THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
September 15, 2021 at 12:10 JST
In this Feb. 27, 2021, file photo, tanks (in gray, beige and blue) store water that was treated but is still radioactive after it was used to cool down spent fuel at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant in Okuma, Fukushima Prefecture. (AP Photo)
Officials at Japan’s wrecked Fukushima nuclear power plant have acknowledged they neglected to investigate the cause of faulty exhaust filters that are key to preventing radioactive pollution, after being forced to replace them twice.
Representatives of the operator, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, made the revelation Monday during a regular review of the Fukushima No. 1 plant at a meeting with Japanese regulatory authorities. Three reactors at the plant melted following a massive earthquake and tsunami in 2011.
The filters are designed to prevent particles from escaping into the air from a contaminated water treatment system--called Advanced Liquid Processing System--that removes selected radioactive isotopes in the water to below legal limits.
“At the core of this problem is TEPCO’s attitude,” a Nuclear Regulation Authority commissioner, Nobuhiko Ban, said at the meeting.
TEPCO has been repeatedly criticized for coverups and delayed disclosures of problems at the plant. In February, it said two seismometers at one reactor had remained broken since last year and failed to collect data during a powerful earthquake.
Company officials said that 24 out of 25 filters attached to the water treatment equipment had been found damaged last month, after an alarm went off as workers were moving sludge from the unit to a container, temporarily suspending the water treatment. The operation partially resumed last week after the filters were replaced.
TEPCO said it had detected similar damage in all of the filters two years ago, but never investigated the cause of the problem and did not take any preventive steps after replacing the filters.
Another regulatory commissioner, Satoru Tanaka, said at the meeting that the utility company should have responded to the problem more quickly to minimize the risk of possible radiation leakage into the environment.
TEPCO officials said dust monitors indicated no radiation leaks to the outside or exposure to plant workers inside the water treatment facility.
Akira Ono, head of TEPCO’s decommissioning unit, said he regretted the utility’s failure to address the problem earlier. He promised to improve safety management.
Japanese officials are working with the International Atomic Energy Agency to prepare to discharge into the ocean the wrecked plant’s cooling water, treated so its radioactivity levels are below legal limits. Slated to start in spring 2023, the controversial plan is fiercely opposed by Fukushima’s fishing community, as well as local residents and nearby countries.
Fully decommissioning the nuclear plant is expected to take decades, experts say.
Visit this page for the latest news on Japan’s battle with the novel coronavirus pandemic.
A mother of two sons recounts the days when she lived with the novel coronavirus.
Historians describe the Nomonhan Incident, a little-known 1939 Japan-Soviet border conflict, as the starting point of World War II.
The Asahi Shimbun aims “to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” through its Gender Equality Declaration.
Let’s explore the Japanese capital from the viewpoint of wheelchair users and people with disabilities with Barry Joshua Grisdale.


Prototype electron phantom for radiographic and radiochromic film dosimetry
Robertson, Chad Joseph, B.S. Louisiana Tech University, 2006 Master of Science, Spring Commencement, 2006 Major: Medical Physics and Health Physics Prototype Electron Phantom for Radiographic and Radiochromic Film Dosimetry Thesis directed by Professor Kenneth R. Hogstrom Pages in thesis, 133. Words in abstract, 350 ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this work is to develop a solid electron beam film phantom for use with radiographic film (RGF) and radiochromic film (RCF) to measure relative dose distributions in a principal plane containing the central axis for 6¨C20MeV electron beams. It was hypothesized that relative dose distributions measured using film will agree with corresponding diode measurements within ¡À2% of the central-axis maximum dose or ¡À1mm distance-to-agreement (DTA). Method and Materials: Three prototype film phantoms were designed at Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center and constructed by Gammex-RMI, Inc. Relative dose measurements, planar (2D) dose distributions containing central-axis, were acquired in the phantom using both Kodak-XV RGF and GafChromic-EBT RCF. Correspondingly, diode measurements were acquired utilizing a Scanditronix-Wellhofer 2D-water phantom. For prototype 3, dose distributions were measured at 100-cm SSD using a 15x15-cm2 field-size at 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV, as well as 2x2-cm2 and 4x4-cm2 field-sizes at 9 and 16 MeV. Relative dose differences were evaluated with respect to regional criteria of acceptability: (1) high dose, low dose-gradient region (¡Ü 2 % dose), (2) high dose-gradient region (¡Ü 2 mm DTA), and (3) low-dose, low dose-gradient region (¡Ü 2 % dose). Results: RGF depth-dose measurements agreed with diode measurements within all criteria for all measurements conditions. 2D dose distributions were in agreement with over 98% of measured dose points agreeing within ¡À2% dose or ¡À1mm DTA for all energies (6¨C20MeV, 15x15-cm2). RCF depth-dose measurements agreed for all measurement conditions in all regions excluding the build-up region (<1¨C2cm depth), where measurements were approximately 3¨C4% low. 2D dose distributions reflected differences seen in the depth-doses with 90% of data points within criteria. Conclusion: With appropriate modifications, the prototype 3 phantom is capable of accurately measuring relative electron dose distributions using RGF sufficiently for clinical use. RCF measurements acquired in the same phantom consistently underestimated diode measurements by 3¨C4% at depths <2-cm. The cause of this systematic error, believed to be a combination of film-edge misalignment and RCF depth-dependency, must be resolved before prototype phantom 3 with appropriate modifications would be acceptable for clinical use.


A characteristic spectrum of relic gravitational radiation is produced by a period of “stringy inflation” in the early Universe. This spectrum is unusual, because the energy density rises rapidly with frequency. We show that correlation experiments with the two gravitational-wave detectors being built for the Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatory could detect this relic radiation for certain ranges of the parameters that characterize the underlying string cosmology model.
|Number of pages||5|
|Journal||Physical Review D - Particles, Fields, Gravitation and Cosmology|
|State||Published - 1 Jan 1997|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics
- Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)


Atomic America: How a Deadly Explosion and a Feared Admiral Changed the Course of Nuclear History by Todd Tucker
Requirements: .ePUB reader, 1.5MB
Overview: On January 3, 1961, nuclear reactor SL-1 exploded in rural Idaho, spreading radioactive contamination over thousands of acres and killing three men. The army blamed “human error” and a sordid love triangle. Though overshadowed by Three Mile Island, SL-1 remains the only fatal nuclear reactor incident in American history.
Todd Tucker, who first heard the rumors about the Idaho Falls explosion as a trainee in the navy’s nuclear program, suspected there was more to the accident than rumors suggested. Poring over hundreds of pages of primary sources and interviewing survivors revealed that the army and its contractors had deliberately obscured the true cause of the accident, which resulted from poor engineering as much as uncontrolled passions.
The National Reactor Testing Station, where the meltdown occurred, had been a proving ground where engineers, generals, and admirals attempted to realize the Atomic Age dream of unlimited power-amid the frantic race for nuclear power between the army, the navy, and the air force. The fruit of those ambitious plans included that of the nation’s unofficial nuclear patriarch, Admiral Rickover, whose “true submarine,” the USS Nautilus, would forever change naval warfare. But with the meltdown in Idaho came the end of the army’s program and the beginning of the navy’s long-standing monopoly on military nuclear power. Atomic America provides a fast-paced narrative history, advocating caution and accountability in harnessing nuclear energy.
Genre: Non-Fiction > History


Third Friday Professional Development Webinar – February 2021
The Role of Nuclear Energy in our Future Energy System
Speaker: John Kotek
John Kotek is Vice President for Policy Development and Public Affairs at the Nuclear Energy Institute. Prior to joining NEI in 2017, he worked for the U.S. Department of Energy, where he was nominated by President Obama to serve as Assistant Secretary for Nuclear Energy. From 2010-2012, John served as Staff Director to the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future, which recommended a new strategy for managing nuclear waste in the United States. In 2002, John was the American Nuclear Society’s Glenn T. Seaborg Congressional Fellow, serving in the Office of Senator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM). John began his career with the U.S. Department of Energy in 1989, and from 1999 to 2003 was a nuclear energy R&D program manager at Argonne National Laboratory. He holds a BS in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Illinois and an MBA from the University of Maryland.
John will discuss developments in energy policy and nuclear energy technology. He’ll explain how nuclear energy fits into the decarbonization plans of U.S. utilities; will provide an overview of the types and status of next-generation reactors; will discuss ongoing efforts to demonstrate commercial-scale production of hydrogen and opportunities for nuclear as a source of industrial heat; and will explore the business and policy drivers that are raising interest in next-generation nuclear energy systems.


I do not see the phi(1020) meson appearing in the list of transportable Fluka particles. Does it mean that this particle (resonance) is discarded completely?
No: FLUKA distinguishes between particles that are produced (COMMON block PART) and particles that are transported (COMMON block PAPROP). All particles and resonances listed in Particle Data Group, with the exception of those containing quarks heavier than charm, are produced. Those which have a very short lifetime, i.e. the resonances with hadronic decay, are decayed immediately after their production. The reason is that even at the highest energies their path would be irrelevantly short. In particular phi(1020) is indeed produced and has its decay list according to measured branching ratios, in this case K+K- (49.2%) and Klong Kshort (34%).
Internally to the code, produced particles and transported particles have different numbering schemes. Only transported particle numbers are normally accessible to the user.


"The E3 decided with the full support of the United States that the best way to support the IAEA's process was to refrain from putting forward the draft resolution at the meeting of the board of governors," Price said during a press briefing. "We are pleased with the outcome of IAEA board of governor's meeting with respect to Iran."
Earlier in the week, Germany, France and the United Kingdom announced plans to submit a US-backed draft resolution to the IAEA Board of Governors on Friday that would have aimed to rebuke Iran for restricting the organization's inspection activities. However, the Iranian Foreign Ministry urged the countries on Thursday against going forward with this step as it would disrupt the cooperation under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
The IAEA chief Rafael Grossi said on Thursday that Iran was willing to sit down with the agency's technical experts in a month to discuss current issues, including recent discovery of uranium particles at suspected nuclear sites.
Russia’s permanent representative to international organizations in Vienna, Mihail Ulyanov, said the decision to scrap the vote on the resolution was commendable and allows for a diplomatic approach, adding that adopting the resolution could have led to "uncontrolled escalation."
On February 23, Iran started limiting the scope of the IAEA's inspections as a temporary measure until the sanctions against Iran are lifted. The UN nuclear watchdog reached a temporary bilateral understanding with Iran in February, which allows international inspectors a limited access to nuclear sites for three additional months after Iran's threat to shut them out.


Warren Buffett tells CNBC's Becky Quick tonight that he won't be going to Japan next week, as had been originally planned.
He had hoped to make the trip, but canceled after authorities in Japan suggested it would not be the best time to visit.
The earthquake and tsunami-damaged nuclear reactors that threaten to release large amounts of radiationare also located in Fukushima.
Current Berkshire stock prices:
For more Buffett Watch updates follow alexcrippen on Twitter.
Email comments to firstname.lastname@example.org


This blog was written by Sara Barczak, former Regional Advocacy Director with the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy.Guest Blog | March 17, 2011
As more are reported dead and the Japanese people endure difficult weather conditions, lack of water and food and the emotional turmoil of the unfolding aftermath, the nuclear disaster becomes even more dire. Events continued to escalate as the essential, remaining workers at the failing Fukushima nuclear reactors were ordered to evacuate on Wednesday morning (in Japan) due to high radiation levels. The crisis appears to be spiraling out of control as four reactors are now seriously compromised; reactors Unit 1, 2 and 3 are in partial meltdown and the spent fuel pool in reactor Unit 4 has had multiple fires and the highly radioactive spent fuel rods are in danger. The full extent of damage remains unknown as conflicting reports from Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) continue to circulate — a private company with a troubled history. Crucial details that would help experts worldwide assess the situation are just now being shared — and some may not yet be known. The New York Times reported that radiation levels were extremely high and quoted U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Chair Gregory Jackzo stating, “We believe that radiation levels are extremely high, which could possibly impact the ability to take corrective measures.” U.S. citizens were advised to evacuate to a 50-mile (80km) radius – much further than the current 12-mile (20 km) zone imposed by the Japanese government.
As more nations call their nuclear energy policies into question, sentiments in the U.S. are varied. We reported yesterday that Secretary of Energy Chu is still advocating for new nuclear power reactors. But some proponents of nuclear energy are calling for more review of policy and safety measures, including U.S. Senator John McCain who agrees that a review would be prudent. And of course, utilities in the Southeast continue to downplay the events in Japan including Duke Energy and Southern Company, both who arrogantly march forward refusing to even pause to review the lessons to be learned from this disaster as they rush to build new nuclear reactors in South Carolina and Georgia.
Most notably, the New York Times reports that China is halting all of its new nuclear development until safety measures can be strengthened and inspections of old plants can be strengthened. This is a significant shift in China’s policy from just days ago and represents a responsible announcement of caution from the global leader in new reactor development. Going a step further, Germany will close its seven (7) pre-1980 reactors until at least June to assess safety factors as Switzerland reevaluates its “blanket authorizations” until safety standards can be thoroughly assessed. Read more about international responses to the Japan nuclear disaster here. We find it very, very troubling that the Obama Administration has not yet expressed these same concerns. It is overdue and it must happen.
Here are some resources for tracking developments that we have not previously mentioned:
- Physicians for Social Responsibility held a tele-press conference on Wednesday, March 16 with experts on the health affects of the radiation being released in Japan;
- The Japan Atomic Industrial Forum has comprehensive reports of the status of the reactors;
- The New York Times is blogging up-to-date information on Congressional hearings questioning Secretary of Energy Chu and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Chair, Gregory Jackzo;
- Friends of the Earth is providing updates as they become available, including interviews with experts;
- The Washington Post has compiled a series of images to accompany an overview of the international nuclear debate, as well as 5 Myths About Nuclear Energy.
As we all watch what is happening, it is hard to imagine the incredible stress that the emergency workers at the site are working under–especially given the acknowledgment that Japan’s Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare raised the maximum legal exposure for nuclear workers to 250 millisieverts from 100 millisieverts. It described the move as “unavoidable due to the circumstances.” Let us hope and pray that those workers have the strength to continue as it appears they may be the only defense left.


Media Contact: Fred Strohl (email@example.com)|
Communications and External Relations
ORNL researcher named editor-designate of Fusion Technology publication
OAK RIDGE, Tenn.,
Sep. 21, 2000
Nermin A. Uckan of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been named editor-designate of the technical journal Fusion Technology, a publication of the American Nuclear Society.
Uckan, a senior scientist and program leader in charge of the ORNL Next-Step Fusion Studies, will become editor of the publication in June 2001. Her appointment concludes a year-long search for a replacement for George Miley, a professor from the University of Illinois and founding editor of the publication.
She is a fellow of the American Nuclear Society and a recipient of the Outstanding Lifetime Achievement Award from the organization's Fusion Energy Division for her contributions to fusion science and engineering.
Uckan has worked at ORNL for more than 25 years and has held numerous positions. She has a broad background and experience in the physics and engineering of magnetic fusion energy and has worked on plasma transport, plasma performance, plasma waves and current drive, burning plasma physics, plasma engineering, physics-safety interface, magnetic configurations and various fusion reactor studies.
Her present research is in plasma engineering, burning plasmas, fusion power plant studies and fusion energy development. She has published more than 200 technical papers/reports on these topics. Uckan has taught a number of undergraduate and graduate courses at the University of Tennessee, where she serves as adjunct professor of nuclear engineering.
Uckan obtained bachelor of science and master's degrees in electrical engineering from the Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey. As a NATO Scholar at the University of Michigan, she earned additional master's degrees in nuclear engineering, computer information and control engineering and mathematics. Uckan also earned a doctorate in nuclear engineering from Michigan.


Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than an atom. In 1940, the number of subatomic particles known to science could be counted on the fingers of one hand: protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, and positrons. The first three particles were known to be the building blocks from which atoms are made: protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei and electrons in orbit around those nuclei. Neutrinos and positrons were somewhat peculiar particles discovered outside Earth's atmosphere and of uncertain origin or significance.
That view of matter changed dramatically over the next two decades. With the invention of particle accelerators (atom-smashers) and the discovery of nuclear fission and fusion, the number of known subatomic particles increased. Scientists discovered a number of particles that exist at energies higher than those normally observed in our everyday lives: sigma particles, lambda particles, delta particles, epsilon particles, and other particles in positive, negative, and neutral forms. By the end of the 1950s, so many subatomic particles had been discovered that some physicists referred to their list as a "particle zoo."
In 1964, American physicist Murray Gell-Mann (1929– ) and Swiss physicist George Zweig (1937– ) independently suggested a way out of the particle zoo. They suggested that the nearly 100 subatomic particles that had been discovered so far were not really elementary (fundamental) particles. Instead, they suggested that only a relatively few elementary particles existed, and the other subatomic particles that had been discovered were composed of various combinations of these truly elementary particles.
Antiparticles: Subatomic particles similar to the proton, neutron, electron, and other subatomic particles, but having one property (such as electric charge) opposite them.
Atomic mass unit (amu): A unit of mass measurement for small particles.
Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Elementary particle: A subatomic particle that cannot be broken down into any simpler particle.
Energy levels: The regions in an atom in which electrons are most likely to be found.
Gluon: The elementary particle thought to be responsible for carrying the strong force (which binds together neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus).
Graviton: The elementary particle thought to be responsible for carrying the gravitational force.
Isotopes: Forms of an element in which atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Lepton: A type of elementary particle.
Photon: An elementary particle that carries electromagnetic force.
Quark: A type of elementary particle.
Spin: A fundamental property of all subatomic particles corresponding to their rotation on their axes.
The truly elementary particles were given the names quarks and leptons. Each group of particles, in turn, consists of six different types of particles. The six quarks, for example, were given the rather fanciful names of up, down, charm, strange, top (or truth), and bottom (or beauty). These six quarks could be combined, according to Gell-Mann and Zweig, to produce particles such as the proton (two up quarks and one down quark) and the neutron (one up quark and two down quarks).
In addition to quarks and leptons, scientists hypothesized the existence of certain particles that "carry" various kinds of forces. One of those particles was already well known, the photon. The photon is a strange type of particle with no mass that apparently is responsible for the transmission of electromagnetic energy from one place to another.
In the 1980s, three other force-carrying particles were also discovered: the W + , W − , and Z 0 bosons. These particles carry certain forces that can be observed during the radioactive decay of matter. (Radioactive elements spontaneously emit energy in the form of particles or waves by disintegration of their atomic nuclei.) Scientists have hypothesized the existence of two other force-carrying particles, one that carries the strong force, the gluon (which binds together protons and neutrons in the nucleus), and one that carries gravitational force, the graviton.
For most beginning science students, the five most important sub-atomic particles are the proton, neutron, electron, neutrino, and positron. Each of these particles can be described completely by its mass, electric charge, and spin. Because the mass of subatomic particles is so small, it is usually not measured in ounces or grams but in atomic mass units (label: amu) or electron volts (label: eV). An atomic mass unit is approximately equal to the mass of a proton or neutron. An electron volt is actually a unit of energy but can be used to measure mass because of the relationship between mass and energy (E = mc 2 ).
All subatomic particles (indeed, all particles) can have one of three electric charges: positive, negative, or none (neutral). All subatomic particles also have a property known as spin, meaning that they rotate on their axes in much the same way that planets such as Earth do. In general, the spin of a subatomic particle can be clockwise or counterclockwise, although the details of particle spin can become quite complex.
Proton. The proton is a positively charged subatomic particle with an atomic mass of about 1 amu. Protons are one of the fundamental constituents of all atoms. Along with neutrons, they are found in a very concentrated region of space within atoms referred to as the nucleus.
The number of protons determines the chemical identity of an atom. This property is so important that it is given a special name: the atomic number. Each element in the periodic table has a unique number of protons in its nucleus and, hence, a unique atomic number.
Neutron. A neutron has a mass of about 1 amu and no electric charge. It is found in the nuclei of atoms along with protons. The neutron is normally a stable particle in that it can remain unchanged within the nucleus for an infinite period of time. Under some circumstances, however, a neutron can undergo spontaneous decay, breaking apart into a proton and an electron. When not contained with an atomic nucleus, the half-life for this change—the time required for half of any sample of neutrons to undergo decay—is about 11 minutes.
The nuclei of all atoms with the exception of the hydrogen-1 isotope contain neutrons. The nuclei of atoms of any one element may contain different numbers of neutrons. For example, the element carbon is made of at least three different kinds of atoms. The nuclei of all three kinds of atoms contain six protons. But some nuclei contain six neutrons, others contain seven neutrons, and still others contain eight neutrons. These forms of an element that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element.
Electron. Electrons are particles carrying a single unit of negative electricity with a mass of about 1/1800 amu, or 0.0055 amu. All atoms contain one or more electrons located in the space outside the atomic nucleus. Electrons are arranged in specific regions of the atom known as energy levels. Each energy level in an atom may contain some maximum number of electrons, ranging from a minimum of two to a maximum of eight.
Electrons are leptons. Unlike protons and neutrons, they are not thought to consist of any smaller particles but are regarded themselves as elementary particles that cannot be broken down into anything simpler.
All electrical phenomena are caused by the existence or absence of electrons or by their movement through a material.
Neutrino. Neutrinos are elusive subatomic particles that are created by some of the most basic physical processes of the universe, like decay of radioactive elements and fusion reactions that power the Sun. They were originally hypothesized in 1930 by Swiss physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958). Pauli was trying to find a way to explain the apparent loss of energy that occurs during certain nuclear reactions.
Neutrinos ("little neutrons") proved very difficult to actually find in nature, however. They have no electrical charge and possibly no mass. They rarely interact with other matter. They can penetrate nearly any form of matter by sliding through the spaces between atoms. Because of these properties, neutrinos escaped detection for 25 years after Pauli's prediction.
Then, in 1956, American physicists Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan succeeded in detecting neutrinos produced by the nuclear reactors at the Savannah River Reactor. By 1962, the particle accelerator at Brookhaven National Laboratory was generating enough neutrinos to conduct an experiment on their properties. Later, physicists discovered a second type of neutrino, the muon neutrino.
Traditionally, scientists have thought that neutrinos have zero mass because no experiment has ever detected mass. If neutrinos do have a mass, it must be less than about one hundred-millionth the mass of the proton, the sensitivity limit of the experiments. Experiments conducted during late 1994 at Los Alamos National Laboratory hinted at the possibility that neutrinos do have a very small, but nonzero, mass. Then in 1998, Japanese researchers found evidence that neutrinos have at least a small mass, but their experiments did not allow them to determine the exact value for the mass.
In 2000, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago, a team of 54 physicists from the United States, Japan, South Korea, and
Greece detected a third type of neutrino, the tau neutrino, considered to be the most elusive member of the neutrino family.
Positron. A positron is a subatomic particle identical in every way to an electron except for its electric charge. It carries a single unit of positive electricity rather than a single unit of negative electricity.
The positron was hypothesized in the late 1900s by English physicist Paul Dirac (1902–1984) and was first observed by American physicist Carl Anderson (1905–1991) in a cosmic ray shower. The positron was the first antiparticle discovered—the first particle that has properties similar to protons, neutrons, and electrons, but with one property exactly the opposite of them.


University of Mainz, Germany
Posters & Accepted Abstracts: J Nucl Med Radiat Ther
Thin actinide layers deposited on metallic or non-metallic substrates are widely used as calibration sources in nuclear spectroscopy. Other applications include fundamental research in nuclear chemistry and ├ó┬?┬?physics, e.g.in super-heavy element (SHE) research or in nuclear reaction studies. For the production of neutron-rich isotopes of SHE up to Z=120 hot fusion reactions of actinide target nuclei such as 238U, 242/244Pu, 248Cm, 249Bk and 249Cf with light ion beams are applied. For the design of future nuclear reactors like fast-fission reactors and accelerator-driven systems for transmutation of nuclear waste, precise data for neutron absorption as well as neutron-induced fission cross section data for 242Pu with neutrons of different energies are of particular importance. For the production of actinide layers with the required thickness Molecular Plating (MP) is currently the only fabrication method in cases where the desired actinide material is available only in very limited amounts or possess a high specific activity. Here, deposition is performed from organic solution applying a current density of 1-2mA/cm2. Under these conditions target thicknesses of 500-1000 ├?┬╝g/cm2 are possible applying a single deposition step with deposition yields approaching 100 %.). For yield determination ├?┬▒-particle spectroscopy, ├?┬│-spectroscopy and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is frequently applied. Layer homogeneity can be checked with Radiographic Imaging (RI). Layer characterization with modern analytical techniques (e.g. XRF, XPS, SEM and AFM) is essential to understand target performance under long-term irradiations and to improve the current fabrication technology.
Nuclear Medicine & Radiation Therapy received 636 citations as per Google Scholar report


TRIESTE, Italy, March 4 (UPI) -- A semi-submersible floating platform has been delivered by Fincantieri to Russia's RosRAO for the transportation of nuclear submarine reactor compartments.
Construction of the Itarus, which was delivered to the Russians on Thursday at Fincantieri's shipyard in Muggiano, Italy, is the result of a 2003 deal between Italy and Russia for the decommissioning of nuclear submarines and the safe management of radioactive waste and nuclear fuel.
RosRAO is Russia's Federal State Unitary Enterprise for radioactive waste management.
Itarus will transport the decommissioned Russian Navy reactor compartments from a storage area of Sayda Bay, Russia, to a shipyard facing the Kola Peninsula in the Barents Sea. The vessel is more than 229 feet long, 95 feet long and has a deadweight capacity of 3,306 tons.
It will be manned by a crew of six, the Italian shipbuilder said.


ERA’s production is exported and sold under strict guidelines to nuclear power producers.
A study by the International Atomic Energy Agency, found that the world’s 444 operating nuclear power plants, across 31 countries, are now responsible for the supply of 11 per cent of global electricity.
Major cities such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto, Paris, Moscow and Seoul are run on nuclear generated electricity.
The Australian government has recently signed trade agreements with the United Arab Emirates, India and Ukraine, three countries which are interested in securing future supply for their own burgeoning nuclear power generation programmes. This demonstrates the increased interest in the low carbon electricity generation capability that nuclear power provides.
The tide is definitely turning with regard to sentiment around nuclear energy. What was once a much maligned source of energy has now become an important contributor in the global effort to combat climate change, because of its low carbon emissions.
While the image and use of nuclear power was badly impacted following the tsunami in Japan in 2011, with the consequent impact on the Fukushima power station, it remains one of the most efficient, cheap and carbon friendly forms of large scale energy generation today.
Currently there are 64 nuclear reactors under construction in 15 countries. China is leading the way with 22 nuclear power plants under construction.
The primary drivers are rapidly expanding power requirements needed to sustain economic growth in the region, energy security concerns, and a desire to reduce long-term greenhouse gas emissions.
Click here for more information about International Atomic Energy Agency.
Click here for more information from the World Nuclear Association.
Click here for more information about the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation.
Click here for more information about the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency.


A ceremony to celebrate the official beginning of ITER’s assembly was held on 28 July 2020 in Cadarache (France). The event was co-hosted by the President of the Republic of France, Emmanuel Macron and ITER’s Director-General, Bernard Bigot, with remarks from Ministerial-level representatives from the participating countries. EU Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson gave a speech by video to the attendees gathered in person at the ITER site. The Russian Federation was represented by Director General of ROSATOM Alexey Likhachev, who addressed the participants by video.
ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) is a unique project to build the world’s biggest fusion machine to produce net energy. It stems from the ITER agreement, which was signed by China, the European Union, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the USA in 2006. After over a decade of design, manufacturing and construction, the ITER device is now entering its assembly phase. On 26 May, the first major component of the machine was installed, making it the first of many elements that will enter the Tokamak Pit over the next few years. Large components for the machine have been shipped from all over the world, and they are now waiting in the wings ready to be installed by the 3,000-strong assembly team.
Recalling the European dimension of the project, EU Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson spoke about the technological and collaborative achievement that is represented by getting to this stage in the project, as well as the need for all of the Members to reinforce their commitment to ITER in these difficult times.
By fostering innovation and international collaborations, the project creates economic growth and job opportunities while putting the EU in the lead of global fusion research. Although a purely experimental device, ITER will help advance fusion energy technology for a greener and more sustainable energy mix.
The European contribution to ITER is funded from the EU budget; for the period 2021 to 2027, the European Commission has proposed to contribute €6.07 billion to ITER.
More about ITER and fusion energy


Maybe John Heald could calm the passengers when there was a "little" leak of radioactive coolant and they suddenly saw radiation protection personnel in yellow coveralls and respirators in the atrium, taking air samples and doing radiation surveys. "Pay no mind to those chaps! They are rehearsing for the big show tonight, in the Palace Theater! See you there! Now, if I could ask everyone to kindly join me on the pool deck..."


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Discovery of plutonium, 1941. Two pages from the logbook kept by US chemist Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912-1999) documenting the steps in preparation and the calculations made during the discovery of the radioactive element plutonium. The log runs from 4 March 1941 to 26 March 26 1941. The plutonium is referred to here as Sample A. This work was carried out at the University of California, Berkeley, USA. This discovery, preparation from uranium, and isolation of plutonium was critical to the production of atomic bombs in the Manhattan Project during World War II. For this and other discoveries of tranuranic elements, Seaborg was awarded a share of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Model release not required. Property release not required.


The Defense Department’s Strategic Capabilities Office is moving ahead with a plan to design, build and demonstrate a mobile nuclear reactor. Once the so-called Project Pele is complete, the reactor will be capable of delivering one to five megawatts of electrical power for three years. Assembly will take place at the Idaho National Laboratory, and would be the first Generation IV reactor built in the U.S.
“Advanced nuclear power has the potential to be a strategic game-changer for the United States, both for the DoD [Defense Department] and for the commercial sector. For it to be adopted, it must first be successfully demonstrated under real world operating conditions,” said Dr. Jeff Wellman, Project Pele program manager.
The Department of Energy, NASA, the National Nuclear Security Administration and Army Corps of Engineers are collaborating with the Strategic Capabilities Office, DoD’s lead agency, on the project.
Once the new reactor is functional, it could significantly supplement the armed forces’ increasing need for energy. The Defense Department uses roughly 30 terawatt-hours of electricity annually. Daily fuel consumption exceeds 10 million gallons. Additionally, the expected increase in the number of electrically powered vehicles in the non-tactical fleet would need a source of power.


Russian emergency workers extinguished a blaze in a shipyard on the White Sea after welding sparks ignited a fire Tuesday on a nuclear submarine.
Russia's Defence Ministry said there was no longer nuclear fuel aboard the vessel, which was located in a dry dock at the Zvezdochka shipyard in Severodvinsk, 1,300 kilometres north of Moscow.
The ministry said its reactor had been switched off more than a year ago and there was no danger of radiation.
The U-boat had been in dry dock since the end of 2013 for repairs to its hull.
Ivan Blokov, director of Greenpeace in Russia, said the incident raised alarms and that even if no radiation danger exists, the accident signaled a need to shift away from nuclear power.


Laura Gil, Africa Renewal
VIENNA, Dec 7 2018 (IPS) – Years again, nuclear power was a flowery choice restricted to the industrialized world. Sooner or later, nuclear might be an power supply for a lot of Africa, the place solely South Africa at present has a nuclear energy plant.
Governments throughout the continent are devising improvement insurance policies to grow to be middle-income nations within the medium time period. Socioeconomic progress comes with an increase in power demand—and a necessity for a dependable and sustainable power provide.
For industrializing nations in want of a clear, dependable and cost-effective supply of power, nuclear is a gorgeous choice.
“Africa is hungry for energy, and nuclear power could be part of the answer for an increasing number of countries,” says Mikhail Chudakov, deputy director basic and head of the Division of Nuclear Power on the Worldwide Atomic Power Company (IAEA), a world organisation that promotes the peaceable use of nuclear know-how.
A 3rd of the just about 30 nations presently contemplating nuclear energy are in Africa.
Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria and Sudan have already engaged with the IAEA to evaluate their readiness to embark on a nuclear programme. Algeria, Tunisia, Uganda and Zambia are additionally mulling the potential of nuclear energy.
“Energy is the backbone of any strong development,” says Nii Allotey, director of the Nuclear Energy Institute on the Ghana Atomic Power Fee. “And where do we get energy from? We have hydro, thermal, fossil fuels, and we have local gas—but these are dwindling. They are limited; fossil fuels could run out by 2030. And, the prices are volatile.”
For Ghana, cost-effective, dependable electrical energy is the entry level to higher-value-added manufacturing and export-led progress. For instance, the nation’s reserves of bauxite—the ore used to supply aluminium—are an essential supply of revenue, however for now it’s exported uncooked.
“We have a smelter, but it’s not operating at full capacity because electricity is too expensive,” Allotey says. “If we had cost-effective electricity, we would not be exporting raw bauxite, but exporting smelted bauxite at a much higher price. This would be a big move for Ghana.”
Energy to the individuals
African governments are working to make electrical energy extra extensively accessible. Roughly 57% of the inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa doesn’t have entry to electrical energy.
For a lot of, the electrical energy provide is characterised by frequent energy outages, in accordance with the Worldwide Power Company (IEA), an organisation of 30 principally industrialised nations which have met a set of power safety standards.
Kenya is contemplating nuclear to satisfy the demand generated by hooking up households nationwide, which is predicted to contribute considerably to the 30% improve in electrical energy demand predicted for the nation by 2030.
A profitable nuclear energy programme requires broad political and fashionable help and a nationwide dedication of no less than 100 years.
“For a long time in our country electrification levels were low, but the government has put in a lot of efforts towards electrifying the entire country,” says Winfred Ndubai, appearing director of the Kenya Nuclear Electrical energy Board’s Technical Division. “Even those areas that were considered to be remote are now vibrant. Within a period of about 10 years we have moved from [a] 12% electrification rate to 60%.”
Kenya relies upon totally on non-fossil gasoline for power; about 60% of put in capability is from hydropower and geothermal energy.
Is Africa prepared for nuclear?
“Going nuclear is not something that happens from one day to the next. From the moment a country initiates a nuclear power programme until the first unit becomes operative, years could pass,” says Milko Kovachev, head of the IAEA’s Nuclear Infrastructure Improvement Part, which works with nations new to nuclear energy.
“Creating the necessary nuclear infrastructure and building the first nuclear power plant will take at least 10 to 15 years.”
A profitable nuclear energy programme requires broad political and fashionable help and a nationwide dedication of no less than 100 years, Kovachev added. This consists of committing to the whole life cycle of an influence plant, from development by way of electrical energy era and, lastly, decommissioning.
Along with time, there’s the difficulty of prices. Governments and personal operators have to make a substantial funding that features projected waste administration and decommissioning prices.
Kovachev factors out that “the government’s investment to develop the necessary infrastructure is modest relative to the cost of the first nuclear power plant. But [it] is still in the order of hundreds of millions of dollars.”
Financing nuclear power
With out correct financing, nuclear just isn’t an choice. “Most countries in Africa will find it difficult to invest this amount of money in a nuclear power project,” Kovachev stresses.
“But there are financing mechanisms like, for instance, from export agencies of vendor countries. Tapping into a reliable, carbon-free supply of energy when vendors are offering to fund it can make sense for several countries in Africa.”
One other facet to think about is the burden on the electrical grid system of the nation. Nuclear energy crops are related to a grid by means of which they ship electrical energy. For a rustic to securely introduce nuclear power, the IAEA recommends that its grid capability be round ten occasions the capability of its deliberate nuclear energy plant.
For instance, a rustic ought to have a capability of 10,000 megawatts already in place to generate 1,000 megawatts from nuclear energy.
Few nations in Africa presently have a grid of this capability. “In Kenya, our installed capacity is 2,400 megawatts—too small for conventional, large nuclear power plants,” Ndubai says. “The grid would need to increase to accommodate a large unit, or, alternatively, other, smaller nuclear power plant options would need to be explored.”
One choice is to spend money on small modular reactors (SMRs), that are among the many most promising rising applied sciences in nuclear energy. SMRs produce electrical energy as much as 300 megawatts per unit, or round half of a standard reactor and their main elements could be manufactured in a manufacturing unit setting and transported to websites for ease of development.
Whereas SMRs are anticipated to start business operation in Argentina, China and Russia between 2018 and 2020, African nations are nonetheless cautious of such a challenge.
“One of the things we are very clear about in terms of introducing nuclear power is that we do not want to invest in a first-of-a-kind technology,” Ndubai says. “As much as SMRs represent an opportunity for us, we would want them to be built and tested elsewhere before introducing them in our country.”
Becoming a member of a regional grid is an alternative choice. “Historically, it has been possible to share a common grid between countries,” Kovachev explains. “But, of course, this requires regional dialogue.” One instance of such a scheme is the West African Energy Pool, created to combine nationwide energy techniques within the Financial Group of West African States right into a unified regional electrical energy market.
One other issue militating towards a headlong rush into nuclear energy is common rejection of tasks which are pricey and onerous to finance.
Additionally, nations are cautious that within the occasion of a nuclear energy plant accident, launched radioactive supplies will hurt the surroundings and lives. Though no fatalities have been recorded within the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe in Japan in March 2011 following the Tōhoku earthquake, the discharge of radioactive supplies pressured the evacuation of tens of hundreds of residents.
Whereas the IAEA doesn’t affect a rustic’s choice about whether or not so as to add nuclear energy to its power combine, the organisation offers technical experience and different pertinent details about protected, safe and sustainable use to nations that choose for nuclear power.
Security and safety are key issues within the IAEA Milestones Strategy, a phased technique created to help nations which might be assessing their readiness to embark on a nuclear energy programme. The strategy helps them contemplate features such because the authorized framework, nuclear security, safety, radiation safety, environmental safety and radioactive waste administration.
“Many, many people ask the question: Why nuclear?” Allotey says. “To me, it’s not about nuclear being an option. It is about energy being an option. Do you, as a country, need energy? And the simple answer is yes. So if you need energy, you need to find cost-effective electricity that is clean and reliable.”
“With a rapidly expanding population and plans to grow our economies, we need to work within these constraints,” he provides. “We are a continent that is in dire need of energy.”
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The United States has evidence that Iran is stockpiling enriched uranium, the key component in a nuclear weapon, in direct violation of international restrictions on Tehran’s use of the fissile material.
Nuclear experts predict that Iran is now just 3.5 months away from the “breakout time,” a measurement of how close the country is to having the technology and materials to construct a nuclear weapon. It also now has the fuel to potentially construct two separate bombs.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) disclosed on Friday that Iran has nearly doubled its stockpiles of enriched uranium, generating concerns about the country’s continued progress on a nuclear weapon. Iran granted the IAEA access to several contested nuclear sites that had previously been off limits. A report on Tehran’s nuclear activities was shared with the United States and other United Nations members.
Read more at Free Beacon.


Post by drspendlove on Oct 21, 2020 9:22:43 GMT -5
I'd like a toggle (default: off) for ship combat damage display. Specifically, seeing the radiation damage and the void damage independent of the hull damage of the weapon. Example:
Railgun deals 150 Standard damage, 100 Void damage, and 25 Radiation damage (because I'm using Engine Lockdown to boost radiation damage and the roll was a maximum, let's say.)
Foe has 40% armor mitigation and 20% shielding mitigation. Foe has 5 radiation resist.
If this mode were enabled, the damage I would see displayed would look like:
-90 (red), -80 (blue) -16 (green)
If it were critical, the critical text would be appended on the right side.
This obviously wouldn't add up to 186 hull damage as it isn't using the 33% applied to radiation nor the 50% to void. However, for advanced players it would be nice to get a sense for how much component damage this is implying. It would also make visualizing the benefits of shielding, radiation resist, and void resist much simpler. It would also make talents that boost radiation damage more visually appealing.
Compare to the display we see with the toggle set to "off":


During the past 50 years the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has evolved from a scientific curiosity to a powerful analytical tool for physical scientists and the medical community. Its primary use is for analytical chemistry and medical imaging. NMR imaging and spectroscopy can non-invasively and non-destructively examine the physical and chemical composition of materials. The technology is now at a level of sophistication and maturity where industrial applications are possible. This article describes the basis of NMR imaging and spectroscopy and examines the application of NMR to a broad range of industrial applications.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||7|
|State||Published - Dec 1 1998|


April 23, 2013
Yesterday, the IceCube neutrino experiment at the South Pole stated that they had found two neutrinos that might have come from outside our galaxy. These two events were discovered in 2012, but weren’t analyzed until now. These neutrinos clocked in energies of more than one petaelectronvolt, which is about 100 million times more energetic than neutrinos released by supernovae. These neutrinos could have been produced by the same source that also produces ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.


The world’s first installed accident tolerant fuel (ATF) lead test rods have successfully completed a 24-month fuel cycle at the Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Plant marking a significant milestone in the continued development of advanced fuel. Resulting data from this achievement will inform the advancement of a groundbreaking technology designed to increase plant performance and build upon an already robust margin of plant safety.
During a planned maintenance and refueling outage, operators transferred a sampling of the lead test rods from Plant Hatch Unit 1 to the spent fuel pool and have completed an initial inspection of the fuel in comparison to standard zirconium rods.
“Our initial inspections have confirmed that the fuel performed as expected and we anticipate leveraging this success and data with our fuel vendors into the continued development of this innovative technology,” said John Williams, Southern Nuclear fuels and analysis director. “We will continue to pursue solutions like advanced fuel that enhance the performance and reliability of our operating plants and ensure the safety and health of our customers and our employees.”
Oak Ridge National Laboratory will conduct further evaluations of the lead test rods’ material and coating properties. The data obtained from this analysis will be used by Southern Nuclear and fuel vendor Global Nuclear Fuel (GNF) to guide future development of ATF technologies and provide information to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing review process. The industry is pursuing the licensing and full commercial deployment of ATF by the mid-2020s.
The unfueled IronClad lead test rods and fueled ARMOR-coated zirconium cladding test rods were developed by GNF with support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Accident Tolerant Fuel program.
Southern Company subsidiary Southern Nuclear operates Plant Hatch on behalf of Georgia Power and co- owners Oglethorpe Power, MEAG Power and Dalton Utilities.


Japan has announced that a worker at the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant died after suffering radiation exposure.The man, who died from lung cancer, was first diagnosed in 2016. Japan's government had previously agreed that radiation caused illness in four workers but this is the first acknowledged death.
The ministry has ruled that the man's family should be paid compensation, after hearing testimonies from radiologists and other experts,
The employee who died, a man in his 50s, had worked at atomic power stations since 1980 and was in charge of measuring radiation at the Fukushima No 1 plant shortly after its meltdown. He worked there at least twice after the meltdown, and had worn a face mask and protective suit, Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare said.
For almost six minutes, the worst to ever earthquake hit Japan with a 9.0 magnitude. Within 50 minutes of the initial earthquake, the first waves up to 14 meters high flowed over the nuclear plant's 10-meter high sea wall. The Fukushima plant's emergency power generators, located in the basement, were soon flooded and failed, shutting down vital cooling systems and causing reactor fuel rods to meltdown in three of the six reactors, leaking radiation into the surrounding area and the sea. Sixteen hours after meltdown began, the fuel rods in one reactor had almost completely melted. It would 88 days until the Japanese government admitted that a meltdown had taken place.
At the time of the nuclear disaster, there were no immediate deaths or cases of radiation sickness, but over 100,000 people were evacuated from their homes to ensure this. More than 40 evacuated patients from the Futaba Hospital later died. Around 18,500 people died or disappeared in the quake and tsunami, and more than 160,000 were forced from their homes.
Three former Tepco executives were charged with professional negligence, resulting in death and injury, linked to the hospital evacuation. Though no-one died directly in the nuclear meltdown, Tokyo Electric Power Company, the plant operator, and state officials have been facing multiple compensation claims since 2012. The amount of compensation to be paid by TEPCO is expected to reach 7 trillion yen ( 61,889,940,000.00 US dollars).
The tsunami water caused the meltdown, but water is also the only way to stop it. Since the disaster, Tokyo Electric Power Company has been pumping hundreds of tons of water to cool Fukushima's reactors and stop the outflow of radiation. The cleanup also includes collecting radioactive contaminated earth from the surrounding area, which now sits in thousands of industrial-sized bags. Costs to Japanese taxpayers are likely to exceed 12 trillion yen ($100 billion US). In December 2016 the government estimated decontamination, compensation, decommissioning, and radioactive waste storage costs at 21.5 trillion yen ($187 billion US).
The true scale of the environmental impact is still unknown as radioactive material has been detected as far as 200 miles from the plant. The world may still be feeling the effects of this disaster for generations to come. Tokyo Electric Power Company estimates that cleanup operations at the Fukushima power plant could take up to 40 years.
The Fukushima triple nuclear meltdown meltdown, was the world's worst nuclear disaster since the Chernobyl nuclear disaster that occurred three decades ago, in April 1986.


LOS ANGELES (CBS/AP) — Minuscule amounts of radiation from Japan’s stricken nuclear plant have reached the west coast but federal and state officials say it poses no health risk.
They said Friday that the doses of radiation that a person normally receives from rocks, bricks, and the sun are 100,000 times the dose rates detected at a monitoring station in California and another in Washington state.
Concerns that Japan’s nuclear disaster was assuming international proportions grew as a radioactive plume released from the Fukushima Dai-ichi reached Southern California on Friday.
But the results of testing reflected expectations by the U.N.’s International Atomic Energy Agency that radiation had greatly dissipated by the time it reached the U.S. coastline.
The EPA has twelve RadNet monitoring systems throughout the state.
Los Angeles County Emergency Management has launched a network of 123 radiation detectors linked to the internet, which can also be accessed on secure county Smartphones. So far none of the systems registered any change.
“It’s basically been in the same range we’ve seen yesterday, weeks ago – before and after – the Japanese earthquake and tsunami,” Philip Fine, Atmospheric Measurement Manager, told CBS2/KCAL9.
Still, a monitoring agency within the United Nation says a detector in Sacramento picked up a very small increase in radiation, but the readings were far below levels that could pose any health risks.
A detector at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Washington State earlier this week also detected trace amounts of xenon-133 — a gas produced during nuclear fission — the DOE said.
The DOE and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said in a joint statement that the doses of radiation people generally get from the surrounding environment are 100,000 times greater than dose rates detected at the two monitoring sites.
That assessment confirmed statements from diplomats and officials in Vienna earlier in the day.
Air pollution regulators in Southern California said they have not detected increased levels of radiation. The South Coast Air Quality Management District said radiation measured at its three sites was not higher than typical levels.
The agency’s monitors are part of the EPA’s network of more than 100 sensors across the nation that track radiation levels every hour.
In Alaska, Dr. Bernd Jilly, director of state public health laboratories, also said monitoring had shown no readings of above-normal levels of radiation.
The same was true in the state of Washington, health department spokesman Donn Moyer said. The levels would have to be hundreds of thousands of times higher than current readings before health officials would recommend any response, he said.
Graham Andrew, a senior official of the Vienna-based International Atomic Energy Agency, said that the International Civil Aviation Organization — after consultations with the IAEA — found there was no reason to curtail normal international flights and maritime operations to and from Japan and “there is no medical basis for imposing additional measures to protect passengers.”
While set up to monitor atmospheric nuclear testing, the U.N.’s Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization’s worldwide network of stations can detect earthquakes, tsunamis and fallout from nuclear accidents such as the disaster on Japan’s northeastern coast that was set off by a massive earthquake and a devastating tsunami a week ago.
Since then, emergency crews have been trying to restore the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear plant’s cooling system and prevent overheated fuel rods from releasing greater doses of radioactivity.
Japanese officials on Friday reclassified the rating of the accident at the plant from Level 4 to Level 5 on a seven-level international scale, putting it on a par with the 1979 Three Mile Island accident. The International Nuclear Event Scale defines a Level 4 incident as having local consequences and a Level 5 as having wider consequences.
Concerned residents can now get a daily update about radiation levels by visiting AQMD.
(TM and © Copyright 2011 CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2011 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)


An active stopper for the RISING project at GSI has been developed for β-decay studies and conversion electron spectroscopy following projectile fragmentation/fission reactions. This system employs six double-sided silicon strip detectors in the final focal plane of the GSI FRagment Separator (FRS) to detect both the fragment implantations and their subsequent charged-particle (α, β, p) decays. The wide range of energy response required (150 keV up to several GeVs) was covered by the use of a logarithmic preamplifier. Measurements with a 207Bi conversion electron source yielded an energy resolution of 20 keV at electron energies of ∼ 1 MeV and a detection threshold of 150 keV. The response to the implantation of 400 AMeV 136Xe ions in the active stopper is also discussed in the present paper. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Russian crackers attacked the websites of a local nuclear power plant last week shortly after planting false rumours of an accident at the facility.
Internet forums were buzzing with bogus reports of "radioactive emissions" emanating from the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant near St Petersburg and an evacuation of locals at the same time official websites were knocked offline, Russian news agency RIA Novosti reports.
Russian officials reckon the attack was coordinated, suggesting opponents of the nuclear industry might have been behind the scare.
"This was a planned action by hackers, which has brought down almost all sites providing access to the Automatic Radiation Environment Control System (ASKRO), including the Leningrad NPP site, the rosatom.ru site, and others. For several hours users were unable to reach the sites and obtain reliable information on the situation at the plant," a spokesman for the Rosatom state nuclear corporation told RIA Novosti.
"People who stand to lose out from the Russian nuclear power industry's development have an incentive to spread false rumors of an accident at the nuclear plant."
The ASKRO systems, which provides real-time information on radiation levels and incidents, has now been restored.
The malevolent hack has implications beyond simply creating unnecessary panic. Last year false reports of an accident at the Volgodonsk nuclear plant prompted dozens of people to overdose on iodine, poisoning themselves in the process.
Taking regular iodine can saturate the thyroid and prevent uptake of radioactive iodine in cases of nuclear incidents. Iodine is an essential trace element in human biology. Radioactive isotopes of the element can cause cancers, particularly in the thyroid gland. ®


At the very heart of effective nuclear security is a deep understanding of fundamental nuclear physics –structure, reactions, theory and modeling, data, particle accelerators, and instrumentation. Contemporary nuclear physics is where we will find both the profound discoveries, and the best young talent making those discoveries, that will change the game in nonproliferation.
Focus area lead: Barbara Jacak, University of California, Berkeley
Focus area co-lead: Sean Liddick, Michigan State University
Current research is focused on:
Nuclear Properties and Decays
High energy nuclear collisions
Forensic science in high energy density plasmas


Pak speeding up work on its 4th N-reactor
On completion, the reactor would enable Islamabad to build large number of smaller nuclear warheads, Washington- based eminent think-tank Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) said.
Pakistan`s nuclear weapons programme is considered to be among the fastest growing in the world by Stockholm-based International Peace Research Institute, with the estimates of Islamabad possessing 90-110 nuclear warheads.
Releasing the latest satellite imageries, ISIS said construction of the fourth Khushab reactor and supporting buildings is progressing with the reactor building about halfway to completion.
Based on the available imagery ISIS estimates that the construction of the fourth reactor is proceeding about 30 per cent faster than construction on reactor three and that major external work could be complete within fifteen months.
The reactor, located 200 kilometers south of Islamabad, is the latest addition to the Khushab nuclear site and is dedicated to the production of plutonium for nuclear weapons.
In addition to the fourth reactor, the Khushab site includes two reactors similar in shape to the fourth one, a heavy water production plant, and an original, nominal 50 megawatt-thermal heavy water reactor completed in 1998.
"This increase in plutonium production represents a growing nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan," it said, adding in order to avoid a dangerous escalation, the US and the world community should increase efforts to convince Pakistan to stop blocking negotiations of the Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty at the Geneva Conference on Disarmament.


m = E/c2
Assume that an average city uses about 8.5x 1013 J of energy in a day.
A typical nuclear power plant converts 0.01% of the mass of its fuel into energy through nuclear reactions.
How much fuel would be needed to power an average city for one day?
Express the mass of fuel needed in kilograms to two significant figures.
A fission-based nuclear bomb (such as those used in World WarII) uses the same nuclear reactions and an amount of fuel similar to what you calculated in Part A. However, by allowing an uncontrolled chain reaction to occur, all of the bomb's energy can be released in about 1.0 x 10-6s.
What is the average power Pavg of such a nuclear bomb?
Frequently Asked Questions
What scientific concept do you need to know in order to solve this problem?
Our tutors have indicated that to solve this problem you will need to apply the Nuclear Physics concept. You can view video lessons to learn Nuclear Physics. Or if you need more Nuclear Physics practice, you can also practice Nuclear Physics practice problems.


six world powers have reached tentative agreement on sanctions relief for Tehran as part of a nuclear deal, diplomats said.
Senior officials from Iran and the six nations still have to sign off on the document outlining what sanctions will be lifted and when, sources said.
But the diplomats added that the document has been agreed by experts for both sides who have been working on details of the outline to implement the preliminary agreement reached in November 2013.
Officials had described sanctions relief as one of the thorniest disagreements between Iran and the US.
Diplomats said senior officials at the talks, who include US secretary of state John Kerry and Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif, still have to sign off on the package.
The word of significant progress indicates the sides are moving closer to a comprehensive accord that would end a decade of restrictions on Tehran’s nuclear programme in exchange for tens of billions of pounds in economic benefits for the Iranians.
The US and much of the world fears Iran’s enrichment of uranium and other activity could be designed to make nuclear weapons. Tehran says its programme is meant only to generate power and for other peaceful purposes.
The diplomats said the sanctions agreement was completed this week by experts from Iran and the six world powers it is negotiating with: the United States, Britain, China, France, Germany and Russia.
A senior US official did not dispute the diplomats’ account but said work remained to be done before the issue could be described as finalised.
Negotiators are striving to wrap up the deal by Monday.
Along with inspection guidelines and rules governing Iran’s research and development of advanced nuclear technology, the sanctions annex of the agreement had been among the toughest issues remaining to be resolved.
Iranian officials, including supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, have made repeated demands for economic penalties to be lifted shortly after a deal is reached. Washington and its partners have said they would take action after Iran verifiably complies with restrictions on enrichment and other elements of the nuclear programme.


Advances in computational capability and modeling techniques, as well as improvements in experimental characterization methods offer the possibility of directly comparing modeling and experiment investigations of irradiation effects in metals. As part of a collaboration among the Instituto de Fusión Nuclear (DENIM), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and CIEMAT, single and polycrystalline α-Fe samples have been irradiated with 150 keV Fe- ions to doses up to several dpa. The irradiated microstructure is to be examined with both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). Concurrently, we have modeled the damage accumulation in Fe under these irradiation conditions using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). We aim to make direct comparison between the simulation results and the experiments by simulating TEM images and estimating positron lifetimes for the predicted microstructures. While the identity of the matrix defect features cannot be determined from TEM observations alone, we propose that both large self-interstitial loops, trapped at impurities within the material, and small, spherical nanovoids form.


Validation of the thermohydraulic code ATHLET
E. Krepper and F. Schäfer
1. Participation in the external verification group of the ATHLET code
An important component of nuclear safety research is the analysis of abnormal transients and accident scenarios in nuclear power plants (NPP). Such analyses are carried out with complex thermohydraulic computer codes, like ATHLET. ATHLET is a one-dimensional nodal thermohydraulic computer code, developed by GRS (Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit) for the analysis of anticipated and abnormal plant transients, small and intermediate leaks as well as large breaks in light water reactors. For the calculations the primary and secondary coolant system of a NPP is described by a set of one-dimensional control volumes. In each control volume the conservation equations for energy, mass and momentum are applied. Additionally different physical models (drift-flux model, discharge model, ...) have to be used to solve the resulting equation system. For the application to real NPPs the code must be validated through the comparison of calculated results with experimental data. The experimental data are obtained from various test facilities, modelling the primary and secondary circuit of the real plant.
1.1 Post-test analyses of the experiments 5.2c and 9.3 at the integral test facility BETHSY
In the framework of the external validation of the thermohydraulic code ATHLET Mod 1.1 Cycle D, which has been developed by the GRS, post test analyses of two experiments were done, which were performed at the french integral test facility BETHSY.
The facility is a 1:100 scaled thermohydraulic model of a 900 MW (el.) pressurized water reactor (FRAMATOME). The test facility is designed to investigate various accident scenarios and to provide an experimental data base for code validation and for the verification of accident management measures. The three identical loops enable the simulation of asymmetric loop behavior. In the test facility, the primary circuit is modeled with a volume scaling ratio of 1:100 retaining the original heights. Each primary loop is equipped with a vertical steam generator.
BETHSY test facility
The BETHSY experiment 5.2c investigates the accident procedures in case of a total loss of feedwater at the steam generator secondary side. In such an accident the emergency cooling of the reactor core with primary bleed and feed, the behaviour of the steam generators in case of dry out and the long time behaviour of the test facility are special subjects of interest. During the experiment the high pressure injection system, the hydroaccumulators and the low pressure injection system were available.
During test 9.3 the consequences of a steam generator U-tube rupture with failure of the high pressure injection and of the auxiliary feedwater supply were investigated. As accident management measures, the depressurization of the secondary sides, first of the two intact steam generators, then of the damaged steam generator and finally the primary depressurization by opening of the pressurizer valve were performed.
More about the ATHLET-calculations:
Post test analyses of the BETHSY tests 5.2 and 9.3 (PDF 719 kb)
1.2 Post-test analyses of experiments at the integral test facility CCTF
The CCTF test facility is a 1:25 scaled model of a 1000 MW (el.) pressurized water reactor and is located in Japan. The test facility has a full hight core section, four primary loops and two steam generators. The facility is mainly designed to provide detailed information about two-phase flow phenomena in the reactor core, downcomer an upper plenum during the refill and reflood phases of a hypothetical "large break loss of coolant accident" (LB-LOCA).
CCTF test facility
Two experiments at the CCTF test facility were analyzed with the code ATHLET. The CCTF tests C2-19 and C2-4 are characterized by a double-end break in the cold leg and different modes of emergency cooling injection into the hot and cold legs. In both tests the development of the quench front depends on the radial power distribution in the core. In ATHLET the three-dimensional behaviour of the quench front can be simulated by a two-channel representation of the reactor core.
More about the ATHLET-calculations:
Post test analyses of the CCTF tests C2-19 and C2-4 (447 kb)
2. ATHLET calculations of several experiments at test facilities for VVER-type reactors
Test facilities - overview:
- PACTEL (VVER-440, Lappeenranta, Finland)
- PMK-2 (VVER-440, Budapest, Hungary)
- ISB-VVER (VVER-1000, Moscow, Russia)
The PACTEL test facility was constructed to investigate accident scenarios with small and intermediate leaks and also to study the natural circulation behaviour of the primary circuit. The facility models the six loops of the real NPP by three symmetric loops with a volume scaling ratio of 1:305. The Research Center Rossendorf was a participant at the International Standard Problem ISP-33, a natural circulation experiment with stepwise reduced primary coolant inventory.
The PMK-2 test facility is a full-pressure, volume-scaled model of the Paks NPP. The facility was constructed by the KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute Budapest and is mainly designed to investigate processes following small and medium size breaks in the primary circuit and to study the natural circulation behaviour of VVER-440 type reactors. The 6 loops of the NPP are modelled by a single active loop with a scaling ratio of 1:2070. The experiments calculated by ATHLET are a 1% Cold Leg Break, a 1% Cold Leg Break with additionally accident management measures (primary bleed) and a Surge Line Break with full and with reduced high pressure and accumulator injection.
Currently ISB is the only operating test facility for russian type VVER-1000 reactors. The primary circuit of the NPP consists of four loops, which are modelled by two loops (1+3) in the ISB facility with a volume scaling ratio of 1:3000. Several experiments were calculated with ATHLET, like a small break in the upper plenum with locked rotor of all circulation pumps (1st Russian Standard Problem) and a natural circulation experiment with stepwise reduced mass inventory.
More about ATHLET-calculations for VVER-type reactors:
Post test calculations of the 1% Cold Leg Break experiment (PDF 560 kb)
Poster - calculations for ISB (PDF 317 kb)
Poster - calculations for PMK-2 (PDF 113 kb)
3. Theoretical and experimental investigations of natural circulation phenomena in VVER-type reactors
In co-operation with the KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute Budapest a series of LOCA experiments were performed at the PMK-2 test facility:
- 1% Cold Leg Break
- 1% Cold Leg Break with additionally accident management measures (primary bleed)
- Surge Line Break
- Surge Line Break with reduced high pressure and accumulator injection
The thermohydraulic computer code ATHLET was used for calculations of these experiments.
PMK-2 test facility
LOCA experiments are characterized by a more or less rapid primary pressure decrease in the early phase of the transient. After pump coast down natural circulation becomes the dominant decay heat removal mechanism. A few hundred seconds after leak initiation boiling in the reactor core leads to formation of two-phase flow conditions in the primary circuit.
At these conditions different types of two-phase flow instabilities can appear. The instabilities play an important role in the behavior of the primary circuit, because the instabilities can disturb the decay heat removal from the reactor core.The appearance of such instabilities strongly depends on the thermohydraulic and geometrical conditions in the loop.
More about natural circulation phenomena in VVER-type reactors:


Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Measurements of Z gamma and Z gamma gamma production in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector||Authors:||Aad, G.
|Issue Date:||2016||Publisher:||Amer Physical Soc||Abstract:||The production of Z bosons with one or two isolated high-energy photons is studied using pp collisions at root s = 8 TeV. The analyses use a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb(-1) collected by the ATLAS detector during the 2012 LHC data taking. The Z gamma and Z gamma gamma production cross sections are measured with leptonic (e(+) e(-), mu(+) mu(-), nu(nu) over bar) decays of the Z boson, in extended fiducial regions defined in terms of the lepton and photon acceptance. They are then compared to cross-section predictions from the Standard Model, where the sources of the photons are radiation off initial-state quarks and radiative Z-boson decay to charged leptons, and from fragmentation of final-state quarks and gluons into photons. The yields of events with photon transverse energy E-T > 250 GeV from l(+) l(-) gamma events and with E-T > 400 GeV from nu(nu) over bar gamma events are used to search for anomalous triple gauge-boson couplings ZZ gamma and Z gamma gamma. The yields of events with diphoton invariant mass m(gamma gamma) > 200 GeV from l(+) l(-) gamma gamma events and with m(gamma gamma) > 300 GeV from nu(nu) over bar gamma gamma events are used to search for anomalous quartic gauge-boson couplings ZZ gamma gamma and Z gamma gamma gamma. No deviations from Standard Model predictions are observed and limits are placed on parameters used to describe anomalous triple and quartic gauge-boson couplings.||URI:||https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.112002
|Appears in Collections:||Scopus İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / Scopus Indexed Publications Collection|
WoS İndeksli Yayınlar Koleksiyonu / WoS Indexed Publications Collection
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London, United Kingdom
Photograph - Photograph
Nuclear fusion. Computer artwork of a nuclear fusion reaction, showing tritium and deuterium (upper left & right) nuclei colliding to form helium (lower left) and a neutron (lower right). This process releases a huge amount of energy. Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. Isotopes are forms of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons (blue) in the nucleus. Protons (red) are the other constituent of the nucleus. Nuclear fusion is the joining (fusing) of light elements to form heavier elements, which releases large amounts of energy. It is hoped that fusion will be a clean, renewable energy source for the future.
May 8th, 2013
Viewed 8 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 10/01/2014 at 8:29 AM


"The excursion is undertaken using transportation, and with an experienced guide," explained Natalya Utenkova, representative of the NNC, which has its base at the Polygon.
"Tourists are given protective suits and footwear, and provided with respirators."
The excursion will show visitors the most notable areas of the test site, which is located in the plains of northeastern Kazakhstan, on the bank of the Irtysh River, 130 kilometers from the town of Semey, formerly known as Semipalatinsk.
"The starting object of the excursion program is the 'Experimental Field,' which was the first testing area of the Polygon and was used to carry out nuclear testing on the ground and in the air."
"The captivating appearance of the atomic lake is the result of underground atomic explosions," explains Utenkova.
"In 1965 an explosion was carried out at the confluence of the Shagan and Ashisu Rivers, which left a crater with a depth of more than 100 meters, and a diameter of 400 meters. When flood waters filled the crater it became a lake."
Utenkova also recommended tourists visit the Semipalatinsk Polygon Museum, which opened in 1972 and gives a complete lowdown of the site's three main testing grounds.
"In the medical-biological department of the museum, you can see the internal organs of animals, which demonstrate the effect of atomic waves and ionizing radiation."
The first explosion at the test site in 1949 yielded 22 kilotons of TNT, and the site was used to test the effects of 468 atomic explosions during its period of exploitation. Up to 1963, 125 explosions of atomic weapons were carried out above ground.
The final test at the site was carried out in October 1989, and in August 1991 the testing site was officially closed. After a clean-up operation by nuclear experts from Kazakhstan, the US and Russia, the last nuclear device at the site was destroyed in 1995.


Rep. Ed Royce (R-CA), Chair of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, reacted to the nuclear deal reached with Iran in Vienna on Tuesday morning by warning that the terms of the deal violated the conditions laid down by 367 members of Congress in a letter earlier this year.
“Congress has repeatedly made clear that a final agreement must effectively block Iran’s ability to develop a nuclear weapon. 367 Members of Congress are on record stating that a deal must last for multiple decades and include full disclosure of Iran’s past efforts to build a nuclear weapon, a dramatic reduction in the number of centrifuges, as well as intrusive inspection and verification measures,” Royce said.
The deal limits Iran’s uranium enrichment for only eight years, includes only limited inspections, and has no disclosure of Iran’s past efforts.
While these details are key, the overall outcome of today’s agreement is clear: Iran is not required to dismantle key bomb making technology, but is permitted a vast enrichment capacity, and will continue its research and development to gain an industrialized nuclear program in as little as ten years or so. That is hardly “decades.” Even Iran’s heavily fortified underground nuclear facility – which the United States had vowed to shut – stays open. Iran is still able to ‘mass produce’ its ballistic missiles, as the Supreme Leader has ordered. And the terrorist state of Iran will be flush with cash. Iran won’t even have to cheat on this agreement to be a small step away from the bomb, dominate the region and boost its oppressive regime at home. The international sanctions Congress drove for years had this regime on the ropes. Iran’s regime is now claiming to be a winner.
Royce added that he will immediately begin the process of analyzing the nuclear deal in his committee hearing scheduled Tuesday morning.


posted on Jan, 4 2007 @ 06:03 PM
Linton Brooks, head of the country's nuclear weapons program, has been dismissed by Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman. The firing is the direct result
of Brooks' failure to close security loopholes at the nation's nuclear facilities. A new National Nuclear Security Administration chief will be
Linton Brooks is to submit his resignation as chief of the National Nuclear Security Administration this month, the department said.
Brooks was reprimanded last June for failing to report to Bodman that computers at an NNSA facility in Albuquerque had been breached resulting in the
theft of files containing Social Security numbers and other personal data from 1,500 workers.
Last fall, security at the Los Alamos National Laboratory again came into question when classified nuclear-related documents were found at the home of
a former Los Alamos lab employee with top secret clearance. The discovery was made when police made a drug raid on the employee's home.
That security breach was especially troubling, the department's internal watchdog said, because tens of millions of dollars had been spent to upgrade
computer security at Los Alamos. The lab is part of the nuclear weapons complex that Brooks' agency oversees.
Please visit the link provided for the complete story.
It is very troubling for me to hear that our nuclear facilities are not secure, and the man in charge has failed to see to that security in the wake
of hacking incidents and other breaches.
We are in real trouble as a nation if we can't protect our nuclear facilities from infiltration, cyber or otherwise. It was bad enough to hear about
the missing Los Alamos hard drives during the Clinton Administration that reportedly ended up in Chinese hands, and now this.
Let's get it together guys!


It is a textbook and manual of a training course held at the Budapest Technical University for operators of irradiation devices. Calculation methods of radiation technology (estimation of activity variation, space dependence of dose rates, shielding, efficiency) are presented. Instructions for laboratory exercises (dose and dose rate measurements, sterilization by irradiation, handling of irradiation devices) involved in the course given. Two laboratory irradiation devices (RH-GAMMA-30, produced in the Soviet Union and the K-120-type semi-large scale device of the Isotope Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences are described in detail. Handling instructions for the two devices and radiation protection regulations are given. A brief glossary in the field of radiation technology is added.


Nuclear Physics Laboratory, University of Colorado technical progress report, 1976 and proposal for continuation of contract [electronic resource].
- Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1976.
- Physical Description:
- Pages: 162 : digital, PDF file
- Additional Creators:
- United States. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information
- Restrictions on Access:
- Free-to-read Unrestricted online access
- This report summarizes the work carried out at the Nuclear Physics Laboratory of the University of Colorado during the period November 1, 1975 to November 1, 1976. The low energy nuclear physics section is dominated by light-ion reaction studies which span a wide range. These include both two-neutron and two-proton transfer reactions, charge exchange and inelastic scattering, as well as single nucleon transfer reactions. The nuclei studied vary widely in their mass and characteristics. These reaction studies have been aided by the multi-use scattering chamber which now allows the energy-loss-spectrometer beam preparation system (beam swinger) to shift from charged particle studies to neutron time-of-flight studies with a minimum loss of time. The intermediate energy section reflects the increase in activity accompanying the arrival of LAMPF data and the initiation of (p,d) studies at the Indiana separated-sector cyclotron. The nucleon removal results provided by the ..pi.. beam at EPICS previous to completion of the spectrometer have shown that nuclear effects dominate this process, so that the widely used free interaction picture is inadequate. The section entitled ''Other Activities'' reveals continuing activities in new applications of nuclear techniques to problems in medicine and biology. Reactions important to astrophysics continue to be investigated and our trace-element program remains at a high level of activity. The theoretical section reports new progress in understanding magnitudes of two-step reactions by inclusion of finite-range effects. A new finite-range program which is fast and economical has been completed. Intermediate energy results include calculations of ..pi..-..gamma.. angular correlations, low energy ..pi..-nucleus interactions, as well as (p,d) and nucleon scattering calculations for intermediate energies.
- Report Numbers:
- E 1.99:coo-535-763
- Other Subject(s):
- Published through SciTech Connect.
Colorado Univ., Boulder (USA). Nuclear Physics Lab.
- Funding Information:
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