not signed the NPT. North Korea has withdrawn from the NPT program. South Africa, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan previously possessed nuclear weapons, and later transferred all that to Russia and joined the NPT. Until 1998, Cuba was the only nuclear country that did not sign the NPT, and in 2002.
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Here is a list of the top 10 countries with the most nuclear missiles or warheads in the world since 2017:
Total nuclear missiles – NA
Iran is a new addition to the list of countries that could possibly possess nuclear weapons and missiles. The US intelligence agency has already predicted that Iran could possess key ingredients for nuclear weapons.
9. North Korea
Total nuclear missiles – 10-20
North Korea was a former signatory to the NPT and later withdrew from it in 2003. In 2009, North Korea said it had developed nuclear weapons and conducted its first nuclear test in 2006, sparking protests by NPT countries. Again in 2007, North Korea confirmed that it possessed nuclear weapons. In 2009, they conducted their second successful test, which made the country a “full-fledged nuclear power”. In 2013, North Korea is believed to have conducted its third underground nuclear test. They currently have short- and medium-range nuclear missiles built into their armed forces.
Total nuclear missiles – 80
Israel is a country with an aggressive and hostile neighborhood. Israel definitely needed its defense systems to be capable enough to withstand all attacks on its soil. Although Israel is known to possess huge quantities of nuclear missiles and weapons that can range from 80 to 400, it officially has 80 warheads in its nuclear arsenal. There is no evidence of the date or record of its first nuclear test. Israel has a wide range of nuclear weapons ranging from intercontinental ballistic missiles to submarine cruise missiles.
Total nuclear missiles – 130-140
India is also not a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, like Pakistan. India began its nuclear research program in 1967. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 and then its second test in 1998. India has not officially declared or commented on the size of its nuclear arsenal. India has a strict “non-first use” policy and would use weapons only in retaliation. India has already developed a wide range of indigenous missiles such as the Agni and Prithvi series.
Total nuclear missiles – 140-150
Pakistan is not a signatory to the NPT which is in a race with India for possession of a number of nuclear missiles and warheads. Pakistan’s nuclear program was led by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972 in response to the development of nuclear research and weapons from neighboring India. Bhutto quickly followed the nuclear research program after an unexpected Indian nuclear test, called the Smiling Buddha in 1974. Finally, in 1998, after another successful Indian nuclear test, Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in Ras Koh Hill, Chagai district. This operation was code-named Chagai-I.
5. Great Britain
Total nuclear missiles – 215
During the 1970s, the British government had 520 nuclear warheads. Today, half of them are resting and owning 215 nuclear missiles. The United Kingdom is the third country to test a nuclear bomb in 1952. England is one of the five NPT countries. The United Kingdom has kept the size of its nuclear arsenal a secret and officially has 150 active warheads. Historically, the UK has conducted about 45 nuclear tests. Today, Great Britain is considered a strong state in terms of its nuclear capabilities and the number of warheads possessed.
Total nuclear missiles – 280
China is an emerging economic power, as well as in terms of defense forces. China has also emerged as a major power in the race for nuclear weapons. They are one of the oldest nations in the world to have weapons of mass destruction. The first nuclear tests were performed in 1964. The number of actual warheads with China is still unknown and it is a state secret. There are reports that indicate that China could have as many as 3,000 warheads. Officially, China has 260 warheads and they have not been installed. China has a strict “non-first use” policy, which means that they would only attack it if they were attacked by nuclear weapons. There are also reports indicating that China would double its nuclear forces to defeat the United States by 2020.
Total nuclear missiles – 300
France is a country with constant attacks from terrorists, and that country needs more protection than other European countries. France has the ability to strike with nuclear weapons from the air, sea or land – which is called a triad. France is known to have deactivated all its nuclear missiles on land.
2. It unites states
Total nuclear missiles – 6450
The United States is the most powerful country in the world with the largest number of warheads deployed. The United States has 1,750 warheads deployed within the country, as well as on other continents / countries. There are 6450 other warheads that are either tactical nuclear warheads or non-deployed strategic warheads. The United States also has a larger number of ICBMs and SLBMs than Russia with 785 missiles.
Total nuclear missiles – 6850
At one point, Russia had 45,000 nuclear warheads due to the nuclear race and balanced competitions from the west. Russia has now dismantled and reduced the number of nuclear missiles to about 6,850. Of these 1,600, warheads are active, and the rest are warheads that are either in reserve or in the dismantling phase. Russia is known to have 515 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), strategic bombers and ballistic missiles (SLBMs). There are thousands of unsorted strategic warheads in Russia.


The brochure provides background information about the NEA.
Photo: Romolo Tavani
NEA Ad Hoc Expert Group on Maintaining Low‑Carbon Generation Capacity through Long‑Term Operation of Nuclear Power Plants (EGLTO) meeting, 14‑16 January 2020
Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant, Finland. Photo: Framatome.
A workshop on Innovations in Water-cooled Reactor Technologies was held at NEA Headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux on 11-12 February 2015. ...
NEA News is the professional journal of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). It features articles on the latest nuclear energy issues concerning the economic and technical aspects of nuclear energy, nucl...
Workshop on the Adequacy of Funding Arrangements for Decommissioning and Radioactive Waste Management, 17-18 September 2020.


Oak Ridge contractors are in the preparatory stages of a two-year project that will get rid of 170 containers of so-called transuranic waste from Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Solid Waste Storage Area No. 5, including 26 containers that reportedly contain significant quantities of plutonium.
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