Seldom has a more unrelievedly embittered play been written. With his clear, cool logic, Brutus convinces the concerned public that Caesar was a tyrant who needed to be eliminated in order for them to be free. He is nevertheless persuaded by flattery to go and as petitioners surround him Caesar is stabbed and dies as Brutus gives the final blow. On the way, the soothsayer Artemidorus tries to warn Caesar of impending death, to no avail. The characters of Julius Caesar variously interpret the great event of the assassination of Caesar as one in which the gods are angry or disinterested or or simply not there.
Betrayal and friendship: Students should discuss the value of friendship to the Republic, the role of friendship and betrayal between Brutus and Caesar and Brutus and Cassius, the destruction of friendship noted in Brutus' assassination of his friend, Caesar, and the destruction of friendship as evidenced by the argument between Brutus and Cassius in act 4. Critics of Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar differ greatly on their views of Caesar and Brutus. Caesar confers with Antony that he fears Cassius is evil and worth fearing. During the race, Cassius tries to convince Brutus that Caesar has become too powerful and too popular. Using evidence, Portia successfully convinces Brutus. Driven by his own deeply irrational fear and hatred of women and seemingly mistrustful of his own masculinity, Iago can his own inner torment only by persuading other men like Othello that their inevitable fate is to be cuckolded. What is Julius Caesar About and Why Should I Care? As all Shakespearean tragedies, Julius Caesar includes a tragic hero whose predetermined fate and hamartia bring about his downfall and in doing so, bring catharsis and poetic justice to the reader.
Wills' contemporary interpretation leans more toward recognition of the conscious, sub-conscious nature of human actions and interactions. Caesar is one dimensional: everyone adores him. His amorous life in Egypt is manifestly an attempt to affirm and recover his dwindling male power. Brutus reads the letters and, after much moral debate, decides to join the conspiracy, thinking that Caesar should be killed to prevent him from doing anything against the people of Rome if he were ever to be crowned. Although there is some obscurity to whether Caesar will die, alas Caesar is killed by his comrades. They fear he will accept offers to become Emperor.
The tragic force is condensed into a few scenes for heightened effect. He also uses contrasts between characters and relationships such as Cassius and Brutus, Octavius and Antony. Brutus makes the political mistakes that bring down the republic that his ancestors created. I'm likely to be asked the same question again, so I want to avoid being caught unprepared once more you know, to err is human but to persist is devilish. There they plan Caesar's death.
Other musical settings include those by , , , , , , , , , and. Still, they agree to march and meet the enemy Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus at Philippi, despite a visit from Caesar's ghost to Brutus to say he'll be at Philippi too. The relatively straightforward language and simplicity of plot make it a good starting point for students new to 16th-century drama. In addition to that, Brutus is also a very humble and pliable character, whose actions are determined by his loyalty to the republic. While clearly distraught, he promises not to blame the conspirators as long as he's allowed to speak at the funeral in praise of Caesar's virtues.
They have tasked me with editing the scene to fit their needs, i. The idea is that they'll seem more convincing about their plans for a new dawn of peace if they're dripping with Caesar's fresh blood. Although the play is named Julius Caesar, speaks more than four times as many lines as the title character; and the central psychological drama of the play focuses on Brutus' struggle between the conflicting demands of , , and. I find that this is one of those plays that really divides people, you either love or hate it. As a result of his status and power, senators of the Republic planned his assassination to thwart him from gaining more power and to end what they considered tyranny. In view of that, Brutus actually alive, decides to give in to his guilt and kill himself. Round characters are one-dimensional characters with less important story lines; flat characters are multifaceted with story lines that are essential to the plot.
Portia proficiently coaxes Brutus using the logical appeal reasoning. Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The soothsayer is an archetype because he represents a symbolic pattern: the Wise Old Man. Plot: Romans are going crazy over Julius Caesar. A race is run, wherein Marc Antony, in the course of competing, touches Caesar's wife Calphurnia in hopes of curing her infertility. After the assassination both become opponents. A photograph of the elaborate stage and viewing stands can be seen on the Library of Congress website. As we move into the twenty-first century, audiences… 919 Words 4 Pages choices that eventually bring about their demise.
Altogether, Shakespeare is able to take a renowned event in history and turn it into tragedy that conveyed meaning and advisement. Caesar is deemed an intuitive philosopher who is always right when he goes with his instinct, for instance when he says he fears Cassius as a threat to him before he is killed, his intuition is correct. When finally they decide to stop at the town of Sardis, Cassius and Brutus quarrel bitterly over finances. Cassius is always having to submit to Brutus's demands and leadership shortfalls, and Ceasar's complete self-absorption when dealing with Calpurnia. This play consists of various elements some of which are historical events, people and places, which disclose the conspiracy to overthrow Julius Caesar. Yet, Titanius was not yet deceased and subsequently, when he sees Cassius dead he commits suicide.
On the 15th March Caesar is urged not to go to the Senate by his wife, Calphurnia, who has had dreamsthat he will be murdered, and she fears the portents of the overnight storms. Brutus places his ideals Rome as a republic over his friend, Julius Caesar, and is willing to kill Caesar to protect the Republic. One of the earliest cultural references to the play came in Shakespeare's own. What evidence does Cassius provide to Brutus to demonstrate his claim that Caesar is an ineffective leader? Houppert acknowledges that some critics have tried to cast Caesar as the protagonist, but that ultimately Brutus is the driving force in the play and is therefore the tragic hero. I killed not thee with half so good a will.


|Speaker||Talk Date||Talk Series|
|Ann Zabludoff, University of Arizona||29 June 2011||Institute of Astronomy Seminars|
Lyman-alpha blobs are mysterious objects in the distant Universe extending over 50-100 kpc. Because these gigantic gas clouds have been detected only in optically thick and highly resonant Lyman-alpha emission, their power source remains a puzzle. Due to the rarity of blobs, the form of their evolution to the present day is also unknown. We are conducting multi-wavelength, deep, and large area surveys to identify tens of blobs at redshifts ~2-5. These surveys have now produced the first constraints on blob clustering, showing that blobs occupy massive halos likely to evolve into rich clusters today. Blobs are not only tracers of the most overdense environments at early times, but also may mark the sites of brightest cluster galaxy formation. By targeting the optically thin Halpha line, we have obtained the first measurements of gas kinematics in blobs, excluding strong outflows as the source of Lyman alpha emission.


Protein is the one nutrient that we all know our bodies need (one of three macronutrients) and we all have our own ideas about the best sources of protein, where it originates and why we need it. Most of us also know that we need it to not only help our bodies repair themselves but as a way to make them stronger.
In the last 15 years, we have been led to believe that by having higher portions of protein throughout the day (usually meat) in the place of our daily intake of carbs, our bodies are much healthier. Yet, despite the confusion centred on dietary advice, we also know that balance is usually key, so why have we been sold this idea and are high protein diets really good for us?
To answer these questions, let us look briefly at what protein is, why we need it, and where the best sources actually come from.
At a glance and from a scientific perspective, a protein is a structure made up of polymers or, to be more accurate, polypeptides, which are produced from amino acids, apparently called the monomers of the polymer. Confused yet?
If you have some time, Professor Dave sums it up the structure and function of branched chain amino acids plus more in this 10-minute video:
Ultimately, a protein is an organic substance made up of a mixture of essential amino acids, compounds and carbon, with a sprinkle of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. It sometimes contains sulphur.
There are twenty different amino acids that produce a protein but the body only produces nine of them. Therefore, our intake of protein through food is highly important and probably the reason why it has become the most debated and discussed nutrient in our diets, fad or otherwise.
It is important to follow protein requirements because this means our bodies have an accurate absorption rate, helping to maintain a healthy metabolism and body weight.
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How Much Protein Do We Need?
The recommended daily amount is different for men and women as the general calorie intake is higher for men. The average woman needs around 46 grams of protein per day and a man needs 56 grams per day.
The amount of protein we need, of course, depends on our body type and the amount of activity we do each day. Athletes and gym enthusiasts, for example, might need a slightly higher, daily intake than those of us who are more sedentary. However, generally speaking, the daily intake will suffice.
So, what is all this protein for?
We tend to know that protein helps to build and repair tissue but it is less known that protein is used throughout the body in a multitude of different ways. Protein, therefore, provides essential nutrients.
For example, did you know that our nails and hair is practically all protein? Or, that we need protein to make hormones? There are plenty more examples of how our bodies need and use protein but, ultimately, it is a nutrient our bodies struggle to function without. Protein is the building block for our muscles, bones, cartilage, blood and skin.
However, too much protein and not enough carbohydrates (which many modern diets advocate) may, in the short term, help us to lose weight but in the long term, the body ends up storing the excess as fat, which means we put on weight. Excess fat is definitely not the desired outcome for a diet where we have to endure fatigue, headaches and bad breath.
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Less well known is that even athletes generally obtain enough protein from their daily intake of protein so the idea that we need more protein for muscle growth is, although controversial to say, a bit of a myth.
If weight gain was not bad enough, long periods of high protein diets can also damage our kidneys especially those who already suffer from kidney disease. This damage is due to the surplus of nitrogen found in the amino acids mentioned earlier.
Foods High in Protein
Ok, now we understand what protein is and why we need it, let’s breakdown protein-rich food in all its forms.
Meat is the obvious and most well-known source of protein but it is also a good source of saturated fat, cholesterol and salt. There has been a huge shift in the last three years to plant-based diets that contain good sources of protein without the nasty bits.
There is an argument that animal protein is better for us because, most of the time, it contains all the amino acids the body needs in one go (complete protein), yet these can all be found in various plant-based foods or all at once in foods such as quinoa and buckwheat, which are high-quality protein sources.
Tradition, taste and convenience are often the three biggest reasons why a lot of us cannot imagine giving up meat but there are so many great reasons to go plant-based. It is something we all need to consider but it is also important to do your own research about health and nutrition as well as looking into the many other factors connected with eating meat today.
By ditching meat, we automatically become more adventurous with food, experimenting and trying new foods we would have never considered before. Meat has become so convenient and satisfying due to its high fat content that it is easy to forget the wide variety of other, more sustainable and nutritious foods available to us.
There are varieties of cuisines that have so many naturally plant-based, protein sources, especially Indian, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean foods.
High Protein Meals
When it comes to high protein foods, especially plant protein, it is sometimes hard to think of quick recipes that we can enjoy on a regular basis without adding meat or fish.
There are plenty of alternative ‘meat’ and ‘fish’ options out there and more and more supermarkets are stocking these types of products. However, high protein meals do not have to include meat substitutes. Despite these alternatives free from cholesterol and containing less saturated fat compared with meat, these products are still processed, which means they can be high in sugar, salt and oil.
Placing protein-rich vegetables at the heart of meals and adding rice, beans and pulses, quinoa or buckwheat with lots of different herbs and spices, for example, can make meals both delicious and healthy. It is also easy to add more protein to a meal by sprinkling chia or pumpkin seeds before serving.
There are also soy products including tofu that is high in protein and easy to cook; it soaks up the flavour of any dish and a great substitute for meat on a vegetarian diet or vegan diet.
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Understanding protein as a nutrient and knowing the best sources can help us to detach ourselves from meat consumption, which, in turn, takes away the risk of high cholesterol, leading to serious health problems. Knowledge is key. It is also about adapting to new eating habits and dropping habits that we have obtained over a lifetime; the transition is not always easy.
If this is the case, start small and break one habit at a time. Understand your likes and dislikes when introducing new foods and alter them accordingly. What is right for one person, may not be right for another.
Make an effort to visit plant-based stores and restaurants and put new flavours and recipes to the test. Find out if one type of cuisine is preferred over another or if one protein substitute for meat has a better taste than the previous. It is not a race to transition to plant-based protein but making those little steps in the right direction can make all the difference.
Some can make the switch straight away, others need time to find out what available to them and what will satisfy their taste buds. Whichever category you fall under, understanding your body and general health when it comes to consuming protein is vital. Staying healthy is the most important part.
And, don’t forget, there is plenty of guidance out there. Doctors and nutritionists can be a great starting point if professional advice is something that can help drive the transition.
Using Superprof for lessons on health or related subjects can also provide great support for learning about nutrition. There are plenty of tutors available in this subject and searching for the right one in the right area has never been easier.
Find out about the five food groups:


[ EDITORIAL ]
Rain Results in Pollution: Lake Okeechobee Rising
Published: Friday, September 20, 2013 at 12:01 a.m.
Last Modified: Thursday, September 19, 2013 at 11:59 p.m.
Human efforts to control nature have been severely tested this summer in Florida, and humans — as well as nature — are losing. The rains that have pummeled South Florida have been the heaviest in 45 years, pushing Lake Okeechobee to the brim of the man-made, earthen dike that surrounds it. The risk of overflow has forced the release of excess water into the estuaries of the St. Lucie River to the east and the Caloosahatchee River to the west.
The New York Times wrote: "The rush of freshwater from the lake and the estuaries' own river basins, along with the pollutants carried in from farms, ranches, septic tanks and golf courses, has crippled the estuaries and, on the east coast of the state, the Indian River Lagoon."
The estuaries and the 156-mile-long lagoon — which need a natural balance of saltwater and freshwater to be breeding grounds for marine life — have been overwhelmed by the inflow. Manatees, fish, shellfish and sea grass had massive kills.
Communities on both coasts that depend on the estuaries for commercial fishing and recreation have been harmed as well and have protested to their elected officials. State officials, from Gov. Rick Scott on down, have vowed to help them.
But, as Florida's rains continue, so will the releases from Lake Okeechobee into the rivers. The only alternative would be to let the lake overflow, flooding farms and communities to the south.
ONCE A ‘RIVER OF GRASS'
It wasn't always this way. Before Okeechobee was encircled by towns and agricultural lands, its summer overflow would wash south through the Everglades, creating the "river of grass" that author and environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas described.
But, as Alvarez points out, after two hurricanes struck in the 1920s — flooding the lake region and killing 2,500 people — the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built the 143-mile earthen dike. Then the corps made matters worse by channeling water from the Kissimmee River into the lake to prevent flooding in the north. As a result, during the rainy season, water pours into Okeechobee much faster than the corps — which oversees the lake's dike and locks — can pump it out.
The outcry from communities have gotten attention. Gov. Scott has visited the affected areas and proposed spending $130 million on two projects: One would let more water from Okeechobee be filtered, treated and released into the Everglades and the other would clean more of the water that flows into the St. Lucie. (A similar treatment project is planned for the Caloosahatchee.)
Also, Florida Senate President Don Gaetz created the Senate Select Committee on Indian River Lagoon and Lake Okeechobee Basin. The committee, he said, "will investigate policies, spending, and any other governmental activities affecting water management" in the region.
The chairman of the new committee, Sen. Joe Negron, R-Stuart, whose district includes parts of St. Lucie and Indian River counties, said in August, "What I want to focus my attention on from now until the beginning of the year is what things can we do short-term to lower the amount of water pouring into our community."
WEAK ENVIRONMENTAL RECORD
But whether Scott and the Legislature can and will work to reduce the outflow, and clean up the discharge is questionable.
Last month, a group representing state employees who work in environmental regulation released a report showing that enforcement of Florida's environmental laws had fallen sharply under Scott took office with a pro-business, anti-regulation agenda.
The Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility report says that after Scott named former shipyard attorney Herschel Vinyard to head the Department of Environmental Protection in 2011, enforcement dropped. The DEP opened 1,587 cases in 2010 but just 663 last year, the report said. Voluntary consent orders fell from 1,249 in 2010 to 482 last year, along with penalties assessed and fines collected.
"This is nothing more than that department taking a blind eye, looking the other way when these facilities pollute," said Jerry Phillips, director of Florida PEER, told The Associated Press.
If Scott and the Legislature have changed and truly want to address the Okeechobee crisis, it will take time and billions of dollars in state and federal funds. Then maybe they can restore a semblance of what nature intended.
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Analysis of the Play A Man For All Seasons
With the free will presented upon us, comes a great sense of responsibility to use it wisely. The choices we make are ultimately affected by an array of factors, such as religion, morals, upbringing, society, and environment, to name a few. However, the conscious effort to ignore any of these factors in order to make the uniformed choice would be a violation of one’s free will and self-respect. In order to remain loyal to oneself, one must be incoherent to the pressures of assimilation, and follow one’s heart to the correct decision. Likewise, in the play, A Man For All Seasons, the lead character, Sir Thomas More, also faced these choices. He had the option to conform like the rest of society, however, he chose to make a choice that he felt was correct, and stood behind it until the end. With the courage to battle the King of England, Sir Thomas More was perceived to lead a silent attack on the Throne. His resolution to protest the unlawful marriage of King Henry and Anne Boleyn was rooted in Christian beliefs and morals. His refusal to accept the divorce of Henry and Catherine allowed for much speculation, however, More’s selection remained steadfast, as did his character, while enduring harsh criticism. More is truly “A Man For All Seasons” in light of his ability to remain true to his beliefs, family, and country when faced with adverse situations.
More’s strong religious beliefs are clearly displayed when he quarrels with Roper over the marriage of Margaret, More’s daughter. More wants his daughter to marry inside the church, so with Roper’s heretical views, he doesn’t allow their marriage. More says to Roper, “Roper, the answer’s ‘no’. And will be ‘no’ so long as you’re a heretic.”(17) Roper’s Lutheran outlook seems to be a source of friction because of More’s strong Christian beliefs. Afterward, when Roper again asserts his allegiance to Luther’s ideals, More responds by saying, “Listen, Roper. Two years ago you were a passionate Churchman; now you’re a passionate – Lutheran. We must just pray, that when your head’s finished turning your face is to the front again.”(17) More stands his ground. His strong disapproval of Roper’s religion shows his unwillingness to compromise in matters such as these. Margaret asks, “ Is that final, father?” to which More replies, “As long as he’s a heretic, Meg, that’s absolute. Nice boy….Terribly strong principles though…”(18) More will not change, however he expects those around him to modify their views in order to coincide with his. More will not negotiate his views because to compromise is to show weakness in one’s outlook and in turn give in.
More’s belief in the law also remained steadfast even when it appeared that the law could reveal to be his downfall. More wants to find ways to hide behind the law for his safety’s sake. When discussing the Act of Supremacy, More states, “Supreme Head of the Church in England—‘so far as the law of God allows.’ How far the law of God does allow it remains a matter of opinion, since the Act doesn’t state it.”(48) He expects that with his knowledge of the law, he can find a way to take the oath and still have a humble conscience. More wants nothing more than to be protected under the law which he so religiously observed on a daily basis. However, More’s plan could be seen by many as being treasonous. Norfolk makes this very assumption, and when he questions More about it, More replies by saying, “The law requires more than an assumption; the law requires a fact.”(77) Again he sticks to the use of the law for his benefit. More will not change his views of the law, even when challenged by Roper. More questions Roper’s views of the law by saying, “Oh? And when the last law was down, and the Devil turned round on you- where would you hide, Roper, the laws all being flat? This country’s planted thick with laws from coast to coast- Man’s laws, not God’s – and if you cut them down- and you’re just the man to do it- d’you really think you could stand upright in the winds that would blow then? Yes, I’d give the Devil benefit of law, for my own safety’s sake.”(39) More will stay with the law in order to reap its benefits because the true and just will be rewarded from its fruit. More has done nothing wrong, so there is no need for the law to be against him. His beliefs coincide with the law and that is the way he chooses it to be.
More remains steadfast in his belief that through a dispensation granted by the Pope, King Henry is legally and holily married to Catherine. Announcing his views openly will undoubtedly be seen as treasonous, therefore he must remain silent in order to be protected under the law and still be satisfied with his conscience. Even though More chose to use a passive stance in combating the divorce of Henry and Catherine’s marriage, he never turned back on the ideals it represented. More was satisfied by his silence, and so it seemed to be working against him as his silence was seen as disapproval. “If we govern our tongues they will!… -have you heard me make a statement?”(55) More’s lack of vocal elaboration was so that he could be given the benefit of the doubt under the law. More never gave in to the King, nor did he change his stance on the matter. In this dangerous undertaking, More wanted to protect himself and his family so he chose not to disclose his agenda even with them. “…Alice, that in silence is my safety under the law, but my silence must be absolute, it must extend to you.”(56) Worried faces started to appear in England. Cromwell said, “This ‘silence’ of his is bellowing up and down Europe!”(58) More’s silence has even spread throughout Europe. Even under a great strain and pressure, More did not waver or modify his position. He remained steadfast in his beliefs, on the situation that had plagued England, regarding the divorce.
Hence, More is evidently “A Man For All Seasons” because of his ability to remain true to his beliefs, family, and country when faced with adverse situations. More’s character is one of persistence, intelligence and among other things, courage. The way in which More kept his belief in religion, the law, and a faulty divorce during his most trying times leads us to believe that More possessed something special with regards to his character. The author of this play, Robert Bolt, would like to stress to the audience the importance of More’s willingness to sacrifice himself for his faith and beliefs. A man such as More, who has strong convictions and the courage to chose to make the right choices, has a quality that Bolt admired; More’s steadfastness. More could passively challenge the Church of England, while stating his opinion without actually saying anything that could harm himself or be presented in court as evidence. We should all learn something from a great person such as Sir Thomas More, whether it be courage, steadfastness, or persistence, it is clear that More is truly “A Man For All Seasons”.
Article name: Analysis of the Play A Man For All Seasons essay, research paper, dissertation


The European Disunion
Benedict XVI on the Crisis of Faith & Reason
There are few more insightful observers of Europe’s problems than the scholar-pope Joseph Ratzinger. Master of eight modern and ancient languages, an accomplished classical pianist, Mozart devotee, member of the Académie Française, and one of the world’s leading theologians, Benedict XVI has not merely written extensively about European history. He has also lived through some of modern Europe’s defining experiences, ranging from the Nazi dictatorship to May 1968.
But perhaps Benedict’s most striking contribution to contemporary discussion about Europe is his contention that Europe’s problems do not lie primarily in its increasingly bureaucratized political and economic arrangements—as damaging as he says they are. Rather, he insists that Europe’s difficulties ultimately flow from a crisis of faith and reason.
It is true, he remarks, that the precise relationship between reason and faith “was never quite beyond dispute” for Christians, even after Aquinas. But what was not questioned until the late medieval period was the essential compatibility between the two realms of knowledge.
Thereafter, Benedict holds, the legitimate autonomy of the sciences that Catholicism has always recognized as essential to these disciplines’ integrity developed into a type of separatism. While acknowledging that the church’s handling of the Galileo case misled many into imagining that science and faith were opposed, he maintains that the split was also driven by some thinkers’ exaggerated rationalism, especially that of Descartes, Spinoza, Kant, and—as he reminded readers of his encyclical Spe Salvi, Francis Bacon. The distinction between ratio (the empirical realm of what can be done) and intellectus (reason that contemplates “the deeper [meaning] of being”) was lost, with only ratio remaining. Reason was thus, he argues, reduced to experimental study, and questions of morality and faith relegated to the subjective realm.
The drama of this separation was played out in Western intellectual history. While Hegel, Benedict suggests, attempted to return faith to its correct place in philosophical reasoning, he tried to transform faith into reason, thereby dissolving faith qua faith. Marx, Benedict claims, took the opposite path by insisting that the only valid form of knowledge was positivist scientific knowledge, thereby making the very idea of God irrelevant.
The tragedy, to Benedict’s mind, is that there was nothing necessary about this separation. The modern sciences, he notes, first flourished in medieval universities built by the church and gained much of their precision through their encounter with Catholic theology and logic. Catholicism always understood itself “to be the religion of the Logos,” whose Jewish-theological and Greek-philosophical antecedents undermined the highly superstitious pagan religions that obstructed Europeans’ search for truth.
Part of the problem, Benedict claims, was that by the seventeenth century, “the voice of reason had become excessively tame” within the church. The Enlightenment had the merit of forcing Catholicism to re-focus attention upon the value attached to reason by Scripture, the church fathers, and medieval theologians, thereby restoring reason to its proper place in Christian discourse.
Yet, according to Benedict, the radical separation of reason and faith associated with certain streams of modernity has considerably damaged both faith and reason.
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STEAM FLOW DETECTION
As the previous equations demonstrate, temperature and pressure values can be used to
electronically compensate flow for changes in density. A simple mass flow detection system is
illustrated by Figure 9 where measurements of temperature and pressure are made with
commonly used instruments.
Figure 9 Simple Mass Flow Detection System
For the precise measurement of gas flow (steam) at varying pressures and temperatures, it is
necessary to determine the density, which is pressure and temperature dependent, and from this
value to calculate the actual flow. The use of a computer is essential to measure flow with
changing pressure or temperature. Figure 10 illustrates an example of a computer specifically
designed for the measurement of gas flow. The computer is designed to accept input signals
from commonly used differential pressure detectors, or from density or pressure plus temperature
sensors, and to provide an output which is proportional to the actual rate of flow. The computer
has an accuracy better than +0.1% at flow rates of 10% to 100%.


The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) at the William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is used to image metals, ceramics, minerals, nanostructured materials, and biological-related materials and tissues at atomic-bond-length resolution. | Photo of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Old batteries, like old soldiers, never seem to die; they just fade away.
A team of researchers, led by Chongmin Wang at the Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL), recently figured out part of that answer for one type of high-performance battery. Lithium ion batteries are used in essential everyday electronics like cell phones and laptops, and adding the element nickel to their electrodes further improves their performance. However, over time, their performance fades.
Dr. Wang and his colleagues wondered why ... and knew where to go for the tools to find out. They tapped into world-class user facilities to take a closer look at what was happening at the molecular level. Specifically, they scoped out tiny particles – nanoparticles – with the same composition. The particles were so small, about 200 nanometers in size, that it would take some 300 of them together to form a particle the size of an average speck of dust. They were created by researchers at the Argonne National Lab (ANL) using a variety of different methods – see below for why.
Researchers took some fifty images of those nanoparticles using electron microscopes at PNNL’s Environmental Molecular SciencesLaboratory and the National Center for Electron Microscopy at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. They found that the elements in the electrode (nickel, manganese and oxygen) formed rows – almost like lanes on a racetrack – between which the charged particles, the lithium ions, sped.
To the researcher’s surprise, nickel proved to be a frenemy. While nickel can improve the performance of batteries, it can also clog the course. A bit like over-excited spectators at a race, nickel atoms sometimes slip out onto the lanes taken by the lithium ions during manufacturing, sprint down them, and then clump together at the finish. There’s no way to disperse the bandits. As a consequence, the channel becomes clogged, fewer charges get through, and the battery fades.
That’s where things stand at the moment. However, since the researchers used a variety of methods to produce the nanoparticles, they could find better ways to keep nickel on the sidelines. That would lead to improved battery performance, and indeed PNNL researchers are planning on conducting more detailed experiments to see if particular manufacturing methods will create better electrodes.
There’s a metaphor in there for the labs at work: Old batteries may fade; but research can recharge and revitalize.


How pluralistic is american government a critique of pluralism is pluralism really how the united states operates in general although differing on details, many. ©2018 the aspen institute pluralism in peril: challenges to an american to defenders of this core american value pluralism in peril offers. A new book by george marsden offers a fresh analysis of american culture and religion in the 1950s it also presents a way forward, based on the concept of.
Definition of pluralism in us english - a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc, coexist, the practic. Four ub professors have produced an anthology that explores 200 years of public discussion and controversy over the complex issues of cultural diversity and social. Religious groups, benevolent organizations, and american pluralism edward kilsdonk / university of virginia i once attempted to count the benevolent.
I need to find this answer and i can not find the right website to find the answer please i need the definition of pluralist theory not pluralism. 9 terms test on 9-17-13 learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. This article will examine both the strengths and weakness of pluralism theory miller, nr 1983, ‘pluralism and social choice’, the american political science. Read and download american cultural pluralism and law free ebooks in pdf format - treating and overcoming anorexia nervosa treasury of humor a. Western christians today are divided, and they are divided along various lines: social, ethnic, racial, denominational, theological, political, etc in addition to.In the italian american kallen’s new york times obituary made no specific mention of his pioneering work in cultural pluralism “dr horace kallen. Download and read american cultural pluralism and law american cultural pluralism and law one day, you will discover a new adventure. The idea of pluralism in the united states between american pluralism and the islamic tradition that respects ethnic and cultural differences. Hace 1 día common core is a menace to pluralism and democracy but can locally empowered communities really fix our schools' problems. The plurality of religious traditions and cultures has come to characterize every part of the world today but what is pluralism here are four points to begin our. Cultural pluralism: its implications for education amine its implications for american works to the american cultural milieu indeed, pluralism in america. (a) meaning of pluralism: pluralism is a powerful protest against the monistic theory of sovereignty which endows the state with supreme and unlimited power harold.
Elitism & pluralism as one looks across the american political landscape, one can't help but notice that pluralism is the reigning image after all,. The case for educational pluralism some advocates for the current american model worry that pluralism would reduce accountability. Pluralist theory the theoretical point of view held by many social scientists which holds that american politics is best understood through the generalization that. At that point i had not been to an american mosque, the history of the pluralism project would be incomplete without mention of the role of the religious.
Daniel greene traces the emergence of the idea of cultural pluralism to the lived experiences of a group of jewish college students and public intellectuals. America together foundation is center for pluralism role of media in reporting about extremism and pluralism racism misogyny do american muslims want sharia. This lesson will explain and differentiate three major theories of power in society: the pluralist model, the power-elite model and the marxist model.
American politics test 1 are called demagogues pluralism describes the principle direction of political creating global competition for american workers,. Isaac weiner is a scholar of american religious studies, with research interests in pluralism, law, and sensory culture. This chapter discusses religious pluralism in america topics covered include religious diversity in america the difference between pluralism and diversity.


What You Should Do to Prevent and Treat Glaucoma
Are you getting confused with right and left sides when wearing slippers or shoes? Do you frequently spill a cup during meals? Although you may experience these situations inadvertently, sometimes, it may be a cause of a much bigger problem or a sign of some serious disease if they happen often.
Glaucoma Is the Second Leading Cause of Blindness
It is estimated that over 60 million people are suffering from glaucoma across the world. In fact, it is the second-leading cause of blindness after cataracts. But more surprisingly, about 90% of people with glaucoma do not know that they have the condition. Yes, it is an eye disease that has almost no symptoms.
Not being able to travel, and quitting job are some of the common consequences of glaucoma. Furthermore, driving a car can be very dangerous for people with glaucoma. In the worst case, glaucoma can cause an increased risk of blindness.
In this article, we'll tell you the latest information about glaucoma, why it causes accidents or mishaps, and why you can be unaware that you have this condition. We'll also tell you how you can help prevent glaucoma or stop it from worsening.
A Dangerous Eye Disease that Causes Accidents and Mishaps!
What is Glaucoma?
In layman's term, glaucoma is a disease of the eye that impairs vision because of damage in the optic nerve. It causes gradual loss of sight, sometimes leading to blindness.
Common Indicators That a Person May Have Glaucoma
- Accidentally bumping into people very often.
- Spills a cup during meals.
- Skipping lines of sentences when reading books or texts.
- Having difficulties in finding small objects (like medicines) that are dropped accidentally.
Diagnostic tests show that most people with glaucoma experiencing the above similar situations already have lost nearly half of their field of vision. Most importantly, they don't seem to notice that their field of vision is missing. How can this happen?
Glaucoma Vision Problems Are Not Very Apparent!
For you to understand how glaucoma affects our eyes, you'll first have to know how our eyes work.
When we see things, the information is received by the retina, which is a layer located at the back of our eyeballs, and forms an image. The image information is now carried to the brain through the optic nerves. In glaucoma, the retina is functioning normally but the optic nerves are damaged and will cause vision loss.
Pressure is being constantly applied to the retina (intraocular pressure [IOP]), but for some reason, the eye pressure becomes stronger and damages the optic nerves.
Below is a picture that shows how the image information is being transmitted to the brain with damaged optic nerves of a glaucoma patient. The dark areas are the blind spots.
If you look at the picture above, glaucoma seems to be very noticeable. Yet, why is it that a glaucoma patient can't notice this?
Brain Remapping Makes Glaucoma Unnoticeable
Latest studies show that on a glaucoma patient, rather than seeing blind spots, these visual defects are being filled-in by the brain based on the information received from the surrounding retina. This will result to what appears to be a corrected image.
Now based on the previous picture that shows blind spots, let's take again a closer look on what you will see in real time if you have glaucoma.
On the image below, a man at the front is walking towards you and enters your field of vision. However, the figure of the man seems to partly disappear. This shows that the brain is correcting the image based on the visible landscape.
Because the brain is correcting or filling-in the blind spots, glaucoma is truly difficult to detect.
Treatment of Glaucoma through Eye Drops
Once you have glaucoma, you can no longer reverse it due to the extent of damage incurred. However, if treatment is done early, it is possible to stop the progression of the disease.
There are available surgeries for glaucoma but they are painful and these operations are only temporary solutions. Since the majority of glaucoma cases are caused by increased intraocular pressure, you can actually lower it using eye drops.
The eyes are naturally moist, and fluid is continuously produced to help circulate important nutrients to many parts of the eyes. With glaucoma, the eye pressure goes up because of increased accumulation of fluid. This often causes damage to the optic nerves.
The use of eye drops can be effective in reducing damage to the optic nerves as it has the effect of adjusting the amount of fluid in the eyes. This can greatly make the lives of glaucoma patients a lot easier. Because of the advances in medical care, the incidence of blindness due to glaucoma can be lessened.
It's also worth noting that patients with myopia are at a higher risk of having glaucoma. We recommend that eye examination is performed once every five years in people age 40 and above.
Natural Ways to Lower Your Eye Pressure
Since glaucoma occurs due to high eye pressure, lifestyle changes to lower your blood pressure may also work to lower your eye pressure. Here are things that you can do:
1. Control you blood sugar level. A high sugar intake is also linked to elevated blood pressure levels. This is especially true to people with diabetes and to those who are obese, thereby causing high eye pressure. Avoid excessive consumption of sugar, breads, rice, potatoes, cereals, grains, and pasta.
2. Do aerobic exercise. Studies show that intra-ocular pressure can be lowered through aerobic exercise. You can do a 20-minute brisk walking for at least four times a week.
PYRO-ENERGEN Electrostatic Therapy for Glaucoma
Medically, the cause of glaucoma is unknown, but not in other alternative healing modalities. Read "How the PYRO-ENERGEN electrostatic therapy machine works".
Just like cancer and viral diseases, glaucoma is caused by an outside negative energy force surrounding a patient's body. By eliminating the negative energy, glaucoma, or the unusually high eye pressure cannot occur and so many other diseases for that matter.
The PYRO-ENERGEN is very effective in eradicating the negative energy, thereby preventing glaucoma or preventing the condition from worsening on a glaucoma patient.
IMPORTANT: The PYRO-ENERGEN cannot completely cure glaucoma if vision loss due to the condition has already occurred even through the root cause is eliminated. This is because a damaged optic nerve is irreversible and physically, it doesn't have the capacity to regenerate. Early detection is very important and we advise that the PYRO-ENERGEN therapy is done is early as possible. Also, to prevent recurrence after a glaucoma eye surgery, PYRO-ENERGEN is highly recommended.
Reprint Rights: You may reprint this article within your website, blog, or newsletter as long as the entire article remains the same as well as the “About the Author” box.


PROPORTIONAL PLUS RESET CONTROL SYSTEMS
The main disadvantage of the integral mode is that the controller output does not immediately
direct the final control element to a new position in response to an error signal. The controller
output changes at a defined rate of change, and time is needed for the final control element to
The combination of the two control modes is called the proportional plus reset (PI) control mode.
It combines the immediate output characteristics of a proportional control mode with the zero
residual offset characteristics of the integral mode.
Example of Proportional Plus Reset Control
Lets once more refer to our heat exchanger example (see Figure 23). This time we will apply
a proportional plus reset controller to the process system.
Figure 23 Heat Exchanger Process System
The response curves shown in Figure 24 illustrate only the demand and the measured variable
which represents the hot water outlet temperature.
Assume the process undergoes a demand disturbance which reduces the flow of the hot water out
of the heat exchanger. The temperature and flow rate of the steam into the heat exchanger
remain the same. As a result, the temperature of the hot water out will begin to rise.
The proportional action of the proportional plus reset controller, if acting alone, would respond
to the disturbance and reposition the control valve to a position that would return the hot water
out to a new control point, as illustrated by the response curves. Youll note that a residual error
would still exist.


This exhibit was open from Spring 2009 through Spring 2010 to commemorate the placement of the statue of Unitarian Minister Thomas Starr King on the second floor landing of the historic Capitol building.
Thomas Starr King was described as “a tower of strength to the cause of his country” by the California Legislature in 1927. The statue, currently located in Capitol Park, symbolizes California’s debt to King and reflects his importance in California History.
The exhibit exposed the public to King’s legacy as a tireless advocate for Union loyalty during the Civil War, his support for an early form of the Red Cross, and his efforts as promoter of California’s natural beauty.
Introduction: Thomas Starr King (1824-1864)
Thomas Starr King, 1863
This is a photograph of the frail, five-foot tall Unitarian minister from Boston who, in 1927, California recognized as one of its two most illustrious historical figures. At the dawn of the Civil War, Thomas Starr King spoke out on behalf of the Union, African Americans, the Sanitary Commission, the magnificent California landscape, and the Unitarian church.
At the time of his death, The San Francisco Bulletin described him as one of California’s “noblest orators” and the country’s “ablest defenders,” primarily because of the rousing, patriotic speeches he delivered. Californians admired their young preacher, but the intense traveling and speaking took a toll on his health. At the age of 39, after only four short years in California, he contracted diphtheria and died of pneumonia a few days later.
Born in New York in 1824, Thomas Starr King inherited his humor and “preacher abilities” from his father, Universalist minister Thomas Farrington King, and his intelligence and character from his mother, Susan Starr. Starr King’s father died when he was 15 years old, leaving him the sole supporter of his mother and five siblings, and dashing his dreams of attending Harvard University.
The ambitious boy educated himself by reading borrowed books, attending lectures, and listening to the best preachers of the day. Boston’s Hollis Street Unitarian Church hired King in 1848 where he remained for 11 years. As King lectured throughout the East, his reputation spread across the nation, and when the San Francisco Unitarian Church invited him to be their pastor, King accepted. In 1860, Thomas Starr King, his wife Julia, and their young daughter traded Boston society for the untamed world of California.
The Civil War Years: 1861-1865
“We say it is cheaper to fight for the Constitution, and the flag, and the nation’s unity than to make terms with abominable treason.”
Thomas Starr King, 1860
Prior to the Civil War, Californians had to choose whether to support the Union or the Confederacy. Some even wanted to declare California an independent republic. This photograph shows the crowd that gathered to hear Starr King speak in San Francisco in 1862. From his flag-draped podium, Thomas Starr King implored Californians to remain loyal to the Union. Before the invention of microphones, the frail man with a mighty voice delivered patriotic speeches in which he called for a “restored, peaceful, majestic, irresistible America.”
He actively supported Abraham Lincoln for president, and campaigned tirelessly for California’s first Republican Governor, Leland Stanford. While it is true that no one person could “save California for the Union,” King’s influence on Californians’ votes and pocketbooks was undoubtedly profound.
Thomas Starr King: Abolitionist
“Wherever we find many races brought together, there God had his greatest work to do. The Almighty has a great mission for this nation. Here the Church is to proclaim the equality of the races.”
Thomas Starr King, 1860
Thomas Starr King advocated for Black liberation a decade before his arrival in California, and he continued to do so until his death. African Americans encountered serious legal, political, and social inequities in the “free” state of California during the 1860s. King supported equal education rights and appeared with African American leaders in fundraising ceremonies. He preached against slavery, and after Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, King again took an unpopular stand by favoring the enlistment of Black troops in the Union Army.
The African American community mourned King’s death in 1864 and drafted a resolution that stated: “We deplore the loss of a true philanthropist and public benefactor, an unflinching friend of equal rights. One who was ever ready to dedicate his time…to every enterprise that sought the improvement of his fellow-men, without regard to creed or color.”
The United States Sanitary Commission
“Give, give, I pray you! There are no enemies in the hospital or the grave…Shall it be said, that rich, generous California was the only state whose blood did not bond in union and sympathy with her loyal sisters?”
Thomas Starr King, 1862
Thanks in large part to the tireless efforts of Thomas Starr King, California contributed more money to Union war relief than any other state in the Union. The majority of those funds supported the United States Sanitary Commission. The Sanitary Commission, a forerunner to the Red Cross, depended on contributions from the public to provide sick and wounded soldiers with food, clothing, and medicine. New York Unitarian minister, and King’s personal friend, Henry W. Bellows, organized the Sanitary Commission in 1861.
King traveled extensively throughout Northern California preaching about the hardships that the soldiers were confronting. Californians heartily responded to his impassioned pleas by giving over $1.2 million to the United States Sanitary Commission. This represented nearly 25% of the total $4.9 million collected nationwide.
Thomas Starr King: 1824 - 1864
“The mountains he loved and praised are henceforth his monument and his mourners. The White Hills and the Sierra Nevada are today wrapped in his shroud.”
Dr. Henry Bellows, March 5, 1864
The traveling, lecturing, and fundraising throughout California took their ultimate toll on King’s frail physique. Thomas Starr King died on March 4, 1864 of pneumonia. When the public learned of Starr King’s death, the San Francisco newspaper Alta California wrote that “each heart stood still for a moment, crushed with the tidings.” The California State Legislature adjourned for three days so its members could travel to San Francisco for the funeral, state and municipal courts closed, and flags flew at half mast. The news hit the African American community especially hard, and a Black newspaper, the Pacific Appeal, wrote: “The colored* people of this city have lost a true friend.” Newspapers printed tributes, reflecting King’s national appeal. Thomas Starr King was, as the Alta California stated, a “true apostle of humanity.”
* In the mid-19th century, “colored” was an acceptable term referring to Black people. Through the decades, this became a derogatory term. Today it is considered offensive.
Thomas Starr King’s legacy lives on in the sites and organizations named in his honor, including two mountain peaks, a giant sequoia tree, six schools, two churches, two streets, a park, a building, and three statues/monuments.
Thomas Starr King’s passion for religion, education, and nature manifest themselves every day in these and other institutions devoted to his memory.
Read More about the sites and organizations named in Thomas Starr King’s honor
Clockwise from top left: A Statue of Thomas Starr King in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco; Starr King Elementary School, San Francisco; A book cover of a commemorative history of the first 100 years of the Starr King School for the Ministry, Berkeley; A street named for Thomas Starr King at The First Unitarian Church (King was also laid to rest here), San Francisco; A photograph of “Big Tree Starr King” Giant Sequoia, Calaveras Big Trees State Park; A logo for the aforementioned Starr King School for the Ministry, Berkeley.
Photo Credits: California History Room, California State Library


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Our teeth are covered with a sticky film of bacteria, called plaque (sounds like PLAK). When we eat or drink anything that contains sugar-such as cookies, candy, soda, juice, or sports drinks-bacteria turn the sugar into acids that can attack tooth enamel. Over time, these attacks may cause tooth decay, or cavities. The good news is that there is a way to protect teeth and prevent decay: dental sealants.
How do sealants work?
A dental sealant is a plastic material (resin) applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth. The sealant material flows into the pits and grooves in the teeth. The sealant acts as a barrier, protecting enamel by sealing out plaque, bacteria, and food.
How are sealants applied?
How long do sealants last?
Sealants usually last several years before they need to be replaced. Over time, sealants can become loose or worn. Then they may not protect the teeth as well. Chewing on ice or hard foods can also break down sealants. During regular dental visits, your dentist will check your sealants and reapply them if needed.
Who should get sealants?
Sealants are most often placed in children and teenagers, since tooth decay can start soon after teeth come in. But adults can sometimes benefit from sealants too, because you never outgrow the risk for developing cavities.
A sealant can be placed on a tooth that does not have a cavity in its pits and grooves. If a tooth is stained or has mild decay, your dentist may suggest you get a sealant, or another option may be necessary. If a tooth has more advanced decay, it will need a filling.
Prevention is always better than treatment. Sealants are very useful in preventing tooth decay on the back teeth and can save patients money over time. Your dentist can make sealants part of your plan for a healthy mouth.
Sealant photos courtesy of Dr. Adam A. Francois.
Patient education content ©2017 American Dental Association. All rights reserved. "ADA" and the "ADA" Logo are registered trademarks of the American Dental Association.


This is an assembly to go with the SEALS theme ‘Good to be me.’
|5 mins||Game- bring a child to the front and put a post it note on their head with the name of a famous person on it (don’t let the volunteering child see it). The child has 2 minutes to ask questions to try and find out who the famous person is. Make sure everyone else in the room doesn’t give the game away! The point of the game is that knowing who we are is important!|
|5 mins||story- Read the story of David and Goliath from a good Children’s Bible. See here for some useful links, or get the children to act it out.|
|5 mins||Talk and illustration- talk about the fact that it is sometimes hard for other people to know who we actually are. Sometimes there are things we are good at that only we and God know about. Though others thought that David had no chance against Goliath, David trusted God and God was able to use him and the skills he had. We all have things that we were good at (sometimes things that no one else but God and ourselves know about) and we can all be used by God to help others.
Before the children arrive, take a balloon and fill it with about a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda. It’s quite easy to make the balloon seem as though it is empty as long as the children don’t get close enough to touch it! Fix it to the neck of a bottle containing some white vinegar (this will look like water). Talk about how it would seem impossible for me to inflate the balloon using just what is in the bottle. You might think I was silly to even think it…
At this point lift up the balloon and let the bicarbonate of soda be released into the bottle and explain that, even though no one else could see it, I knew there was something inside the balloon that could do the job. Watch the balloon inflate! Then talk about how God gives everyone special gifts and talents and sometimes no one else knows except you and God that they are there. When you use those special gifts, God can help you to do things that others might think you would never be able to!
|2 mins||Light a candle and give the children time to think about the gifts and talents that God has given them and why it is good for them to be who they are. End with a short prayer saying thank you to God for each person.|


Postdoctoral scientist Mirko Scheibinger of Stanford University School of Medicine, a teaching assistant for the MBL Biology of the Inner Ear (BIE) course, has been Tweeting microscopy images from the course, each one more beautiful than the next.
The course focuses on the hard-to-access but vital sense organs in the inner ear, which are essential for detecting sound as well as head and body movements that provide equilibrium and spatial orientation to animals as they navigate their environment. Currently co-directed by Paul Fuchs, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Stefan Heller, Stanford University School of Medicine, BIE takes a comparative approach and studies the inner ear systems of many animals, from fish to mammals. As the images below vividly illustrate, the course has an emphasis on high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of inner ear tissues.
“We cultured these neurons for one day and labeled them with an antibody against Tuj1, which is known to label neurons. These neurons randomly grew into a heart shape. Very cool!” Scheibinger says.


World population is on the increase and improving living standards are driving up meat consumption (vastly less efficient than direct consumption of plants). How should we make the most of our available land resources?
Biomass – food, agricultural waste, forestry waste and products – can be used for ‘clean’ energy in a number of ways. Subsidies and other support schemes are usually devised in a piecemeal fashion at the instigation of sectional interests, with little thought given to overall efficiency, sustainability and side effects. There are many types of biomass, a large variety of ways to convert them to useful energy and a corresponding plethora of products. It makes sense to review the feedstocks and related sustainability issues before diving into processing and products.
Read the full briefing by downloading the pdf attached.


The Royal Clarence Victualling Yard was begun in 1827, although there was already a brewery and cooperage on the site.
Ships due to set sail would come to the yard to be loaded with provisions including preserved foodstuffs such as: ship's biscuits, salted beef, salted pork, peas, oatmeal, butter, cheese and beer, all of which were produced in the yard.
The Pump House
Most of these items were transported and stored in casks made in the on-site cooperage.
Both this and the Royal William Victualling Yard in Plymouth which was begun around the same time, were named after the Duke of Clarence, the future William IV, who had taken an active interest in their development.
The yard was badly damaged by bombing during the Second World War, and was partially demolished. It finally closed in 1992.
The central Granary, its North Wing, the Slaughterhouse, Engine House, Cattle Yard, and Cooperage Green all survive from the original buildings, along with Ceremonial Gateway and its flanking buildings.
The southern wing of the Granary and buildings surrounding it are all modern replacements in a style that compliments the older buildings.


Table 18.1 Nomenclature of bone tumors
• Myeloproliferative disease:
• Protein C deficiency
• Antithrombin III deficiency
• Protein S deficiency
• Activated protein C resistance
• Antiphospholipid antibody
• Oral contraceptive pills
• Sickle cell anemia
• Metastatic cancer
• Liver abscess
• Hydatid cyst
• IVC membrane
• Shock liver
• Viral hepatitis
• Toxic hepatitis
• Alcoholic hepatitis
• Perforated viscus
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Cardiac cirrhosis
• Alcoholic cirrhosis
• Cirrhosis of other etiologies:
Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is the obstruction of hepatic venous blood flow. The site of obstruction may be anywhere from the small central lobar veins of the liver to the proximal inferior vena cava (IVC). Although BCS is frequently caused by thrombosis, extrinsic compression and venous malformations may also cause obstruction. BCS may result in portal hypertension, cirrhosis, and liver failure.
Hepatic vein thrombosis
Hepatic venous outflow obstruction
BCS occurs in patients with myeloproliferative syndrome (especially polycythemia vera), and coagulation disorders with hypercoagulability, in patients taking oral contraceptives, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, pregnancy, infections (amebic abscess and echinococcosis), or tumors (HCC, renal cell carcinoma). Frequently, the cause remains unclear (idiopathic BCS).
EPIDEMIOLOGY & DEMOGRAPHICS
BCS is a rare disorder. Etiology varies with geography. In the U.S., BCS is more commonly associated with myeloproliferative disease, hypercoagulable states, IVC membranes, and tumors.
PHYSICAL FINDINGS & CLINICAL PRESENTATION
Variable according to the degree, location, and acuity of the obstruction.
• Fulminant: Severe abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, ascites, acute liver failure, and encephalop-athy. Early recognition and treatment are essential to survival. This presentation is more commonly seen in pregnant women.
• Acute: Abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and progressive liver dysfunction. Without treatment this presentation of BCS may evolve into the chronic form.
• Chronic: This presentation is the result of chronic portal hypertension with or without cirrhosis; ascites, esophageal varices, splenomegaly, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy.
Investigations show a high protein content in the ascitic fluid and characteristic liver histology with centrizonal congestion, haemorrhage, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Ultrasound, CT or MRI will demonstrate hepatic vein occlusion with diffuse abnormal parenchyma on contrast enhancement. The caudate lobe is spared because of its independent blood supply and venous drainage. There may be compression of the inferior vena cava. Pulsed Doppler sonography or colour Doppler is useful as they show abnormalities of flow in the hepatic vein. Thrombophilia screening is mandatory. Multiple defects of coagulation are found. Thrombosis of the portal vein is present in 2% of patients.
Physical examination, laboratory analysis, and imaging studies
Assessment of liver function:
• Transaminases, prothrombin time, albumin, bilirubin, and platelet count
• Viral hepatitis panel, a-1-antitrypsin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, alkaline phosphatase, ceruloplasmin, toxicology screen, antismooth muscle antibody, antimitochondrial antibody, and double-stranded DNA antibody
Doppler ultrasound is usually sufficient. If this study is technically limited, MRI and CT scan may demonstrate collateral circulation and poor visualization of the hepatic veins. MRI and CT scan may also be able to localize any masses. Venography may be indicated if the diagnosis is still in doubt.
In the acute situation, thrombolytic therapy can be given. Ascites should be treated, as should any underlying cause (e.g. polycythaemia). Congenital webs should be treated radiologically or resected surgically. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is the first treatment of choice as caval compression does not prejudice the efficacy of TIPS. Surgical porto-caval shunts are reserved for those who fail this treatment providing there is no caval obstruction or severe caval compression when a caval stent can be inserted. Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome and for the fulminant form. Lifelong anticoagulation is mandatory following TIPS and transplantation.
ACUTE GENERAL Rx
• Supportive measures
• Liver transplant may be indicated for fulminant BCS
• Shunting, stenting, or angioplasty to decompress the portal circulation may be indicated for acute BCS in patients in stable condition
• Thrombolytic therapy can also be used to decompress the portal circulation
• Chronic anticoagulation may be needed to maintain shunt patency or in patients with thrombotic BCS
• Liver transplantation
• Shunt thrombosis is a common complication
Prognosis is dependent on time to recognition and treatment, etiology, acuity, and the type of intervention.


The state of Idaho became involved in the WPA program in 2001 when the Idaho Department of Water Resources - Energy Division (IDWR), the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and others began forming the Idaho State Wind Working Group. Idaho's involvement with WPA progressed quickly and anemometers from the loan program were installed in 2001 on the Duck Valley and Fort Hall Native American Lands. These Native American Lands installations required the involvement of the Shoshone-Paiute Tribes and Shoshone-Bannock Tribes in the WPA program.
In 2002, many other anemometers from the loan program were installed in Idaho on both State and private lands. These anemometers provide the data that is available through this web site. The INL is responsible for processing this wind data and making it available to the public. This information can be used for correlation with existing wind maps, validation of those maps, and will be used to promote wind energy development in Idaho and surrounding states. Public interest in wind power in Idaho is growing through the involvement in these programs.
This all sites summary (93 KB PDF) will give you a comparison of wind speed averages for all the Idaho locations in the program.
Wind data is available for each site where an anemometer loan program tower is installed. To view the information and data for an Idaho site, click on that site in the map below.
This wind data is being shared by the INL as public information collected through the Department of Energy's Wind Powering America program. No claims are made as to the complete accuracy of this information, and any misuse of this information is not the responsibility of the INL or DOE.
INL provides free wind data assistance as part of this federal government-funded program. All participants in the INL-WPA program agreed to allow the collected wind data to be publicly posted and shared.


Chrysanthemums They are among the most common and popular flowers around the world, especially in Asian countries, due to their wonderful aroma, their peculiar shape and their intense colors.
The chrysanthemum is a plant that came to Europe in the XNUMXth century.
But its uses were already known and curious powers were awarded to it in Asian countries such as China and Japan, where they used the chrysanthemum for any celebration, specifically in the practice of Feng Shui.
What does chrysanthemum mean to Japanese and Asians?
Asians explained that these flowers are symbols that attract:
- happiness and
- the hope.
This plant began to be cultivated in the Chinese area more than 2 thousand years ago and the population where it could be found most was called "Ju-Xian", that is, "City of the chrysanthemum".
On the other hand, a Japanese legend tells that the first flowers that materialized on the world were those of the chrysanthemum, as they fell from the necklace of the father of the ancient gods of Japan: Izanagi.
That is why the chrysanthemum is the emblem of the Japanese imperial house.
Properties of the Chrysanthemum to improve the health of the body
The chrysanthemum is also a plant with healing properties for the body.
People say that:
- the tea from this plant helps reduce high levels of blood pressure.
- soaking cotton wool in infusion of chrysanthemum helps reduce eyelid swelling.
- To soothe acne breakouts, the infusion is applied to the skin mixed with mineral water.
What is the spiritual significance of chrysanthemums?
But, above all, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of prosperity, happiness and harmony, so having some of these flowers at home augurs the obtaining and the arrival of good things.
Through these flowers we can attract into our life:
- Optimism and luck
- wisdom and good decision making
- and appeal to good fortune.
When placing it in our home, business or the spaces where we want the good vibes and luck to flow, we can feel very good energy, always taking into account removing them before they wither.
Among the magical properties of chrysanthemum also:
- It is said to be involved in the transformation of the seasons and the attraction of happiness.
- It can be used as an amulet to attract good vibrations of happiness, harmony, peace, prosperity, health, etc.
- Its use is subject to the night of the dead, to the day of all saints. Families remember their loved ones by placing chrysanthemum flowers on graves in order to attract positive energy from spirits and help us achieve our goals.
- These flowers are believed to attract magical figures from legends. This is the case of fairies and pixies.
Its meaning may vary depending on the colors of the flower:
We can find its flowers in white, pink, yellow, orange and purple. Each of these colors is related to a certain feeling or desire.
E.g.The white flowers attract the truth, while the yellow ones symbolize joy and attract happiness and abundance.
- The yellow chrysanthemum represents the Sun, generosity, closeness to the generous, the good. Through it we call to fortune and ask for abundance and prosperity.


p 10 ft
7.78 x 105 lbf
The pressure of the liquids in each of the previously cited cases has been due to the weight of
the liquid. Liquid pressures may also result from application of external forces on the liquid.
Consider the following examples. Figure 2 represents a container completely filled with liquid.
A, B, C, D, and E represent pistons of equal cross-sectional areas fitted into the walls of the
vessel. There will be forces acting on the pistons C, D, and E due to the pressures caused by
the different depths of the liquid. Assume that the forces on the pistons due to the pressure
caused by the weight of the liquid are as follows: A = 0 lbf, B = 0 lbf, C = 10 lbf, D = 30 lbf,
and E = 25 lbf. Now let an external force of 50 lbf be applied to piston A. This external force
will cause the pressure at all points in the container to increase by the same amount. Since the
pistons all have the same cross-sectional area, the increase in pressure will result in the forces
on the pistons all increasing by 50 lbf. So if an external force of 50 lbf is applied to piston A,
the force exerted by the fluid on the other pistons will now be as follows: B = 50 lbf, C = 60
lbf, D = 80 lbf, and E = 75 lbf.
This effect of an external force on a confined fluid was first stated by Pascal in 1653.
Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the
confining vessel of the system.


Where people live in an urban area reflects economic opportunity and wellbeing. To anyone who has felt the awful crawl of traffic on K Street during rush hour or tried to order a sandwich at noon during the lunch rush, it becomes very evident that downtown Washington – an area of no more than a few square miles – fosters a substantial share of commerce in the district. The scope of the central business district, however, is even more profound when considered outside the anecdotal lens. Although development doesn’t strictly follow a uniform pattern from the center outward, access to a bustling business center is still one of the largest determinants of who lives where and why.
Using Geographic Information Systems and publicly available data, we can quantify just how much of D.C.’s economy is concentrated within the city center and how the city’s demography changes as one moves away from that center. Our analysis employs the White House as the geographic center of Washington. This choice is somewhat poetic, but also quite practical: The White House, centrally located between federal agencies and a traditional downtown, is a nucleus of the private, non-profit, and public sectors.
Looking at the White House as the center of D.C.
The 1-, 2-, and 3-mile “buffers,” or zones, around the White House
How proximity to the White House shapes your economic environment
One advantage of living closer to the city center is having a shorter commute. An analysis of census block groups by proximity to the White House show that this holds true in the District. Only 34 percent of District residents who live within one mile of the White House commute more than 30 minutes to work. In contrast, almost half (46 percent) of D.C. residents who live within 3 miles of the White House spend more than 30 minutes commuting each way. Some of these differences have to do with zoning and development trends: In residential parts of the city, longer commuting times are more likely since by design these areas do not have much in the way of offices. But still we see big differences across commuting times—as one begins in the northwestern tip of the city and travel clockwise following the border, the average commute times increase from 25 minutes in the Palisades neighborhood to 39 minutes in Congress Heights.
Commute time for neighborhoods around D.C.
Clockwise, by neighborhood
Beyond employment and commute times, proximity to the city center yields significant differences in rents, education, income, and race/ethnicity. The demographic make-up of the locations within one mile of the White House is very different from the rest of the city. For example, in this area, only 13 percent of residents are African American, compared to 50 percent for the entire city. The disparity remains even at greater distances – block groups within 3 miles of the city center are still only approximately 30 percent African American.
Proximity is Just One Component of D.C.’s Economic Environment
Geographic proximity, despite its merits, only scrapes the surface of accessibility to employment, services, and goods. Transportation, cost of living, crime rates, school districts, and social structures play a tremendous role in the spatial distribution of individuals in larger cities; for simplicity’s sake, we have not, in this piece, incorporated these features in the analysis. Further, development and access don’t follow a uniform distribution from a central node; very prominent divisions exist as one travels from east to west in Washington, D.C.
Commute times, education levels, and race by proximity to the White House
|Distance from White House|
|Variable||1 Mile||2 Miles||3 Miles||All of D.C.|
|Share with commute over 30 minutes (%)||36||42||46||51|
|Share with Bachelor’s degree or higher (%)||77||76||70||55|
|Share African American residents (%)||17||26||31||50|
|Average (mean) rent||$1,759||$1,700||$1,629||$1,446|
|Source: Census Bureau, ACS 2011-2015 5-year estimates|
About the data
All the demographic, economic, and spatial data used in this post are from the U.S. Census Bureau. Population and education variables are from the 2011-2015 5-year American Community Survey (ACS) estimates, and business data are from the 2014 business survey data for Zip codes or Census-provided shapefiles. I used QGIS, an open source GIS software to conduct all of the analyses. In order to calculate the share of a population in any given group, I created three circular buffers within 1, 2 and 3 miles of the White House. Using proportional allocation for polygons that were incomplete within the buffer, I assumed an even population distribution within the Census block or Zip code and multiplied by the area’s proportion.
D.C. Policy Center Fellows are independent writers, and we gladly encourage the expression of a variety of perspectives. The views of our Fellows, published here or elsewhere, do not reflect the views of the D.C. Policy Center.


Selecting the most appropriate sweetener, sweetness enhancer or ingredient blend for a specific product was “not always straightforward”, as sugar contributed to texture, viscosity and mouthfeel – as well as sweetness – according to Leatherhead Food Research.
The research agency has launched a white paper, ‘Sensory science addresses sugar reduction challenges’, to help food manufacturers work their way through the issue.
The paper highlighted challenges associated with commonly used artificial and natural sweeteners including aspartame and stevia, such as bitter notes and lingering sweetness.
Scientific approaches that can be used
It outlined scientific approaches that can be used to assess the sensory experience of products after sugar has been replaced or reduced.
Preliminary sensory techniques, such as discrimination testing of potential substitutes, can be an effective way to boost the efficiency of reformulation, said Leatherhead senior consumer and sensory scientist Elena Patra, who authored the paper.
“Reformulation takes time, but using trained sensory panellists at the outset to rate trial samples can streamline the process,” she explained.
“It means that full trial formulations only need to be prepared using shortlisted substitutes. These then go forward for professional profiling and consumer trials.”
The use of microscopy
The white paper covers numerous profiling techniques. It also suggests the use of microscopy alongside sensory evaluation to provide a deeper understanding of how different sugar substitutes impact the flavour profile.
Meanwhile, researchers behind a human taste study carried out by the Flavour and Sensory Science Centre at the University of Reading have concluded that naturally sweet prebiotic fibres could replace high-calorie sugars in food and drink products.
Working with a panel of 10 experts to test the sweetness of six customised prebiotic sweeteners developed by OptiBiotix, the study found that they demonstrated sweetness of between 140 to 223 times the sweetness of an equivalent concentration of sugar.
All of the naturally sweet prebiotics were oligosaccharides, which are carbohydrates that have between three and 10 simple sugars linked together.
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