A parliamentary report of 1777 recorded parish workhouses in operation at Seven Oakes (with accommodation for up to 80 inmates), Brasted (12), Chevening (20), Chiddingstone (30), Cowden (24), Eaton Bridge [Edenbridge] (40), Halsted (6), Kemsing (13), Otford (20), Sundrish [Sundridge] (40), and Westerham (50).
Sevenoaks had a parish workhouse on St John's Hill. Chiddingstone's workhouse was located at Somerden Green.
Sevenoaks Poor Law Union officially came into existence on 14th April 1835. Its operation was overseen by an elected Board of Guardians, 19 in number, representing its 10 constituent parishes as listed below (figures in brackets indicate numbers of Guardians if more than one):
County of Kent:
Brasted (2), Chevening (2), Halstead, Kemsing, Otford, Seal (2), Sevenoaks (4), Shoreham (2), Sundridge (2), Westerham (2).
Later Additions: Dunton Green (from 1908), Riverhead (from 1894), Sevenoaks Weald (from 1894). [Not long after 1835, Sevenoaks also absorbed the parishes from the Penshurst Union.]
The population falling within the Union at the 1831 census had been 13,240 — with parishes ranging in size from from Halstead (population 242) to Sevenoaks itself (4,709). The average annual poor-rate expenditure for the period 1831-4 had been £11,970 or 18s.1d. per head of the population.
St John's Hill Workhouse
The new Sevenoaks Guardians were recommended by the Poor Law Commissioners to build a new workhouse to accommodate the union's paupers. However, they decided instead to alter and enlarge the existing Sevenoaks parish workhouse on St John's Hill. In the winter of 1840-41, the number admitted to the workhouse exceeded what the Commissioners felt acceptable for the "health and comfort of the inmates". Children in the workhouse were also found to be suffering from "certain glandular affections".
In December 1841, an official inspection of the St John's Hill workhouse was carried out by Edward Rigby M.D. and Henry Hancock on behalf of the Poor Law Commissioners. As well as exposing an extraordinary degree of overcrowding, their report provides a detailed picture of the workhouse buildings.
Bed-rooms, Girls.—There are two bed-rooms for the girls; the larger opens immediately out of their school-room, and measures 33 feet by 18; it contains nine beds, in which sleep 34 girls, besides a female attendant: the other is of the same size, opening out of the former; it contains 10 beds with 40 children; the bedsteads are the same as the boys, but the beds and bedding are decidedly better. Both of these rooms are airy and spacious apartments, being well lighted and ventilated, with flat ceilings, and were very clean, a proper supply of urinals being provided.
Women and young children.—Another room of the same size, for women and the younger children, contains nine beds, in four of which two women and one child sleep in each; in three others 12 children; and in the others, which are smaller, two children; this room was also clean and airy.
Women.—There are two bed-rooms for the women, which are clean, airy, and spacious, with iron bedsteads and good bedding; in one of them they sleep two in a bed; in the other, which contains 10 beds, one child also mostly sleeps in each.
Bed-rooms, Men.—There are three bed-rooms for the men; two of these measure 30 feet by 18, one being nine feet high, the other seven feet high; each contains 11 beds and 21 persons; a third room of the same size contains 10 and 20 persons: these rooms are equally well ventilated, airy, and clean.
The Lying-in Ward.—Measures 12 feet by 10; we do not consider it well adapted for the purpose either in size or accommodation; it was warm when we visited it, and so far comfortable, but is deficient in a supply of water and the ordinary furniture requisite for such au apartment. It contains two beds, in which three persons at present sleep; viz., a woman lately confined with her infant in one, and the nurse with another woman, expecting shortly to be confined, in the other. On questioning her who had been recently delivered, she informed us that the sheets of her bed had been changed three times within the fort night, her body linen as often, and that she and her child had been supplied by the mistress with two dozen napkins, which were washed as often as necessary; this we consider sufficient. She likewise informed us that the fire is kept up during the day, and also all night if necessary: the bedding was excellent and the women looked healthy. Adjoining the lying-in ward is a small sleeping room without a fire-place, measuring nine feet and a-half by seven feet and a-half; it contains two beds, in one of which at present sleeps the laundress, who acts occasionally as midwife in the absence of the medical man; the other is another woman expecting her confinement.
Cleansing Wards.—We visited the two rooms called the "Cleansing Wards,' which are for the reception of paupers who have not been examined by the medical man, or undergone the usual cleansing before being allowed to mix with the other inmates; they consist of a day and night ward for the men and the same for the women, the day ward for the latter being used for the bath-room. These rooms were 14 feet square; there was a good fire in each day-ward; each sleeping ward contained three beds, which were very old and dirty; there were two men on one side and two women and a baby on the other.
Daily Washing.—The means for the daily washing in the morning are very defective, consisting merely of open sinks, exposed to the weather, instead of proper troughs in a room adapted for the purpose, and with a good supply of warm water, soap, towels, &c. The half cellar, half out-house, which is occasionally used for this purpose, is quite objectionable.
Sick Wards.—There are two, one for the males and one for the females; the former contained nine beds, of which all were occupied; the latter seven beds, of which five were occupied; the men's ward struck us as being close: these rooms measured 36 feet by 12, and were sufficiently lighted; they had each a water-closet attached.
Schools-rooms and Day-rooms.—The school-rooms of the boys and girls, as well as also the day-rooms for the men and women, were airy and comfortable.
General appearance of the Children.—The general appearance of the children was remarkable healthy; there was not a single child in the sick wards.
Health.—After a careful examination of each child separately, the only diseases we could detect were enlargement of the thyroid gland, chilblains, and scald head; the enlargement of the thyroid gland and chilblains were chiefly among the girls, whilst the scald heads were chiefly among the boys: this latter we attribute to the boys not always sleeping in the same bed. The enlargement of the thyroid gland, except in one girl, were of the most trivial nature, and in most instances had distinctly occurred before entering the house. There were also five cases of disease of the eyes, all among the boys, and one case of scrofulous disease of the arm-bone. We attribute the occurrence of chilblains among the girls to their not having the same opportunities and means of active exercise which the boys enjoy: they have no circular swings, skipping ropes, &c., which, among other things, we suggested.
Cleanliness.—We found the persons and clothing of all the children remarkably clean; they were cheerful and seemed perfectly happy.
In conclusion, we desire to draw your attention especially to the state of the boys, and particularly to their very crowded condition. it is our opinion that never more than two children should sleep in the same bed, and that a space of at least 20 inches should be between each bed; the large bedsteads, which are now in use and contain four children, should be changed for smaller ones.
As a result of their visit, they made the following recommendations for "the health, comfort, and improvement of the inmates":
Bed-rooms, &c.—That the tub in each of the boys' bedrooms should be abolished, and a sufficient supply of urinals substituted.
That the boys' beds be furnished with under blankets.
That the rule be established that all the children, and also the men and women should open their beds thoroughly, and unmake them the moment they rise in the morning, and that the beds should be left thus to air for two hours.
That the bedsteads in the boys' bed-rooms are much too close; that the bedsteads are too large, and that not more than two ought to sleep, in the same bed: this applies also to the girls.
Washing.—That means be established fir ensuring an ample supply of warm water; that the washhouses be furnished with proper troughs at which all the children can wash in warm water every morning, and which would serve for washing the clothes at other times.
That there be a better supply of soap and coarse towels.
Lying-in Ward.—That the lying-in ward be furnished with a proper leather, with a wash stand, basons, towel-horse, more chairs, a pan to wash the child in, and a better supply of water.
Day-rooms.-That the day-rooms should be furnished with benches with backs to them, and arms, especially for the old men and women. School-room-That the girls' school-room is ventilated chiefly by open windows, under the full draught of which the children sit, with their bare necks, in winter-time. We think that a good hot air stove would be preferable to the open fire-place.
Amusements.—That a circular swing, skipping-ropes, &c., be provided for the girls.
Food.—That the present meat puddings are an indigestible form of food, and that it would be better, and we think cheaper, to have baked or at any rate boiled meat, with vegetable instead, the broth to form the drink at dinner-time, especially with the predisposition to enlarged gland.
That the boots for the girls are out of all proportion thick and clumsy, and that the majority of their feet had already suffered from the distortion produced by the bad shape of their boots. Clothing.—That the boys should wear flannel shirts during winter. That the girls should at least have their frocks made higher up them neck, with sleeves covering the elbows: we think that during the winter they should have flannel shifts, a far better article of dress than the stays and wooden busk which they now wear.
We lastly call the notice of the Board to a very important point, viz. that great girls of 18 are obliged to be kept in the school among the younger children, there being no day-room for them except among the women who are of the worst character, and with whom it would be highly improper for them to associate.
In the wake of this report, the Sevenoaks board relented and decided after all to erect a new workhouse.
A ground plan of the St John's workhouse site is shown below, probably drawn up in 1845 when the site was for sale, following the opening of the new Sundridge workhouse.
The new Sevenoaks Union workhouse was built in 1843 at Sundridge, and was designed a Mr Mason. It had a large T-shaped main building, three storeys high. The rear wing contained the workhouse dining hall. There was a separate infirmary at the north of the main building. Vagrant cells were erected in 1896. The workhouse location and layout are shown on the 1907 map below:
The workhouse later became Sundridge Institution catering for mental patients. Under the National Health Service, it became Sundridge Hospital but this closed in the late 1990s. The buildings have now been refurbished for residential use under the name Birchfield House.
Riverhead Children's Home (Rock House)
The Sevenoaks Union operated a children's home at Riverhead on Chipstead Lane opposite the north-eastern corner Chipstead Common. Rock House was purchased in January 1911, a large house to accommodate up to 30 children below the age of ten. It was opened by Countess Stanhope on October 15th 1912.
Note: many repositories impose a closure period of up to 100 years for records identifying individuals.
- Kent History and Library Centre, James Whatman Way, Maidstone, Kent ME14 1LQ Holdings include: Guardians' minutes (1866-1930); Births and baptisms (1846-1932); Deaths (1866-99); Creed registers (1893-1923); Admissions and discharges (1898-1932); etc.
- Thanks to Carol Cheeseman for her contribution to this page.
Unless otherwise indicated, this page () is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Contents may not be reproduced without permission.


Undoing the geographical constraint of its north-eastern states that followed partition, India is seeking a corridor through Bangladesh for transmission of power from its eastern states to its western states.
The proposal is one of the measures to be taken to restore the multi-fold connectivity between the two countries to pre-1965 level. The corridor facility for power transmission from the state of Bihar to Arunachal Pradesh will be using a 765 kV transmission line. Infrastructures will be built for transmission of approximately 4,000 MW of hydropower. Bangladesh can buy up to 1,000 MW of power out of this.
The project is still at the proposal stage and a feasibility study needs to be conducted. But, India at first is seeking a go ahead from the incumbent Bangladesh government to connect Arunachal-Bihar grids through Bangladesh’s Jamalpur-Dinajpur (proposed) line. Following the partition in the Indian sub-continent, the north-eastern states of India have been geographically isolated and are connected to the rest of the India through a narrow strip called the “chicken neck” area.
The proposal for a power corridor has not been a new one. India has brought the proposal back on table linking it to its third Line of Credit worth USD 400 million to Bangladesh. Under this proposal a 200-kilometre long power transmission line is envisaged to be constructed along with other infrastructures. This was proposed during the 12th joint steering committee meeting led by the two power division secretaries, Ahmad Kaikaus from Bangladesh and Ajay Kumar Bhalla from India, held in New Delhi on January 31 in 2018.
“To implement all projects under the umbrella of joint cooperation, we will sit to discuss as per the schedule to strengthen our bilateral ties during the two-day talks between the two countries,” said Dr Ahmad Kaikaus, Secretary of the Power Division on Saturday. The government of Arunachal Pradesh is vigorously pursuing the project to transmit its hydro-power to other Indian states through the transmission line passing through Bangladesh.
“This time we want to focus on sharing our experience in implementing solar roof top projects. We will also focus on long term power exchange projects,” the official added, preferring anonymity.


We have developed a selection of play-based activities to promote young children's social and emotional development.
Steph Reed from ASDTeacher.com shares her top tips for communicating clearly with a child with autism and why it’s crucial to do so.
As an educational psychologist I have always been aware of how an individual’s early life and in particular their attachment experiences impact on their cognitive, social and emotional development.
In our last newsletter in Summer 2017 we asked for your feedback on running Zippy’s Friends and Apple’s Friends. We received feedback from over 70 schools. Such feedback is invaluable and helps us to develop and improve the programme, so many thanks to all those who took the time to complete the survey. All schools were entered into a prize draw.
In our fast-paced lives technology certainly offers many benefits. In terms of communication we can have chats with many people at the same time on social media platforms. We can be always up to speed and in the know. Is this 21st Century Communication part of evolution? Is there a side effect? Should we be concerned?
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Every parent dreams that their child had all the most important skills and knowledge that will greatly facilitate their lives and get rid of many difficulties and problems. But sometimes moms and dads are unable to define for themselves the most necessary skills and knowledge that is pass on to their children. Whenever possible and when you have free time, adults try to instill in their children the rules of basic hygiene, nutrition, behaviour in society. But if you do it only occasionally, the child is unlikely to be deposited in memory at least half of this knowledge. That children really something learned for life, parents need to allocate time not only to explain to their children the rules, but the time for learning kids this information.
This contributes to the breaking necessary to transfer information into blocks and stages. Caring and loving parents, of course, try to teach kids everything you need, but they do it often too messy, trying to fit in a child’s brain larger flows of information over a short period. Thus overload the brain of the baby. Because it is not necessary to forget that information needs to be consistently and portioned to provide a more effective assimilation of new knowledge and skills.
On the education of children needed free time. It is important that the child was not engaged in the process something of an outsider, because it’s distracting, and it’s nothing new for himself not learn. You can take this process a certain amount of time every day. Also ideally suited for learning the parents ‘ vacation, which coincides with the holidays of the child. During this period, the family has a unique chance to communicate, with the result that the baby can obtain many new skills. It is worth to note that communication should happen in a relaxed atmosphere, when children are not worried about anything, no matter what distractions.
So, what you need to teach the child?
First and foremost, a toddler must be taught:
1. To empathize with other people and animals;
2. Properly dispose of his time;
3. Respect the nature;
4. To eat right;
5. Optimistic view on the world.
For a child it is very important to be able to empathize with all beings, to understand who and what feels in different situations. Moral development of a child is absolutely impossible without developing the ability to empathize. You can pay attention son or daughter to a crying peer. If the kid himself wants to approach peers and encourage in any way – wonderful. If not – you can offer a child to come to the same age together and offer something to play or to share a candy or a toy. However, to be able to empathize with people is only part of the story. It is equally important to be able to show compassion towards animals. To do this, a baby to feed a street cat or the birds in the Park. Nevertheless, you should convey to the child that stray animals can not be touched, because they are not always perfectly healthy and not dangerous for the baby.
The ability to correctly allocate their time.
You need to teach the kid to comply with the requests of parents, rather than delay in the hope that it will make someone else. After all how often the request to remove the toy can be heard from the beloved offspring, “come on mom, five more minutes to play and will be removed”. It is important to remember that if he asks for just 5 minutes a month he would ask for an hour, because with kids excessive softness. Children feel their parents, at your age, you can test the waters, trying to figure out the limits of their capabilities. Out how much they get away with it, children can begin to manipulate relatives, abusing their endless love and inability to refuse a beloved child, it is because it is desirable to be in these matters simply, the better for the children themselves. Besides, the kid is required to learn to appreciate the time and distributed correctly.
Attitude to nature
Since the childhood the child should understand that all living beings are part of nature. All the people are inseparable from it. So if it’s bad nature, so it will be bad for all people. It is not enough just to ask the kid to leave the Park candy wrappers if it will affect the baby, only for some time. Children need to understand not only what you can do, and what not to do, but to know the consequences of breaking the rules. Of course one single family cannot solve all environmental problems, but the more parents can instill in their children respect for nature, the less harm will bring a new generation to the environment and can even reduce the amount of environmental problems.
No need to ask from kids exploits in this case, it is sufficient to teach to tightly close the valve with water, throw garbage only in the dustbin and wean, to pluck from the bushes and tree leaves. Because doing it so simple, but so the child is already contributing to the protection of nature.
Very young children eat only what they are fed by the parents. Yes, they can refuse to eat grated pumpkin or cabbage stew, but they’re not you can buy your own soda harmful or cause gastritis and obesity chips. Older, children have the opportunity to buy their own junk food. How to beat the desire to eat harmful food? As practice shows, from an early age, people adopt dietary habits from their parents and closest circle of friends. Therefore, first parents have to get rid of the habit of eating junk food, and only after that beloved child to inculcate the habit to eat right.
It is important to make it clear to the child that are delicious and useful products. It is very useful like a ripe watermelon, fresh orange juice or sweet tangerines.
Parents are able to influence the formation of character of a son or daughter. Although some qualities of character that are already present at birth, they can either develop or not. So, for example, from childhood to cultivate children’s optimism. You need to teach kids in any situation to see something good, to perceive all the events of calm, do not worry and do not worry in vain. For example, if a student brought to school a black mark and sincerely concerned about this, be sure to calm him down, explain that this is only a mark, which can be corrected with a little effort.
You must remember: the child first looks to his parents because it makes no sense to try to teach kids rules that the parents themselves do not adhere to. Therefore, to teach something son or daughter, first have to learn it the parents themselves.


Cavitation occurs in many industrial applications such as in pumps, injectors, and around propellers and underwater vehicles. This phenomenon has been receiving attention because it can cause significant damage to solid structures and generate much noise. Cavitating flows are characterized by the phase change between liquid and vapor that occurs when the local pressure drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid . In industrial applications, cavitation often occurs in turbulent flows accompanied by rapid phase changes. Over the cavitation interfaces, the density and viscosity of the fluids can have very strong changes. These strong variations, together with turbulent flows which have a wide range of length and time scales, make the simulation of cavitating flows very challenging.
In this Brief, we demonstrate the simulation of cavitating flows using ADINA in three examples. The cavitation models are built using the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method.
The first example is a 2D axisymmetric hemispherical cavitation problem, shown schematically in Figure 1.
The material properties are listed in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Material properties of the 2D axisymmetric hemispherical cavitation problem
The Reynolds number for this 2D axisymmetric cavitation problem is
where and are the liquid density and liquid dynamic viscosity respectively, is the diameter of the hemispherical cylinder, and is the velocity at the inlet. The density and viscosity ratios for this problem are 58706 and 100, respectively. A pressure boundary condition is specified at the outlet. Its value () is obtained from the cavitation number
where is the vapor pressure of the liquid. Simulations have been carried out with three different cavitation numbers ( = 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4).
Figures 2 to 4 show the simulation results near the cavitation region computed by using the ZGB model : the VOF contours, the velocity profile, and the pressure contours, respectively, for = 0.2. The cavitation region is shown in blue in the VOF contour plot of Figure 2. The re-entry jet at the trailing edge of the cavitation region can be seen in Figure 3. This re-entry jet is caused by the large pressure increase at the trailing edge of the cavitation region, see Figure 4.
The computed and experimental  pressure coefficient distributions (the experiment of course performed in 3D) for different cavitation numbers are compared in Figure 5. There is excellent agreement between the computational and experimental results.
We next solve the problem considered above in 3D using two different cavitation models (the ZGB model  and the Kunz model ). The 3D geometry is generated by revolving the 2D geometry about the axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 6a. The material properties are the same as those of the 2D case, and the boundary conditions are also the same as the 2D setup but adapted to the 3D configuration. The computational results are plotted in Figure 6b and 6c (VOF contours) and Figure 7 (pressure coefficient distributions), for = 0.3. Again, we see that ADINA also works well for the simulation of 3D cavitating flows.
The third example is a 2D cavitating flow around an NACA0015 hydrofoil, shown schematically in Figure 8, with the material properties listed in Table 2. The Reynolds number based on the chord length is 1.09 x 106. The density and viscosity ratios for this case are 43391 and 110.6, respectively. The ZGB model  is used for this simulation and the cavitation number is 1.0.
Table 2 Material properties of the 2D NACA0015 hydrofoil cavitating flow problem
In the movie above, the transient dynamics of this cavitating flow can be clearly observed on the suction side of the hydrofoil. The typical feature of this dynamic process is that the cavitation occurs near the leading edge of the hydrofoil, and the vapor bubble travels a short distance along the hydrofoil surface before breaking into small bubbles that later collapse.
ADINA can be used to accurately simulate cavitating flows with very large density and viscosity ratios, making it useful in many industrial applications where cavitation control and reduction are important.


(Oakland, CA) – California students affected by traumatic events or violence in their communities may soon have greater access to important mental health services as AB 174, authored by Assemblymember Rob Bonta (D-Oakland), passed the Assembly Committee on Health today.
Across California, many of the children and youth who are most impacted by traumatic events – including shootings and gang violence -- cannot access the mental health care they need. Children and youth living in low-income neighborhoods, as well as children and youth of color, are disproportionately impacted by trauma, including gun violence, according to the National Child Traumatic Stress Network.
"All forms of violence, including gun violence, have become a tragic fact of life for children in the 18th Assembly District. For example, Oakland suffered from 131 homicides in 2012. Many children are faced with serious traumatic complications from growing up in a violent environment, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, which among other things, make it difficult to become an engaged and productive student at school," explained Assemblymember Bonta.
"This is a problem we need to attack from all angles. We have a responsibility to protect our students and ensure they are receiving the proper services for recovery. AB 174 helps create that pathway to recovery by establishing a grant program for organizations providing focused trauma services to students," said Assemblymember Bonta.
AB 174 would expand student access to trauma-informed mental health services through school-based health centers (SBHCs), where care is accessible, affordable, and youth-friendly. SBHCs put medical, mental health, and, in some instances, dental care on school grounds across the state. They are a proven model for delivering effective mental health services: Not only can school-based mental health care reduce both depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, but SBHCs are significantly better than other care settings at reaching adolescents.
Currently, there is no state funding explicitly directed to either SBHCs or school-based programs focused on mental health and trauma. If approved, AB 174 would create a program for a variety of essential school-based mental health services, including individual, group, and family counseling; youth development programming focused on preventing and addressing violence; school-wide violence prevention programs; and support for teachers and other school staff in identifying and responding to students' trauma-related needs.
Contact: Amy Alley (916) 319-2018


A layer of hard, impervious rock overlying and often sealing in a deposit of oil, gas, or coal.
- In some instances the alteration is so intense that all that remains of the host is a porous siliceous cap rock.
- The cap rock of some domes contains economic concentrations of sulfur that are extracted as a melt by the Frasch Process.
- Both species occur in the uppermost cap rock layer of the Upper Albian Boracho Formation northeast of Ft. Stockton, Pecos County, Texas.
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Syllabification: cap rock
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Safety of CT scan
In light of a recent paper by Mark S Pearce et al. in The Lancet (Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study) early online publication, 7 June 2012, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0, the following information is provided:
- CT is one of the most valuable medical imaging techniques when used justifiably.
- A number of professional organizations have provided appropriateness criteria or referral guidelines to achieve appropriate use. This website provides a link to some of these guidelines.
- X rays used in CT, while having tremendous benefits, can have side effects such as a potentially increased risk of cancer in later years.
- The risks of cancer from radiation dose imparted by a single CT scan is debated and international consensus is currently not available.
- The risk figures for cancer available in literature are projected, that is, “estimated cancer risks” based on risk coefficients derived from data from survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki primarily, with some other study groups also supporting the data.
- Despite a common view among international organizations that risk coefficients are also applicable at the level of radiation doses encountered in CT scanning, some groups have expressed the view that the risks are hypothetical as they are extrapolated from higher exposure down to lower exposures. Also, there have been objections that the risks from X rays may not be the same as with gamma radiation.
- With current knowledge, there is no controversy on carcinogenic effects for organ doses in excess of 100 mGy, which can accrue in five to 15 CT scans (such a wide range is needed as it depends upon techniques utilized and organs scanned).
- The controversy remains (despite common view among most international organizations) about cancer risk from a single or a few CT scans and this is where the new research published in the Lancet has importance.
- The new research reinforces the belief of major international organizations about cancer risks from a few CT scans. The risk is very low but appears to be real, not hypothetical.
- Image Gently, an alliance for radiation safety in paediatric imaging, has posted a message to parents on its website.
- The IAEA recommends tracking of radiological examinations a patient undergoes, in particular a child, to enable easy reference to availability of desired information from previous scans. This also helps to compare radiation doses with previous examinations and help in the detection of a scope for optimization. Recently, a Joint Position Statement on the IAEA Patient Radiation Exposure Tracking has been issued jointly with ESR, FDA, IAEA, IOMP, ISRRT, WHO and also CRCPD.
- There is information available on this website for patients and, in particular, for safety in computed tomography (CT).
CT scans are an important diagnostic tool when used appropriately (American Association of Physicists in Medicine), direct link to AAPM web page
Paediatric CT Scans Save Lives When Used Appropriately (American College of Radiology)
Improving Radiation Protection of Children Worldwide (IAEA)
Training material for free download in different areas
Poster - Building awareness in pregnancy
CHECK, REVIEW AND REPORT: Delivering safe radiotherapy is in your hands
Copyright © 2013 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria


Its purpose, as the Sankei Shimbun article below explains, is to present the current Japanese government's views of history.
This means it is an effort to sanitize the Japanese Administration's denier history narrative and demonization of Korea and China historical views of WWII by presenting the United States as the "good" reconcilier. However, the voices of those who actually fought for historical justice for the American POWs, civilian internees, and comfort women are not included. In fact, one of the speakers actively and destructively aided the Japanese government in delaying justice for the American POWs of Japan--Michael Armacost.
It is unlikely that the POW history of fighting for justice and memory will be represented. It is unlikely that anyone with mention that two current Japanese cabinet member, the deputy prime minister and the education minister, hail from families that owned and ran companies that requested white slaves and used Allied POW slave labor to keep their mines and factories operating during the war. It is unlikely, that anyone will question why there are still documents hidden away in the Japanese government about the POWs. It is unlikely that anyone will bring up that many of Japan's new UNESCO World Industrial Heritage sites were places of horrific working conditions and torture for American and Allied POWs.
Speakers complicit in this effort are: Representative Niki Tsongas (D-MA); Michael H. Armacost, Shorenstein APARC fellow, Stanford University; Gerald L. Curtis, Burgess professor emeritus of political science at Columbia University; Thomas Berger, professor of international relations at the Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University; Rohan Mukherjee, assistant professor of political science at Yale-NUS College in Singapore; Keiko Iizuka, editorialist and senior political writer for the Yomiuri Shimbun; Koichi Ai, acting director general at the Japan Institute of International Affairs; Michael R. Auslin, Research Fellow, Hoover Institution; Jennifer Lind, Associate Professor, Department of Government, Dartmouth College; Toshihiro Nakayama, Professor, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University; Douglas H. Paal, vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; James L. Schoff, senior fellow in the Carnegie Asia Program.
Japan International Institute for International Studies Begins to Spread Japan's Viewpoints on History by Initiating its First International Symposium on History and Reconciliation
Sankei Shimbun, November 19, 2017 [Provisional Translation by APP Interns]
The Japan International Institute for International Studies (President and Director General Yoshiji Nogami, Former Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs) will hold a number of symposia overseas on the theme of "history and reconciliation.” It is the first time for JIIA, established in 1959, to hold a symposium overseas on this theme. This is an effort to disseminate overseas the arguments of the Japan side based on objective historical research on such issues as territory and comfort women that Japan has [differences] with neighboring countries.
The symposia will be held in Washington DC on November 30th; in Paris next January; and in New Delhi in February. Researchers from Japan and overseas will participate and it is expected that the latest research in Japan and the opinions of researchers from third-party countries will be presented.
In addition to underscoring the differences between regions that experienced the last world war [大戰] and other events where reconciliation has progressed and those regions where it has not, the symposia are expected also to focus discussion on nationalism in each country.
[Note: The Sankei’s text is ambiguous and written badly. The Sankei writer is hinting above that one should “look at Taiwan and the Philippines, etc., who are very cooperative with Japan despite their war experience, and compare them with the Koreans and Chinese who continue to condemn Japan.”]
The Institute held a symposium in Tokyo this October [the 12th, (Japanese only)] that invited history researchers and others from South Korea, India and the U.S. entitled “History and Reconciliation - Thinking from International Comparison.” One participant, Professor Park Yu-ha of Sejong University [not a historian], the author of the book The Empire's Comfort Women, who was charged [and convicted] of defamation against the several former Comfort Women, said, “The background of the comfort women issue as a major problem between Japan and South Korea can be traced to the fact that the ideological conflict between the left and right in South Korea is closely linked to their views of Korean history as related to Japan.” [i.e., Park is saying that the Korean Left is anti-Japanese and the Right is pro-Japanese]
With an unfair “history war” developing abroad, a JIIA official noted, “We hope that these symposia can spread the data [correct historical evidence] that Japan has accumulated so far in order to appeal to the hearts of people in the West and elsewhere.
>Japan Institute of International Affairs caves to right-wing pressure. 2006/2007
The Struggle for the Japanese Soul: Komori Yoshihisa, Sankei Shimbun, and the JIIA controversy By David McNeill, Japan Focus, September 4, 2006.
Softly, Softly: Did the Japan Institute of International Affairs buckle under right-wing pressure? No, says Ambassador Satoh Yukio. Yes, say his critics by David McNeill; Fred Varcoe interviews Amb. Satoh Yukio, Japan Focus, July 3, 2007.
>SYMPOSIUM "HISTORY AND RECONCILIATION－AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE STUDY"－October 12, 2017 JIIA Symposium in Tokyo
Part I: "Case Studies on Reconciliation" [Video]
Mr. Brahma Chellaney, Professor, Strategic Studies, Center for Policy Research in New Delhi
Ms. Lily Gardner Feldman, Senior Fellow, American Institute for Contemporary German Studies(AICGS), Johns Hopkins
Mr. Fumiaki Kubo, Senior Fellow, American Government and History, Graduate Schools for Law and Politics, University of Tokyo
Mr. Nobukatsu Kanehara, Deputy Secretary General of National Security Secretariat and Assistant Chief Cabinet Secretary, Prime Minister’s Office of Japan
Part II: "What Promotes and Prevents Reconciliation?"
Ms. Yinan He, Associate professor, Department of International Relations, Lehigh University
Ms. Ji Young Kim, Associate Professor, Department of Area Studies, University of Tokyo
Mr. Kazuya Sakamoto, Professor, Department of Law and Political Science, Graduate School of Law and Politics, Osaka University
Mr. Thongchai Winichakul, Emeritus Professor of Southeast Asian History, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Part III: "Reconciliation and Nationalism"
Mr. Yūichi Hosoya, Senior Fellow, Tokyo Foundation, Professor, Faculty of Law, Keio University.
Mr. Lung-chih Chang, Associate Research Fellow and Deputy Director, Institute of Taiwan History
Mr. Daqing Yang, Associate Professor of History and International Affairs, GWU
Ms. Yu-ha Park, Professor, College of Liberal Arts, Sejong University
Mr. Shin Kawashima, Professor, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo


We’ve seen some pretty basic hand grenades (in particular the Lakos grenades) in the past few months, so let’s take a look at something more complex, whilst bearing in mind that the more complicated the device, the more to go wrong, particularly in the type of conditions likely to be encountered in many theatres of the Great War.
It’s a neat looking grenade, first used relatively early in the war on the Serbian front, although this example comes from the Italian front. It was not only the first Austro-Hungarian grenade specifically designed to be used both as a hand grenade and as a rod grenade fired from a rifle, but the first that could accept either an impact or a delay fuse.
Hence its moniker of the Universal grenade.
The body of this grenade, about ten inches in length, consists of a brass nose cone which detaches from the brass base…
…to reveal a steel fragmentation tube, inside which an Ecrasite (Ekrasit) explosive charge would have been placed.
But it’s actually all a bit more complicated than that.
Luckily we have this diagram from an Italian identification manual to help us ascertain how the thing worked. Or create more confusion, perhaps. It all depends on how well I explain it, because I think it does need some explaining. So, on the left we have the outside of the grenade, and on the right the inner workings. At the top of the diagram on the left the word ‘cappuccio’ literally means ‘cap’, which was a brass or alloy cap that fitted over the head of the grenade during transportation, and remained in place if the grenade was subsequently used as a hand thrown version – the cap featured a ‘spillo d’arresto’ (safety or stop pin) either soldered inside or simply pushed through the thin alloy cap – which prevented the inner workings of the in-built impact fuse from moving during transportation. When used as a hand grenade the impact fuse became redundant as a friction fuse was added to the body of the grenade, the string at the bottom of the ‘accenditore a frizione’ (friction igniter) would be pulled, setting off the seven second delay in the ‘miccia’ (fuse), allowing a skilled thrower to aim and throw in plenty of time. The ‘gancio di sospensione’ – literally suspension hook – at the bottom allowed the grenade to be hooked on to a soldier’s belt, and aided hand throwing.
When fired from a rifle, however, the friction fuse would not be attached in the first place,…
…and the brass cap would be removed,…
…allowing the intricate workings of the impact fuze to be revealed. Not only that, but a ‘paracadute’ would be attached . Yes, you guessed it right, a parachute.
The handle at the bottom would be unscrewed…
…and replaced by a rod which would be inserted into the barrel of the rifle.
The most unusual feature, among a few, is the internal ‘elica’, or propeller. Now unfortunately it is very rare to find an example with the propeller still intact, but you can see, if you compare this shot with the diagram, where the propeller blades were once fitted.
What was the purpose of the propeller, I hear you ask? Indeed. Okay, here we go. Once the rod had been placed down the barrel of a rifle and the cap removed, the rifle could be fired.
And once fired, air would pass at speed through the oval holes in the nose of the grenade and pass out through the lower round holes.
…turning the propeller in the meantime, the motion of which would extend the firing pin into the ‘ogiva’ (see diagram) – an ogive is actually a Gothic arch – until it touched the very top of the nose of the grenade. On impact with the ground the thin metal at the tip of the grenade would shatter, the firing pin would be forced back down the ‘ogiva’ to strike the ‘percussore’ (striker), and the grenade would explode. I presume the parachute comes into its own on descent, to ensure that the grenade lands head first – otherwise the thing wouldn’t explode. I have read elsewhere that the parachute was intended for the hand grenade version – to me, that makes no sense whatsoever.
All of which, let’s be fair, is an awful lot of hoo-ha for something that delivers a charge that had to be small enough to fit into this inner steel tube.
So, here’s the Universal rod grenade in all its glory. Rod grenades were curious creatures. Their heyday covered less than a decade, from their invention in 1909 to the end of the Great War, and thereafter they would be consigned to the dustbin of obsolete military inventions. And yet they were widely used by all combatants in the Great War, and very occasionally in conflicts thereafter.
It was an Englishman named Frederick Martin Hale, who worked for the Cotton Powder Company at Faversham in Kent, who, in November 1909, patented the rod grenade, and yes, these are indeed diagrams from his original patent application.
I will spare you the whole text that accompanies them, but this extract explains the basics; ‘The object of this invention is to construct an explosive grenade which is provided with a rod which fits the barrel of a service rifle, carbine or other type of small arm, and is propelled therefrom in any desired direction by the firing of a cartridge.’
The problem with rod grenades was stress on the rifle barrel, and indeed the whole rifle, which necessitated special rifles dedicated to the role, which in itself was hardly going to prove cost-effective for a weapon of dubious accuracy. The rifle grenade was frankly an impractical weapon, and it is quite surprising that all the contending powers chose to run with them – perhaps, as my missus suggested as I bored her with Frederick Hale’s story, once they were first used – I am not actually certain by whom, as the British Army did not take up Hale’s invention until 1915 – everybody thought they’d better get on the bandwagon.
There really isn’t very much information available on Frederick Hale, and what there is, at least on the web, is hardly accurate (try Googling Hales Rifle Grenade and check out the first line under ‘History’ on the Wiki page). Good job I don’t just recycle stuff here, eh?


Over the years many studies (re-iterated at GHGT-13) have shown that any serious attempt to limit climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions will require Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Globally there are 21 large-scale CCS projects in operation or under construction. In total the CO2 capture capacity of these 21 projects is about 40 Mtpa. Three recently operational projects highlighted at GHGT-13 were Shell’s Quest project in Alberta, Canada, the Boundary Dam project in Saskatchewan, Canada and the Tomakomai project in Hokkaido, Japan.
At GHGT-13, there was evidence of an increasing focus on deploying CCS on industrial sources of CO2 (e.g. chemical works, steel works, cement works). In addition, many of the presentations at GHGT-13 highlighted the research being undertaken to improve the economic case for CCS by linking it to other activities. Examples are:
- storing energy in the form of heated and / or compressed CO2;
- using CO2 instead of water in fracking projects (in which case much of the CO2 stays in the fractured formation); and
- using CO2 in so-called enhanced geothermal systems (where its low viscosity is also advantageous).
Richard Metcalfe attended GHGT-13 to present a risk assessment for the offshore CO2 storage component of the proposed White Rose Carbon Capture and Storage Project (White Rose CCS Project). Quintessa undertook this assessment under contract to National Grid Carbon Limited (NGC). The assessment was structured using Quintessa’s decision-support software TESLA.
The White Rose CCS Project was undertaken by Capture Power Limited, a consortium of Alstom, Drax and BOC, together with NGC, which was responsible for the offshore CO2 storage component of the project. It was proposed to construct an oxy-fuel power plant at Drax, Yorkshire, England, and transport high-purity CO2 produced by the plant via a c.165 km long pipeline to a location c.75 km offshore from eastern England. There, it was planned to inject the CO2 into an underground “saline aquifer” storage reservoir, the Endurance CO2 Store.
The risk assessment was a contribution to a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study, which was undertaken by Capture Power Limited and NGC under contract to the UK government’s Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), under the auspices of DECC’s UK CCS Commercialisation Programme. This programme took the form of a competition by which DECC intended to identify one or more full-scale demonstration CCS projects that would attract UK government financial support. The project was terminated after the UK government’s decision to end its Carbon Capture and Storage commercialisation competition in November 2015. However, the FEED study established the technical viability of the White Rose CCS project.
It is possible to view the poster presented at the conference.
Abstracts from the conference will be published by Energy Procedia in due course.
Update 3 March 2017: Corrected the Energy Procedia link.


By Mi Lu
Mathematics and good judgment in desktops offers an invaluable consultant to a primary topic of machine technological know-how and engineering. Algorithms for appearing operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and department in electronic desktops are offered, with the aim of explaining the innovations at the back of the algorithms, instead of addressing any direct purposes. replacement equipment are tested, and reasons are provided of the basic fabrics and reasoning at the back of theories and examples.
No different present books take care of this topic, and the writer is a number one authority within the box of laptop mathematics. The textual content introduces the normal Radix quantity procedure and the Signed-Digit quantity method, in addition to Residue quantity approach and Logarithmic quantity procedure. This e-book serves as a necessary, up to date consultant for college kids of electric engineering and computing device and mathematical sciences, in addition to training engineers and computing device scientists fascinated about the layout, software, and improvement of machine mathematics devices.
Read Online or Download Arithmetic and Logic in Computer Systems (Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering, Book 169) PDF
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Tailored from a modular undergraduate direction on computational arithmetic, Concise laptop arithmetic promises an simply obtainable, self-contained advent to the fundamental notions of arithmetic beneficial for a working laptop or computer technology measure. The textual content displays the necessity to quick introduce scholars from quite a few academic backgrounds to a couple of crucial mathematical thoughts.
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Extra resources for Arithmetic and Logic in Computer Systems (Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering, Book 169)
On the other hand, to convert a binary number to a hexadecimal, group each 4 bits together starting from the radix point. For the integer part, group from right to left and add O(s) on the left if the last group contains less than 4 bits. For the fraction part, group from left to right and add O(s) on the right if the last group contains less than 4 bits. For example, 10 101010011111 . 11002. vvvv = 2 A 9 F * ' C16 In the decimal to octal (hexadecimal, respectively) conversion, instead of the dividing by 8 (by 16) operation described earlier, one can first convert the decimal number to binary since dividing by 2 is easier, and then convert the binary number to octal (hexadecimal).
2, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 1990. 28. N. S. Szabo and R. I. Tanaka, Residue ArithmeticandltsApplications to Computer Technology, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1967. 29. C. Tung, “Arithmetic,” in Computer Science, A. F. , WileyInterscience, New York, 1972, Chap. 3. 30. S. Waser and M. J. Flynn, “Introduction to Arithmetic for Digital System Designers,” Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York, 1982. 4, what decimal value does it represent if (a) It is an octal number? (b) It is a hexadecimal number?
Let a borrow request made to bit position i be a borrow-in signal denoted as li implying a loan from position i. The borrow-out bit li+l is a borrow request made to bit position i + 1, or a loan from bit position i + 1. 4. The logic expression of the difference bit in terms of the three input bits is similar to that of the sum bit in a full-adder. Namely, di = ai @ bi @ li. The borrow-out bit can be found by li+l = Cibi + bili + Cili. 5 shows a a single-bit subtractor with three inputs and two outputs.


Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2015 September 17
Explanation: Chaotic in appearance, these filaments of shocked, glowing gas break across planet Earth's sky toward the constellation of Cygnus, as part of the Veil Nebula. The Veil Nebula itself is a large supernova remnant, an expanding cloud born of the death explosion of a massive star. Light from the original supernova explosion likely reached Earth over 5,000 years ago. Blasted out in the cataclysmic event, the interstellar shock waves plow through space sweeping up and exciting interstellar material. The glowing filaments are really more like long ripples in a sheet seen almost edge on, remarkably well separated into the glow of ionized hydrogen and sulfur atoms shown in red and green, and oxygen in blue hues. Also known as the Cygnus Loop, the Veil Nebula now spans nearly 3 degrees or about 6 times the diameter of the full Moon. While that translates to over 70 light-years at its estimated distance of 1,500 light-years, this field of view spans less than one third that distance. Identified as Pickering's Triangle for a director of Harvard College Observatory and cataloged as NGC 6979, the complex of filaments might be more appropriately known as Williamina Fleming's Triangular Wisp.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.


The General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR is a regulation of the European Union (EU) that was agreed upon on April 27, 2016. It will be enforced on May 25, 2018. Though GDPR is an EU legislation, non-EU institutions are still affected and must be aware of it to avoid violating it as non-compliance can have consequences. If your institution has offices in an EU country or processes the personal data of a person living in an EU country, your institution must follow the GDPR. If your business operates or offers services via the internet, it is very likely that you need to comply with the GDPR.
The organizations that need to align their practices with GDPR are those located within the EU. If your organization is located in the following EU member states, you need to follow the GDPR.
- Republic of Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- United Kingdom
The impact of GDPR will be global. EU countries are expected to see the most change and are already preparing for it. But non-EU countries will likely see greater disruption with the introduction of GDPR. Many organizations outside of the EU are still not fully aware of the coming change. Moreover, there is a difference in the expectation of privacy between EU and non-EU societies. The United States, for example, has privacy laws that protect “sensitive” data. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulates healthcare information. The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act regulates financial information. But when it comes to “general” data, there’s no specific regulation for it. Because of the GDPR, U.S. entities may need to put in place several procedures to handle personal information correctly depending if it is from the EU or not.
Implementing systems to comply with the GDPR may be too complex and too costly for US based organizations and may discourage them to offer their services to the EU. One strategy that US based organizations can do is to protect “general” data in the same way as “sensitive” data. This allows the organization to use the same system while complying with both HIPAA and GDPR, for example. It is not clear yet if US organizations will try this approach.
The GDPR imposes strict controls on transferring data to ensure that every person in the EU enjoy the same protection regardless if the data is stored or processed in non-EU countries or international organizations. Data transfer is only allowed if the EU Commission has determined that the transfer destination or receiving entity meets an adequate level of protection. The EU Commission reviews permissions and adherence to standards every four years.
An organization that violates the GDPR could get the maximum penalty of €20 million, or 4% of annual turnover, whichever is higher. In addition, non-compliance may result to sanctions and losing the business. Organizations need to audit their systems of data collection, processing and storage and make sure they are GDPR compliant by May 25, 2018.


A Call to Young Warriors, to all Young People
Lakota Spiritual Leader and Head Man, David Swallow, Speaks to Lakota Youth
Edited and Published by Stephanie M. Schwartz,
Member, Native American Journalists Association (NAJA)
© December 27, 2008 Porcupine, South Dakota
American Indians today suffer from many problems of the modern world. Alcohol and drug abuse, early pregnancies, gangs, and psychological disorders are everywhere on the Reservations. However, a lot of the development of these issues can be historically traced back to World War II or shortly before.
The 1924 Indian Citizenship Act created a special kind of dual citizenship which made American Indians into citizens of the United States (for the first time) as well as citizens of their own sovereign nations. Finally, Indians could vote. But also, for the first time, they could be drafted into the military.
The young Lakota Warriors looked at the military as a way to prove themselves as warriors. They believed it was an honorable extension of the traditional warrior ways.
So, young American Indians went off to World War II. After 100 years of forced boarding schools which resulted in generations of young Indians losing their sense of identity, family and traditions, the military became like the family they had never been allowed to have. They were grouped into companies which lived together and fought together and bonded with each other as a unit, as a family.
When the young warriors came home, they often became lost. With their military family no longer existing, gangs began to form to take their place. An example is the Hell’s Angels, the famous motorcycle gang, which was started in the late 1940’s. It is commonly believed to have been founded by ex-members of famous military fighting units of the same name.
Then, in 1953, long after Prohibition had ended, President Eisenhower made it legal to sell alcohol to American Indians for the first time. This changed the lives of all Indian people.
In his grandfathers’ day, the Lakota warrior came from a good family where he had been taught good behavior, good manners, respect for all life and good relationship with all living things. His parents never lied to him and he never lied to anyone. He was reliable and practiced honor and respect with a clean mind.
Even with all those qualities, he still had to qualify to be a member of a warrior society. He had to prove himself. It wasn’t just about fighting. But when he did fight, even then he practiced respect. He never mutilated another warrior.
The young warrior also never stole from his own people. He never beat-up or took advantage of his people. He never practiced sexual assaults on anyone.
The young warrior knew his real purpose was to protect his people and their lives. He knew his purpose was to protect the c’anunpa carriers, the sacred pipe carriers, and the holy men and spiritual leaders. He also listened to and learned from the holy men and spiritual leaders. He not only respected and protected life but he also learned to practice compassion. He acted with honor.
The young warrior knew that if he did all this, life would be beautiful and all would live in harmony.
But with the effects of alcohol, drugs, and the continuing policies of the Federal government towards the Plains Tribes, most of this has become lost and forgotten.
These policies aren’t so different from those practiced against other ethnic groups throughout history. The Irish, the Italians, the Jewish, the Gypsies, and many others all experienced what was called ethnic cleansing. But, for the American Indian, the policies still continue today.
These policies try to force us to live in ghetto housing called Cluster Housing. These policies have taken away our traditional foods that kept us healthy. These policies have created a private state prison system that makes money on incarcerating our young people rather than rehabilitating them. These policies have kept my children, my grandchildren and nephews and nieces, from learning how to survive and live from the land.
These policies and politics have created the “haves” and the “have-nots”, a two-level society of extremes on the reservation favoring corruption and nepotism in BIA and reservation government relationships.
We have no YMCA. Many have no job or any possibility of a job. We have no vocational training centers. We have no residential treatment centers for children and teens as an alternative to jail like they have in the cities.
Hope is hard to find. So belonging to a gang has become the only way for many of our young people to feel good, to feel needed and wanted.
Now, they say the Lakota are “Third World Welfare Recipients.” But worse is the fact that our young people steal from each other. Our people shoot and hurt each other. They practice deceit and abuse our girls. Elders now live in fear. The traditional values of the Lakota warrior no longer exist. They have become lost to alcohol and drugs and gangs.
So today, I am calling on all young Lakota warriors and young Lakota people. We need you to help save the future generations to come. Not me, not Grandpa, I don’t need saving. But your children and your grandchildren do.
Get back into your own traditional spirituality and traditional ways and values. Those hold the answers for you. Those will guide you and help you to know who you are more than any gang ever could. And it will be you who will bring the harmony back to our lives.
It will be you who will bring back hope to our People.
Ho he’cetu yelo. I have spoken these words.
David Swallow, Wowitan Yuha Mani
Porcupine, South Dakota - The Pine Ridge Reservation
This article may be reprinted, reproduced, and/or re-distributed unedited with proper attribution and sourcing for non-profit, educational, news, or archival purposes.
Stephanie M. Schwartz may be reached at email@example.com
View other publications of Stephanie M. Schwartz at www.SilvrDrach.homestead.com


PROPERTY DIAGRAMS AND STEAM TABLES
Enthalpy-Temperature (h-T) Diagram
An h-T diagram exhibits the same features as on the previous property diagrams. Figure 12 is
the h-T diagram for pure water. An h-T diagram can be constructed for any pure substance. As
in the previous property diagrams, there are regions on the h-T diagram in which two phases
exist together. The region between the saturated liquid line and the saturated vapor line
represents the area of two phases existing at the same time. The vertical distance between the
two saturation lines represents the latent heat of vaporization. If pure water existed at point A
on the saturated liquid line and an amount of heat was added equal to the latent heat of
vaporization, then the water would change phase from a saturated liquid to a saturated vapor
(point B), while maintaining a constant temperature. As shown in Figure 12, operation outside
the saturation lines results in a subcooled liquid or superheated steam.
Figure 12 h-T Diagram for Water
The quality of the mixture at any point in the liquid-vapor region can be found using the same
relationship as shown for the P-h diagram.


How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated?
Treatment for peripheral artery disease has three major goals. The first is to manage symptoms, such as leg pain, so that you can resume physical activities. The second is to stop the progression of atherosclerosis throughout your body to reduce your risk of heart attack and stroke. The final goal is to improve your quality of life.
Treatments for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) include lifestyle changes, medicines, and surgery or procedures.
Treatment often includes making long-lasting lifestyle changes, such as:
- Quit smoking. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke.
- Lower blood pressure. This lifestyle change can help you avoid the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and kidney disease.
- Lower high blood cholesterol. Lowering cholesterol can delay or even reverse the buildup of plaque in your arteries.
- Lower blood glucose levels if you have diabetes. You should request an A1C test to show how well you have controlled your blood sugar level over the past 3 months.
- Be physically active. Talk with your doctor about taking part in a supervised exercise program appropriate for your condition. This type of program has been shown to reduce PAD symptoms.
Success in treatment of PAD is often measured by how far you can walk without pain. Proper exercise helps condition your muscles to use oxygen more efficiently.
- Follow a healthy eating plan that’s low in total fat and salt. Include fruits, vegetables, and whole grains as part of a heart healthy diet. [link to my plate]
- If you’re overweight or obese, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan.
These same lifestyle changes are also the means by which you can prevent PAD thereby avoiding the potential complications of the disease.


The important information from this chapter is summarized below.
Thermodynamic Properties Summary
The following properties were defined:
Specific volume (n) is the total volume (V) of a substance divided by the
total mass (m) of that substance.
Density (r) is the total mass (m) of a substance divided by the total
volume (V) occupied by that substance.
Specific gravity (S.G.) is a measure of the relative density of a substance
as compared to the density of water at a standard temperature.
Humidity is the amount of moisture (water vapor) in the air. It can be
measured in absolute or relative units.
The following classifications of thermodynamic properties were described:
Intensive properties are those that are independent of the amount of mass.
Extensive properties are those that vary directly with the mass.


Boiling regimes at various stages
During the "four cell boil-off" experiment reported in the F&P paper (1), each cell goes through different boiling regimes, according to the electric current and to the (bulk) water temperature. The following jpeg helps to explain these different regimes.
The video still at 3:20:14, taken from the "IMRA time-lapse" video (2), exemplifies 4 different regimes of the cell and the graph on the right, obtained by superimposing the four Figures 6 of paper (1), shows the different condition of each regime:
- Cell 1 has completed its boil-off transient since 3 days and is already cold. There is only a thick layer of residual foam settled on the bottom;
- Cell 2 is shown during the most intense boiling phase. The lower transparent liquid layer is quite small. The cathode is much warmer than the surrounding water and generates a lot of vapor volume that goes through all the upper layers (bubbling water, rising foam and stationary foam on top) eventually escaping the cell and causing the loss of water mass;
- Cell 3 is at about 70°C, but, watching the video, it's easy to see the flux of small bubbles rising in its innermost region, just above the cathode. This indicates that at that time, the cathode is already at a temperature higher than the boiling point. However, contrary to Cell 2, these vapor bubbles don't reach the water surface and condense along their upward path, due to the low temperature of the surrounding water. In fact, the upper part of Cell 3 is as transparent as the upper part of Cell 4;
- Cell 4 is at about 60°C, the thin flux of bubbles which rises the cell is due only to the electrolysis gases.
Beyond these mechanism of water vaporization at the electrode surfaces, there is also the evaporation on the water surface of the cell, but its contribution can be neglected because, at low temperatures, it is very small and, at higher temperatures, it is much smaller than the vaporization on the electrode surfaces.


The Dark Mark, as Hermione first explained, was Voldemort’s symbol or ‘sign’. It had two forms: a physical Dark Mark cast in the sky using the spell ‘Morsmordre’ and an actual mark, burnt into the forearm of Voldemort’s Death Eaters. In both instances, it featured a skull with a snake protruding from its mouth – snakes, of course, being symbolic of Voldemort, and his ancestor, Salazar Slytherin.
In the years after Voldemort’s defeat, both forms still had the potential to cause fear and confusion, for followers and enemies alike.
The absent Death Eaters
Those who carried the Dark Mark were literally branded by their allegiance to Voldemort. And that ‘vivid red tattoo’ Harry spotted on Wormtail’s arm was not just symbolic – it was also a method of communication. Its colour faded when Voldemort was weak, but as he returned to strength so did the Marks upon his followers’ skins. When Voldemort summoned his Death Eaters, they felt their Dark Marks burn; likewise, they called him by placing a hand upon the Mark.
The varying responses to Voldemort’s summons show that being branded with the Dark Mark was not just a simple statement of allegiance. For some Death Eaters, like Karkaroff, it was a reminder not of loyalty but of betrayal. When Voldemort returned after 13 years’ absence, Karkaroff fled in fear, having passed names to the authorities to save his own skin. Also failing to respond to the summons were the imprisoned Lestranges and perhaps Voldemort’s most faithful servant, Barty Crouch Jr. Those who did respond, then, were neither murderously loyal or traitorous. They were just the ones who avoided Azkaban and, presumably, spent 13 years hiding their arms.
One such Death Eater was Lucius Malfoy. Lucius may have been happy to slip Riddle’s diary into Ginny Weasley’s belongings and partake in Muggle-torture, but he was also selling off his Dark artefacts and running from the Dark Mark at the Quidditch World Cup. Voldemort berated him for this, and he fell even further from grace when he failed to secure the prophecy during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries.
And yet for Lucius the Dark Mark was a sign of his beliefs. He may not have adhered to Voldemort’s notions of loyalty, but his actions were still those of an arrogant, anti-Muggle wizard. His son Draco, on the other hand, had a much more complicated relationship with the Dark Mark.
Becoming a Death Eater was a turning point for Draco, given it came with the task of killing Dumbledore. Voldemort gave Draco this mission to punish Lucius, but Draco pursued it because he wanted to restore his family’s position. So for Draco, the Dark Mark was bound up with his desire to please his father – yet as he struggled, he also began to question his parents. He couldn’t bring himself to kill Dumbledore in the end, proving that becoming a Death Eater wasn’t the end of the story.
As one of only a few Death Eaters absent from that graveyard in Goblet of Fire, Snape was further proof that being branded with the Dark Mark was not the full-stop Voldemort thought it should be. Snape’s feelings ran deeper than the Mark upon his skin, and they were what drove him. Despite stopping Karkaroff from talking about it, the burning of the Dark Mark on his arm did not give Snape pause because he’d already made his choices – he even showed it to Fudge, hoping to prove Dumbledore’s assertion that Voldemort had returned.
Voldemort’s former Death Eaters were personally alerted to his return, but for others it was the physical version of the Mark that signified danger. It was often cast in the sky when someone had been killed – a terrifying sight, as Arthur Weasley described:
‘Just picture coming home, and finding the Dark Mark hovering over your house, and knowing what you’re about to find inside …’ Mr Weasley winced. ‘Everyone’s worst fear … the very worst …’
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
Harry’s first experience of the Dark Mark was chaotic, but the spell cast at the Quidditch World Cup was only a sign of things to come. Before long, he was experiencing that terror himself. On returning to Hogwarts with Dumbledore in Half-Blood Prince, they saw the Dark Mark projected into the sky – and it filled Harry with dread.
The Dark Mark was a wizard’s mark: a wand was needed to cast the spell that formed it. Yet it was Winky the house-elf who was directly affected by the spell cast at the Quidditch World Cup. Found in possession of the wand that conjured the Dark Mark, Winky was banished from Crouch’s home. It was particularly ironic when we discovered who actually cast that spell, and why Winky was protecting them...
But it wasn’t all bad
The Dark Mark did inspire some positive forms of expression. Hermione drew on the idea to create the D.A.’s Protean-Charmed coins, which grew hot when a new meeting date was set (although, as she pointed out, she ‘decided to engrave the date on bits of metal rather than on our members’ skin’). And, because humour is always valuable and even Voldemort (especially Voldemort) was not immune to the Weasley twins’ mockery, visitors to Weasleys’ Wizard Wheezes could also purchase Edible Dark Marks (strapline: They’ll Make Anyone Sick!).


Administrative geographies (e.g. Local Councils, District Electoral Areas and Electoral Wards) are hierarchies of areas relating to national and local government in the UK. This hierarchy is complicated because there are several layers and the structure is different in each constituent country of the UK. In addition the boundaries of many of the layers in the hierarchy are subject to periodic or occasional change.
Smaller units (Super Output Areas and Small Areas) have been created below the administrative areas for statistical purposes.


DRAMA 8 (MDR--08)
Drama 8 is an active participatory course which teaches students to perform and relate to others in a confident, comfortable manner. This course enables the student to develop a strong sense of self-worth and interpersonal skills. Topics include: trust, concentration, observation and sense awareness, imagination, movement, mime, speech, teamwork, improvisation and theatre background. Drama is working under pressure, taking risks, dealing with disappointments as well as enjoying successes and meeting deadlines. Above all though, Drama is FUN with a capital "F". This is a course recommended for ALL students. Assignments and activities include: writing and performing in class, theatre games, communication skills, concentration exercises, group and individual improvisations, scene-work, television scripts, multi-media projects and school presentations. Assignments are based on cooperative group learning.
DRAMA 9 (MDR--09)
Study will focus on individual development through work in the following areas: concentration, trust, voice, sports, teamwork, script work and movement. The student should be able to present ideas in an open manner, remain in character and show concern for the well-being of fellow students. Assignments take the form of theater games, exercises, monologues and dialogues, as well as unit projects and basic scene work (scripted and unscripted). Most work will involve teamwork and be completed in class, however, some rehearsal and preparation for scene work and occasional memorization of script work may be given for homework.
DRAMA 10 (MDRM-10)
Drama 10 furthers the topics taught in Drama 9 and shifts its study to the technical skills of theatre such as: character portrayal, script analysis, introductory directing, vocal enhancement, and play production. Continued emphasis on trust, concentration, sensitivity, imagination, improvisation and role-playing will also be explored. Improvisations, speech work, role-play, communication skills and group interdependence are stressed. A new emphasis on solo performances begins via rehearsal and preparation for monologues, memorization of scripted material and project work in which the individual is responsible for the presentation of a specific skill (e.g. directing or blocking). Students must also be able to perform character roles believably.
ACTING 11 (MDRM-11)
Professional and community productions are recommended each term. Acting 11 is designed for the student who is interested in performance. It is a practical course dealing with theatre. It teaches a student skills in front of an audience which will provide self-confidence and self-awareness. At all times, participation, cooperation and teamwork are of major importance. Students will also attend professional productions to develop their critical abilities. Assignments and activities will include: acting techniques, acting styles, scenework, scriptwork, tableau, mask, mime and vocal work. Some work will be done relating to audition techniques, film acting and radio broadcasting. Grade 11 students not only have an increased opportunity to perform but also to participate, when possible, in the BC Festival of the Arts.
ACTING 12 (MDRM-12)
Prerequisite: ACT 11 or Teacher Permission
This course is designed for the advanced acting student. It reinforces the skills emphasized in Acting 11 and goes further in content and expectations. Students will deal largely with scripted roles and their skills of critical evaluation will be emphasized through script reading and attendance at professional productions throughout the year. Assignments and activities will include projects in acting styles, dramaturgy, and auditioning and script analysis. Some work will be done in the areas of film acting and radio broadcasting. Grade 12 students not only have an increased opportunity to perform but also participate when possible, in the B.C. Festival of the Arts.
THEATRE PERFORMANCE 12: DIRECTING & SCRIPT WRITING (MDRDS12)
Recommended: Acting 11 or Teacher permission
Admission to the course is based on the approval of the instructor. A student learns to read and analyze scripts with the intention of production. The student will be led through the process of directing including topics such as: play selection, conflicts within the play, research, imagery, period pieces, text analysis, auditions, blocking, objectives, actor-focusing techniques, etc. It is an excellent course in which to learn responsibility, leadership and cooperative skills. Assignments and activities will include reading scripts, writing scripts for various media, script analysis, directing scenes and director’s book preparation.


At 350.org we work towards replacing dirty fossil fuels with clean and renewable energy, not nuclear power. Even after decades of extensive government subsidy, the cost of nuclear power remains dauntingly high, in part because the potential of catastrophic accident requires the commitment to truly massive building projects. The cost of wind and especially sun are decreasing on an almost daily basis: solar panels down 75% in the last seven years. Meanwhile, the costs of nuclear power just keep rising, and its problems mirror those of fossil fuels: extractive mining, waste management issues, and a centralization of power. Conservation and renewables continue to be a far preferable strategy to addressing the climate crisis.


Legends of gold and treasure played a large and dynamic role in shaping the history of the southwestern U.S. Nothing in the history of man has inspired more acts of mayhem than the promise of wealth for the taking. In the case of the Seven Cities of Cibola (the Seven cities of Gold), the search for these fabled cities shaped the heritage and culture of the West.
The Seven Cities of Cibola were said to be legendary cities of gold located somewhere in the American Southwest. In 1539, the Spanish missionary Fr. Marcos de Niza discovered the Zuni people living in seven villages in present-day Arizona and New Mexico. Unfortunately, de Niza observed the villages from a distance, and therefore, he most likely came to the incorrect conclusion that the cities were full of treasure.
The Spanish took great wealth back to Spain as they conquered the Aztec and Inca people of South and Central America. It was easy for Spanish officials to believe Friar de Niza’s story when he said he’d seen the Seven Cities Cibola. His report created the legend that motivated Spanish expeditions into the southwest for decades to come. Among the explorers was Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who led a large expedition from northwestern Mexico in 1540. With some three hundred Spanish troops and Native American slaves, Coronado conquered the Zuni pueblos (what they thought of as the province of Cibola, what is now the present day Zuni Reservation in New Mexico), but found no gold.
Ironically, at the same time Coronado was exploring the Great Plains, Hernando de Soto’s expedition was pushing West from Florida. The two expeditions probably passed within a couple hundred miles of each other. Had they met, the history of the Southwest and Southeast might have radically changed. Had the two expeditions met, a series of base camps might have formed that could have led to eventual settlement along the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas.
Thanks to rumors of golden cities, Spanish expeditions explored many areas of the Southwest. Once the areas were explored, settlers quickly followed. Much of the Southwest belonged Mexico before war and outright purchase by the U.S. stripped the lands from Spanish hands. Yet the early history, architecture and heritage of the Southwest was strongly influenced by these early settlers, much of which remains a part of the Southwest even today.
Historians have debated for years over what de Niza might actually have seen. Most scholars agree that de Niza likely listened to local rumors and never actually laid eyes on the Seven Cities of Cibola or Quivira. However, others wonder if somewhere in the Southwest, a hidden settlement remains to be found where the wealth of the city(s) of gold lies waiting.