We are putting hunger on trial! Not really, but we are studying Irish Immigration in the 1840’s and 1850’s and our activity is to have a mock trial putting various groups on trial to decide why so many people either died or left Ireland in the 19th century and came to America.
The student groups will be given a “defendant” role in our trial. The groups will prepare their defenses and prepare questions and indictments of other groups in the trial in order to become less guilty.
Once the groups have prepared their statements they will make to the jury, we will be ready for trial. Each group will present their innocence, guilt or deflect blame to other groups during the trial as well as answer questions from the jury.
Here is where YOU come in!!! We need a jury! Our trial date is April 28.
I have shared the readings here, which will help you, our jury, prepare. The trial will last 1 class period (approximately 1 hour). At the end of the trial, you will decide the verdict and present it to the class. I would like to make the jury as realistic as possible so the more jurors we can get, the better. Last year we had 10 jurors in one class.
Our class period times are as follows: (you could volunteer to come to your child’s class hour or another hour)
1st Hour: 8:10 – 9:09
2nd Hour: 9:15 – 10:10
3rd Hour: 10:15 – 11:11
4th Hour: 11:46 – 12:43


THE LATEST IN CHILD SAFETY GUIDELINES
Both the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration issued new recommendations regarding child safety when riding in automobiles. This are just suggestions, of course. But they are based on evidence from crashes.
Small children are safest in rear-facing car seats until age 2 (yes, two…no longer one). Car seats have recommended weights printed on them. If a 1-year-old outweighs the recommendation of an infant seat, parents should switch to a different rear-facing car seat that accommodates the heavier weight until they turn 2. In front-facing car seats, a crash can jerk a child’s head, causing spinal cord injuries. A rear-facing child safety seat does a better job of supporting the head, neck and spine of infants and toddlers in a crash, because it distributes the force of the collision over the entire body. One-year-olds are five times less likely to be injured in a crash if they are in a rear-facing car seat than a forward-facing seat, according to a 2007 analysis of five years of U.S. crash data. An estimated 1,000 children injured in forward-facing seats over 15 years might not have been hurt if they had been in a car seat facing the back. Toddlers have relatively large heads and small necks. Bottom line: In a front-facing car seat, the force of a crash can jerk the child’s head causing spinal cord injuries. Good to know!
Both organizations say older children who’ve outgrown front-facing car seats should ride in booster seats until the lap-shoulder belt fits them. And please note: if the seat belt does not fit them properly in the booster seat, they need to be in a booster seat with a 5-point harness restraint. If their little bodies are too small, they can slip in an accident, causing life threatening injuries when their bodies impact on the adult seat belt. The movement allows increased momentum, crushing organs against the skeleton and the seat belt. There is nothing for the body to impact on when you use a harness. Booster seats help position adult seat belts properly on children’s smaller frames. Children usually can graduate from a booster seat when their height reaches 4 feet 9 inches. In Texas, our age and height requirements are under 8 years old or 4 feet 9 inches (whichever comes first). So, your 80 year old, 4’ 1” Grandmother doesn’t need to be in a booster seat. But, the back seat would be the safest place for a fragile little old lady as well. And they’ll fight ‘ya. Trust me.
For older children, poorly fitting seat belts can cause abdominal and spine injuries in a crash.
Children younger than 13 should ride in the back seat, the guidelines from both groups say. No problem with that one at my house. My 15 year old still rides in the back seat. Not for safety-sake. She just doesn’t want to be seen with me. I’ve accepted it. It’s o.k. I’ve moved on. I remember when mine was a tiny newborn. Bringing her home from the hospital. That fragile, tiny little thing in the back seat. Me, driving like a nervous Chihuahua. And now that she’s a teenager…I just want to drive off a bridge.
Just a re-cap…….Among the changes in AAP guidelines: (not the law, but suggested guidelines)
- Children should ride rear-facing to age 2, or until they reach the maximum height and weight for their seat. (The old policy from 2002 cited age 12 months and 20 pounds as a minimum for when to turn a seat around.)
- Children should use a booster seat until they have reached 4 feet 9 inches tall and are between 8 and 12 years old (again, Texas law is 8 years old or 4’ 9”)
- Children should ride in the rear of a vehicle until they are 13 years old.
Also see my blog “Safety Then v.s. Safety Now”
Until next time…..keep your babies safe!!!
(Daun is a comedienne, artist, writer, mother and one heck of a benevolent thesbo)


School Vending machines are students Obese
Let’s face it, kids in America fat. In fact, nearly 30% of the obese! What is causing this obesity epidemic? Where does the blame lie? It is hardly fair to blame the kids themselves; they are too young to make smart food choices when their parents are not around. And what about when their parents are around? What are you teaching your children about healthy eating habits? You can do it the best you can at home and serve well-rounded, properly portioned meal at dinner the children spend most of the day in school where you have no control over what they eat and how much they eat. We all know that school lunches are not the healthiest food in the world. Processed meals featuring frozen meat and starch lacks the necessary fruits, vegetables and whole grains that kids need to maintain proper weight. Where other children get food at school? Fear school vending machines take money for the children and make them fat.
Effects Eating junk food in schools
There are many reasons kids do not need to eat junk food in school. Not only does it affect their physical health, it affects mental health as well. Eat lots of empty calories and processed junk you do not fill it zaps your energy. Kids are not getting any “value” of this type of food. It does not knock their bodies or give them energy to perform throughout the day. They have a sugar rush followed quickly by a sugar crash that leaves them wanting another sugar “high” and the vicious cycle continues. The same applies to salt carb-laden snacks. Carbohydrates just turn to sugar and have the same effect on metabolism kid. A junk food diet will also cause children to lose focus, feel sluggish and perform poorly in class and on tests. Circulation can even slow down if you eat too much junk food and fat gets in the way of the blood flow. Brain capacity can also be at risk as a steady diet of junk food will cause a lack of oxygen, nutrients and protein to the brain. Further effects include heart disease and high cholesterol. As you can imagine, these health care that the child can have a major impact on life long kid. It is much harder to correct these health problems but it’s just to avoid them in the first place. Fat kids turn into fat adults, which is why over 25% of Americans are obese. Learn proper eating habits of children will help these children to maintain a healthy weight and body fat percentage as they grow older. School vending machines do not help kids make healthy eating choices.
Why Do schools have vending machines?
It seems so obvious that if you remove vending machines in schools, children will eat better. It is not so simple, unfortunately. Our schools are terribly underfunded and vending machines offer the profit stream that they need for their operating budgets. Schools receive money from the government under the National School Lunch Program which feeds more than 30 million children daily in over 101,000 schools. But it is simply not enough. One dollar per student is not enough to provide them with a healthy meal. So schools improve cafeteria offerings by adding vending machines other food options for students. Margins of vending machines are the huge mark-up is so high. And students visit the vending machines again and again because of the addictive power of sugar and carbohydrates have on the body.
Changes in Store for School Vending
There is light at the end of the tunnel junk food. The legislation is up for a vote that could mark the end of school vending machine era. The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act will give more money to the schools and will allow the Minister of Agriculture to establish nutrition standards for schools. Parents and schools can also play a major role in the eating habits of our guys. Schools can voluntarily remove junk food vending machines and / or replace them with healthy vending machines that offer kids food options that fill them up and help them focus throughout the day. Parents, real change has to come from you. Start with how you eat. Kids see what you eat and they are more likely to listen nutritional advice if you are eating healthy foods yourself. You can not eat pizza and expect kids to eat salad. Get your kids involved in cooking healthy meals. The more invested they are in the process, the more likely they are to eat something they are not usually fond of. Perhaps most importantly, parents need to put pressure on the schools their kids’ to make the necessary changes. Most school administrators will just let the vending machines still if they are not asked to remove them. If you take a position on health for children, schools will be forced to make changes.
We all know that change is taking place to help our children get back on track. They are simply too fat and the fault lies with the schools and parents. Vending machines are the main culprit, however, as they continue to provide our children with junk food that reduces their health and their ability to learn. Change has to come from both parents and schools in order to remove these machines and increase the chances of our children have in life. Their success in school, college, professional life and their health depends on it.


A LOOK BACK ON THE PSYCHEDELIC HISTORY OF MDMA
- October 13, 2018
As historians may tell you, drugs were treated much differently ten to one hundred years ago versus how they are used today. Sometimes essential oils and medications evolved into some of the most feared and lethal substances on the planet. For example, did you know the drug crystal meth was originally a sleep medication and weight-loss supplement? Recently, scientists have confirmed that marijuana has been popular for over 10,000 years (including recreational use of the drug). Another party drug, MDMA, also has a significant history. Let’s take a closer look at the destructive history of this mind-altering drug.
In 1912, German scientists originally developed MDMA (also known as ecstasy or Molly) as a pharmaceutical component. While experimenting with medications that could stop excessive bleeding, the scientists found a chemical called “3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine,” which was revealed to produce unusual psychoactive side effects. Two years later, in 1914, Merck (pharmaceutical company) officially patented MDMA as a pharmaceutical element.
Sometime later, during the Cold War, both the U.S. Army and the CIA conducted experiments in which MDMA and other hallucinogens were utilized as weapons. Even more disturbing, in the 1950s, the CIA initiated MK-Ultra, a project that tested these dangerous drugs on unwilling subjects to enhance concepts of mind control. However, none of the subjects were human.
Medicine and the War on Drugs
In the 1970s, psychiatrists prescribed MDMA as a psychotherapeutic medication, not unlike proposed options for the drug to be used as a PTSD alleviant today. As the 1980s approached, though, ecstasy had already garnered its reputation as a nasty party drug (or club drug) and earned the nickname “yuppie psychedelic,” due to producing a milder effect than LSD. In 1985, the United State government labeled MDMA a Schedule-I drug under the Controlled Substance Act, effectively banning it. Officials argued the drug hurt rather than helped and had no pharmaceutical values whatsoever.
Nevertheless, the drug is still passed around at clubs and has maintained infamy as a part of rave culture in the United States and the world.
Always remember that deadly drugs like MDMA do not have control over your life. You do. Are you suffering from a substance abuse disorder or addiction? Do you have a friend or family member suffering from one or more of these debilitating illnesses? If you do, get in touch with Asana Recovery today. Our counselors and healthcare experts are ready to walk you through every step of the detox and withdrawal process and rehabilitation and guide you towards living a happier, healthier, and freer lifestyle. While the road to recovery might not be an easy road to travel, we promise to help you every step of the way. Take the first step to stay fit, healthy, and safe.
The time for you to take back control of your life is now. If you are interested in one of our residential treatment or supervised detoxification/withdrawal programs, we are ready and waiting to speak with you at your disclosure. Call Asana now at (949) 438-4504 to learn how to overcome your drug addiction and substance abuse troubles today.


The U.S. Department of Energy has a goal to develop and demonstrate transformative bioenergy technologies to fuel a more sustainable nation. Reaching that goal will require roughly a billion tons of biomass, so we’ll need to rely on a variety of resources to get the job done. That’s why researchers at Idaho National Laboratory and elsewhere are testing some surprising and innovative ways to produce the next generation of biofuels.
So, in honor of Bioenergy Day Oct. 19, and just in time for Halloween, we present five bewitching ways to make bioenergy:
- Corn stover. Did you know that much of the gasoline sold in the U.S. contains about 10 percent ethanol made from corn grain? But it turns out corn stover — the leaves, cobs and stalks left after the corn harvest — can be turned into fuel, too. Several companies in the United States and Canada have developed refineries that use corn stover to make ethanol, with more plants set to go into operation in the near future. DOE is also looking into innovative ways to make other fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, from stover.
- Algae. It turns out the same aquatic critters from the black lagoon are photosynthetic powerhouses. In fact, algae grows so fast that some researchers say it could be 10 to 100 times more productive than other bioenergy sources, and the fuel produced from algal biofuels technologies could be used to power everything from cars and trucks to trains and planes.
- Municipal solid waste (otherwise known as garbage). Energy producers have burned trash for power generation and captured gases such as methane for years. INL researchers process MSW into pellets and other easy-to-use formats, and mix it with other types of biomass for conversion to biofuels.
- Beetle-killed trees. A recent pine beetle outbreak left millions of acres of dead trees throughout the Rocky Mountain states. Selectively harvesting some of these trees for conversion to biofuels provides land managers with an additional option to deal with beetle-killed forests, and gives bioenergy producers a valuable source of biomass.
- Blended biomass. If one particular type of biomass isn’t available or costs too much, why not blend several types together? INL researchers have blended corn stover, switchgrass and municipal grass clippings, and formed a “Frankenstein” mixture into pellets to increase quality, reduce costs and minimize supply risks. INL researchers have found that these blends often work better than a single type of biomass for conversion to biofuels.
Researchers also have made biofuels using fungi, grease from restaurants, synthetic bacteria, sugar cane and more. INL scientists have investigated some of these options and found that corn stover and municipal solid waste, in particular, hold tremendous promise as biofuels. These bewitching ideas are all part of DOE’s efforts to advance technologies that can help the U.S. enhance its energy security with homegrown energy sources. Learn more about INL’s bioenergy research here.


The cultural politics of Baldur von Schirach, 1925-1940 / by Christopher N. Koontz.
This thesis examines the career of Baldur von Schirach, who headed the National Socialist Students' Union from 1928 to 1931 and the Hitler Youth from 1931 until 1940. As the leader of these Nazi youth groups, Schirach engendered a perception of National Socialism in which he saw the rise of the Nazi state as the culmination of German cultural progress. He attempted to encourage the youth of Germany to accept his idea of cultural struggle through his poetry, speeches, and ideological writings. These works reveal his conviction in National Socialist ideas such as Hitler's personality cult, the abstract idealization of youth as a political force, racism, militant nationalism, and a nihilistic conception of self-annihilating patriotism.
Record last modified: 2018-05-29 16:28:00
This page: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/bib90736


This last simple machine is the most complex and works well when you need to lift or lower heavy objects. A pulley is an object with a groove, like a wheel, that has a rope cord, or chain running through the groove. A pulley changes the direction of the input force. There are three types of pulleys; the fixed pulley, the moveable pulley and the combined pulley. Although very similar to a wheel and axle, it's not the same. Can you spot the difference?
Top Secret Activities
You definitely need to practice with pulleys. In order to do this, watch either of the top secret videos, then visit MIKids and explore the various examples of pulleys.
Create your own
Before you move on to the activities and quiz page, you will need to test yourself to be sure that you not only can spot a pulley, but you can make one of your own. When you are satisfied that you can demonstrate your own pulley, either take a picture, a video, or sketch a scientific diagram of it. Which of the three types is it and why did you choose that design? Don't forget to describe it and it's parts.
As this is the last simple machine for you to investigate, your writing in both the 'Secret Agent Blog' and in your Simple Machines notebook, should reflect on all that you have learned about these six simple tools and from exploring this section? What successes and challenges have you encountered? Be sure to explain in detail so that others can agree, disagree, or add to your comments and ideas in the blog.
HIDDEN LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE:
In order to gain access to each level of knowledge in this mission you must first gain access to the hidden mission page links. To do that you must click on the link below:


Free String Theory Essay Sample
String theory is a mathematical model that attempts to find a common explanation for the four main forces observed in nature: gravity, electromagnetic force, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force. String theory proposes that the electrons and quarks in an atom are one-dimensional oscillating lines or strings not 0-dimensional objects. Unlike Classical, physics that defines the universe as being made of small particles that are static and unchanging, String theory posits that the particle is a string or line vibrating in diverse ways to form the four different forces. String theory dismisses the common scientific thinking that matter is made up of very small particles that we cannot observe and determine their shape and upholds the idea that the small particles are shaped as tiny loops of string (Holt). These tiny loops move fast back and forth in different and diverse ways to form different types of matter.
The theory owes a lot of its origin to the work of Albert Einstein. It originally came up in the 1960s and 1970s as a theory of hadrons- referring to subatomic particles (for instance the proton and neutron), that feel the strong interaction. In the 1960s, two scientists (Geoffrey Chew and Steven Frauschi) established that mesons were responsible for families that were called Regge trajectories. These families had masses that were later understood by the scientists Leonard Susskind Yoichiro Nambu and H. Bech Nielsen as the relationships arising from rotating strings. Geoffrey Chew proposed coming up with a theory that took into account the interactions of the trajectories. The proposed theory had no presumption that the trajectories had any fundamental particles, but held that they used self-consistency conditions to construct their interactions. Self-consistency conditions were based on the S-matrix approach, which was developed in 1940s by Werner Heisenberg. This was a means of coming up with a theory that had a bias on the local ideas of space and time. Heinsenberg viewed such a theory as breaking away at the nuclear scale (Susskind 403). Other names of important mention in the development of the string theory include Ferdinando Gliozzi, David Olive, John Schwarz, Daniel Friedan, Tom Banks, Cumrun Vafa and most recently (1997) Juan Maldecenona.
String theory can be elaborated using an action principle. This involves using the Nambu-Goto action and the Polyakov action, which are descriptions of the movement of strings through space and time. When there are no external interactions, string dynamics use a combination of tension and kinetic energy to produce oscillations. The theory’s spectrum is that quantum mechanics of strings make the oscillations to adopt discrete vibration modes. On distance scales that are larger than the radius of the string, every oscillation made conducts itself as a different particle species, having mass, spin and charge established by the dynamics of the string. Split or recombined strings correspond to the emission and absorption of particles, activities that result to particle interactions. A point-like particle's motion can be shown by sketching a graph of the particle’s position against time. The picture that is depicted is the worldline (history) of the particle expressed in space-time.
An important characteristic of the theory is its ability to predict extra dimensions. The classic string theory has no fixed criterion for the number of dimensions. However so as to come up with a consistent quantum theory, the string theory has to live in the space-time of the “critical dimension”. Thus, the bosonic string should have 26 space-time dimensions, and the superstring should have 10. This is important to enable the disappearance of the conformal anomaly (as described in the conformal field theory).
String theory is a good way of describing how some things work. This is especially true given that scientists cannot use one theory to prove everything, or give answers to every question that can be imagined. The theory differs from other theories as it can aid scientists to give explanations to all sorts of questions possible. This has led to many scientists to exhibit enthusiasm towards the ideas forwarded by the theory. Just as Albert Einstein dreamt of, the string theory could in future be the theory of “everything”.
The theory asserts that there are two ideas that can predict the identical physical observations of the whole world. One of this is "as large as we think the universe is”, that is approximately “the 74 billion light years circumference predicted in Weeks' model. The other is much smaller than the Planck Length” (Polchinski). These two mathematical expressions effectively explain what human beings see in the world.
Different versions of string theory exist. There is the superstring theory that proposes 10 or 11 dimensions. The Bosonic string theory proposes 26 dimensions. The latter theory holds gravity as the central force. It maintains that four of the 10 dimensions are visible to human eyes. These other dimensions hint at visible forces. The string theory is noted for not judging the other theories in physics as right or wrong. It is also credited with coming up with lots of new ideas like the ones used in the mathematics of Calabi-Yau spaces, folding and knots.
On the other hand, string theory has many issues of controversy. Many versions of the theory exist, and surprisingly, none of the versions is accurate. The versions solely depend on good guesses. The proponents of this theory justify this shortfall by arguing that development of the theory is o There is also the problem of the mathematical laws used in string theory. These laws can result to many different possible solutions. The proponents of string theory normally solve the problem through settling for the results that match their observations and holding that with time it will be established why the other results were not good. Critics point out that the truthfulness of the theory cannot be established by only using the bits that work, without any reason for leaving those which do not (Polchinski). This discrepancy has rendered the theory of little use, given mathematical laws should be used to foretell what will take place in a situation. String theory lacks this essential feature of mathematical laws because it needs trying first before scientists single out the answers that work.
Another major shortfall of the theory is the proposition that the world encompasses at least 10 dimensions. In reality, human beings see only four dimensions that are time, depth, width and height. The proponents of the theory hold that some human beings cannot see some dimensions, an argument seen by the majority as weak (Susskind 403). There is widespread doubt that there can be six dimensions (or more) that are hidden, or that cannot be accessed even if they are in existent.
Some scientists hold that this theory should not be taken as part of science because it lacks new experimental predictions at accessible scales of energy. In addition, String theory lacks guesses that scientists can test in the present time or in the future (Klebanov and Juan ). This adds to the claim that the theory is unscientific.
In conclusion, the string theory should be treated with caution in the study of physics. This is despite the fact that Albert Einstein would be happy with it, having himself envisaged such a theory to explain every situation in the world.


A record-breaking heatwave in Siberia would have been almost impossible without human-caused climate change, a study has found. The Russian region’s temperatures were more than 5C above average between January and June of this year. Temperatures exceeded 38C in the Russian town of Verkhoyansk on 20 June, the highest temperature ever recorded north of the Arctic circle. The Arctic is believed to be warming twice as fast as the global average. An international team of climate scientists, led by the UK Met Office, found the record average temperatures were likely to happen less than once every 80,000 years without human-induced climate change.
BBC 15th July 2020 read more »
Guardian 15th July 2020 read more »
Carbon Brief 15th July 2020 read more »
Telegraph 15th July 2020 read more »
The Great Lakes of North America are giving scientists cause for concern after registering the highest water temperatures on record for this time of year. The spike comes after exceptionally hot weather along the eastern half of the US-Canadian border, and amid a pattern of annual water temperature rises in most of the past 25 years, encouraging algal blooms that can reduce water quality and harm some aquatic species. Lake Erie, which is the shallowest of the five Great Lakes and the fourth largest by surface area, is worst affected: on July 10 it registered an average water temperature of 26.4C; about 5C above normal for this time of year and its joint-warmest mark ever recorded.
Times 16th July 2020 read more »


In this Slate commentary, Tim Hartford explores the Starbucks strategy for price discrimination. Price discrimination occurs when a firm charges different prices for the same product. Because the product is the same, the price difference does not reflect difference in cost, rather it reflects differences in consumer willingness-to-pay.
Acoording to Hartford, Starbucks effectively charges high prices to customers with a higher willingness-to-pay by serving them cappucinos in larger cups. To understand Hartford's argument you need to assume that an 8-ounce (short) cappucino is essentially the same thing as a 12-ounce (tall) since both drinks contain the same amount of espresso. Starbucks baristas will gladly make you a smaller and, according to Hartford, higher-quality cappucino at a lower price. So, if short and tall cappucinos contain the same amount of espresso, and the short is arguably better than the tall, how does Starbucks manage to charge more for the tall cappucino? Follow the link to find out:
In the end, this pricing strategy works well for Starbucks. The firm keeps price sensitive cappucino connoisseurs coming back by offering (covertly) the less expensive, higher-quality 8-ounce drink. At the same time, Starbucks rakes in the maximum mark-up from unenlightened customers who willingly pay a bit more to quaff the super-sized cappucinos.
Price discrimination requires three conditions: market power, differences in consumer willingness-to-pay, and the ability of the firm to segment the market into consumers with high willingness-to-pay and consumers with low willingness-to-pay.
1. What type of firm is Starbucks: perfectly competitive, monopolistically competitive, oiligopoly, or monopoly? What is the source of Starbucks's market power?
2. Hartford claims that Starbucks's marginal production costs are the same, regardless of beverage size. List some of those costs.
3. What strategy does Starbucks use to split the market into consumers with high willingness-to-pay and lower willingness-to-pay?
4. What would happen to the company's profit margin and consumer base if Starbucks refused to make short cappucinos altogether?
5. Think about the other examples of price discrimination that Hartford cites. How does Tesco, the British grocer, price discriminate? Do you see similar tactics in American supermarkets?
6. What strategy did railroads use to segment their market? Were railroads really charging different prices for the same product, or does the roofless car represent a different product altogether?
By Brandon Fuller


by B.B. Pelletier
Leslie Foran (aka Desertdweller) took this winning photo of his grandson Nicky Crocker shooting a Daisy 856.
Today, we’ll look at peep sights. Do you think a peep sight is a modern invention? Wrong! Despite what Wikipedia says, peep sights date from at least as far back as the 1840s and perhaps even a half-century earlier. There were sights enclosed in tubes during the American Revolution (1775-1783), but those had not yet reached the full development of the sights I will discuss today. By 1840, peep sights were being offered by a great many rifle makers.
The first peep sight consisted of a round, flat plate with a hole drilled through its center. It was mounted on a threaded stalk; and when turned, it could be screwed up and down for vertical adjustment. One-half turn was all that was required, because the plate was the same on both sides. It was located on the tang of a rifle and was used in conjunction with a very fine front bead sight that was mounted atop a tall thin post. This early peep sight has been called a lollipop sight for more than a century because of the resemblance to that candy.
This lollipop sight is from a later schuetzen rifle, but it’s very similar to ones made before the American Civil War.
The front sight was so thin as to be fragile, and so was enclosed in a steel tube — or what we now call a globe. The earliest type of front bead was made from pig bristles that were touched on their tips by a red-hot iron. The heat caused the bristle to melt into a tiny ball that became the bead. The other end of the bristle was stuck in a small piece of soft pine and covered with shellac to hold it in place. The piece of wood was then attached inside the front tube, completing the sight. Later front posts were filed from steel, but they could never be as thin as the ones made from pig’s bristle.
This steel front post and bead is many times thicker than the pig’s bristle front sight mentioned in this report.
Using the peep sight
To use the peep sight, the shooter looked through the hole in the plate (the peephole) and focused on the front bead. The bead was then held either in the center of the target or just under the center, depending on the type of targets being used. An early target was a wooden shingle blackened by fire and scraped white in the center. This white spot was called the mark, and early target shooting was called “Shooting at a mark.”
You’ll notice that I didn’t discuss where the front bead is supposed to be positioned relative to the peephole. That’s because it doesn’t work that way! If you look through a peephole and keep both eyes open, your brain will automatically center the bead in the center of the peephole, because that’s the source of the brightest light.
From the shooter’s perspective, all he does is look through the peephole and put the front bead on the target. His eyes do the rest. That’s why the peep sight is so much more precise than sporting types of open sights.
When the front sight is a square post, it works the same; but you have to estimate the location of the middle of the peephole. On some sights with large peepholes, that can be difficult. It’s still many times faster than a post-and-notch sight set and at least as prercise.
This is what a square-post front sight looks like through a peep. The aim point is 6 o’clock on the bull.
The front aperture
Around 1874, a new type of front sight came into widespread use. It was an aperture atop a post, and the reason it took until 1874 to come into use was because most targets weren’t round until then. Most shooters shot at targets that were squares, so a round aperture wasn’t of much use. But when the American Standard target came into accepted use (the National Rifle Association lobbied for it), it brought the front aperture with it.
To use this type of front sight with the rear peep sight, you look through the peep and focus on the front aperture. Center the black bull in the aperture, and you’re done. As long as your front aperture is very close to the same size as the black bull downrange, all you have to do is align a series of concentric circles.
This is what you see through the peep sight when the front sight is an aperture and the bull is round.
Keep both eyes open!
It isn’t just a good idea to keep both eyes open when using a peep sight — it’s absolutely essential to their proper operation. I did a blog on this back in 2009 that gave you a quick experiment to conduct. If you do so, you will discover why you must keep both eyes open to use peep sights!
In what era do you place the movie Quigley Down Under? Be careful, because the rear sight on his rifle had not been used on an American rifle before 1874. That was the year the UK champion Irish Rifle Team challenged the US team to a match to decide the world championship. The US had no team at the time of the challenge, nor did we have any standard rifles that were up to shooting the 800-, 900- and 1000-yard distances involved. Even the rifle range known as Creedmoor was specially built for this challenge match.
To help the American team, both Sharps and Remington made special Creedmoor match rifles fitted with the very first vernier rear peep sights ever used in this country. They also had wind-gauge front sights to adjust for the drift and winds on the range.
When I return with the next section of this report, I’ll show you what an advancement this really was.


One of America's leading authorities on China outlines and assesses the implications of the inevitable passing of Mao Tse-tung and the older generation of revolutionary leaders from their position of command in China. Describing the mid-1960's as "a transitional period of great historic significance," the author outlines the basic unsolved problems and unresolved issues that face Peking's leaders, speculates on future changes in Chinese Communist leadership and policies. Part Il of the book presents documents pertinent to the developing crisis in China, including "Khrushchev's Phoney Communism," Lin Piao's "Long Live the Victory of the People's War," and "Great Cultural Revolution." "China After Mao" is based on the Walter E. Edge lectures given at Princeton University in October 1966. Originally published in 1967. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Timothy Lomperis persuasively argues the ironic point that the lessons of American involvement in Vietnam are not to be found in any analysis of the war by itself. Rather, he proposes a comparison of the Vietnam experience with seven other cases of Western intervention in communist insurgencies during the Cold War era: China, Indochina, Greece, the Philippines, Malaya, Cambodia, and Laos. Lomperis maintains that popular insurgencies are manifestations of crises in political legitimacy, which occur as a result of the societal stresses caused by modernization. Therefore, he argues, any intervention in a 'people's war' will succeed or fail depending on how it affects this crisis. The unifying theme in the cases Lomperis discusses is the power of land reform and electoral democracy to cement political legitimacy and therefore deflect revolutionary movements. Applying this theory to the ongoing Sendero Luminoso insurgency in Peru, Lomperis makes a qualified prediction of that conflict's outcome. He concludes that a global trend toward democratization has produced a new era of 'people's rule.'
This comprehensive volume traces the Chinese military and its experiences over the past 2,500 years, describing clashes with other kingdoms and nations as well as internal rebellions and revolutions. • Approximately 300 A–Z entries covering China's military tradition over the past 2,500 years • Contributions from over 50 distinguished international scholars from China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States • Maps of China and Asia, depicting provinces and major cities, major battles and campaigns, and disputed borders • Photographs of military leaders, soldiers, weapon systems, and battle grounds • Selected multicultural bibliography of research materials from the field of military history, both in English and in Chinese • A helpful appendix of Chinese dynasties
This book, first published in 1969, casts a critical eye over the problem of insurgency. The author sees insurgency not just as a matter of technique – military tactics or organizational skill – nor as the result of ‘force and fraud’, but as ‘people’s war’: the conditions in which the mass of the people become involved, voluntarily or otherwise, on either side. He quotes Nasution’s statement, ‘The guerrilla movement is only the result, not the cause of the problem’. People’s war brings the peasantry, hitherto ignorant, apathetic or rejected, into the political process. For ‘war is ... the continuation of politics by other means’. In Asia this was essentially a peasant’s war, arising when peasant grievances, interests or demands cannot be met under the existing ‘legitimate’ but urban or landowner-orientated system of rule. It shows little understanding to blame outside intervention when peasant – and nationalist – unrest leads to revolt. The Chinese Communists did not owe success to Soviet aid, the Vietminh to Chinese assistance or the Vietcong to North Vietnamese intervention. The conclusion applies to governments as to insurgents: no amount of outside aid can win the war for them if they themselves are incapable and the people – on whom they depend for support – have no will to fight. This book, based on first-hand experience of the area and on study of original sources, offers (1) an analysis of ‘people’s war’ in China, Indochina and Vietnam, (2) a critique of US policy in Laos and Vietnam and (3) a comparison with counter-measures in Malaya, the Philippines and Indonesia. It is both original and constructive.


Teenagers and drug abuse essay drug abuse among american teenagers drug abuse in america is a major problem these drugs that teenagers use range from. One group leading the charge to understand drug use in america is the national institute on drug abuse prescription drug abuse statistics alcohol abuse statistics. Alcohol and drug abuse essay influence of drug and alcohol abuse among kenyan teenage education essay on overspending and bankruptcy in america movie essays.
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How we change what others think, feel, believe and do
The Evolutionary Ruleset
Neurophysiologist William Calvin has described the basics of evolutionary creativity in a set of ‘The Six Essentials’. He also shows how the principles of human evolution can also be applied to other areas, such as ideas.
In animals and people, this is the DNA patterns, held in the genes. This principle was taken further by Richard Dawkins when he described the ‘meme,’ which is a single idea or thought.
With animals, this means reproduction. Your children contain copies of your genes. With ideas (or memes), copying occurs when other people learn of the idea.
Your children are not exact photocopies of you. They may look similar, but they not only are made up of a combination of their parents’ characteristics, but the genes do experiments along the way, mutating into different forms.
This happens with ideas too. When you tell them to other people, or even recall past thoughts, the received thought may be subtly or somewhat different from the original idea.
A given area of land will support only a limited number of animals, plants and people. We compete both within our own species and between species for access to those things that are needed to survive and procreate.
Ideas also fight both one another and established concepts for the prize of development and use. Good ideas spread more rapidly as they are told and retold. Ideas which are weak or difficult to understand are given less consideration. When an inventor chews over ways of cooling down a room, established concepts (such as fans) compete with new ideas, for example using thermal materials for heat transfer.
The environment in which the species live will tend to favour some animals over others. For example, mountainous conditions will help scrubby plants which can survive in rocky outcrops and animals like goats which can get to these plants to eat them.
Different business cultures will also help different types of ideas. In an R&D environment, product ideas will thrive, whilst in a marketing group, new ways of communicating will be given more space for experimentation and trial.
When an animal mutates successfully, evolution seems to pay particular attention to it, performing additional experiments. Perhaps unsurprisingly, humans are the most rapidly evolving species. Out of interest, the second most evolved group are birds: the dominion of the air has given them a huge advantage in reaching food and travelling distances with which other species can not compete.
We can use the same principle in our inventions. If a line of agricultural thought on turning over soil leads to a new form of plough, further exploration along the same line could lead to an even better plough.
This is a useful pattern for all kinds of development, from leadership selection to designing products. If you are in a system where evolutionary forces are at play, make sure your patterns are the successful ones (or you copy or ally with those which are more successful).
And the big


Wild Pantex – A Bird and How it Relates to Native American Heritage Month, Pantex
Article by Jim Ray, Pantex Wildlife Biologist/Scientist
As part of November’s Native American Indian Heritage Month, it was a fitting tribute to consider the unique relationship that Native Americans had with a bird that Pantex works with quite extensively. Thanks to several eastern and, especially, southeastern tribes, the Purple Martin earns the distinction of being North America’s longest managed songbird. When European settlers arrived on our eastern shores, they found Native Americans hosting colonies of Purple Martins in their villages. The birds would nest each summer in hollowed-out gourds that the village inhabitants hung for them from cut saplings. They obviously appreciated the birds, whether it was for control of biting insects or those known to damage their crops or the drying meats and skins that hung about their villages. Perhaps another benefit was the warning provided by alarm calls that the birds tend to give when a predator or human stranger approaches.
Human's continue to provide Eastern Purple Martins nesting cavities as they have for thousands of years.
It is not known for sure just how long this relationship existed, but it is estimated that the bottle or birdhouse gourd (Asian or African origin) arrived in what is now the eastern United States around 8,000 years ago. Regardless, the relationship propelled Purple Martins east of the Rocky Mountains to shift from natural cavities to that of multi-compartment birdhouses and hollow gourds for nesting. The only known exception, today, is a few pairs that nest in woodpecker cavities in a single stand of flooded palm trees in Florida.
So how does this relate to the United States Department of Energy/National Nuclear Security Administration’s Pantex Plant?
Within the spirit of Executive Order 13186, Responsibilities of Federal Agencies to Protect Migratory Birds, we have spent considerable time working towards the conservation of this declining migratory songbird through a multi-pronged approach. Specific projects involve a unique outreach program that resulted in the banding of over 10,000 Purple Martins among more than 40 colonies in Texas and Oklahoma. In 2013, Pantex expanded this work by collaborating in a partnership led by York University, the University of Manitoba, and the Purple Martin Conservation Association in studies of this bird’s ecology during the non-breeding season. Pantex purchases and deploys geolocator and G.P.S. data-loggers, thus providing a critical study site in the southwestern extremity of the range. Lastly, we have contributed technical guidance to a graduate-level class at Texas Tech University which analyzed data collected by citizen scientists across the range.
Among the benefits of the program; extensive media attention, presentations to bird watching, civic, and technical groups; as well as several publications on the bird, the program, and its results. Co-authored publications led by York University and the University of Manitoba on important stop-over and wintering sites used by Purple Martins are considered “breakthrough” and appearing in the most prestigious of scientific journals. An anticipated publication led by Texas Tech University will indicate the value of managed bird housing in contributing to the continued existence of the eastern Purple Martin.
Amidst all of this work, and myself being fortunate enough to host a colony of Purple Martins at my residence, I often wonder how many generations of humans have provided homes for these birds? As mind-boggling as it may seem, there may very well have been more generations involved in this bird’s management pre-European settlement, than afterwards. We are excited to be able to contribute to conservation of this storied songbird species.


On June 9, 2015, Peter MacKay, the then Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada announced legislative changes aimed at protecting Canadians from discrimination on the basis of genetic information.
What Rights are currently protected?
Currently, the human rights of employees who work in Ontario for a provincially regulated company are protected by the Ontario Human Rights Code (“Code”). The Code protects individuals from discrimination on the basis of race, ancestry, place of origin, color, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, record of offences, marital status, family status or disability during their employment.
Similarly, the Canadian Human Rights Act protects employees across Canada who work for federally regulated employers like banks, airlines and the federal government from discrimination on the same grounds. The Canadian Human Rights Act does not included gender identity and expression.
How is genetic information used to discriminate?
There is significant research conducted daily in Ontario and across Canada which allows individuals to understand certain genes that they may be carrying and seek preventative treatment for diseases caused by those genes. For example, in this high profile case, Angelina Jolie described her decision to have a preventative double mastectomy as a result of carrying the gene mutation BRCA1.
Currently, in Ontario insurance companies, employers or service providers can use the knowledge that an individual has a specific gene to decide not to employ that person, or deny him or her insurance coverage.
What will change?
If the changes proposed by Minister MacKay are passed into law, the Canadian Human Rights Act will be amended to include that ground of genetic test results. Specifically, the Act would say that discrimination on the basis that an individual may be more likely to have a disability, is discrimination on the basis of disability.
We will be keenly watching to see whether the bill is passed into law and whether governments like Ontario follow suit and amend the provincial human rights legislation.
If you have experienced discrimination because of a disability, please contact us at [email protected] or 1-888-640-1728 (toll free) or 647-633-9894 (within the GTA).
The courts recently confirmed that layoffs remain a constructive dismissal even in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Despite the many areas that limit unionized employees’ rights, these employees are able to bring human rights claims.
Terminated employees who worked for federal employers may be entitled to more termination pay.


Dr. Peter Shewry of the University of Bristol in the U.K. is one of the world’s most eminent agricultural scientists, an expert in wheat.
I came across this particularly telling comment from a review on genetic modification he coauthored with colleague, Nigel Halford:
Conventional breeding is limited by fertility barriers that allow only plants of the same, or closely related, species to be crossed. However, ‘wide crossing’ with more distantly related species can be achieved if ’embryo rescue’ is used to culture and regenerate embryos that would normally abort. Similarly, mutagenesis with chemical or physical mutagens can be used to induce new variation in the species of interest. Both wide crossing and mutation breeding can result in the expression in crop plants of many novel or modified genes, the effects of which cannot be assessed readily. However, both approaches are considered to be ‘conventional’, with no requirement for detailed assessment of the plants produced before they are introduced into the food chain.
In other words, it’s not just simply crossing plant A with plant B. It’s about rescuing mutated embryos that otherwise would not survive. It’s about inducing mutations in the genetic code that are impossible to control: Maybe it yields the trait you desire, such as short stature or photoperiod insensitivity, but it may yield multiple other effects, too, including unique proteins never before seen in nature.
And, as Drs. Halford and Shewry point out, these foods can be introduced into the food supply at your local supermarket “with no requirement for detailed assessment of the plants.” Nope: They’re just sold to you.
Repeat these sorts of efforts hundreds or thousands of times to generate the super-duper high-yield semi-dwarf strain of wheat and you’ve got oodles of opportunity to generate unanticipated effects on consuming humans.


Jill lives in the (magnetic) north pole. One day, Jill decided to go for a walk, travelling in the four directions (north, east, west, south) for some lengths, with the help of a compass. Your task is to find whether Jill ended up where Jill lives, i.e. the magnetic north pole.
Only south is defined at the north pole. Walking north or south changes the latitude, while walking east or west changes the longitude. The longitude is not defined at the north pole. As a result, Jill would have ended up at the north pole if and only if the distances Jill walked to the south sum up to be equal to the sum of the distances Jill walked to the north, and the distance Jill walked east and west do not matter.
A list of pairs of (direction, amount). The input shall be valid. The amounts will be integers. Acceptable formats include:
(0, 200)(0123 for NESW)
(200,0)(the above reversed)
Two consistent values, one for the case that Jill did end up in the magnetic north pole, and one for the case that Jill did not.
S100, E50, N50, W50, N50 S10, E1000, S30, W400, S10, W10, N50 S30, N30 S10, E50, E50, N10
S100 S10, E314, N5 S300, W135, S10, E35, N290
This is code-golf. Shortest answer in bytes wins. Standard loopholes apply.


The Polar bear is not only the largest species in the bear’s family but also the largest land carnivore. The adult males reach up to 6.5 – 8.5 feet (2 – 2.5 meters) in length, and may reach 9 feet (2.7 meters) stand erect on their hind legs; it has a shoulder height of 5.5 feet (1.6 meters). The adult male bears weigh around 1,720 pounds (780 kg); with the females being fairly smaller, averaging 660 pounds (300 kg). Polar bears have a long straight neck, small ears, together with long head, erect nose, large paw, and broad feet with powerful limbs. How many times have you come across all these remarkable information about polar bears? Surely, a few times!
The polar bear tail reaches a length of 3 – 5 inches (7.5 – 12.5 cm). Polar bear is predominantly white though the hair of the fur is colorless and hollow. The polar bear’s skin is completely black and it serves as an efficient heat absorber. As the summer begins, the polar bear’s coat start becoming duller yellow. Polar bears are found on the southern edge of the Arctic pack ice. The ice carries them to the southward in summer and spring and when the ice breaks up they return northward. ‘Ice Bear’ is the other name of polar bear.
Information about Polar Bears | A Home of Ice and Water
Polar bears are skillful divers and excellent swimmers. Polar Bears swim at a speed of 7 miles per hour (12 km/h). Polar bears only bring their front legs come into play while swimming; they trail their hind legs. One of the reasons why polar bears survive in extreme cooler environment is their dense layer of fat under the skin averaging 3 inches (7.5 cm) in thickness on the haunches. The fat layer serves as an insulating sheet and keeps the bear buoyant in cold water.
Read More: International Polar Bear Day 2018
A polar bear’s coat is just the right color to make it hard for prey to see. Polar bears are often known to swim powerfully some 200 miles (320 km) away from the land while covering 62 miles (100 km) in one go. They are equally fast on land too. They primarily swim with their heads extended forward, but the when the sea is irregular or rough they swim with their heads drowned, occasionally lifting them to breathe. As the polar bears done swimming, they will shake themselves on land just like the dogs do.
Read More: Polar Bear Adaptive Features
They have an excellent sense of smell and are able to hunt even in complete darkness in the middle of Arctic winter. Although they can see quite well polar bear do not usually rely on their vision for hunting. The polar bear can detect its prey as far as 20 miles (32 km). While walking, polar bears often swing their heads in order to smell out prey. Polar bears are typically wanderers as they travel miles of distances in pursuit of food. They like to hunt on a solid and broken ice.
- Where Do Polar Bears Live
- Do Polar Bears Live in Antarctica?
- How Much Do Polar Bears Weigh?
- Can Polar Bears Climb Trees?
- Polar Bear Teeth
Hunting Seals are the Favorite Foods of Polar Bears | Information about Polar Bears
Polar bears are every fond of hunting seals, specifically ringed seals (Pusa hispida). They usually stalk prey taking advantage of the snow hummocks. One of the easiest preys is the sleeping seal on the edge of the ice. Ringed seals, when pregnant, create an igloo in a snow hummock for her pups, which is often sniffed out by polar bears. Polar bears also attack young walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) but they often go down against an adult walrus. The bears also consume fish, carrion, seabirds and their eggs.
More Information: What Do Polar Bears Eat
The polar bear cubs are able to walk 47 days after their birth, but a complete weaning occurs after 3 months. Polar bear consumes a large quantity of food such as seaweeds, lichens, moss, and grass in the early summer or late spring. They also eat bilberries, cranberries, and crowberries.
Read More: How Do Polar Bears Communicate?
The average lifespan of polar bears is up to 30 years. They build habitats in the tundra Arctic grassland in summer; while in winter the habitats are built on the frozen ice pack. Polar bears remain active all year round while spending much of their time searching seals. They often take little or no sleep in winter. Adult polar bears are solitary
A Long Gestation | Information about Polar Bears
The polar bears start mating in the months of April and May. They have fairly a long gestation period of 195 – 265 days in the polar bear life cycle. The female normally litters two cubs in December or January. The length of each cub at birth measures around 1 foot (30 cm) with weight averaging 1.5 pounds (0.7 kg). The young bears display a short, sparse hair of coat. They are born blind and helpless and they open their eyes after 33 days; however, they won’t be able to hear until 69 days. The cubs remain with their mother for about 10 months. The male bears become mature at 10 years of age while females mature at 5 years.
Learn more: Polar Bear Life Cycle
Humans are the Main Threat | Information about Polar Bears
Because of its strong muscles and powerful forepaws polar bears do not have natural predators though they are often lost to an adult walrus that fights in a self-defense. Humans are the biggest threats polar bears are facing. Apart from humans, the young bear got killed by accidents such as snow storms or by drowning or sometimes male polar bears kill and eat cubs. Polar bears have long been admired for their commercial importance such as they’re often hunted for meat and pelts. People have also used polar bear’s long canine teeth as ornaments; besides, indigenous people have made sleigh robes, trousers and bed covers from the bear’s pelts.
More Information: Why Are Polar Bears Endangered
Can Fast for Several Months | Information about Polar Bears
Polar bears have an exceptional ability to store a large quantity of fat and this is done when the prey is abundant since they have to go by several months without eating in the protracted periods. In the Hudson Bay, for instance, the ice disappears in July and does not reform until November, all polar bears have to fast during these four months while the pregnant females will not feed for about eight months. When the food is scarce, the metabolism of polar bears involuntarily slows down demanding less energy.
More Information: Do Polar Bears Hibernate
Read More about Polar Bears:
Do you know any more information about polar bears? How about sharing it with us by commenting below.


Respond by Day 5: Identify other events during this period that your colleagues may have not considered. Explain the impact of these events. 5 sentences and question
There is no doubt about the fact that the American criminal justice system was heavily impacted differently after the civil war. I will discuss two of those glaring issues that transformed the criminal justice system vis-a-vis the courts and the prisons. These two factors are the emancipation of black slaves, and population explosion. One of the reasons that lead to the war was the plan of the southern states to continue with “slave trade” a move that was resisted by the then President of the United States – Abraham Lincoln. With war against slavery been won in 1864, blacks who were originally considered slaves with no rights to get involved in any formal form of litigation over flooded the American courts even to the Supreme Court seeking legal redress for all the atrocities meted out to them in that era.
Black litigants not only brought civil cases against white southerners in the highest level of southern courts throughout the period of 1865 to 1920, they often won these cases. The nature of the legal system and the varied actions of its participants played an important part in African Americans’ access to southern courts, while also shaping and limiting the kinds of cases litigated by African Americans (BlackPast.org, No Date). In other words, the courts in America gained a new outlook of being accessible to all regardless of race or color.
For the Prison on the other hand, before the 18th century, the notion was that prisons were places dedicated to the punishment of offenders never existed. Offenders were only held in the prisons temporary until a decision is reached on what type of punishment is commensurate with their acts. According to Talal Al-Khatib (2015), Political prisoners and debtors were the only ones who saw any kind of extended stay. Today, the United States is renowned as the highest jailer in the world and this has been excused with increasing population and low mortality rates. This population growth put a major strain on the prison system, lacking in both infrastructure and decency. Resource constraints led to overcrowding, which in term led to ineffective and often cruel prison policy, a cycle that would repeat itself throughout U.S. history (Al-Khatib, 2015).
Al-Khatib, T. (2015). Doing Time: A History of US Prisons. Retrieved from https://www.seeker.com/doing-time-a-history-of-us-…
BlackPast.org. (No Date). From Slave to Litigant: African Americans in Court in the Post-Civil War South. Retrieved from http://www.blackpast.org/perspectives/slave-litiga…


Bruce Power helped send a group of Métis youths and veterans to Ottawa to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, one of the defining battles of the First World War.
“This was an excellent opportunity for Métis youths to witness and honour the great contributions to Canada by Métis veterans,” said Joseph Paquette, Métis Nation of Ontario Veterans Council President. “We appreciate Bruce Power’s support to assist us in taking part in this important event.”
Bruce Power contributed $25,000 to the trip from its Indigenous Community Investment fund.
“We commend the Métis Nation of Ontario for its role in honouring the sacrifices of our military veterans and we are pleased to offer our assistance for this worthy endeavor,” said James Scongack, Vice President of Corporate Affairs and Environment.
The events in Ottawa included an overnight vigil on April 8 to honour the Canadian soldiers who waited in the cold, wet tunnels and trenches on the night of April 8, 1917, for the Battle of Vimy Ridge to begin. On Sunday, April 9, the official commemorative ceremony took place with sentries being posted at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. It was followed by musical and theatrical performances, as well as an Indigenous smudging ceremony.
The Battle of Vimy Ridge began at 5:30 a.m. on April 9, 1917, when the first wave of Canadian soldiers attacked through snow and sleet into the face of deadly machine gun fire. Canadian battalions suffered great numbers of casualties, but two days later, the Germans were forced to withdraw and the Battle of Vimy Ridge was over. Canadians would act with courage throughout the battle and four Canadian soldiers would earn the Victoria Cross, the highest medal for military valour.
The Battle of Vimy Ridge came at a heavy cost as the 100,000 Canadians who served there suffered more than 10,600 casualties, nearly 3,600 of which were fatal. Regiments from coast-to-coast saw action together in a distinctly Canadian triumph, helping create a new and stronger sense of national identity in our country. Métis soldiers were among those who gave their lives in this conflict.


Students cannot underestimate the structure of descriptive essay because it is vital part of any writing academic course we help write professional essays. Phd thesis on lean manufacturing basic essay structure help on dissertation tourism phd thesis versus dissertation. Basic essay structure - essays & dissertations written by high class writers fast and trustworthy services from industry top company enjoy the advantages of expert. Most written english essays follow a particular structure which instructors use to evaluate their students' writing the basic structure consists fundamentally of. Essaybasics: essay writing help services from professional esay writers our essay helpers will privide excellens essay writing services for. Basic essay structure i introduction or thesis a introduction 1 something that grabs a reader’s interest 2 provides a context for the subject.
An essay is a piece of continuous, flowing, paragraphed text that is (usually) uninterrupted by headings, so it can appear to be unstructured. On the written portion of the toefl, you will be asked to write an essay that is more than one paragraph long the reason for this is that in us academic culture. Essay structure allows you to align your thoughts and ideas logically, making them readable and easy to understand basic essay logic starts out with the introduction.
First, let’s look at the three basic parts of an essay: the introduction, body and conclusion writing section tips: how to structure your essay. Essay writers nz basic essay structure inquiry based research paper quadrilateral trapezoid homework help. What does a good essay need an academic essay aims to persuade readers of an idea based on evidence although there are some basic steps to writing an assignment.
Essay structure thus your essay's structure is necessarily your map should naturally take you through some preliminary answers to the basic. The basic essay structure does not only introduce new writers to a technique that is easy and simple to follow but also offers writers the freedom to develop, support.


In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential defined as the internal energy of the system minus the product of the temperature times the entropy of the system. It measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant volume and pressure. The Helmhotz free energy is defined as:
The internal energy, U, has an exact physical meaning. It is the sum of all the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in the system. The second term is the amount of spontaneous energy transfer, TS, where S is the final entropy of the system. For a constant temperature process, the Helmholtz free energy gives all the reversible work. When physicists say “free energy” without indicating Helmholtz or Gibbs, they usually mean Helmholtz free energy. On the other hand, when chemists say “free energy,” they almost always mean Gibbs free energy.


Basic AC Power
Figure 11 3f AC Power Connections
Power in Balanced 3f Loads
Balanced loads, in a 3f system, have identical impedance in each secondary winding (Figure 12).
The impedance of each winding in a delta load is shown as ZD (Figure 12a), and the impedence
in a wye load is shown as Zy (Figure 12b). For either the delta or wye connection, the lines A,
B, and C supply a 3f system of voltages.
Figure 12 3f Balanced Loads


Properties of Metals
We can now see that Young's Modulus may be easily calculated, provided that the stress and
corresponding unit elongation or strain have been determined by a tensile test as described
previously. Strain (e) is a number representing a ratio of two lengths; therefore, we can
conclude that the Young's Modulus is measured in the same units as stress (s), that is, in pounds
per square inch. Table 1 gives average values of the Modulus E for several metals used in DOE
facilities construction. Yield strength and ultimate strength will be discussed in more detail in
the next chapter.
Yield Strength (psi)
Ultimate Strength (psi)
1.0 x 107
3.5 x 104 to 4.5 x 104
5.4 x 104 to 6.5 x 104
2.9 x 107
4.0 x 104 to 5.0 x 104
7.8 x 104 to 10 x 104
3.0 x 107
3.0 x 104 to 4.0 x 104
5.5 x 104 to 6.5 x 104
What is the elongation of 200 in. of aluminum wire with a 0.01 square in. area if it
supports a weight of 100 lb?
(100 lb) (200 in.)
(0.01 in.2) (1.0 x 107 lb/in.2)
= 0.2 in.


Falling is an overall experience among the elderly. Millions of seniors worldwide fall each year, which is why many worry it may happen to them. This leads to injury-related visits to the doctor, or worse, suddenly dying from a falling accident.
The most common injuries resulting from falling are fractures (broken bones) and head and brain injuries. Most hip fractures are due to falling. It is likewise one of the leading causes of traumatic brain injuries. In the longer term, the likelihood of osteoporosis increases due to reduced weight-bearing activities during recovery.
As the mortality rate due to falling increases with age, certain risk factors and preventive measures can be identified to help mitigate the likelihood of dropping in the senior population.
Risk Factors for Falls Among the Elderly
Not all people who fall are clumsy or just have not been careful enough. Falling can be a significant cause for concern due to several risk factors.
Lower Body Weakness
As the body ages, natural changes occur due to the cell’s evolutionary and biochemical reactions. These changes can cause lower body weakness, weaker muscles, and slower reaction times in preventing a fall.
Difficulty With Balance
By the time most individuals get to the age of sixty-five and above, they may find it harder to maintain balance. The age-related changes occurring in the body and systems that were once used to maintain balance become impaired. Many seniors depend on canes to keep their balance and minimize the likelihood of falling.
Declining vision or eyesight is expected as a person ages, making it very difficult to determine distance and see objects. Objects could seem closer or farther away than they are. This can make walking or moving alone a real difficulty and the risk of slipping or stumbling.
Statistics show that two out of three falls happen at home. Certain things around the house, such as slippery surfaces, wet floors, electric cords and mats lying on the floor, uneven surfaces, and even poor lighting, contribute to potential hazards. All these hazards increase the risk of slipping and falling.
Many older adults have certain medical conditions that put them at elevated risk of falling. Conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and low blood pressure complicate mobility and speedy reaction time. Additionally, an older person who has fallen more than once within the last six months is more likely to fall again. These medical conditions and a history of falling could put a person at an even higher risk of losing balance and falling again.
Preventing Falling Accidents
Older people are prone to tripping, stumbling, and falling due to the abovementioned risk factors. However, there are preventive measures that can help minimize these accidents from happening.
Doing Balance and Strength Exercises
As we said above, aging causes muscle weakness, making balance more difficult to achieve. Exercises that help strengthen the legs and improve balance are recommended to counter this. Activities such as ankle circles, knee extensions, calf raises, and sit-to-stand exercises are beneficial to work on balance and strengthen the lower extremities.
Health and Vision Checks Regularly
Getting an annual check-up and seeking your doctor’s advice on potential health risks that may cause a fall is beneficial.
Have a Safer Home for Your Elderly Parents
Many falling incidents happen at home, meaning there are ways to make your home safer, especially if an older person is living with you.
These are a few ways to minimize any home hazards:
- Clear your floors of any potential hazards.
- Use non-slip mats on slippery floors, such as in the shower or the bathtub.
- Fit grab bars in the bathroom and shower areas.
- Make sure there are railings on both sides of the staircase.
- If possible, have older people sleep on the ground floor to minimize going up and down the staircase.
As with anything, deterrence is better than cure. So wherever possible, be mindful of every situation and look at the potential of a possible hazard. Falls are dangerous to the elderly. It can decrease their comfort and mobility for the rest of their life.


Designing Online Communities of Practice for Educators to Create Value
Through online social learning spaces, evidence shows that educators can effectively access, share, and create knowledge, as well as strengthen their commitment to the profession.
Designing Online Communities of Practice
Superintendents and teachers discuss how to prepare teachers to use tech tools to create meaningful learning opportunities for students.
Provides practical tools and examples for strengthening standards-based professional learning.
Initiatives to empower educators to connect and lead through online communities of practice.
Digital teaching and learning resources created by government agencies and public and private organizations.


If you are setting up an indoor LED lighting system for growing cannabis, it is important to understand the light spectrum. When you move your plants to grow inside and switch from natural sunlight to grow lights, it becomes essential to know that all lights are not equal.
Lighting science is a statistical and mind blogging science Many factors influence cannabis growth, lighting being one of the most critical. Unless you master the understanding of light, you cannot improve your harvest- watering and nutrition are secondary to lighting.
In this article we will explain The Light Spectrum of LED Grow lights and how it can affect you indoor plant growth:
Light spectrum in simple language is the visible portion of electromagnetic radiation and is known as light. The light divides up into different bands of wavelengths; the bands are the different colors you see in light along with wavelengths that are beyond the visible spectrum such as ultraviolet and infrared.
Indoor plants, including the cannabis plant, have the ability to turn radiation from the light into energy. Plants use some bands of light more efficiently than other bands of light. Nevertheless they try mimicking the output of sunlight. For indoor grow applications it becomes even more essential to ensure that the light is outputting the right band of light spectrum in the correct ratios to each other.
The Affect of Light Spectrum on Cannabis
Cannabis has evolved into a capable plant and can control the full spectrum. It has the ability to turn certain bands of light into energy, as per requirement of different stages of growth during the complete life cycle.
The Vegetative Stage- Cannabis uses predominantly the blue and violet bands of LED grow light during the vegetative growth along with some orange, red and infrared. Blue light of LEDs has been tested by various scientific researches and has been found to enhance the growth of plants. Blue light encourages cannabis to grow big and health leaves which is a mimic of sunlight during the spring season. Ultraviolet light added to the blue wavelengths not only keeps bugs such as spider mites away, but causes a reaction in the cannabis plant to which it responds by increased trichome production resulting in more sticky resin.
The Flowering Stage- During the flowering stage cannabis relies heavily on the red light of LEDs. The red light encourages cannabis to yield healthy buds. This mimics the sun of winter and autumn when the red light of the spectrum is stronger as it reaches the earth. In addition to red, the ultraviolet, orange and a blended output of blues is necessary to best mimic the sun’s growing power.
Cannabis has adapted to the available resource of light and changes, developing two types of Chlorophyll. The two types are sensitive to blue or red light and this is why cannabis responds better to these two lights better than the other.
What Does This Indicate For Indoor Growers?
For indoor growers, it means that it is best to use a grow light that has strong blue and red output for growing cannabis. However, it does not mean that cannabis needs only the two light bands. Cannabis plant has the capability of using various types of light bands and should be exposed to a full spectrum of light encompassing orange, violets, white, far red and ultraviolet.
Dual spectrum bulbs are not the best choice. As mentioned earlier, the right light is the key to success in indoor harvesting. The right light as studied and tested by various research centers, scientists, horticulture experts, and indoor growers is LED Grow Light with a well balanced output that touches on all the peaks mentioned necessary for photosynthesis.
LEDs are tiny light emitting diodes but provide full spectrum of light, are energy efficient, yield more per watt, save electricity, and produce natural and healthy plants. LEDs eliminate the need of extra equipments such as ballasts, hoods, and excess cooling systems as they produce little heat and can be positioned at various angles without the risk of burning plants.
G8LED grow light is an innovation in grow light technology that enables you to grow potent buds and push the envelope of yields possible from an indoor grow.


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Feral cats live, hunt and reproduce in the wild. They have the body shape, acute senses and fine coordination perfectly suited for stalking and capturing prey. These traits have allowed feral cats to adapt to some of Australia’s harshest conditions and invade almost all parts of the continent.
Feral cats need large amounts of fresh meat to survive and reproduce. In Australia they mainly eat small native and exotic mammals, birds, lizards and insects. About 80 endangered and threatened species are at risk from feral cat predation in Australia. Feral cats also carry diseases which can affect humans and other animals.
Cats probably arrived in Australia as pets of European settlers and were later deliberately introduced in an attempt to control rabbits and rodents. Cats now occupy 99% of Australia, including many offshore islands.
Watch this Meet the Ferals episode that looks at the devastating impact feral cats have on Australia’s environment and agriculture. Produced and presented by reporter Prue Adams, the content has been gathered from the three decades Landline has been on air, with background information and support provided through the Centre for Invasive Species Solutions.
Want to a quick and easy digest of management information for feral cats? Our printable glovebox and field baiting guides are available to order here but please note that printing and postage charges will apply in most situations.
|Glovebox Guide for Managing Feral Cats|


Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement
Everyone Has Certain Basic Rights, No Matter Who Is President
Donald Trump, who repeatedly made anti-immigrant promises during his campaign, begins his term as president of the U.S. in January 2017. But no matter who is president, everyone living in the U.S. has certain basic rights under the U.S. Constitution—everyone, including undocumented people.
Warrants & Subpoenas: What to Look Out For and How to Respond
The three immigration agencies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) — U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) — have, in recent years, used increasingly aggressive tactics to intimidate immigrants and coerce them into cooperating with federal immigration enforcement. Understanding the differences between a subpoena and a warrant — documents that immigration agencies rely on as part of their tactics to coerce cooperation — is critical and enables people to exercise their rights in an informed manner.
Warrants and Subpoenas 101 (2-pager)
This is a condensed version of “Warrants & Subpoenas: What to Look Out For and How to Respond” (above).
Resources from CLINIC – Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc.
Know Your Rights: A Guide to Your Rights When Interacting with Law Enforcement
Includes: What you need to know and what to do when encountering immigration agents, the police or FBI in different places | Information about how to read a warrant | Twelve things for you and your family to remember in ANY situation | Your Emergency Planning Checklist | Your Emergency Contact Information Sheet | Your plan for what to do if a loved one calls you from an immigration detention center or police station | Your Workplace Planning Checklist
What to Do If You’re Stopped by Police, Immigration Agents, or the FBI
A know-your-rights card created by the ACLU, posted 6/10.
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) Know-Your-Rights Resources
Includes: If Questioned about Immigration Status | Youth Encounters with Police | ICE (Immigration & Customs Enforcement) Visits | Dealing with Police If You’re Deaf | If You’re Stopped by Police | Searches and Warrants | Stops and Arrests | Rights When Being Questioned | Demonstrations and Protests (and others)


Resources in Vital and Health Statistics: General Sources
In addition to the more specific sources listed on the Sources by Location and Sources by Type pages, there are also Internet sites that can help you search a broad array of sources for statistical information. Some of these are for information from the U.S. and state government, while others are more broad in scope. The print dictionaries and encyclopedias listed will help answer any questions you might have about the information you find.
|CDC Web Search||Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/search.htm
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention site offers searching across both the department’s own divisions and state health departments.
|Fast Stats A–Z||Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/
Provided by the National Center for Health Statistics, this site is composed of an index that links to quick statistical information sheets on a multitude of topics and geographic areas. The fact sheets in turn link to relevant statistical sources.
|FedStats||Available at: http://fedstats.gov/
FedStats provides access to statistics available from over 100 United States government agencies across a broad spectrum of topics. Access is provided both to specific statistical figures and to providing agencies. It offers both topical listings and a search feature.
|href=http://www.google.com/unclesam target=_blank>Google Search <Unclesam>||Available at: http://www.google.com/unclesam
This search interface functions exactly like the standard Google Search, but searches only U.S. government sites on all levels.
|Population Index on the Web||Available at: http://popindex.princeton.edu/index.html
Offered by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, this database provides access to abstracts of international demographic research. It supports both browsing and searching.
|PAIS (Public Affairs Information Service) International||Available at: http://uclibs.org/PID/58017 - UCLA only
Offered through Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, this database provides access to statistics from over 120 countries, in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese. Tip: as this database contains many types of information, search using “statistic*” in addition to your subject word(s).
|Statistical Universe (Lexis-Nexis®)||Available at: http://uclibs.org/PID/21391 - UCLA only
This site provides access to statistics from over 200 federal agencies, 50 state governments, 100 international intergovernmental organizations, and 500 private and academic sources. In addition, it provides links to other statistical sources.
|UCLA Library: Reference E-resources||Available at: /search/996.cfm?ix=kw
This page provide numerous links to outside sources on a variety of subjects.
|UCLA Young Research Library Government Statistics & Data||Available at: /yrl/reference/govinfo/statistics.htm
This page provide links to U.S. government sources of statistical data on a variety of subjects.
|WHO: Headquarters Site Search||Available at: http://www.who.int
This page searches the extensive World Health Organization (WHO) Statistical Information System. Although the actual search interface is restricted to WHO documents, often they in turn point to outside sources.
|A–Z of Medical Statistics: A Companion for Critical Appraisal||Call number: WA 13 P436a 1998 (Core Reference Collection)|
|The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics in the Medical Sciences||Call number: WA 13 E93c 1995 (Core Reference Collection)|
|Encyclopedia of Biostatistics||Call number: WA 13 E55 1998 (General Stacks)|
|International Encyclopedia of Statistics||Call number: HA 17 I61 1978 (Reference Stacks)|
Need More Help?
If you are a current UCLA student, faculty, or staff member and have any questions or would like to set up a personal consultation appointment with one of the Biomedical Library reference librarians, please e-mail us at email@example.com.


In Iran, a man was refueling his truck with natural gas, and all of a sudden it detonated. It was blown to bits inches away from him, showcasing why adoption of CNG is a slower, and more regulated process in the U.S.
The Iranian government has chosen to invest heavily in natural gas fuel for transportation because of oil sanctions that were imposed on the country. They need to get behind all the domestic fuels to reduce their oil usage as much as possible.
Why would a natural gas pickup truck would explode so violently? Automobiles that operate on natural gas usually store it compressed in a tank. This is called CNG (Compressed Natural Gas), which is still in gas form. CNG is not to be confused with LNG, which is liquefied natural gas, which is far more dense, is stored at higher pressures, and was produced via cryogenic cooling, rather than compression, like CNG is.
Due to the fact that these tanks contain CNG at an immense pressure of 200-248 bar (2900-3600 psi), natural gas explodes violently when ignited because there is so much potential energy ready to explode crammed into a little tank. This is why high-pressure explosions are the worst, because compressed tanks of gas literally contain more fuel, and hence more energy than uncompressed ones. What exactly happened in this case we don’t know, though the man can be seen lunging for the CNG pump just a moment before it explodes. He’s lucky to have escaped with his life!
We are not going to say “this is why you should not use natural gas”, because natural gas vehicles have a good safety record, as well as lower emissions compared to gasoline. Some of the most dangerous things can have a great safety record when properly regulated and all the necessary precautions are taken to ensure that they don’t explode. Still, it just goes to show that there is no perfect solution when it comes to alternative fuels.
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Modern parallels to the fall of Rome
The greatest civilization of ancient times expired more than 1,500 years ago but the lessons to be learned from its experience are eternal. In this lecture, Lawrence W. Reed focuses on the Roman Republic—the key features, personalities and events that defined its rise as well as those that caused its decay in the First Century B.C. into an imperial autocracy. Many of the trends of our day echo those of the ancient Republic, which make its lessons all the more relevant, even pressing, for us now.
Reed became president of the Foundation for Economic Education in 2008. Prior to that, he was founder and president of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy in Midland, Michigan. He also taught economics and chaired the department of economics at Northwood University in Michigan from 1977 to 1984. He holds a B.A. in economics from Grove City College and an M.A. in history from Slippery Rock State University.


The months immediately after the signing of the Treaty of Paris brought the departure of the French colonial officials and military and some of the leading families, the installation of a British military government and an influx of merchants, land speculators and settlers from the American colonies and from Britain.
However, it was not yet clear that the final destiny of the territory that would become Canada had yet been permanently decided. France was building up its navy and might perhaps reverse its defeat. Relations between the American colonies and Britain were increasingly fractious.
The desire to obtain the loyalty of their new subjects in the colony that became the province of Quebec led the British to pass the Quebec Act in 1774. This act guaranteed freedom of religion to the colonists and restored the old French civil law that had been suspended after the Conquest. It extended the borders of the Province of Quebec to include all territories that had been under the governor of Quebec during the French regime.
The American Revolution once more brought war to what had been New France: an American force occupied Montreal in 1775-1776 but was unable to take Quebec. An important consequence of the Revolution for Canada was the large influx of Loyalists, those American colonists who had remained faithful to the Crown and had to flee to avoid persecution. While some of these settled in the French villages most of the more than 30,000 of them settled in the Maritimes, in the Eastern Townships and in what is now Ontario, opening up territory that had been wilderness.
On the economic scene, 1783 saw the founding of the North West Company with headquarters in Montreal. This company which entered into victorious competition with both the Hudson’s Bay Company in the north and American trade to the south, helped make Montreal the economic hub of the new country that was emerging.