Hidden Travels of the Atomic Bomb
WILLIAM J. BROAD, NY Times: In 1945, after the atomic destruction of two Japanese cities, J. Robert Oppenheimer expressed foreboding about the spread of nuclear arms. “They are not too hard to make,” he told his colleagues on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, NM. “They will be universal if people wish to make them universal.”
That sensibility, born where the atomic bomb itself was born, grew into a theory of technological inevitability. Because the laws of physics are universal, the theory went, it was just a matter of time before other bright minds and determined states joined the club. A corollary was that trying to stop proliferation was quite difficult if not futile.
But nothing, it seems, could be further from the truth. In the six decades since Oppenheimer’s warning, the nuclear club has grown to only nine members. What accounts for the slow spread?
Two new books by three atomic insiders hold out hope. Neither book endorses Oppenheimer’s view that bombs are relatively easy to make. Both document national paths to acquiring nuclear weapons that have been rocky and dependent on the willingness of spies and politicians to divulge state secrets.


About the Cervix
The use of high-energy x-rays or other particles to destroy cancer cells. The most common type of radiation treatment is called external-beam radiation therapy, which is radiation given from a machine outside the body. When radiation treatment is given using implants near the cancer cells, it is called internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy.
Radiation oncologists use radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells and slow tumor growth while limiting the harm to nearby healthy tissue.
More than half of people with cancer receive some type of radiation therapy. For some cancers, radiation therapy alone is an effective treatment. Other types of cancer respond best to combination treatments, which is using more than 1 treatment for a patient’s treatment plan. For instance, this may include radiation therapy plus surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.
What is external-beam radiation therapy?
External-beam radiation therapy is the most common type of radiation therapy. It delivers radiation from a machine outside the body. It can treat large areas of the body, if needed.
A machine called a linear accelerator, or linac, creates the radiation beam for x-ray or photon radiation therapy. Special computer software adjusts the beam’s size and shape. This helps target the tumor while avoiding healthy tissue near the cancer cells.
Most treatments are given every weekday for several weeks. Form-fitting supports or plastic mesh masks are used for radiation therapy to the head, neck, or brain to help people stay still during treatment.
The types of external-beam radiation therapy are:
Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT). Detailed 3-dimensional pictures of the cancer are created, typically from computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This allows the treatment team to aim the radiation therapy more precisely. It often means that they can safely use higher doses of radiation therapy while reducing damage to healthy tissue. This lowers the risk of side effects. For instance, dry mouth is common after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. But 3D-CRT can limit the damage to the salivary glands that causes dry mouth.
Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This is a more complex form of radiation. With IMRT, the intensity of the radiation is varied within each field unlike conventional 3D-CRT, which uses the same intensity throughout each beam. IMRT targets the tumor and avoids healthy tissue better than conventional 3D-CRT.
Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT). This refers to the practice of using daily images of each treatment field to confirm patient positioning and make sure the target is in the field. These daily images are compared to the images used to plan treatment. IGRT allows your doctor to make each treatment field smaller. This allows better targeting of the tumor and helps reduce damage to healthy tissue.
Tomotherapy is a radiation therapy modality, in which the patient is scanned across a modulated strip-beam, so that only one “slice” of the target is exposed at any one time by the linear accelerator (linac) beam.
Stereotactic radiation therapy/radiosurgery (SRT/SRS). This treatment delivers a large, precise radiation therapy dose to a small tumor area. The patient must remain very still. Head frames or individual body molds help limit movement. SRT is often given as a single treatment or in fewer than 10 treatments. Some patients may need more than one course of SRT.
Proton beam therapy. This treatment uses protons rather than x-rays. A proton is a positively charged particle. At high energy, protons can destroy cancer cells. The protons go to the targeted tumor and deposit the specific dose of radiation therapy. Unlike with x-ray beams, there is very little radiation dose beyond the tumor. This limits damage to nearby healthy tissue.
What is internal radiation therapy?
Internal radiation therapy is also called brachytherapy. This type of radiation therapy is when radioactive material is placed into the cancer or surrounding tissue. Implants may be temporary or permanent and may require a hospital stay.
Types of internal radiation therapy include:
Temporary internal radiation therapy. This is when radiation therapy is given in one of these ways:
- Tubes, called catheters
- Special applicators
The radiation stays in the body for anywhere from a few minutes to a few days. Most people receive radiation therapy for just a few minutes. Sometimes, people receive internal radiation therapy for more time. If so, they stay in a private room to limit other people’s exposure to the radiation.
Permanent implants. These are tiny metallic seeds that contain radioactive material. The capsules are about the size of a grain of rice. They deliver most of the radiation therapy around the implant area. But some radiation may exit the patient’s body. This requires safety measures to protect others from radiation exposure. Over time, the implants lose radioactivity. And the inactive seeds remain in the body.


Radiometric dating--the process of determining the age of rocks from the decay of. The parent isotopes and corresponding daughter products most commonly radiometric dating parent daughter isotopes to determine the ages of ancient rocks. It is possible that the ratio of daughter to parent substances for paretn dating. Radiocarbon dating can be used on sediments or sedimentary rocks that.
Radioactive decay: occurs at a boa dating netizenbuzz rate radiometric dating parent daughter isotopes. Use elements with longer half lives to date older rocks K-40 (half life is 1.3. Radiometric dating is used to estimate the age of rocks and other objects based on the fixed decay rate of radioactive isotopes.
Isotopes, Half-life (years), Effective Dating Range (years). Abundances of Radioactive Parent/Daughter Isotopes used in Radiometric Dating. In radiometric dating, the radio,etric matter is called the parent isotope and the stable outcome of the decay raiometric called the daughter product.
Decay Constant (element/isotope specific).
The parent:daughter ratio measured radiometrlc a mass spectrometer. For geologic. Have any of the parent or daughter atoms been added or removed during the process? Effective range for dating earth materials (years). Parent Isotopes, Daughter Isotopes, and Half-Lives.
Give examples of other isotopes used in radioactive dating. Radiometric dating is the method of using this radioactive process to. The rate pay nothing dating sites decay is mathematically. Answer to SOME ISOTOPES USED FOR RADIOMETRIC DATING Parent Isotope (P) Daughter Isotope (D) Half-Lives (Twl Radiometric dating parent daughter isotopes Dated Useful.
Assumption #2: The rock began with zero daughter element isotopes. E5.3f Explain why C-14 can be used to date a radiometric dating parent daughter isotopes year old tree but U-Pb cannot.
Parent: the original unstable radioactive isotope Daughter: the new isotope formed. Radiometric dating is often compared to the measurement of time by an.. U most common (fission-track dating).
Means of determining the age of certain materials by reference to the relative abundances of the parent isotope (which is radioactive) and the daughter isotope. The rate of decay of unstable isotopes can be used to estimate the absolute. Dating methods in geology use the parent-daughter decay (P → D), a known half. Decay of radioactive parent to stable daughter. In the first place, Creationists argue that methods of radiometric dating. The first is to date minerals with radiometric systems that we can safely.
By measuring the parent isotope (radioactive) and the daughter isotope. To use radiometric dating and the principles of determining relative age to show how. The best-known techniques for radioactive dating are radiocarbon dating.
This equation uses information on the parent and daughter isotopes at the time. Radiometric dating worksheet.Name radiometric dating problems worksheet radioactive parent.Isotopes frequently used in radiometric dating.Stable daughter.. Part A: Using the chart on page 195 of your book, fill in the parent or daughter isotope for each type. Page 10. K (radioactive parent) - Ar (daughter).. The oldest known rocks on. Simple Decay: Radioactive Parent ⇒ Stable Daughter.
radiometric dating parent daughter isotopes7
The half-life is the amount of time it takes for one half of the initial amount of the parent, radioactive isotope, to decay to the daughter isotope. Radiometric dating of single minerals and whole rocks. Where the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes can be accurately. Table 1 # of Half- lives Amount of Parent Atoms Present Amount of Daughter.
Introduction What are radiometric dating methods? Radiometric Dating: Doesnt it Show that the Earth is 4.5 Billion Years Old?.. The numbers of parent and daughter isotopes in each specimen are determined by various kinds of analytical methods..
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique used to date. This method is known as radiometric dating. Radioactive decay changes atoms from one element to another. Numerical or absolute dating There are many methods, each with its own strengths. Isotopes Commonly used for Radiometric Dating.


The main aim of the BELBaR project is to increase the knowledge of the processes that controls clay colloid stability, generation and ability to transport radionuclides. The overall purpose of the project will be to suggest a treatment of the issues in long-term safety/performance assessment.
Nature and scope of the project
Partners include national radioactive waste management organisations (WMOs) from a number of countries, research institutes, universities and commercial organisations working in the radioactive waste disposal field. The Collaborative Project is based on the desire to improve the long-term safety assessments for repository concepts that combine a clay Engineered Barrier System (EBS) with a fractured rock. The formation and stability of colloids from the EBS may have a direct impact of assessed risk from the repository in two aspects:
- Generation of colloids may degrade the engineered barrier (Figure 1)
- Colloid transport of radionuclides may reduce the efficiency of the natural barrier An increased understanding of processes will have an effect on the outcome of future assessments.
The main aim of BELBaR is to reduce the uncertainties in the description of the effect of clay colloids on the long term performance of the engineered barrier and on radionuclide transport. This is done by:
- Improving the understanding on when bentonite colloids are unstable. For a given site/site evolution, this is critical information, since it determines whether or not clay colloids need to be included in the long-term assessment.
- Improving the quantitative models for erosion on the bentonite barrier for the cases when the colloids are stable
- Improving the understanding of how radionuclides attach to clay colloids. This information will be used to formulate improved transport models for the assessment of radionuclide transport in the Geosphere.
To meet the main aim number of experimental and modelling activities will be undertaken within the project.
Another objective is to take full advantage of the collaborative project structure. Key issues in BELBaR are therefore interaction, communication and cooperation. Since a large part of the work within the project will be of interest for a more general community, the objective is to, as far as reasonably possible, publish the results in peer-reviewed journals.
There is large pool of knowledge about colloid stability both from the general scientific literature and from national and international projects within the nuclear waste management community. However, there is still a large gap of knowledge in the ability to transfer the scientific understanding into a useful abstraction for long term performance assessment for real systems. The main contribution of BELBaR will be:
- Development of experimental programmes that are tailor-made to resolve the issues that are important in safety assessment
- Development of quantitative models, founded on sound science and verified by relevant experiments, for the assessment of erosion and radionuclide transport
- An increased knowledge about bentonite colloid stability in realistic systems that can be used in safety assessments as well as in the formulation of site investigation/site modelling programmes Formulation of a joint understanding of the issues within and outside the project, which will aid future license applications and R&D programmes.
The primary target audience of the outcome of the project is the national waste management organisations. The key use will be reduction of uncertainties in the understanding of a process that have been shown to have a direct impact on the assessed dose/risk from a repository for high level nuclear waste. The reduction of uncertainties in the understanding may lead to:
- Reduction of the assessed overall risk from a repository
- The possibility to totally neglect the process in assessments under some circumstances
- Guidance to future site selection and site characterization programmes
- Aid in the selection of engineered barriers for a nuclear waste repository A uniqueness of the project is that the step from fundamental science to “industrial application” is short. This means that many of the results from the project will be of significant value to the scientific community as a whole, especially for the fields of surface and colloid chemistry.


Laundry wastewater treatment in nuclear sector
Nucleantech was founded in 1992. Nowadays we have offices in Spain, France, England, USA and Mexico. During this time, more than 400 projects in 30 different countries have been carried out, 4 patents have been registered, and more than 320 treatment plants have been designed and built.
Nucleantech designs, supplies, and builds wastewater treatment plants using the best available technologies for wastewater minimization and reuse. Also, we reduce air emissions to a level that is both safe and compliant with legislation for release into the atmosphere.
Nucleantech provides turnkey solutions and takes a global approach to each and every project by means of the following issues:
Low-level radiation waste generated in nuclear sector
Nuclear waste is produced at source, during the uranium extraction, generated in the nuclear fuel plant and nuclear power plant operation when the nuclear fuel is used, and also some nuclear wastes are formed in radioisotope applications in medicine, industry, research, etc.
Nucleantech provides turnkey solutions and takes a global approach to each and every project by means of the following issues:
The uranium extraction can be done either in sulfuric media or in nitric media. Both procedures are used but the wastes generated are different.
Uranium extraction in sulfuric media
In the uranium extraction in sulfuric media, the crushed mineral is treated with diluted sulfuric acid to extract the uranium as UO2SO4. To oxidize uranium IV to VI, MnO2 or NaClO3 is used. The lixiviation process produces mining tailings as a waste. These mining tailings contain decay products from 238U, such as 234U (average life span of 250.000 years), 230Th (average life span of 75.320 years), 226Ra (average life span of 1.602 years), 222Rn (average life span of 3.8 days), 210Pb (average life span of 22 years). 80% of the 222Rn remains in tailing particles, but the other 20% is released into the atmosphere as it is a gas. The estimated activity in the Rn tailing wastes is around 300-1.000 pCi/m2·s.
The UO2SO4 solution has a concentration of around 0,3 and 0,8 g/L and it can be concentrated following two different ways
Nucleantech provides turnkey solutions and takes a global approach to each and every project by means of the following issues:
By using anionic resins. The species [UO2(SO4)2-] and [UO2(SO4)3-] are fixed to the anionic resin. They are eluted from the resins by means of a calcium chloride or a calcium nitrate solution.
Alkaline precipitation. Uranium concentrate is precipitated in alkaline media using ammonium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide to obtain the Yellow Cake (uranate).
Waste is produced in the resins elution and in the alkaline media precipitate. This waste incorporates traces of 238U daughters.
Uranium extraction in nitric media
In the uranium extraction in nitric media, the mineral is treated with nitric acid to extract uranium as the dissolved salt UO2(NO3)2. In this process mining tailings are produced, which contain 238U daughters. The UO2(NO3)2 solution is mixed with TBP (tributyl phosphate), as the uranium compound is extracted with the organic phase. UO2(NO3)2 is re-extracted from the organic phase using pure water and UO2(NO3)3· 6 H2O is obtained (which is called UNH).
Therefore, in the uranium extraction the following nuclear wastes are produced:
226Ra(): it is a matter of concern due to its high dissolution facility in soils and, therefore, in groundwater.
230Th() and 222Ra(): the most problematic wastes regarding atmospheric inhalation. 222Ra() activity in the atmosphere is 300-1.000 pCi/m2s.
214Bi (): which is transformed into 210-Tl and 214Po
210Pb(): which is transformed into 210
During the whole extraction process, and activity control has to be carried out.
Uranium enrichment and nuclear fuel production
In this process, the fuel reactor (UO2) is prepared from the uranium concentrate obtained in the mining process (U3O8). The enrichment process consists of the following stages:
Yellow Cake or UNH dissolution in nitric acid solution to obtain a uranyl nitrate solution (UO2(NO3)2. Liquid-liquid extraction using TBP is carried out and subsequently is eluted with water to obtain pure (UO2(NO3)2.
Uranyl nitrate hexahydrate is obtained by means of evaporation. Then, the procedure has two possible ways to proceed: dry or wet methods
– Dry method: calcination of the uranyl nitrate to obtain UO3.
– Wet method: [U2O7(NH4)2] is obtained by precipitation and for thermal decomposition UO3 is formed.
Next, UO3 is reduced to UO2 using H2. Then, in a first step, hydrofluoriration using HF at 400 ºC is carried out, and in a second step, fluorination using F2 allows the obtainment of UF6.
The separation between isotopes 235U and 238U can be carried out either by separation cascade (gaseous diffusion) or by ultracentrifugation. Subsequently, both isotopes are mixed in the appropriate proportion (3,5% – 4,5% of 235U). To obtain nuclear fuel in the form of enriched UO2, UF6 is reduced using Mg0 or Ca0 to form uranium, which is then oxidized to UO2. 10 mm UO2 pellets are introduced in the zircaloid shells sealed and pressurized with helium gas.
Therefore, in the nuclear fuel production the following nuclear wastes are produced:
CaF2: which is formed in the treatment of HF and fluorine compounds with Ca(OH)2. Theses solid wastes contain uranium traces and its daughters. The amount of waste is around 26 Tm/1000 MWe·year and occupies a volume of 8.4 m3. The activity associated is about 0.6 Ci of uranium/1000 MWe·year.
Liquid wastes produced contain fluorides, uranium traces and uranium (235U and 238U) daughters. Its production is around 3200 m3/1000 MWe·year and its activity around 20 mCi of uranium/1000 MWe·year, 10 mCi of 234Th/1000 MWe·year, and 10 mCi of 234Pa/1000 MWe·year. These liquid wastes are produced in cleaning operations and in the UF6 cylinder washing process.
Nuclear power plant operation
In a nuclear power plant three different kind of waste are produced: operating waste (low and intermediate level), spent fuel waste (high level), and decommissioning waste (low and intermediate level). The management of high level waste will not be treated here.
Low and intermediate level waste (LILW) come from objects that are contaminated by contact with radioactive products but that are not radioactive in themselves, such as gloves used to handle them. Regulations state that the radioactivity of LILW must be below 10 mCi/kg (0.37 GBq). The majority of the radioactive atoms in solid LILW waste are beta emitters with a radioactive half-life of less than 30 years, such as 60Co. The radioactivity of these short-lived elements will have virtually disappeared in 300 years’ time because it will have decreased by a factor of at least 1000 over this period. Restricting this category to only short-lived radioelements means that it can include waste that is initially intermediate-level. Despite being referred to as short-lived, solid LILW does in fact contain some long-lived elements that would be too difficult or costly to remove completely. They are alpha emitters, which are toxic if ingested but are not very mobile. By law, the concentration of alpha emitters must not exceed one hundredth of the limit of 10 mCi/kg.
LILW comes from many different sources. For the most part, this waste is generated during maintenance operations (equipment, tools, cleaning rags, laundry wastewater, etc.) or during the operation of facilities, such as the waste from the treatment of liquid or gaseous effluents at nuclear facilities (filters and resins from the treatment of the reactor coolant liquid). It can also come from dismantling operations.
In the primary circuit coolant of a PWR type reactor the following chemical species can be distinguished:
Those which come from the fission fragments. This waste is formed in the fission reaction and it can be disseminated through the cracks of the fuel shells and arrive to the coolant liquid. Mainly, these species are 137Cs, 90Sr and 129I, among others. Waste which contains these species are high level waste.
Those which come from the zircaloy shell. Atoms of the zircaloy shell can be activated due to the neutron flux.
Uranium’s daughters. Uranium has the rare ability to shed protons and neutrons from its nucleus in the form of radioactive decay. The result of this decay creates an entirely different element. The elements in Uranium’s ‘family tree’ are referred to as ‘Daughters’. Uranium’s decay chain creates a total of 14 different elements, all radioactive save the last, lead which does not decay further. The most important is 239Pu for its long life (29400 years) and its high toxicity. Also, uranium’s daughters can be disseminated through the cracks of the fuel shells and arrive to the coolant liquid. Waste which contains these species are high level waste.
Activated products from structural elements. The primary cooling circuit has a huge heat exchange surface, around 10.000 m2, made of Inconel (75% Ni and 25% Cr, with 59Co impurities). These structural elements are activated with the neutron flux and produce isotopes of low and intermediate level, which leave the structure by corrosion. 14C arises from CO2 activation (from the air dissolved in the coolant) and 3H appears as a water proton activation.
Laundry wastewater generation and conventional treatment
In nuclear power plants laundry wastewater is produced in the protective clothing washing which has been used in the restricted areas. Protective clothing, gloves, footwear and protection masks are used as a barrier protection against particles, sprays or liquid spills which could contain radionuclides.
All of these materials are disposed in containers to be washed and then reused. The wastewater generated in the washing process, apart from the organic material and detergent, may contain radioactive particles and radioactive dissolved substances.
The radioactive liquid laundry waste is generated, not only in decontamination of equipment and washing of contaminated cloths, but also in staff showers.
The radioactivity of the laundry waste is ranged between 10-7-10-4 Ci/mL, but it’s total radioactivity cannot be disregarded because its yearly generation volume, around 4,000 ton/1,000 MWe, is significant. Only for South Korea, which has a net capacity of 22,505 MWe (source: World Nuclear Association, www.world-nuclear.org), the radioactive liquid laundry generation represents around 90,000 ton/year.
The conventional treatment of this waste is described below. The laundry effluent is discharged to a volume control tank, where its radioactivity is measured and pH is adjusted to precipitate metals that could be in dissolution. Also, coagulant and flocculant are added to precipitate suspended particles. Once the sludge is separated by filtration, the treated water is accumulated in a volume control tank to measure its radioactivity.
If the effluent does not present radioactivity or its radioactivity level complies with legal regulations 10CFR20, the effluent can be discharged to public waterways. The dumping limits for radioactive effluents are presented in the following table:
If the processed water contains radionuclides with activity higher than that allowed by the regulator, a treatment is required. Once the process water is filtered, and the precipitation sludge is separated, it is introduced into a forced convection evaporator.
In the evaporation process, values of activity concentration factor between 10 and 50 and decontamination factors around 105 are reached. In the evaporator a concentrate is obtained with the salts present in the solution and possible particles that have not previously precipitated, in addition to a condensed vapor that needs to be controlled. Finally, the controlled process water is dumped into public waterways if it complies with the regulations.
At this point, the formation of scale on the internal wall of the evaporation equipment, which could retain salts with activity, should be taken into account. The vapours are condensed in a volumetric tank that allows their radioactive activity to be determined. At the same time, gases that require a specific treatment are separated. In the steam generated in the condenser there is the possibility of generation of gaseous effluents transporting gases such as 3H, Xe, Kr and 14C in the form of CO2.
To remove the particles transported with the steam and certain gases (iodine), the gas mixture is circulated through activated carbon columns. The gases (3H, noble gases) that could be transported by the steam and have a short half-life are stored in a decay tank in order to reduce their activity and are finally discharged into the atmosphere, after regulator controlling. Discharges of liquid effluents with radioactive material must comply with the instantaneous limits of activity and the operational restriction of doses established in the nuclear facility, as well as the annual dose limits established by the relevant regulator. The total dose limit between liquid and gaseous effluent is 0.1mSv/year and an annual equivalent dose limit for the skin and any other body considered individually of 50 mSv in any period of 12 consecutive months.
Nucleantech’s solution for laundry wastewater treatment
The objective is the treatment of laundry waters from a nuclear installation taking into account the characteristics of this industrial effluent. From the treatment point of view, the requirement is lower in relation to other types of industrial laundry. The waters coming from a laundry of a nuclear facility in which protective clothing is washed have low values of COD and BOD5, coming from its use by the staff, values of conductivity due to salts, presence of grease and oils that come from maintenance work and low suspended particle values. However, at this point it has been taking into account that there is the possibility of incorporating radioactive particles from the installation into the washing waters (60Co, 90Sr, 137Cs, 129I, 131I, etc.) that have attached in protective clothing. In this sense, a possible treatment for this contamination by radioactive particles must be foreseen. On the other hand, the number of staff in a nuclear power plant is very variable depending on the stops, refuelling, maintenance, etc. The objective is to minimize water consumption by recycling it, obtaining a quality cleaning both from the textile and radiochemical point of view and generating the minimum volume of waste.
Some processes documented for the treatment of the radioactive liquid laundry waste use RO to avoid the problems resulting from the treatment by evaporation of the non-degradable detergents. However, the RO process produces a high rejection flow rate, which constitutes another waste that must be treated prior to its discharge.
The process developed by Nucleantech uses vacuum evaporation -as nuclear power plants have inexpensive sources of heat- to reduce to the minimum the waste generation and avoid the problem of the degradation of detergents by using an amount of detergents 3 times less than conventional processes, due to the use of ozone during the washing process.
The first step consists of collecting the material to be washed, classifying the different materials and evaluating the activity of each team. It is important to check that there are no high radioactive activity values in the wash. In these anomalous cases, the protective clothing must be treated as low and intermediate activity waste (LILW), by compaction.
The washing process begins with the classification of the material and the evaluation of its radioactive activity. Afterwards they are introduced into the washing machine and the washing is carried out at room temperature. During the washing cycle, a small amount of ozone is added with several purposes. First, ozone dilates fibres and helps the penetration of detergent. Second, it allows the concentration of detergent to be lower than in a conventional wash (4 g/L rather than 10-12 g/L). Third, washing with ozone allows it to be carried out at room temperature without excessively altering the pH, remaining in a neutral medium. In addition, the amount of water needed compared to a conventional wash is reduced. Finally, the use of ozone in the washing allows the reduction of other adjuvants and, consequently, decreases the load of contaminants in the laundry wastewater. As in the conventional washing process, in the wastewater, apart from a certain organic load, particles in suspension, grease and oil will all appear.
Once the washing is finished, the material is dried and the effluent is evacuated to a homogenization tank, where it is mixed with the staff shower wastewater.
The effluent from the homogenisation tank is subjected to an oxidation process using ozone and ultraviolet radiation. The objective of this stage is to decrease notably the organic load, disinfect and ionize possible radioactive metallic particles. Ozone, due to its oxidation capacity, eliminates organic matter (grease, sweat …) and odours. Ozone oxidation is carried out following two different ways. First, molecular ozone acts by direct oxidation of organic compounds. In a second way, the oxidation of organic matter can also be done by free hydroxyl radicals generated by ozone. Moreover, ozone has a disinfectant function since it acts on the wall of the microorganisms causing its destruction.
On the other hand, the working environment of a nuclear installation can cause certain operations where radioactive particles are fixed in protective clothing. Although this clothing contains an antistatic treatment, it cannot be discarded that in the washing water, activity is detected due to the presence of radioactive particles, such as 60Co, 54Mn and so on. These metallic particles, due to the effect of ozone, are oxidized to the state of ion, a form in which it is easier to reach their retention.
Depending on whether the effluent of the homogenization tank has high values of radioactivity (> 0.02 mSv / year) or not, the treatment will vary from this point. If radioactivity values higher than 0.02 mSv / year are not detected, the following stages follow the oxidation process:
Filtration, with the goal of retaining the solids present in the wastewater and material that may have precipitated.
Adsorption with activated carbon, with the objective of reducing the COD, the adsorption of ozonides generated in the process and the capture of particles in suspension. In the case of the presence of radioactive particles in suspension, the activated carbon would act physically adsorbing them.
Vacuum evaporation, with the aim of transforming the effluent into a quality water stream that is reused in the laundry. The volatile outlet of the evaporator is cooled to condense the water and separate it from the gases present in the effluent. While the condensed water is recirculated to the laundry, the gases are released into the atmosphere before passing through a decay tank, to reduce the activity of possible radioactive gases. The concentrate of the evaporator that has not been evaporated is recirculated backwards so that it goes through the filtration process again.
Note that, if there is no radiation in the effluent of the homogenizer tank, all the waste produced (filter cake and washing of the active carbon column) can be managed following conventional procedures.
In the case that the effluent coming from the homogenization tank contains radioactivity higher than 0.02 mSv / year, the output of the oxidation stage is diverted to another treatment line, which is formed by the following stages:
Benefits in relation to conventional treatments
The treatment process of the laundry wastewater of a nuclear facility proposed by Nucleantech implies the introduction of exclusive advantages in relation to conventional processes. These advantages are summarized below:
High efficiency in the washing process
The use of ozone in the washing allows the washing to be carried out with a lower concentration of detergent, compared to conventional washes (4 g/L compared to the usual 12 g/L). In addition, its double mechanism of action, direct oxidation by molecular ozone and the generation of hydroxyl ions, produces an increase in efficiency and an important reduction of other chemical products used in the washing (neutralizers, softeners, optical brighteners, etc.). It acts effectively on sweat residue, odours of textiles, dilating fibres and helping the penetration of detergents. Ozone in water is eliminated by forming oxygen, so that the concentration of oxygen in solution increases, favouring the cleaning potential of the detergents used. Ozone biocidal action has been contrasted in laundries for groups such as hospitals and retirement homes. It is necessary to take into account the fluctuating staff of a nuclear power station (350 people during normal operating periods, in refuel times it can triple its number), this fact requires flexibility in the washing process. In this case, ozone allows this flexibility to be modulated by varying the concentration in the washing circuit.
The elimination of ozone, which does not generate any residue and forms oxygen, allows a high oxygen concentration in solution. This fact allows washing under room temperature conditions, without the need to use hot water. Therefore, it allows energy savings and savings in the wearing of protective clothing, taking into account that it has a polymeric base and the action of a high temperature can degrade its protection capacity.
The disinfection treatment is another key value of the use of ozone in the laundry process. With a redox potential of 2.07V, ozone exceeds chlorine in oxidation capacity. This effect causes the destruction of the cell wall of the microorganisms. The oxidation capacity is shown in the breakdown of the C-N bond, which causes the depolymerization in the nucleic chains of the bacteria. Ozone is effective in the elimination of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nematodes, fungi, cell aggregates, and spores. On the other hand, it acts at the cytoplasm level, oxidizing internal mechanisms. This directly affects the reproduction of the bacterial flora.
Reuse of wash water
The wastewater, once it has been treated, has a quality such that it is possible to reuse it in the washing process. In addition to saving water in the process, the minimization of water consumption considerably reduces the amount of effluents discharged abroad, which, in a nuclear facility, is a parameter of key importance.
High reduction of waste production in the process
This treatment process is characterized by achieving a huge reduction in the volume of low and medium activity wastes generated that must be managed in accordance with regulated procedures, which have a high cost. This supposes a great economic saving in comparison with other processes.
Forecast and control of radioactive activity
The liquid laundry waste may contain radioactive particles from the working environment of a nuclear power plant (60Co, 129I, 131I, 90Sr, 55Mn, 59Fe, 137Cs, 134Cs, 51Cr, etc.). These particles are incorporated into the washing wastewater increasing its radioactive activity. In order to control this process, ozone oxidizes and ionizes these particles so that the mixed ion exchange resins (anionic and cationic) retain the ions in solution. In the event that the particles do not fully oxidize, they would be retained in the activated carbon filter. In this way, it is possible to keep the level of activity in the wastewater under control.
Flexibility of the treatment process to the presence of activity
The wastewater treatment process has been designed to adapt to the presence or absence of activity. The process consists of two lines of treatment, the basic one and the activity one. If there are no radioactive species in the water, only the basic treatment line is used, saving energy and resources. In the case of detecting radioactivity, the wastewater is diverted to the activity treatment line, and once the radioactivity has been eliminated, the water is returned to the basic treatment line.
Flexibility of the process to important fluctuations of flow and load
In nuclear power plants, depending on whether they are in the process of being stopped or started or if they are operating in a steady state, the number of workers present in the facilities can vary significantly. The variability in the size of the staff directly affects the amount of wastewater generated by the laundry and showers. In addition, when there are stops, the necessary maintenance work is carried out, so the pollutant load increases markedly. The treatment proposed by Nucleantech presents a high adaptation to variations both in the quantity and the composition of the wastewater produced.
Strict compliance with the most demanding regulations
All the technology used in the process is proven technology that ensures that, in addition to ensuring high efficiency in the washing process and minimizing the economic costs of treatment, effluents are discharged abroad fulfilling the requirements of the strictest regulations.
Other Nucleantech treatment processes for nuclear wastes
Nucleantech has developed other treatment processes addressed to the minimization of nuclear wastes, such as the treatment of the purges of the secondary cooling circuit in the PWR nuclear power plants, the treatment of the wastewater generated in the production of UF6 in the uranium enrichment process or the treatment and minimization of low radioactivity solid waste generated in the nuclear facilities by means of pyrolysis. These processes are described below.
Nucleantech technology provides an efficient solution for the treatment of the purges of the secondary cooling circuit in the PWR nuclear power plants.
Moreover, this solution allows the recovery of the boric acid dissolved in the primary cooling circuit in the PWR nuclear power plants.
This solution ensures maximum efficiency in the recovery of boric acid of nuclear quality. On the other hand, it helps to reduce the volume of liquid waste generated, with the consequent reduction in the cost of waste management.
This process has the goal of treating the wastewater generated in the production of UF6 in the uranium enrichment process.
This solution recovers the water used to wash the UF6 cylinders, while allowing the minimization of the solid waste produced.
This solid waste reduction is obtained by means of a high efficiency vacuum evaporator followed by a vacuum crystalliser.
This system reduces the volume of waste, which has an economic impact on the cost of managing this waste.
This process provides a solution to the treatment and minimization of low radioactivity solid waste generated in nuclear facilities, such as gloves, masks, glasses, work clothes, caps, wood of pallets, etc., by means of pyrolysis.
This system has important advantages over incineration -when incineration is allowed-, such as: lack of ash generation, it can be located in the waste production plant -so no waste transport is needed-, and no dioxins are generated.
The advantages of this system are both environmental and economical. The environmental benefit lies in the high minimization of the volume of a nuclear residue that practically does not have radioactive activity. On the other hand, the economic value is related to the reduction of the volume of a waste that has to be managed following the nuclear procedures for low-level waste (LLW) storage.


The Iranian government today rejected concerns expressed by IAEA in its new report that Iran was possibly building a military dimension to its nuclear program. The head of Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) Ali Asghar Soltanieh insisted on the peaceful nature of his country’s program.
"The important point is that the full detailed report regarding all our nuclear activities show full supervision by the IAEA and no deviation to prohibited ends," Soltanieh said [IRNA, 27 February].
IAEA had said in its report that was published on Friday that Iran was still refusing to discuss a number of outstanding issues related to possible military dimensions to its nuclear work. It also said that it had received new information on possible nuclear weaponization program. Iran has always insisted that it does not plan to build the bomb.
"Additional information has come to the (Agency's) attention since August 2008, including new information recently received" that prompted "further concerns [over military dimensions of the program," the IAEA report said. "Iran is not engaging with the agency in substance on issues concerning the allegation that Iran is developing a nuclear payload for its missile program” [AFP, 26 February].


Ionizing radiation is a common phenomenon that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), is a type of energy released by atoms and travels in the form of electromagnetic waves (gamma or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta, or alpha radiation). This energy can be measured using dosimeters, also known as Geiger counters, such as Milerd HiStand.
It’s important to note that ionizing radiation is unavoidable as it is a result of not only human activity but also originates from natural sources.
The Origin and Presence of Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation is a result of radioactivity, which is the spontaneous decay of atoms. These atoms, referred to as radionuclides, are unstable elements that emit ionizing radiation during decay. Consequently, it occurs naturally in the environment (soil, air, and water) and as a by-product of human activities, such as nuclear energy production. For instance, everyday devices like refrigerators, airport security gates, and X-ray machines emit low levels of ionizing radiation.
Measuring Ionizing Radiation
The level of radioactivity can be measured using specialized measuring devices such as dosimeters or Geiger-Muller counters. A good quality Geiger counter, like Milerd HiStand, must be based on a Geiger tube and should be factory-calibrated for accurate measurements. It’s important to note that reliable radiation measurement using a mobile phone is impossible.
The Impact of Ionizing Radiation on Humans and Devices
Ionizing radiation can hurt both humans and electronic devices. In humans, excessive exposure can lead to radiation sickness. The longer the exposure, the more severe the potential effects, which in the worst case can lead to death. The effects on human health can be deterministic, appearing after a certain level of radiation (e.g., erythema), or stochastic, which may only manifest many years after exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., cancer).
Ionizing radiation also adversely affects electronic devices, which can suffer serious damage or malfunction with prolonged exposure.
Ionizing Radiation and Your Immune System
While the negative impacts of ionizing radiation are well-documented, it’s important to note that controlled exposure to low levels of certain types of ionizing radiation can have beneficial effects, particularly for those with a weak immune system. Some forms of ionizing radiation are used in medical treatments, such as radiotherapy for cancer, where it helps to destroy harmful cells and stimulate the body’s immune response.
Stay Informed and Stay Safe
In conclusion, ionizing radiation is a ubiquitous and potentially dangerous phenomenon. However, with the right knowledge and tools, such as a Milerd HiStand Geiger counter, you can measure the level of radiation in your environment and take necessary precautions. Remember, being informed is the first step toward staying safe.
Interested in learning more about ionizing radiation and how to protect yourself? Visit our website for more information and explore our range of Geiger counters. Stay informed, stay safe.


Sen. Richard Bryan, D-Nev., says the Department of Energy should reopen public comment on Yucca Mountain because it printed the wrong address for comments in the Federal Register.
"As a result, many of those letters have simply been returned to Nevadans, unopened and unexamined," said Bryan.
He said that's not fair to all those who wished to make comments on the proposed nuclear waste dump project and that the only way to fix it is to extend the comment period for 75 days.
"This is yet another attempt by the DOE to ensure that the rules meet the repository rather than have the repository meet the rules," he said. "The possible storage of the nation's high-level nuclear waste at Yucca Mountain puts a considerable burden on the people of Nevada and it is only fair that those who will be affected the most have an ample time to comment."
His demand comes just a day after Bryan highlighted the discovery that radioactive pollutants 25 times the permissible level have been found in groundwater outside the Nevada Test Site.
He said it is part of a "growing pattern of radioactive migration from the test site."
Bryan said that discovery again raises credibility questions for the department because possible groundwater contamination is one of the chief concerns about the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste dump site.
Bryan said the department must do more tests to properly determine how dangerous Yucca Mountain may be to groundwater in Southern Nevada.


ANSTO has operated accelerators since 1964. The Centre for Accelerator Science is a world-leading centre for ion beam analysis and accelerator mass spectrometry. The Centre is recognised internationally for the excellence of its operations and expertise of its staff. It attracts national and international users from academia, publicly-funded research agencies, industry and government.
Both in-house scientists and external users access a suite of tools for investigations that cross a range of disciplines. The Centre provides key infrastructure for supporting International Atomic Energy Agency activities and provides training across a broad range of disciplines and technologies.
How it works
The Centre for Accelerator Science provides users with access to a suite of tools in one location that can be used for isotopic dating, air pollution studies, climate science, the modification and characterisation of materials, radiation damage studies, forensic science, nuclear detector characterisation and microbiological and life sciences studies.
The Centre provides key infrastructure for supporting International Atomic Energy Agency activities and provides training across a broad range of disciplines and technologies.
The voltage energy range of accelerators
Ion sources on accelerators
Beamlines on accelerators
Ion beam analysis
When an energetic ion beam hits a sample it will interact with the atoms through a number of very complex interactions. By detecting and measuring the reaction products resulting from the various interactions and their intensities, quantitative data on the sample's constituent elements and their spatial distributions can be readily obtained.
Accelerator mass spectrometry
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is an ultra-sensitive analytical technique based on the use of an ion accelerator as a powerful mass spectrometer. The element of interest is chemically separated from the original material and loaded as a target in the ion source of the tandem accelerator. The ion beam produced from it is accelerated and isotopically analysed. Selected isotopes are identified and counted individually with ion detectors.
Discover how ion beam analysis and accelerator mass spectrometry can assist your investigation


Particle accelerators head-on collisions of lead ions, hundreds of protons and neutrons smash into one another at energies of a few TeVs. Linear accelerators, or linacs for short, are designed to hurl a beam of particles in a straight line. Alice is optimized to study heavy-ion lead to lead collisions as opposed to much lighter proton to proton collisions.
Another advantage is that a circular accelerator is smaller than a linear accelerator of comparable power i. The energy and current correspond to 1. The beam will be more intense and more concentrated than at present.
This has developed into an entire separate subject, called "beam physics" or "beam optics". It pushes them over and over to make them go faster and faster. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC NRC is in charge of regulating nuclear material, including material made radioactive by using a particle accelerator.
In practice the voltages Particle accelerators change very rapidly. SLAC is an electron - positron collider. This heats matter at the interaction point to a temperature almosttimes higher than the temperature in the core of the sun.
Electron systems in general can provide tightly collimated, reliable beams; laser systems may offer more power and compactness. Companies use small accelerators that produce neutrons for this use. CERN next sent a beam of protons in a counter clockwise direction in the adjacent beam pipe which also only took one and a half hours.
It keeps the coils of the magnets which bend and focus the particle beams in a super-conducting state minimum resistance so that they consume only one-third of the power the magnets would require at normal temperatures.
The difference in electric potential between the position where the electron begins moving through the field and the place where it leaves the field determines the energy that the electron acquires.
It was renamed in in honor of Enrico Fermi, a naturalized American physicist. Some accelerators produce ionizing radiation in the form of x-rays.
The upgrade Particle accelerators expected to take eight years. Their electro-weak theory predicted not only the W bosons necessary to explain beta decay, but also the Z boson.
They can draw particles from different parts of their accelerator for experiments that require particles at different energies. For example, particles called pi mesons are normally short-lived; they disintegrate after mere millionths of a second.
Relatively few collisions happen each time the beams meet. In plasma wakefield accelerators, the beam cavity is filled with a plasma rather than vacuum.
The higher the luminosity, the more data the experiments will generate allowing scientists to observe very rare collisions that create new particles.
After collecting two and a half times more data, the physicists said the particle was the Higgs Boson. Except for synchrotron radiation sources, the purpose of an accelerator is to generate high-energy particles for interaction with matter.
In a television picture tubethe electron s shot from the electron gun strike special phosphor s on the inside surface of the screen, and these emit lightwhich thereby re-creates the televised images.
However, instead of using a Particle accelerators linear track, they propel the particles around a circular track many times. They can also be used to create beams of radiation for cancer treatment.
Only electrically charged particles create electrical signals as they move through a material—for example, by exciting or ionizing the atoms—and can be detected directly. Synchrotron radiation sources[ edit ] Some circular accelerators have been built to deliberately generate radiation called synchrotron light as X-rays also called synchrotron radiation, for example the Diamond Light Source which has been built at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in England or the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory in IllinoisUSA.
A means of increasing the energy without increasing the scale of the machines was provided by a demonstration in by Livingston, Ernest D.
This creates - for a tiny moment, a small volume of matter consisting of quarks, antiquarks and gluons that has a temperature of over 4, billion degrees.A particle accelerator is a device that uses electric fields to propel electrically charged particles to high speeds and magnetic fields to contain them.
Particle Accelerators are used as a physics research tool by accelerating particles to very high energies and forcing them to collide with other particles. Analysis of the byproducts enables scientists to study the structure of the subatomic world. The results are apparent only at high energies, for tiny periods of time, and are impossible to study in other ways.
Synchrotrons: the heavy lifters. Synchrotrons are the highest-energy particle accelerators in the world. The Large Hadron Collider currently tops the list, with the ability to accelerate particles to an energy of trillion electronvolts before colliding them with particles of an equal energy traveling in the opposite direction.
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to nearly light speed and to contain them in well-defined beams. Large accelerators are used for basic research in particle mi-centre.com most powerful accelerator currently is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built by the.
Particle accelerator: Particle accelerator, any device that produces a beam of fast-moving, electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles.
Physicists use accelerators in fundamental research on the structure of nuclei, the nature of nuclear forces, and the properties of nuclei not found in nature, as in the.
mi-centre.com: The Physics of Particle Accelerators: An Introduction (): Klaus Wille, Jason McFall: Books.Download


By John Greenwald
Fusion is the reaction that drives the sun and stars, generating massive amounts of energy. At the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), scientists seek to replicate fusion on Earth with the goal of producing a virtually inexhaustible supply of power. With funding from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy, PPPL will design and build permanent magnets that could provide a highly innovative basis for simplifying stellarators — the twisting technology used in experiments for producing fusion energy. “We hope this project will be the start of a program based on permanent magnets,” said PPPL physicist David Gates, who leads the team that developed the proposal.
Image courtesy of PPPL


What is it about?
Radiocarbon (14C) is a naturally occurring long-lived radioactive isotope whose secular equilibrium is governed by cosmic rays interaction. It is also artificially generated in nuclear reactors and irradiation facilities, posing a risk to living organisms if not properly confined. The amount of 14C in the nuclear waste streams is difficult to quantify utilizing established techniques. This paper shows that an innovative laser-based technique, can be profitably used in the analysis of low 14C concentrations present in materials such as graphite and concrete, which are representative of large volumes of nuclear decommissioning waste.
Photo by Nicolas HIPPERT on Unsplash
Why is it important?
The presented work has a huge impact on nuclear decommissioning, since the possibility of on-site measurement avoids the complex, often totally forbidden organization of radioactive transport, strongly reducing unnecessary radiological exposure. In many circumstances, precise determination of the 14C content in the decommissioning waste will allow for the clearance of large volumes of nuclear waste as conventional ones, not only reducing the overall cost but also, mitigating the environmental impact of nuclear waste management.
Read the Original
This page is a summary of: Precise radiocarbon determination in radioactive waste by a laser-based spectroscopic technique, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July 2022, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
You can read the full text:
The following have contributed to this page


SAN ONOFRE, Calif – The process to decommission San Onofre Nuclear Power Station will be a long one beginning with the cleanup of contaminated structures and removal of the radioactive fuel. All this will happen well before Edison begins to dismantle Southern California iconic landmark.
In fact according to Edison, CEO, Ted Craver, addressing questions by phone, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission will consider the plant still active during the first phase of the process.
“The vast majority of how nuclear facility is configured is after the nuclear fuel is cooled down in the spent fuel pools then it goes into some kind of dry storage” explained Ted Caver.
That can take anywhere from weeks to months, however, because it’s been offline for more than a year – they do have a bit of head start, still the bigger problem is where to move all that nuclear waste later.
“We don’t have a place to send it,” said Jennex, adding that “unit one fuel is still on site, so it may be years.”
Decommission will not be granted by NRC until the entire structure is dismantled and all radioactive materials are removed. The actual domes would likely be the last things to be demolition. The good news, say the experts, time will naturally remove the low level radiation.
“That why you wait.” Explains Jennex, adding “the vast majority of it will just be rubble. It won’t be nuclear waste – only the nuclear reactor vessel itself.Edison has 2.7 billion dollars set aside in a fund to pay for decommission. That they say it’s 90% funded.


ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) - Members of an independent safety panel that provides oversight of some of the nation's highest risk nuclear facilities are holding another public hearing focused on efforts to downsize and reorganize the group.
The public hearing is Wednesday in Washington, D.C.
Members of New Mexico's congressional delegation, nuclear watchdog groups and others have voiced concerns about the reorganization of the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board .
The concerns include limiting inspections of certain federal sites and curtailing the board's access to key information at nuclear sites. Los Alamos National Laboratory is among the locations monitored by the board.
U.S. Energy Department officials during a hearing earlier this year denied they were changing their approach to safety and rebuffed calls by board members and others to put the policy changes on hold.


This blog is in the process of moving to Markw.us, just take note.
Tuesday, November 01, 2005
The Triad is a potential future nuclear power site. I'm strongly in favor of nuclear power as long as its safe and secure (and I'm fairly convinced that it is). So if Duke Power wants to plant a nuclear site around here I'm for it (they won't, Surry isn't exactly well populated). via Ed Cone who thinks he might yell NIMBY.
Comments: Post a Comment
Links to this post:


PLASMA STORED ENERGY AND MOMENTUM LOSSES DURING LARGE MHD ACTIVITY IN JETFunded under: FP2-FUSION 10C
Substantial losses of plasma stored energy and toroidal ion momentum are observed during large amplitude oscillating or quasi-stationary MHD activity in JET when mode coupling effects become important. The reduction in the diamagnetic stored energy due to low m, n MHD modes increases with mode amplitude. Favourable comparisons are made with the degradation in incremental energy confinement time predicted by Chang and Callen during such MHD activity. The reduction in the plasma ion toroidal momentum, from charge exchange measurements on C6+ ions, depends on the extent of mode coupling within the plasma and on the oscillation frequency of the n=1 mode. When b(r) B(0)> 0.1% for more than about 300 msec, toroidal coupling between low m, n modes together with a force coupling the plasma ions to the modes, equilibrates the toroidal ion rotation frequency with the MHD oscillation frequency over substantial regions of the plasma, depending on the radius of the rational q surface of the coupled MHD mode. This ion-mode coupling force becomes particularly apparent when the mode frequency drops to nearly zero and the ion toroidal rotation frequency also drops to zero within 100 - 300 msec, despite continued neutral beam injection. In such cases, the toroidal ion momentum appears to be lost electromagnetically via the MHD modes to the external structure or fixed stray fields of the tokamak, while the plasma stored energy losses must be explained by other processes.
Bibliographic Reference: REPORT: JET-P(89)64 EN (1990) 31PP. AVAILABLE FROM THE PUBLICATIONS OFFICER, JET JOINT UNDERTAKING, ABINGDON, OXON. OX14 3EA (GB)
Record Number: 1989128099800 / Last updated on: 1992-11-04
Original language: EN
Available languages: en


By Melissa Pistilli-Exclusive to Uranium Investing News
Both TradeTech and Ux Consulting have raised their weekly uranium spot price from $50 per pound to $52 and $53 per pound, respectively. The two industry consultants have left their long term price indicator at $65 per pound despite increased buyer interest.
Uranium One Update
Uranium One [TSX: UUU], the Canadian miner embroiled in the recent alleged fraud scandal out of Kazakhstan, has announced a purchase agreement with Russia’s state-owned uranium miner, ARMZ Uranium Holding Co. ( a unit of Russia’s nuclear energy holding, Rosatom Corp.).
Uranium One will get a 50 per cent stake in ARMZ’s Karatau deposit in Kazakhstan in exchange for $90 million and 17 per cent share in UUU. ARMZ will also have the option to increase its holdings to 20 per cent. The deal also grants Uranium One access to Russian conversion and enrichment facilities.
The Karatau deposit has 29 million pounds of uranium in indicated resources and 2 million in inferred resources. In 2008, the Karatau mine produced 1.7 million pounds of uranium. Uranium One’s CEO Jean Nortier expects the mine to produce 3.3 million pounds in 2009 and 5.2 million pounds per year by 2011.
Mitigating Political Risk
Developing and implementing strategies for managing political risk is crucial for mining companies, especially uranium miners operating in regions of the world notorious for strained political relations. One strategy: create alliances with a powerful partner.
In aligning with Russia’s ARMZ, Uranium One is not only gaining a partner in the uranium industry, but also helping to mitigate the political risks associated with operating in a post-Soviet era nation like Kazakhstan.
According to ARMZ director general Vadim Zhivov, the Russian company has a “deep history” in the Kazakh mining industry and “strong inter government relationships exist between Russia and Kazakhstan.”
Uranium One’s Japanese Partnership
Zhivov also commented that the partnership with Uranium One provides Russia with increased exposure to the uranium market.
This type of strategic partnership is the second for the uranium miner. In February of this year, Uranium One entered into C$270 million agreement with a group of Japanese companies that included the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Toshiba and Japan Bank for International Co-operation.
“With the closing of (both deals), Uranium One will be a link between the governments of Japan and Russia for uranium mining,” said Nortier.
On Tuesday, shares of Uranium One on the TSX closed at $2.80.
Securing Uranium Supply Lines
Uranium One’s dealings with Japanese and Russian uranium and energy companies is just part of a rising trend amongst nuclear-dependent nations seeking to secure uranium supply lines by entering into partnerships with uranium miners.
The World Nuclear Association anticipates uranium demand to rise from the current 65,000 tonnes a year to 74,000 tonnes by 2015.
“With the nuclear drive worldwide, demand is expected to spike,” said Deutsche Securities Inc. analyst, Tomohiro Jikihara. “Securing the resource is a step toward increasing nuclear generation.”
Underwater Uranium Farms
Here’s an interesting example of the lengths to which nuclear energy-dependent nations are willing to go to insure direct uranium supplies: government-funded scientists in Japan are developing the means to extract uranium from the sea.
Japan is the world’s third biggest nuclear generator, consuming roughly 9,800 tonnes of uranium in 2008. Currently, Japan relies on uranium imports from Canada and Australia to fuel its nuclear reactors.
Dr. Masao Tanada (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) has created a fabric made mostly of irradiated polyethylene that acts like a sponge, soaking up uranium from the surrounding seawater. The fabric can be placed on the seabed to create “uranium farms” that Dr. Tanada says would allow Japan’s nuclear power industry to extract its annual uranium needs from the Kuroshio Current flowing along Japan’s eastern seaboard.
Dr. Tanada is looking to garner funding to build an approximately 400 square mile underwater uranium farm. This one farm would provide Japan with as much as 16 per cent of its annual uranium demand, he said.
“Other countries are conducting similar research but none are as advanced as we are,” commented Dr. Tanada. “We need to conduct more development research and be able to produce the adsorbent material on a large scale, but we could achieve this within five years.”
Sounds crazy, eh? But when one considers that an estimated 4.5 billion tonnes of uranium (about 1,000 times the amount known in mines) is floating around in the earth’s oceans (at about 3.3 parts per billion), it begins to seem like an option worth pursuing.
If such technology can be perfected and put to use, how will this affect the spot price of uranium on the open market? The share price of uranium miners?
Whether or not this technology gets off the ground is yet to be seen, but the very idea of its consideration reflects the increasing demand for nuclear power fuel and the continuation of uranium’s rise as one of the world’s most desired energy commodities.


Fuel aid arrives in N Korea
A shipment of fuel has arrived in North Korea - the first part of a deal to halt Pyongyang's nuclear program.
Inspectors from the UN's nuclear agency are now travelling in from China to monitor the shutdown.
The team of 10 nuclear inspectors are taking surveillance equipment that will be used to monitor the shutdown of North Korea's main nuclear reactor.
North Korea has agreed to give inspectors access to key sites of the Yongbyon complex including the five megawatt reactor and the plutonium reprocessing plant.
The International Atomic Energy Agency said the reactor's shutdown could be done in a few days but it may take the inspection team up to three weeks to verify the sealing of other key installations at the Yongbyon nuclear compound.
Surveillance cameras will be installed to monitor the process.


Russian regulator Rostekhnadzor today issued a permit for the start of pilot operation at unit 2 of the Leningrad II nuclear power plant in western Russia. Pilot operation is the final and longest check of the power unit before commissioning and will last about four months, Russian state nuclear corporation Rosatom said. During this time, the power of the reactor will be increased in stages to 100% and undergo about 200 system tests.Units 1 and 2 at Leningrad II in Sosnovy Bor (Image: Rosatom)
"After reaching 100% capacity, completing all the prescribed tests at a given power level and flawless and non-stop operation for at least 15 days, the power unit will be shut down to check the equipment and put it into industrial operation, after approval from the state commission," the plant's chief engineer, Alexander Belyaev, said.
Start-up operations at the unit, also known as Leningrad-6, began on 19 July, when the first fuel assemblies with fresh nuclear fuel were loaded into the reactor core. After full loading, the reactor was brought to the minimum controlled power level that gave rise to a series of tests. At the end of these, on 22 October, the unit was connected to the country's grid. When it is in commercial operation, its daily output will be about 28 MWh of electricity. The commissioning of the unit is scheduled for 2021.
The existing Leningrad plant site in Sosnovy Bor has four RBMK-1000 units, while Leningrad II will have four VVER-1200 units. Leningrad unit 1 was shut down for decommissioning on 21 December 2018. Leningrad II unit 1 was connected to the grid on 9 March 2018, becoming the second VVER-1200 reactor to start up, following the launch in 2016 of Novovoronezh unit 6.
Leningrad II-2 will replace Leningrad-2, an RBMK reactor that has been in operation for 45 years.
Researched and written by World Nuclear News


Japanese authorities are investigating the discovery of a suspected unexploded World War II bomb at the site of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant..
The US is thought to have dropped the 89cm-long (3ft) device during the second world war
The device was discovered by workers constructing a parking lot close to the facility’s reactors, a spokesman for Fukushima operator Tokyo Electric Power Co (TEPCO) said.
BYPASS THE CENSORS
Sign up to get unfiltered news delivered straight to your inbox.
The BBC reports:
It was found by workers building a car park at the site where a four-decade-long decommissioning process is under way.
Tens of thousands of residents had to evacuate the area after a reactor meltdown in 2011 following an earthquake and tsunami.
The incident at the Tokyo Electric Power Co (Tepco) site was the world’s most serious nuclear accident since Chernobyl in 1986.
No-one died directly in the meltdown but three former Tepco executives are facing trial on charges of negligence because of deaths related to the area’s evacuation.
Tepco said construction work was immediately suspended after the object was found and a temporary exclusion zone put in place while bomb disposal experts were deployed.
It is not uncommon for unexploded WW2 devices to be found in Japan over 70 years on from the end of the war.


Elaine Davidson, 30 years old
Because the radioactive half-life of a given radioisotope is not affected by temperature, radioactive dating environmental impact or chemical state, or any other influence of the environment outside the nucleus that has no direct particle interactions with the nucleus, then radioactive samples continue to decay at a predictable rate. That is, any radioactive nucleus acts as a clock. If determinations or reasonable estimates of the original composition of a radioactive sample can be made, then the amounts of the radioisotopes present can provide a measurement of the time elapsed. One such method is called carbon datingwhich is limited to the dating of organic once living materials. The longer-lived radioisotopes in minerals provide evidence of long time scales in geological processes. While original compositions cannot be determined with certainty, various combination measurements provide self-consistent values for the the times of formations of certain geologic deposits. These clocks-in-the-rocks methods provide data for modeling the formation of the Earth and solar system.
As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 79, lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Already registered? Log in here for access. Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Log in or Sign up. Gillaspy has taught health science at University of Phoenix and Ashford University and has a degree from Radioactive dating environmental impact College of Chiropractic. The aging process in human beings is easy to see.
One example of radioactive dating is carbon dating. Carbon dating can be used on anything that was once alive, be it plant or animal. A couple of wonderful examples have been in the news in the past years.
Radioactive dating environmental impact
More about radioactive dating environmental impact:
Jump to content. Radioactive elements transmute into more stable materials by shooting off particles at a steady rate. For instance, half the mass of carbon, an unstable isotope radioactive dating environmental impact carbon, will decay into nitrogen over a period of 5, years. Archaeologists routinely use radiometric dating to determine the age of materials such as ancient campfires and mammoth teeth. Recent puzzling observations of tiny variations in nuclear decay rates have led some to question the science of using decay rates to determine the relative ages of rocks and organic materials. Scientists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTworking with researchers from Purdue University, the University of Tennessee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Wabash College, tested the hypothesis that solar radiation might affect the rate at which radioactive elements decay and found no detectable effect. Atoms of radioactive isotopes are unstable and decay over time by shooting off particles at a fixed rate, transmuting the material into a more stable substance. The unswerving regularity of this decay allows scientists to determine the age of extremely old organic materials—such as remains of Paleolithic campfires—with a fair degree of precision.
Environmental radioactivity is produced by radioactive materials in the human environment. While some radioisotopessuch as strontium 90 Sr and technetium 99 Tcare only found on Earth as a result of human activity, and some, like potassium 40 Kare only present due to natural processes, a few isotopes, e. The radioactive dating environmental impact and location of some natural isotopes, particularly uranium Ucan be affected by human activity. Radioactivity is present everywhereand has been since the formation of the earth. Synthetic radioisotopes also can be detected in silt. Busby [ citation needed ] quotes a report on the plutonium activity in Welsh intertidal sediments by Garland et al. The additional radioactivity in the biosphere caused by human activity due to the releases of man-made radioactivity and of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials NORM can be divided into several classes. Just because a radioisotope lands on the surface of the soil, does not mean it will enter the human food chain. After release into the environment, radioactive materials can reach humans in a range of different routes, and the chemistry of the element usually dictates the most likely route. Using milk as an example, if the cow has a daily intake of Bq of the preceding isotopes then the milk will have the following activities.
For 10 days following the April 26 explosion, the ruptured Chernobyl reactor continued to release major quantities of radioactive substances, amounting to a total of about 14 EBq. The most significant radioisotopes released were iodine , caesium , strontium and plutonium radioisotopes see table on radioisotopes released. For example, radioactive deposits were larger in areas where it was raining when the contaminated air masses passed. Also, because radioactive strontium and plutonium particles are heavier than many other radioactive particles, they were deposited within km of the destroyed reactor. The half-life of radioactive material is the time taken for half the amount initially present to decay. Because many of the most significant radioisotopes have short half-lives in the range of hours or days, most have decayed away by now. For the decades to come, the most important pollutant will be caesium followed by strontium


Uranium | Mining Simulator Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia
Uranium is an ore that is found in the 1,000 stone layer and its base value is 3,500 coins. It is similar to Lavastone due to its cracks, with the only difference being the color. Despite having a low value compared to many other Earth ores, it is very rare.Get Price
Source Uranium Mining Equipment Experts for Projects ...
Equipment used in extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam, as in mining for uranium. Top Uranium Mining Equipment ExpertsGet Price
Uranium Mining, Processing, and Reclamation Uranium ...
For uranium ore deposits, the choice of mining methods and processing options is very depositspecific and dependent on many variables such as the quality and quantity of the ore, the shape and depth of the ore deposit, sitespecific environmental conditions, and a range of other factors.Get Price
uranium ore separation machinery and equipment Mineral ...
Mar 09, 2016· Laboratory Equipment For Mining. About 37% of these are mineral separator, 1% are testing equipment, and 1% are . Chinese supplier laboratory mineral processing equipment jig machine tin mining .. ... Process Of Uranium Mining and Extraction from Ore . Machine concentration spiral chute ,Ore Separated for mining industry. Quotation More.Get Price
Uranium Ore Processing Methods
Uranium Ore Processing Methods. Metallurgical Content. Crushing Uranium Ore ... Uranium Grinding and Classification. Ore is fed at a controlled rate by Adjustable Stroke or Variable Speed Ore Feeders. A weightometer records tonnage and a Automatic Sampler provides systematic sampling. ... ENTER our Mining Equipment' Store.Get Price
Uranium mining in the United States Wikipedia
History. While uranium is used primarily for nuclear power, uranium mining had its roots in the production of radiumbearing ore from 1898 from the mining of uraniumvanadium sandstone deposits in western Colorado. The 1950s saw a boom in uranium mining in the western , spurred by the fortunes made by prospectors such as Charlie United States was the world's leading …Get Price
4 Uranium Mining, Processing, and Reclamation | Uranium ...
URANIUM MINING METHODS. Based on the current understanding of uranium deposits in the Commonwealth of ia, extraction of uranium ore would use openpit mining, or underground mining, or a combination of both ().These general terms incorporate a large variety of design possibilities—there are as many methods of mining uranium as there are orebody sizes, shapes, …Get Price
uranium ore mining equipment
When uranium ore is found near the surface, generally less than 100 metres deep, it is typically extracted by the openpit mining method. Openpit mining begins by removing soil and waste rock on top of the ore, to expose the hard rock.Get Price
Uranium Mining Equipment at Best Price in India
Find here online price details of companies selling Uranium Mining Equipment. Get info of suppliers, manufacturers, exporters, traders of Uranium Mining Equipment for buying in India.Get Price
Uranium Ore Processing Equipment
uranium ore dressing equipment, uranium ore . Uranium ore dressing processing is the process that separating, enriching and extracting the uranium from uranium ore or ore with uranium, to get uranium products in ...Get Price
equipments for uranium mining
Uranium mining is the beginning of the nuclear chain. uranium are used in a number of medical settings, from treating cancer to sterilizing medical equipment. Uranium Mines For Sale Complete List of Uranium Mines For Sale.Get Price
uranium ore processing ppt – Grinding Mill China
uranium ore dressing equipment, uranium ore … Uranium ore dressing processing is the process that separating, enriching and extracting the uranium from uranium ore or ore with uranium, to get uranium products in ...Get Price
Uranium Mining Equipment Manufacturers, Suppliers ...
Contact verified Uranium Mining Equipment Manufacturers, Uranium Mining Equipment suppliers, Uranium Mining Equipment exporters wholesalers, producers, retailers and traders in India. Find here information of Uranium Mining Equipment selling companies for your buy requirements.Get Price
URANIUM MINING | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State ...
URANIUM MINING. With the exception of small shipments during the 1950s from the High Plains, uranium production in Texas has come primarily from the Coastal Plain. Some uranium also occurs in TransPecos Texas. Surface mining, uraniumore processing at mills, ...Get Price
namibia uranium ore mining equipment
namibia uranium ore mining equipment … The development of the uranium mining and ore processing industry is The size of uranium mines also vanes over a wide openpit mine in Namibia produces 40 000 tons of ore .. from the mine is passed through the equipment and the.Get Price
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN URANIUM MINING …
Identifies health and safety matters relevant to employees involved in uranium mining and milling, and the transport of uranium, in the context of general health and safety matters affecting mining …Get Price
Pitchblende Uranium Ore Mineral Processing Metallurgy
Pitchblende Uranium Ore ... Uranium ores are apt to be covered with yellow spots, or crusts of uranite or uranium ocher. Other uranium minerals of a bright yellow color are known. The early discoveries of uranium minerals in Canada were in pegmatite dikes, in areas of eruptive granite. ... ENTER our Mining Equipment' Store.Get Price
The 1950s uranium boom | South Bay History
The overall market for uranium fell off in the late 1970s and 1980s when prices for lowergrade American ore declined and demand fell due to a variety of factors including highergrade foreign ore, antinuclear sentiment and lower demand.Get Price
equipment for uranium mining
Uranium ore Factorio WikiUranium ore is a to produce uranium235 and uranium238 which is used to craft fuel for the mining drill placed on uranium ore tools used for uranium mining,mining equipment for uranium grinding mill equipmentUranium Mining In the last fifty years uranium has become one of the …Get Price
Uranium Mining Overview World Nuclear Association
In the first phase of uranium mining to the 1960s, this would have been seen as a respectable grade, but today some Canadian mines have huge amounts of ore up to 20% U average grade. Other mines however can operate successfully with very low grade ores, down to about % U.Get Price
Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining World Nuclear ...
Occupational Safety in Uranium Mining. Uranium mining companies have generally taken active steps to reduce radiation doses wherever and whenever they can, and voluntarily adopted the most recent international recommendations on dose limits long before they became part of the regulations. World Nuclear Association is the global privatesector organization that seeks to promote and provide ...Get Price
books on mining uranium in australia
books on mining uranium in australia. As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any sizereduction requirements including quarry, aggregate, and different kinds of minerals.Get Price
Uranium ore Factorio Wiki
Uranium ore is a resource found on the map. Instead of being smelted in a furnace, uranium ore must be processed in a centrifuge to produce Uranium235 and Uranium238, which is used to craft fuel for the nuclear reactor and in various types of ammunition.Get Price
the Economics of Uranium Mining
The cost of the equipment for mining and milling uranium into uranium ore concentrate, which generally takes place on site, is over US 100 million and can even reach into the billions. Thus, private companies and state entities alike must carefully consider longterm economics before opening a mine.Get Price
uranium mining in australia Mineral Processing EPC
Weihai Haiwang Mining Equipment Co., Ltd., Experts in Manufacturing and Exporting . Mineral Processing EPC,Mining Machine,Coal Washing Machine,FGD Ma . Haiwang Whirlcone Mobile Uranium Ore Processing Plant Hydrocyclone. Quotation More. Best Offer! Industrial Chemical Hydrochloric Acid Price,With Good .Get Price
uranium ore mineral processing process
Weihai Haiwang Mining Equipment Co., Ltd., Experts in Manufacturing and Exporting Mineral Processing EPC,Mining Machine and 2469 more Products. A Verified CN Gold Supplier on uranium ore mineral processing process. Dongguan Bosi Hardware Electronic Co., Ltd. Stamping Parts.Get Price
Uranium mining Wikipedia
Uranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground. The worldwide production of uranium in 2015 amounted to 60,496 tonnes . Kazakhstan , Canada , and Australia are the top three producers and together account for 70% of world uranium production.Get Price
Uranium processing |
Uranium processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Uranium ores occur in deposits that are both nearsurface and very deep (, 300 to 1,200 metres, or 1,000 to 4,000 feet). The deep ores sometimes occur in seams as thick as 30 metres. As is the case with ores of other metals ...Get Price
Conventional Mining | Uranium Producers of America
conventional mining and milling of uranium ore Introduction Production of uranium concentrates, in the form of U3O8, or “Yellowcake” as it is commonly referred to in the industry, from ore which is mined by open pit or underground methods and processed to recover uranium, employs technology and methods common to the mining industry.Get Price
Kazakhstan Mining Equipment |
Kazakhstan Mining EquipmentKazakhstan Mining Equipment ... and uranium mining (25% of world reserves) as commodity prices rise, and is seeking to attract foreign investment in order to expand current production. ... (private mining company that owns and operates ten ore mines, five ore processing plants, two copper smelters and two coal ...Get Price
Uranium Mining | Articles | Colorado Encyclopedia
Uranium mining in Colorado dates to the late nineteenth century, when uranium resources were discovered in the southwestern part of the state. The region’s Uravan Mineral Belt is rich in carnotite, the ore that produces uranium and vanadium.Get Price
Uranium: How is it Mined? New Mexico Institute of Mining ...
Open pit mining, also known as strip mining, is the removal of surficial soils and uneconomic rock to get at the ore below. Ore grades are normally less than %. This is type of mining is only possible if the uranium ore is near the surface (normally less than 400 ft).Get Price
Case Studies, 10 Lands Damaged as a Result of Uranium Ore ...
Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Materials: International Workshop Proceedings (2009) Chapter: Case Studies, 10 Lands Damaged as a Result of Uranium Ore Mining Operations in the Russian FederationV. P. Karamushka and V. V. OstroborodovGet Price


The effects of drifts on parallel plasma flows have been studied. Numerical calculations using a 2D edge plasma simulation code (the SOLPS 5.0 code) have been done for the analysis of JT-60U W-shaped divertor plasmas in the detached state. Although significant effects of drifts on parallel plasma flows have not been observed in the inner and outer divertor regions, the flow reversal due to drifts has been observed at the outer mid-plane. The Pfirsch-Schlüter flow possibly explains the flow reversal.
- Divertor detachment
- Drift effects
- SOL plasma flow
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics
- Materials Science(all)
- Nuclear Energy and Engineering


The purpose of this page is to make it easy and convenient for students to
find out who is doing what and where in nuclear science and engineering
research and education. The focus is Canadian Universities, of course, but
we should not neglect others. Industry might like to establish a few points
of technical contact.
Nuclear Educational Initiatives in Canada
UNENE , the University Network of
Excellence in Nuclear Engineering is an alliance of universities,
nuclear power utilities, research and regulatory agencies for the
support and development of nuclear education, research and development
capability in Canadian universities. UNENE is offering a
inter-university Master's degree program.
CANTEACH - CANDU technical
information, an industry, university, CNS initiative that began in
January 2000 with the mandate to produce technical educational material
on CANDU. An
alternate version of CANTEACH is also available for experimental purposes.
CNS Events - check here for the latest news on upcoming conferences and courses
sponsored by the Canadian Nuclear Society (Student Conference, Annual
Conference, Nuclear Simulation Symposium, ...).
See below for links to the various institutions and professors engaged
in nuclear education and research.
AECL - Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Dr. Stephen J. Bushby - Principal
research interests are the materials and chemistry challenges associated
with advanced reactor designs. Contact: CANDU X Project, Stn. 82,
Corrosion and Surface Science Branch, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk
River, Ontario, Canada, K0J 1P0, ph: (613) 584-3311 ext. 4731, fax:


Nuclear fusion is the long-standing wish of a great many energy researchers: to imitate the reactions between merging hydrogen nuclei in the heart of the sun as a safe, clean and practically inexhaustible source of energy. The international fusion reactor ITER, under construction in the south of France, is designed to be the first in the world to generate more power from hydrogen fusion than is needed to heat and control the hot fuel (plasma – a gas of charged particles). ITER will start its first measurement campaign in 2025, but various preparatory tests are already being carried out at DIFFER at the TU/e campus in Eindhoven in anticipation of this.
With success. Last week, the Magnum-PSI research facility at DIFFER (Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research) set a new world record for the longest test of materials under the toughest conditions in future nuclear fusion reactors. In an 18-hour experiment, Magnum-PSI exposed tungsten test items to the equivalent of a year’s high-power experiments in the ITER international fusion reactor. That is 50 times more than the previous record. The result underlines that Magnum-PSI is the only laboratory facility in the world capable of exploring how reactor materials will change during their years of operation at the ITER reactor.
DIFFER’s 15-metre Magnum-PSI laboratory facility is the only one in the world that is already able to test materials under the extreme plasma conditions that will prevail at ITER’s exhaust. The hot, dense plasma in ITER’s exhaust is similar to the conditions in a welding flame, at the heat shield of a spaceship returning to the atmosphere, or at the surface of the sun. Thanks to a new superconducting magnet (in operation since early 2017), Magnum-PSI is now able to maintain those conditions for hours and to investigate the long-term effects of such exposure.
Photo: Magnum-PSI facility DIFFER ((c) DIFFER)
Innovation Origins is an independent news platform that has an unconventional revenue model. We are sponsored by companies that support our mission: to spread the story of innovation. Read more.
At Innovation Origins, you can always read our articles for free. We want to keep it that way. Have you enjoyed our articles so much that you want support our mission? Then use the button below:


Choi et al., "Observation of reactor electron antineutrinos
disappearance in the RENO experiment," Physical Review Letters, vol.
The Reactor Experiment for Neutrino Oscillation (RENO) is a reactor-based neutrino oscillation experiment to measure the smallest neutrino mixing angle ([[theta].sub.13]) using electron antineutrinos emitted from the Hanbit (previously named Yonggwang) nuclear power plant in Korea.
Geoneutrinos are electron antineutrinos produced by [beta]-decays of [sup.238]U, [sup.232]Th, and [sup.40]K decay in the earth's crust and mantle.
The detection of the electron antineutrinos
is done through the IBD process where the outgoing positron is once again required to have a delayed coincidence with a neutron capture on Gd for the water detector or on hydrogen for the scintillator detector.
where d[[sigma].sub.SM]/dT and d[[sigma].sup.FE.sub.[mu]]/dT are the SM and [[mu].sub.v] contributions to the differential cross section for scattering of an electron antineutrino
on two free electrons.
Figure 2 shows a fit to the data from the Double Chooz experiment, searching for the spectral modification that could arise in the disappearance of electron antineutrinos
One explanation for the deficit is that some of the electron antineutrinos
have transformed into an undetectable, lightweight sterile neutrino, about one-millionth the mass of an electron, says Luk.
According to Fermilab physicist Dan Hooper, who is not part of MiniBooNE, the excess could be because muon antineutrinos turn into sterile neutrinos before becoming electron antineutrinos
, reports The New Scientist.
The researchers, who had expected to detect 23 electron neutrinos and seven electron antineutrinos
, observed 32 electron neutrinos and 4 electron antineutrinos
These compounds emit light, or scintillate, when struck by fast-moving electrons such as those generated during complex reactions triggered when electron antineutrinos
strike protons in the detector fluid.
These pions decay into muons, muon neutrinos, muon antineutrinos, and electron neutrinos, but not electron antineutrinos


Skip to search
Skip to main content
Skip to first result
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy - Spotlight at Stanford
Ignore this text box. It is used to detect spammers. If you enter anything into this text box, your message will not be sent.
Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
You searched for:
U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Remove constraint Publisher: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
Remove constraint Topic: Nuclear weapons
Appropriations and expenditures
Remove constraint Topic: Appropriations and expenditures
year (new to old)
year (old to new)
Number of results to display per page
Request for supplemental fiscal year 1975 funds for AEC nuclear weapons testing : hearing before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Congress of the United States, Ninety-third Congress, second session ... September 23, 1974
Appropriations and expenditures, Nuclear weapons, and Testing


The radioactivity induced by activation in facilities using particle accelerators for medical applications leads to the creation of radioactive waste. The precise characterization of activated parts is essential for the dismantling operations of these facilities in order to identify the correct storage and recycling methods of the generated radioactive wastes.In France, the LNHB, as part of the CEA and as designated metrology laboratory by the LNE, for the ionising radiation, has recently started being involved in the estimation of the activation induced in accelerators used for radionuclides production for medical applications, mainly cyclotrons, in order to optimize their dismantling. Taking into account the increasing number of active facilities reaching the end of their life, the safety authorities and bodies in charge of waste management are closely interested in aspects related to the characterization of the generated wastes. This task must be performed with the best possible precision in terms of level of activation and identification of radioisotopes created by activation. The final goal is to identify appropriate actions for the management of these wastes.The subject of this study aims to meet this demand. The main steps planned within the framework of this project are :(1) modelling through Monte Carlo methods the geometry of a particle accelerator used for the production of medical radioisotopes ;(2) characterization of the neutron field produced during operation of this facility ;(3) characterization of radioactivity induced by the accelerated particles of primary beams and secondary neutrons in various materials, composing the activated parts of the accelerator ;(4) use of the results of the previous two steps for an accurate determination of the full radiological spectrum (i.e. the list of the main radioisotopes contributing to induced radioactivity) of each part of the accelerator.
Département Métrologie Instrumentation et Information (LIST)
Laboratoire de Métrologie de la Dose
CEA/Saclaybât. 135 "Doseo"
Phone number: 01 69 08 30 29
As soon as possible
|Title||Post Doc - Assessment of the activation induced in accelerators used for radionuclides production for medical applications, allowing the optimization of their dismantling|
|Job location||CEA, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble|
|Published||November 21, 2020|
|Job types||Postdoc  |
|Fields||Algorithms,   Logic,   Number Theory,   Particle Physics,   Computational Sciences  |